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Kolkata

2023-10-09T10:01:02Z

Vishalkumar: v2.05 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Tollywood

{{Short description|Capital of West Bengal, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Calcutta}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kolkata
| native_name = ''Kolkātā''
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name = Calcutta
| settlement_type = [[Megacity]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
|image1 = Kolkata City skyline from Hoogly bridge.jpg
|caption1 = Kolkata skyline from [[Vidyasagar Setu]], containing [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]]
| image2 = বাগবাজার সার্বজনীন দুর্গোৎসব ২০১৮.jpg
| caption2 = [[Durga Puja]] in Kolkata
| image3= Calcutta skyline.jpg
|caption3= [[Central Business District]]
| image4 = Kolkata Tram.jpg
| caption4= Vintage [[Trams in Kolkata|trams]]
|image5= Jorasanko Thakurbari.jpg
|caption5= [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]]
| image6= Birla Planetarium Kolkata (24455076008).jpg
| caption6=[[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|Birla Planetarium]] and [[The 42]]
|image7= Eden Gardens after renovations.jpg
|caption7=[[Eden Gardens]] during a match
| image8= Howrah bridge at night.jpg
|caption8= [[Howrah Bridge]]
}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=Q1348|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining Kolkata}}
| nickname = City of Joy, City of Castles, Heaven of the Aged, Gateway of Eastern India, Cultural Capital of India<ref name="Kolkata_Culture" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2015 |title=Indian Cities and Their Nicknames – Complete List |url=https://www.daytodaygk.com/indian-cities-and-their-nicknames-complete-list/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2018 |title=City of Castles in the World For Heritage Lovers |url=https://ww.holidify.com/pages/city-of-castles-2210.html}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata##Location in West Bengal##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|03|N|88|22|12|E|region:IN-WB_type:city(4,500,000)|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Kolkata|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Firhad Hakim]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Kolkata|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Atin Ghosh]]
| leader_title2 = [[Sheriff of Kolkata|Sheriff]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mani Shankar Mukherjee]]
| leader_title3 = [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata|Police commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = [[Soumen Mitra]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Statistics of Kolkata |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KolkataStatistics.jsp |website=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172553/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KolkataStatistics.jsp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 206.08
| area_total_sq_mi = 79.151
| area_metro_km2 = 1886.67
| area_metro_sq_mi = 728.45
| elevation_m = 9
| elevation_ft = 30
| population_total = {{decrease}} 4,496,694
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census1">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Kolkata |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1916_PART_B_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner |access-date=13 May 2016 |page=43 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018013413/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1916_PART_B_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="KOL">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=375980 |publisher=Census of India |title=Kolkata Municipal Corporation Demographics |access-date=3 June 2016}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = {{nowrap|{{increase}} 14112536 14,617,882 (Extended UA) }}
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=kolkatauapop2011 /><ref name="extended UA 2011">{{cite web |title=INDIA STATS: Million plus cities in India as per Census 2011 |url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |website=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112755/http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |archive-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>
| population_blank1_title = City rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of cities in India by population|7th in India]]
| population_blank2_title = Metro rank
| population_blank2 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|3rd in India]]; [[Bengal#Urban Areas|2nd in Bengal Region]]; [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia|13th in Asia]]; [[List of largest cities|16th in the world]]
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages of India|Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{*}}English<ref name=nclmanurep2010>—{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}} —{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=Official language status for Urdu in some West Bengal areas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/official-language-status-for-urdu-in-some-west-bengal-areas/article3274293.ece |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 April 2012 |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603103658/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/official-language-status-for-urdu-in-some-west-bengal-areas/article3274293.ece |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live}} —{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |title=Multi-lingual Bengal |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=dead}} —{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-recognizes-six-non-bengali-languages-134507-2011-05-27 |title=West Bengal to have six more languages for official use |last=Roy |first=Anirban |date=27 May 2011 |publisher=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] }}</ref>
| population_demonyms = Kolkatan Calcuttan
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700 xxx
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-01]] to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-10]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank_info_sec1 = IN CCU
| blank1_name_sec1 = {{nowrap|[[Gross metropolitan product|GDP]]/[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]}} 
| blank1_info_sec1 = $150.1 billion ([[GDP PPP]] 2017)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Richest Cities Of India |work=businessworld.in / Brookings |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Richest-Cities-Of-India/28-06-2017-121011/ |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2004)}}
| blank2_info_sec1 = 0.780<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_west_bengal_2004_en.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190118/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_west_bengal_2004_en.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> ({{color|green|High}})
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[International airport]]s
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|CCU]])
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Transit system|Transit]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = '''[[Rapid Transit]]''': [[Kolkata Metro]] '''[[Commuter rail]]''': [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] '''Other(s)''': [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata Tram]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Urban Planning Authority
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]]
| website = {{url|https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCPortalHome1.jsp|kmcgov.in}}
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Durga Puja in Kolkata]]
| designation1_date = 2021 <ref>{{cite news |date=16 December 2021 |title=Kolkata's Durga Puja gets World heritage tag |work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-durga-puja-finds-place-on-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/articleshow/88308601.cms |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> (16th [[Intangible cultural heritage|Committee]] of UNESCO for safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage)
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_number = [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/durga-puja-in-kolkata-00703]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Southern Asia]]
| designation1_free3name = Notability
| designation1_free3value = First in Asia under "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" category
}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Other names
| blank_info_sec2 = Calcutta, Kolikata, Tilottama
| image_shield =
}}
'''Kolkata''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|k|ɒ|l|ˈ|k|ɑː|t|ə}}<ref name="lexico">{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/kolkata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727065224/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kolkata |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2020 |title=Kolkata |work=Lexico |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|k|ɒ|l|ˈ|k|ʌ|t|ə}},<ref name="longman">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=John |author-link=John C. Wells |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |publisher=Pearson Longman |edition=3rd |date=3 April 2008 |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|k|oʊ|l|ˈ|k|ɑː|t|ɑː}},<ref name="MB">{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolkata |title=Kolkata |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> {{IPA-bn|kolˈkata|lang|Bn-কলকাতা.oga}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Kolkātā}}; also known as '''Calcutta''' {{IPAc-en|k|æ|l|ˈ|k|ʌ|t|ə}}<ref name=longman /><ref name="MB"/> which was [[List of renamed places in India#West Bengal|the official name until 2001]]) is the capital and largest city of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It lies on the eastern bank of the [[Hooghly River]], {{cvt|80|km}} west of the border with [[Bangladesh]]. It is the primary [[financial center|financial]] and [[Commercial area|commercial]] center of [[Eastern India|eastern]] and [[Northeast India|northeastern India]].<ref name="worldbank20162">{{cite web |date=20 April 2016 |title=Better Integrated Transport Modes will Help Reinvent Kolkata |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327204243/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=9 February 2020 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>
Kolkata is the [[list of cities in India by population|seventh most populous city]] of [[India]] with an estimated [[city proper]] population of 4.5 million (0.45 crore).<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove">{{Cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> It is the centre of the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]], one of the [[List of largest cities|most populous metropolitan area in the world]] with a population of over 15 million (1.5 crore) residents. Kolkata is the ''[[de facto]]'' cultural capital of [[India]] and historically and culturally significant city in the historic [[Bengal|region of Bengal]].<ref name="Kolkata_Culture">—{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html |title=India: Calcutta, the capital of culture-Telegraph |work=telegraph.co.uk |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024458/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html |archive-date=2 January 2016}} —{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan-1763111 |title=Kolkata remains cultural capital of India: Amitabh Bachchan – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=25 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625005244/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan-1763111 |archive-date=25 June 2017}} —{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/foundation-of-kolkata-museum-of-modern-art-laid-113111400889_1.html |title=Foundation of Kolkata Museum of Modern Art laid |agency=Press Trust of India |work=business-standard.com |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054533/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/foundation-of-kolkata-museum-of-modern-art-laid-113111400889_1.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |date=14 November 2013}} —{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9362769 |title=Calcutta: habitat of the Indian intellectual |last=Reeves |first=Philip |date=5 April 2007 |work=National Public Radio |access-date=29 January 2012}} —{{cite book |author=Noble, Allen and Frank Costa |author2=Ashok Dutt |author3=Robert Kent |title=Regional development and planning for the 21st century : new priorities, new philosophies |year=1990 |publisher=Ashgate Pub Ltd |isbn=978-1-84014-800-8 |pages=282, 396}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=World Urban Areas |url=http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |access-date=21 October 2019 |publisher=Demographia}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Debashish |author2=Anita Desai |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history |publisher=[[Signal Books]] |year=2003 |page=xiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&q=yet+another+book+on+calcutta&pg=PP16 |isbn=978-1-902669-59-5}}</ref> It is the second largest [[Bengali language|Bengali-speaking city]] in the world. It has the highest number of nobel laureates among all cities in India.

The three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the [[Nawab of Bengal]] under [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] [[suzerainty]]. After the Nawab granted the [[East India Company]] a trading [[licence]] in 1690,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=K. |last2=Desai |first2=A. |date=April 2008 |title=Calcutta: a cultural history |publisher=Interlink Books |location=Northampton, Massachusetts, US |pages=9–10 |isbn=978-1-56656-721-3}}</ref> the area was developed by the Company into [[Fort William, India|Fort William]]. Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] occupied the fort in 1756 but was defeated at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, after his general Mir Jafar mutinied in support of the Company, and was later made the Nawab for a brief time.<ref>"Victory for the British East India Company in the Battle of Plassey was the start of nearly two centuries of British rule in India."; Link: https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Plassey</ref> Under [[Company rule in India|company]] and later [[crown rule in India|crown rule]], Calcutta served as the ''de facto'' [[capital of India]] until 1911. Calcutta was the second largest city in the [[British Empire]], after [[London]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&dq=calcutta+second+largest+city+british+empire&pg=PA227 | title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire | isbn=9780521002547 | last1=Marshall | first1=P. J. | date=2 August 2001 | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> and was the center of bureaucracy, politics, law, education, science and [[the arts]] in India. The city was associated with many of the figures and movements of the [[Bengali Renaissance]]. It was the hotbed of the [[Indian nationalist movement]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/kolkata-during-the-second-world-war-japanese-air-raids-a-walking-tour-of-the-bombed-sites-near-telegraph-office-writers-building-and-lalbazar-police-headquarters/cid/1886583 | title=Kolkata and World War II: Tracing the sites of air raids that scarred the City of Joy }}</ref> The [[University of Calcutta]] and its affiliated colleges produced many leading figures of South Asia.

Kolkata's architecture includes many imperial landmarks, including the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]], [[Howrah Bridge]] and the [[Oberoi Grand|Grand Hotel]]. The city's heritage includes India's only [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Chinatown]] and remnants of [[History of the Jews in Kolkata|Jewish]], Armenian, Greek and Anglo-Indian communities. The city is closely linked with [[Bhadralok]] culture and the [[Zamindars of Bengal]], including [[Bengali Hindu]], [[Bengali Muslim]] and tribal aristocrats. The [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] affected the fortunes of the city. In the late 20th century, the city hosted the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|government-in-exile of Bangladesh]] during the [[Pakistani Civil War]] in 1971;<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-kolkatas-8-theatre-road-hosted-the-first-bangladesh-government-7247013/ | title=Explained: How Kolkata's 8 Theatre Road hosted the first Bangladesh government | date=26 March 2021 }}</ref> it built India's first [[Kolkata Metro|subway]]; and it was overtaken by [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay) as India's largest city. The [[Port of Kolkata]] is India's oldest operating port. The city is often regarded as [[India|India's]] cultural capital.

Following independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the premier centre of Indian commerce, culture, and politics, suffered many decades of [[political violence]] and [[economic stagnation]] before it rebounded.<ref name="ianjack" /> The city was also flooded with Hindu refugees from [[East Bengal]] (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 [[partition of India]], transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.<ref>{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-67256-6 |year=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566 |pages=115–117}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Tan |first1=Tai Yong |last2=Kudaisya |first2=Gyanesh |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC |year= 2002 |orig-year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-45060-4 |pages=172–175}}</ref> A demographically diverse city, the [[culture of Kolkata]] features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively [[Para (Bengali)|close-knit neighbourhoods]] (''paras'') and [[Adda (South Asian)|freestyle conversations]] (''adda''). Kolkata is home to venerable institutions of national importance, including the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata|Academy of Fine Arts]], the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society]], the [[Indian Museum]], and the [[National Library of India]]. It is the center of the Indian Bengali film industry, which is known as [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]]. Among scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the [[Geological Survey of India]], the [[Botanical Survey of India]], the [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]], the [[Indian Science Congress Association]], the [[Zoological Survey of India]], the [[Agri Horticultural Society of India|Horticultural Society]], the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]], the [[Anthropological Survey of India]] and the [[Indian Public Health Association]]. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel Memorial Prize winners are associated with the city.<ref name="Kolkata_Nobel">—{{cite web |title=A Nobel habit: How Kolkata keeps producing winners |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/a-nobel-habit-how-kolkata-keeps-producing-winners/article29697930.ece|access-date=25 July 2016 |work=the hindu business line}} —{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize Winners from Kolkata |url=https://www.pressenza.com/2019/10/the-nobel-prize-winners-from-kolkata/ |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=pressenza}} —{{cite web |title=checkout the list of Nobel Prize winners from Kolkata |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/kolkata-has-been-home-to-six-nobel-prize-winners/articleshow/71592392.cms |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=the business insider}} —{{cite web |title=Economist Abhijit Banerjee is the sixth Nobel winner with a Kolkata connection |url=https://theprint.in/india/abhijit-banerjee-nobel-kolkata/305737/ |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=the print}} —{{cite web |title=Abhijit Banerjee is not the first Nobel laureate with a Kolkata connection – here are the others |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/abhijit-banerjee-is-not-the-first-nobel-laureate-with-a-kolkata-connection-here-are-the-others/505851 |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=timesnow}}</ref> Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata stands out in India for being the country's centre of association football. Kolkata is known for its grand celebrations of the Hindu festival of [[Durga Puja]], which is recognized by UNESCO for its importance to world heritage.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-durga-puja-finds-place-on-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/articleshow/88308601.cms | title=Kolkata's Durga Puja gets world heritage tag | newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 December 2021 }}</ref> Hence, Kolkata is also known as the '' 'City of Joy'.''<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/explore-india/kolkata-city-of-joy-47448/|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Kolkata city of joy|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Main|Etymology of Kolkata}}
The word ''Kolkata'' ({{lang-bn|কলকাতা}} {{IPA-bn|kolˈkata|}}) derives from ''[[Kalikata|Kôlikata]]'' ({{Lang-bn|কলিকাতা|links=no}}
{{IPA-bn|ˈkɔliˌkata|}}), the Bengali language name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British, the other two villages were [[Sutanuti]] and [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Govindapur]].<ref name="spatialchange">{{cite book |title=Globalizing cities: a new spatial order? |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc |url-access=limited |last=Chakravorty |first=Sanjoy |editor1-last=Marcuse |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Kempen |editor2-first=Ronald van |chapter=From colonial city to global city? The far-from-complete spatial transformation of Calcutta |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-21290-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc/page/n75 56]–77}}</ref>

There are several explanations for the etymology of this name:
*''Kolikata'' is thought to be a variation of ''Kalikkhetrô'' ({{Lang-bn|কালীক্ষেত্র}} {{IPA-bn|ˈkaliˌkʰetrɔ|}}), meaning "Field of [the goddess] [[Kali]]". Similarly, it can be a variation of 'Kalikshetra' ([[Sanskrit]]: कालीक्षेत्र, lit. "area of Goddess Kali").
*Another theory is that the name derives from [[Kalighat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kalighattemple.com/ |title=Kalighat Kali Temple |website=kalighattemple.com |language=en |access-date=24 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917134630/http://kalighattemple.com/ |archive-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>
*Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term ''kilkila'' ({{lang-bn|কিলকিলা}}), or "flat area".<ref name="chatterjeename">{{cite book |title=Water resources, conservation and management |last=Chatterjee |first=S.N. |year=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-269-0868-4 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpREeIZQvrcC |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619194712/http://books.google.com/books?id=lpREeIZQvrcC |archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*The name may have its origin in the words ''khal'' ({{lang-bn|খাল}} {{IPA-bn|ˈkʰal|}}) meaning "canal", followed by ''kaṭa'' ({{lang-bn|কাটা}} {{IPA-bn|ˈkaʈa|}}), which may mean "dug".<ref name="Nair">{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |title=Calcutta in the 17th century |pages=54–58 |publisher=Firma KLM |location=Kolkata |year=1986}}</ref>
*According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of [[Calcium oxide|quicklime]] or ''koli chun'' ({{lang-bn|কলি চুন}} {{IPA-bn|ˈkɔliˌtʃun|}}) and coir or ''kata'' ({{lang-bn|কাতা}} {{IPA-bn|ˈkata|}}); hence, it was called ''Kolikata'').<ref name="chatterjeename" />
Although the city's name has always been pronounced ''Kolkata'' or ''Kôlikata'' in Bengali, the anglicised form ''Calcutta'' was the official name until 2001, when it [[Renaming of cities in India|was changed]] to ''Kolkata'' in order to match Bengali pronunciation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~easwaran/papers/india.html |title=The politics of name changes in India |access-date=26 January 2012 |last=Easwaran |first=Kenny |publisher=Open Computing Facility, University of California at Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719150356/http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~easwaran/papers/india.html |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Kolkata}}
[[File:Fort William, Calcutta, 1735.jpg|thumb|left|Ships of the [[British East India Company]] near [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in the [[Port of Calcutta]] in 1735]]
The discovery and [[archaeological]] study of [[Chandraketugarh]], {{cvt|35|km}} north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |year=2008 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |page=395 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA395 |access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Das">{{cite news |last=Das |first=S. |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030115/asp/frontpage/story_1575128.asp |title=Pre-Raj crown on Clive House: abode of historical riches to be museum |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Kolkata |date=15 January 2003 |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061030/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030115/asp/frontpage/story_1575128.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kolkata's [[recorded history]] began in 1690 with the arrival of the English [[East India Company]], which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. [[Job Charnock]] is often regarded as the founder of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |author-link=P. Thankappan Nair |year=1977 |chapter=A Portrait of Job Charnock |title=Job Charnock: The Founder of Calcutta: In Facts and Fiction: An Anthology |location=Calcutta |publisher=Engineering Times Publications |pages=16–17 |oclc=4497022 |quote=There are no two opinions that Calcutta is not the product of the vision of Job Charnock ... Charnock alone founded Calcutta.}}</ref> In response to a public petition,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm |title=Court changes Calcutta's history |date=16 May 2003 |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm |archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref> the [[Calcutta High Court]] ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder.<ref name="notcharnock">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Subhrangshu |title=Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC says city has no foundation day |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Chandigarh, India |date=18 May 2003 |access-date=7 December 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129050204/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3 |archive-date=29 November 2006}}</ref> The area occupied by the present-day city encompassed three villages: [[Kalikata]], [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Gobindapur]] and [[Sutanuti]]. Kalikata was a fishing village; Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village; and Gobindapur was a trading post for Indian merchant princes. These villages were part of an estate belonging to the [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] family of ''[[zamindar]]s''. The estate was sold to the East India Company in 1698.<ref name="BanerjeePage1and3">{{cite book |editor1-last=Banerjee |editor1-first=Himadri |editor2-last=Gupta |editor2-first=Nilanjana |editor3-last=Mukherjee |editor3-first=Sipra |title=Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC |access-date=29 January 2012 |year=2009 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-905835-5-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233321/http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|1}}
[[File:Raj Bhavan 3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata]] was the home of the [[Governor of Bengal]] and the [[Governor-General of India]]]]
In 1712, the British completed the construction of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], located on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their trading factory.<ref name="mitter">{{cite journal |last=Mitter |first=Partha |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |date=June 1986 |pages=95–114 |title=The early British port cities of India: their planning and architecture circa 1640–1757 |jstor=990090 |doi=10.2307/990090}}</ref> Facing frequent skirmishes with [[French East India Company|French forces]], the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]].<ref name="hunterhistory">{{cite book |title=The Indian Empire: its peoples, history, and products |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |author-link=William Wilson Hunter |year=1886 |publisher=Trübner & co |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich/page/381 381]–82 |url=https://archive.org/details/indianempireitsp00huntrich |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref> A force of Company soldiers (''[[sepoy]]s'') and British troops led by [[Robert Clive]] recaptured the city the following year.<ref name="hunterhistory" /> Per the 1765 [[Treaty of Allahabad]] following the [[battle of Buxar]], East India company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal emperor in the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province.<ref name="AhmedFarooqui">{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Farooqui Salma |last2=Farooqui |first2=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA369 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |page=369 |access-date=2 January 2016 |year=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA369 |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Declared a [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|presidency city]], Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773.<ref name="Arnold-Baker2015">{{cite book |last=Arnold-Baker |first=Charles |title=The Companion to British History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504 |date=30 July 2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-40039-4 |page=504 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193215/https://books.google.com/books?id=75ZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT504 |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], [[Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William]] between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history |access-date=11 October 2007 |last=Dutta |first=Krishna |publisher=[[Signal Books]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-902669-59-5 |year=2003 |page=58 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081609/http://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city was a centre of the East India Company's opium trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pati |first=Biswamoy |title=Narcotics and empire |volume=23 |issue=10 |year=2006 |journal=The Hindu; Frontline |url=http://frontlineonnet.com/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm |access-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016231426/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm |archive-date=16 October 2006}}</ref> A census in 1837 records the population of the city proper as 229,700, of which the British residents made up only 3,138.<ref>''The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol. IV'', (1848) London, Charles Knight, p.35</ref> The same source says another 177,000 resided in the suburbs and neighbouring villages, making the entire population of greater Calcutta 406,700.

[[File:Chowringhee Square, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tipu Sultan Mosque]] in 1945]]
[[File:Corner of Harrison Street (Burra Bazar) and Strand Road, Calcutta in 1945.jpg|left|thumb|Bengali billboards in 1945]]
In 1864, a typhoon struck the city and killed about 60,000 in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/calcutta-cyclone-1864-1356569-2018-10-05 |title=154 years ago, this infamous cyclone in Calcutta took over 60,000 lives and flooded the entire city |author=Tanya Saihgal |date=5 October 2018 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

By the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred on [[Chowringhee]] and [[Dalhousie Square]]; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centred on North Calcutta.<ref name="hardgrave">{{Cite book |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. Jr |editor1-first=Pratapaditya |editor1-last=Pal |title=Changing visions, lasting images: Calcutta through 300 years |year=1990 |publisher=Marg Publications |location=Bombay |isbn=978-81-85026-11-4 |pages=31–46 |chapter=A portrait of Black Town: Balthazard Solvyns in Calcutta, 1791–1804|chapter-url=http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/hardgraveportrait.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112023055/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/hardgraveportrait.html |archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> The city underwent rapid industrial growth starting in the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; this encouraged British companies to massively invest in infrastructure projects, which included telegraph connections and [[Howrah station|Howrah railway station]]. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new ''[[Babu (title)|babu]]'' class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |given1=NC |year=2001 |title=The autobiography of an unknown Indian |publisher=New York Review of Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-940322-82-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofu00chau |pages=v–xi}}</ref> In the 19th century, the [[Bengal Renaissance]] brought about an increased sociocultural sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, Calcutta was host to the first national conference of the [[Indian National Association]] which was the first avowed nationalist organisation in India.<ref name="stepienchap3">{{cite book |last1=Stępień |first1=Jakub |last2=Tokarski |first2=Stanisław |last3=Latos |first3=Tomasz |last4=Jarecka-Stępień |first4=Katarzyna |title=Towards freedom. Ideas of "solidarity" in comparison with the thought of the Indian National Congress |year=2011 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia "Projekt Orient" |location=Kraków, Poland |isbn=978-83-933917-4-5 |pages=58–59 |chapter=Indian way to independence. The Indian National Congress}}</ref>

The [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in 1905 along religious lines led to mass protests, making Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Joya |title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967 |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46830-5 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA9 |language=en |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401093431/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&pg=PA9 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Tom |title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606045722/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/ |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The capital was moved to New Delhi in 1911.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist) |title=Cities of tomorrow |year=2002 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-23252-0 |pages=198–206}}</ref> Calcutta continued to be a centre for [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|revolutionary organisations]] associated with the [[Indian independence movement]]. The city and its port were bombed several times by the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]] between 1942 and 1944, during [[World War II]].<ref name="Randhawa">{{cite web |last=Randhawa |first=K. |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/50/a5756150.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062423/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/50/a5756150.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2012 |title=The bombing of Calcutta by the Japanese |date=15 September 2005 |access-date=26 April 2006}}</ref><ref name="PacificWar">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-the-pacific/timeline |title=Pacific War timeline: New Zealanders in the Pacific War |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=13 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021064031/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/war-in-the-pacific/timeline |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Millions starved to death during the [[Bengal famine of 1943]] (at the same time of the war) due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=A |year=1973 |title=Poverty and famines |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-828463-5 |pages=52–85}}</ref> [[Pakistan Movement|Demands for the creation of a Muslim state]] led in 1946 to [[Direct Action Day|an episode of communal violence]] that killed over 4,000.<ref name="Burrows">{{Cite report |last=Burrows |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick Burrows |date=22 August 1946 |title=A copy of a secret report written on 22 August 1946 to the Viceroy Lord Wavell, from Sir Frederick John Burrows, concerning the Calcutta riots |url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/indiapakistan/partition4/index.html |publisher=[[The British Library]] |docket=IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107 |access-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104191417/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indianindependence/indiapakistan/partition4/index.html |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="DasS">{{cite journal |last=Das |first=Suranjan |year=2000 |title=The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'? |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=281–306 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000336X |jstor=313064 |s2cid=144646764}}</ref><ref name="Talukdar">{{Cite book |last=Suhrawardy |first=H. S. |year=1987 |title=Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy |chapter=Direct action day |chapter-url=http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/suhrawardy/direct_action.html |editor1-last=Talukdar |editor1-first=M. H. R. |pages=55–56 |publisher=The University Press |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |isbn=978-984-05-1087-0 |author-link=H. S. Suhrawardy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314030646/http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/suhrawardy/direct_action.html |archive-date=14 March 2006}}</ref> The [[partition of India]] led to further clashes and a demographic shift—many Muslims left for [[East Pakistan]] (present day [[Bangladesh]]), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |given1=R |year=1992 |title=Patel: a life |publisher=[[Navajivan]] |location=Ahmedabad, India |asin=B0006EYQ0A |page=497}}</ref>

During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent [[Marxist]]–[[Maoist]] movement by groups known as the [[Naxalite]]s damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation.<ref name="ianjack">—{{citation |last=Banerjee |first=Partha Sarathi |date=5 February 2011 |title=Party, Power and Political Violence in West Bengal |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=16–18 |jstor=27918111 |issn=0012-9976}} —{{citation |last=Gooptu |first=Nandini |date=1 June 2007 |title=Economic Liberalisation, Work and Democracy: Industrial Decline and Urban Politics in Kolkata |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=42 |issue=21 |pages=1922–1933 |jstor=4419634}} —{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata |title=India's riptide of modern aspiration has not reached Kolkata – but that can't last |last1=Jack |first1=Ian |date=4 February 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=6 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093315/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata |archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> During East Pakistan's secessionist [[Bangladesh Liberation War|war of independence]] in 1971, the city was home to the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|government-in-exile of Bangladesh]].<ref name="auto"/> During the war, refugees poured into West Bengal and strained Kolkata's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |given1=A |surname2=Hindle |given2=J |year=1996 |title=London review of books: an anthology |publisher=Verso Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-85984-121-1 |pages=63–70}}</ref> The [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] of the Indian military, which is based in Fort William, played a pivotal role in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and securing the [[surrender of Pakistan]]. During the mid-1980s, [[Mumbai]] (then called Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. In 1985, Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio-political woes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Follath |first=Erich |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |location=Hamburg |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,387701,00.html |title=From poorhouse to powerhouse |access-date=15 January 2011 |date=30 November 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707163423/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,387701,00.html |archive-date=7 July 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the period 1977–2011, West Bengal was governed from Kolkata by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], which was dominated by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]] (CPM). It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for [[Socialism in India|Indian communism]].<ref name="Biswas">{{cite news |last=Biswas |first=S. |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm |title=Calcutta's colorless campaign |access-date=26 April 2006 |date=16 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214053922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm |archive-date=14 February 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history |access-date=30 January 2012 |last=Dutta |first=Krishna |publisher=[[Signal Books]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-902669-59-5 |year=2003 |pages=185–87 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081609/http://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sl1vY5gAdsC |title=Communist and socialist movement in India: a critical account |access-date=30 January 2012 |last=Singh |first=Chandrika |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-031-4 |year=1987 |pages=154–55 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616061027/http://books.google.com/books?id=2Sl1vY5gAdsC&dq |archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Left Front was defeated by the [[Trinamool Congress]]. The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the 1990s, when [[Economic liberalisation in India|India began to institute pro-market reforms]]. Since 2000, the information technology (IT) services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base.<ref name="bbceco" />

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Kolkata}}
[[File:C 0293 Victoria Memorial Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Victoria Memorial and its gardens]]
Spread roughly north–south along the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], Kolkata sits within the lower [[Ganges Delta]] of eastern India approximately 75 km (47 mi) west of the international border with Bangladesh; the city's elevation is {{cvt|1.5|-|9|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=PIA01844: space radar image of Calcutta, West Bengal, India |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844 |publisher=NASA |access-date=15 January 2012 |date=15 April 1999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114231031/http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844 |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=S. N. |title=Water Resources, Conservation and Management |year=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-269-0868-4 |page=33}}</ref> The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the [[East Kolkata Wetlands]], were designated a "wetland of international importance" by the [[Ramsar Convention]] (1975).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roy Chadhuri |first1=S. |last2=Thakur |first2=A. R. |title=Microbial genetic resource mapping of East Calcutta wetlands |journal=Current Science |volume=91 |issue=2 |date=25 July 2006 |pages=212–17}}</ref> As with most of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], the soil and water are predominantly [[alluvium|alluvial]] in origin. Kolkata is located over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin.<ref name="soil characterisation">{{cite conference |url=http://gndec.ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2009/articles/T01_03.pdf |title=Characterization of soil over Kolkata municipal area |first1=Diptendra |last1=Das |first2=B. C. |last2=Chattopadhyay |date=19 December 2009 |conference=Indian Geotechnical Conference |conference-url=http://gndec.ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2009/ |volume=1 |location=Guntur, India |pages=11–12 |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106050646/http://gndec.ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2009/articles/T01_03.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> Bengal basin comprises three structural units: shelf or platform in the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep basinal part in the east and southeast. Kolkata is located atop the western part of the hinge zone which is about {{cvt|25|km|mi}} wide at a depth of about {{cvt|45000|m|ft}} below the surface.<ref name="soil characterisation" /> The shelf and hinge zones have many faults, among them some are active. Total thickness of sediment below Kolkata is nearly {{cvt|7500|m|ft}} above the [[Basement (geology)|crystalline basement]]; of these the top {{cvt|350|-|450|m|ft|-1}} is [[Quaternary]], followed by {{cvt|4500|-|5500|m|ft|-1}} of [[Tertiary]] sediments, {{cvt|500|-|700|m|ft|-1}} [[Trap rock|trap]] wash of [[Cretaceous]] trap and {{cvt|600|-|800|m|ft|-1}} [[Permian]]-[[Carboniferous]] [[Gondwana]] rocks.<ref name="soil characterisation" /> The quaternary sediments consist of clay, silt and several grades of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of {{cvt|250|-|650|m|ft|-1}}; the upper one {{cvt|10|-|40|m|ft|-1}} in thickness.<ref name="Bunting">{{Cite report |last1=Bunting |first1=S. W. |last2=Kundu |first2=N. |last3=Mukherjee |first3=M. |publisher=Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling |location=Stirling, UK |url=http://www.dfid.stir.ac.uk/dfid/nrsp/download/sitanal.pdf |title=Situation analysis. Production systems and natural resources use in PU Kolkata |page=3 |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505141605/http://www.dfid.stir.ac.uk/dfid/nrsp/download/sitanal.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2006}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], on a scale ranging from {{nowrap|I to V}} in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone III]].<ref name="hazardprofile">{{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf |title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts |access-date=23 August 2006 |work=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management |publisher=[[UNDP]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref>

===Urban structure===
[[File:Calcutta (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|thumb|right|Map of Calcutta, {{Circa|1914|lk=no}}]]
[[File:Skyline Kolkata City of Joy.png|thumb|The skyline of Kolkata from the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]]]
The [[Kolkata metropolitan area]] is spread over {{cvt|1886.67|km2|sqmi|2}}<ref name="kmdaanreport2011kma">{{cite web |url=http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/introducing_kma.pdf |title=Introducing KMA |year=2011 |work=Annual Report 2011 |publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605134704/http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/introducing_kma.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|7}} and comprises 4 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 37 [[Neighbourhoods in Kolkata|local municipalities]] and 24 [[panchayat samiti]]s, as of 2011.<ref name=kmdaanreport2011kma />{{rp|7}} The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, as of 2006.<ref name=Metropolis /> Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]].<ref name="urbanprice">{{Cite book |editor1-last=Sahdev |editor1-first=Shashi |editor2-last=Verma |editor2-first=Nilima |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc |series=Industry and Economic Planning |year=2008 |title=Kolkata—an outline |publisher=Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India |format=DOC |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025356/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|15}} Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC), has an area of {{cvt|206.08|km2|sqmi|0}}.<ref name="Metropolis">{{cite web |publisher=World Association of the Major Metropolises |url=http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf |title=007 Kolkata (India) |access-date=31 August 2007 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308102346/http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]] in the east—a span of {{cvt|9|-|10|km|mi|1}}.<ref>{{cite map |publisher=NASA |title=Calcutta, West Bengal, India |url=http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DATA/LOCATION/ASIAMIDE/CALCUTTA/CALCUTTA.HTM |date=20 June 1996 |series=Mission to planet earth program |access-date=25 February 2012 |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104150559/http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DATA/LOCATION/ASIAMIDE/CALCUTTA/CALCUTTA.HTM |url-status=dead}}</ref> The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central, South and East Kolkata.
North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as [[Jorasanko]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], [[Maniktala]], [[Ultadanga]], [[Shyambazar]], [[Shobhabazar]], [[Bagbazar]], [[Cossipore]], [[Sinthee]] etc. The north suburban areas like [[Dum Dum]], [[Baranagar]], [[Belgharia]], [[Sodepur]], [[Khardaha]], [[New Barrackpore]], [[Madhyamgram]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Barasat]] etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).<ref name="urbanprice" />{{rp|65–66}} Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains [[B. B. D. Bagh]], formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] on its east; [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Rajiv Gandhi Sarani]] is on its west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dalhousie-square |title=Kolkata Heritage |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=14 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114162511/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dalhousie-square |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Writers' Building|West Bengal Secretariat]], [[General Post Office, Kolkata|General Post Office]], [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[Calcutta High Court]], [[Lalbazar]] Police Headquarters and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], which comprises thoroughfares such as [[Chowringhee Road|Jawahar Lal Nehru Road]], [[Camac Street|Abanindra Nath Tagore Sarani]], Dr. Martin Luther King Sarani, Dr. Upendra Nath Brahmachari Sarani, [[Shakespeare Sarani]] and [[AJC Bose Road|Acharay Jagadish Chandra Basu Road]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BSNL may take two weeks to be back online |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-09/kolkata/28184192_1_broadband-connections-calcutta-telephones-broadband-lines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104170721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-09/kolkata/28184192_1_broadband-connections-calcutta-telephones-broadband-lines |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2012 |agency=[[Times News Network]] (TNN) |date=9 July 2009 |access-date=27 November 2011 |quote=With the Camac Street-Park Street-Shakespeare Sarani commercial hub located smack in the middle of the affected zone... |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> South Kolkata developed after India gained independence in 1947; it includes upscale neighbourhoods such as [[Bhawanipore]], [[Alipore]], [[Ballygunge]], [[Kasba (Kolkata)|Kasba]], [[Dhakuria]], [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]], [[Garia]], [[Golf Green]], [[Tollygunge]], [[New Alipore]], [[Behala]], [[Barisha, India|Barisha]] etc. The south suburban areas like [[Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Rajpur Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur]] etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).<ref name=spatialchange /> The [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata"<ref>{{cite news |title=In city's teeming heart, a place to gaze and graze |first=Jim |last=Yardley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/asia/28india.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=27 November 2011 |quote=To Kolkata, it is the 'lungs of the city,' a recharge zone for the soul.}}</ref> and accommodates sporting events and public meetings.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maidan marauders |last=Das |first=Soumitra |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100221/jsp/calcutta/story_12132260.jsp |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 February 2010 |location=Kolkata |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=18 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118134300/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100221/jsp/calcutta/story_12132260.jsp |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] and [[Kolkata Race Course]] are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks are [[Central Park (Kolkata)|Central Park]] in Bidhannagar and [[Millennium Park (Kolkata)|Millennium Park]] on Rajiv Gandhi Sarani, along the Hooghly River.

Two planned townships in the greater Kolkata region are [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Bidhannagar]], also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and [[Rajarhat]], also called [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] and located east of Bidhannagar.<ref name=spatialchange /><ref name="Sectorv">{{cite news |last=Chakraborti |first=Suman |title=Beautification project for Salt Lake, Sec V and New Town |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/kolkata/30349773_1_traffic-islands-road-dividers-and-boulevards-bidhannagar-municipality |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104185006/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/kolkata/30349773_1_traffic-islands-road-dividers-and-boulevards-bidhannagar-municipality |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=6 December 2011 |date=2 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> In the 2000s, Sector 5 in Bidhannagar developed into a business hub for information technology and telecommunication companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Sector V |url=http://egovernance.ndita.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=58 |publisher=Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103145620/https://egovernance.ndita.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=58 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata! India's new IT hub |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/jul/13spec2.htm |access-date=6 December 2011 |newspaper=Rediff.com |date=13 July 2005}}</ref> Both Bidhannagar and New Town are situated outside the Kolkata Municipal Corporation limits, in their own municipalities.<ref name="Sectorv" />

===Climate===
[[File:Park street area kolkata 2020.jpg|thumb|[[Park Street, Kolkata]]]]
{{Main|Climate of Kolkata}}Kolkata is subject to a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet-and-dry climate]] that is designated ''Aw'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. According to a [[United Nations Development Programme]] report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high damage risk".<ref name="hazardprofile" />

====Temperature====
The annual mean temperature is {{cvt|26.8|C|F|1}}; monthly mean temperatures are {{cvt|19|-|30|C|F|0}}. Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures sometime exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.<ref name="weatherbase">{{cite web |publisher=Canty and Associates LLC |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=090824&refer=&units=metric |title=Weatherbase entry for Kolkata |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907174739/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=090824&refer=&units=metric |archive-date=7 September 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Winter lasts for roughly {{frac|2|1|2}} months, with seasonal lows dipping to {{cvt|9|–|11|C|F|0}} in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from {{cvt|27|-|37|C|F|0}}; January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from {{cvt|12|-|23|C|F|0}}. The highest recorded temperature is {{cvt|43.9|C|F|1}}, and the lowest is {{cvt|5|C|F|0}}.<ref name="weatherbase" /> The winter is mild and very comfortable weather pertains over the city throughout this season.
Often, in April–June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are [[Convection rain|convective]] in nature, and are known locally as ''kal bôishakhi'' ({{lang|bn|কালবৈশাখী}}), or "Nor'westers" in English.<ref name="kalboisakhi">{{cite web |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=kal-baisakhi1 |title=kal Baisakhi |access-date=5 September 2006 |work=Glossary of Meteorology |publisher=American Meteorological Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830065710/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=kal-baisakhi1 |archive-date=30 August 2006}}</ref>

====Rainfall====

Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the [[Southwest monsoon|south-west summer monsoon]]<ref name="monsoontribune">{{Cite news |last1=Khichar |first1=M. L. |last2=Niwas |first2=R. |date=14 July 2003 |title=Know your monsoon |newspaper=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh, India |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030714/agro.htm#2 |access-date=9 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618121810/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030714/agro.htm#2 |archive-date=18 June 2007}}</ref> lash Kolkata between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of about {{cvt|1850|mm|in|0}}. The highest monthly rainfall total occurs in July and August. In these months often incessant rain for days brings life to a stall for the city dwellers. The city receives 2,107 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum [[Insolation|sunlight exposure]] occurring in April.<ref name="ESS" /> Kolkata has been hit by several cyclones; these include systems occurring in [[1737 Calcutta cyclone|1737]] and [[1864 Calcutta cyclone|1864]] that killed thousands.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bilham |first=Roger |year=1994 |title=The 1737 Calcutta earthquake and cyclone evaluated |journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1650–57 |doi=10.1785/BSSA0840051650 |bibcode=1994BuSSA..84.1650B |s2cid=130396862 |url=http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/gif_images/1737Calcutta.pdf |access-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811224058/http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/gif_images/1737Calcutta.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report on the Calcutta cyclone of the 5th October 1864 |last1=Gastrell |first1=James Eardley |first2=Henry Francis |last2=Blanford |year=1866 |publisher=O.T. Cutter, Military Orphan Press |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/reportoncalcutt00blangoog |access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> More recently, [[Cyclone Aila]] in 2009 and [[Cyclone Amphan]] in 2020 caused widespread damage to Kolkata by bringing catastrophic winds and torrential rainfall.

{{Kolkata weatherbox}}

===Environmental issues===
{{Main|Environmental issues in Kolkata}}
Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. {{As of|2008}}, [[sulphur dioxide]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]] annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable [[Particulates|suspended particulate matter]] levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze.<ref name="ambientairquality">{{cite web |author=Central Pollution Control Board |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |url=http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/AnnualReports/AnnualReport_37_ANNUAL_REPORT-08-09.pdf |title=Annual report 2008–2009 |page=40 |access-date=2 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426072456/http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/AnnualReports/AnnualReport_37_ANNUAL_REPORT-08-09.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081030/jsp/calcutta/story_10035984.jsp |title=Smog city chokes & grounds: foul air, moist and smoky |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=30 October 2008 |access-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604143452/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081030/jsp/calcutta/story_10035984.jsp |archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref> Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.<ref name="BBC51707">{{Cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |title=Oxygen supplies for India police |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6665803.stm |publisher=BBC |date=17 May 2007 |access-date=23 June 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612072737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6665803.stm |archive-date=12 June 2007}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Kolkata}}
[[File:Tata Centre - 43 Chowringhee Road - Kolkata 2013-01-05 2429.JPG|thumb|[[Tata Steel]] building in Kolkata [[Central Business District|CBD]]]]
[[File:Reserve Bank of India (RBI) building, September 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Reserve Bank of India]] building, Kolkata]]
Kolkata is the commercial and financial hub of [[East India|East]] and [[North-East India]]<ref name="urbanprice" /> and home to the [[Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Limited|Calcutta Stock Exchange]].<ref name="CSE">{{cite web |publisher=Calcutta Stock Exchange Association |url=http://www.cse-india.com/cse_factbook.htm |title=Genesis and growth of the Calcutta Stock Exchange |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419055547/http://cse-india.com/cse_factbook.htm |archive-date=19 April 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="worldbank2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata |title=Better Integrated Transport Modes will Help Reinvent Kolkata |date=20 April 2016 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=9 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327204243/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata |archive-date=27 March 2019 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is a major commercial and military port, and is one of five cities in eastern India (alongside [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]], [[Imphal Airport|Imphal]], and [[Kushinagar International Airport|Kushinagar]]) to have an international airport. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant [[trade-unionism]], which included frequent strikes that were backed by left-wing parties.<ref name="bbceco">{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Tanya |author-link=Tanya Datta |title=Rising Kolkata's winners and losers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm |access-date=11 December 2011 |publisher=BBC |date=22 March 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204123645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm |archive-date=4 February 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> From the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated.<ref name="bbceco" /> The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to an unwelcome sobriquet: the "dying city".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sudipta |last=Dutta |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/calcutta-chronicles/417579/ |title=Calcutta chronicles |date=1 February 2009 |newspaper=Financial Express |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615141012/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/calcutta-chronicles/417579 |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The city's fortunes improved after the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] was liberalised in the 1990s and changes in economic policy were enacted by the West Bengal state government.<ref name="bbceco" /> Recent estimates of the economy of Kolkata's metropolitan area have ranged from $150 to $250 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] GDP), and have ranked it [[List of cities by GDP|third-most productive metro area]] of India.<ref name="gdp">—{{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}} —{{cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]] |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011}} —{{cite web |title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807055.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009131024/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html |archive-date=9 October 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

Flexible production has been the norm in Kolkata, which has an [[informal sector]] that employs more than 40% of the labour force.<ref name="spatialchange" /> One unorganised group, [[Hawkers in Kolkata|roadside hawkers]], generated business worth {{INR}} 87.72 billion ({{USD}} 2 billion) in 2005.<ref name="Telegraphhawker">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061130/asp/frontpage/story_7071031.asp |title=Hawkers stay as Rs. 265 crore talks |access-date=16 February 2008 |last=Ganguly |first=Deepankar |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=30 November 2006 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200645/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061130/asp/frontpage/story_7071031.asp |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|2001}}, around 0.81% of the city's workforce was employed in the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector]] (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49% worked in the [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]] (industrial and manufacturing); and 83.69% worked in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]] (service industries).<ref name="urbanprice" />{{rp|19}} {{As of|2003}}, the majority of households in slums were engaged in occupations belonging to the informal sector; 36.5% were involved in servicing the urban middle class (as maids, drivers, etc.) and 22.2% were [[Wage labour|casual labourers]].<ref name="kundu" />{{rp|11}} About 34% of the available labour force in Kolkata slums were unemployed.<ref name="kundu" />{{rp|11}} According to one estimate, almost a quarter of the population live on less than 27 rupees (equivalent to 45 US cents) per day.<ref name="2014 Indian general election, Calcutta">{{cite news |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article4086790.ece |title=End is nigh for Gandhis after India's marathon poll |work=The Times |date=12 January 2014 |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512160254/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article4086790.ece |archive-date=12 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Major manufacturing companies in the city are [[Alstom]], [[Larsen & Toubro]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Ruchira |date=24 June 2014 |title=L&T relocates mining division to Kolkata; sees revenue rising |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/JTAOkLSjKzxeLGzfOb1DfM/LT-relocates-mining-division-to-Kolkata-sees-revenue-risin.html |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[Fosroc]],<ref>{{cite web |title=New Fosroc Facility in India {{!}} Fosroc |url=https://fosroc.com/news/new-fosroc-facility-in-india |access-date=20 September 2021|website=fosroc.com}}</ref> [[Videocon Telecom|Videocon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Videocon Starts Manufacturing Mobiles at Kolkata Unit |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/videocon-starts-manufacturing-mobiles-at-kolkata-unit-733828 |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=29 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref> As in many other Indian cities, information technology became a high-growth sector in Kolkata starting in the late 1990s; the city's IT sector grew at 70% per annum—a rate that was twice the national average.<ref name="bbceco" /> The 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail, and hospitality sectors; [[List of shopping malls in Kolkata|several large shopping malls]] and hotels were launched.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sonalee |last=M. |title=Kolkata's retail story |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=177844 |access-date=11 December 2011 |newspaper=The Daily Star |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093014/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=177844 |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Tunia Cherian |title=Hospitality sector gets a boost from buoyant economy |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/01/01/stories/2006010102500200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024010101/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/01/01/stories/2006010102500200.htm |access-date=11 December 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |location=Chennai |date=1 January 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Rohit |last1=Khanna |last2=Roy |first2=Monalisa |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Kolkata-real-estate-players-project-40-growth-by-April/409526/ |title=Kolkata real estate players project 40% growth by April |access-date=11 December 2011 |newspaper=Financial Express |location=New Delhi |date=12 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615173428/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Kolkata-real-estate-players-project-40-growth-by-April/409526 |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy Chowdhury |first=Joy |title=Looking East |url=http://www.expresshospitality.com/20111031/management01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010101/http://www.expresshospitality.com/20111031/management01.shtml |work=The Express Hospitality |location=New Delhi |access-date=11 December 2011 |date=October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal industrial growth rate higher than national average |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-01/news/28383530_1_food-processing-industrial-growth-rate-sectors |access-date=11 December 2011 |newspaper=Economic Times |date=1 December 2008 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114105933/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-12-01/news/28383530_1_food-processing-industrial-growth-rate-sectors |archive-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Companies such as [[ITC Limited]], [[CESC Limited]], [[Exide Industries]], [[Emami]], [[Eveready Industries India]], [[Lux Industries]], [[Rupa Company]], [[Berger Paints]], [[Birla Corporation]], [[Britannia Industries]] and [[Purushottam Publishers]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy Chowdhury |first=Joy |title=Looking East |url=https://www.himalayanwritingretreat.com/traditional-publishers-in-india/ |location=Kolkata |access-date=4 January 2022 |date=September 2009}}</ref> are headquartered in the city. [[Philips]] India, [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] India, [[Tata Global Beverages]], and [[Tata Steel]] have their registered office and zonal headquarters in Kolkata. Kolkata hosts the headquarters of two major banks: [[UCO Bank]], and [[Bandhan Bank]]. [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[State Bank of India]] have its eastern zonal office in Kolkata. [[India Government Mint, Kolkata]] is one of the four mints in India. Some of the oldest public sector companies are headquartered in the city such as the [[Coal India Limited]], [[National Insurance Company]], [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], [[Tea Board of India]], [[Geological Survey of India]], [[Zoological Survey of India]], [[Botanical Survey of India]], [[Jute Corporation of India]], National Test House, [[Hindustan Copper]] and the [[Ordnance Factories Board]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]].

==Demographics==
{{See also|Ethnic communities in Kolkata}}

===Population===
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| 1901 | 1009853
| 1911 | 1117966
| 1921 | 1158497
| 1931 | 1289461
| 1941 | 2352399
| 1951 | 2956475
| 1961 | 3351250
| 1971 | 3727020
| 1981 | 4126846
| 1991 | 4399819
| 2001 | 4572876
| 2011 | 4496694
}}
The [[demonym]] for residents of Kolkata are ''Calcuttan'' and ''Kolkatan''.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Calcuttan |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calcuttan |dictionary=dictionary.com |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303171515/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calcuttan |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Prithvijit |title=Kolkatans relish a journey down familiar terrain |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-14/kolkata/30396787_1_first-film-strong-film-culture-satyajit-ray |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709202313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-14/kolkata/30396787_1_first-film-strong-film-culture-satyajit-ray |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=2 February 2012 |date=14 November 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Kolkata district, which occupies an area of {{cvt|185|sqkm|sqmi}}, had a population of
4,486,679;<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title=Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> its population density was {{cvt|24252|/sqkm|/sqmi}}.<ref name="census" /> This represents a decline of 1.88% during the decade 2001–11. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] is 899 females per 1000 males—lower than the national average.<ref name="2011 pp table3A2">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title=Sex ratio, 0–6 age population, literates and literacy rate by sex for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ratio is depressed by the influx of working males from surrounding rural areas, from the rest of West Bengal; these men commonly leave their families behind.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Romita |title=Kolkata sees dip in population, suburbs register an increase |url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/04/05224458/Kolkata-sees-dip-in-population.html |access-date=10 December 2011 |newspaper=Mint |location=New Delhi |date=5 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824001826/http://www.livemint.com/2011/04/05224458/Kolkata-sees-dip-in-population.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kolkata's literacy rate of 87.14%<ref name="2011 pp table3A2" /> exceeds the national average of 74%.<ref name="censusindliter">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in |title=Population census 2011 |publisher=Census of India 2011, Government of India |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120202313/http://www.census2011.co.in/ |archive-date=20 November 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The final population totals of census 2011 stated the population of city as 4,496,694.<ref name="KOL" /> The urban agglomeration had a population of 14,112,536 in 2011.<ref name="kolkatauapop2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |title=Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above |year=2011 |work=Provisional population totals, census of India 2011 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215163132/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="float:left; border: 16px solid #FFF;"
|
{|class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+Kolkata urban agglomeration population growth
|-
! scope="col" |Census
! scope="col" |Total
! scope="col" |%±
|-
! scope="row" |1981
|style="text-align:right;"|9,194,000
|style="text-align:center;"| —
|-
! scope="row" |[[1991 Census of India|1991]]
|style="text-align:right;"|11,021,900
|style="text-align:right;"|19.9%
|-
! scope="row" |[[2001 census of India|2001]]
|style="text-align:right;"|13,114,700
|style="text-align:right;"|19.0%
|-
! scope="row" |[[2011 census of India|2011]]
|style="text-align:right;"|14,112,536
|style="text-align:right;"|7.6%
|-
|colspan="3" |Source: [[Demographics of India|Census of India]]<ref name="kolkatauapop2011" />
|}
|}

{{As of|2003}}, about one-third of the population, or 15 lakh (1.5 million) people, lived in 3,500 unregistered [[Squatting|squatter-occupied]] and 2,011 registered [[slum]]s.<ref name="kundu">{{cite web |last=Kundu |first=N |publisher=Development Planning Unit. [[University College, London|University College]], London |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Kolkata_bw.pdf |title=Understanding slums: case studies for the global report on human settlements 2003. The case of Kolkata, India |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524005019/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Kolkata_bw.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|4}}<ref name="slumdiversity" />{{rp|92}} The authorised slums (with access to basic services like water, latrines, trash removal by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation) can be broadly divided into two groups—''bustees'', in which slum dwellers have some long term tenancy agreement with the landowners; and ''udbastu colonies'', settlements which had been leased to refugees from present-day Bangladesh by the government.<ref name="slumdiversity">{{cite journal |last=Schenk |first=W. Collin |title=Slum diversity in Kolkata |journal=Columbia Undergraduate Journal of South Asian Studies |year=2010 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=91–108 [92] |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cujsas/Volume%20I/Issue%20II/W%20Collin%20Schenk%20-%20Slum%20Diversity.pdf |access-date=2 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131170736/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cujsas/Volume%20I/Issue%20II/W%20Collin%20Schenk%20-%20Slum%20Diversity.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="kundu" />{{rp|5}} The [[Shanty town|unauthorised slums]] (devoid of basic services provided by the municipality) are occupied by squatters who started living on encroached lands—mainly along canals, railway lines and roads.<ref name="slumdiversity" />{{rp|92}}<ref name="kundu" />{{rp|5}} According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, around 14% of the households in Kolkata were poor, while 33% lived in slums, indicating a substantial proportion of households in slum areas were better off economically than the bottom quarter of urban households in terms of wealth status.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|23}} [[Mother Teresa]] was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for founding and working with the [[Missionaries of Charity]] in Kolkata—an organisation "whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after".<ref>{{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Peace 1971–1980 |year=1997 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Co |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-02-1179-0 |page=221 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-bio.html |editor1=Frängsmyr, Tore |editor2=Abrams, Irwin |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011210335/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-bio.html |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Languages spoken in Kolkata city (2011 census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |format=XLDX |title=India Census 2011 : C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |website=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]] (official)
|value1=61.45
|color1=purple
|label2=[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2=22.84
|color2=Orange
|label3=[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value3=13.03
|color3=Green
|label4=[[Odia language|Odia]]
|value4=0.58
|color4=yellow
|label5=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|value5=0.57
|color5=Pink
|label6=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|value6=0.35
|color6=Grey
|label7=[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value7=0.18
|color7=red
|label8=Others
|value8=1.0
|color8=Brown}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]], the official state language, is the dominant language in Kolkata.<ref name="kmcbasicstat">{{cite web |title=Basic statistics of Kolkata |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/BasicStatistics.jsp |publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120104175605/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/BasicStatistics.jsp |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> English is also used, particularly by the white-collar workforce. [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] are spoken by a sizeable minority.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Anirban |title=West Bengal to have six more languages for official use |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-recognizes-six-non-bengali-languages/1/139450.html |access-date=26 January 2012 |newspaper=India Today |location=Noida, India |date=27 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829190220/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-recognizes-six-non-bengali-languages/1/139450.html |archive-date=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal gives second language status to Urdu in 18 areas |url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/bengal-gives-second-language-status-urdu-18-areas-955 |access-date=9 February 2012 |newspaper=Asian Age |location=New Delhi |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029045815/http://archive.asianage.com/india/bengal-gives-second-language-status-urdu-18-areas-955 |archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> [[Bengali Hindus]] form the majority of Kolkata's population; [[Marwaris]], [[Bihari people|Biharis]] and Urdu-speaking [[Muslims]] compose large minorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kolkatamycity.com/basic_stat.asp |title=Basic statistics of Kolkata |publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516090951/http://www.kolkatamycity.com/basic_stat.asp |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among [[Ethnic communities in Kolkata|Kolkata's smaller communities]] are [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]], [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[People of Nepal|Nepalis]], [[Pashtuns|Pathans/Afghans]] (locally known as ''Kabuliwala''<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2015 |title=The 'Kabuliwala' Afghans of Kolkata |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-32377276 |access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>) [[Odia people|Odias]], [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Armenians in India|Armenians]], [[Bengali Muslims]], [[Greeks]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]], [[Marathi people|Maharashtrians]], [[Konkani people|Konkanis]], [[Malayali|Malayalees]], [[Punjabis]] and [[Parsi people|Parsis]].<ref name="BanerjeePage1and3" />{{rp|3}} The number of Armenians, Greeks, Jews and other foreign-origin groups declined during the 20th century.<ref name="BanerjeePage10" /> The [[History of the Jews in Kolkata|Jewish population of Kolkata]] was 5,000 during World War II, but declined after [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] and the establishment of Israel;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/29/india.jews/index.html |title=Twilight comes for India's fading Jewish community |last=Basu |first=Moni |date=29 March 2010 |publisher=CNN |access-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711133814/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/29/india.jews/index.html |archive-date=11 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> by 2013, there were 25 Jews in the city.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zach Marks |title=The Last Jews of Kolkata |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/the-last-jews-of-kolkata/?_r=1& |work=[[New York Times]] |date=24 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404010630/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/the-last-jews-of-kolkata/?_r=1& |archive-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> India's sole [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Chinatown]] is in eastern Kolkata;<ref name="BanerjeePage10" /> once home to 20,000 ethnic Chinese, its population dropped to around 2,000 {{as of|2009|lc=on}}<ref name="BanerjeePage10" /> as a result of multiple factors including repatriation and denial of Indian citizenship following the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], and immigration to foreign countries for better economic opportunities.<ref name="thampi">{{cite book |title=India and China in the colonial world |editor-last=Thampi |editor-first=Madhavi |year=2005 |publisher=Social Science Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-87358-20-6 |pages=60–64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC |access-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> The Chinese community traditionally worked in the local tanning industry and ran Chinese restaurants.<ref name="BanerjeePage10" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147 |title=Calcutta's Chinatown facing extinction over new rule |newspaper=Taipei Times |location=Taipei, Taiwan |date=18 April 2011 |access-date=25 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234646/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147 |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref>

===Religions===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kolkata City (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by Religious Community |publisher=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}Click on arrow adjacent to state West Bengal so that a Microsoft excel document is downloaded with district wise population of different religious groups. Scroll down to Kolkata district in the document at row no. '''1629'''.</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.51}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|20.60}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|0.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.47}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|1.54}}
Others include [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] & Other religions (0.03%)
}}

According to the 2011 census, 76.51% of the population is [[Hindu]], 20.60% [[Muslim]], 0.88% [[Christians|Christian]] and 0.47% [[Jainism|Jain]].<ref name="census2">{{cite web |publisher=Census 2011 India |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/215-kolkata.html |title=Kolkata City Census 2011 |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427001813/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/215-kolkata.html |archive-date=27 April 2016 |df=dmy-all}} Scroll down to "Religion in Kolkata"</ref> The remainder of the population includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, and other religions which accounts for 0.45% of the population; 1.09% did not state a religion in the census.<ref name="census2" /> Kolkata reported 67.6% of [[Crime in India|Special and Local Laws]] crimes registered in 35 large Indian cities during 2004.<ref name="ncrb2004">{{Cite book |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2004 |title=Crime in India-2004 |chapter=General crime statistics snapshots 2004 |chapter-url=http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2004/cii-2004/Snapshots.pdf |page=1 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710044553/http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2004/cii-2004/Snapshots.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007}}</ref>

==Government and public services==

===Civic administration===
{{Main|Civic administration of Kolkata}}
[[File:Calcutta ei05-02.jpg|thumb|[[Calcutta High Court]]]]
[[File:General Post Office (GPO), a heritage building in BBD Bag, Kolkata 07.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office, Kolkata]]]]
Kolkata is administered by several government agencies. The [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], or KMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 16 boroughs, which together encompass 144 wards.<ref name="kmcbasicstat" /> Each ward elects a councillor to the KMC. Each borough has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a ward. By means of the borough committees, the corporation undertakes urban planning and maintains roads, government-aided schools, hospitals, and municipal markets.<ref name="kmcfunction" /> As Kolkata's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a [[Mayor of Kolkata|mayor]], a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC.<ref name="kmcstructure">{{cite web |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/structure.pdf |title=Legislative structure |publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=3 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104193107/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/structure.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The functions of the KMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation.<ref name="kmcfunction">{{cite web |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp |title=KMC functions |publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=3 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120104184545/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref>

Kolkata's administrative agencies have areas of jurisdiction that do not coincide. Listed in ascending order by area, they are: [[Kolkata district]]; the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|Kolkata Police area]] and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation area, or "Kolkata city";<ref>{{cite news |title=Change of guard brings welcome relief |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/kolkata/30105377_1_police-stations-cycle-rickshaws-kolkata-police |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707223852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/kolkata/30105377_1_police-stations-cycle-rickshaws-kolkata-police |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=10 December 2011 |date=2 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> and the [[Kolkata metropolitan area]], which is the city's urban agglomeration. The agency overseeing the latter, the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]], is responsible for the [[statutory planning]] and development of greater Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/role_of_kmda.pdf |title=Role of KMDA |year=2011 |work=Annual Report 2011 |publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605120105/http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/role_of_kmda.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> The Kolkata Municipal Corporation was ranked first out of 21 cities for best governance and administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 4.0 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Ajesh |title=Annual Survey of India's City-Systems |url=http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |publisher=Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy |access-date=7 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003215/http://janaagraha.org/asics/images/Annual-Survey-of-Indias-City-Systems-2014.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

The Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government, manages the city's river port. {{As of|2023}}, the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] controls the KMC; the mayor is [[Firhad Hakim]], while the deputy mayor is Atin Ghosh.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/firhad-hakim-all-set-to-be-the-new-mayor-of-kolkata/article25574386.ece |title=Firhad Hakim all set to be the new Mayor of Kolkata |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=4 December 2018 |date=23 November 2018}}</ref> The city has an apolitical [[Titular ruler|titular]] post, that of the [[Sheriff of Kolkata]], which presides over various city-related functions and conferences.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051228/asp/calcutta/story_5652677.asp |title=The city dairy: new sheriff |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=28 December 2005 |access-date=1 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818104039/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051228/asp/calcutta/story_5652677.asp |archive-date=18 August 2007}}</ref>

As the seat of the [[Government of West Bengal]], Kolkata is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Writers' Building; and the [[Calcutta High Court]]. Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the centre of the city in B. B. D. Bagh (formerly known as Dalhousie Square). The Calcutta High Court is the oldest [[High Courts of India|High Court]] in India. It was preceded by the [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] which was established in 1774. The Calcutta High Court has jurisdiction over the state of [[West Bengal]] and the [[Union Territory]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Kolkata has lower courts: the [[Court of Small Causes]] and the City Civil Court decide civil matters; the [[Sessions Court]] rules in criminal cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=City Sessions Court, Calcutta |url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/district_courts/citysessions.htm |publisher=Calcutta High Court |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209100032/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/district_courts/citysessions.htm |archive-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Civil Court, Kolkata |url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/district_courts/citycivil.htm |publisher=Calcutta High Court |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219145445/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/district_courts/citycivil.htm |archive-date=19 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Presidency Small Causes Court |url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/district_courts/presidencysmall.htm |publisher=Calcutta High Court |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219140230/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/district_courts/presidencysmall.htm |archive-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> The [[Kolkata Police]], headed by a police commissioner, is overseen by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (West Bengal)|West Bengal Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Home Department, Government of West Bengal |url=http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=1&deptId=21&deptName=Home&deptDispName=Home |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203071623/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=1&deptId=21&deptName=Home&deptDispName=Home |archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Setup of Kolkata Police |url=http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/structure1.html |publisher=Kolkata Police |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107001537/http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/Structure1.html |archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref> The Kolkata district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the [[Lok Sabha]], and 11 representatives to the state legislative assembly.<ref name="delimitgazzette">{{cite web |url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Notification: order no. 18 |author=Delimitation Commission |date=15 February 2006 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |pages=12–25 |access-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>
The Kolkata police district registered 15,510 [[Indian Penal Code]] cases in 2010, the 8th-highest total in the country.<ref name="ncrb2">{{Cite book |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2010 |title=Crime in India 2010 |chapter=Compendium |chapter-url=http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/CII/cii2010/Compendium2010.pdf |page=35 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819232153/http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/CII/cii2010/Compendium2010.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> In 2010, the crime rate was 117.3 per 100,000, below the national rate of 187.6; it was the lowest rate among India's largest cities.<ref name="ncrb10megacities">{{Cite book |author=National Crime Records Bureau |year=2010 |title=Crime in India-2010 |chapter=Crimes in mega dities |page=44 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102012424/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%202.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2016 |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2010/cii-2010/Chapter%202.pdf}}</ref>

===Utility services===

The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Hooghly River;<ref>{{cite web |title=KMC functions |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp |publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120104184545/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> most of it is treated and purified at the Palta pumping station located in North 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raj legacy mainstay of water supply |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-03/kolkata/27191946_1_water-supply-palta-sovan-chatterjee |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701162444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-03/kolkata/27191946_1_water-supply-palta-sovan-chatterjee |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=9 December 2011 |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |date=3 September 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2020|reason=Citation makes no mention that either most water is treated at this facility, nor that most of Calcutta's treated water is done so at this facility.}} Roughly 95% of the 4,000 tonnes of refuse produced daily by the city is transported to the dumping grounds in [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]], which is east of the town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Master plan on solid waste management |url=http://www.keip.in/bl3/pdfFiles/master_plan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304075915/http://www.keip.in/bl3/pdfFiles/master_plan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2011 |publisher=Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project, Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gon Chaudhuri |first=S. P. |title=KMC has no alternative to overburdened Dhapa |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-28/kolkata/27894436_1_dhapa-tonnes-of-municipal-waste-garbage |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708073541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-28/kolkata/27894436_1_dhapa-tonnes-of-municipal-waste-garbage |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=9 December 2011 |date=28 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> To promote the recycling of garbage and sewer water, agriculture is encouraged on the dumping grounds.<ref name="UN">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/SP/SP4/SP4_2.asp |title=Sound practices composting: sound technical options |work=International source book on environmentally sound technologies for municipal solid waste management |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511133821/http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/SP/SP4/SP4_2.asp |archive-date=11 May 2006}}</ref> Parts of the city lack proper sewerage, leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.<ref name="ESS">{{cite web |publisher=Gaia: Environmental Information System |url=http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/IND/CAL/CALmain.html |title=Calcutta: not 'the city of joy' |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427072542/http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/IND/CAL/CALmain.html |archive-date=27 April 2006}}</ref>

In 1856, the Bengal Government appointed [[George Turnbull (civil engineer)|George Turnbull]] to be the Commissioner of Drainage and Sewerage to improve the city's sewerage. Turnbull's main job was to be the Chief Engineer of the [[East Indian Railway Company]] responsible for building the first railway {{Convert|541|mi|km}} from [[Howrah]] to [[Varanasi]] (then [[Benares]]).

Electricity is supplied by the privately operated [[CESC Limited|Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation]], or CESC, to the city proper; the [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]] supplies it in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Power cuts, soaring heat leave city boiling |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-02/kolkata/29842062_1_cesc-mw-unit-mw-southern-generating-station |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701140339/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-02/kolkata/29842062_1_cesc-mw-unit-mw-southern-generating-station |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=9 December 2011 |agency=TNN |date=2 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Power crisis raises fear of dark Diwali in Bengal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-18/kolkata/30296185_1_mw-power-coal-national-power-grid |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720110728/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-18/kolkata/30296185_1_mw-power-coal-national-power-grid |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=9 December 2011 |agency=TNN |date=18 October 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the [[West Bengal Fire Service]], a state agency.<ref name="fireservice">{{cite web |url=http://www.westbengal.gov.in/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009093640/http://www.westbengal.gov.in/portal/banglarmukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&mode=view&windowstate=normal |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2010 |title=Fire and emergency services |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=6 December 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, the city had 16 fire stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=CM in firefighting mode—six new fire stations, better coordination between agencies |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/calcutta/story_14954836.jsp |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=26 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502203410/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/calcutta/story_14954836.jsp |archive-date=2 May 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

State-owned [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]], or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them [[Vodafone Idea Ltd|Vodafone Idea]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.<ref name="trai ar 11 wire">{{cite web |title=Annual report 2010–11 |url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526230024/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/UserFiles/Documents/AnuualReports/ar_10_11.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref>{{rp|25–26}}{{rp|179}} with Kolkata being the first city in India to have cell phone and [[4G]] connectivity, the [[GSM]] and [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] cellular coverage is extensive.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata connects India to 4G era |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-11/kolkata/31324556_1_4g-3g-telecom-equipment |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103073810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-11/kolkata/31324556_1_4g-3g-telecom-equipment |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=25 June 2012 |date=11 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=City of the third revolution – First 4G service to be launched in Calcutta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120404/jsp/frontpage/story_15333017.jsp#.T-hXdbUe7HU |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=4 April 2012 |location=Kolkata |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507220230/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120404/jsp/frontpage/story_15333017.jsp#.T-hXdbUe7HU |archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, Kolkata has 7 percent of the total broadband internet consumers in India; BSNL, VSNL, Tata Indicom, Sify, Hathway, Airtel, and Jio are among the main vendors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recommendations on national broadband plan |url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/Recommendation/Documents/Rcommendation81210.pdf |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |access-date=25 June 2012 |page=22 |date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084149/http://trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/Recommendation/Documents/Rcommendation81210.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian telecom services performance indicators October – December 2011 |url=http://trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PIRReport/Documents/Indicator%20Report-dec-2011.pdf |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |access-date=25 June 2012 |pages=122–126 |date=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526133859/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PIRReport/Documents/Indicator%20Report-dec-2011.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref>

===Military and diplomatic establishments===

The [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] of the [[Indian Army]] is based in the city.
Being one of India's major city and the largest city in eastern and north-eastern India, Kolkata hosts diplomatic missions of many countries such as [[List of diplomatic missions in India|Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom and United States]]. The [[Consulate General of the United States, Kolkata|U.S Consulate in Kolkata]] is the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]]'s second-oldest Consulate and dates from 19 November 1792.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Consulate {{!}} Kolkata, India – Consulate General of the United States |url=https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/kolkata/about-the-consulate/|website=in.usembassy.gov |access-date=27 September 2020 }}</ref>
The Diplomatic representation of more than 65 Countries and International Organization is present in Kolkata as Consulate office, honorary Consulate office, Cultural Centre, Deputy High Commission and Economic section and Trade Representation office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Consul Kolkata |url=https://www.consulkolkata.org/home.html |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Kolkata}}

Public transport is provided by the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]], the [[Kolkata Metro]], [[Trams in Kolkata|trams]], [[rickshaws]], taxis and buses. The suburban rail network connects the city's distant suburbs.

===Metro rail===
[[File:Kolkata-metro-1200.jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Kolkata Metro]] is the oldest rapid transit system in India.]]
According to a 2013 survey conducted by the [[International Association of Public Transport]], in terms of a public transport system, Kolkata ranks among the top of the six Indian cities surveyed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hemalata |first=Karthikeyan |title=Kolkata tops Indian cities in public transport: Study |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-18/india/45336739_1_public-transport-urban-mobility-private-vehicles |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220084404/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-18/india/45336739_1_public-transport-urban-mobility-private-vehicles |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=20 December 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The future of urban mobility 2.0 |url=http://www.adlittle.com/downloads/tx_adlreports/Arthur_D._Little___UITP_Future_of_Urban_Mobility_2_0.pdf |publisher=International Association of Public Transport |access-date=20 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210935/http://www.adlittle.com/downloads/tx_adlreports/Arthur_D._Little___UITP_Future_of_Urban_Mobility_2_0.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> The Kolkata Metro, in operation since 1984, is the oldest underground mass transit system in India.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Kolkata Metro]] |url=http://www.kolmetro.com/ |title=About Kolkata Metro |access-date=1 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820234733/http://www.kolmetro.com/ |archive-date=20 August 2007}}</ref> It spans the north–south length of the city. In 2020, part of the Second line was inaugurated to cover part of Salt Lake. This east–west line will connect Salt Lake with Howrah. The two lines cover a distance of {{cvt|33.02|km|mi|0}}. {{As of|2020|}}, four Metro rail lines were under construction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Circle of Metro commute surveys propose changes to plan |last=Mandal |first=Sanjay |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090729/jsp/calcutta/story_11295327.jsp |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=3 December 2011 |location=Kolkata |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118104122/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090729/jsp/calcutta/story_11295327.jsp |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref>

===Commuter rail===
Kolkata has five long-distance railway stations, located at [[Howrah station|Howrah]] (the largest railway complex in India), [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]], [[Kolkata Railway Station|Kolkata]], [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] and [[Santragachi railway station|Santragachi]], which connect Kolkata by rail to most cities in West Bengal and to other major cities in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060220/asp/calcutta/story_5868502.asp |title=New station flag-off: amenities added |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=20 February 2006 |access-date=2 September 2007 |location=Kolkata |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033326/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060220/asp/calcutta/story_5868502.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The city serves as the headquarters of three railway zones out of eighteen of the [[Indian Railways]] regional divisions—the Kolkata Metro Railways, [[Eastern Railway Zone (India)|Eastern Railway]] and the [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South-Eastern Railway]].<ref name="railzones">{{cite web |title=Indian Railway's zones and their divisions with headquarters |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |access-date=25 February 2012 |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems, Indian Railways |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417132128/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref> Kolkata has rail and road connectivity with [[Dhaka]], the capital of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata-Dhaka bus service resumes |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Kolkata-Dhaka-bus-service-resumes/Article1-314159.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |agency=IANS |access-date=7 December 2011 |date=30 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104212342/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Kolkata-Dhaka-bus-service-resumes/Article1-314159.aspx |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International bus service |url=http://www.brtc.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=102 |publisher=Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213195335/http://www.brtc.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=102 |archive-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maitree Express |url=http://www.hcidhaka.org/pdf/Maitree%20Express%20Facts.pdf |publisher=High Commission of India, Dhaka |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226021808/http://www.hcidhaka.org/pdf/Maitree%20Express%20Facts.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2011}}</ref>

===Bus transport and tram===
[[File:Single coach tram in Kolkata 02.jpg|thumb|[[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata tramway]] is the only operational [[Tram|tramway]] in India. It was founded in 1902 as the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]].]]
Buses, which are the most commonly used mode of transport, are run by government agencies and private operators.<ref>{{cite book |title=Geography of transport development in India |last=Vaidya |first=Balkrishna |year=2003 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7022-957-5 |pages=142–55, 465}}</ref> Kolkata is the only Indian city with a tram network, which was operated by the [[Calcutta Tramways Company]]. It has now renamed to [[West Bengal Transport Corporation]].<ref name="onlytram">{{Cite news |title=Reaching India |url=http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/657741.cms |access-date=27 February 2012 |publisher=Times Internet Limited |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016221039/http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/657741.cms |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city. Water-logging, caused by heavy rains during the [[Monsoon of South Asia|summer monsoon]], sometimes interrupt transportation networks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Heavy rainfall throws city out of gear |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-07/kolkata/29861203_1_water-logging-drainage-heavy-rainfall |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708035054/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-07/kolkata/29861203_1_water-logging-drainage-heavy-rainfall |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |agency=TNN |date=7 August 2011 |access-date=26 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Heavy rains paralyse normal life in Kolkata |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/heavy-rains-paralyse-normal-life-in-kolkata/article2330768.ece |access-date=26 February 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |date=6 August 2011 |location=Chennai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502233216/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/heavy-rains-paralyse-normal-life-in-kolkata/article2330768.ece |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> Hired public conveyances include [[auto rickshaw]]s, which often ply specific routes, and yellow metered taxis. Almost all of Kolkata's taxis are antiquated [[Hindustan Ambassador]]s by make; newer air-conditioned [[Taxicab#Dispatching|radio taxis]] are in service as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cruise in a cool cab |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081130/jsp/calcutta/story_10111183.jsp |access-date=7 December 2011 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=30 November 2008 |location=Kolkata |first=Samhita L. |last=Chakraborty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118182025/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081130/jsp/calcutta/story_10111183.jsp |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Getting around in Kolkata |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/kolkata-calcutta/transport/getting-around |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204170242/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/kolkata-calcutta/transport/getting-around |archive-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> In parts of the city, [[cycle rickshaw]]s and [[Pulled rickshaw|hand-pulled rickshaws]] are patronised by the public for short trips.<ref>{{cite web |first=Calvin |last=Trillin |title=India's rickshaws |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text |work=National Geographic |access-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130071745/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/kolkata-rickshaws/calvin-trillin-text |archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>

===Road===
[[File:Yellow taxi at Esplanade in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|The yellow taxi remains a favourite mode of transportation despite the foray of [[Ridesharing company|rideshare companies]] in the transport market.]]
Due to its diverse and abundant public transportation, privately owned vehicles are not as common in Kolkata as in other major Indian cities.<ref name="niua">{{cite web |publisher=[[National Institute of Urban Affairs]] |url=http://www.niua.org/newniuaorg/table_e2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219033026/http://www.niua.org/newniuaorg/table_e2.htm |archive-date=19 February 2005 |title=Table E2 registered motor vehicles in million-plus cities, 1991 to 1996 (As on 31 March) |access-date=26 April 2006}}</ref> The city has witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a period of seven years.<ref name="SandipChakroborty">{{cite web |publisher=[[UNESCAP]] |url=http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/bulletin74/bulletin74_ch5.pdf |title=Traffic accident characteristics of Kolkata |access-date=5 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723083755/http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/bulletin74/bulletin74_ch5.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2006}}</ref> {{As of|2004}}, after adjusting for population density, the city's "road space" was only 6% compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai.<ref name="hindubusiness">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600791300.htm |title=Call to ensure traffic discipline in Kolkata |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |location=Chennai |date=5 September 2004 |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222222/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/09/06/stories/2004090600791300.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Kolkata Metro has somewhat eased traffic congestion, as has the addition of new roads and [[Overpass|flyovers]]. Agencies operating long-distance bus services include the West Bengal Transport Corporation and various private operators. The city's main bus terminals are located at [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] and [[Babughat]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Krishnendu |title=Bus-stand shift still on paper |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/kolkata/30310637_1_terminus-bus-stand-bus-termini |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708020802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/kolkata/30310637_1_terminus-bus-stand-bus-termini |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=7 December 2011 |date=22 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Kolkata–Delhi and Kolkata–[[Chennai]] prongs of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]], and [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] start from the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Physical infrastructure |url=http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/physical_infrastructure.htm |publisher=West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111150948/http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/physical_infrastructure.htm |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

At present, Kolkata has two [[Expressways of India|expressways]], but they are not considered to be as separate dedicated expressways in the national level, as both are parts of the [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] (NH-16). They are [[Belghoria Expressway|Belghoria]] and [[Kona Expressway|Kona]] expressways. In the coming years, Kolkata will get dedicated expressways and will be connected directly with many major metropolises and cities of India, also internationally, to [[Nepal]]. They are as follows:

*[[Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway]]: Construction to begin from 2023, to be completed by 2027.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Mishra, Amit|title=NHAI's Ambitious 610-Km Varanasi-Kolkata Expressway To Be Operational By 2027|url=https://swarajya.com/amp/story/news-headlines%2Fnhais-ambitious-610-km-varanasi-kolkata-expressway-to-be-operational-by-2027|work=Swarajya|date=9 December 2022|access-date=10 December 2022|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

*[[Haldia–Raxaul Expressway|Raxaul–Haldia Expressway]]: Proposed, to be completed by 2028.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Jetawat, Jayesh|title=Nitin Gadkari announces six lane greenfield expressway to be built between Raxaul and Haldia|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-nitin-gadkari-announces-six-lane-greenfield-expressway-to-be-built-between-raxaul-and-haldia-7353443.html|work=Live Hindustan|date=14 November 2022|access-date=15 March 2023|language=hi}}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:Kolkata Airport Terminal (14668163978).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]]]]
[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], located in Dum Dum, about {{cvt|16|km}} north-east of the city centre, operates domestic and international flights. In 2013, the airport was upgraded to handle increased air traffic.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAI to modernise Chennai, Kolkata airports by fiscal end |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/news/29931676_1_kolkata-airports-aai-terminal-buildings |access-date=7 December 2011 |newspaper=Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=26 August 2011 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114000339/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-26/news/29931676_1_kolkata-airports-aai-terminal-buildings |archive-date=14 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Jayanta |title=From March 15, all flights from new terminal in Kolkata |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/kolkata/37469356_1_flights-city-airport-domestic-fliers |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/kolkata/37469356_1_flights-city-airport-domestic-fliers |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 |date=5 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

===Water===
The [[Port of Kolkata]], established in 1870, is India's oldest and the only major river port.<ref name="ibmport">{{cite web |title=Port facilities in India |url=http://ibm.nic.in/portfacilities.pdf |publisher=Indian Bureau of Mines, Government of India |pages=6–4 |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016144155/http://www.ibm.nic.in/portfacilities.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> The Kolkata Port Trust manages docks in Kolkata and [[Haldia]].<ref name="dockport">{{cite web |url=http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/index_new.html |title=Salient physical features |access-date=9 June 2007 |work=[[Kolkata Port Trust]] |publisher=Kolkata Port Trust, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003421/http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/index_new.html |archive-date=13 March 2007}}</ref> The port hosts passenger services to [[Port Blair]], capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; freighter service to ports throughout India and around the world is operated by the [[Shipping Corporation of India]].<ref name="ibmport" /><ref>{{cite web |title=How to reach Andaman and Nicobar |url=http://www.and.nic.in/C_charter/IP_T/reach.htm |publisher=Andaman and Nicobar Administration |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410011938/http://www.and.nic.in/C_charter/IP_T/reach.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> Ferry services connect Kolkata with its twin city of [[Howrah]], located across the Hooghly River.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fogged out: flights, train services hit |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-15/kolkata/28372730_1_flight-operations-incoming-flights-visibility |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707023108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-15/kolkata/28372730_1_flight-operations-incoming-flights-visibility |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |date=15 January 2011 |agency=TNN |quote=Ferry services between Howrah and Kolkata were also disrupted due to poor visibility. |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No pollution scan on river ferries yet |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/kolkata/28200565_1_vessels-ferry-services-pollution-levels |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707055616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-02/kolkata/28200565_1_vessels-ferry-services-pollution-levels |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |agency=TNN |date=2 August 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
{{See also|Healthcare in Kolkata}}
[[File:Mchbuilding.JPG|thumb|[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]]]
{{As of|2011}}, the healthcare system in Kolkata consists of 48 government hospitals, mostly under the [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Department of Health & Family Welfare]], Government of West Bengal, and 366 private medical establishments;<ref name="hospital2011">{{cite web |title=Medical institutions and sanctioned no. of beds in districts of West Bengal as on 30.11.2011 |url=http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Health_Stat/2010_2011/6/VI.2.pdf |publisher=Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal |access-date=1 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202040137/http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Health_Stat/2010_2011/6/VI.2.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> these establishments provide the city with 27,687 hospital beds.<ref name="hospital2011" /> For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 61.7 hospital beds,<ref name="hospital">The population (4,486,679) and hospital beds (27,687) have been used to derive this rate.</ref> which is higher than the national average of 9 hospital beds per 10,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hospital beds |url=http://apps.who.int/ghodata/cache/global/xls/vid.1860.xls |publisher=World Health Organistation |access-date=31 January 2012 |format=XLS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709021137/http://apps.who.int/ghodata/cache/global/xls/vid.1860.xls |archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Ten [[Education in Kolkata#Medical Colleges|medical and dental colleges]] are located in the Kolkata metropolitan area which act as [[tertiary referral hospital]]s in the state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Mansi |title=Waiting for health care: a survey of a public hospital in Kolkata |url=http://ccs.in/ccsindia/downloads/intern-papers-08/Waiting-for-Healthcare-A-survey-of-a-public-hospital-in-Kolkata-Mansi.pdf |publisher=[[Centre for Civil Society]] |access-date=31 January 2012 |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813070438/http://ccs.in/ccsindia/downloads/intern-papers-08/Waiting-for-Healthcare-A-survey-of-a-public-hospital-in-Kolkata-Mansi.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Husain |first1=Zakir |last2=Ghosh |first2=Saswata |last3=Roy |first3=Bijoya |title=Socio economic profile of patients in Kolkata: a case study of RG Kar and AMRI |url=http://www.idsk.edu.in/annual-reports/OP-14.pdf |publisher=[[Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata]] |access-date=31 January 2012 |pages=19–20 |date=July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628145759/http://www.idsk.edu.in/annual-reports/OP-14.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Calcutta Medical College]], founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine.<ref name="calmed">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/careergraph/story_4638691.asp |title=Calcutta Medical College, Calcutta |access-date=20 October 2007 |last=Mitra |first=Dola |date=20 April 2005 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012014300/http://telegraphindia.com/1050420/asp/careergraph/story_4638691.asp |archive-date=12 October 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, These facilities are inadequate to meet the healthcare needs of the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Prithvijit |title=On hospital floor for 12 days |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/kolkata/29400041_1_bed-floor-bike |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710232805/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/kolkata/29400041_1_bed-floor-bike |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=31 January 2012 |date=9 April 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mamata inducts two new ministers |url=http://www.sify.com/news/mamata-inducts-two-new-ministers-news-national-mbqrkkigffd.html |access-date=31 January 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509123211/http://www.sify.com/news/mamata-inducts-two-new-ministers-news-national-mbqrkkigffd.html |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata woman gives birth on road, dies after no admission by hospitals |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Kolkata-woman-gives-birth-on-road-dies-after-no-admission-by-hospitals/Article1-796738.aspx |access-date=31 January 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118125557/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Kolkata-woman-gives-birth-on-road-dies-after-no-admission-by-hospitals/Article1-796738.aspx |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> More than 78% in Kolkata prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector,<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|109}} due to the overburdening of the public health sector, the lack of a nearby facility, and excessive waiting times at government facilities.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|61}}

According to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or [[health insurance]].<ref name="healthsurvey">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Kamla |title=Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |work=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06 |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences; Calverton, Maryland, US |access-date=1 February 2012 |last2=Arnold |first2=Fred |last3=Lhungdim |first3=H. |location=Mumbai |year=2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212040205/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref>{{rp|41}} The [[total fertility rate]] in Kolkata was 1.4, the lowest among the eight cities surveyed.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|45}} In Kolkata, 77% of the married women used [[contraceptive]]s, which was the highest among the cities surveyed, but use of modern contraceptive methods was the lowest (46%).<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|47}} The [[infant mortality rate]] in Kolkata was {{nowrap|41 per 1,000}} live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was {{nowrap|49 per 1,000}} live births.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|48}}

Among the surveyed cities, Kolkata stood second (5%) for children who had not had any vaccinations under the [[Universal Immunization Programme]] {{as of|2005|lc=on}}.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|48}} Kolkata ranked second with access to an ''[[anganwadi]]'' centre under the [[Integrated Child Development Services]] (ICDS) programme for 57% of the children between 0 and 71 months.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|51}} The proportion of [[malnutrition|malnourished]], [[anaemia|anaemic]] and [[underweight]] children in Kolkata was less in comparison to other surveyed cities.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|54–55}}

About 18% of the men and 30% of the women in Kolkata are [[obese]]—the majority of them belonging to the non-poor strata of society.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|105}} In 2005, Kolkata had the highest percentage (55%) among the surveyed cities of [[Anemia|anaemic]] women, while 20% of the men in Kolkata were anaemic.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|56–57}} Diseases like [[diabetes]], [[asthma]], [[goitre]] and other [[Thyroid#Clinical significance|thyroid disorders]] were found in large numbers of people.<ref name="healthsurvey" />{{rp|57–59}} Tropical diseases like [[malaria]], [[dengue]] and ''[[chikungunya]]'' are prevalent in Kolkata, though their incidence is decreasing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria, dengue down in Kolkata |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/malaria-dengue-down-in-kolkata/950430.html |access-date=26 February 2012 |publisher=IBNLive.in |date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117062950/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/malaria-dengue-down-in-kolkata/950430.html |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KMC wins battle against malaria, dengue |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=385831&catid=73&year=2011&month=10&day=8 |access-date=26 February 2012 |newspaper=The Statesman |date=7 October 2011 |location=Kolkata |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510201217/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=385831&catid=73&year=2011&month=10&day=8 |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> Kolkata is one of the districts in India with [[HIV/AIDS in India|a high number of people]] with [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]; it has been designated a district prone to high risk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual report 2009–10 |publisher=Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India |url=http://nacoonline.org/upload/AR%202009-10/NACO_AR_English%20corrected.pdf |page=106 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020144353/http://nacoonline.org/upload/AR%202009-10/NACO_AR_English%20corrected.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2009–10 |url=http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/wbsapcs/report/Annual%20Report09-10Final.pdf |publisher=West Bengal State AIDS Prevention & Control Society |access-date=1 February 2012 |page=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201204531/http://wbhealth.gov.in/wbsapcs/report/Annual%20Report09-10Final.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> As of 2014, because of [[Air pollution in India|higher air pollution]], the [[life expectancy]] of a person born in the city is four years fewer than in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Act-today-to-curb-pollution-say-docs/articleshow/3995843.cms?referral=PM |title=Act today to curb pollution, say docs – The Times of India |work=indiatimes.com |date=18 January 2009 |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104213213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Act-today-to-curb-pollution-say-docs/articleshow/3995843.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Kolkata univ jeroje.jpg|thumb|[[University of Calcutta]]]]
Kolkata's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and English are the primary languages of instruction; [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] are also used, particularly in central Kolkata.<ref name="educationsystem">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2007––2008 |url=http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/readwrite/AnnualReportSchoolEducation_07-08.pdf |publisher=Department of School Education, Government of West Bengal |access-date=10 December 2011 |page=69 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042043/http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/readwrite/AnnualReportSchoolEducation_07-08.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of schools in Kolkata |url=http://wbbse.org/skolkata.htm |publisher=West Bengal Board of Secondary Education |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125210807/http://wbbse.org/skolkata.htm |archive-date=25 November 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Schools in Kolkata follow the [[Education in India|"10+2+3" plan]]. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]], the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]], or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].<ref name="educationsystem" /> They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science. Vocational programs are also available.<ref name="educationsystem" /> Some Kolkata schools, for example [[South Point School]], [[La Martiniere Calcutta]], [[Calcutta Boys' School]], [[St. James' School (Kolkata)]], [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]] and [[Loreto House]], have been ranked amongst the best schools in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Best Schools, 2014 |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm |website=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722053415/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm |archive-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

{{As of|2010}}, the Kolkata urban agglomeration is home to 14 universities run by the state government.<ref name=higheredu124127>{{cite web |title=Annual report of the Department of Higher Education 2009–2010 |url=http://higherednwb.net/documents/annual%20report/annual%20report%202010.pdf |publisher=Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal |year=2010 |pages=124–27 |access-date=10 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113055617/http://higherednwb.net/documents/annual%20report/annual%20report%202010.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Kolkata or elsewhere in India. [[Aliah University]] which was founded in 1780 as ''Mohammedan College of Calcutta'' is the oldest post-secondary educational institution of the city.<ref name=Home_page>{{cite web |url=http://www.aliah.ac.in/aboutuniv.php |title=ALIAH UNIVERSITY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414224651/http://www.aliah.ac.in/aboutuniv.php |archive-date=14 April 2011 |access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The [[University of Calcutta]], founded in 1857, is the first modern university in South Asia.<ref name=higheredu129>{{cite web |title=Annual report of the Department of Higher Education 2009–2010 |url=http://higherednwb.net/documents/annual%20report/annual%20report%202010.pdf |publisher=Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal |year=2010 |page=129 |access-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113055617/http://higherednwb.net/documents/annual%20report/annual%20report%202010.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] (formerly Hindu College between 1817 and 1855), founded in 1855, was one of the oldest colleges in India. It was affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]] until 2010 when it was converted to [[Presidency University, Kolkata]] in 2010. [[Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur|Bengal Engineering and Science University]] (BESU) is the second oldest engineering institution of the country located in Howrah.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |title=BESU's bid for upgrade gets catalyst in Didi |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/besu-s-bid-for-upgrade-gets-catalyst-in-didi/656792/ |access-date=18 August 2013 |newspaper=Indian Express |date=6 August 2010 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> An [[Institute of National Importance]], BESU was converted to India's first [[Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology|IIEST]]. [[Jadavpur University]] is known for its arts, science, and engineering faculties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/financialsupport/guideline_29.html |title=Universities with potential for excellence |publisher=University Grants Commission, Government of India |access-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403225601/http://www.ugc.ac.in/financialsupport/guideline_29.html |archive-date=3 April 2010}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]], which was the first of the [[Indian Institutes of Management]], was established in 1961 at [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]], a locality in the south-western suburbs. Kolkata also houses the [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]], which was started here in the year 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A: Shekhar Chaudhury, director, IIM Calcutta |last=Garg |first=Swati |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/qa-shekhar-chaudhury-director-iim-calcutta/435269/ |newspaper=Business Standard |location=Kolkata |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=15 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012154515/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/qa-shekhar-chaudhury-director-iim-calcutta/435269/ |archive-date=12 October 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]] is one of India's [[Autonomous law schools in India|autonomous law schools]],<ref>{{cite news |title=NLUs, a preferred recruitment destination |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031203030300.htm |access-date=17 January 2012 |date=12 March 2007 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110040950/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031203030300.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Shuvobroto |title=An eye on law |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070118/asp/careergraph/story_7274373.asp |access-date=17 January 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=18 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605052609/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070118/asp/careergraph/story_7274373.asp |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> and the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] is a public research institute and university. State owned [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]], West Bengal (MAKAUT, WB), formerly West Bengal University of Technology (WBUT) is the largest Technological University in terms of student enrollment and number of Institutions affiliated by it. Private institutions include the [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute]] and [[University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata|University of Engineering & Management (UEM)]].

[[File:Presidency University - Kolkata 7367.JPG|left|thumb|[[Presidency University, Kolkata]]]]
Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Kolkata include physicists [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], [[Meghnad Saha]],<ref name="calunivalumni">{{cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/Some%20of%20the%20Alumni.htm |title=Some of the distinguished alumni of the University of Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121002631/http://caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/Some%20of%20the%20Alumni.htm |archive-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> and [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]];<ref name="calunivteachers">{{cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/Distinguished%20Teacher.htm |title=Some of our distinguished teachers |publisher=University of Calcutta |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121002802/http://caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/Distinguished%20Teacher.htm |archive-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> chemist [[Prafulla Chandra Roy]];<ref name=calunivalumni /> statisticians [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] and [[Anil Kumar Gain]];<ref name=calunivalumni /> physician [[Upendranath Brahmachari]];<ref name=calunivalumni /> educator [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Petitjean |first1=Patrick |title=Science and empires: historical studies about scientific development and European expansion |year=1992 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands |isbn=978-0-7923-1518-6 |last2=Jami |first2=Cathérine |author2-link=Cathérine Jami |last3=Moulin |first3=Anne Marie |page=62}}</ref> and Nobel laureates [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901–1967 |year=1999 |publisher=World Scientific |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-981-02-3413-3 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore.html |editor=Frenz, Horst |access-date=3 February 2012 |page=134 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202212053/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/tagore.html |archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> [[C. V. Raman]],<ref name=calunivteachers /> and [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~phildept/sen.html |title=Professor Amartya Sen |publisher=President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard University |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120042/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~phildept/sen.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

Kolkata houses many research institutes like [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] (IICB), [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research]] (IISER), [[Bose Institute]], [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]] (SINP), [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]], [[All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health]], [[Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute]] (CGCRI), [[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] (SNBNCBS), [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management]] (IISWBM), [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata]], [[Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre]] (VECC) and [[Indian Centre for Space Physics]]. Nobel laureate [[Sir C. V. Raman]] did his groundbreaking work in [[Raman effect]] in IACS.

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Kolkata|Durga Puja in Kolkata}}
{{See also|Street food of Kolkata}}
[[File:Durga Idol, Kolkata-04.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Durga Puja]] is the biggest festival for [[Bengali Hindus]]]]
[[File:Durga Puja Pandal - Park Circus Beniapukur - Kolkata 2015-10-21 6124.JPG|thumb|Durga Puja pandals in Kolkata often have grand designs]]
[[File:Vijaya Dashami day in Tollygunge area Kolkata Durga Puja 2022 05.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vijayadashami]] in [[Tollygunge]]]]
[[File:Victoria Memorial Illuminated at Night.jpg|thumb|Victoria Memorial at night]]
Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought.<ref name="niradchaudh">{{cite book |title=The autobiography of an unknown Indian |last=Chaudhuri |first=Nirad C. |author-link=Nirad C. Chaudhuri |year=2001 |publisher=New York Review of Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-940322-82-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofu00chau/page/269 269] |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofu00chau/page/269}}</ref> Kolkata has been called the "City of Furious, Creative Energy"<ref name="sinha">{{cite book |editor1-first=Surajit |editor1-last=Sinha |editor1-link=Surajit Chandra Sinha |title=Cultural profile of Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13457 |year=1972 |publisher=Indian Anthropological Society |location=Kolkata |asin=B000GL2BEG |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13457/page/n17 7]}}</ref> as well as the "cultural [or literary] capital of India".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9362769 |title=Calcutta: habitat of the Indian intellectual |last=Reeves |first=Philip |date=5 April 2007 |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002074400/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9362769 |archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="nobleliterary">{{cite book |editor1-first=Allen |editor1-last=Noble |editor2-last=Costa |editor2-first=Frank |editor3-last=Dutt |editor3-first=Ashok |editor4-last=Kent |editor4-first=Robert |title=Regional development and planning for the 21st century : new priorities, new philosophies |year=1990 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Farnham, UK |isbn=978-1-84014-800-8 |pages=282, 396}}</ref> The presence of ''[[para (Bengali)|paras]]'', which are neighbourhoods that possess a strong sense of community, is characteristic of the city.<ref name="parawbgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/kolkata-para |title=Kolkata culture: Para |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221052334/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/kolkata-para |archive-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> Typically, each ''para'' has its own community club and on occasion, a playing field.<ref name=parawbgov /> Residents engage in ''[[adda (Indian)|addas]]'', or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.<ref name="Trachtenberg">{{cite news |last=Trachtenberg |first=P. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/15/travel/tmagazine/the-chattering-masses.html?_r=0 |title=The chattering masses |work=The New York Times |location=New York |date=15 May 2005 |access-date=26 April 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717222426/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/15/travel/tmagazine/the-chattering-masses.html?_r=0 |archive-date=17 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee Pandey |first=Jhimli |title=Presidency old-timers to relive days of canteen adda |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-01/kolkata/27941063_1_canteen-girl-students-presidency-college |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707050322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-01/kolkata/27941063_1_canteen-girl-students-presidency-college |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=1 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The city has a tradition of political [[graffiti]] depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures and propaganda.<ref>{{cite news |title='Nah. Didi can't hatch this egg |first=Premankur |last=Biswas |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nah.-didi-cant-hatch-this-egg/776292/0 |newspaper=Indian Express |location=New Delhi |date=17 April 2011 |access-date=25 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424113243/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nah.-didi-cant-hatch-this-egg/776292/0 |archive-date=24 April 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Ajanta |title=Bite missing from graffiti, the fun's gone from the elections |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-11/kolkata/29406063_1_wall-defacement-graffiti-wall-writing |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713192550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-11/kolkata/29406063_1_wall-defacement-graffiti-wall-writing |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=11 April 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Kolkata has many buildings adorned with [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures";<ref>{{cite web |title=Graded list of heritage buildings |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf |publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=24 January 2012 |year=2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153859/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> others are in various stages of decay.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee Pandey, Jhimli |title=Heritage buildings need restoration, not mere repairs |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/kolkata/30112600_1_heritage-buildings-heritage-movement-g-m-kapur |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717030639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-04/kolkata/30112600_1_heritage-buildings-heritage-movement-g-m-kapur |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |date=4 September 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Out of elite list, cradle of Bengal Renaissance falling apart |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-26/kolkata/29705730_1_house-movement-slab |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716231328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-26/kolkata/29705730_1_house-movement-slab |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |agency=TNN |date=26 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Established in 1814 as the nation's oldest museum, the [[Indian Museum]] houses large collections that showcase [[Indian natural history]] and [[Indian art]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mandal |first=Caesar |title=Gardeners to guard museum? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/kolkata/28309037_1_security-gadgets-security-lapse-private-security-agency |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707164431/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-14/kolkata/28309037_1_security-gadgets-security-lapse-private-security-agency |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |date=14 August 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> [[Marble Palace (Kolkata)|Marble Palace]] is a classic example of a European mansion that was built in the city. The [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], a [[places of interest in Kolkata|place of interest in Kolkata]], has a museum documenting the city's history. The [[National Library of India]] is the leading public library in the country while [[Science City Kolkata|Science City]] is the largest science centre in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>[http://sciencecitykolkata.org.in/ Welcome to Science City] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126104522/http://sciencecitykolkata.org.in/ |date=26 January 2017 }}. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 November 2010.</ref>

[[File:India Education .jpg|thumb|[[National Library of India]] |alt=Large white rectangular building with tall arched windows]]
The popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined since the 1980s.<ref name="bhattawomen">{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Malini |editor1-first=Jasodhara |editor1-last=Bagchi |title=The changing status of women in West Bengal, 1970–2000: the challenge ahead |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Xq8FARrFKUC |access-date=10 February 2012 |year=2005 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-7619-3242-0 |chapter=Culture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Xq8FARrFKUC |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref>{{rp|99}}<ref name="dett5312009">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090531/jsp/7days/story_11042452.jsp |title=Chowringhee revisited |last=De |first=Hemchhaya |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=31 May 2009 |access-date=9 March 2012 |quote=... most people say that Bengali commercial theatre died in the 1980s ... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095412/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090531/jsp/7days/story_11042452.jsp |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> [[Group theatres of Kolkata]], a cultural movement that started in the 1940s contrasting with the then-popular commercial theatres, are theatres that are not professional or commercial, and are centres of various experiments in theme, content, and production;<ref name="heierstad39">{{Cite thesis |type=[[Cand.polit.]] |title=Nandikar: Staging Globalisation in Kolkata and Abroad |url=http://folk.uio.no/gheierst/nandikar.pdf |last=Geir |first=Heierstad |year=2003 |publisher=University of Oslo |access-date=9 March 2012 |pages=39–48 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512065317/http://folk.uio.no/gheierst/nandikar.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2006}}</ref> group theatres use the [[proscenium]] stage to highlight socially relevant messages.<ref name=bhattawomen />{{rp|99}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Theatre Histories: An Introduction |first1=Phillip |last1=Zarilli |first2=Bruce |last2=McConachie |first3=Gary Jay |last3=Williams |last4=Sorgenfrei |first4=Carol Fisher |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Gary Jay |publisher=Routledge |year=2010|orig-year=2006 |location=Abingdon, UK |isbn=978-0-415-46223-5 |pages=429–430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z88LLjzoWqQC |access-date=9 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617020740/http://books.google.com/books?id=Z88LLjzoWqQC |archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> [[Chitpur]] locality of the city houses multiple production companies of ''[[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]]'', a tradition of folk drama popular in rural Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Ajanta |title=Meet the new Mamata Banerjee |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-05/kolkata/29738036_1_jatra-mamata-banerjee-bangladeshi |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708093752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-05/kolkata/29738036_1_jatra-mamata-banerjee-bangladeshi |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=5 July 2011 |quote=The jatra industry based out of Kolkata's Chitpur Road has gone through a severe blow with the growth of video parlours. |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Subhro |title=Red alert For Jatra |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/kolkata/28219209_1_jatra-firms-script-success |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707165658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/kolkata/28219209_1_jatra-firms-script-success |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=26 October 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Kolkata is the home of the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] industry, dubbed "Tollywood" for [[Tollygunj]], where most of the state's film studios are located.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite journal |first=Bhaskar |last=Sarkar |title=The melodramas of globalization |journal=Cultural Dynamics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=31–51 [34] |date=March 2008 |doi=10.1177/0921374007088054 |s2cid=143977618}}</ref> [[Parallel Cinema|Its long tradition]] of [[art film]]s includes globally acclaimed film directors such as [[Academy Award]]-winning director [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Ritwik Ghatak]], [[Mrinal Sen]], [[Tapan Sinha]] and contemporary directors such as [[Aparna Sen]], [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]], [[Goutam Ghose]] and [[Rituparno Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gooptu |first=Sharmistha |title=Bengali cinema: 'an other nation' |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK |isbn=978-0-415-57006-0 |pages=2, 172, 181, 187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC&pg=PP1 |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC&lpg=PP1 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the 19th and 20th centuries, [[Bengali literature]] was modernised through the works of authors such as [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mittra |first=Sitansu Sekhar |title=Bengal's Renaissance |year=2001 |publisher=Academic Publishers |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-81-87504-18-4 |pages=80–100}}</ref> Coupled with social reforms led by [[Ram Mohan Roy]], [[Swami Vivekananda]] and others, this constituted a major part of the [[Bengal Renaissance]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dutt |first=R.C. |title=Cultural heritage of Bengal |year=1962 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |location=Kolkata}} cited in {{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |title=History of the Bengali-speaking people |year=2001 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7476-355-6 |pages=211–12}}</ref> The middle and latter parts of the 20th century witnessed the arrival of post-modernism, as well as literary movements such as those espoused by the ''[[Kallol]]'' movement, [[Hungry generation|hungryalists]] and the [[Little magazine movement#Bengali little magazine movement|little magazines]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=India: The hungry generation |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830799,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=New York |access-date=24 December 2021 |date=20 November 1964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090517073159/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830799,00.html |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> Large majority of publishers of the city is concentrated in and around [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], "... a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement", selling new and used books.<ref name="smithsonian July 91">{{cite journal |last=Hollick |first=Julian Crandall |date=July 1991 |title=Amid Calcutta's poverty, there's no dearth of cultural wealth |journal=Smithsonian |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=32–41 |issn=0037-7333}}</ref>
[[File:Debi Durga Sculpture by Sandalwood Murshidabad WB 30 01 2018.jpg|thumb|left|Sandalwood [[Durga]] in the [[Indian Museum]]]]
[[Kalighat painting]] originated in 19th century Kolkata as a local style that reflected a variety of themes including mythology and quotidian life.<ref name="kalighpaint1">{{cite book |title=A history of Indian painting: the modern period |last=Chaitanya |first=Krishna |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1994 |location=New Delhi |pages=112–118 |isbn=978-81-7017-310-6}}</ref> The [[Government College of Art & Craft|Government College of Art and Craft]], founded in 1864, has been the cradle as well as workplace of eminent artists including [[Abanindranath Tagore]], [[Jamini Roy]] and [[Nandalal Bose]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcac.edu.in/history.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507004336/http://gcac.edu.in/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2010 |title=A journey through 145 years |publisher=Government College of Art and Craft |access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> The art college was the birthplace of the [[Bengal school of art]] that arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the prevalent [[academic art]] styles in the early 20th century.<ref name="benartmitter">{{cite book |title=Art and nationalism in colonial India, 1850–1922: occidental orientations |last=Mitter |first=Partha |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-44354-8 |chapter=How the past was salvaged by Swadeshi artists |pages=267–306 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mRTtkri8E0C |access-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618223618/http://books.google.com/books?id=9mRTtkri8E0C |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="benartatlas">{{cite book |title=Atlas of world art |last=Onians |first=John |author-link=John Onians |year=2004 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-85669-377-6 |page=304 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC |access-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618214137/http://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta|Academy of Fine Arts]] and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. The city is recognised for its appreciation of ''[[Rabindra sangeet]]'' (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and [[Indian classical music]], with important concerts and recitals, such as [[Dover Lane Music Conference]], being held throughout the year; Bengali popular music, including [[Baul|''baul'' folk ballads]], ''[[kirtan]]s'' and ''[[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]]'' festival music; and modern music, including Bengali-language ''adhunik'' songs.<ref name=banglasong /><ref>{{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=John |title=Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world |volume=3–7 |year=2005 |publisher=Continuum |location=London |isbn=978-0-8264-7436-0 |pages=70–71}}</ref> Since the early 1990s, [[Indian rock#Rock scenes|new genres]] have emerged, including one comprising alternative folk–rock [[Rock music of West Bengal|Bengali bands]].<ref name="banglasong">{{cite journal |last=Dorin |first=Stéphane |title=La globalisation du rock vue de Calcutta |journal=[[Volume!]] |year=2005 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=144–45 |trans-title=The globalization of rock to Calcutta |language=fr |doi=10.4000/volume.1714 |df=dmy-all |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another new style, ''jibonmukhi gaan'' ("songs about life"), is based on [[realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name=bhattawomen />{{rp|105}}

[[File:Sandesh - Oberoi Grand - Kolkata 2013-05-23 8046.JPG|thumb|alt=Sandesh varieties|[[Sandesh (confectionery)|''Sandesh'']], a typical Bengali sweet made from [[chhena]]]]
Key elements of [[Bengali cuisine|Kolkata's cuisine]] include rice and a fish curry known as ''machher jhol'',<ref name="machhe">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=G. J. |last2=Latif |first2=Abdul |date=April–June 2002 |title=Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: a case study from Bangladesh |journal=Aquaculture Asia |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=5–7 |access-date=10 February 2012 |url=http://www.nefisco.org/downloads/DevelopmentOfFreshwaterFishFarming.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318040021/http://www.nefisco.org/downloads/DevelopmentOfFreshwaterFishFarming.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> which can be accompanied by desserts such as ''[[Rasgulla|roshogolla]]'', ''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|sandesh]]'', and a sweet yoghurt known as ''[[Mitha Dahi|mishti dohi]]''. Bengal's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of ''[[ilish]]'', a fish that is a favourite among Calcuttans. Street foods such as ''[[beguni]]'' (fried battered eggplant slices), [[kati roll|''kati'' roll]] (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton or egg stuffing), ''[[Panipuri|phuchka]]'' (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce) and [[Indian Chinese cuisine]] from Chinatown are popular.<ref name="kolkataimages">{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Elora |last2=Sen |first2=Sarbani |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Some%20images%20are%20synonymous%20with%20Kolkata/1/24191.html |title=Some images are synonymous with Kolkata |work=India Today |location=Noida, India |date=2 January 2009 |access-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525180640/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Some%20images%20are%20synonymous%20with%20Kolkata/1/24191.html |archive-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rolltelegraph">{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Subhro |title=Resurrected, the kathi roll: face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=18 January 2006 |access-date=26 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228160826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp |archive-date=28 February 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Subhro |title=Kolkata's mind-boggling variety of street food |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-07/kolkata/29519710_1_street-food-fish-roll-exotic-dishes |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708001706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-07/kolkata/29519710_1_street-food-fish-roll-exotic-dishes |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=26 February 2012 |date=7 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Anirban |title=Street food as yummy and cheap as it gets |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/street-food-as-yummy-and-cheap-as-it-gets/1/122363.html |access-date=26 February 2012 |work=India Today |location=Noida, India |date=7 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529223051/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/street-food-as-yummy-and-cheap-as-it-gets/1/122363.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dance with Rabindra Sangeet - Kolkata 2011-11-05 6669.JPG|thumb|alt=Four women wearing saree in different dancing poses|Dance accompanied by [[Rabindra Sangeet]], a music genre started by Rabindranath Tagore]]
Though Bengali women traditionally wear the ''[[sari]]'', the ''[[shalwar kameez]]'' and Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yengkhom |first=Sumati |title=This Puja, buzz over western clothes |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-23/kolkata/28267471_1_salwar-kameez-outfits-puja |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711020813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-23/kolkata/28267471_1_salwar-kameez-outfits-puja |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=23 January 2012 |date=23 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional ''[[dhoti]]'' and ''[[kurta]]'' are seen during festivals. [[Durga Puja]], held in September–October, is Kolkata's most important and largest festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations and artistic decorations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foulston |first1=Lynn |last2=Abbott |first2=Stuart |title=Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices |year=2009 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton, UK |isbn=978-1-902210-43-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul/page/156 156] |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul/page/156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bhowmik |first=Dulal |year=2012 |chapter=Durga Puja |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Durga_Puja |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005011949/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Durga_Puja |archive-date=5 October 2015 |access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> The Bengali New Year, known as [[Pohela Boishakh|Poila Boishak]], as well as the harvest festival of Poush Parbon are among the city's other festivals; also celebrated are [[Kali Puja]], [[Diwali]], [[Chhath|Chhaith]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/170-ghats-across-kolkata-for-chhath-puja/cid/1836251 |title=170 ghats across Kolkata for Chhaith Puja |date=28 October 2021 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> [[Jivitputrika|Jitiya]], [[Holi]], [[Jagaddhatri]] Puja, [[Saraswati Puja]], [[Rathayatra]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Maha Shivratri]], [[Vishwakarma Puja]], [[Lakshmi Puja]], [[Ganesh Chathurthi]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]], [[Kalpataru Day]], [[Bhai Phonta]], Maghotsab, [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]], [[Muharram]], [[Christmas]], [[Buddha Purnima]] and [[Mahavir Jayanti]]. Cultural events include the [[Rabindra Jayanti]], [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August), [[Republic Day]] (26 January), [[Kolkata Book Fair]], the Dover Lane Music Festival, the [[Kolkata Film Festival]], [[Nandikar's National Theatre Festival]], [[Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally]] and [[Gandhi Jayanti]].

==Media==
{{See also|Kolkata in the media|List of Bengali-language television channels}}

[[File:Akashvani Bhawan Kolkata 2.jpg|thumb|Akashvani Bhawan, the head office of state-owned [[All India Radio]], Kolkata|alt=A five-storied building in cream colour with multiple columns in front]]

The first newspaper in India, the ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette|Bengal Gazette]]'' started publishing from the city in 1780.<ref name="Eaman2009">{{cite book |last=Eaman |first=Ross |title=The A to Z of Journalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e98aMyleL-cC&pg=PA86 |access-date=2 August 2013 |date=12 October 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7067-3 |page=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424194554/http://books.google.com/books?id=e98aMyleL-cC&pg=PA86 |archive-date=24 April 2014}}</ref> Among Kolkata's widely circulated Bengali-language newspapers are ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', ''[[Bartaman]]'', [[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]], ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'', ''[[Aajkaal]]'', ''[[Dainik Statesman]]'' and ''[[Ganashakti]]''.<ref name="newspaper">{{cite web |title=Areawise analysis for the period July/December 2007 to January – June 2010 |url=http://www.auditbureau.org/trends-123.xls |publisher=Audit Bureau of Circulations |format=XLS |access-date=17 June 2012}}{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' and ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from Kolkata. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and the ''[[Asian Age]]''.<ref name=newspaper /> As the largest trading centre in East India, Kolkata has several high-circulation financial dailies, including ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'', ''[[Business Line]]'' and ''[[Business Standard]]''.<ref name=newspaper /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=International Trade Administration |url=http://trade.gov/press/press_releases/2006/india_mission_statement_112006.pdf |title=Business development mission to India 29 November – 5 December 2006 |access-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025143417/http://trade.gov/press/press_releases/2006/india_mission_statement_112006.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and Chinese languages, are read by minorities.<ref name="BanerjeePage10">{{cite book |editor1-last=Banerjee |editor1-first=Himadri |editor2-last=Gupta |editor2-first=Nilanjana |editor3-last=Mukherjee |editor3-first=Sipra |title=Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC |access-date=29 January 2012 |year=2009 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-905835-5-8 |pages=9–10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233321/http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=newspaper /> Major periodicals based in Kolkata include ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'', ''[[Sananda (magazine)|Sananda]]'', ''[[Saptahik Bartaman]]'', ''[[Unish-Kuri]]'', ''[[Anandalok]]'' and ''[[Anandamela]]''.<ref name=newspaper /> Historically, Kolkata has been the centre of the [[Little magazine movement#Bengali little magazine movement|Bengali little magazine movement]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Little magazines of Bengal |journal=Asiaweek |year=1984 |volume=10 |issue=27–39 |page=42}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nag |first=Dulali |year=1997 |title=Little magazines in Calcutta and a postsociology of India |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=109–11 |doi=10.1177/006996679703100106 |s2cid=144892949}}</ref>

[[All India Radio]], the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several [[AM broadcasting|AM]] radio stations in the city. Kolkata has [[List of FM radio stations in India#Kolkata|10 local radio stations]] broadcasting on [[frequency modulation|FM]], including three from AIR. India's state-owned television broadcaster, [[Doordarshan]], provides two free-to-air terrestrial channels,<ref>{{cite web |title=Doordarshan |url=http://mib.nic.in/ShowContent.aspx?uid1=2&uid2=94&uid3=0&uid4=0&uid5=0&uid6=0&uid7=0 |publisher=Ministry of Broadcasting, Government of India |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117071129/http://mib.nic.in/ShowContent.aspx?uid1=2&uid2=94&uid3=0&uid4=0&uid5=0&uid6=0&uid7=0 |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> while a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English, and other regional channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[direct-broadcast satellite]] services, or [[IPTV|internet-based television]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CalTel launches IPTV in Kolkata, invests Rs 700 cr in 07-08 |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=3663 |access-date=24 January 2012 |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=Outlook India |location=New Delhi |date=1 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502190254/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=3663 |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CAS on brink of blackout |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/CAS-on-brink-of-blackout/articleshow/9719460.cms |access-date=24 January 2012 |newspaper=Times of India |date=14 August 2011 |agency=TNN |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510191503/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/CAS-on-brink-of-blackout/articleshow/9719460.cms |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Direct-to-home comes home |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-09/kolkata/27198314_1_dish-tv-dth-subscribers-satellite-channels |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701123319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-09/kolkata/27198314_1_dish-tv-dth-subscribers-satellite-channels |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |agency=TNN |date=9 October 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> [[List of Bengali-language television channels#News channels|Bengali-language 24-hour television news channels]] include [[ABP Ananda]], [[News18 Bangla]], [[Kolkata TV]], [[Zee 24 Ghanta]], [[TV9 Bangla]] and [[Republic Bangla]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengali News Channel advertising rates in India |url=https://mplan.media/blog/bengali-news-channel-advertising-rates-in-india/ |publisher=mplan.media |date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{See also|Football in Kolkata|Kolkata Marathon|Kolkata Derby}}
[[File:Salt Lake Stadium during FIFA U17 World Cup 2017 ....jpg|thumb|[[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|Salt Lake Stadium]] ([[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]]) on a matchday of the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]]]]
The most popular sports in Kolkata are [[association football|football]] and [[cricket]]. Unlike most parts of India, the residents show significant passion for football.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-13/news/50564484_1_arsenal-soccer-schools-football-player-football-training |title=Forget cricket, football is catching fast in India |last1=Khosla |first1=Varuni |last2=Sharma |first2=Ravi Teja |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=13 June 2014 |access-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102050751/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-13/news/50564484_1_arsenal-soccer-schools-football-player-football-training |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Football Association]], the oldest football association of the country is based here. It administers football in West Bengal. Kolkata is home to India's top football clubs such as [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]], [[East Bengal Club]] and the [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal: India's all-consuming rivalry |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/stories/classicderby/news/newsid=1414458.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122032920/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/stories/classicderby/news/newsid%3D1414458.html |archive-date=22 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhabani |first=Soudhriti |title=Argentine football superstar Messi charms Kolkata |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/messi-charms-kolkata/1/149702.html |access-date=7 December 2011 |newspaper=India Today |location=Noida, India |date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606030106/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/messi-charms-kolkata/1/149702.html |archive-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>The [[Calcutta Football League]], which is the oldest football league in Asia was started in 1898. Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed as "National Club of India".<ref>{{cite book |title=Soccer in South Asia: empire, nation, diaspora |year=2001 |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2 |page=17 |last1=Dineo |first1=Paul |last2=Mills |first2=James}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India strive for improvement |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=111779.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173233/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=111779.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>Two clubs of the city - [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] and [[East Bengal FC]] compete in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL).<ref>{{cite web |title=Football in Bengal |url=http://the-ifa.org/archives.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203053022/http://the-ifa.org/archives.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2011 |publisher=Indian Football Association |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> Football matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, called as the [[Kolkata Derby]], witness large audience attendance and rivalry between patrons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid=1414458/index.html |title=Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal: India's all-consuming rivalry |publisher=FIFA |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801091940/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/rivalries/newsid%3D1414458/index.html |archive-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The multi-use [[Salt Lake Stadium]], also known as Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, is India's second largest stadium by [[seating capacity]]. Most matches of the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] were played in this stadium including both Semi-final matches and the Final match. Kolkata also accounted for 45% of total attendance in 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup with an average of 55,345 spectators.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football-fifa-u17-world-cup/kolkata-accounted-for-45-of-total-attendance-in-fifa-u-17-world-cup-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-4914390/ |title=Kolkata accounted for 45% of total attendance in FIFA U-17 World Cup: West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee |newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=30 October 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102011647/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football-fifa-u17-world-cup/kolkata-accounted-for-45-of-total-attendance-in-fifa-u-17-world-cup-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-4914390/ |archive-date=2 November 2017 |date=30 October 2017}}</ref> The [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]] is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last=Desai |first=Ashwin |title=Blacks in whites: a century of cricket struggles in KwaZulu-Natal |year=2000 |publisher=University of Natal Press |location=Pietermaritzburg, South Africa |isbn=978-1-86914-025-0 |page=38}}</ref><ref name="ccfcdate">{{Cite news |last=Mukherji |first=Raju |title=Seven years? Head start |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp |work=The Telegraph |date=14 March 2005 |access-date=26 October 2006 |location=Kolkata |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014559/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp |archive-date=30 September 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Eden Gardens, Kolkata (05).jpg|thumb|Established in 1864, Eden Gardens is the oldest cricket stadium in India. |alt=|left]]

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on various grounds throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=What happened to para cricket? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/What-happened-to-para-cricket/articleshow/1734729571.cms |date=20 January 2002 |agency=TNN |newspaper=Times of India |access-date=7 December 2011 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510172726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/What-happened-to-para-cricket/articleshow/1734729571.cms |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Para cricket tourney gets off to a cracking start |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-22/kolkata/28361952_1_royal-fortune-group-semi-finals-saradindu-mukherjee |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707171127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-22/kolkata/28361952_1_royal-fortune-group-semi-finals-saradindu-mukherjee |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=7 December 2011 |agency=TNN |date=22 January 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Kolkata is home to [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and also the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] which regulates cricket in West Bengal and the [[Bengal cricket team]]. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, badminton and [[carrom]], are regularly organised here on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.<ref name=parawbgov /> The Maidan, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIFA president visits big three of Kolkata maidan |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200704160340.htm |date=16 April 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=7 December 2011 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729123104/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200704160340.htm |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> [[Eden Gardens]], which has a capacity of 80,000 {{As of|2017|lc=y}},<ref name="edenstats">{{cite web |url=http://www.iplt20.com/venues/2/eden-gardens |title=Eden Gardens |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Indian Premier League |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620002434/http://www.iplt20.com/venues/2/eden-gardens |archive-date=20 June 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> hosted the final match of the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]].

Kolkata's [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]] served as host of the [[1981 Asian Basketball Championship]], where [[India's national basketball team]] finished 5th, ahead of teams that belong to Asia's basketball elite, such as [[Iran national basketball team|Iran]]. The city has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the [[Royal Calcutta Golf Club]], the first golf club built outside the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bohn |first=Michael K. |title=Money golf: 600 Years of bettin' on birdies |year=2008 |publisher=Potomac Books |location=Dulles, Virginia, US |isbn=978-1-59797-032-7 |page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Uschan |first=Michael V. |title=Golf |publisher=Lucent Books |location=San Diego, US |isbn=978-1-56006-744-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/golf0000usch/page/16 16] |year=2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/golf0000usch/page/16}}</ref> The other two are located at the [[Tollygunge Club]] and at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]]. The [[Royal Calcutta Turf Club]] hosts horse racing and polo matches.<ref>{{cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |title=Royal Calcutta Turf Club in revival mode |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/people-places/royal-calcutta-turf-club-in-revival-mode/articleshow/7244861.cms |access-date=7 December 2011 |newspaper=Economic Times |date=9 January 2011 |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125014621/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/people-places/royal-calcutta-turf-club-in-revival-mode/articleshow/7244861.cms |archive-date=25 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Calcutta Polo Club]] is considered the oldest extant polo club in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaisal |title=Polo in India |year=2007 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-1-84537-913-1 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Joanna |title=A Year in the life of Windsor and Eton |year=2011 |publisher=Frances Lincoln |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-2936-5 |page=80}}</ref><ref name="Kolpolo">{{cite web |url=http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk/about/history_polo.asp |title=History of polo |access-date=30 August 2007 |publisher=Hurlingham Polo Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20060427081128/http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk/about/history_polo.asp |archive-date=27 April 2006}}</ref> The [[Calcutta Racket Club]] is a [[squash (sport)|squash]] and [[racquet]] club in Kolkata. It was founded in 1793, making it one of the oldest rackets clubs in the world, and the first in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srilankasquash.lk/slsf_index.php?more=history |title=Sri Lanka Squash Federation history |work=srilankasquash.lk |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321205257/http://www.srilankasquash.lk/slsf_index.php?more=history |archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |title=The City of Wonders – Indian Link |date=10 September 2010 |work=indianlink.com.au |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404061736/http://www.indianlink.com.au/travel/the-city-of-wonders/ |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Calcutta South Club]] is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |title=About AITA |url=http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html |publisher=All India Tennis Association |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122071350/http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html |archive-date=22 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Das Sharma |first=Amitabha |title=Young turks rule the roost |date=7 April 2011 |volume=34 |issue=14 |url=http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss3414/stories/20110407505703200.htm |access-date=27 February 2012 |journal=Sportstar Weekly (The Hindu) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718025802/http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss3414/stories/20110407505703200.htm |archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref> In the period 2005–2007, [[Sunfeast Open]], a tier-III tournament on the [[Women's Tennis Association]] circuit, was held in the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it has since been discontinued.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das Gupta |first=Amitava |title=Sunfeast Open seeks date shift |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/top-stories/27780876_1_sunfeast-open-globosport-kolkata-event |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709164613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/top-stories/27780876_1_sunfeast-open-globosport-kolkata-event |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=25 January 2012 |date=15 February 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AITA's no to private players |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080902/jsp/sports/story_9776243.jsp |access-date=25 January 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=2 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103211949/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080902/jsp/sports/story_9776243.jsp |archive-date=3 November 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Calcutta Rowing Club]] hosts [[Sport rowing|rowing]] heats and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre of [[rugby union in India]], gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the [[Calcutta Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rugby thrives in India |url=http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid=2028326,printer.htmx |date=30 December 2008 |website=International Rugby Board |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605050912/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid%3D2028326%2Cprinter.htmx |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About CCFC |url=http://www.ccfc1792.com/aboutus.php |publisher=Calcutta Cricket & Football Club |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205032240/http://www.ccfc1792.com/aboutus.php |archive-date=5 February 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nag |first=Shivani |title=Kolkata watches as rugby legacy vanishes year after year |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kolkata-watches-as-rugby-legacy-vanishes-year-after-year/522643/0 |date=29 September 2010 |newspaper=Indian Express |location=New Delhi |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> The Automobile Association of Eastern India, established in 1904,<ref>{{cite web |title=About AAEI |url=http://www.uraaei.org/about.htm |publisher=Automobile Association of Eastern India |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219034834/http://www.uraaei.org/about.htm |archive-date=19 December 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=July–December 1904 |title=The automobile movement in India |journal=The Horseless Age |volume=14 |issue=9 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x7mAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024457/https://books.google.com/books?id=0x7mAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal.<ref name="bmscaaei">{{cite news |title=India, Bhutan in car rally |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/siliguri/story_7354800.asp |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |access-date=7 December 2011 |date=6 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155246/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/siliguri/story_7354800.asp |archive-date=18 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About Bengal Motor Sports Club |url=http://bmsc.in/The-Club.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426031837/http://bmsc.in/The-Club.php |archive-date=26 April 2012 |publisher=Bengal Motor Sports Club |access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> The [[Beighton Cup]], an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldest [[field hockey]] tournament; it is usually held on the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] of the Maidan.<ref name="beightontelegraph">{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Barry |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp |title=All hail hockey on history high |access-date=25 February 2012 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=4 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325011424/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp |archive-date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041103051900.htm |title=Indian Airlines lift Beighton Cup |access-date=2 April 2012 |department=Sport |location=Chennai, India |date=11 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023073227/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041103051900.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Athletes from Kolkata include [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Pankaj Roy]] and [[Jhulan Goswami]], who are former [[List of India national cricket captains|captains]] of the [[India national cricket team|Indian national cricket team]]; [[India at the Olympics|Olympic]] tennis bronze medalist [[Leander Paes]], golfer [[Arjun Atwal]], and former footballers [[Sailen Manna]], [[Chuni Goswami]], [[Pradip Kumar Banerjee|P. K. Banerjee]] and [[Subrata Bhattacharya (footballer)|Subrata Bhattacharya]].

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Kolkata|}}

==Sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}
*{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh<ref name="Kolkata twinnings">{{cite news |last=Mazumdar |first=Jaideep |title=A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms |access-date=17 November 2013 |newspaper=Times of India |date=17 November 2013 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723040319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms |archive-date=23 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Kunming]], China (October 2013)<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Agreement on the establishment of Sister City Relations between Kolkata, Republic of India and Kunming, People's Republic of China |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22378/Agreement+on+the+establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+between+Kolkata+Republic+of+India+and+Kunming+Peoples+Republic+of+China |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054555/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F22378%2FAgreement+on+the+establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+between+Kolkata+Republic+of+India+and+Kunming+Peoples+Republic+of+China |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]], Greece (January 2005)<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://elinepa.org/2005/page/3/?lang=en |title=The Twinning of Thessaloniki and Calcutta |date=21 January 2005 |access-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054528/http://elinepa.org/2005/page/3/?lang=en |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Naples]], Italy<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" />
*{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamabad to get new sister city |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842 |access-date=17 March 2018 |newspaper=Dawn |date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182531/https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842 |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Incheon]], South Korea<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.incheon.go.kr/en/intro/sub9.jsp |title=Incheon Metropolitan City – Incheon City – Sister Cities |publisher=Incheon Metropolitan City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225185307/http://m.incheon.go.kr/en/intro/sub9.jsp |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |publisher=Official site of Odesa |url=http://omr.gov.ua/en/cooperation/twin_cities/ |access-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318054727/http://omr.gov.ua/en/cooperation/twin_cities/ |archive-date=18 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], United States<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" />
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Long Beach, California]], United States<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" />
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas, Texas]], United States<ref name="Kolkata twinnings" />

==See also==
*[[List of children's museums in India]]
*[[List of people from Kolkata]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in Kolkata]]
*[[West Bengal]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|35em}}
*{{cite book |last=Mann |given=Michael |year=2022 |title=A British Rome in India. Calcutta – Capital for an Empire |publisher=Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft |location=Worms |isbn=978-3-88462-411-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |given=S |year=1990 |title=Calcutta: the living City |volume=I and II |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-0-19-562585-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dutta |given1=Krishna |year=2003 |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history |isbn=978-1-902669-59-5 |publisher=Signal Books |location=Oxford, UK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mitra |given1=A |year=1976 |title=Calcutta diary |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-3082-3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |given1=SC |year=1991 |title=The changing face of Calcutta: an architectural approach |location=Kolkata |publisher=Government of West Bengal |asin=B0000D6TXX}}
*{{cite book |last1=Roy |given1=A |year=2002 |title=City requiem, Calcutta: gender and the politics of poverty |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |location=Minneapolis, US |isbn=978-0-8166-3932-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thomas |given1=Frederic C. |year=1997 |title=Calcutta poor: elegies on a city above pretense |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, New York City |isbn=978-1-56324-981-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shPmSQBGKRwC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lapierre |given1=Dominique |year=1985 |title=La cité de la joie (The City of Joy) |publisher=Arrow |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-0-09-914091-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbURK16m5ysC}}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Malvika |year=2011 |title=Kolkata: A Soul City (Historic and Famed Cities of India) |publisher=Academic Foundation |page=110 |isbn=978-81-7188-886-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Hazra |first=Indrajit |date=1 December 2013 |title=Grand Delusions: A Short Biography of Kolkata |publisher=Aleph Book Company |page=156 |isbn=978-93-82277-28-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |date=22 April 2009 |title=Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery |publisher=Penguin India |page=200 |isbn=978-0-14-306655-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Deb |first=Binaya Krishna |year=1905 |title=The Early History and Growth of Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187 |quote=calcutta. |location=Harvard University |publisher=Romesh Chandra Ghose |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187/page/n292 278]}}
*{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Sukanta |year=1990 |title=Calcutta, the Living City: The past |location=the University of Michigan |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=292 |isbn=978-0-19-562718-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Ananya |date=1 October 2002 |title=City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |page=352 |isbn=978-0-8166-3933-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Jayabrato |last2=Khullar |first2=Rupinder |date=1 January 2004 |title=Kolkata: the dream city |location=the University of Michigan |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |page=93 |isbn=978-81-7476-471-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Moorhouse |first=Geoffrey |year=1971 |title=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ALLbrilUQUC&q=calcutta |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=393 |isbn=978-0-14-009557-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |year=2012 |title=The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=425 |isbn=978-0-691-15201-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Swati |year=2005 |title=Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny |publisher=Psychology Press |page=314 |isbn=978-0-415-34359-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dey |first1=Ishita |last2=Samaddar |first2=Ranabir |year=2016 |title=Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination |publisher=Routledge |page=304 |isbn=978-1-134-93137-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Husain |first1=Zakir |last2=Dutta |first2=Mousumi |year=2013 |title=Women in Kolkata's IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=133 |isbn=9788132215936}}
*{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Pablo Shiladitya |year=2015 |title=Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata |publisher=Routledge |page=178 |isbn=978-1-317-59673-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Raka |last2=Qayum |first2=Seemin |year=2009 |title=Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=255 |author-link=Raka Ray |isbn=978-0-8047-6071-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Anindita |title=Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860–1920 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=340 |isbn=978-0-19-946479-1 |year=2016}}
*{{cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Shukla |year=2014 |title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=219 |isbn=978-1-107-06546-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Busteed |first=Henry Elmsley |year=1888 |title=Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey |publisher=Asian Educational Services |page=359 |isbn=9788120612952}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fruzzetti |first1=Lina |last2=Östör |first2=Ákos |year=2003 |title=Calcutta Conversations |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=242 |isbn=9788180280092}}
*{{cite book |last=Richards |first=E. P. |year=2014 |title=The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and Contiguous Areas: The Richards Report |publisher=Routledge |page=492 |isbn=978-1-317-61700-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arnab |last2=Yarlagadda |first2=Sudhakar |year=2007 |title=Econophysics of Wealth Distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |page=248 |isbn=9788847003897}}
*{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades |publisher=Social Science Press |page=486 |isbn=978-9383166077 |year=2015}}
*{{cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Ranabir Ray |title=A City in the Making: Aspects of Calcutta's Early Growth |publisher=[[Niyogi Books]] |page=564 |isbn=978-9385285288 |year=2016}}
*{{cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Sumanta |year=2016 |title=Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=192 |isbn=978-0-19-946810-2}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.kmcgov.in/ Kolkata Municipal Corporation]
*{{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/West_Bengal/Localities/Kolkata/}}
*[https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kolkata.html Kolkata] – [[Incredible India]]
*[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2020.html City Mayors: Richest cities in the world in 2020 by GDP]

{{Geographic location
|Centre=Kolkata
|North=[[Sikkim]]
|East=[[Assam]] [[Bangladesh]]
|South=''[[Bay of Bengal]]''
|West=[[Bihar]] [[Jharkhand]]
}}
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{{Subject bar |book=Kolkata |portal2=Geography |portal4=India |commons=yes |n=yes |n-search=Category:Kolkata |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q1348}}

[[Category:Kolkata| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Port cities in India]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Former national capitals]]
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1690]]
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[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Saurav Ghosal

2023-10-05T18:04:56Z

Vishalkumar: Addition

{{Short description|Indian squash player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox squash player
| name = Saurav Ghosal
| image = Saurav Ghosal and James Willstrop 2012.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ghoshal (in left) in action against [[James Willstrop]] in 2012
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|8|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=6}}
| weight = {{convert|65|kg|lb}}
| event = Men's singles
| country = {{IND}}
| years_active =
| turnedpro = 2003
| racquet = [[Head (company)|Head]]
| coach = Malcolm Willstrop, S. Maniam & [[Cyrus Poncha]]
| highest_ranking = No. 10
| date_of_highest_ranking = April, 2019
| current_ranking = No. 15
| date_of_current_ranking = December 2021
| WorldOpenresult = '''QF''' ([[2013 Men's World Open Squash Championship|2013]])
| titles = 5
| finals = 9
| updated = 12 April 2022
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[squash (sport)|squash]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[World Squash Doubles Championships|World Doubles Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|2022 Glasgow|Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalSilver|2004 Chennai|Doubles}}
{{MedalSilver|2016 Darwin|Mixed doubles}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Squash at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Squash at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Mixed doubles|Mixed doubles]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Squash at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Squash at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Squash at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Squash at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's singles|Singles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Squash at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's singles|Singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Squash at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's singles|Singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Squash at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's singles|Singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Squash at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's singles|Singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Squash at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team|Team]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Squash at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 India]]|Singles}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Individual Squash Championships|Asian Individual Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 Men's Asian Individual Squash Championships|2019 Kuala Lumpur]]|Singles}}
}}

'''Saurav Ghosal''' (born 10 August 1986, in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]) is a professional [[squash (sport)|squash]] player from [[India]] and reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 10 in April 2019. He won the first ever medal in Squash for India at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth games]]. He was the national champion in 2020 by winning 77th National Squash championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National... |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/squash/national-squash-championship-2022-chennai-starts-december-4-joshna-chinappa-ramit-tandon/article66219421.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Career overview==
In 2013, Saurav became the first [[India]]n to reach the Quarter finals of the [[2013 Men's World Open Squash Championship|World Squash Championship]] at Manchester, England.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/216336-saurav-ghosal-becomes-first-indian-to-reach-quarters-of-world-squash-championships |title=NDTV Sports article on Saurav Ghoshal in the World Championship, 2013 |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214133735/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/216336-saurav-ghosal-becomes-first-indian-to-reach-quarters-of-world-squash-championships |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2004, he became the first [[India]]n ever to win the coveted [[British Junior Open]] Under-19 [[Squash (sport)|Squash]] title, defeating Adel El Said of [[Egypt]] in the final at [[Sheffield, England]].

Saurav moved to [[Chennai]] after completing his school and was based at the ICL squash academy in [[Chennai]] and coached by Major (Rtd) Maniam and [[Cyrus Poncha]] in Chennai, India. Currently based in [[Leeds]], he trains with Malcolm Willstrop at Pontefract Squash Club in West Yorkshire. Saurav is the current Indian national champion after he defeated Gaurav Nandrajog at the National Championships 2006 in [[New Delhi]]. {{As of|May 2010|post=,}} his PSA world rank is 27. In the top 100 in the world are two of his Indian Squash Colleagues [[Siddharth Suchde]] (80) and [[Harinder Pal Sandhu]] (90).

Saurav won the bronze medal at the Asian Games 2006 Doha and was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] by the President of India in August 2007, thus becoming the first squash player from the country to get the award.

Saurav started playing squash in his hometown of Kolkata, at the Kolkata Racquet Club. He studied from the [[Lakshmipat Singhania Academy]], before moving to Chennai to join the [[ICL Squash Academy]]. Here he was coached by retired Major Maniam and Cyrus Poncha.

Ghosal has numerous firsts to his credit, the first Indian to be ranked junior World No one, the first to bag the junior National championship three years in a row and in December 2006, he won the country the first medal in squash in the Doha Asian Games. His first major title was the German Open (U-17) in May 2002 and he won the Dutch Open two months later.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://coachcyrus.wordpress.com/2007/08/04/deccan-herald-article-on-saurav-ghosal/ | title=Deccan Herald article on Saurav Ghosal | publisher=Cyrus Poncha’s squash blog | access-date=29 December 2018 }}</ref>

In 2013, he became the first Indian squash player to reach the quarter-finals of the [[2013 Men's World Open Squash Championship|World Championship]].
In 2014, he won the silver medal (individual singles) in the 17th [[Asian Games]] at Incheon. He was the first Indian squash player to do so. He lost in the final to [[Abdullah Al-Muzayen]] of Kuwait. He however led the Indian Squash team to its first ever Gold Medal at Incheon. In the final he bounced back from a game down to eke out a 6-11 11-7 11-6 12-14 11-9 win over former world no. 7, Ong Beng Hee in a gruelling 88-minute clash to give India a healthy 2-0 lead <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/incheon-asian-games-2014-indian-mens-squash-team-wins-historic-gold/article6452843.ece | title= Asiad: Men's squash team gets historic gold, women grab silver | date=27 September 2014 | author=PTI | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=29 December 2018 }}</ref>

Ghosal also remains the first Indian player to claim a place in the world’s top 10 during the 2018-19 campaign.

Saurav Ghosal has been named as the Professional Squash Association’s (PSA) Men’s President as one of three new additions to the PSA’s Board of Directors, which were officially confirmed at the association’s annual AGM on Wednesday December 22, 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://psaworldtour.com/news/view/9346/ghosal-heads-trio-of-new-additions-to-psa-board |title= GHOSAL HEADS TRIO OF NEW ADDITIONS TO PSA BOARD| date=23 December 2021 | author=psaworldtour }}</ref>

In August 2022, Ghosal became the first Indian men's squash singles medallist at the [[Birmingham Commonwealth Games]] after he beat 2018 reigning champion [[James Willstrop]] of England in straight sets in the bronze medal playoff to take the bronze medal. He defeated Shamil Wakeel of Sri Lanka 11-4, 11-4, 11-6 in the second round, beat [[David Baillargeon]] of Canada 11-6, 11-2, 11-6 in the third round. In the quarter-final, he recovered from a defeat in the second set to see off Scotland’s [[Greg Lobban|Greg Lobbon]] 11-5, 8-11, 11-7, 11-3 before falling to New Zealand’s world no. 2 and eventual gold medallist [[Paul Coll]] 9-11, 4-11, 1-11 in the semi-final.

==Personal life==
Saurav married Diya Pallikal (sister of [[Dipika Pallikal|Dipika Pallikal Karthik]]) on 1 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saurav Ghosal gets hitched
| url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/photos-saurav-ghosal-gets-hitched/20170203.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dipika Pallikal's sister is married to her shuttler friend Saurav Ghosal
| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/dipika-pallikal-sister-diya-married-to-her-shuttler-friend-saurav-ghosal-squash-player/17957197}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wedding and seeding in Ghosal balancing act
| url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2017/apr/15/wedding-and-seeding-in-ghosal-balancing-act-1593818.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{PSA|new_id=saurav-ghosal|old_id=755|archive=20170624104816|archive2=20130906064135}}
* {{Squash Info|148}}
* {{CGF}}
* [http://coachcyrus.wordpress.com/2006/08/15/saurav-wins-otters-psa-newspaper-articles/ Newspaper articles on Saurav's PSA Otters win]
* [http://coachcyrus.wordpress.com/2006/08/10/saurav-in-dnaamong-top-10-by-2010/ Saurav's interview in DNA]
* [http://coachcyrus.wordpress.com/tag/saurav-ghosal Articles on Saurav on Cyrus Poncha's squash Blog]
* [http://im.rediff.com/sports/2005/nov/15saurav11.jpg Rediff interview]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/asiad-mens-team-gets-historic-gold-women-grab-silver/article6452843.ece?homepage=true "Asiad: Men’s squash team gets historic gold, women grab silver"]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosal, Saurav}}
[[Category:Indian male squash players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Racket sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in squash]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Squash players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in squash]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in squash]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2009 World Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

Tejaswin Shankar

2023-10-04T04:11:10Z

Vishalkumar: Minor fixes

{{short description|Indian high jumper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Tejaswin Shankar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shankar in August 2022
| name = Tejaswin Shankar
| event = [[High jump]], [[Decathlon]]
| club =
| height = 6 ft 4 in<ref name=nihal/>
| weight = 81kg
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|12|21}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| country = [[India]]
| pb = '''Outdoor:''' 2.29 m NR (Lubbock 2018) '''Indoor:''' 2.28 m (Ames 2018) 
'''Decathlon''':7648 points (Arizona 2023)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Decathlon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's decathlon|Decathlon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon|Decathlon]]}}
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[High jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's high jump|High jump]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati/Shillong]] | [[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|High jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Youth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2015 Commonwealth Youth Games|2015 Apia]]|[[Athletics at the 2015 Commonwealth Youth Games|High jump]]}}
}}
'''Tejaswin Shankar''' (born 21 December 1998) is an Indian athlete who competes in the [[decathlon]] event. He holds the high jump [[List of Indian records in athletics#Men|national record]] of 2.29 metres set in April 2018.

==Early and personal life==
Shankar was born on 21 December 1998 in Delhi into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family. He hails from [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]] in [[South Delhi]]. He studied at the [[Sardar Patel Vidyalaya]] in New Delhi, where he played cricket until eighth grade before his physical education teacher suggested he switch to high jump. He soon started winning medals at inter-school athletics meets. His father Harishankar, a lawyer, died of blood cancer in 2014.<ref name=nihal>{{cite news|last1=Koshie|first1=Nihal|title=Tejaswin Shankar is India's high jump hope|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/tejaswini-shankar-high-jump-world-championship-level-delhi-school-boy-7-41-feet-over/|access-date=31 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=25 December 2016}}</ref>

Shankar received a four-year athletics scholarship to the [[Kansas State University]] in 2017 where he studied business administration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Record breaker Delhi high jumper Tejaswin Shankar idolises Sehwag|url=http://asianetindia.com/record-breaker-delhi-high-jumper-tejaswin-shankar-idolises-sehwag/|access-date=31 March 2018|work=Asianet India|date=7 March 2018}}</ref> In what is perceived as an unconventional career choice for an active athlete, he has a corporate career in the US, where he works for [[Deloitte]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title='There's Much More to Life than Sport' |url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/theres-much-more-to-life-than-sport/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Career==
Shankar won the gold medal at the [[2015 Commonwealth Youth Games]] in [[Apia]], setting a [[Athletics at the Commonwealth Youth Games|Games record]] of 2.14 metres. He won silver at the [[2016 South Asian Games]] in [[Guwahati]] with a leap of 2.17 metres.<ref name=nihal/> Due to a groin injury, he finished sixth at the Asian Junior Championships and missed the 2016 World Junior Championships.<ref name=norris>{{cite news|last1=Pritam|first1=Norris|title=Tejaswin Shankar's journey from budding cricketer to high jump national record holder|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/tejaswin-shankars-journey-from-budding-cricketer-to-high-jump-national-record-holder-3102800.html|access-date=31 March 2018|work=Firstpost|date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

At the age of 17, Shankar rose to prominence when he broke [[Hari Shankar Roy]]'s 12-year-old national record of 2.25 metres with a jump of 2.26 metres at the Junior National Championships in [[Coimbatore]] in November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tejaswin Shankar breaks senior national record|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/111116/video-tejaswin-shankar-breaks-senior-national-record-in-junior-event.html|access-date=31 March 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> He was the third best [[IAAF]] junior high jumper in the world that year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rayan|first1=Stan|title=Leap of faith|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/leap-of-faith/article22912240.ece|access-date=31 March 2018|work=The Hindu|date=2 March 2018}}</ref> He was bedridden for six months in 2017 with a [[slipped disc]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Srinivasan|first1=Aneesh|title=Despite career-threatening injury, Tejaswin Shankar sets meet record|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2017/jul/18/despite-career-threatening-injury-tejaswin-shankar-sets-meet-record-1630026.html|access-date=31 March 2018|work=The New Indian Express|date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

In January 2018, Shankar broke Roy's indoor national record with a mark of 2.18 metres, and then bettered it by a centimetre the same month. In February, he further improved on his indoor record with a 2.28 metres leap at the Big 12 Indoor Athletics Championships in [[Ames, Iowa|Ames]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tejaswin Shankar breaks national high jump record, grabs bronze at Big 12 indoor championships|url=https://scroll.in/field/869965/tejaswin-shankar-breaks-national-high-jump-record-grabs-bronze-at-big-12-indoor-championships|access-date=31 March 2018|work=scroll.in|date=25 February 2018}}</ref>

Shankar finished sixth at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] during qualification for the games Shankar bettered his own national record by jumping 2.28 metres at the 22nd Federation Cup Indian Championships in [[Patiala]] in March 2018. It was the joint-best performance to qualify for the Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-high-jump-fnl-000100-.htm |title=Result - Men's High Jump Final |publisher=Gold Coast 2018 |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Selvaraj|first1=Jonathan|title=Tejaswin Shankar equals (own) national record to book Commonwealth berth|url=http://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/22678452/tejaswin-shankar-equals-own-national-record-book-commonwealth-berth|access-date=31 March 2018|work=ESPN.in}}</ref> He further broke his national record by another centimeter representing K-State athletics, jumping 2.29m in April 2018 at the Texas tech invite.

Shankar, who was not initially selected in the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] contingent despite meeting the qualification standard, took the [[Athletics Federation of India]] to court and was later brought in as a replacement. He secured the bronze medal at [[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's high jump|the event]] in Birmingham with a jump of 2.22 metres; this was India's first ever high jump medal at the Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games 2022: Tejaswin Shankar wins high jump bronze after court battle for selection |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/story/cwg-2022-tejaswin-shankar-bronze-high-jump-selection-court-1983497-2022-08-04 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{iaaf name|id=296969}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Tejaswin}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male high jumpers]]
[[Category:Indian decathletes]]
[[Category:Kansas State University alumni]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:Kansas State Wildcats men's track and field athletes]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]

Tejaswin Shankar

2023-10-04T04:11:10Z

Vishalkumar: Minor fixes

Tejaswini Jadhav

2023-09-16T12:16:39Z

Vishalkumar: Just completed a comprehensive guide.

'''Tejaswini Jadhav'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion Icon in the Making: Tejaswini Jadhav's Remarkable Achievements |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/fashion-icon-in-the-making-tejaswinijadhavs-remarkable-achievements/81859816.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> (born 16 October 2001) is an Indian model and rifle shooting player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion Icon in the Making: Tejaswini Jadhav's Remarkable Achievements |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/fashion-icon-in-the-making-tejaswini-jadhavs-remarkable-achievements |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.lokmattimes.com/business/fashion-icon-in-the-making-tejaswini-jadhavs-remarkable-achievements/ Fashion icon in the making Tejaswini Jadhav’s remarkable achievements/]</ref>
{{Infobox person
|name=Tejaswini Jadhav
|image=
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|10|16|df=y}}
|birth_name= Solapur, Maharashtra
|nationality=[[India]]n
|education=Sangameshwar education society solapur, laxmibai bhauravptil mahila Mahavidyalaya solapur.
|occupation=Model
|known_for=Modelling
|landscape=
|alt=
|citizenship=[[India]]
|mother=Mrs. Swati Jadhav
|father=Mr. Anand
}}

==Career==
She showed her interest in both modeling and rifle shooting. She started her modeling career at a young age and has since appeared in various clothing brands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=up18news |title=Fashion Icon in the Making: Tejaswini Jadhav's Remarkable Achievements |url=https://up18news.com/fashion-icon-in-the-making-tejaswini-jadhavs-remarkable-achievements/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Up18 News |language=en-US}}</ref> she is also a dedicated rifle shooting player and has attended various outdoor camps as a trainer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion Icon in the Making: Tejaswini Jadhav's Remarkable Achievements {{!}} Loktej Feature News |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/3617/fashion-icon-in-the-making--tejaswinijadhav%E2%80%99s-remarkable-achievements |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=english.loktej.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
She has done her schooling Hindustani convent church English medium school. later she completed her b.com from sangameshwar education society solapur and is currently pursuing her M.Com. from laxmibai bhauravptil mahila Mahavidyalaya solapur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=R. N. T. |title=Fashion Icon in the Making: Tejaswini Jadhav's Remarkable Achievements. |url=https://republicnewstoday.com/index.php/2023/07/11/fashion-icon-in-the-making-tejaswini-jadhavs-remarkable-achievements/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Republic News Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashion Icon in the Making: Tejaswini Jadhav's Remarkable Achievements. – Financial News Day |url=https://financialnewsday.com/fashion-icon-in-the-making-tejaswini-jadhavs-remarkable-achievements/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Best fashion model 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=IBT Web |title=Fashion Icon in the Making: Tejaswini Jadhav's Remarkable Achievements. |url=https://inbusinesstimes.com/fashion-icon-in-the-making-tejaswini-jadhavs-remarkable-achievements/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=In Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

22GB

2023-09-14T09:26:29Z

Vishalkumar: Wrote an insightful write-up.

{{more footnotes needed}}
[[File:22gb.jpg|thumb|22GB, Rajasthan (2018)]]
[[File:22gb-1.jpg|thumb|]]
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = 22GB
| official_name = 22GB
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
[[thumbnail]]
| image_caption =

| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.21|N|73.60|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of rehsils of Rajasthan|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anupgarh]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vijaynagar]]

| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Nihalchand]] ([[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]])

| leader_title1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Balvir Singh Luthra]] ([[Raisinghnagar Assembly constituency]])

| leader_title3 = [[District Councils of India|Zila Pramukh]]
| leader_name3 = [[kuldeep indora]] ([[Ganganagar]] [[District Councils of India|District Council]])

| leader_title4 = [[Pardhan]]
| leader_name4 = '-' ([[Vijaynagar]] [[Panchayat samiti]])

| leader_title5 = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name5 = '-' ([[24GB]] [[Gram Panchayat]])

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[English language|English]],

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 335704
| registration_plate = RJ-13
| footnotes =
}}

'''22GB''' is a village in the [[Anupgarh]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vijainagar]] Tehsil and is part of the [[Anupgarh]] Community Development Block. The nearest city is [[Vijainagar]], which is about 8 kilometers away and around 100 km off to [[Sriganganagar]].
The pin code for 22 GB is 335704.
Kalyankot is the nearest railway station of 22GB. It is 33 km off National Highway [[National Highway 62 (India)(old numbering)|NH-62]] and 420 km from the state capital, [[Jaipur]]. 22GB is located on the link road of Sri vijaynagar to Rajiyasar. In 22gb there are so many spiritual places are situated. Hanuman ji temple, Thakur ji Maharaj temple, Karni mata temple, Bhabhuta g temple, Hariram baba temple and Ramdev baba temple are very famous for pilgrims.

== Social Structure ==
As per available data from the year 2009, 386 persons live in 67 house holds in the village 22 Gb. There are 197 female individuals and 189 male individuals in the village. Females constitute 51.04% and males constitute 48.96% of the total population.

There are 55 scheduled castes persons of which 23 are females and 32 are males. Females constitute 41.82% and males constitute 58.18% of the scheduled castes population. Scheduled castes constitute 14.25% of the total population.

Population density of 22 Gb is 114.97 persons per square kilometer.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=22GB Social Structure: Average Temperature, weather by month, 22GB weather averages - geolysis.com|url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/rj/ganganagar/vijainagar/22-gb}}</ref>

== Language ==
[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the major language. Punjabi is also used as a second language in the area and as the predominant language in northern areas along the border of Punjab. [[Hindi]] is the state language and English is also used among officials and youth.

== Culture ==
22GB village contains a wide cultural diversity. Most of the people from the village are farmers. The village has a traditional Punjabi culture with Bagri influence.

Music of 22GB is different than that of the rest of the state (Rajasthan). People sing Punjabi songs, Hindi songs, Rajasthani songs, etc. Punjabi music adds more symphony to the art and culture of this village.{{Clarify|reason=what does "adds more symphony" mean?}}

== Economy ==
Agriculture is main occupation of people. cotton, Wheat, Rice, Jawar, Gwar, mustard and paddy are the main crops. Entire market is based on Agriculture.
22GB is growing up very rapidly in all sectors.In some previous year so many youths are selected in many Govt services. Like Engineer, RAS, S.O., Principal, headmaster, teacher, PTI, Constable, VDO, Patwari and so many more.

== Climate ==
The climate of 22GB varies to extreme limits. The summer temperature reaches 50 °C and the winter temperature dips to around 0 °C. The average annual rainfall is only 176mm (6.92 in). The average maximum temperature in summer is around 43.8 °C and the average minimum temperature in winter is around 13.4 °C.<ref>{{Cite web|title=22GB climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, 22GB weather averages - Climate-Data.org|url=https://geolysis.com/p/in/rj/ganganagar/vijainagar/22-gb}}</ref>

== Education ==
The village has one government secondary school for boys and girls and one government primary school. There are also a number of non-government schools for middle and secondary education.

* Government Senior Secondary School, 22GB
* Indra Gandhi Public sec. School, 22GB

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[https://www.skymetweather.com/hi/forecast/weather/india/rajasthan/sri%20ganganagar/22%20gb#:~:text=22%20gb%2C%20rajasthan%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE:%2022%20gb,%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A 22 GB, RAJASTHAN का मौसम]

[[Category:Villages in Sri Ganganagar district]]

2020 Delhi riots

2023-02-09T23:43:59Z

Vishalkumar: Just completed a comprehensive guide.

{{Short description|2020 series of riots in Delhi, India}}

{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2020 Delhi riots
| partof =
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = North East Delhi Riots 2020 (1).jpg
| photo2a = Relief camps for Delhi riot-affected victims.jpg
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| foot_montage = (top) Muslim homes and businesses were set on fire during the rioting in {{Nowrap|Shiv Vihar, Delhi}}.{{Efn|The following reference to a published source that includes a similar photo supports description in caption and provides additional context. This is not the photo published by that source.<ref name=ameen-telegraph-2020-2-28>{{Cite news|last1 = Ameen |first1 = Furquan|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/shiv-vihar-home-for-15-years-but-not-any-more/cid/1749520|title=Shiv Vihar: Home for 15 years, but not any more|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=28 February 2020|access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>}} (bottom) A relief camp at [[Eidgah]] in [[Mustafabad, Delhi]] set up by the [[Government of Delhi]]{{efn|The Government of Delhi is different from the [[Government of India]].}} and the Muslim [[Waqf]] board, with beds for 800 women and 700 men, and with doctors from [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|St Stephens Hospital]] and [[Holy Family Hospital (New Delhi)|Holy Family Hospital]] volunteering.{{efn|The following reference to a published source supports description in caption and provides additional context. This photo was not published by that source.<ref name=vincent-telegraph-4-3-2020>{{citation|title=After riots, volunteers offer healing touch at Delhi relief camp|first1=Pheroze L.|last1=Vincent|location= New Delhi|date=4 March 2020|work=The Telegraph (Kolkata)|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/after-riots-volunteers-offer-healing-touch-at-delhi-relief-camp/cid/1750784|access-date= 12 March 2020}}</ref>}}
}}
| caption =
| alt =
| date = 23 February 2020 – 29 February 2020 ({{Time interval|23 February 2020|29 February 2020}}){{Citation needed}}
| place = [[North East Delhi]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.682|N|77.274|E|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| causes =
* [[Hate speech]]<ref name="IT2">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-four-videos-clips-that-court-made-cops-watch-1650273-2020-02-26|title=Delhi violence: Four video clips that court made cops watch
|access-date=26 February 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>
* [[Provocation (legal)|Provocation]]<ref name="Mishra DNA 2"/>
* [[Confrontation]]<ref name="Mishra DNA 2"/>
* [[CAA Protests]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saurabh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pro-anti-caa-groups-clash-in-northeast-delhis-maujpur/article30901937.ece |title=Policeman among 5 killed in Delhi violence over CAA |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 March 2020 |last2=Bhandari |first2=Hemani}}</ref>
* [[Mass mobilization#Mass mobilization in social media|Mass mobilization]]<ref name="NDTV1"/>
* [[Religious nationalism]]<ref name="IT2"/><ref name="Mosque burnt"/>
| goals =
* Preventing [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]<ref name="Mishra DNA 2"/><ref name="NDTV1"/>
* [[Ethnic persecution|Ethnic]] and [[religious persecution]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-burnt-mosques-religion-caa_in_5e576054c5b66622ed76b1f4|title=4 Burnt Mosques in 48 Hours Show Delhi Riots Are About Religion, Not CAA|website=HuffPost India}}</ref>
| methods = {{Cslist|[[Riot]]ing|[[arson]]|[[burglary]]|[[shooting]]}}
| status =
| result =
| side1 =
| side2 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| injuries = 200+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/delhi-riots-official-toll-hurt-cases|title=It's Official: Police Says 53 Dead, 200+ Injured, 2200 Arrests in Delhi Riots|work=The Wire|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
| fatalities = 53<ref name=thewire-2020-2-12/>
* 2 unidentified<ref name=thewire-2020-2-12/>
* 36 Muslims<ref name=thewire-2020-2-12/>
* 15 Hindus<ref name=thewire-2020-2-12>{{cite news |title=Ground Report: As Amit Shah Praises Delhi Police, Riot Victims Tell a Different Story |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-amit-shah-muslims-delhi-police |access-date=14 March 2020 |work=The Wire |author=Seemi Pasha }}</ref>
|arrests = 2200 (including detained)<ref name="IT690Cases">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-riots-cases-arrests-death-toll-victims-relief-camps-aap-1653524-2020-03-07|title=Delhi riots: 690 cases registered, violence victims find shelter in relief camps|website=India Today|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
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{{Violence against Muslims in independent India}}

The '''2020 Delhi riots''', or '''North East Delhi riots''', were multiple waves of bloodshed, property destruction, and rioting in [[North East Delhi]], beginning on 23 February 2020 and caused chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims.<ref name="guardian-3-16-20-1">{{citation|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|access-date=17 March 2020|quote= As the mob attacks came once, then twice and then a third time in this north-east Delhi neighbourhood, desperate stallholders repeatedly ran to Gokalpuri and Dayalpur police stations crying out for help. But each time they found the gates locked from the inside. For three days, no help came. ... Since the riots broke out in Delhi at the end of February, the worst religious conflict to engulf the capital in decades, questions have persisted about the role that the Delhi police played in enabling the violence, which was predominately Hindu mobs attacking Muslims. Of the 51 people who died, at least three-quarters were Muslim, and many Muslims are still missing.}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March1">{{citation|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Abi-Habib|first2=Maria|title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html|access-date=1 March 2020|quote=This past week, as neighborhoods in India's capital burned and religiously driven bloodletting consumed more than 40 lives, most of them Muslim, India's government was quick to say that the violence was spontaneous... Many Muslims are now leaving, hoisting their unburned things on their heads and trudging away from streets that still smell of smoke.}}</ref> Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslims who were shot, slashed with repeated blows, or set on fire.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-two-thirds>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=Two-thirds of the more than 50 people who were killed and have been identified were Muslim. }}</ref><ref name="wapo-3-6-20-slater-1">{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn|newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020|quote=At least 53 people were killed or suffered deadly injuries in violence that persisted for two days. The majority of those killed were Muslims, many shot, hacked or burned to death. A police officer and an intelligence officer were also killed. So too were more than a dozen Hindus, most of them shot or assaulted.}}</ref><ref name="wapo-3-2-20-slater-1">{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|title=What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |access-date=15 March 2020|quote=Zaitoon, 40, who goes by one name, half-cried as she rummaged through the items. She said mobs entered her lane shouting "Jai Shri Ram," or "Victory to Lord Ram," a slogan favored by Modi's party, and demanded to know which houses were occupied by Muslims. She said she saw a neighbor set on fire in front of her, an account repeated by other witnesses.}}</ref> The dead also included a policeman, an intelligence officer and over a dozen [[Hindus]], who were shot or assaulted.<ref name="wapo-3-6-20-slater-1"/> More than a week after the violence had ended, hundreds of wounded were languishing in inadequately staffed medical facilities and corpses were being found in open drains.<ref name="npr-3-7-20-frayer">{{citation|last1=Frayer|first1=Lauren|publisher=NPR|title=Delhi Riots Aftermath: 'How Do You Explain Such Violence?'|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/07/812193930/delhi-riots-aftermath-how-do-you-explain-such-violence|access-date=7 March 2020|quote=But hundreds of wounded are languishing in understaffed medical facilities. Corpses are still being discovered in drainage ditches. Victims are still dying in hospitals. The death toll has reached 53... Police are facing accusations from victims, witnesses, human rights groups, opposition politicians and Muslim leaders worldwide that they failed to protect Muslim citizens, and in some cases, even incited attacks themselves.}}</ref> By mid-March many Muslims had remained missing.<ref name="guardian-3-16-20-1"/>

Muslims were marked as targets for violence.<ref name="independent-withnall-27-2-2020">{{citation|last1=Withnall|first1=Adam|title=Targeted for being Muslim|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/muslim-hindu-clashes-latest-mosque-burnt-delhi-a9361601.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227154248/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/muslim-hindu-clashes-latest-mosque-burnt-delhi-a9361601.html |archive-date=27 February 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2020|quote=His was one of around eight homes belonging to Muslims targeted by a rampaging mob in this Delhi neighbourhood on Tuesday afternoon, picked for destruction because they sat next to a mosque in this otherwise mostly Hindu-populated neighbourhood, vandalised, looted and then gutted with fire.}}</ref><ref name=wamsley-frayer-npr-2020-2-26-1>{{citation |last1=Wamsley |first1=Laurel |last2=Frayer |first2=Lauren |publisher=NPR |title=In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots |access-date=25 March 2020|quote=Hindu mobs appear to have targeted Muslims primarily – not people protesting the citizenship law.}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March5">{{citation|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|title=Violence in India Threatens Its Global Ambitions|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/world/asia/india-violence-diplomacy.html|access-date=6 March 2020|quote=But as the leaders celebrated each other in India's capital, Hindu mobs began going after Muslim protesters in neighborhoods just a few miles away while the police looked on or joined in.}}</ref> In order to have their religion ascertained, Muslim males—who unlike Hindus are commonly [[Circumcision|circumcised]]—were at times forced to remove their lower garments before being brutalised.<ref name=landrin-lemonde-2020-3-4>{{citation|last1=Landrin|first1=Sophie|title=Attaques contre les musulmans à New Delhi : " J'ai pensé que j'allais mourir " Trois jours d'attaques meurtrières perpétrées par les nationalistes hindous dans le nord de la capitale indienne laissent des vies dévastées.|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/03/04/attaques-contre-les-musulmans-a-new-delhi-j-ai-pense-que-j-allais-mourir_6031809_3210.html|access-date=25 March 2020|quote=D’autres musulmans ont été déshabillés pour vérifier s’ils étaient circoncis, battus à mort et jetés dans les égouts à ciel ouvert de ce quartier pauvre et poussiéreux. (Other Muslims were stripped naked to check if they were circumcised, beaten to death and thrown into the open sewers of this poor and dusty neighbourhood.)}}</ref><ref name="guardian-3-6-20">{{citation|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|access-date=7 March 2020|quote= According to a witness, Arshad kept quiet, so the mob forced down his trousers. On seeing he was circumcised, as is common among Muslims in India, the mob instantly beat him to death. His bloodied body was later found in a gutter, his pants still around his ankles... In the aftermath, even in unaffected areas of Delhi, an exodus of Muslim families began this week, with swathes packing up their bags and returning for good to their home villages, fearing for their safety in the capital.}}</ref><ref name=wamsley-frayer-npr-2020-2-26-3>{{citation|last1=Wamsley|first1=Laurel|last2=Frayer|first2=Lauren|publisher=NPR|title=In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/26/809628525/in-new-delhi-days-of-deadly-violence-and-riots|access-date=25 March 2020|quote=Mobs have stopped people and demanded to know their religion. 'At least one photojournalist said he was asked to remove his pants to prove his religious identity,' the BBC adds. (Circumcision is common among male adherents of Islam.)}}</ref> Among the injuries recorded in one hospital were lacerated [[genitals]].<ref name=apnews-saaliq-schmall-2020-2-28>{{citation|last1=Saaliq|first1=Sheikh|last2=Schmall|first2=Emily|title=Prayers at fire-bombed mosques as India's riot toll grows|work=Associated Press News|access-date=25 March 2020|url=https://apnews.com/ee9be5d458ea02781505bf4bd149178a|quote=Al-Hind hospital, a small clinic with two doctors, was the nearest medical facility for many of the victims. When the riots broke out, it turned into a chaotic emergency ward, its doctors dealing for the first time with injuries such as gunshot wounds, crushed skulls, stabbings and torn genitals.}}</ref><ref name=landrin-lemonde-2020-3-4-2>{{citation|last1=Landrin|first1=Sophie|title=Attaques contre les musulmans à New Delhi : " J'ai pensé que j'allais mourir " Trois jours d'attaques meurtrières perpétrées par les nationalistes hindous dans le nord de la capitale indienne laissent des vies dévastées.|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/03/04/attaques-contre-les-musulmans-a-new-delhi-j-ai-pense-que-j-allais-mourir_6031809_3210.html|access-date=25 March 2020|quote=A l’entrée de l’hôpital, un homme qui officie à l’accueil a tout consigné sur son registre et son téléphone portable. Quelque 800 personnes, explique-t-il, ont été amenées entre le 23 et 25 février, certaines dans un état épouvantable. Des corps écartelés, carbonisés, des blessures par balles, des visages défigurés par de l’acide, des hommes atteints aux parties génitales. " Nous n’avons que de faibles moyens. Nous avons juste posé des garrots, des pansements et tenté de stopper le saignement des blessés ", confie-t-il. (At the entrance to the hospital, a man who works at the reception desk wrote everything down in his register and his mobile phone. Some 800 people, he says, were brought in between February 23 and 25, some in appalling condition. Torn, charred bodies, gunshot wounds, acid-disfigured faces, men with damage to the genitals. 'We have only weak means. We just put tourniquets, bandages and tried to stop the bleeding of the injured,' he said.}}</ref> The properties destroyed were disproportionately Muslim-owned and included four [[mosque]]s, which were set ablaze by rioters.<ref>{{citation|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|title=Indian Police Sweep Through Riot Zone, Making More Arrests|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/asia/india-new-delhi-violence.html|access-date=4 March 2020|quote=The property destruction has also been lopsidedly anti-Muslim, with many Muslim-owned motorcycles, cars, houses, shops and factories reduced to ashes. At least four mosques were set on fire during 48 hours of rioting.}}</ref> By the end of February, many Muslims had left these neighbourhoods.<ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March1" /> Even in areas of Delhi untouched by the violence, some Muslims had left for their ancestral villages, fearful for their personal safety in India's capital.<ref name="guardian-3-6-20" />

The riots had their origin in [[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]], in North East Delhi, where a [[Shaheen Bagh protests|sit-in by women]] against India's [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] had been in progress on a stretch of the [[Seelampur metro station|Seelampur]]–[[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]]–[[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur]] road, [[Traffic obstruction|blocking]] it.<ref name=diplomat-2-27-2020>{{citation|last1=Basu|first1=Soma|title=Delhi: The Anatomy of a Riot|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/delhi-the-anatomy-of-a-riot/|access-date=6 March 2020|work=Diplomat|quote=BJP leader Kapil Mishra issued a 'three-day ultimatum' to police to clear a protest against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) by women at the Jaffrabad Metro Station.}}</ref><ref name="uniindia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/protests-at-jaffarabad-against-caa-security-beefed-up-2-metro-stations-closed/india/news/1896707.html|title=Protests at Jaffarabad against CAA; security beefed up, 2 metro stations closed|work=United News of India|access-date=2 March 2020|quote=Demanding revocation of Citizenship (Amendment) Act, protesters—mostly women—on Sunday took to streets and blocked the road below Jaffrabad metro station.}}</ref> On 23 February 2020, a leader of the ruling [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Kapil Mishra]], called for [[Delhi Police]] to clear the roads, failing which he threatened to "hit the streets".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/kapil-mishra-bjp-jaffrabad-protest-delhi-police-3-days-ultimatum-1649286-2020-02-23|title=BJP leader Kapil Mishra's 3-day ultimatum to Delhi Police|website=India Today|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/bjp-leader-kapil-mishras-3-day-ultimatum-to-delhi-police-to-clear-anti-caa-protest-jaffrabad-2184627|title="We'll Be Peaceful Till Trump Leaves," BJP Leader Kapil Mishra Warns Delhi Police|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> After Mishra's ultimatum, violence erupted.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fresh violence erupts in Indian capital during anti-CAA protests|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/fresh-violence-erupts-indian-capital-anti-caa-protests-200224121139653.html|website=Al Jazeera|first=Bilal|last=Kuchay|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> Initially, Hindu and Muslim attacks were equally lethal.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-1>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=When the violence started on Feb. 23 – as Hindu men gathered to forcibly eject a peaceful Muslim protest near their neighborhood – much of it became two-sided. By day's end, both Muslims and Hindus had been attacked, and dozens had been shot, apparently with small-bore homemade guns. But by Feb. 25 the direction had changed.}}</ref> Most deaths were attributed to gunfire.<ref name="veconomist-2">{{cite news|title= Donald Trump and Narendra Modi hug as Delhi burns|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/02/26/donald-trump-and-narendra-modi-hug-as-delhi-burns|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|quote=Both sides soon resorted to shooting; most of the fatalities, which included two policemen, were caused by gunfire... The police, which in Delhi are controlled by the central government, only deployed in strength on February 26th. On the orders of a court, they also began registering complaints of incitement. Mr Modi's national-security adviser toured affected districts, giving his 'word of honour' that residents could feel safe. The prime minister himself, after three days of silence, belatedly tweeted a plea for calm.}}</ref> By 25 February 2020, the balance had shifted.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-1/> Rioters wearing helmets and carrying sticks, stones, swords or pistols, and the saffron flags of [[Hindu nationalism]] entered Muslim neighbourhoods, as the police stood by.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Landrin|first1=Sophie|title=Inde : New Delhi en proie à de violents conflits intercommunautaires|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2020/02/26/inde-new-delhi-en-proie-a-de-violents-conflits-intercommunautaires_6030862_3210.html|trans-title=India: New Delhi plagued by violent inter-community conflicts|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=Des hordes d’émeutiers casqués, armés de bâtons, de pierres, de sabres ou de pistolets, portant des drapeaux safran – la couleur des nationalistes hindous – ont pris d’assaut cette zone. Des véhicules, des échoppes, ainsi que des maisons appartenant à des musulmans, ont été incendiés sous les yeux d’une police totalement passive. (Hordes of helmeted rioters, armed with sticks, stones, sabers or pistols, carrying saffron flags – the color of Hindu nationalists – stormed this area. Vehicles, stalls, as well as houses belonging to Muslims, were set on fire in front of a totally passive police force.)|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-2>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote= Hindu mobs fanned out and targeted Muslim families. Violence crackled in the air. Police officers watched as mobs of Hindus, their foreheads marked by saffron stripes, prowled the streets with baseball bats and rusty bars, looking for Muslims to kill. The sky was filled with smoke. Muslim homes, shops and mosques were burned down.}}</ref> Chants were heard of "''[[Jai Shri Ram]]''" ("Victory to [[Rama|Lord Rama]]"), a religious slogan favoured by prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s party.<ref name="wapo-3-2-20-slater-1"/> In the neighbourhood of Shiv Vihar, Hindu rioters attacked Muslim houses and businesses for three days, often firebombing them with [[fuel gas|cooking gas cylinder]]s and gutting them without resistance from the police.<ref name=guardian-3-6-20-3>{{citation|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|last2=Azizur Rahman|first2= Shaikh|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|access-date=7 March 2020|quote= In Shiv Vihar, from where they and many others had escaped, almost every Muslim home lay in blackened ruins, and two mosques looked like bomb sites. For three days, Hindu rioters attacked Shiv Vihar's Muslim localities and ran mayhem without any resistance from police. The mobs repeatedly used gas canisters as weapons, setting them alight and exploding them in Muslim properties so that the walls crumbled entirely.}}</ref> In some instances, Muslims countered perceived threats by returning the violence; on the 25th a Muslim mob approached a Hindu neighbourhood throwing stones and [[Molotov cocktails]] and firing guns.<ref name="wapo-3-2-20-slater-2">{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|title=What Delhi's worst communal violence in decades means for Modi's India |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/what-days-of-communal-violence-mean-for-modi-and-for-india/2020/03/01/3d649c18-5a68-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html |access-date=15 March 2020|quote=In the riots that swept northeastern Delhi, Muslims mobilized to counter perceived threats and clashed with Hindus. A two-lane road separates Muslim-dominated Mustafabad from Hindu-dominated Bhagirathi Vihar. Hindus say a large mob approached from the Muslim side Tuesday night, throwing stones and Molotov cocktails and firing guns. 'It became difficult to save our lives,' said Yogesh Kumar, 24, an accountant. 'When the fire spreads, everything gets torched,' Sanjay Kumar, 40, said bitterly as he looked around at the destroyed storefronts and burned facades along a lane leading from the main road. He blamed Kapil Mishra, the BJP leader who issued the original threat to protesters who mounted a sit-in.}}</ref> During this time, stories were also told of Sikh and Hindu families coming to the aid of besieged Muslims;<ref name="guardian-3-1-20-sikh-hindu">{{citation|title=Inside Delhi: beaten, lynched and burnt alive|last1=Ellis-Peterson|first1=Hannah|location=Delhi|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/india-delhi-after-hindu-mob-riot-religious-hatred-nationalists|access-date=27 March 2020|quote= But for all the tales of discord, dozens of accounts were also given to the ''Observer'' of how Sikh and Hindu families helped save their Muslim neighbours, sheltering them in their homes as the violence broke out or helping them escape as the mobs descended.}}</ref> in some neighbourhoods, the religious communities cooperated in protecting themselves from violence.<ref name="Barton2020"/>

The Indian government swiftly characterised the violence as spontaneous.<ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March1" /> The [[Delhi Police]], which is directly overseen by India's [[Government of India|central government]], moved into the area in strength on 26 February after the [[Delhi High Court]] had ordered it to help remove injured victims to hospitals.<ref name="veconomist-2" /><ref name=economist-2020-3-12>{{citation|title=First the mob, then the law|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/03/12/victims-of-rioting-in-india-are-bashed-by-the-police-and-courts-too|access-date=15 March 2020|quote=During the riots in Delhi, it was only after the high court ordered police to help evacuate wounded people to hospital that the city's 80,000-person police force began to intervene, after 48 hours of arson and murder.}}</ref> India's [[National Security Advisor of India|national security advisor]], [[Ajit Doval]], visited the area; the prime minister, Narendra Modi, made an appeal for peace on Twitter.<ref name="veconomist-2" /> The Delhi police were accused by the affected citizens, eyewitnesses, human rights organizations and Muslim leaders around the world of falling short in protecting Muslims.<ref name="npr-3-7-20-frayer" /> Videos showed police acting in a coordinated manner against Muslims, on occasion purposefully helping Hindu gangs.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-6>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=Now, more evidence is emerging that the Delhi police, who are under the direct command of Mr. Modi's government and have very few Muslim officers, concertedly moved against Muslims and at times actively helped the Hindu mobs that rampaged in New Delhi in late February, burning down Muslim homes and targeting Muslim families.}}</ref> Witnesses said some police officers joined the attacks on Muslims.<ref name="wapo-3-6-20-slater-2">{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn|newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020|quote=The police force – which is directly overseen by the central government – has come under criticism for failing to stop the violence. Witnesses say some officers joined the attacks on Muslims.}}</ref>

After the violence had abated in the thickly-settled mixed Hindu-Muslim neighbourhoods of North East Delhi, some Hindu organisations continued to parade alleged Hindu victims of Muslim violence in an attempt to reshape the accounting of events and to further inflame hostility towards Muslims.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-7>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote=The religiously mixed and extremely crowded neighborhoods in northeastern Delhi that were on fire in late February have cooled. But some Hindu politicians continue to lead so-called peace marches, trotting out casualties of the violence with their heads wrapped in white medical tape, trying to upend the narrative and make Hindus seem like the victims, which is stoking more anti-Muslim hatred.}}</ref> About 1,000 Muslims sought shelter in a relief camp on the fringes of Delhi.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-5>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote= Some Muslims are leaving their neighborhoods, having lost all faith in the police. More than 1,000 have piled into a camp for internally displaced people that is rising on Delhi's outskirts.}}</ref> Gangs of Hindus appeared in several Muslim neighbourhoods in the days preceding the Hindu festival of [[Holi]], celebrated in 2020 on 9 March, to scare Muslims into abandoning their homes.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-4>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html|quote= India's population is about 80 percent Hindu, and gangs of Hindus threatened Muslims in several Delhi neighborhoods to leave before the Hindu holiday Holi that was celebrated this week.}}</ref> In the midst of prevailing anti-Muslim attitudes, senior lawyers in Delhi were not accepting cases on behalf of the riot victims.<ref name=telegraph-london-2020-3-13>{{citation|title=Lawyers representing Delhi riot victims 'attacked by police' |first1=Joe|last1=Wallen|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/13/lawyers-representing-delhi-riot-victims-attacked-police/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/13/lawyers-representing-delhi-riot-victims-attacked-police/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2020|quote=Many senior lawyers are refusing to take up cases on behalf of the victims of the riots amidst wider anti-Muslim sentiment, stoked by the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Instead, volunteer lawyers – who are typically young and Muslim and from organisations like the Indian Civil Liberties Union – are taking on cases for free.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Among Hindus and Muslims who continued to live in their neighbourhoods, the violence created potentially long-living divisions.<ref name=reuters-jain-ahmed-2020-3-16/> For at least two weeks after the rioting, they avoided each other during the day and at night blocked their lanes with barriers.<ref name=reuters-jain-ahmed-2020-3-16>{{citation|last1=Jain|first1=Rupam|last2=Ahmed|first2=Aftab|title=In Indian capital, riots deepen a Hindu-Muslim divide|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-citizenship-protests-divide-ins/in-indian-capital-riots-deepen-a-hindu-muslim-divide-idUSKBN2130DZ|access-date=26 March 2020|quote=But the riots that raged through the district last month appear to have cleaved lasting divisions in the community ...During the day, Hindus and Muslims shun each other in the alleys of the Delhi districts that were hardest hit by the unrest in February. At night, when the threat of violence is greater, they are physically divided by barricades that are removed in the morning.}}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|Citizenship Amendment Act protests}}
[[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Protests]] began across India in December 2019 in response to the passage of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] (CAA), which allows fast-tracked naturalisation for immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan belonging to six religions vis-à-vis Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Buddhism. The Act has been seen as discriminatory to Muslims and threatening to their existence in India when combined with the anticipated [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ten killed in Delhi violence during Trump visit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51612461 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=BBC News }}</ref><ref name="BBC4Jan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50902909|title=Shaheen Bagh: The women occupying Delhi street against citizenship law – 'I don't want to die proving I am Indian'|work=BBC|access-date=13 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108140153/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50902909|archive-date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/portraits-of-resilience-the-new-year-in-shaheen-bagh-11577952208794.html|title=Portraits of resilience: the new year in Shaheen Bagh|last1=Bakshi|first1=Asmita|website=Livemint|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064807/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/portraits-of-resilience-the-new-year-in-shaheen-bagh-11577952208794.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="antiCAA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/shaheen-bagh-residents-brave-the-cold-as-anti-caa-stir-enters-day-15/article30422794.ece|title=Shaheen Bagh residents brave the cold as anti-CAA stir enters Day 15|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 January 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Several anti-CAA protests were held in New Delhi. Some protesters burned vehicles and pelted stones at security forces.<ref name="Livemint15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/caa-violence-arson-in-south-delhi-as-protesters-torch-four-buses-two-injured-11576412295374.html|title=CAA: Violence, arson in south Delhi as protesters torch four buses; two injured|website=Livemint|access-date=1 March 2020|quote=Four buses were set ablaze by a mob and two fire officials were injured in stone pelting as the protests against the newly enacted Citizenship Act" (...) "The situation turned critical when a bus was burned by the protestors and police got into action}}</ref> In [[Shaheen Bagh protests|Shaheen Bagh]], protesters blocked roads, which led to a traffic jam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/you-have-right-to-protest-but-do-not-block-roads-supreme-court-to-shaheen-bagh-1647293-2020-02-17|title=Shaheen Bagh: Protest but don't block roads, SC tells protesters; appoints mediator|first1=Aneesha|last1=Mathur|website=India Today|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

The [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] was held on 8 February 2020, in which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) was defeated by the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP); widespread usage of incendiary slogans by BJP equating the protesters to anti-national elements and asking for them to be shot were noted.{{efn|At a rally in Delhi, a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] minister shouted {{transliteration|hi|''Desh ke ġaddāroṉ ko''}} ("What's to be done with the traitors to the nation?") and the crowd screamed back, {{transliteration|hi|''Goli māro sāloṉ ko''}} ("Shoot the bastards!").<ref>{{cite web |title=The Graveyard Talks Back |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/literature/arundhati-roy-the-graveyard-talks-back |work=Caravan Magazine |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>}} Delhi BJP chief, [[Manoj Tiwari (politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], has since attributed hate speeches by fellow party-candidate [[Kapil Mishra]] (who coined the slogans) as a cause of the BJP defeat.<ref name="NYTRoots">{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/asia/delhi-riots-kapil-mishra.html|title=The Roots of the Delhi Riots: A Fiery Speech and an Ultimatum|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 March 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hate-speech-cost-bjp-delhi-elections-people-like-kapil-mishra-should-be-removed-manoj-tiwari-1649227-2020-02-23|title=Hate speech cost BJP Delhi elections, people like Kapil Mishra should be removed: Manoj Tiwari|website=India Today|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

On 22 February, around 500 to 1,000 protesters, including women, began a [[sit-in]] protest near the [[Jaffrabad metro station]]. The protest blocked a stretch of [[Seelampur metro station|Seelampur]]–[[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]]–[[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur]] road, as well as the entry and exit to the metro station.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jaffrabad anti-CAA protests: Over 500 women block road connecting Seelampur with Maujpur and Yamuna Vihar; Delhi Metro shuts station |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/jaffrabad-anti-caa-protests-over-500-women-block-road-connecting-seelampur-with-maujpur-and-yamuna-vihar-delhi-metro-shuts-station-8076371.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The First Post }}</ref><ref name="Roses">{{cite news |title=Began with roses, ended with bullets: How CAA protests in Delhi unfolded |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-jafrabad-maujpur-stirs-began-with-roses-but-ended-with-bullets/story-lb7ZwnsAfdSkRHXyJUs49L.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times }}</ref> According to the protesters, the sit-in was in solidarity with the ''[[India|Bharat]] [[Bandh]]'' called by the [[Bhim Army]], which was scheduled to begin on 23 February. Police and paramilitary personnel were deployed at the site.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-CAA Protesters Block Seelampur-Jaffrabad Road, Cops Deployed |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/anti-caa-protesters-block-seelampur-jafrabad-road-police-deployed-bhim-army-chandrashekhar-azad |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Quint }}</ref>

==Timeline==
===23 February and incitement===
On 23 February between 3.30{{nbsp}}p.m. and 4{{nbsp}}p.m., BJP leader [[Kapil Mishra]] and his supporters reached a protest site at Maujpur Chowk "to give an answer to Jaffrabad [blockade]".<ref name="NDTV1" /> Mishra then spoke out in a rally against the CAA protesters{{efn|Previously, on 17 December 2019, violence occurred during the CAA-protests in the Seelampur area, in North East Delhi. On 3 January 2020, DCP Surya told media that adequate security personnel and proper security arrangements were in place in the Seelampur area and no further gatherings and violence were expected.<ref>{{cite news |title=No gathering expected, adequate security deployed in Seelampur: DCP Ved Prakash |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/no-gathering-expected-adequate-security-deployed-in-seelampur-dcp-ved-prakash20200103131121/ |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=[[Asian News International]] (ANI) |date=3 January 2020}}</ref>}} and threatened to take matters into his own hands if the police failed to disperse the protesters from the Jaffrabad and Chand Bagh areas in three days' time.<ref name="Mishra DNA 2">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-two-complaints-filed-against-bjp-leader-kapil-mishra-for-inciting-violence-in-north-east-delhi-2814932|title=Two complaints filed against BJP leader Kapil Mishra for inciting violence in North-East Delhi|work=DNA India|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kapil-mishra-warns-cops-clear-road-in-3-days-after-that-we-won-t-listen-to-you/story-Ppd9qPXknizVMsaLsFIFTI.html|title=Kapil Mishra warns cops: Clear road in 3 days... after that we won't listen to you'|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Gambhir 25 Feb">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-gautam-gambhir-says-kapil-mishras-speech-unacceptable-2185318|title="Kapil Mishra's Speech Unacceptable": BJP's Gautam Gambhir On Delhi Violence|work=NDTV.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> This has been widely reported to be the major inciting factor;<ref name="NYTRoots" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-caa-protest-death-toll-kapil-mishra-communal-clash-6286950/|title=Divided in violence, united in grief: Families of dead say hate is to blame|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> however, Mishra rejects the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/defiant-bjp-leader-kapil-mishra-says-did-not-commit-crime-by-supporting-caa/article30920351.ece|title=Delhi violence: Defiant BJP leader Kapil Mishra says did not commit crime by supporting CAA|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 February 2020|others=PTI|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{failed verification}}

At approximately 4{{nbsp}}p.m., protesters were reported to have hurled stones at the pro-CAA gathering at Maujpur Chowk and near a temple.<ref name="IndiaTodayTimeline">{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Munish |title=5, including cop, killed in clashes: How violence unfolded in northeast Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-clashes-how-unfolded-northeast-sequence-1649674-2020-02-25 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The India Today }}</ref> Between 9 and 11{{nbsp}}p.m., clashes broke out between the anti-CAA and pro-CAA demonstrators in [[Karawal Nagar]], Maujpur Chowk, [[Babarpur]] and Chand Bagh. Vehicles were gutted and shops were destroyed.<ref name="NDTV1">{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Shaylaja |title="We'll Be Peaceful Till Trump Leaves," BJP Leader Kapil Mishra Warns Delhi Police |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/bjp-leader-kapil-mishras-3-day-ultimatum-to-delhi-police-to-clear-anti-caa-protest-jaffrabad-2184627 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The NDTV }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Won't listen after 3 days: Kapil Mishra's ultimatum to Delhi Police to vacate Jaffrabad roads |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/won-t-listen-after-3-days-bjp-kapil-mishra-ultimatum-to-delhi-police-to-vacate-jaffrabad-chand-bagh-roads-1649271-2020-02-23 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The India Today }}</ref> The police used [[baton charge]] and [[tear gas]] to disperse the crowd.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 cases registered in Feb 23 violence, says Delhi Police |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/4-cases-registered-in-feb-23-violence-says-delhi-police-120022400512_1.html |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=Business Standard }}</ref><ref name="IndiaTodayTimeline" />

Seven hundred emergency calls were made to the police control room that day.<ref name="CitizenRewardHate17Mar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/18463/Reward-of-Public-Money-If-Delhi-Police-Registers-Your-Hate-Speech-Complaint|title=Reward of Public Money If Delhi Police Registers Your Hate Speech Complaint|last1=Kumar|first1=Aman Hasan|first2=Utkarsh|last2=Roshan|website=The Citizen|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

===24 February===
[[File:Delhi Riots 2020.jpg|thumb|Charred cars in North East Delhi after mobs set fire to the area{{efn|The following reference to a published source that includes a similar photo is offered solely for context. This is not the photo published by that source.<ref name="npr-3-7-20-frayer"/>}}]]
[[File:Gokal Puri delhi riot 2020.jpg|thumb|Gokulpuri Tyre Market after mobs set fire to the shops{{efn|The following reference to a published source that includes a similar photo is offered solely for context. This is not the photo published by that source.<ref name="Tyre market">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/gutted-tyre-market-has-a-story-to-tell/cid/1751279 |title=Gutted tyre market has a story to tell |work=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |date=5 March 2020 |access-date=23 March 2020 |author=Ameen, Furquan}}</ref>}}]]
On the morning of 24 February, pro-CAA groups arrived at an anti-CAA protest site at Jaffrabad and refused to leave until the anti-CAA protesters left the area. At around 12:30{{nbsp}}p.m., protesters wearing masks and waving swords clashed with the police force.<ref name="IndiaTodayTimeline" /> By afternoon, violent clashes broke out in several areas of North East Delhi, including in the Gokulpuri and Kardampuri areas.<ref name="WireBartonTyre">{{cite news |last1=Barton |first1=Naomi |title=At Gokalpuri Tyre Market, Fire Rages as Hindutva Activists Shout Slogans |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/gokalpuri-tyre-market-fire-jai-shree-ram |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Wire }}</ref> There was heavy stone pelting and vandalism of property. The police used tear gas and lathi charge against the protesters in the Chand Bagh area,<ref name="Dead NDTV 25Feb">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-over-caa-northeast-delhi-tense-day-after-5-killed-in-caa-clashes-amid-donald-trump-vi-2185146|title=7 Dead in Delhi Clashes; Government Rules Out Calling Army, Say Sources|work=NDTV.com|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maujpur-protest-stone-throwing-violence-as-citizenship-law-supporters-protesters-clash-near-delhis-j-2184831|title=Cop Killed in Delhi Clashes Over CAA, Trump Due at 7:30 pm: 10 Points|website=NDTV.com|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> but the protesters retaliated by throwing stones at the police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-videos-mob-attack-chand-bagh-6300568/|title=Watch: Delhi Police personnel caught in mob rampage during Chand Bagh violence|website=The Indian Express|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> A [[Head constable#India|head constable]], Ratan Lal, died of a bullet injury in this clash.<ref name="WireConstableKilled">{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/rights/delhi-caa-clashes-kapil-mishra-jaffrabad|title=Head Constable, Six Civilians Killed in North East Delhi Violence|work=The Wire|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu24">{{Cite news|last1=Trivedi|first1=Saurabh|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/pro-anti-caa-groups-clash-in-northeast-delhis-maujpur/article30901937.ece|title=Policeman among 5 killed in Delhi violence over CAA|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2020|last2=Bhandari|first2=Hemani|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="IT Ratan Lal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/constable-ratan-lal-died-of-bullet-injury-shot-dead-autopsy-report-1650095-2020-02-26|title=Constable Ratan Lal died of bullet injury not stone-pelting, says autopsy report|first1=Tanseem|last1=Haider|website=India Today|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>{{efn|Initial reports said that Ratan Lal had died of a head injury after being hit by a stone. However, the autopsy report said that a bullet was found in his body.<ref name="IT Ratan Lal"/>}}

In Bhajanpura, in afternoon a group numbering around 2000 attacked a petrol pump, chanting slogans of {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Āzādī}} ({{translation|'Freedom'}}) and carrying petrol bombs, sticks and weapons. They attacked the owner and employees of the petrol pump with sticks, burning vehicles and petrol tanks after looting available cash.<ref name="IndiaTodayTimeline" /><ref name="India Today0227">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-rioters-attacked-us-police-said-they-have-no-orders-to-act-delhi-victims-tell-india-today-1650507-2020-02-27|title=When rioters attacked us, police said they have no orders to act: Delhi victims tell India Today|website=India Today|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="news18bhajanpurapump">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-violence-burnt-vehicles-and-petrol-tanks-are-all-that-remain-in-bhajanpura-petrol-pump-2518323.html|title=Delhi Violence: Burnt Vehicles and Petrol Tanks Are All That Remain in Bhajanpura Petrol Pump|website=[[News18]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

Violence was also reported from the areas of Seelampur, Jaffrabad, Maujpur, Kardampuri, Babarpur, Gokulpuri and Shivpuri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-violence-over-caa-protest-live-updates-northeast-delhi-maujpur-babarpur-jaffrabad-chandbagh-bhajanpura-metro-dmrc-delhi-police-npr-nrc-latest-news-8082901.html|title=Delhi Violence Over CAA Protest LIVE Updates: Police uses tear gas to disperse crowds in Chandbagh as fresh violence erupts; Kapil Mishra's speech to be probed|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/north-east-delhi-violence-capital-remains-edge-4-die-fresh-clashes-caa-donald-trump-visit-1649643-2020-02-25|title=Delhi violence: Capital remains on edge as 5 die in fresh clashes during Trump visit|website=India Today|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144]] (ban on assembly) was imposed in all the affected areas but to little effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/northeast-delhi-violence-fresh-stone-pelting-in-maujpur-kejriwal-calls-urgent-meeting-1164929|title=Northeast Delhi Violence: Fresh Stone Pelting In Maujpur & Brahmpuri; Arson In Karawal Nagar|website=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-violence-live-northeast-regions-maujpur-jaffrabad-chandbagh-bhajanpura-tense-caa-protests-amit-shah-arvind-kejriwal-meet-police-updates/370564/|title=Death toll rises to 11, High Court asks CBSE board to consider rescheduling exam for centres in northeast Delhi|website=ThePrint}}</ref> In Jaffrabad, a man, allegedly linked with the anti-CAA side, opened fire at the police, before being arrested days later in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/man-who-opened-fire-at-police-during-delhi-violence-arrested-from-uttar-pradesh/story-e0GfQbcdyF10I3VBdxLxpL.html|title=Man who pointed gun at police during Delhi violence arrested from Uttar Pradesh|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/delhi-violence-jafrabad-shooter-falsely-identified-as-part-of-pro-caa-mob/|title=Delhi violence: Jafrabad shooter falsely identified as part of pro-CAA mob|website=Alt News|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

In Shiv Vihar, in the afternoon, several shops and homes owned by Hindus were torched by a Muslim mob. Later, mutilated bodies of workers were recovered from the site. A massive parking lot with 170 cars was burned by a mob.<ref name="theprint27">{{cite news |title=Anger towards 'other side' echoes in Hindu-dominated areas of riot-hit Northeast Delhi |url= https://theprint.in/india/anger-towards-other-side-echoes-in-hindu-dominated-areas-of-riot-hit-northeast-delhi/372502/|access-date=3 March 2020 |work=ThePrint }}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes2 March">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/shiv-vihar-residents-recall-horror-when-170-cars-went-up-in-flames/story-hcnLsfmL76vNodNv7H5X4L.html|title='What hell looks like': When 170 cars went up in flames during Delhi riots|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="ScrollBarricadesOvernight">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/954574/divided-city-how-barricades-came-up-overnight-between-hindu-and-muslim-neighbourhoods-in-delhi|title=Divided city: How barricades came up overnight between Hindu and Muslim neighbourhoods in Delhi|last1=Kohli|first1=Vijayta Lalwani & Karnika|website=Scroll.in|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> In the evening around 8:30{{nbsp}}p.m., a tyre market (predominantly owned by Muslims) was set on fire with the screaming of "''Jai Shri Ram''" being heard.<ref name="WireBartonTyre"/><ref name="WireConstableKilled"/> Later that night, at around 10:30{{nbsp}}p.m., a mob beat a Hindu man and his elderly father travelling on a scooter with sticks, stones and swords while screaming "''[[Allahu akbar]]''". The man died on the spot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-gtb-hospital-deaths|title=At GTB Hospital, Families of Delhi Riot Victims Wait for Bodies to Be Released|website=The Wire|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> On that day, five people died including a police constable and four civilians.<ref name="The Hindu24"/>

3,500 emergency calls were made to the police control room that day.<ref name="CitizenRewardHate17Mar" /><ref name="PCR Calls">{{cite news |title=Cops Got 7,500 Calls For Help On Day 3 Of Delhi Violence: Sources |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cops-got-7-500-calls-for-help-on-day-3-of-delhi-violence-sources-2187030|access-date=28 February 2020|publisher=NDTV|first1=Mukesh|last1=Singh Sengar}}</ref> The [[Delhi Fire Service]] stated that it had attended 45 calls from areas in northeast Delhi and three firemen were injured, on 24 February. While attending calls, a fire engine was attacked with stones, while another fire engine was set on fire by rioters.<ref name="Shoot25Feb" />

===25 February===
[[File:North East Delhi Riot (Shiv Vihar).jpg|thumb|left|The Auliya Mosque in Shiv Vihar was firebombed with gas cylinders.{{efn|The following reference to a published source is offered solely for context. This photo was not published by that source.<ref>{{citation|title=Delhi violence. When the Centre cannot hold, on communal fault lines, state apathy and hope that lingers amidst despair|first1=Anuradha|last1=Raman|first2=Bindu |last2=Shajan Perappadan|date=7 March 2020|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-when-the-centre-cannot-hold-on-communal-fault-lines-state-apathy-and-hope-that-lingers-amidst-despair/article31003800.ece|access-date=12 March 2020|quote=The Auliya mosque too faced the ire of the mobs. There was an explosion of gas cylinders inside the mosque.}}</ref>}}]] On 25 February, stone pelting was reported from Maujpur, Brahampuri and other neighbouring areas. [[Rapid Action Force]] were deployed in the worst affected areas.<ref name="Shoot25Feb" /> It was a full-blown riot with intense religious sloganeering and violence from both sides.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thapliyal|first1=Sanjay Kaw and Sunil|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260220/delhi-burns-as-frenzied-mobs-take-over-streets.html|title=Delhi burns as frenzied mobs take over streets|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

In Ashok Nagar, a mosque was vandalized and a [[Hanuman]] flag was placed on one of the minarets of the mosque. It was also reported that prayer mats of the mosque were burnt and torn pages from the [[Quran]] were strewn outside the mosque.<ref name="BBC23killed">{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: 23 killed as Hindu and Muslim groups clash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51639856 |access-date=26 February 2020 |website=BBC }}</ref> A mob shouting the slogans {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Jai Śrī Rām}} ({{translation|"Hail Lord [[Rama]]"}}) and {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Hindūō̃ kā Hindustān}} ({{translation|"India for Hindus"}}) marched around the mosque before setting it on fire and looting adjacent shops and houses. According to local residents, the attackers did not belong to the area.<ref name="Mosque burnt">{{cite news |title=Delhi Riots: Mosque Set on Fire in Ashok Nagar, Hanuman Flag Placed on Minaret |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-violence-mosque-set-on-fire-in-ashok-vihar-hanuman-flag-placed-on-top |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Wire}}</ref> After the first wave of violence by rioters, the police evacuated Muslim residents and took them to the police station. While the residents were away, a second mosque in Ashok Nagar and a third in Brijpuri were also torched along with a three-storey house and eight shops in the vicinity; the rioters could not be identified.<ref name="25 Dec IE Mosque">{{cite news |title=Delhi violence: Three mosques targeted, school burnt, shops & homes looted |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-ashok-nagar-school-mosque-6288437/ |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref name="IESchool">{{cite news |title=Delhi violence: How can anyone do this to my school, asks a past student |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-school-vandalisation-witness-account-6290025/ |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Indian Express }}</ref> Another mosque was vandalised in Gokulpuri.<ref name="ThePrint 25 Feb">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Fatima |title='Never thought Hindu-Muslim riots are possible in Delhi, we've always co-existed peacefully' |url=https://theprint.in/india/never-thought-hindu-muslim-riots-are-possible-in-delhi-weve-always-co-existed-peacefully/370982/ |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=ThePrint }}</ref>

At 3{{nbsp}}p.m. in Durgapuri, Hindu and Muslim mobs clashed, pelting stones and shooting at each other. The rioters sported [[tilaka]] on their foreheads, and shouted religious slogans whilst shops and vehicles belonging to Muslims were exclusively torched. Police were not present initially in the area and arrived almost an hour later.<ref name="Durgapuri">{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Hemani |title=Up in flames: firing, stone throwing continue... no policeman in sight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/up-in-flames-firing-stone-pelting-continue-no-policeman-in-sight/article30917600.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu }}</ref>

At Gamri extension, a Hindu mob attacked a lane, and an 85-year-old woman was burnt to death when her house was set on fire.<ref name="Johari">{{cite news |last1=Johari |first1=Aarefa |title=An 85-year-old woman was burnt to death in her home in Delhi's Gamri extension |url=https://scroll.in/article/954422/an-85-year-old-woman-was-burnt-to-death-in-her-home-in-delhis-gamri-extension |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> In Karawal Nagar, acid was thrown by protesters on the paramilitary personnel, who were deployed in the area to maintain law and order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-acid-thrown-at-paramilitary-force-from-top-of-houses-in-karawal-nagar-1649974-2020-02-25|title=Delhi violence: Acid thrown at paramilitary forces from top of houses in Karawal Nagar|last1=Ojha|first1=Arvind|website=India Today|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> A Muslim man was shot and burnt to death by a mob in Shiv Vihar, with cries of "''Jai Shri Ram''" being heard.<ref name="wapo-3-6-20-slater-3">{{citation|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|title=In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn|newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-delhis-worst-violence-in-decades-a-man-watched-his-brother-burn/2020/03/05/892dbb12-5e45-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html |access-date=6 March 2020|quote=He heard shouts of "Jai Shri Ram,"... The neighbors disguised them as Hindus, applying a stripe of saffron paste to their foreheads and placing a saffron-colored scarf around Saleem's neck.}}</ref> People wielding sticks and iron rods were reported to be roaming streets in the areas of Bhajanpura, Chand Bagh and Karawal Nagar localities.<ref name="Dead NDTV 25Feb" />

By 9:30{{nbsp}}p.m., it was reported that 13 people died due to violence.<ref name="Dead NDTV 25Feb"/> Among the injured, more than 70 people suffered gunshot injuries. At 10{{nbsp}}p.m., [[shoot at sight]] orders were given to police in the riot-affected area.<ref name="Shoot25Feb">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-live-updates/article30910539.ece|title=Delhi violence live updates: Shoot at sight orders issued in northeast Delhi|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>

The dead body of a trainee driver in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] at Chanakyapuri, was found in a drain in Jaffrabad, a day after he went missing.<ref name="IB_Driver">Sources for trainee driver.

* {{cite news|title=Intelligence Bureau officer found dead in Chand Bagh in Northeast Delhi|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-intelligence-bureau-officer-dead-chand-bagh-1650159-2020-02-26|access-date=1 March 2020}}
* {{cite news|last1=Taneja|first1=Nidhi|title=Who was Ankit Sharma, the man who died in Delhi violence|work=indiatvnews.com|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/who-was-ankit-sharma-intelligence-bureau-officer-died-northeast-delhi-violence-592762|access-date=1 March 2020|quote=In 2017, the officer joined the Intelligence Bureau and was training as a driver.}}
* {{Cite web|title=AAP Councillor Refutes Allegations on IB Staffer's Killing, Had Tweeted SOS to Police|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tahir-hussain-aap-ankit-sharma-killing|access-date=5 March 2020|website=The Wire|quote=Ankit, who was a security assistant in the IB and was undergoing training as a driver ... had joined the IB as a probationer in 2017.}}</ref> The circumstances leading to his death are under investigation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/intelligence-bureau-officer-ankit-sharma-found-dead-in-chand-bagh-in-northeast-delhi-hit-by-violence-2185946|title=Body Of Intelligence Officer Killed in Delhi Clashes Found in Drain|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-delhi-riots-intelligence-officer-killed-body-found-in-drain-in-chand-bagh-area/347883|title=Delhi Riots: Intelligence Bureau Employee Killed, Body Found In Drain In Chand Bagh Area|website=Outlook India|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> with a lot of confusion regarding them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/05/did-the-media-spotlight-on-ankit-sharma-shed-clarity-on-his-murder-no|title=Did the media spotlight on Ankit Sharma shed clarity on his murder? No|website=Newslaundry|first1=Ayush|last1=Tiwari|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Krishna Pokharel, Vibhuti Agarwal and Rajesh|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-ruling-party-government-slammed-over-delhi-violence-11582734524|title=India's Ruling Party, Government Slammed Over Delhi Violence|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=6 March 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> According to a [[autopsy|post-mortem]] report, he was repeatedly stabbed, leading to his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-ib-operative-ankit-sharma-brutally-stabbed-to-death-post-mortem-report/347976|title=Delhi Riots: IB Operative Ankit Sharma Brutally And Repeatedly Stabbed To Death, Says Post-Mortem Report|website=Outlook India|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> Tahir Hussain, who was an AAP councillor, was arrested for allegedly murdering Sharma.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Fatima |title=Tahir Hussain—the AAP councillor who faces murder charge now has left Chand Bagh divided |url=https://theprint.in/india/tahir-hussain-the-aap-councillor-who-faces-murder-charge-now-has-left-chand-bagh-divided/373222/ |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=ThePrint }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tahir Hussain Charged With Murder in Delhi Violence, Suspended By AAP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-case-filed-against-aaps-tahir-hussain-for-murder-arson-2186844 |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/accused-in-ib-staffer-s-killing-tahir-hussain-arrested-from-court/story-24Y6qkMVa1sfLc4vhLZZFP.html|title=Tahir Hussain, suspect in IB staffer's murder arrested, toll in Delhi riots rises to 53|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

7,500 emergency calls were made to the police control room throughout the day, the highest in the week.<ref name="CitizenRewardHate17Mar" /><ref name="PCR Calls" />

===26 February===
The [[National Security Advisor of India]], [[Ajit Doval]], visited violence-affected areas of North East Delhi in the evening. However, reports of violence, arson and mob lynching emerged from Karawal Nagar, Maujpur and Bhajanpura later that night.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-tweets-appeal-to-my-sisters-and-brothers-of-delhi-to-maintain-peace-and-brotherhood-2185982|title=Unrest Again in Delhi, 27 Killed in Clashes Since Sunday: 10 Updates|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

1,500 emergency calls were made to the police control room that day.<ref name="CitizenRewardHate17Mar" /><ref name="PCR Calls" /> Complaints of delayed post-mortem reports were heard from several hospitals while witnesses and affected individuals who claimed to be civilians gave statements. Some of them blamed Kapil Mishra for the riots while one individual stated that a mob attacked them with stones and swords while chanting the [[Takbir]].<ref name="WireGTB">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/delhi-riots-gtb-hospital-deaths|title=At GTB Hospital, Families of Delhi Riot Victims Wait for Bodies to Be Released|first1=Kabir|last1=Agarwal|first2=Dheeraj|last2=Mishra|website=The Wire|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

===27 to 29 February===
[[File:Delhi Riot 2020.jpg|thumb|Burnt shops at Shiv Vihar{{efn|The following reference to a published source that includes the same photo is offered solely for context.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/09032020-riots-in-indias-capital-an-outcome-of-intoxicated-young-minds-with-hate-oped/ |title=Riots in India's Capital: An Outcome Of Intoxicated Young Minds With Hate – OpEd |work=Eurasia Review |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020 |author=Ahmed, Saman}}</ref>}}]]
;27 February
In Shiv Vihar, between 7{{nbsp}}a.m. and 9{{nbsp}}a.m., clashes were reported. Three injured persons were reported, one of whom had bullet wounds. A [[Warehouse|godown]], two shops, and a motorcycle were torched.<ref name="IE 27 Feb Live">{{cite news |title=Delhi violence LIVE updates: SIT to probe violence, death toll now at 38 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-live-updates-death-toll-maujpur-babarpur-kabirnagar-6287058/ |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Indian Express }}</ref>

;28 February
A 60-year-old rag picker, who had stepped out of home assuming the situation had normalized, was attacked and died on way to the hospital due to head injuries.<ref name="28Feb Hindu">{{cite news|title=Delhi violence {{!}} 1 killed in fresh attack; toll touches 42 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-1-killed-in-fresh-attack-toll-touches-42/article30943549.ece |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=28 February 2020 }}</ref>

;29 February
With no fresh cases of violence reported to the police on the day, the situation was said to be returning to normal with some shops reopening.<ref name="Returning to normal">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/situation-returning-to-normal-in-riothit-northeast-delhi-some-shops-reopen/1748255 |title=Situation returning to normal in riot-hit northeast Delhi, some shops reopen |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> Thirteen cases were registered against people posting provocative content on social media.<ref name="13 cases">{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/delhi-violence-13-cases-registered-for-posting-provocative-content-on-social-media-120022901043_1.html |title=Delhi violence: 13 cases registered for posting provocative content on social media |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Asian News International]] |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> In the Welcome area, one shop was set on fire.<ref name="HTPanicViolence">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/reports-of-tensions-in-southeast-and-west-delhi-are-rumours-says-delhi-police/story-3JLMvK8N6DJHcOjyPvb8uM.html|title=Panic grips Delhi after fresh violence rumours, police say situation normal|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 March 2020|quote=No riot-related deaths were reported on Saturday but a shop was set on fire in the Welcome area, said police.}}</ref>

==Attacks on journalists==
Several incidents of mobs attacking journalists were reported during the riots. A journalist of ''JK 24x7 News'' was shot {{Citation needed span|text=by Anti-CAA protestors}} on 25 February while reporting in the Maujpur area.<ref name="NewsMinuteJournosAttacked">{{cite news |title=One journalist shot at, two other reporters attacked by mob in Delhi riots |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/one-journalist-shot-two-other-reporters-attacked-mob-delhi-riots-118905 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The News Minute }}</ref> Two journalists of ''[[NDTV]]'' along with a cameraman were attacked by the mob while they were recording the torching of a mosque in the area. One of the journalists sustained severe injuries. A journalist involved in the same incident had to intervene and convince the mob that the journalists were Hindus to save them from further assault.<ref name="AlJazeeraJournos">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/indian-journalists-attacked-delhi-violence-200303053851224.html|title=How Indian journalists were attacked during Delhi violence|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

On 25 February, a photojournalist for ''[[The Times of India]]'' was heckled by the [[Hindu Sena]] members while taking pictures of a building that had been set on fire. The group tried to put a "[[tilak]] on his forehead" claiming that it will "make his job easier" as he could then be identified as a Hindu by the rioters. They questioned his intentions of taking pictures of the building on fire and further threatened to remove his pants to reveal that he is not [[circumcised]], as evidence of being a Hindu.<ref name="NewsMinuteJournosAttacked" /><ref name="AlJazeeraJournos" /><ref name="FT 28 Feb">{{cite news |title=India riots: 'We were attacked because we are Muslim' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/484d22e6-5967-11ea-a528-dd0f971febbc |access-date=29 February 2020 |work=Financial Times }}</ref> The reporter was later approached by another rioter who demanded him to prove his religion.<ref name="NewsMinuteJournosAttacked" />

Several journalists shared their experience with rioters on [[Twitter]]. A journalist of ''[[Times Now]]'' tweeted that she was attacked by pro-CAA and [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] protesters. She said that she had to plead with the mob, who were carrying stones and sticks, to escape from the site.<ref name="NewsMinuteJournosAttacked" /> Journalists of ''[[Reuters]]'',<ref>{{cite tweet |last1=Ghosal |first1=Devjyot |title=Eventually, as the violence continued, it got too hot to work, and we pulled out. |user=DevjyotGhoshal |number=1231980528536080384 |access-date=25 February 2020 }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'',<ref>{{cite tweet |last1=Pandey |first1=Tanushree |user=TanushreePande |title=This is a riot! Protesters from both sides heckling & thrashing media persons. |number=1231916334784475137 |access-date=25 February 2020 }}</ref> and ''[[CNN-News18]]''<ref>{{cite tweet |last1=Bose |first1=Adrija |user=adrijabose |title=The walk from Jaffrabad to Maujpur wasn't one bit easy. We were heckled and abused. |number=1232236663084081153 |access-date=25 February 2020 }}</ref> too stated that they were assaulted.<ref name="NewsMinuteJournosAttacked" />

The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that a motorcycle, which belonged to one of its photographers who was documenting the violence in [[Karawal Nagar]], was set on fire by a masked mob. After torching the motorcycle, the mob threatened, assaulted him and seized the memory card in his camera. They asked for his official identity card and took a photograph of it before letting him leave.<ref>{{cite news |title=HT photographer's motorcycle burnt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-photographer-s-motorcycle-burnt/story-naQGBnDnWXnUwX0rSnmA6K.html |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times }}</ref>

The [[Editors Guild of India]] issued a statement on 25 February expressing concern about the attacks on journalists as an assault on [[Freedom of expression in India|freedom of the press in India]]. They urged the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] and the Delhi Police to investigate the incidents and bring the perpetrators to justice.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=IndEditorsGuild |title=The Editors Guild of India has issued a statement |number=1232358976513363975 |access-date=25 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Statement on assault on journalist |url=https://editorsguild.in/ |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Editors Guild of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225182906/https://editorsguild.in/ |archive-date=25 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Interfaith solidarity==
{{further|Hindu–Muslim unity|Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb}}

''[[ThePrint]]'' journalists, who covered the incidents, reported that the people of the localities were confident that their neighbours did not engage in violence against them. Rather they blamed the "outsiders".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-delhi-riots-are-different-what-theprints-13-reporters-photojournalists-saw-on-ground/371981/|title=Why Delhi riots are different – What ThePrint's 13 reporters, photojournalists saw on ground|website=ThePrint|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> The neighbourhood between [[Jaffrabad, Delhi|Jaffrabad]] and Maujpur, which has a mixed population of Hindus and Muslims, [[Hindu–Muslim unity|demonstrated unity]] by guarding one another and barricading the gate to prevent outside mobs from entering and destroying the communal harmony that exists there.<ref name="AlaviJain2020">{{cite web |last1=Alavi |first1=Mariyam |last2=Jain |first2=Sreenivasan |title=At Epicentre Of Delhi Riots, How A Mohalla Of Hindus And Muslims Kept Peace |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-at-epicentre-of-delhi-riots-how-a-mohalla-of-hindus-and-muslims-kept-peace-2186047 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="TIT2020">{{cite web |title=At Epicentre Of Delhi Riots, How A Mohalla Of Hindus And Muslims Kept Peace |url=https://theindiantelegraph.com.au/at-epicentre-of-delhi-riots-how-a-mohalla-of-hindus-and-muslims-kept-peace/ |work=The Indian Telegraph |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref> In the area of [[Mustafabad, Delhi|Mustafabad]], Hindus and Muslims joined to keep guard to prevent miscreants to enter the area.<ref name="Bhalla2020">{{cite web |last1=Bhalla |first1=Pankaj kumar (film director) |title=Delhi violence: Hindus, Muslims join forces to guard their colonies from outside rioters |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-hindus-muslims-join-forces-to-guard-their-colonies-from-outside-rioters-1650967-2020-02-28 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref>

Some Hindu families worked to protect their Muslim friends and neighbours amidst the riots by inviting them into their homes for a few days until the riots calmed down.<ref name="Sharma2020">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Milan |title=Delhi violence: Hindu family which saved Sikhs in 1984 riots, now saves a Muslim family |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-hindu-family-who-saved-sikhs-in-1984-riots-now-saves-muslim-family-1651797-2020-03-03 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref><ref name="GN2020">{{cite web |title=Delhi riots: How Hindus saved lone Muslim family from rioters |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/delhi-riots-how-hindus-saved-lone-muslim-family-from-rioters-1.1582892630251 |work=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref> A local Hindu rescued his Muslim friends from their burning house, suffering 70% burns while doing so.<ref name="Sikander2020">{{cite web |last1=Sikander |first1=Sana |title=Hindu saves 6 Muslims in Delhi riots, gets critically burned |url=https://www.siasat.com/hindu-saves-6-muslims-delhi-riots-gets-critically-burned-1841229/ |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref> In the area of Chand Bagh, some Muslims visited their Hindu neighbours and assured their safety.<ref name="Barton2020">{{cite web |last1=Barton |first1=Naomi |title=How Muslim and Hindu Neighbours Protected Each Other Through the Long Night at Chand Bagh |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/chand-bagh-delhi-riots-hindu-muslim |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref> At the Mandir Masjid Marg of Noor-e-Ilahi, Muslims gathered around Hanuman Mandir, the Hindu temple, to protect it from being damaged while Hindus did the same for Azizya Masjid, a mosque in the area.<ref name="Hotstar2020">{{cite web |title=When Hindus protected a Masjid, Muslims saved a temple |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/news/when-hindus-protected-a-masjid-muslims-saved-a-temple/1111167606 |publisher=[[Hotstar]] |access-date=3 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303211952/https://www.hotstar.com/in/news/when-hindus-protected-a-masjid-muslims-saved-a-temple/1111167606 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When Hindus protected a Masjid, Muslims saved a temple in Noor-e-Ilahi |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-when-hindus-protected-a-masjid-muslims-saved-a-temple-in-noor-e-ilahi-1167606 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi's Noor-E-Ilahi Area Setting Example Of Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuRUsgr_2rU |publisher=[[ABP News]] |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref> A Sikh father-son duo rescued around seventy Muslims from a mosque and a madrasa that were surrounded by a mob, by transporting them to safety on their motorcycle, giving safe passage to two children at a time.<ref name="EllisPetersen2020">{{cite web |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |title=Inside Delhi: beaten, lynched and burnt alive |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/india-delhi-after-hindu-mob-riot-religious-hatred-nationalists |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 March 2020 }}</ref> Amidst the rioting, the Sikh community allowed those seeking shelter into the [[gurdwara]].<ref name="EllisPetersen2020" />

Both Hindus and Muslims comforted one another and mourned the loss of their kin who were killed by the rioters.<ref name="Kuchay2020">{{cite web|title='We lost a brother': Hindu, Muslim families in Delhi share grief|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/lost-brother-hindu-muslim-families-delhi-share-grief-200227051613459.html|last1=Kuchay|first1=Bilal|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

On 1 March, Muslim and Hindu residents of Jaffrabad organised a peace march together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-groups-spread-peace-message-in-jafrabad-1651438-2020-03-02|title=Delhi violence: Groups spread peace message in Jafrabad|first1=Ram|last1=Kinkar Singh|website=India Today|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> Later that week, [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]], the Catholic Christian archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi]] appealed "for peace and non-violence" and clergy from the Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Jain faiths gathered in front of the [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi]], to pray in solidarity.<ref name="Vatican2020">{{cite news|title=Indian archbishop comforts capital's riot-affected victims|work=[[Vatican News]]|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2020-03/india-delhi-archbishop-couto-riots-victims-visit-comfort.html}}</ref>

==Handling by emergency services==

===Delhi Police===
The Delhi Police's ability to maintain the law and order and bring the peace back in riot-affected areas has been questioned by multiple sources. The police took no action even though present when the violence resulted in murders. They remained lax in deploying policemen on 23 February, when multiple intelligence reports requested more forces to prevent the tense situation (created by Mishra's speech) from escalating further. Victims of the riot reported that the police did not respond promptly when called, claiming that the officers were busy.<ref name="NYTSwirl27Feb">{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/27/world/asia/india-violence-hindu-muslim.html|title=As New Delhi Counts the Dead, Questions Swirl About Police Response|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 February 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Loke|first3=Atul}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Ahmad|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/crippled-police-fail-to-act-in-delhi-riots-says-former-cop/1745896|title='Crippled' police fail to act in Delhi riots, says former cop|work=AA|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> Other reports also suggested that the police encouraged rioters<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/25/world/asia/new-delhi-hindu-muslim-violence.html|title=New Delhi Streets Turn into Battleground, Hindus vs. Muslims|work=The New York Times|access-date=10 March 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer}}</ref> and physically attacked residents of riot-affected areas, going on to shoot people randomly. The police, however, denied these assertions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/criticism-of-police-grows-after-mob-violence-kills-more-than-30-in-indias-capital/2020/02/27/6a4ee8bc-595c-11ea-8753-73d96000faae_story.html|title=Criticism of police grows after mob violence kills nearly 40 in India's capital|first1=Joanna|last1=Slater|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

A video shared on social media on 26 February showed a group of men being assaulted by the police as they lay on the ground, forcibly singing the [[national anthem of India]] and "[[Vande Mataram]]" on the demands of the policemen.<ref>{{citation|title='If We Kill You, Nothing Will Happen': How Delhi's Police Turned Against Muslims|first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|first3=Suhasini |last3=Raj|first4=Hari|last4=Kumar|others=Photographs by Loke, Atul|access-date=13 March 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/world/asia/india-police-muslims.html}}</ref> The families of the men claimed that they were detained in the lockup for two days and beaten further. One of them, Mohammad Faizan,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 March 2020|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> was admitted in the neurosurgery wing of [[LNJP Hospital]] and died on 29 February from critical gunshot wounds. Another was reported to have suffered serious injuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-delhi-riots-one-of-five-injured-men-made-to-sing-anthem-in-video-dies/348035|title=Delhi Riots: One Of Five Injured Men, Made To Sing National Anthem In Video, Dies|website=Outlook India|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-video-national-anthem-6291881/|title=Delhi violence: Video showed men being made to sing anthem, one is now dead|website=The Indian Express|first1=Somya|last1=Lakhani|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

The lack of the police's prompt response may be attributed to the large police force deployed to line the roads for the visit of the [[United States President]] [[Donald Trump]]. The police had reportedly informed the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] of the shortfall of policeman available for immediately controlling the violence,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-police-says-shortage-of-forces-lead-to-spread-of-violence-deploys-1000-personnel-in-riot-hit-areas-as-toll-climbs-to-nine-8084841.html|title=Delhi Police says shortage of forces {{sic|nolink=y|lead}} to spread of violence, deploys 1,000 personnel in riot-hit areas as toll climbs to nine|date=25 February 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> but this was denied by the Ministry.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=PIBHomeAffairs |number=1232889012303597568 |title=As against cited shortages of police personnel in Delhi, it is stated that there is adequate strength of forces on ground since this Monday. Based on professional assessment, 73 Coys of CAPFs deployed in addition to 40 Coys of @DelhiPolice. Situation under control. |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

When the Delhi High Court bench, on 27 February, ordered the Delhi Police to file FIRs against the people whose speeches triggered the riots, the police and the government remarked that they had consciously not done so, citing that arresting them would not restore immediate peace. They further informed the court that they would need more time to investigate the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-police-says-firs-for-hate-speeches-would-need-more-time-atmosphere-not-right-1650543-2020-02-27|title=Delhi Police tells high court FIRs on hate speeches need more time, atmosphere not right|first1=Aneesha|last1=Mathur|website=India Today|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

When a team of lawyers visited Jagatpuri police station to visit the anti-CAA protestors detained by the police, they were reportedly abused by police personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/954406/delhi-lawyers-allegedly-get-beaten-up-by-policemen-for-seeking-release-of-anti-caa-protestor|title=Delhi: Lawyers allegedly get beaten up by policemen for seeking release of anti-CAA protestor|website=Scroll.in|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> The lawyers then wrote to the Delhi commissioner of police, demanding action against the officer who assaulted them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/lawyers-demand-action-against-police-over-assault/article30937215.ece|title=Lawyers demand action against police over assault|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 February 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Delhi Health Services===
The Jan Swasthya Abhiyaan (JSA), a public health advocacy group, compiled a report on the information gathered by their volunteers working in the hospitals during the riots. The report, titled ''The Role of Health Systems in Responding to Communal Violence in Delhi''<ref name="HinduManderShame">{{Cite news|last1=Perappadan|first1=Bindu Shajan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-a-matter-of-great-shame-harsh-mander/article30964727.ece|title=Delhi violence a matter of great shame: Harsh Mander|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and released on 2 March, alleged that doctors had harassed the victims by referring to them as terrorists, and had asked victims if they knew the full forms of "NRC" and "CAA". The report documented instances of negligence, denying victims treatment in some cases, while disregarding the safety of patients in others. Multiple cases were reportedly rejected for not having the required medico-legal case documentation. It was also alleged that the doctors did not provide detailed reports of the injuries and autopsies to the victims and their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-doctor-called-riot-victim-extremist-terrorist-during-treatment-claims-report_in_5e5d378bc5b67ed38b3638b8|title=Delhi Riots: SuchitraPadhi123 Called Riot Victim 'Extremist', 'Terrorist' During Treatment, Says Report|website=HuffPost India|first1=Akshay|last1=Deshmane|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

The report indicated that citizens had grown fearful of government services such as ambulances and government hospitals, with victims taking private vehicles to go to private hospitals,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/02/from-shaming-patients-to-asking-full-form-of-caa-how-doctors-failed-delhi-violence-victims.html|title=From shaming patients to asking full form of CAA, how doctors failed Delhi violence victims|website=The Week|first1=Puja|last1=Awasthi|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> due to the treatment and abuse that they had received from the police.<ref name="HinduManderShame" /> This problem compounded the existing issues of the mobs not allowing ambulances near the riot-affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/delhi-violence-a-tale-of-riot-wounds-bandage-and-police-809973.html|title=Delhi violence: A tale of riot wounds, bandage and police|website=Deccan Herald|first1=Kalyan|last1=Ray|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> In some areas, primary health centres and hospitals remained closed throughout the riots, either due to the violence or due to lack of medical facilities available at the grassroots level even before the riots began.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/health/delhis-public-health-system-inflicted-trauma-on-riot-victims-alleges-advocacy-group/374201/|title=Delhi's public health system inflicted trauma on riot victims, alleges advocacy group|last1=Yadavar|first1=Swagata|website=ThePrint|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> Families of the victims also reported delayed post-mortem reports from several hospitals.<ref name="WireGTB" />

==Response and reactions==
===Response by the government===
On 24 February 2020, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] stated that the violence appeared orchestrated to coincide with President [[Donald Trump]]'s [[List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump#2020|February 24–25, 2020 visit]] to India.<ref name="Orchestrated">{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-violence-in-delhi-orchestrated-for-publicity-as-trump-is-visiting-india-sources/347807 |title=Delhi Violence Effort To Defame India Globally: MoS Home Affairs |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=9 March 2020 |quote=Union Minister of State for Home Affairs on Monday said that the violence in North-East Delhi was orchestrated with an eye on US President's visit to India.}}</ref> The Ministry also refused to bring in the Army to control the riots and stated that the number of central forces and policemen on the ground was adequate. More than 6,000 police and paramilitary personnel were deployed in the area.<ref name="Dead NDTV 25Feb" />

On 25 February the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Arvind Kejriwal]] stated that the Delhi Police, despite its efforts, had been unable to control the violence and requested the [[Indian army|Army]]'s assistance in stopping the violence as the number of deaths climbed to 23.<ref name="BBC23killed"/><ref name="Hindu Live 26Feb">{{cite news |title=Register FIRs against hate speeches, HC directs Delhi Police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-day-4-live-updates/article30919537.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi violence: Police unable to control situation, time to call in Army, says CM Kejriwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-police-unable-to-control-situation-time-to-call-in-army-says-cm-kejriwal-1650088-2020-02-26 |website=India Today}}</ref>

===Home Ministry's meeting===
On the morning of 25 February 2020, the Chief Minister Kejriwal chaired an urgent meeting of all party MLAs from the violence-hit areas and senior officials. Several MLAs raised concerns on the lack of deployment of enough policemen.<ref name="Shoot25Feb" /> The concerns were raised by Kejriwal in the subsequent meeting chaired by Home Minister Shah and attended by [[Delhi Lieutenant-Governor]] [[Anil Baijal]] and senior police officials. The meeting concluded with the decision to take all possible steps to contain violence. Kejriwal stated that Shah had assured the availability of an adequate number of policemen.<ref name="Shoot25Feb" />

National Security Advisor Ajit Doval was given the responsibility of restoring peace in the region.<ref name="Hindu Live 26Feb" /><ref name="Cabinet Security Meeting">{{cite news |title=Top Cabinet Security Meeting As 20 Killed in Delhi Clashes: 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-violence-number-of-deaths-rises-to-17-2185746 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=NDTV.com }}</ref> On 26 February, Doval travelled to the violence-hit regions and spoke to locals, assuring them of normalcy.<ref>{{cite web |title=NSA Ajit Doval Takes Charge of Northeast Delhi, Briefs Amit Shah |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nsa-ajit-doval-visits-violence-hit-northeast-delhi-reviews-security-2186149 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

===Relief measures===
On 27 February, Kejriwal announced free treatment for the injured in government as well as private hospitals under the Farishta scheme. The government had made arrangements with the help of [[NGO]]s to supply food in areas where a curfew had been imposed. He also announced a compensation amount of {{INRConvert|1|m|lk=r}} to affected people, {{INRConvert|100|k}} ex-gratia, and {{INRConvert|500|k}} in the case of a death of a minor.<ref name="IE 27 Feb Live" /> He also announced that the Delhi government had set up nine shelters for the people affected by the riots. For people whose houses were completely burnt, immediate assistance of {{INRConvert|25000}} was announced.<ref name="28Feb Hindu" />

Food and other relief materials were distributed with the help of [[resident welfare association]]s and NGOs.<ref name="TH_compensation">{{cite news |title=Government to start distributing ₹25,000 to victims of violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/government-to-start-distributing-25000-to-victims-of-violence/article30946782.ece |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=The Hindu }}</ref> BJP leaders Tajinder Bagga and Kapil Mishra collected {{INRConvert|7.1|m}} for the Hindu victims of Delhi riots via crowdfunding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/02/delhi-violence-kapil-mishra-bagga-crowdfund-over-rs-71-lakh-for-hindu-victims.html|title=Delhi violence: Kapil Mishra, Bagga crowdfund over Rs 71 lakh for Hindu victims|website=The Week|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

===Reactions===
AAP leader [[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]] released a video in which BJP MLA from [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)|Laxmi Nagar]], [[Abhay Verma]], was seen leading crowds that raised slogans {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Jō Hindū hit kī bāt karēgā, vahī dēś pē rāj karēgā}} ({{translation|"Whoever talks about the welfare of Hindus, only they will rule the country"}}) and {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Jai Śrī Rām}} ({{translation|"Hail Lord [[Rama]]"}}). Singh accused [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] of holding an "all-party meeting, pretending to restore peace and their MLA is engaged in inciting riots." Verma meanwhile defended himself claiming the slogans were raised by civilians.<ref name="AbhayVerma">{{cite news |last1=Babu |first1=Nikhil M. |title=Delhi violence {{!}} Video of inflammatory slogans at BJP MLA's march surfaces |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-video-of-inflammatory-slogans-at-bjp-mlas-march-surfaces/article30920322.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Indian National Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]] held a press conference at which she said that Shah should resign for failing to stop the violence. She asked for the deployment of an adequate number of security forces.<ref name="Hindu Live 26Feb" /> Gandhi's press conference was followed by a press conference by [[Prakash Javadekar]]; he said that there is "selective silence" from AAP and Congress and he added that they are politicising violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pot-was-boiling-for-two-months-centre-hits-back-at-congress-aap-for-delhi-violence/story-n1lGcQqzae3EhTgTo82YIN.html|title='Pot was boiling for two months': Centre hits back at Congress, AAP for Delhi violence|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

After three days of violence with 20 deaths, the [[Prime Minister of India]], Narendra Modi, shared a message on Twitter asking people to maintain peace. Commentators said that he reacted only after the departure of President Trump, whom he had been hosting on a [[List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020)|state visit]] while the riots began.<ref name="BBC26FebEcho">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=Why Delhi violence has echoes of the Gujarat riots |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51641516 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=BBC News }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 26 Feb 21 dead">{{cite news |title=21 Dead in Delhi Violence, PM Appeals For "Peace, Brotherhood": 10 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-tweets-appeal-to-my-sisters-and-brothers-of-delhi-to-maintain-peace-and-brotherhood-2185982 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=NDTV.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/asia/delhi-riots-kapil-mishra.html|title=The Roots of the Delhi Riots: A Fiery Speech and an Ultimatum|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 February 2020|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|issn=0362-4331|last3=Yasir|first3=Sameer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/world/asia/india-modi-hindus.html|title=In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 March 2020|last2=Abi-Habib|first2=Maria|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On 26 February, the [[US Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF) conveyed "grave concern" over the riots and requested the Indian government to provide protection to people, no matter which faith they belonged to.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/us-commission-on-religious-freedom-condemns-mob-violence-in-delhi-urges-centre-to-ensure-safety-of-all-citizens-including-muslims-8091511.html|title=US Commission on Religious Freedom condemns mob violence in Delhi, urges Centre to ensure safety of all citizens including Muslims|website=Firstpost|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> US Senator and [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 US presidential]] candidate [[Bernie Sanders]] and other American politicians expressed their concerns over the events. In response, on 27 February 2020, the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] spokesperson, [[Raveesh Kumar]], stated that these remarks were "factually inaccurate", "misleading" and "aimed at politicising the issue".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/comments-by-uscirf-others-on-delhi-violence-attempt-to-politicise-issue-mea/article30929288.ece|title=Comments by USCIRF, others on Delhi violence attempt to politicise issue: MEA|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> BJP general secretary BL Santhosh threatened Sanders with election interference due to his condemnation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-violence-bjp-leader-threatens-bernie-sanders-with-us-election-interference_in_5e573f59c5b66137fb5d90d1|title=BJP General Secretary Threatens Bernie Sanders With US Election Interference|work=Huffington Post India|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> The US issued a travel advisory for its citizens to exercise caution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/security-alert-u-s-embassy-new-delhi-4/|title=Security Alert – U.S. Embassy, New Delhi|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>

On 27 February, United Nations [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|High Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[Michelle Bachelet]], stated, "Indians in huge numbers, and from all communities, have expressed—in a mostly peaceful manner—their opposition to the Act, and support for the country's long tradition of [[Secularism in India|secularism]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/un-rights-chief-concerned-by-india-violence/1747209|title=UN rights chief concerned by India violence|first1=Peter|last1=Kenny|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> She expressed concern on the citizenship law and reports of "police inaction" during the communal attacks in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/delhi-riots-indian-un-human-rights-supreme-court-modi-a9372966.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304131708/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/delhi-riots-indian-un-human-rights-supreme-court-modi-a9372966.html |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=UN human rights chief launches unprecedented legal action against Indian government over citizenship protests|first1=Adam|last1=Withnall|website=The Independent|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> Twelve eminent citizens of [[Bangladesh]] also expressed grave concern over the communal clashes on that day. They expressed fear that India's failure to handle the situation could create a volatile environment in its neighbouring countries, which could destroy peace, democracy, development and communal harmony in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title= Eminent Bangladesh citizens express concern over Delhi riots
|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2020/02/27/eminent-bangladesh-citizens-express-concern-over-delhi-riots
|access-date=28 February 2020 |website=Dhaka Tribune }}</ref> The [[Governor of Meghalaya]], [[Tathagata Roy]], wanted lessons to be learned from [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s handling of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]] for ways to handle the riots.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/learn-from-tiananmen-square-massacre-to-handle-the-riots-tathagata-roy/cid/1748921|title=Learn from Tiananmen Square massacre to handle the riots: Tathagata Roy|access-date=28 February 2020|work=The Telegraph (Kolkata)}}</ref> Also on the same day, [[Turkish president]] [[Erdogan]] criticised the violence. He said, "India right now has become a country where massacres are widespread. What massacres? Massacres of Muslims. By who? Hindus."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-slams-turkey-president-for-delhi-riots-remark-calls-it-political-agenda-1502863150.html|title=India slams Turkey President for Delhi riots remark, calls it 'political agenda'|website=The Statesman|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref>

On 2 March, the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]], alleged that the Delhi riot was a "planned genocide".<ref>{{cite news |title= 'দিল্লি হিংসা পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা', বিস্ফোরক মমতা
|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/politics/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-delhi-violence-genocide-197885/
|access-date=3 March 2020 |website=The Indian Express|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/delhi-violence-was-a-planned-genocide-says-mamata/article30961965.ece|title=Delhi violence was a planned genocide, says Mamata Banerjee|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 5 March, [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]], asked the Indian Government to confront extremist Hindus and their parties and stop the massacre of Muslims of India, to prevent India from being isolated from the world of Islam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/confront-extremist-hindus-and-their-parties-says-irans-supreme-leader-to-india/article30991975.ece|title=After Zarif and Qalibaf, Ayatollah Khamenei calls on India to stop 'massacre of Muslims'|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Investigation==
On 27 February 2020, the Delhi Police reported that two Special Investigation Teams (SIT) had been formed to investigate the violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/hindu-couple-delhi-riots_in_5e65e917c5b6670e72fa8500|title=Hindu Couple Who Lost Son To Delhi Riots Refuses To Fuel Muslim Mudslinging|website=HuffPost India|access-date=23 March 2020|quote=Two Special Investigation Teams (SIT) of Delhi Police's crime branch have been set up to probe into the Delhi Riots.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Stella |title=2 Special Investigation Teams Formed To Probe Delhi Clashes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/special-investigation-team-to-probe-delhi-violence-in-which-38-have-died-2186779 |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=ANI |publisher=The NDTV }}</ref> DCP Joy Tirkey and DCP Rajesh Deo were appointed head of these SITs respectively, along with four [[Deputy superintendent of police|Assistant Commissioners]] in each team.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two SITs to probe northeast Delhi violence; death toll mounts to 38 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-police-transfers-northeast-delhi-riots-probe-to-crime-branch-forms-two-sits-11582810858029.html |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Live Mint }}</ref> [[Deputy inspector general of police|Additional Commissioner]] of crime branch, B.K. Singh, was announced to be supervising the work of the SITs. On 28 February 2020, the police also called in [[forensic science]] teams, who visited the crime scenes to collect evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi violence: Police say 630 taken into custody, 148 FIRs filed so far |url=https://scroll.in/latest/954663/delhi-violence-police-say-630-taken-into-custody-123-firs-filed-so-far |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=The Scroll }}</ref>

{{As of|2020|03|07|df=}}, police had registered 690 FIRs and around 2200 individuals involved in the violence were taken into custody.<ref name="IT690Cases" /> Some activists were charged with offences under the [[Indian Penal code]] and the Arms Act. Their friends and relatives alleged that they were tortured in custody.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/feb/28/delhi-riots-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-arrested-ex-congress-municipal-councillor-ishrat-jahan-2109944.html |title=Delhi riots: Court rejects bail plea of arrested ex-Congress municipal councillor Ishrat Jahan|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="incitement3">{{cite news|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/firs-filed-in-delhi-riot-cases-double-in-last-twenty-four-hours/story-2ENuPDVMt5zMPFX09IcI6N.html|title=FIRs filed in Delhi riot cases double in last twenty-four hours|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="incitement4">{{cite news|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/delhi-violence-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-arrested-excong-municipal-councillor-ishrat-jahan/1747456|title=Delhi violence: Court rejects bail plea of arrested ex-Cong municipal councillor Ishrat Jahan|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/954538/two-anti-caa-activists-arrested-by-delhi-police-were-tortured-in-custody-allege-family-members|title=Two anti-CAA activists arrested by Delhi police were tortured in custody, allege family members|last1=Johari|first1=Aarefa|website=Scroll.in|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> During a parliamentary debate over the riots on 11 March, Home Minister Amit Shah stated that rioters who had come from [[Uttar Pradesh]] had been identified.<ref name="AlJazeeraHumanity13Mar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/humanity-india-opposition-slams-gov-delhi-violence-200313101738869.html|title='Show humanity': India opposition slams gov't on Delhi violence|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref>

===Supreme Court hearing===
[[Bhim Army]] chief [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan]], along with former [[Chief Information Commissioner]] [[Wajahat Habibullah]] and social activist Syed Bahadur Abbas Naqvi, filed an appeal in the Supreme Court requesting that the police be directed to file reports over cases of violence that had occurred since the night of 23 February. The petition also accused Mishra of "inciting and orchestrating the riots".<ref name="Bhim">{{cite news |title=In plea to Supreme Court, Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad blames BJP's Kapil Mishra for Delhi clashes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-plea-to-sc-bhim-army-chief-blames-kapil-mishra-for-delhi-clashes/story-5D4yNzDdcZcQQZXG7hezEP.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times }}</ref> During the hearing held on 26 February, the Supreme Court criticized the Delhi Police for not having done enough to stop the violence. However, the bench, consisting of Justices [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]] and [[K. M. Joseph]], did not entertain the plea, stating that the case was already in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name="Outlook Supreme Court Plea">{{cite news |title=Plea in SC claims Kapil Mishra incited violence |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/plea-in-sc-claims-kapil-mishra-incited-violence/1743937 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=Outlook India }}</ref><ref name="SC hearing 26 Feb">{{cite news |title=Police let instigators get away, could've stopped clashes: Supreme Court pulls up cops over violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-slams-delhi-police-over-violence-1650112-2020-02-26 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=India Today }}</ref>

===Delhi High Court hearing===
Activists [[Harsh Mander]] and [[Farah Naqvi]] filed a plea in the Delhi High Court, demanding that the police report and arrest those involved in the violence on 25 February. The plea further demanded that a Special Investigation Team (SIT) be set up to investigate the incident and that compensation be provided to those killed and injured. It also requested for the immediate deployment of the [[Indian Army]] in the affected areas.<ref name="Shoot25Feb" />

====Court hearing on 26 February====
At midnight on 26 February, the court bench, consisting of Justices [[S. Muralidhar]] and Talwant Singh, heard the emergency plea,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-unprecedented-midnight-hearing-delhi-hc-judge-orders-at-immediate-evacuation-of-the-injured-from-al-hind-hospital-at-mustafabad-6286865/|title=In midnight hearing, Delhi High Court orders evacuation of injured from Mustafabad's Al-Hind Hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-riots-give-injured-muslims-safe-passage-hc-directs-police-in-late-night-order|title=Delhi Riots: Give Injured Muslims Safe Passage, HC Directs Police in Late Night Order|website=The Wire}}</ref> following which, the court ordered the police to safeguard and help all victims to reach their nearest hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/midnight-hearing-at-justice-muralidhar-residence-delhi-hc-directs-delhi-police-to-provide-safe-passage-to-injured-victims-to-govt-hospitals|title=Hearing at 1 am at Justice Muralidhar Residence: Delhi HC directs Police to provide safe passage to injured victims to Govt hospitals|website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-urgent-midnight-hearing-delhi-hc-asks-cops-to-give-emergency-treatment-to-injured-stuck-in-ne-delhi-hospital/story-Dy5q6xxRxZrdZOZ7n0XE2J.html|title=Delhi clashes: Cops 'didn't respond' to SOS, judges step in at midnight hearing|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/delhi-riots-delhi-hc-holds-midnight-hearing-to-direct-police-to-ensure-safe-passage-of-injured-victims-to-hospitals-153148|title=Delhi Riots : At Midnight Hearing, Delhi HC Directs Police To Ensure Safe Passage Of Injured Victims To Hospitals|website=LiveLaw News}}</ref>

In the hearing during the morning, DCP of crime branch, Rajesh Deo, and the [[Solicitor General of India]], [[Tushar Mehta]], surprised the court by admitting that they had not watched the video of the inflammatory speech given by Kapil Mishra. However, Deo admitted to have watched the videos of [[Anurag Thakur]] and [[Parvesh Verma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Anisha |title=Amazed: Delhi HC can't believe cops haven't watched Kapil Mishra hate speech |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-high-court-kapil-mishra-hate-speech-video-1650153-2020-02-26 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The India Today }}</ref><ref name="HC 26 Feb ABP">{{cite news |work=ABP News |title=Delhi Riots {{!}} HC Directs Police To Register FIR Against Kapil Mishra, Others For Inflammatory Speeches |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/delhi-riots-hc-directs-police-to-register-fir-against-kapil-mishra-others-for-inflammatory-speeches-1165895 |access-date=26 February 2020 |date=26 February 2020 }}</ref> The Court then played the video clip of Kapil Mishra's speech.<ref name="HC 26 Feb">{{cite news |title=Kapil Mishra's controversial speech played in Delhi High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kapil-mishras-controversial-speech-played-in-delhi-high-court/article30920985.ece |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Hindu }}</ref> The bench expressed "anguish" over the inability of the Delhi Police to control the riots and its failure to file FIRs against four BJP leaders, Kapil Mishra, Anurag Thakur, Parvesh Verma and [[Abhay Verma]]<ref name="IT2"/> for their hate speeches. The bench also noted that incidents like the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] must be prevented from ever occurring again in Delhi.<ref name="JudgeTransfer">{{cite news |title=President orders transfer of Delhi High Court judge Muralidhar day after he pulls up police over violence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-orders-transfer-of-delhi-high-court-justice-muralidhar-1650395-2020-02-27 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=India Today }}</ref>

====Transfer of Justice Muralidhar====
Late on the night of 26 February, Justice S. Muralidhar, who had presided over the plea hearing, was transferred to the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]. This was the same day on which he had condemned the Delhi Police for its failure in controlling the riots or filing cases against BJP leaders for hate speech.<ref name="GuardianToll38">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/27/death-toll-from-delhis-worst-riots-in-decades-rises-to-38|title=Death toll from Delhi's worst riots in decades rises to 38|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 March 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="BBCJudge">{{cite news |title=Anger as judge critical of Delhi violence removed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51644861 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=BBC News }}</ref> However, the Law Minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] stated that this was a routine transfer<ref name="GuardianToll38" /> which had been recommended by the Supreme Court a fortnight before.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/bjp-congress-justice-muralidhar_in_5e57578ac5b66622ed76a440|title=BJP And Congress Spar Over Transfer Of Justice Muralidhar, Who Pulled Up Delhi Police|website=HuffPost India|first1=Akshita|last1=Jain|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref> ''[[BBC News]]'' reported that Muralidhar's "biting comments could have hastened his transfer". The news of his removal from the case was criticised by many Indians who expressed concern.<ref name="BBCJudge" /> The Congress party called his transfer a move to protect the accused BJP leaders.<ref name="JudgeTransferIT">{{cite news |title=Justice Muralidhar transfer: Congress says hit and run move to protect BJP leaders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/justice-muralidhar-transfer-congress-ravi-shankar-prasad-1650445-2020-02-27 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=India Today }}</ref> The Delhi High Court Bar Association criticised the transfer and asked the [[Supreme Court of India#Appointments and the collegium|Supreme Court collegium]] to revoke it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-high-court-judge-s-muralidhar-hearing-delhi-violence-case-moved-to-punjab-and-haryana-high-cou-2186313|title=High Court Judge Who Criticised Cops Over Delhi Violence Transferred|first1=Arvind |last1=Gunasekar|website=NDTV.com|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref>

====Court hearing under new bench====

On 27 February, the court resumed the hearing with a new bench consisting of [[Chief Justice]] [[Dhirubhai Naranbhai Patel|D.N. Patel]] and Justice C. Hari Shankar. During the previous hearing, the Delhi police were given 24 hours to decide on the filing of FIRs over hate speeches by four BJP leaders. The government's lawyer claimed that the situation was not "conducive" and that the government needed more time before it could take appropriate action. The new bench accepted the same arguments that the previous bench had rejected and agreed to give the government more time to decide on filing of the cases for hate speech.<ref name="livelawChange">{{cite news |publisher=LiveLaw News Network |title=Delhi Riots Case Hearing : How Things Changed in a Day With Change Of Bench? |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/delhi-riots-case-hearing-how-things-changed-in-a-day-with-change-of-bench-153214 |access-date=27 February 2020 }}</ref> The petitioners' lawyer requested an earlier hearing, citing the increasing number of deaths, but the court set 13 April as the date of the next hearing.<ref name="WireHCAccepts">{{cite news |title=Delhi HC Accepts Centre's Logic, Gives 4 Weeks to Respond to Plea Seeking Hate Speech FIR |url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-high-court-hate-speech |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=The Wire }}</ref>

On 28 February, the court issued notices to the local and central governments seeking their responses on registering FIRs on Congress party leaders [[Sonia Gandhi]], [[Rahul Gandhi]], and [[Priyanka Gandhi]] on the charges of delivering hate speeches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/delhi-high-court-issues-notices-on-plea-for-fir-against-gandhis-593358|title=Delhi High Court issues notices on plea for FIR against Gandhis, others|publisher=India TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/28/delhi-violence-meet-the-politicians-taken-to-court-for-hate-speech|title=Delhi violence: Meet the politicians taken to court for hate speech|publisher=newslaundry.com}}</ref> Hearing another plea, the bench also issued notice to the Delhi police and the central government for their response on registering FIR on AAP MLA [[Amanatullah Khan]], actress [[Swara Bhaskar]], activist [[Harsh Mander]] and on [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] leaders like [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]], [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], and [[Waris Pathan]]. The court later posted the matter to be heard again on 13 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/breaking-delhi-hc-issues-notice-in-pleas-seeking-firs-against-swara-bhasker-amanatullah-khan-harsh-mander-rj-sayema-and-owaisi-brothers|title=Breaking: Delhi HC issues notice in pleas seeking FIRs against Swara Bhasker, Amanatullah Khan, Harsh Mander, RJ Sayema and Owaisi brothers|publisher=Bar And Bench}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/28/hate-speech-delhi-hc-issues-notice-to-centre-on-pleas-seeking-fir-against-owaisi-brothers-2109804.html|title=Hate speech: Delhi HC issues notice to Centre on pleas seeking FIR against Owaisi brothers|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

AAP leader Tahir Hussain was denied bail.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Enough Material On Record": Tahir Hussain Denied Bail In Two Delhi Riots Cases|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-riots-former-aap-councillor-tahir-hussain-denied-bail-in-two-cases-2442446|access-date=18 July 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The court said there's enough material on record to presume the former councillor was present at the spot of crime and was instigating the rioters. Karkardooma court in Delhi framed murder and conspiracy charges against Aam Aadmi Party leader Tahir Hussain and ten others for the murder of IB officer. While framing the charges, the court observed, “Tahir was continuously acting in a manner of supervising & motivating this mob. All these things were done to target Hindus. Every member of the mob assembled there participated in achieving the objective of targeting Hindus".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |title=Delhi Riots 2020: Delhi Court frames murder charges against Tahir Hussain, 10 others for death for IB officer Ankit Sharma |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-riots-2020-delhi-court-frames-murder-charges-tahir-hussain-10-others-death-ib-officer-ankit-sharma |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |title='Killed Because He Was Hindu': Delhi Court Frames Charges Against Tahir Hussain, Others For Murder Of IB Staffer Ankit Sharma |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-court-frames-charges-tahir-hussain-others-murder-ib-staffer-ankit-sharma-224596 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi riots: Court frames charges against former AAP MLA Tahir Hussain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-riots-court-frames-charges-against-former-aap-mla-tahir-hussain-101679597114314.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2021, a Delhi High Court Justice, Subramonium Prasad, noted{{where}} that the riots were a "preplanned and pre-meditated conspiracy to disturb law and order in the city" and that the rioters' conduct "was a calculated attempt to dislocate the functioning of the government as well as to disrupt the normal life of the people in the city."<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=High Court says Delhi riots were pre-planned|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/high-court-says-delhi-riots-were-pre-planned/article36707384.ece|access-date=2 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Court convictions ===
On March 13, court convicted nine persons involved in the riots. The court noted that the main objective of the convicts who joined the unruly mob guided by ‘communal feelings’ was to cause ‘maximum damage to the properties belonging to the people of the Hindu community'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |title=Delhi Riots: After Acquittal In Two FIRs, Court Convicts Accused Men On Basis Of Evidence Of Cop Who Earlier Cited Memory Loss |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/delhi-riots-after-acquittal-court-convicts-accused-cop-identification-memory-loss-223770 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> A further 2 have been subsequently convicted of crimes relating to the riots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Anand |title=3 years after Delhi violence, verdicts in less than a tenth of riot, arson cases |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/3-years-after-delhi-violence-verdicts-in-less-than-a-tenth-of-riot-arson-cases-8466792/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=indianexpress.com/ |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In the aftermath of the riots, many Muslims who had been living in the riot-affected neighbourhoods left with all their belongings.<ref name="NYTimes-Analysis-March1" /> Even in areas of Delhi which were not affected by the violence, many Muslim families packed up their belongings and left for their ancestral villages, showing no intention of ever coming back.<ref name="guardian-3-6-20" /> According to complaints received by lawyers representing Muslim victims of the riots, the police had threatened to falsely implicate the victims in police cases if they filed any complaints against the rioters.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/delhis-muslims-despair-justice-police-implicated-hindu-riots|title=Delhi's Muslims despair of justice after police implicated in riots|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 March 2020|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|issn=0261-3077|quote=Police are using pressure tactics and trying to ensure that no complaint is filed against the rioters. We have received hundreds of complaints from Muslim people that police are threatening people, including women and children, that if they filed complaints, they would be implicated in false cases.}}</ref> {{As of|2020|10}}, many Muslim survivors of the riots reported harassment and humiliation within their immediate neighbourhoods and many even started selling their properties below the market price so as escape from this ordeal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aswani |first1=Tarushi |title=Muslims in Northeast Delhi Sell Homes Below Market Rate to Escape 'Continuing Harassment' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/muslims-northeast-delhi-sell-homes-harassment-riots |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |publisher=The Wire |access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> According to Zafarul Islam Khan, former chairman of the Delhi Minorities Commission, 1,300 Muslim youth have been arrested since the riots began and pressure has been constantly mounted on the Delhi police to create a fabricated narrative that these youths started the riots.<ref>{{cite web |title='Delhi police arresting Muslims on fabricated charges' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/delhi-police-arresting-muslims-on-fabricated-charges/20200831.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |publisher=Rediff |access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> The Special Commissioner of Police (Crime) had written in an order dated 8 July to senior officers heading probe teams and asked them to “suitably” guide the Investigating Officers to note that the arrests of “some Hindu youth” from riot-hit areas in Northeast Delhi has led to a “degree of resentment among the Hindu community” and “due care and precaution” must be taken while making such arrests.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manral |first1=Mahender Singh |title=Resentment in Hindus on arrests, take care: Special CP to probe teams |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/hindu-resentment-north-east-delhi-riots-special-cp-6506063/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] (TIE) |publisher=TIE |access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> This was despite the fact that the Delhi Police Crime Branch investigations into the murder of nine Muslims at and around Bhagirathi Vihar in North-East Delhi on 25 and 26 February had led to a WhatsApp group named "Kattar Hindu Ekta", which was created to mobilise rioters. The investigators had filed three chargesheets in connection with three of the murder cases and nine people were chargesheeted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anwar |first1=Tarique |title=Delhi Violence: How 'Kattar Hindu Ekta' WhatsApp Group Mobilised Rioters for Killings |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Delhi-Violence-Kattar-Hindu-Ekta-WhatsApp-Group-Mobilised-Rioters-Killings |website=News Click |publisher=News Click |access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> According to Hisham ul wahab,{{Who}} "it has been a pattern in almost all the anti-Muslim violence in India that to call it “communal riots” in order to avoid the supposed blame over the perpetrators from the Hindu fold as well as to narrate it in a balanced/neutral way as both the communities involved in it are occupying equal and parallel power. However, an assessment of such a narrative with the help of various reports including the Sachar Committee report would be sufficient to explore the historical disparity and discrimination against the Muslim community in terms of socio-political-economic and educational parameters".<ref name="Wahab2020">{{Cite web|last=Wahab|first=P. Hisham ul|title=A War of Narratives: Understanding 2020 Delhi Violence in India|url=http://southasiajournal.net/a-war-of-narratives-understanding-2020-delhi-violence-in-india/|access-date=27 October 2020|website=South Asia Journal|language=en-US}}</ref>

For those left homeless or who had run away from their homes out of fear, temporary relief camps were set up in houses, temples,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/delhi-riots-muslim-or-hindu-victims-government-absent-for-all/cid/1750491|title=Delhi riots: Muslim or Hindu victims, government absent for all|first1=Imran Ahmed|last1=Siddiqui|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> [[madrasas]] and the Al-Hind Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2020/0310/As-Delhi-riot-wounds-heal-neighbors-look-for-the-way-ahead|title=As Delhi riot wounds heal, neighbors look for 'the way ahead'|first1=Sarita|last1=Santoshini|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=9 April 2020|issn=0882-7729}}</ref> Camps housing larger numbers were erected in areas like Idgah, the Mustafabad prayer ground.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/06/how-can-i-go-back-delhi-fearful-muslims-mourn-riot-dead|title='I cannot find my father's body': Delhi's fearful Muslims mourn riot dead|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 March 2020|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The Idgah camp was the largest among nine others and was funded by the government. However, it soon grew crowded. Volunteers helped victims by distributing carts to vendors and providing others with legal aid or even simple help in filling forms. Pradip89s volunteered to provide medical attention to people suffering from injuries. Most of the refugees were reported to suffer from skin rashes and the [[common cold]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/families-hit-by-india-riots-seek-refuge-in-delhi-camps/1764636|title=Families hit by India riots seek refuge in Delhi camps|publisher=Anadolu Agency|first1=Cheena|last1=Kapoor|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref> Many others, including the children, were reported to be suffering from anxiety and mental trauma. They reported to have lost their homes and their livelihoods and were awaiting government help to rebuild their lives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/delhi-riots-victims-struggle-to-rebuild-their-lives/a-52862427|title=Delhi riots: Victims struggle to rebuild their lives|last1=Welle|first1=Deutsche|website=DW.COM|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/delhi-riots-forced-thousands-of-muslims-from-their-homes-and-theyre-afraid-to-go-back/|title=Delhi riots forced thousands of Muslims from their homes, and they're afraid to go back|first1=Arshad R.|last1=Zargar|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> In another camp in Khajuri Khas, a team of [[paralegal]]s ran a relief assistance booth of the government. These victims then faced the threat of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus]], with [[social distancing]] being impossible given the number of people crowded in these camps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/india-delhi-riots-coronavirus-new-modi-deaths-cases-a9403131.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316154247/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/india-delhi-riots-coronavirus-new-modi-deaths-cases-a9403131.html |archive-date=16 March 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=The betrayal felt in the still-recovering areas hit by the Delhi riots makes coronavirus more of a threat|website=The Independent|first1=Payal|last1=Dhar|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref> Following this, the Delhi government forcefully evicted the residents of the Idgah camp by 30 March, leaving many homeless. The victims were promised rations and a sum of {{INRConvert|3000|year=2020}} to rent rooms for themselves, but not all were able to avail of these relief measures.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dhillon|first1=Amrit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/30/divided-delhi-under-lockdown-if-coronavirus-doesnt-kill-me-hunger-will|title=Divided Delhi under lockdown: 'If coronavirus doesn't kill me, hunger will'|work=The Guardian|access-date=3 April 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]], the [[Archbishop of Delhi]], stated that churches were using their resources to help those affected by the riots; the [[Holy Family Hospital (New Delhi)|Holy Family Hospital]], for example, engaged physicians, nurses, as well as ambulances to provide relief to affected people. He further stated that Catholic churches would accept those affected by the riots, especially with it being the season of [[Lent]].<ref name="Vatican2020" />

Hindus and businesses run by them in the riot-affected areas began boycotting traders and refused to hire workers who were Muslims. They alleged that the Muslims had started the riots and had then blamed the Hindus for the violence. As a result of the growing distrust between the two communities in these areas, the Hindus and Muslims would avoid each other during the day and block the lanes to their respective neighbourhoods with barriers at night. Neighbourhoods of both communities put up metal gates to slow down the passage of rioters in the future, with some keeping themselves permanently armed with wooden ''[[Baton (law enforcement)#India|lathis]]'' (batons).<ref name=reuters-jain-ahmed-2020-3-16 />

Hindu politicians paraded injured victims with bandages wrapped around their heads in multiple "peace marches", alleging that they were victims of violence at the hands of Muslims. This incited more hatred towards Muslims.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-7 /> One such rally held on 29 February was organised by the Delhi Peace Forum, an NGO backed by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], with people holding placards that said, "Delhi against jihadi violence". Kapil Mishra was seen at the rally,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010320/bjp-leader-kapil-mishra-back-in-focus.html|title=BJP leader Kapil Mishra back in focus|last1=Bhushan|first1=Shashi|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> while inflammatory slogans inciting people to "shoot the traitors" were heard.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Babu|first1=Nikhil M.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-kapil-mishra-participates-in-connaught-place-peace-march/article30949482.ece|title='Inflammatory' slogans raised at Connaught Place march with BJP leader Kapil Mishra in attendance|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 April 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-violence-kapil-mishra-march-6293334/|title=Goli maaro slogan is back as Kapil Mishra leads 'peace' march|first1=Abhinav|last1=Rajput|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> Gangs of Hindus later appeared in multiple neighbourhoods and threatened the Muslims living there to abandon their homes before the Hindu festival of Holi, which was celebrated on 9 March 2020.<ref name=nytimes-2020-3-12-4 />

[[Malayalam]] news channels [[Asianet News]] and [[MediaOne TV]] were banned by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] (I&B) for 48 hours on 6 March<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/delhi-violence-two-malayalam-news-channels-banned-ministry-of-information-and-broadcasting-6303175/|title=Centre bans two Malayalam TV channels for Delhi riots coverage: 'Critical of RSS, siding with one community'|first1=Krishn|last1=Kaushik|website=The Indian Express|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> for broadcasting about the riots and the lack of action taken by the police. However, the ban was soon reversed by I&B Minister Prakash Javadekar, following multiple complaints.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Goel|first1=Vindu|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html|title=Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore|work=The New York Times|access-date=5 April 2020|last2=Gettleman|first2=Jeffrey|issn=0362-4331|others=Photographs by Khandelwal, Saumya}}</ref>

During a parliamentary debate over the riots on 11 March, Home Minister Amit Shah gave his condolences to the families of those who died due to the violence and assured them of justice. He went on to commend the Delhi Police for their efforts and blamed Muslim leaders and members of the Congress party for instigating the riots. Another BJP [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]], [[Meenakshi Lekhi]], accused [[ISIS]] elements of having organised the riots. Members of the opposition like [[Kapil Sibal]], [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] and [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] criticised the government for its lack of timely action.<ref name="AlJazeeraHumanity13Mar" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/asia/2020/03/11/opposition-blames-govt-for-new-delhi-rioting-killing-52.html|title=Opposition blames gov't for New Delhi rioting that killed 52|first1=Ashok|last1=Sharma|website=Toronto Star|others=Associated Press|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

In response to an [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] application on 13 April, the Delhi Police stated that 23 people had died and 48 people had been arrested in connection with the riots. This was in stark contrast to the report of 52 deaths and 3,304 arrests submitted by Junior Home Minister [[G. Kishan Reddy]] on 18 March, who had obtained the figures from the Delhi Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/delhi-riots-death-toll-halved-arrests-vastly-reduced-in-delhi-polices-reply-to-rti_in_5ea01dd5c5b6b2e5b83a9754|title=Delhi Riots Death Toll Halved, Arrests Vastly Reduced in Delhi Police's Reply To RTI|first1=Akshay|last1=Deshmane|website=HuffPost India|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

==Fact finding reports==
Various fact finding reports have been released about the violence surrounding the riots.<ref name="Wahab2020" />
* Delhi Minority Commission, “Report of the DMC fact-finding Committee on North-East Delhi Riots of February 2020”, 27 June 2020, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/DMC-delhi-riots-fact-finding-2020|title = Delhi Riots Fact-Finding 2020 by Delhi Minorities Commission|date = July 2020}}</ref>
* Group of Intellectuals and Academicians, “Delhi Riots 2020: Report from Ground Zero – The Shaheen Bagh Model in North East Delhi: From Dharna to Danga”, New Delhi.{{Citation needed}}
* [[Human Rights Watch]], “Shoot the Traitors’: Discrimination Against Muslims under India's New Citizenship Policy”, April 2020, United States of America.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/09/shoot-traitors/discrimination-against-muslims-under-indias-new-citizenship-policy|title = "Shoot the Traitors"| journal=Human Rights Watch |date = 9 April 2020| last1=Bajoria | first1=Jayshree }}</ref>
* Youth for Human Rights Kumar Blogmentation, “An Account of Fear & Impunity: Preliminary Fact-Finding Report on Communally-Targeted Violence in North-East Delhi, February 2020”, New Delhi.{{Citation needed}}
* Sharma, Nupur J and Kalpojyoti Kashyap. (2020), Delhi Anti-Hindu Riots of 2020: The Macabre Dance of Violence Since December 2019, New Delhi: ''[[OpIndia]]''.{{Citation needed}}{{Clarify|reason=Is this actually a "fact" finding report from OpIndia?}}
* [[Amnesty International India]], “India: Six Months Since Delhi Riots, Delhi Police Continue To Enjoy Impunity Despite Evidence Of Human Rights Violations”, 28 August 2020, New Delhi.{{Citation needed}}
* In October 2022, a fact-finding committee found that the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union home ministry]] delayed the deployment of additional forces in the violence-hit areas. The committee headed by a former [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge Madan B. Lokur concluded that the communal riots continued unabated between February 23 and 26, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Riots: 'Delayed Deployment of Additional Forces Escalated Violence,' Says Fact-Finding Panel |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/police-complicit-careless-response-by-mha-fact-finding-committee-on-delhi-riots |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Books on the riots==
In August 2020, a book titled ''[[Delhi Riots 2020: The Untold Story]]'' by advocate Monika Arora and academics Sonali Chitalkar and Prerna Malhotra was scheduled to be published by Bloomsbury India, which however withdrew the book after facing criticism from other writers and activists.<ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|title=Bloomsbury says it won't publish book on Delhi riots after social media backlash|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/bloomsbury-says-it-wont-publish-book-on-delhi-riots-after-social-media-backlash/article32420501.ece|access-date=27 August 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ajmal|first=Anam|title=After social media rage, book on 2020 Delhi riots withdrawn|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bloomsbury-withdraws-book-on-delhi-riots/articleshow/77699040.cms|access-date=27 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Does Bloomsbury's decision to withdraw book on Delhi riots undermine free speech? A debate ensues|url=https://scroll.in/article/971184/does-bloomsburys-decision-to-withdraw-book-on-delhi-riots-undermine-free-speech-a-debate-ensues|access-date=27 August 2020|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The new publishers ''Garuda Prakashan'' said that by 24 August, they had received 15,000 pre-orders.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Soniya|title=Publisher Garuda gets over 15k pre-orders in a day for Delhi riots book Bloomsbury cancelled|url=https://theprint.in/india/publisher-garuda-gets-over-15k-pre-orders-in-a-day-for-delhi-riots-book-bloomsbury-cancelled/488507/|access-date=27 August 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Persecution of Hindus]]
* [[List of riots in India]]
* [[Violence against Muslims in India]]
* [[Religious violence in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Amarasingam |first1=A. |last2=Umar |first2=S. |last3=Desai |first3=S. |title=Fight, Die, and If Required Kill": Hindu Nationalism, Misinformation, and Islamophobia in India |journal=Religions |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=380 |doi=10.3390/rel13050380 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite news |title=Delhi violence: Four video clips that court made cops watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-four-videos-clips-that-court-made-cops-watch-1650273-2020-02-26 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=[[India Today]] }}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-police-head-constable-dies-maujpur-violence-caa-jaffrabad-live-updates-1649511-2020-02-24|title=Delhi violence: Clashes between pro and anti CAA protesters kill 5 (Timeline of 24 February)|website=India Today|access-date=27 February 2020}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/news-today/video/india-above-hate-how-hindus-helped-muslims-muslims-helped-hindus-during-delhi-violence-1651001-2020-02-28|title=India above hate: How Hindus helped Muslims, Muslims helped Hindus during Delhi violence|website=India Today|access-date=3 March 2020}}

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{{short description|People without work and actively seeking work}}
{{About||payments tax paid to unemployed people|Unemployment benefits}}
[[File:Unemployment rate, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=2|Unemployment rate, 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Unemployment rate |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/unemployment-rate |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>]]
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'''Unemployment''', according to the [[OECD]] (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.oecd.org/emp/employment-rate-by-age-group.htm|title=Employment - Employment rate by age group - OECD Data|website=theOECD}}</ref> not being in paid [[employment]] or [[self-employment]] but currently available for [[Work (human activity)|work]] during the [[reference period]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/|title=OECD Statistics|website=stats.oecd.org}}</ref>

Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the [[labour force]] (the total number of people employed added to those unemployed).<ref name="auto"/>

Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following:

* new [[technology|technologies]] and [[invention]]s
* the status of the [[economy]], which can be influenced by a [[recession]]
* [[competition]] caused by [[globalization]] and [[international trade]]
* [[Policy|policies]] of the [[government]]
* [[regulation]] and [[market (economics)|market]]

Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example, [[fiscal policy]]. Furthermore, the [[monetary authority]] of a country, such as the [[central bank]], can influence the availability and cost for money through its [[monetary policy]].

In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely [[Conceptual model|modelling]] the effects of unemployment within the economic system. Some of the main types of unemployment include [[structural unemployment]], [[frictional unemployment]], [[cyclical unemployment]], [[involuntary unemployment]] and classical unemployment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. |first=Hawkins, Kevin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/21972786 |title=Unemployment |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0-14-022763-6 |oclc=21972786}}</ref> Structural unemployment focuses on foundational problems in the economy and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets, including a mismatch between the supply and demand of laborers with necessary skill sets. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to [[disruptive technology|disruptive technologies]] and [[globalization]]. Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on individuals' valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates added to the time and effort required to find a job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates.

According to the UN's [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO), there were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce) without work in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page3.jspx?MBI_ID=2&locale=en&_afrLoop=1809645378580656&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26locale%3Den%26_afrLoop%3D1809645378580656%26MBI_ID%3D2%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dsxm9jfbzq_21|title=International Labour Organization: Unemployment rate}}</ref>

Because of the difficulty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for example, using surveys (as in the [[United States]]) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some [[Europe]]an countries), statistical figures such as the [[employment-to-population ratio]] might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the [[workforce]] and the economy if they were based on people who are registered, for example, as [[taxpayer]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/crs-implementation-and-assistance/tax-identification-numbers/|title=OECD TAX IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS}}</ref>

==Definitions, types, and theories==
[[File:Unemployment in Mexico 2009.jpg|thumb|Unemployment in Mexico 2009]]
The state of being without any work yet looking for work is called unemployment. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including [[#Cyclical unemployment|cyclical or Keynesian unemployment]], [[frictional unemployment]], [[structural unemployment]] and classical unemployment definition. Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment.

Though there have been several definitions of "voluntary" and "[[involuntary unemployment]]" in the economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, but involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of [[frictional unemployment]] is voluntary since it reflects individual search behavior. Voluntary unemployment includes workers who reject low-wage jobs, but involuntary unemployment includes workers fired because of an economic crisis, [[deindustrialization|industrial decline]], company bankruptcy, or organizational restructuring.

On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, and classical (natural) unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties.

The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those with fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust and so even if all vacancies were to be filled, some unemployed workers would still remain. That happens with cyclical unemployment, as macroeconomic forces cause microeconomic unemployment, which can boomerang back and exacerbate those macroeconomic forces.

===Real wage unemployment===
Classical, natural, or real-wage unemployment, occurs when real wages for a job are set above the [[market-clearing]] level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, most economists argue that as wages fall below a livable wage, many choose to drop out of the labour market and no longer seek employment. That is especially true in countries in which low-income families are supported through public welfare systems. In such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below a livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in the above-stated scenario. In addition, consumption of goods and services is the primary driver of increased [[demand for labor]]. Higher wages lead to workers having more income available to consume goods and services. Therefore, higher wages increase general consumption and as a result demand for labor increases and unemployment decreases.

Many economists{{who}} have argued that unemployment increases with increased governmental regulation. For example, [[minimum wage]] laws raise the cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, resulting in increased unemployment as people who wish to work at the going rate cannot (as the new and higher enforced wage is now greater than the value of their labour).<ref>{{cite book |first=F. A. |last=Hayek |title=The Constitution of Country |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1960 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite book |first=Alain |last=Anderton |title=Economics |year=2006 |location=Ormskirk |publisher=Causeway |edition=Fourth |isbn=978-1-902796-92-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/economics04edande}}</ref> Laws restricting layoffs may make businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

However, that argument overly simplifies the relationship between wage rates and unemployment by ignoring numerous factors that contribute to unemployment.<ref name="P. Garegnani 1970">{{cite journal |first=P. |last=Garegnani |title=Heterogeneous Capital, the Production Function and the Theory of Distribution |journal=[[Review of Economic Studies]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |year=1970 |pages=407–436 |jstor=2296729 |doi=10.2307/2296729}}</ref><ref name="Robert L. Vienneau 2005">{{cite journal |first=Robert L. |last=Vienneau |title=On Labour Demand and Equilibria of the Firm |journal=[[The Manchester School (journal)|The Manchester School]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |year=2005 |pages=612–619 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.2005.00467.x|s2cid=153778021 }}</ref><ref name="Ian Steedman 2009">{{cite journal |first1=Arrigo |last1=Opocher |first2=Ian |last2=Steedman |title=Input Price-Input Quantity Relations and the Numéraire |journal=[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]] |volume=3 |year=2009 |issue=5 |pages=937–948 |doi=10.1093/cje/bep005}}</ref><ref name="Wyne Godley 1989">{{cite journal |first1=Michael |last1=Anyadike-Danes |first2=Wyne |last2=Godley |title=Real Wages and Employment: A Skeptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work |journal=[[The Manchester School (journal)|The Manchester School]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |year=1989 |pages=172–187 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x}}</ref><ref name="Graham White 2001">{{cite journal |first=Graham |last=White |title=The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies |journal=The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=67–87 |url=http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n2/white.html }}</ref> Some, such as [[Murray Rothbard]], suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market-clearing level.<ref>{{cite book |first=Murray |last=Rothbard |title=America's Great Depression |location=Princeton |publisher=Van Nostrand |year=1963 |page=45 |title-link=America's Great Depression }}</ref>

In ''Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America'', economists [[Richard Vedder]] and Lowell Gallaway argue that the empirical record of wages rates, productivity, and unemployment in America validates classical unemployment theory. Their data shows a strong correlation between adjusted real wage and unemployment in the United States from 1900 to 1990. However, they maintain that their data does not take into account [[exogenous variable|exogenous events]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard |last1=Vedder |first2=Lowell |last2=Gallaway |title=Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America |location=New York |publisher=NYU Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8147-8792-2 }}</ref>

===Cyclical unemployment===
[[File:US Unemployment rate 1990 to present.png|thumb|upright=1.5|US unemployment rate, 1990—2022. The increase in unemployment during recessions (shaded) is called cyclical unemployment.]]
Cyclical, deficient-demand, or [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] unemployment occurs when there is not enough [[aggregate demand]] in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently, fewer workers are needed, wages are sticky and do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and unemployment results.<ref name="Keynes 2007">{{cite book|title=The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money |last=Keynes |first=John Maynard |year=2007 |orig-year=1936 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |isbn=978-0-230-00476-4 |url=http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316094655/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynescont.htm |archive-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> Its name is derived from the frequent ups and downs in the [[business cycle]], but unemployment can also be persistent, such as during the [[Great Depression]].

With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies and so even if all open jobs were filled, some workers would still remain unemployed. Some associate cyclical unemployment with frictional unemployment because the factors that cause the friction are partially caused by cyclical variables. For example, a surprise decrease in the money supply may suddenly inhibit aggregate demand and thus inhibit [[labor demand]].

[[Keynesian]] economists, on the other hand, see the lack of supply of jobs as potentially resolvable by government intervention. One suggested intervention involves [[deficit spending]] to boost employment and goods demand. Another intervention involves an expansionary [[monetary policy]] to increase the [[supply of money]], which should reduce [[interest rate]]s, which, in turn, should lead to an increase in non-governmental spending.<ref>
{{cite book
|first = Seymour E.
|last=Harris
|title=The New Economics: Keynes' Influence on Theory and Public Policy
|year=2005
|isbn=978-1-4191-4534-6
|publisher= Kessinger Publishing}}
</ref>

===Unemployment under "full employment"===
{{Main|Full employment}}
[[File:NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg|thumb|right|Short-run [[Phillips curve]] before and after Expansionary Policy, with Long-Run Phillips Curve (NAIRU). Note, however, that the unemployment rate is an inaccurate predictor of inflation in the long term.<ref name=chang/><ref name=hossfeld/>]]

In demands based theory, it is possible to abolish cyclical unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand for products and workers. However, the economy eventually hits an "[[inflation]] barrier" that is imposed by the four other kinds of unemployment to the extent that they exist. Historical experience suggests that low unemployment affects inflation in the short term but not the long term.<ref name=chang>Chang, R. (1997) [https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113212953/https://www.frbatlanta.org/filelegacydocs/ACFC7.pdf }} ''Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review'' 1Q97:4–13</ref> In the long term, the [[velocity of money]] supply measures such as the MZM ("money zero maturity", representing cash and equivalent [[demand deposit]]s) velocity is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment.<ref name=hossfeld>Oliver Hossfeld (2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131113215511/http://www.hhl.de/fileadmin/texte/publikationen/forschungspapiere/HOSSFELD_USMONEY_INFERWP_2010-4.pdf "US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction"] ''International Network for Economic Research'' working paper no. 2010.4</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/MZMV |title=MZM velocity |publisher=Research.stlouisfed.org |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

Some demand theory economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the [[natural rate of unemployment]]. The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium, and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. An alternative technical term for that rate is the [[NAIRU]], the ''Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment''. Whatever its name, demand theory holds that if the unemployment rate gets "too low," inflation will accelerate in the absence of wage and price controls (incomes policies).

One of the major problems with the NAIRU theory is that no one knows exactly what the NAIRU is, and it clearly changes over time.<ref name=chang/> The margin of error can be quite high relative to the actual unemployment rate, making it hard to use the NAIRU in policy-making.<ref name=hossfeld/>

Another, normative, definition of full employment might be called the ''ideal'' unemployment rate. It would exclude all types of unemployment that represent forms of inefficiency. This type of "full employment" unemployment would correspond to only frictional unemployment (excluding that part encouraging the [[McJob]]s management strategy) and so would be very low. However, it would be impossible to attain this full-employment target using only demand-side [[Keynesian]] stimulus without getting below the NAIRU and causing accelerating inflation (absent incomes policies). Training programs aimed at fighting structural unemployment would help here.

To the extent that hidden unemployment exists, it implies that official unemployment statistics provide a poor guide to what unemployment rate coincides with "full employment."<ref name=chang/>

===Structural unemployment===
{{Main|Structural unemployment}}
[[File:Okuns law quarterly differences.svg|thumb|[[Okun's Law]] interprets unemployment as a function of the rate of growth in GDP.]]
[[Structural unemployment]] occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs. Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment except that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to abolish this type of unemployment easily.

Structural unemployment may also be encouraged to rise by persistent cyclical unemployment: if an economy suffers from longlasting low aggregate demand, it means that many of the unemployed become disheartened, and their skills (including [[job hunting|job-searching]] skills) become "rusty" and obsolete. Problems with debt may lead to [[homelessness]] and a fall into the vicious circle of poverty, which means that people affected in this way may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. The implication is that sustained ''high'' demand may ''lower'' structural unemployment. This theory of persistence in structural unemployment has been referred to as an example of [[path dependence]] or "[[hysteresis]]."

Much ''[[technological unemployment]]'',<ref name="Jerome 1934"/> caused by the replacement of workers by machines might be counted as structural unemployment. Alternatively, technological unemployment might refer to the way in which steady increases in labour productivity mean that fewer workers are needed to produce the same level of output every year. The fact that aggregate demand can be raised to deal with the problem suggests that the problem is instead one of cyclical unemployment. As indicated by [[Okun's law]], the demand side must grow sufficiently quickly to absorb not only the growing labour force but also the workers who are made redundant by the increased labour productivity.

Seasonal unemployment may be seen as a kind of structural unemployment since it is linked to certain kinds of jobs (construction and migratory farm work). The most-cited official unemployment measures erase this kind of unemployment from the statistics using "seasonal adjustment" techniques. That results in substantial and permanent structural unemployment.

===Frictional unemployment===
{{Main|Frictional unemployment}}
[[File:US beveridge 2004 through fall 2010.gif|thumb|The [[Beveridge curve]] of 2004 [[vacancy (economics)|job vacancy]] and unemployment rate (from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics)]]

Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs in which a worker [[search theory|searches]] for or transitions from one job to another. It is sometimes called ''search unemployment'' and can be voluntary, based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are [[heterogeneity in economics|heterogeneous]], and a mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, seasonal industries, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment.

Workers and employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away. They will invest some time and effort to find a better match. That is, in fact, beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments will seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment by multiple means including providing education, advice, training, and assistance such as [[daycare center]]s.

The frictions in the [[labour market]] are sometimes illustrated graphically with a [[Beveridge curve]], a downward-sloping, convex curve that shows a correlation between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. Changes in the supply of or demand for labour cause movements along the curve. An increase or decrease in labour market frictions will shift the curve outwards or inwards.

===Hidden unemployment===
Official statistics often underestimate unemployment rates because of hidden, or covered, unemployment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Komlos |first=John |url=https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp7859.pdf |title=The Real U.S. Unemployment Rate Is Twice the Official Rate, and the Phillips Curve |publisher=CesIfo working paper No 7859 |year=2019 |pages=54–74}}</ref> That is the unemployment of potential workers that are not reflected in official unemployment statistics because of how the statistics are collected. In many countries, only those who have no work but are actively looking for work and/or qualifying for social security benefits are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work and sometimes those who are on government "retraining" programs are not officially counted among the unemployed even though they are not employed.

The statistic also does not count the "[[underemployment|underemployed]]", those working fewer hours than they would prefer or in a job that fails to make good use of their capabilities. In addition, those who are of working age but are currently in full-time education are usually not considered unemployed in government statistics. Traditional unemployed native societies who survive by gathering, hunting, herding, and farming in wilderness areas may or may not be counted in unemployment statistics.

===Long-term unemployment===
'''Long-term unemployment''' (LTU) is defined in [[European Union]] statistics as unemployment lasting for longer than one year (while unemployment lasting over two years is defined as ''very long-term unemployment''). The United States [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] (BLS), which reports current long-term unemployment rate at 1.9 percent, defines this as unemployment lasting 27 weeks or longer. Long-term unemployment is a component of [[structural unemployment]], which results in long-term unemployment existing in every social group, industry, occupation, and all levels of education.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Bivens |first1= Josh |last2=Shierholz |first2=Heidi |title=Lagging Demand, Not Unemployability, Is Why Long-term Unemployment Remains So High |publisher=Economic Policy Institute |url=http://www.epi.org/publication/lagging-demand-is-behind-high-long-term-unemployment/}}</ref>

In 2015 the European Commission published recommendations on how to reduce long-term unemployment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016H0220%2801%29&qid=1456753373365 |title=COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION of 15 February 2016 on the integration of the long-term unemployed into the labour market |id=2016/C 67/01 |work=[[Official Journal of the European Union]]}}</ref> These advised governments to:

* encourage long-term unemployed people to '''register''' with an [[Public employment service|employment service]];
* provide each registered long-term unemployed person with an '''individual in-depth assessment''' to identify their needs and potential within 18 months;
* offer a tailor-made '''job integration agreement''' (JIA) to all registered long-term unemployed within 18 months. These might include measures such as [[Mentorship|mentoring]], help with [[Job hunting|job search]], [[further education]] and [[training]], support for housing, transport, child and care services and rehabilitation. Each person would have a single point of contact to access this support, which would be implemented in partnership with employers.

In 2017–2019 it implemented the Long-Term Unemployment project to research solutions implemented by EU member states and produce a toolkit<ref>{{Cite web|title=LTU project - Long Term Unemployment project - EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND - European Commission|url=https://ec.europa.eu/esf/transnationality/ltu-project|access-date=11 March 2021|website=EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND|language=en}}</ref> to guide government action. Progress was evaluated<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commission publishes report on reintegration of long-term unemployed|url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=9346|access-date=11 March 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> in 2019.

===Marxian theory of unemployment===
[[File:Marx - Theorien über den Mehrwert, 1956 - 5708926.tif|thumb|[[Karl Marx]], ''Theorien über den Mehrwert'', 1956]]
{{Blockquote|text=It is in the very nature of the [[capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)|capitalist mode of production]] to overwork some workers while keeping the rest as a [[reserve army of labour|reserve army]] of unemployed paupers.|author=Marx|source=[[Theories of Surplus Value|Theory of Surplus Value]]<ref name="Marx 1863 478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300"/>}}

Marxists share the Keynesian viewpoint of the relationship between economic demand and employment, but with the caveat that the market system's propensity to slash wages and reduce labor participation on an enterprise level causes a requisite decrease in aggregate demand in the economy as a whole, causing crises of unemployment and periods of low economic activity before the [[capital accumulation]] (investment) phase of economic growth can continue. According to [[Karl Marx]], unemployment is inherent within the unstable capitalist system and periodic crises of mass unemployment are to be expected. He theorized that unemployment was inevitable and even a necessary part of the capitalist system, with recovery and regrowth also part of the process.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/hardcastle/unemployment.htm |title=Marx and Keynes on Unemployment |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083213/https://www.marxists.org/archive/hardcastle/unemployment.htm |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The function of the [[proletariat]] within the capitalist system is to provide a "[[reserve army of labour]]" that creates downward pressure on wages. This is accomplished by dividing the proletariat into surplus labour (employees) and under-employment (unemployed).<ref>Marx, Karl (2009). Capital: An Abridged Edition. Edited by David McLellan, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953570-5}}.</ref> This reserve army of labour fight among themselves for scarce jobs at lower and lower wages. At first glance, unemployment seems inefficient since unemployed workers do not increase profits, but unemployment is profitable within the global capitalist system because unemployment lowers wages which are costs from the perspective of the owners. From this perspective low wages benefit the system by reducing [[economic rent]]s. Yet, it does not benefit workers; according to Karl Marx, the workers (proletariat) work to benefit the bourgeoisie through their production of capital.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm | title=Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1)}}</ref> Capitalist systems unfairly manipulate the market for labour by perpetuating unemployment which lowers laborers' demands for fair wages. Workers are pitted against one another at the service of increasing profits for owners. As a result of the capitalist mode of production, Marx argued that workers experienced alienation and estrangement through their economic identity.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/a/l.htm | title=Glossary of Terms: Al}}</ref> According to Marx, the only way to permanently eliminate unemployment would be to abolish capitalism and the system of forced competition for wages and then shift to a socialist or communist economic system. For contemporary Marxists, the existence of persistent unemployment is proof of the inability of capitalism to ensure full employment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marx|first=Karl|title=The Communist Manifesto|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm|access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref>

==Measurement==
{{Redirect|Unemployment rate|a list of countries|List of countries by unemployment rate}}
There are also different ways national statistical agencies measure unemployment. The differences may limit the validity of international comparisons of unemployment data.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf "International Unemployment Rates: How Comparable are They?"] by Constance Sorrentino, Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20.</ref> To some degree, the differences remain despite national statistical agencies increasingly adopting the definition of unemployment of the International Labour Organization.<ref name="ilo.org">International Labour Organization Bureau of Statistics [http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_088394.pdf Measurement of employment, unemployment and underemployment – Current international standards and issues in their application]. Retrieved August 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924111726/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_088394.pdf }}</ref> To facilitate international comparisons, some organizations, such as the [[OECD#Statistics|OECD]], [[Eurostat]], and [[Division of international labor comparisons|International Labor Comparisons Program]], adjust data on unemployment for comparability across countries.

Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on the unemployment rate, which corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed caused by increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as a [[percentage]] and calculated as follows:

:<math>\text{Unemployment rate}=\frac{\text{Unemployed workers}}{\text{Total labor force}} \times 100</math>

As defined by the [[International Labour Organization]], "unemployed workers" are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work.<ref>International Labour Organization, Bureau of Statistics,[http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf The Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians], received 21 July 2007</ref>
Individuals who are actively seeking job placement must make the effort to be in contact with an employer, have job interviews, contact job placement agencies, send out resumes, submit applications, respond to advertisements, or some other means of active job searching within the prior four weeks. Simply looking at advertisements and not responding will not count as actively seeking job placement. Since not all unemployment may be "open" and counted by government agencies, official statistics on unemployment may not be accurate.<ref name="sfgate.com">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Zuckerman |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/11/17/BU239666.DTL |title=Official unemployment numbers omit discouraged seekers, part-time workers |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629055550/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2002%2F11%2F17%2FBU239666.DTL |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> In the United States, for example, the unemployment rate does not take into consideration those individuals who are not actively looking for employment, such as those who are still attending college.<ref>Coy, P. (11 September 2012). U.S. jobless rate drops for the worst of all reasons. Businessweek.Com, 5.</ref>

According to the OECD, Eurostat, and the US [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] the unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force.

"An unemployed person is defined by Eurostat, according to the guidelines of the International Labour Organization, as:

* someone aged 15 to 74 (in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway: 16 to 74 years);
* without work during the reference week;
* available to start work within the next two weeks (or has already found a job to start within the next three months);
* actively having sought employment at some time during the last four weeks."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Unemployment|title=Glossary:Unemployment|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The labour force, or workforce, includes both employed (employees and self-employed) and unemployed people but not the economically inactive, such as pre-school children, school children, students and pensioners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Labour_force|title=Glossary:Labour force|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The unemployment rate of an individual country is usually calculated and reported on a monthly, quarterly, and yearly basis by the National Agency of Statistics. Organisations like the OECD report statistics for all of its member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/unemp/unemployment-rate.htm|title=Unemployment rate|publisher= Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)}}</ref>

Certain countries provide unemployment compensation for a certain period of time for unemployed citizens who are registered as unemployed at the government [[employment agency]]. Furthermore, pension receivables or claims could depend on the registration at the government employment agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=862&langId=en|title=Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion|publisher= European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usa.gov/unemployment|title=Unemployment Help|publisher=United States government website}}</ref>

In many countries like in [[Germany]], the unemployment rate is based on the number of people who are registered as unemployed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Arbeit/Arbeitsmarkt/Glossar/arbeitslosenquote.html|title=Arbeitslosenquote|publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt}}</ref> Other countries like the United States use a labour force survey to calculate the unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/|title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey|publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Labour_force_survey_(LFS)|title=Glossary:Labour force survey (LFS)|publisher=Eurostat}}</ref>

The ILO describes four different methods to calculate the unemployment rate:<ref>International Labour Organization, LABORSTA,[http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/c3e.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707132204/http://laborsta.ilo.org/applv8/data/c3e.html}}. Retrieved 22 July 2007.</ref>
* ''Labour Force Sample Surveys'' are the most preferred method of unemployment rate calculation since they give the most comprehensive results and enables calculation of unemployment by different group categories such as race and gender. This method is the most internationally comparable.
* ''Official Estimates'' are determined by a combination of information from one or more of the other three methods. The use of this method has been declining in favor of labour surveys.
* ''Social Insurance Statistics'', such as unemployment benefits, are computed base on the number of persons insured representing the total labour force and the number of persons who are insured that are collecting benefits. This method has been heavily criticized because if the expiration of benefits before the person finds work.
* ''Employment Office Statistics'' are the least effective since they include only a monthly tally of unemployed persons who enter employment offices. This method also includes those who are not unemployed by the ILO definition.

The primary measure of unemployment, U3, allows for comparisons between countries. Unemployment differs from country to country and across different time periods. For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States had lower unemployment levels than many countries in the [[European Union]],<ref>Schmitt, John; Rho, Hye Jin; Fremstad, Shawn. [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/US-EU-UR-2009-05.pdf U.S. Unemployment Now As High as Europe.] Center for Economic and Policy Research. May 2009.</ref> which had significant internal variation, with countries like the United Kingdom and [[Denmark]] outperforming [[Italy]] and [[France]]. However, large economic events like the Great Depression can lead to similar unemployment rates across the globe.

In 2013, the ILO adopted a resolution to introduce new indicators to measure the unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution I Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization |publisher=ILO |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_230304.pdf}}</ref>
*LU1: Unemployment rate: [persons in unemployment / labour force] × 100
*LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment) / labour force]
x 100
*LU3: Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force: [(persons in unemployment + potential labour force) / (extended labour force)] × 100
*LU4: Composite measure of labour underutilization: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment + potential

labour force) / (extended labour force)] × 100

===European Union (Eurostat)===
{{Further|List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate|List of European regions by unemployment rate}}
[[File:Unemployment Rate in Europe (2020).svg|thumb|Unemployment in Europe (2021) according to Worldbank]]
[[File:Unemployment_rates_EU-28,_EA-19,_US_and_Japan,_seasonally_adjusted,_January_2000_-_October_2019.png|thumb|Unemployment rates from 2000–2019 for United States, Japan and [[European Union]]]]

[[Eurostat]], the statistical office of the [[European Union]], defines unemployed as those persons between age 15 and 74 who are not working, have looked for work in the last four weeks, and are ready to start work within two weeks; this definition conforms to ILO standards. Both the actual count and the unemployment rate are reported. Statistical data are available by member state for the European Union as a whole (EU28) as well as for the [[eurozone]] (EA19). Eurostat also includes a long-term unemployment rate, which is defined as part of the unemployed who have been unemployed for more than one year.<ref>Marco Giugni, ed. ''The Contentious Politics of Unemployment in Europe: Welfare States and Political Opportunities''(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) covers Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland.</ref>

The main source used is the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). It collects data on all member states each quarter. For monthly calculations, national surveys or national registers from employment offices are used in conjunction with quarterly EU-LFS data. The exact calculation for individual countries, resulting in harmonized monthly data, depends on the availability of the data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/EN/une_esms.htm|title=European Commission, Eurostat|access-date=5 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126055630/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_SDDS/en/une_esms.htm|archive-date=26 November 2009}}</ref>

===United States Bureau of Labor statistics===
{{See also|Unemployment in the United States|JOLTS report}}

[[File:USA 2008 unemployment by county.svg|thumb|Unemployment rate in the US by county in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/la/laucnty08.txt|title=Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages|author=Bureau of Labor Statistics|year=2009}}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{colbegin|colwidth=8em}}{{legend|#0000ff|1.2–3%}}{{legend|#00dddd|3.1–4%}}{{legend|#00ffaa|4.1–5%}}{{legend|#00ff00|5.1–6%}}{{legend|#77cc00|6.1–7%}}{{legend|#ffff00|7.1–8%}}{{legend|#ffaa00|8.1–9%}}{{legend|#ff0000|9.1–10%}}{{legend|#ff00aa|10.1–11%}}{{legend|#666666|11.1–13%}}{{legend|#000000|13.1–22.9%}}{{colend}}]]

The [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] measures employment and unemployment (of those over 17 years of age) by using two different labor force surveys<ref>United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics,[http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_faq.htm]. Retrieved 23 July 2007.</ref> conducted by the [[United States Census Bureau]] (within the [[United States Department of Commerce]]) and/or the Bureau of Labor Statistics (within the [[United States Department of Labor]]) that gather employment statistics monthly. The [[Current Population Survey]] (CPS), or "Household Survey," conducts a survey based on a sample of 60,000 households. The survey measures the unemployment rate based on the ILO definition.<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, [http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_over.htm#overview Current Population Survey overview]. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</ref>

The Current Employment Statistics survey (CES), or "Payroll Survey," conducts a survey based on a sample of 160,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent 400,000 individual employers.<ref name=c>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "[http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_02012008.pdf The Employment Situation: January 2008]," January 2008</ref> Since the survey measures only civilian nonagricultural employment, it does not calculate an unemployment rate, and it differs from the ILO unemployment rate definition. Both sources have different classification criteria and usually produce differing results. Additional data are also available from the government, such as the unemployment insurance weekly claims report available from the Office of Workforce Security, within the U.S. Department of Labor's [[Employment and Training Administration]].<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Employment & Training Administration, Office of Workforce Security, [http://workforcesecurity.doleta.gov/unemploy/claims_arch.asp UI Weekly Claims]</ref> The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides up-to-date numbers via a PDF linked here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_03052010.pdf |title=The Employment Situation: February 2010 |access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> The BLS also provides a readable concise current Employment Situation Summary, updated monthly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm |title=Employment Situation Summary |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>
[[File:US Unemployment measures.svg|thumb|U1–U6 since 1950, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics]]

The Bureau of Labor Statistics also calculates six alternate measures of unemployment, U1 to U6, which measure different aspects of unemployment:<ref>U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table A-15. Alternative measures of labour underutilization Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref>
* U1:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab15.htm |title=Labor Force Statistics (CPS), Alternative Measures U-1 through U-6 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref> Percentage of labor force unemployed 15 weeks or longer.
* U2: Percentage of labor force who lost jobs or completed temporary work.
* U3: Official '''unemployment rate''', per the ILO definition, occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively looked for [[wage labor|work]] within the past four weeks.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/download/res/ecacpop.pdf|author=International Labor Organization |title=Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, and underemployment, adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labor Statisticians; see page 4 |access-date=26 November 2007 }}</ref>
* U4: U3 + "[[discouraged workers]]", or those who have stopped looking for work because current economic conditions make them believe that no work is available for them.
* U5: U4 + other "marginally attached workers," or "loosely attached workers," or those who "would like" and are able to work but have not looked for work recently.
* U6: U5 + Part-time workers who want to work full-time, but cannot for economic reasons ([[underemployment]]).
''Note: "Marginally attached workers" are added to the total labour force for unemployment rate calculation for U4, U5, and U6.'' The [[Current Population Survey#1994 revisions|BLS revised the CPS in 1994]] and among the changes the measure representing the official unemployment rate was renamed U3 instead of U5.<ref>{{cite web |first1=John E. |last1=Bregger |first2=Steven E. |last2=Haugen |year=1995 |title=BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures |work=Monthly Labor Review, October: 19–29 |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1995/10/art3full.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref> In 2013, Representative [[Duncan D. Hunter|Hunter]] proposed that the Bureau of Labor Statistics use the U5 rate instead of the current U3 rate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rep. Hunter Seeks to Change Jobless Reporting Method |author=Honathan Horn |url=http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/apr/24/tp-rep-hunter-seeks-to-change-jobless-reporting/ |newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020412/http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/apr/24/tp-rep-hunter-seeks-to-change-jobless-reporting/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 }} {{cite news |title=GOP lawmaker calls for change to how government measures unemployment |author=Molly K. Hooper |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/house/220457-gop-lawmaker-calls-for-change-to-how-government-measures-unemployment- |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013147/http://thehill.com/homenews/house/220457-gop-lawmaker-calls-for-change-to-how-government-measures-unemployment- |url-status=dead }} {{cite news |title=The Unemployment Rate Is a Farce That Needs Fixing: Rep. Duncan Hunter |author=Matt Nesto |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/breakout/unemployment-rate-farce-needs-fixing-rep-duncan-hunter-113437674.html |newspaper=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>

Statistics for the US economy as a whole hide variations among groups. For example, in January 2008, the US unemployment rates were 4.4% for adult men, 4.2% for adult women, 4.4% for Caucasians, 6.3% for Hispanics or Latinos (all races), 9.2% for African Americans, 3.2% for Asian Americans, and 18.0% for teenagers.<ref name=c/> Also, the US unemployment rate would be at least 2% higher if prisoners and jail inmates were counted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/00-05_REP_PunishingDecade_AC.pdf |title=The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium |publisher=Justice Policy Institute }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution |first1=Bruce |last1=Western |first2=Katherine |last2=Beckett |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=104 |issue=4 |year=1999 |pages=1030–1060 |doi=10.1086/210135 |s2cid=27785866 }}</ref>

The unemployment rate is included in a number of major economic [[index (economics)|indices]] including the US [[The Conference Board|Conference Board]]'s [[Index of Leading Indicators]] a [[macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] measure of the state of the economy.

{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = none
| image1 = US Unemployment 1800-1890.gif
| width1 = {{#expr: (200 * 628 / 398) round 0}}
| alt1 = US Unemployment 1800–1890
| caption1 = Estimated US unemployment rate from 1800–1890. All data are estimates based on data compiled by Lebergott.<ref name="Lebergott1964">{{cite book |first=Stanley |last=Lebergott |year=1964 |title=Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800 |url=https://archive.org/details/manpowerineconom0000lebe |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manpowerineconom0000lebe/page/164 164]–190 |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill
}}</ref> See limitations section below on how to interpret unemployment statistics in self-employed, agricultural economies. See image information for complete data.
| image2 = US annual unemployment rate.svg
| width2 = {{#expr: (200 * 796 / 416) round 0}}
| alt2 = US Unemployment since 1890
| caption2 = Estimated US unemployment rate since 1890; 1890–1930 data are from [[Christina Romer]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Christina |last=Romer |year=1986 |title=Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data |journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |jstor=1831958 |doi=10.1086/261361|s2cid=15302777 }}</ref> 1930–1940 data is from Coen.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert M. |last=Coen |year=1973 |title=Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s: A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience |journal=[[Review of Economics and Statistics]] |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=46–55 |jstor=1927993 |doi=10.2307/1927993}}</ref> 1940–2011 data is from [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aat1.txt |title=Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1940 to date |access-date=6 March 2009}}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf |title=Historical Comparability |year=2006 |work=Employment and Earnings. Household Data Explanatory Notes, February 2006 }}</ref> See image info for complete data.
| direction =
| total_width =
}}

===Alternatives===
====Limitations of definition====
Some critics believe that current methods of measuring unemployment are inaccurate in terms of the impact of unemployment on people as these methods do not take into account the 1.5% of the available working population incarcerated in US prisons (who may or may not be working while they are incarcerated); those who have lost their jobs and have become [[discouraged worker|discouraged]] over time from actively looking for work; those who are [[self-employed]] or wish to become self-employed, such as tradesmen or building contractors or information technology consultants; those who have retired before the official retirement age but would still like to work (involuntary early retirees); those on [[disability]] pensions who do not possess full health but still wish to work in occupations that suitable for their medical conditions; or those who work for payment for as little as one hour per week but would like to work full time.<ref name="Krueger 1999">{{cite journal|last=Krueger|first=Alan B.|author2=Lawrence F. Katz|title=New Trend in Unemployment?: The High-Pressure U.S. Labor Market of the 1990s|journal=Brookings Review|year=1999|url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1999/fall_unemployment_katz.aspx|access-date=18 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084352/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1999/fall_unemployment_katz.aspx|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>

The last people are "involuntary part-time" workers, those who are underemployed, such as a computer programmer who is working in a retail store until he can find a permanent job, involuntary stay-at-home mothers who would prefer to work, and graduate and professional school students who are unable to find worthwhile jobs after they graduated with their bachelor's degrees.

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P109961, Berlin, Arbeitsamt Sonnenallee, Arbeitslose.jpg|thumb|A government unemployment office with job listings, [[West Berlin]], [[West Germany]], 1982]]
Internationally, some nations' unemployment rates are sometimes muted or appear less severe because of the number of self-employed individuals working in agriculture.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/> Small independent farmers are often considered self-employed and so cannot be unemployed. That can impact non-industrialized economies, such as the United States and Europe in the early 19th century, since overall unemployment was approximately 3% because so many individuals were self-employed, independent farmers; however, non-agricultural unemployment was as high as 80%.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/>

Many economies industrialize and so experience increasing numbers of non-agricultural workers. For example, the United States' non-agricultural labour force increased from 20% in 1800 to 50% in 1850 and 97% in 2000.<ref name="Lebergott1964"/> The shift away from self-employment increases the percentage of the population that is included in unemployment rates. When unemployment rates between countries or time periods are compared, it is best to consider differences in their levels of industrialization and self-employment.

Additionally, the measures of employment and unemployment may be "too high." In some countries, the availability of [[unemployment benefits]] can inflate statistics by giving an incentive to register as unemployed. People who do not seek work may choose to declare themselves unemployed to get benefits; people with undeclared paid occupations may try to get unemployment benefits in addition to the money that they earn from their work.<ref name="Reporting benefit fraud.">{{cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/BenefitFraud/DG_10014876 |title=Reporting benefit fraud |publisher=Directgov |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

However, in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, and the European Union, unemployment is measured using a sample survey (akin to a [[Gallup Organization|Gallup]] poll).<ref name="ilo.org"/> According to the BLS, a number of Eastern European nations have instituted labour force surveys as well. The sample survey has its own problems because the total number of workers in the economy is calculated based on a sample, rather than a census.

It is possible to be neither employed nor unemployed by ILO definitions by being outside of the "labour force."<ref name="sfgate.com"/> Such people have no job and are not looking for one. Many of them go to school or are retired. Family responsibilities keep others out of the labour force. Still others have a physical or mental disability that prevents them from participating in the labour force. Some people simply elect not to work and prefer to be dependent on others for sustenance.

Typically, employment and the labour force include only work that is done for monetary gain. Hence, a [[homemaker]] is neither part of the labour force nor unemployed. Also, full-time students and prisoners are considered to be neither part of the labour force nor unemployed.<ref name="Krueger 1999"/> The number of prisoners can be important. In 1999, economists Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger estimated that increased incarceration lowered measured unemployment in the United States by 0.17% between 1985 and the late 1990s.<ref name="Krueger 1999"/>

In particular, as of 2005, roughly 0.7% of the US population is incarcerated (1.5% of the available working population). Additionally, children, the elderly, and some individuals with disabilities are typically not counted as part of the labour force and so are not included in the unemployment statistics. However, some elderly and many disabled individuals are active in the labour market.

In the early stages of an [[boom and bust|economic boom]], unemployment often rises.<ref name="Keynes 2007"/> That is because people join the labour market (give up studying, start a job hunt, etc.) as a result of the improving job market, but until they have actually found a position, they are counted as unemployed. Similarly, during a [[recession]], the increase in the unemployment rate is moderated by people leaving the labour force or being otherwise discounted from the labour force, such as with the self-employed.

For the fourth quarter of 2004, according to [[OECD]] ([http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/36/30/35024561.pdf Employment Outlook 2005] {{ISBN|92-64-01045-9}}), normalized unemployment for men aged 25 to 54 was 4.6% in the US and 7.4% in France. At the same time and for the same population, the employment rate (number of workers divided by population) was 86.3% in the US and 86.7% in France. That example shows that the unemployment rate was 60% higher in France than in the US, but more people in that demographic were working in France than in the US, which is counterintuitive if it is expected that the unemployment rate reflects the health of the labour market.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Dean|url=http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/beat_the_press_archive?month=01&year=2007&base_name=wall_street_journal_gets_germa&162#comment-1679545|title=Wall Street Journal Gets German Unemployment Wrong|work=The American Prospect|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033323/http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/beat_the_press_archive?month=01&year=2007&base_name=wall_street_journal_gets_germa&162#comment-1679545|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Raymond Torres, OECD head of Employment Analysis, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-823448,36-917229@51-628862,0.html Avec 1,2 % de baisse fin avril, le taux de chômage continue sa décrue]{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Le Monde'', 30 mai 2007 : ''unemployment measure is less and less meaningful to measure labour market efficiency.''</ref>

Those deficiencies make many [[labour economics|labour market]] economists prefer to look at a range of economic statistics such as labour market participation rate, the percentage of people between 15 and 64 who are currently employed or searching for employment, the total number of full-time jobs in an economy, the number of people seeking work as a raw number and not a percentage, and the total number of person-hours worked in a month compared to the total number of person-hours people would like to work. In particular, the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] does not use the unemployment rate but prefers various employment rates to date recessions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwwdev.nber.org/dec2008.html |title=Determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity |publisher=The National Bureau of Economic Research |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130905171428/http%3A//wwwdev.nber.org/dec2008.html |archive-date=5 September 2013 }}</ref>

====Labor force participation rate====
[[File:US Labor Force Participation Rate by gender.png|thumb|upright=1.5|US labor force participation rate from 1948 to 2021, by gender
{{legend|#4A90E2|Male participation}}
{{legend|#000000|Total labor force participation}}
{{legend|#AA4643|Female participation}}]]
The labor force participation rate is the ratio between the [[labor force]] and the overall size of their [[cohort (statistics)|cohort]] (national population of the same age range). In the West, during the later half of the 20th century, the labor force participation rate increased significantly because of an increase in the number of women entering the workplace.

In the United States, there have been four significant stages of women's participation in the labour force: increases in the 20th century and decreases in the 21st century. Male labor force participation decreased from 1953 to 2013. Since October 2013, men have been increasingly joining the labour force.

From the late 19th century to the 1920s, very few women worked outside the home. They were young single women who typically withdrew from the labor force at marriage unless family needed two incomes. Such women worked primarily in the [[textile manufacturing]] industry or as [[domestic worker]]s. That profession empowered women and allowed them to earn a living wage. (Source on women earning a living wage?) At times, they were a financial help to their families.

Between 1930 and 1950, female labor force participation increased primarily because of the increased demand for office workers, women's participation in the high school movement, and [[electrification]], which reduced the time that was spent on household chores. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, most women were secondary earners working mainly as secretaries, teachers, nurses, and librarians ([[pink-collar]] jobs).

From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, there was a period of revolution of women in the labor force brought on by various factors, many of which arose from the [[second-wave feminism]] movement. Women more accurately planned for their future in the work force by investing in more applicable majors in college that prepared them to enter and compete in the labor market. In the United States, the female labor force participation rate rose from approximately 33% in 1948 to a peak of 60.3% in 2000. As of April 2015, the female labor force participation is at 56.6%, the male labor force participation rate is at 69.4%, and the total is 62.8%.<ref name="research.stlouisfed.org">[https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/LNS11300002 Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Women] Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</ref>

A common theory in modern economics claims that the rise of women participating in the US labor force in the 1950s to the 1990s was caused by the introduction of a new contraceptive technology, [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]], as well as the adjustment of [[age of majority]] laws. The use of birth control gave women the flexibility of opting to invest and to advance their career while they maintained a relationship. By having control over the timing of their fertility, they were not running a risk of thwarting their career choices. However, only 40% of the population actually used the birth control pill.

That implies that other factors may have contributed to women choosing to invest in advancing their careers. One factor may be that an increasing number of men delayed the age of marriage, which allowed women to marry later in life without them worrying about the quality of older men. Other factors include the changing nature of work, with machines replacing physical labor, thus eliminating many traditional male occupations, and the rise of the service sector in which many jobs are gender neutral.

Another factor that may have contributed to the trend was the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], which aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. Such legislation diminished sexual discrimination and encouraged more women to enter the labor market by receiving fair remuneration to help raising families and children.

At the turn of the 21st century, the labor force participation began to reverse its long period of increase. Reasons for the change include a rising share of older workers, an increase in school enrollment rates among young workers, and a decrease in female labor force participation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Van Zandweghe|first=Willem|title=Interpreting the Recent Decline in Labor Force Participation|journal=KC Fed Economic Review, First Quarter, 2012|pages=5–34|url=http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1VanZandweghe.pdf|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115193338/http://www.kc.frb.org/publicat/econrev/pdf/12q1VanZandweghe.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The labor force participation rate can decrease when the rate of growth of the population outweighs that of the employed and the unemployed together. The labor force participation rate is a key component in long-term economic growth, almost as important as [[productivity]].

A historic shift began around the end of the [[Great Recession]] as women began leaving the labor force in the United States and other developed countries. The female labor force participation rate in the United States has steadily decreased since 2009, and as of April 2015, the female labor force participation rate has gone back down to 1988 levels of 56.6%.<ref name="research.stlouisfed.org"/>

Participation rates are defined as follows:

{| style="margin:auto; width:90%;"
| Pop = total population || LF = labor force = U + E
|-
| LFpop = labor force population (generally defined as all men and women aged 15–64) || p = participation rate = LF / LFpop
|-
| E = number employed || e = rate of employment = E / LFpop
|-
| U = number of unemployed || u = rate of unemployment = U / LF
|}

The labor force participation rate explains how an increase in the unemployment rate can occur simultaneously with an increase in employment. If a large number of new workers enter the labor force but only a small fraction become employed, then the increase in the number of unemployed workers can outpace the growth in employment.<ref>Peter Barth and Dennis Heffley [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621060113/http://www.cteconomy.uconn.edu/TCE_Individual_Articles/Spring_2004/LocalLaborForceParticipationRates.pdf "Taking Apart Taking Part: Local Labor Force Participation Rates"] University of Connecticut, 2004.</ref>

====Unemployment-to-population ratio====
The unemployment-to-population ratio calculates the share of unemployed for the whole population. This is in contrast to the unemployment rate, which calculates the percentage of unemployed persons in relation to the ''active'' population. Particularly, many young people between 15 and 24 are studying full-time and so are neither working nor looking for a job. That means that they are not part of the labor force, which is used as the [[denominator]] when the unemployment rate is calculated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics#Youth_unemployment_trends |title=Unemployment statistics - Statistics Explained |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

The [[youth unemployment]] ratios in the European Union range from 5.2 (Austria) to 20.6 percent (Spain). They are considerably lower than the standard youth unemployment rates, ranging from 7.9 (Germany) to 57.9 percent (Greece).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?title=File:Youth_unemployment,_2012Q4_%28%25%29.png&filetimestamp=20130418091546# |title=File:Youth unemployment, 2012Q4 (%).png - Statistics Explained |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

==Effects==
High and the persistent unemployment, in which [[economic inequality]] increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth because it is a waste of resources; generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions; drives people to poverty; constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility; and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest, and conflict.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Castells-Quintana|first=David|author2=Vicente Royuela |title=Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation|journal=Investigaciones Regionales|year=2012|volume=12|issue=24|pages=153–173|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/33140/1/617293.pdf|access-date=17 October 2013|hdl=10017/27066|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The 2013 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, [[Robert J. Shiller]], said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem.<ref>{{cite news|last=Christoffersen|first=John|title=Rising inequality 'most important problem,' says Nobel-winning economist|url=https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/rising-inequality-most-important-problem-says-nobel-winning-economist/article_a5065957-05c3-5ac0-ba5b-dab91c22973a.html|access-date=19 October 2013|newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch}}</ref>

===Costs===
====Individual====
[[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Migrant Mother'', photograph by [[Dorothea Lange]], 1936]]
Unemployed individuals are unable to earn money to meet financial obligations. Failure to pay mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to [[homelessness]] through [[foreclosure]] or [[eviction]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/16/national/main6213988.shtml |title=Suburban Homeless: Rising Tide of Families |work=CBS News |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219010200/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/16/national/main6213988.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Across the United States the growing ranks of people made homeless in the foreclosure crisis are generating [[tent cities]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/26/tent-city-california-recession-economy |title=U.S. tent cities highlight new realities as recession wears on |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |first=Oliver |last=Burkeman}}</ref>

Unemployment increases susceptibility to [[cardiovascular disease]], [[somatization]], [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and [[suicide]]. In addition, unemployed people have higher rates of medication use, poor diet, physician visits, [[tobacco smoking]], [[alcoholic beverage]] consumption, drug use, and lower rates of exercise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781380|title = Mission Critical: Getting Vets With PTSD Back to Work|last1 = Meade|first1 = Barbara J.|date = 29 March 2013|work = NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health|last2 = Glenn|first2 = Margaret K.|last3 = Wirth|first3 = Oliver|publisher = Medscape & NIOSH}}</ref> According to a study published in Social Indicator Research, even those who tend to be optimistic find it difficult to look on the bright side of things when unemployed. Using interviews and data from German participants aged 16 to 94, including individuals coping with the stresses of real life and not just a volunteering student population, the researchers determined that even optimists struggled with being unemployed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newswise.com/articles/view/545782/ |title=Even Optimists Get the Blues When Pink-slipped |work=Newswise |access-date=27 October 2008 }}</ref>

In 1979, [[M. Harvey Brenner]] found that for every 10% increase in the number of unemployed, there is an increase of 1.2% in total mortality, a 1.7% increase in [[cardiovascular disease]], 1.3% more [[cirrhosis]] cases, 1.7% more suicides, 4.0% more arrests, and 0.8% more assaults reported to the police.<ref>{{cite book |first=M. Harvey |last=Brenner |chapter=Influence of the Social Environment on Psychology: The Historical Perspective |title=Stress and Mental Disorder |editor-first=James E. |editor-last=Barrett |location=New York |publisher=Raven Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-89004-384-4 }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web|author=Richard Ashley|year=2007|url=http://ashleymac.econ.vt.edu/ashley/3204/brenner.pdf|title=Fact sheet on the impact of unemployment|publisher=Virginia Tech, Department of Economics|access-date=11 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025150953/http://ashleymac.econ.vt.edu/ashley/3204/brenner.pdf|archive-date=25 October 2007}}</ref>

A study by [[Christopher Ruhm]] in 2000 on the effect of recessions on health found that several measures of health actually improve during recessions.<ref name=Ruhm>{{cite journal |first=Christopher |last=Ruhm |title=Are Recessions Good for Your Health? |journal=[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] |year=2000 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=617–650 |doi=10.1162/003355300554872 |s2cid=51729569 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/C_Ruhm_Are_2000.pdf }}</ref> As for the impact of an economic downturn on crime, during the [[Great Depression]], the crime rate did not decrease. The unemployed in the US often use [[welfare]] programs such as [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]] or accumulating [[debt]] because unemployment insurance in the US generally does not replace most of the income that was received on the job, and one cannot receive such aid indefinitely.

Not everyone suffers equally from unemployment. In a prospective study of 9,570 individuals over four years, highly conscientious people suffered more than twice as much if they became unemployed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boyce|first=Christopher J.|author2=Wood, Alex M. |author3=Brown, Gordon D.A. |title=The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment|journal=Journal of Research in Personality |year=2010 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=535–539 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.001 }}</ref> The authors suggested that may because of conscientious people making different attributions about why they became unemployed or through experiencing stronger reactions following failure. There is also the possibility of reverse causality from poor health to unemployment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bockerman|first=Petri|author2=Ilmakunnas, Pekka |title=Unemployment and self-assessed health: evidence from panel data|journal=Health Economics |year=2009|volume=18|issue=2|pages=161–179|doi=10.1002/hec.1361 |pmid=18536002 |url=http://www.petribockerman.fi/bockerman%26ilmakunnas_une_2009.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.719.5903}}</ref>

Some researchers hold that many of the low-income jobs are not really a better option than unemployment with a [[welfare state]], with its [[unemployment insurance]] benefits. However, since it is difficult or impossible to get unemployment insurance benefits without having worked in the past, those jobs and unemployment are more complementary than they are substitutes. (They are often held short-term, either by students or by those trying to gain experience; turnover in most low-paying jobs is high.)

Another cost for the unemployed is that the combination of unemployment, lack of financial resources, and social responsibilities may push unemployed workers to take jobs that do not fit their skills or allow them to use their talents. Unemployment can cause [[underemployment]], and fear of job loss can spur psychological anxiety. As well as anxiety, it can cause depression, lack of confidence, and huge amounts of stress, which is increased when the unemployed are faced with health issues, poverty, and lack of relational support.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236855506|journal = Journal of Vocational Behavior|pages = 256–265|volume = 82|issue = 3|doi = 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.02.005|first1 = David L.|last1 = Blustein|first2 = Saliha|last2 = Kozan|first3 = Alice|last3 = Connors-Kellgren|year = 2013}}</ref>

Another personal cost of unemployment is its impact on relationships. A 2008 study from Covizzi, which examined the relationship between unemployment and divorce, found that the rate of divorce is greater for couples when one partner is unemployed.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Covizzi
| first = Ilaria
| date = 1 July 2008
| title = Does Union Dissolution Lead to Unemployment? A Longitudinal Study of Health and Risk of Unemployment for Women and Men Undergoing Separation
| journal = European Sociological Review
| language = en
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 347–361
| doi = 10.1093/esr/jcn006
| issn = 0266-7215
}}</ref> However, a more recent study has found that some couples often stick together in "unhappy" or "unhealthy" marriages when they are unemployed to buffer financial costs.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Amato
| first1 = Paul R.
| last2 = Beattie
| first2 = Brett
| date = 1 May 2011
| title = Does the unemployment rate affect the divorce rate? An analysis of state data 1960–2005
| journal = Social Science Research
| volume = 40
| issue = 3
| pages = 705–715
| doi = 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.12.012
}}</ref> A 2014 study by Van der Meer found that the stigma that comes from being unemployed affects personal well-being, especially for men, who often feel as though their masculine identities are threatened by unemployment.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Meer
| first = Peter H. van der
| date = 21 November 2012
| title = Gender, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: Why Being Unemployed Is Worse for Men than for Women
| journal = Social Indicators Research
| language = en
| volume = 115
| issue = 1
| pages = 23–44
| doi = 10.1007/s11205-012-0207-5
| s2cid = 145056657
| issn = 0303-8300
}}</ref>

{{anchor|Effects of unemployment on men}}Unemployment can also bring personal costs in relation to gender. One study found that women are more likely to experience unemployment than men and that they are less likely to move from temporary positions to permanent positions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Fang
| first1 = Tony
| last2 = MacPhail
| first2 = Fiona
| date = 27 November 2007
| title = Transitions from Temporary to Permanent Work in Canada: Who Makes the Transition and Why?
| journal = Social Indicators Research
| language = en
| volume = 88
| issue = 1
| pages = 51–74
| doi = 10.1007/s11205-007-9210-7
| issn = 0303-8300
| hdl = 10315/6293
| s2cid = 154555810
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> Another study on gender and unemployment found that men, however, are more likely to experience greater stress, depression, and adverse effects from unemployment, largely stemming from the perceived threat to their role as breadwinner.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Michniewicz
| first1 = Kenneth S.
| last2 = Vandello
| first2 = Joseph A.
| last3 = Bosson
| first3 = Jennifer K.
| date = 19 January 2014
| title = Men's (Mis)Perceptions of the Gender Threatening Consequences of Unemployment
| journal = Sex Roles
| language = en
| volume = 70
| issue = 3–4
| pages = 88–97
| doi = 10.1007/s11199-013-0339-3
| s2cid = 144321429
| issn = 0360-0025
}}</ref> The study found that men expect themselves to be viewed as "less manly" after a job loss than they actually are and so they engage in compensating behaviors, such as financial risk-taking and increased assertiveness. Unemployment has been linked to extremely adverse effects on men's [[mental health]].<ref>{{citation|title=Facing the Challenge: The Impact of Recession and Unemployment on Men's Health in Ireland|url=http://www.mhfi.org/IPHreport2011.pdf|publisher=Institute of Public Health in Ireland}}</ref> Professor Ian Hickie of the [[University of Sydney]] said that evidence showed that men have more restricted social networks than women and that men have are heavily work-based. Therefore, the loss of a job for men means the loss of a whole set of social connections as well. That loss can then lead to men becoming [[social isolation|socially isolated]] very quickly.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/25/loneliness-a-key-risk-factor-for-suicide-among-australian-men-study Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study]. ''The Guardian''. Author - Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</ref> An Australian study on the mental health impacts of graduating during an economic downturn found that the negative mental health outcomes are greater and more scarring for men than women. The effect was particularly pronounced for those with vocational or secondary education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Ang |last2=Toll |first2=Mathew |title=Effects of graduating during economic downturns on mental health |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |volume=55 |issue=55 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.12.005| issn=1047-2797 |pmid=33359536 |s2cid=229693054 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279720304348}}</ref>

Costs of unemployment also vary depending on age. The young and the old are the two largest age groups currently experiencing unemployment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Kaberi Gayen
| last2 = Ronald McQuaid
| last3 = Robert Raeside
| date = 22 June 2010
| title = Social networks, age cohorts and employment
| journal = International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy
| volume = 30
| issue = 5/6
| pages = 219–238
| doi = 10.1108/01443331011054208
| issn = 0144-333X
}}</ref> A 2007 study from Jacob and Kleinert found that young people (ages 18 to 24) who have fewer resources and limited work experiences are more likely to be unemployed.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Jacob
| first1 = Marita
| last2 = Kleinert
| first2 = Corinna
| date = 1 April 2008
| title = Does Unemployment Help or Hinder Becoming Independent? The Role of Employment Status for Leaving the Parental Home
| journal = European Sociological Review
| language = en
| volume = 24
| issue = 2
| pages = 141–153
| doi = 10.1093/esr/jcm038
| issn = 0266-7215
| hdl = 10419/31878
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> Other researchers have found that today's high school seniors place a lower value on work than those in the past, which is likely because they recognize the limited availability of jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Wray-Lake
| first1 = Laura
| last2 = Syvertsen
| first2 = Amy K.
| last3 = Briddell
| first3 = Laine
| last4 = Osgood
| first4 = D. Wayne
| last5 = Flanagan
| first5 = Constance A.
| date = 1 September 2011
| title = Exploring the Changing Meaning of Work for American High School Seniors From 1976 to 2005
| journal = Youth & Society
| language = en
| volume = 43
| issue = 3
| pages = 1110–1135
| doi = 10.1177/0044118X10381367
| issn = 0044-118X
| pmc = 3199574
| pmid = 22034546
}}</ref> At the other end of the age spectrum, studies have found that older individuals have more barriers than younger workers to employment, require stronger social networks to acquire work, and are also less likely to move from temporary to permanent positions.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Additionally, some older people see [[age discrimination]] as the reason for them not getting hired.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = McVittie
| first1 = Chris
| last2 = McKinlay
| first2 = Andy
| last3 = Widdicombe
| first3 = Sue
| title = Passive and active non-employment: Age, employment and the identities of older non-working people
| journal = Journal of Aging Studies
| volume = 22
| issue = 3
| pages = 248–255
| doi = 10.1016/j.jaging.2007.04.003
| year = 2008
}}</ref>

====Social====
[[File:Dyfiharipadarally (32).jpg|thumb|Demonstration against unemployment in [[Kerala]], [[South India]], [[India]] on 27 January 2004]]
An economy with high unemployment is not using all of the resources, specifically labour, available to it. Since it is operating below its [[production possibility frontier]], it could have higher output if all of the workforce were usefully employed. However, there is a tradeoff between economic efficiency and unemployment: if all [[frictional unemployment|frictionally unemployed]] accepted the first job that they were offered, they would be likely to be operating at below their skill level, reducing the economy's efficiency.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Price_Theory/PThy_1st_Edn_Ch22/PThy_1st_Edn_Chap_22.html |title=Price Theory: First Edition, Chapter 22: Inflation and Unemployment |publisher=Daviddfriedman.com |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

During a long period of unemployment, workers can lose their skills, causing a loss of [[human capital]]. Being unemployed can also reduce the [[life expectancy]] of workers by about seven years.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

High unemployment can encourage [[xenophobia]] and [[protectionism]] since workers fear that foreigners are stealing their jobs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=M. |last2=Rotte |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Crime, unemployment, and xenophobia?: An ecological analysis of right-wing election results in Hamburg, 1986–2005 |journal=Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–63 |doi=10.1007/s10037-008-0032-0 |s2cid=161133018 }}</ref> Efforts to preserve existing jobs of domestic and native workers include legal barriers against "outsiders" who want jobs, obstacles to immigration, and/or [[tariff]]s and similar [[trade barrier]]s against foreign competitors.

High unemployment can also cause social problems such as crime. If people have less disposable income than before, it is very likely that crime levels within the economy will increase.

A 2015 study published in ''[[The Lancet]]'', estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally.<ref>Sarah Boseley (11 February 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/feb/11/unemployment-causes-45000-suicides-a-year-worldwide-finds-study Unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year worldwide, finds study]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref>

====Sociopolitical====
[[File:Unemployment in Germany 2003 by states.png|thumb|Unemployment rate in [[Germany]] in 2003 by [[states of Germany|states]]]]
High levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sulich|first=Adam|year=2016|title=The young people's labour market and crisis of integration in European Union |url=https://www.academia.edu/25508981 |journal=International Conference on European Integration |volume=2 |pages=926–934}}</ref> in some cases leading to revolution, particularly [[totalitarianism]]. The fall of the [[Weimar Republic]] in 1933 and [[Machtergreifung|Adolf Hitler's rise to power]], which culminated in [[World War II]] and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate<ref name="leopold">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/les-leopold/why-are-we-afraid-to-crea_b_487041.html Why are We Afraid to Create the Jobs We Need?], Les Leopold, 5 March 2010</ref> of above 20%; see Great Depression in Central Europe for details.

However the [[hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]] is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise. Hyperinflation occurred primarily in 1921 to 1923, the year of Hitler's [[Beer Hall Putsch]]. Although hyperinflation has been blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment.

Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and the media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any government that oversees it. That was very much the consensus in the United Kingdom until 1983, when Thatcher's Conservative government won a [[1983 United Kingdom general election|landslide in the general election]], despite overseeing a rise in unemployment from 1.5 million to 3.2 million since the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 election]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15276765 |work=BBC News | title=Whatever happened to full employment? | date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

===Benefits===
{{Main|Full employment}}
The primary benefit of unemployment is that people are available for hire, without being [[recruiter|headhunted]] away from their existing employers. That permits both new and old businesses to take on staff.

Unemployment is argued to be "beneficial" to the people who are not unemployed in the sense that it averts inflation, which itself has damaging effects, by providing (in [[Marxian economics|Marxian]] terms) a [[reserve army of labour]], which keeps wages in check.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Natale|first1= Samuel|last2=Rothschild|first2= Brian|year=1995|title=Work Values: Education, Organization and Religious Concerns (Value Inquiry Book Series , No 28)|publisher=Brill Rodopi|pages=91–100}}</ref> However, the direct connection between full local employment and local inflation has been disputed by some because of the recent increase in [[international trade]] that supplies low-priced goods even while local employment rates rise to full employment.<ref>{{cite book |last=He |first=Xiaohong |year=1998 |chapter=From Trade Among Nations to Trade Within Firms Across National Borders |title=Globalization and Regionalization: Strategies, Policies, and Economic Environments |editor1-first=Jean Louis |editor1-last=Mucchielli |editor2-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Buckley |editor3-first=Victor V. |editor3-last=Cordell |publisher=International Business Press |location=Binghamton, NY |pages=15–73 |isbn=978-0-7890-0513-7 }}</ref>

[[File:Efficiency wage Shapiro Stiglitz.svg|thumb|In the [[Shapiro–Stiglitz model]] of efficiency wages, workers are paid at a level that dissuades shirking. That prevents wages from dropping to market clearing levels.]] Full employment cannot be achieved because workers would shirk if they were not threatened with the possibility of unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/01/29/what-full-employment-really-means|title=What full employment really means|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> The curve for the no-shirking condition (labelled NSC) thus goes to infinity at full employment. The inflation-fighting benefits to the entire economy arising from a presumed optimum level of unemployment have been studied extensively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=Carl |last2=Stiglitz |first2=Joseph E. |title=Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=74 |year=1984 |pages=433–444 |issue=3 |jstor=1804018}}</ref> The [[Shapiro–Stiglitz model]] suggests that wages never bid down sufficiently to reach 0% unemployment.<ref name=SHAPIROSTGLTZMATH>{{cite web |url=http://coin.wne.uw.edu.pl/lwincenciak/docs/lecture_4.pdf |title=Efficiency wages, the Shapiro-Stiglitz Model |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112948/http://coin.wne.uw.edu.pl/lwincenciak/docs/lecture_4.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> That occurs because employers know that when wages decrease, workers will shirk and expend less effort. Employers avoid shirking by preventing wages from decreasing so low that workers give up and become unproductive. The higher wages perpetuate unemployment, but the threat of unemployment reduces shirking.

Before current levels of world trade were developed, unemployment was shown to reduce inflation, following the [[Phillips curve]], or to decelerate inflation, following the NAIRU/[[natural rate of unemployment]] theory since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing a current job. When more jobs are available for fewer workers (lower unemployment), that may allow workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents and needs.

As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, [[special interests]] may also benefit. Some employers may expect that employees with no fear of losing their jobs will not work as hard or will demand increased wages and benefit. According to that theory, unemployment may promote general labour [[productivity]] and [[profit (economics)|profitability]] by increasing employers' rationale for their [[monopsony]]-like power (and profits).<ref name="Marx 1863 478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300">{{cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|title=Theorien über den Mehrwert (Theory of Surplus Value)|year=1863|pages=478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300|url=http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me26/me26b471.htm}}</ref>

Optimal unemployment has also been defended as an environmental tool to brake the constantly accelerated growth of the GDP to maintain levels that are sustainable in the context of resource constraints and environmental impacts.<ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = O'Sullivan
| first1 = Arthur
| author-link = Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)
| first2 = Steven M. | last2 = Sheffrin | author-link2 = Steven M. Sheffrin
| title = Economics: Principles in Action
| url = https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
| year = 2003
| location = Upper Saddle River, NJ
| page = [https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul/page/n351 335]
| isbn = 978-0-13-063085-8
}}</ref> However, the tool of denying jobs to willing workers seems a blunt instrument for conserving resources and the environment. It reduces the consumption of the unemployed across the board and only in the short term. Full employment of the unemployed workforce, all focused toward the goal of developing more environmentally efficient methods for production and consumption, might provide a more significant and lasting cumulative environmental benefit and reduced [[resource consumption]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Richard |first=Michael Graham |url=http://treehugger.com/files/2008/02/4_reasons_recession_bad_environment.php |title=Counter-Point: 4 Reasons Why Recession is BAD for the Environment |work=TreeHugger |access-date=11 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209142057/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/4_reasons_recession_bad_environment.php |archive-date=9 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some critics of the "culture of work" such as the anarchist [[The Abolition of Work|Bob Black]] see employment as culturally overemphasized in modern countries. Such critics often propose quitting jobs when possible, working less, reassessing the cost of living to that end, creation of jobs that are "fun" as opposed to "work," and creating cultural norms in which work is seen as unhealthy. These people advocate an "[[anti-work]]" ethic for life.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Idle Foundation|url=http://idlefoundation.org|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709181256/http://idlefoundation.org/|archive-date=9 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Decline in work hours===
As a result of productivity, the work week declined considerably during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hours of Work in U.S. History |year=2010 |url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.work.hours.us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026075949/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whaples.work.hours.us |archive-date=26 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Whaples
| first1 = Robert
| title = The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences |journal=[[Journal of Economic History]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=454–457
| year = 1991
| jstor = 2122588
| doi=10.1017/s0022050700039073
| s2cid = 153813437
}}</ref> By the 1920s, the average workweek in the US was 49 hours, but it was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the 1933 [[National Industrial Recovery Act]]. During the Great Depression, the enormous productivity gains caused by [[electrification]], [[mass production]], and agricultural mechanization were believed to have ended the need for a large number of previously employed workers.<ref name="Jerome 1934">{{Cite book
| last1 = Jerome
| first1 = Harry
| title = Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research
| year = 1934
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| last1 = Bell
| first1 = Spurgeon
| title = Productivity, Wages and National Income, The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution
| year = 1940
}}</ref>

==Remedies==
{{see also|Job creation index}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 75%; float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|+United States families on relief (in 1,000s)<ref>{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Donald S.|title=WPA and Federal Relief Policy|year=1943|page=34}}</ref>
|-
!
! 1936
! 1937
! 1938
! 1939
! 1940
! 1941
|-
! colspan="7"| Workers employed
|-
! WPA
| 1,995
| 2,227
| 1,932
| 2,911
| 1,971
| 1,638
|-
! CCC and NYA
| 712
| 801
| 643
| 793
| 877
| 919
|-
! Other federal work projects
| 554
| 663
| 452
| 488
| 468
| 681
|-
! colspan="7"| Cases on public assistance
|-
! Social security programs
| 602
| 1,306
| 1,852
| 2,132
| 2,308
| 2,517
|-
! General relief
| 2,946
| 1,484
| 1,611
| 1,647
| 1,570
| 1,206
|-
! colspan="7"| Totals
|-
! Total families helped
| 5,886
| 5,660
| 5,474
| 6,751
| 5,860
| 5,167
|-
! Unemployed workers (BLS)
| 9,030
| 7,700
| 10,390
| 9,480
| 8,120
| 5,560
|-
! Coverage (cases/unemployed)
| 65%
| 74%
| 53%
| 71%
| 72%
| 93%
|}

Societies try a number of different measures to get as many people as possible into work, and various societies have experienced close to [[full employment]] for extended periods, particularly during the [[post-World War II economic expansion]]. The United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s averaged 1.6% unemployment,<ref>{{cite book | last = Sloman | first = John | title = Economics | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/economics0000slom/page/811 811] | publisher = Prentice Hall | location = London | isbn = 978-0-273-65574-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/economics0000slom/page/811}}</ref> and in Australia, the 1945 ''[[White Paper on Full Employment in Australia]]'' established a government policy of full employment, which lasted until the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/26/having-a-constant-pool-of-unemployed-workers-is-deliberate-policy|title=Having a constant pool of unemployed workers is deliberate policy {{!}} Van Badham|last=Badham|first=Van|date=26 July 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

However, [[mainstream economics|mainstream economic]] discussions of full employment since the 1970s suggest that attempts to reduce the level of unemployment below the [[natural rate of unemployment]] will fail but result only in less output and more inflation.

===Demand-side solutions===
Increases in the demand for labour move the economy along the [[demand curve]], increasing wages and employment. The demand for labour in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, if the demand for goods and services in the economy increases, the demand for labour will increase, increasing employment and wages.

There are many ways to stimulate demand for goods and services. Increasing wages to the working class (those more likely to spend the increased funds on goods and services, rather than various types of savings or commodity purchases) is one theory that is proposed. Increased wages are believed to be more effective in boosting demand for goods and services than central banking strategies, which put the increased money supply mostly into the hands of wealthy persons and institutions. Monetarists suggest that increasing money supply in general increases short-term demand. As for the long-term demand, the increased demand is negated by inflation. A rise in fiscal expenditures is another strategy for boosting aggregate demand.

Providing aid to the unemployed is a strategy that is used to prevent cutbacks in consumption of goods and services, which can lead to a vicious cycle of further job losses and further decreases in consumption and demand. Many countries aid the unemployed through social [[welfare]] programs. Such unemployment benefits include [[unemployment insurance]], [[unemployment compensation]], welfare, and subsidies to aid in retraining. The main goal of such programs is to alleviate short-term hardships and, more importantly, to allow workers more time to search for a job.

A direct demand-side solution to unemployment is government-funded employment of the able-bodied poor. This was notably implemented in Britain from the 17th century until 1948 in the institution of the [[workhouse]], which provided jobs for the unemployed with harsh conditions and poor wages to dissuade their use. A modern alternative is a [[job guarantee]] in which the government guarantees work at a living wage.

Temporary measures can include [[public works]] programs such as the [[Works Progress Administration]]. Government-funded employment is not widely advocated as a solution to unemployment except in times of crisis. That is attributed to the public sector jobs' existence depending directly on the tax receipts from private sector employment.
[[File:State Employment growth and Tax Changes for the Top 10%.jpg|thumb|Supply-side economics proposes that lower taxes lead to employment growth. Historical state data from the United States shows a heterogeneous result.]]

In the US, the unemployment insurance allowance is based solely on previous income (not time worked, family size, etc.) and usually compensates for one third of previous income. To qualify, people must reside in their respective state for at least a year and work. The system was established by the [[Social Security Act]] of 1935. Although 90% of citizens are covered by unemployment insurance, less than 40% apply for and receive benefits.<ref>{{cite web|work=Center on Budget and Policy Priorities|title=Introduction to Unemployment Insurance|url=http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1466#_ftn2|access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref> However, the number applying for and receiving benefits increases during recessions. For highly-seasonal industries, the system provides income to workers during the off-season, thus encouraging them to stay attached to the industry.
[[File:State Employment growth and Tax Changes for the Bottom 90% v2.jpg|thumb|Tax decreases on high income earners (top 10%) are not correlated with employment growth, but tax decreases on lower-income earners (bottom 90%) are correlated with employment growth.<ref name="economix.blogs.nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/tax-cuts-for-job-creators/ | work=The New York Times | title=Tax Cuts for Job Creators | date=19 October 2012}}</ref>]]

According to classical economic theory, markets reach equilibrium where supply equals demand; everyone who wants to sell at the market price can do so. Those who do not want to sell at that price do not; in the labour market, this is classical unemployment. Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labour and decreasing unemployment.

===Supply-side solutions===
However, the labor market is not 100% efficient although it may be more efficient than the bureaucracy. Some{{who}} argue that minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means that too many people want to sell their labour at the going price but cannot. That assumes [[perfect competition]] exists in the labour market, specifically that no single entity is large enough to affect wage levels and that employees are similar in ability.

Advocates{{who}} of [[supply-side]] policies believe those policies can solve the problem by making the labour market more flexible. These include removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions. Supply-siders argue that their reforms increase long-term growth by reducing labour costs. The increased supply of goods and services requires more workers, increasing employment. It is argued{{by whom}} that supply-side policies, which include cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, create jobs, reduce unemployment, and decrease labor's share of national income. Other supply-side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers.

==History==
[[File:Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in Chicago by Al Capone, 02-1931 - NARA - 541927.jpg|thumb|Unemployed men outside a soup kitchen in [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]], 1931]]
There are relatively limited historical records on unemployment because it has not always been acknowledged or measured systematically. Industrialization involves [[economies of scale]], which often prevent individuals from having the capital to create their own jobs to be self-employed. An individual who cannot join an enterprise or create a job is unemployed. As individual farmers, ranchers, spinners, doctors and merchants are organized into large enterprises, those who cannot join or compete become unemployed.

Recognition of unemployment occurred slowly as economies across the world industrialized and bureaucratized. Before that, traditional [[Self-sustainability|self-sufficient]] native societies had no concept of unemployment. The recognition of the concept of "unemployment" is best exemplified through the well documented historical records in England. For example, in 16th-century, England no distinction was made between [[vagrancy (people)|vagrants]] and the jobless; both were simply categorized as "[[sturdy beggar]]s", who were to be punished and moved on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0 |title=Sturdy Beggars |publisher=Probertencyclopaedia.com |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608180220/http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Sturdy+Beggars&offset=0 |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>

===16th century===

The closing of the [[monastery|monasteries]] in the 1530s increased [[poverty]], as the [[Roman Catholic Church]] had helped the poor. In addition, there was a significant rise in [[enclosures]] during the [[Tudor period]]. Also, the population was rising. Those unable to find work had a stark choice: starve or break the law. In 1535, a bill was drawn up calling for the creation of a system of [[public works]] to deal with the problem of unemployment, which were to be funded by a tax on income and capital. A law that was passed a year later allowed vagabonds to be whipped and hanged.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/poortudors.html |title=Poor Tudors |publisher=Localhistories.org |access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref>

In 1547, a bill was passed that subjected vagrants to some of the more extreme provisions of the criminal law: two years' servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offense and death for the second.<ref>R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p176</ref> During the reign of Henry VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed.<ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/execution/readings/history.html History of the Death Penalty]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In the 1576 Act, each town was required to provide work for the unemployed.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/poverty_01.shtml Poverty in Elizabethan England]". BBC – History.</ref>

The [[Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601|Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601]], one of the world's first government-sponsored welfare programs, made a clear distinction between those who were unable to work and those able-bodied people who refused employment.<ref>"[http://www.brandonsd.mb.ca/crocus/library/social_classes_in_shakespeare.htm#Poor Social Classes in Shakespeare's England]" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316162145/http://www.brandonsd.mb.ca/crocus/library/social_classes_in_shakespeare.htm#Poor }}</ref> Under the [[Poor Law]] systems of [[English Poor Laws|England and Wales]], [[Scottish Poor Laws|Scotland]] and [[Irish Poor Laws|Ireland]], a [[workhouse]] was a place people unable to support themselves could go to live and work.<ref>"[http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm British social policy, 1601–1948] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630115443/http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/historyf.htm }}", The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen.</ref>

===Industrial Revolution to late 19th century===
[[File:Tompkins square riot 1874.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Depression of 1873–79]]: [[New York City Police Department|New York City police]] violently attacking unemployed workers in [[Tompkins Square Riot (1874)|Tompkins Square Park]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], 1874]]
{{blockquote|text=Poverty was a highly visible problem in the eighteenth century, both in cities and in the countryside. In France and Britain by the end of the century, an estimated 10 percent of the people depended on charity or begging for their food.|author=Jackson J. Spielvogel|source=, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fwxLkRmd-4QC Western Civilization: Since 1500]. Cengage Learning. p.566. {{ISBN|0-495-50287-1}}}} By 1776, some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in England and Wales and housed almost 100,000 paupers.

A description of the miserable living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by [[Fredrick Engels]] in ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]] in 1844''.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 |last=Engels |first=Fredrick |year=1892 |publisher= Swan Sonnenschein & Co |location= London |pages=45, 48–53 |url= http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html }}Link is to excerpt</ref> In the preface to the 1892 edition, Engels noted that the extreme poverty he had written about in 1844 had largely disappeared. [[David Ames Wells]] also noted that living conditions in England had improved near the end of the 19th century and that unemployment was low.

The scarcity and the high price of labor in the US in the 19th century was well documented by contemporary accounts, as in the following:

{{blockquote|text="The laboring classes are comparatively few in number, but this is counterbalanced by, and indeed, may be one of the causes of the eagerness by which they call in the use of machinery in almost every department of industry. Wherever it can be applied as a substitute for manual labor, it is universally and willingly resorted to.... It is this condition of the labor market, and this eager resort to machinery wherever it can be applied, to which, under the guidance of superior education and intelligence, the remarkable prosperity of the United States is due."<ref>{{citation | last = Roe | first = Joseph Wickham | title = English and American Tool Builders | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1916 | location = New Haven, Connecticut | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ | lccn = 16011753}}. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ({{LCCN|27024075}}); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ({{ISBN|978-0-917914-73-7}}). Report of the British Commissioners to the New York Industrial Exhibition, London 1854</ref>|author=[[Joseph Whitworth]], 1854}}

Scarcity of labor was a factor in the economics of [[slavery in the United States]].

As new territories were opened and federal land sales were conducted, land had to be cleared and new homesteads established. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants annually came to the US and found jobs digging canals and building railroads. Almost all work during most of the 19th century was done by hand or with horses, mules, or oxen since there was very little mechanization. The workweek during most of the 19th century was 60 hours. Unemployment at times was between one and two percent.

The tight labor market was a factor in productivity gains by allowing workers to maintain or to increase their nominal wages during the secular deflation that caused real wages to rise at various times in the 19th century, especially in its final decades.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
|last=Wells
|first=David A.
|year=1891 |publisher= D. Appleton and Co.|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-543-72474-8 |url= https://archive.org/details/recenteconomicc01wellgoog |quote=RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.
}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R79053, Arbeitsloser auf Arbeitssuche.jpg
| width1 = 147
| caption1 = An unemployed [[Germans|German]], 1928. Unemployment in [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] reached almost 30% of the workforce after the Great Depression.
| image2 = UnemployedMarch.jpg
| width2 = 165
| caption2 = Unemployed [[Canadians|Canadian]] men, marching for jobs during the Great Depression to Bathurst Street United Church, [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] in [[Canada]], 1930
}}
There were labor shortages during [[World War I]].<ref name="Jerome 1934"/> Ford Motor Co. doubled wages to reduce turnover. After 1925, unemployment gradually began to rise.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression |last=Beaudreau |first=Bernard C.|year=1996 |publisher=Authors Choice Press|location=New York, Lincoln, Shanghi }}</ref>

The 1930s saw the [[Great Depression]] impact unemployment across the globe. In Germany and the United States, the unemployment rate reached about 25% in 1932.<ref>[http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/about.htm About the Great Depression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220090243/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depression/about.htm }}, University of Illinois</ref>

In some towns and cities in the northeast of England, unemployment reached as high as 70%; the national unemployment level peaked at more than 22% in 1932.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/3156.html |title=Social conditions in Britain in the 1930s: employment and unemployment |publisher=Blacksacademy.net |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910191113/http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/3156.html |archive-date=10 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unemployment in Canada reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.<ref>[http://www.canadianeconomy.gc.ca/English/economy/1929_39depression.html 1929–1939 – The Great Depression] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127051620/https://canadianeconomy.gc.ca/english/economy/1929_39depression.html }}, Source: [[Bank of Canada]]</ref> In 1929, the U.S. unemployment rate averaged 3%.<ref>[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Steindl.GD.Recovery Economic Recovery in the Great Depression], Frank G. Steindl, Oklahoma State University {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928064254/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Steindl.GD.Recovery }}</ref>

[[File:WPA Art Poster, Work Promotes Confidence.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|WPA poster promoting the benefits of employment]]
In the US, the [[Works Progress Administration]] (1935–43) was the largest make-work program. It hired men (and some women) off the relief roles ("dole") typically for unskilled labor.<ref>Nancy E. Rose, ''Put to Work: The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression'' (2nd ed. 2009)</ref>
During the New Deal, over three million unemployed young men were taken out of their homes and placed for six months into more than 2600 work camps managed by the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Finegan |first=Chance |url=http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2008/09/park-history-spirit-civilian-conservation-corps |title=National Park History: "The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps" |publisher=National Parks Traveler |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905182850/http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2008/09/park-history-spirit-civilian-conservation-corps |archive-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Unemployment in the United Kingdom fell later in the 1930s as the Depression eased, and it remained low (in single figures) after [[World War II]].

Fredrick Mills found that in the US, 51% of the decline in work hours was due to the fall in production and 49% was from increased productivity.<ref name="Rifkin 1995">{{cite book| author = Rifkin, Jeremy | title = The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era | publisher = Putnam Publishing Group | year = 1995| isbn = 978-0-87477-779-6| title-link = The End of Work }}</ref>

By 1972, [[unemployment in the United Kingdom]] had crept back up above 1,000,000, and it was even higher by the end of the decade, with inflation also being high. Although the [[monetarist]] economic policies of [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] government saw inflation reduced after 1979, unemployment soared in the early 1980s and in 1982, it exceeded 3,000,000, a level that had not been seen for some 50 years. That represented one in eight of the workforce, with unemployment exceeding 20% in some places that had relied on declining industries such as coal mining.<ref name="politics.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/employment/unemployment-$366619.htm |title=Unemployment, issue briefing |publisher=Politics.co.uk |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609124435/http://www.politics.co.uk/briefings-guides/issue-briefs/employment/unemployment-$366619.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

However, it was a time of high unemployment in all other major industrialised nations as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phelps |first1=Edmund S. |author-link=Edmund S. Phelps |last2=Zoega |first2=Gylfi |chapter=The Incidence of Increased Unemployment in the Group of Seven, 1970–94 |pages=177–210 |title=Essays in Economic Theory, Growth and Labor Markets |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Bitros |editor2-first=Yannis |editor2-last=Katsoulacos |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Edward Elgar |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84064-739-6 }}</ref> By the spring of 1983, unemployment had risen by 6% in the previous 12 months, compared to 10% in Japan, 23% in the US, and 34% in [[West Germany]] (seven years before [[Reunification of Germany|Reunification]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/inquire/p/b88b2934-f50c-4ea7-9545-07ecda47865f |title=CPA Poster Collection |publisher=Conservative Party Archive Poster Collection |access-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812184047/http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/detail/ODLodl~6~6~51795~105151%3A1983-08 |archive-date=12 August 2011 }}</ref>

Unemployment in the United Kingdom remained above 3,000,000 until the spring of 1987, when the economy enjoyed a boom.<ref name="politics.co.uk"/> By the end of 1989, unemployment had fallen to 1,600,000. However, inflation had reached 7.8%, and the following year, it reached a nine-year high of 9.5%; leading to increased interest rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://safalra.com/other/historical-uk-inflation-price-conversion/ |title=Historical UK Inflation And Price Conversion |publisher=Safalra's Website |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

Another [[early 1990s recession|recession occurred from 1990 to 1992]]. Unemployment began to increase, and by the end of 1992, nearly 3,000,000 in the United Kingdom were unemployed, a number that was soon lowered by a strong economic recovery.<ref name="politics.co.uk"/> With inflation down to 1.6% by 1993, unemployment then began to fall rapidly and stood at 1,800,000 by early 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/16/business/jobless-rate-in-britain-drops-to-six-year-low.html |title=Jobless Rate in Britain Drops to Six-Year Low |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Unemployment rate in Japan.svg|thumb|right|350px|Unemployment rate of Japan.<ref name=OECDemp>{{Citation |publisher=OECD |title= OECD Labour Force Statistics 2020|series= OECD Labour Force Statistics|doi=10.1787/23083387|isbn= 9789264687714}}</ref> Red line is G7 average. 15-24 age (thin line) is [[youth unemployment]]. ]]

The official unemployment rate in the 16 [[European Union]] (EU) countries that use the euro rose to 10% in December 2009 as a result of [[late 2000s recession|another recession]].<ref>"[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5191873,00.html?maca=en-rss-en-eu-2092-rdf Euro-zone unemployment climbs to 10 percent high]. {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Welle]]|italic=no}}. 29 January 2010.</ref> [[Latvia]] had the highest unemployment rate in the EU, at 22.3% for November 2009.<ref>"[http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2010/01/08/Eurozone-unemployment-hits-double-digits/UPI-55211262961642/ Eurozone unemployment hits double digits]". UPI.com. 8 January 2010.</ref> Europe's young workers have been especially hard hit.<ref>"[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/13/europes_new_lost_generation Europe's New Lost Generation]". Foreign Policy. 13 July 2009.</ref> In November 2009, the unemployment rate in the [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|EU27]] for those aged 15–24 was 18.3%. For those under 25, the unemployment rate in [[Spain]] was 43.8%.<ref>[http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/09/109&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en November 2009 Euro area unemployment rate up to 10.0% EU27 up to 9.5% ]. [[Eurostat]]. 8 January 2010.</ref> Unemployment has risen in two thirds of European countries since 2010.<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/30/global-unemployment-outlook-gloomy-ilo Global unemployment outlook gloomy, warns ILO]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 30 April 2012.</ref>

Into the 21st century, unemployment in the United Kingdom remained low and the economy remaining strong, and several other European economies, such as France and Germany, experienced a minor recession and a substantial rise in unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2003770.stm |title=Germany's recession ends |work=BBC News |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2008, when the recession brought on another increase in the United Kingdom, after 15 years of economic growth and no major rises in unemployment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7670800.stm |title=Jobless rise highest for 17 years |work=BBC News |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> In early 2009, unemployment passed the 2 million mark, and economists were predicting it would soon reach 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7947766.stm |title=Unemployment passes two million |work=BBC News |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> However, the end of the recession was declared in January 2010<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8479639.stm |title=UK economy emerges from recession |work=BBC News |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> and unemployment peaked at nearly 2.7 million in 2011,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/03/15/uk-youth-unemployment-at-its-highest-in-two-decades-22.5 |title= UK youth unemployment at its highest in two decades: 22.5% |work=MercoPress }}</ref> appearing to ease fears of unemployment reaching 3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8634241.stm |title=UK unemployment increases to 2.5 million |work=BBC News |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> The unemployment rate of Britain's young black people was 47.4% in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/09/half-uk-young-black-men-unemployed |title=Half of UK's young black males are unemployed |work=The Guardian |location=London |first1=James |last1=Ball |first2=Dan |last2=Milmo |first3=Ben |last3=Ferguson}}</ref> 2013/2014 has seen the employment rate increase from 1,935,836 to 2,173,012 as supported by<ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/2014_2015re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-226710 {{dead link}}</ref> showing the UK is creating more job opportunities and forecasts the rate of increase in 2014/2015 will be another 7.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/index.html|title=Data |publisher= ONS|work=ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

The [[2008–2012 global recession]] has been called a "mancession" because of the disproportionate number of men who lost their jobs as compared to women. The gender gap became wide in the United States in 2009, when 10.5% of men in the [[labor force]] were unemployed, compared with 8% of women.<ref>{{citation|last=Baxter|first=Sarah|title=Women are victors in 'mancession{{'-}}|date=7 June 2009|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6445913.ece|work=The Sunday Times|location=London|access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Howard J. Wall|title=The 'Man-Cession' of 2008-2009|url=http://stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=1712|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829033336/http://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/re/articles/?id=1712|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three quarters of the jobs that were lost in the recession in the US were held by men.<ref>{{citation|last=Daum|first=Meghan|title=Inside the mating economy|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/20/opinion/la-oe-daum-bolick-20111020|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Vanderkam|first=Laura|title=The Princess Problem|url=http://lauravanderkam.com/2012/03/princess-problem-2/|publisher=originally ran in USA Today on 12 August 2009}}</ref>

A 26 April 2005 ''Asia Times'' article noted, "In regional giant South Africa, some 300,000 textile workers have lost their jobs in the past two years due to the influx of Chinese goods".<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20050425165247/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GD26Dj01.html Asia strips Africa's textile industry]". ''Asia Times''. 26 April 2005.</ref> The increasing [[Economy of the United States#International trade|US trade deficit]] with China cost 2.4 million American jobs between 2001–2008, according to a study by the [[Economic Policy Institute]] (EPI).<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN238294820100323 China trade blamed for 2.4 million lost US jobs-report]". Reuters. 23 March 2010.</ref> From 2000–2007, the United States lost a total of 3.2 million manufacturing jobs.<ref>"[https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-04-20-4155011268_x.htm Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000]". ''USA Today''. 20 April 2007.</ref> 12.1% of US military veterans who had served after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 were unemployed as of 2011; 29.1% of male veterans aged 18–24 were unemployed.<ref name=":0"/> As of September 2016, the total veteran unemployment rate was 4.3 percent. By September 2017, that figure had dropped to 3 percent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailyenergyinsider.com/news/8379-utilities-open-employment-arms-u-s-military-veterans/|title=Utilities open employment arms to U.S. military veterans|last=Riley|first=Kim|work=Daily Energy Insider|access-date=23 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

About 25,000,000 people in the world's 30 richest countries lost their jobs between the end of 2007 and the end of 2010, as the economic downturn pushed most countries into [[recession]].<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/sep/16/unemployment-rises-recession Unemployment hits highest since 1995]". 16 September 2009.</ref> In April 2010, the US unemployment rate was 9.9%, but the government's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1%.<ref>"[https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/05/07/broader-u-6-unemployment-rate-increases-to-171-in-april/ Broader U-6 Unemployment Rate Increases to 17.1% in April]". [[The Wall Street Journal]]. 7 May 2010.</ref> In April 2012, the unemployment rate was 4.6% in Japan.<ref>[http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics Unemployment statistics]. [[Eurostat]]. April 2012.</ref> In a 2012 story, the ''Financial Post'' reported, "Nearly 75 million youth are unemployed around the world, an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. In the European Union, where a debt crisis followed the financial crisis, the youth unemployment rate rose to 18% last year from 12.5% in 2007, the ILO report shows."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/05/23/global-youth-unemployment-rate-climbs/ |title=Global youth unemployment rate climbs |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> In March 2018, according to US Unemployment Rate Statistics, the unemployment rate was 4.1%, below the 4.5–5.0% norm.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebalance.com/current-u-s-unemployment-rate-statistics-and-news-3305733|title=Current U.S. Unemployment Rate Statistics and News|last=AMADEO|first=KIMBERLY|newspaper=The Balance }}</ref>

In 2021, the labor force participation rate for non-white women and women with children declined significantly during the covid-19 pandemic, with approximately 20 million women leaving the workforce. Men were not nearly as impacted, leading some to describe the phenomenon as a "she-cession".<ref>{{cite web | title=The She-cession: How the Pandemic Forced Women from the Workplace and How Employers Can Respond | website=Ohioline | date=20 January 2022 | url=https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-4110 | access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Lim | first=Katherine | last2=Zabek | first2=Mike | title=Women of color and women with children disproportionately left the labor force during the COVID-19 pandemic | website=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis | date=28 February 2022 | url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2022/women-of-color-and-women-with-children-disproportionately-left-the-labor-force-during-the-covid-19-pandemic | access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Business and economics}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Universal basic income]]
* [[Career and Life Planning Education]]
* [[Critique of work]]
* [[Economics terminology that differs from common usage]]
* [[Effective unemployment rate]]
* [[Employment protection legislation]]
* [[Employment-to-population ratio]]
* [[Federal Reserve Economic Data]] (FRED)
* [[Graduate unemployment]]
* [[Green growth]]
* [[HIRE Act]]
* [[Job migration]]
* [[Jobseeker's Allowance]]
* [[List of countries by long-term unemployment rate]]
* [[List of countries by unemployment rate]]
* [[List of films featuring unemployment]]
* [[List of U.S. states by unemployment rate]]
* [[List of European regions by unemployment rate]]
* [[Practice firm]]
* [[Refusal of work]]
* [[Salary inversion]]
* [[Short-time working]]
* [[Spatial mismatch]]
* [[Technological unemployment]]
* [[Unemployment extension]]
* [[Waithood]]
* [[Workfare]]
* [[Youth exclusion]]
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=Roger E. A. |author-link=Roger Farmer |chapter=Unemployment |title=Macroeconomics |location=Cincinnati |publisher=South-Western Publishing |year=2001 |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-324-14964-7 |pages=173–192}}
*{{cite journal|title=Political aspects of full employment |last=Kalecki |first=Michał |author-link=Michał Kalecki |year=1943 |url=http://pluto.mscc.huji.ac.il/~mshalev/ppe/Kalecki_FullEmployment.pdf |journal=The Political Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=322–331|doi=10.1111/j.1467-923X.1943.tb01016.x }}
*{{cite journal|title=Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy |last=McGaughey |first=Ewan |journal=(2022) 51(3) Industrial Law Journal 511–559|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3044448|ssrn=3044448 |s2cid=219336439 }}
*{{cite book|title=Aftershock: The Next Economy and America's Future |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Reich |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |edition=1st |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-307-59281-1}}
*{{cite book |first=David |last=Romer |author-link=David Romer |chapter=Unemployment |title=Advanced Macroeconomics |edition=Fourth |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2011 |pages=456–512 |isbn=978-0-07-351137-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Simonazzi |first1=Annamaria |author-link2=Fernando Vianello |last2=Vianello |first2=Fernando |year=2001 |chapter=Financial Liberalization, the European Single Currency and the Problem of Unemployment |editor1-last=Franzini |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Pizzuti |editor2-first=F. R. |title=Globalization, Institutions and Social Cohesion |publisher=Springer |location=Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-67741-3}}

===Historical: Europe and Japan===

*{{cite book|title=Full Employment in a Free Society |last=Beveridge |first=William H. |author-link=William Beveridge |edition=1st |year=1944 |publisher=Allen & Unwin}}, in Great Britain.
* Broadberry, Stephen N., and Albrecht Ritschl. "Real Wages, Productivity, and Unemployment in Britain and Germany during the 1920s." ''Explorations in Economic History'' 32.3 (1995): 327-349.
* Dimsdale, Nicholas H., Nicholas Horsewood, and Arthur Van Riel. "Unemployment in interwar Germany: an analysis of the labor market, 1927-1936." ''Journal of Economic History'' (2006): 778-808. [https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2630c4a8-575b-4869-a30e-771e832ac650/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Dimsdale.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article online]
* Heimberger, Philipp, Jakob Kapeller, and Bernhard Schütz. "The NAIRU determinants: What’s structural about unemployment in Europe?." ''Journal of Policy Modeling'' 39.5 (2017): 883-908. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philipp_Heimberger/publication/316748234_The_NAIRU_determinants_What%27s_structural_about_unemployment_in_Europe/links/5e60bc5e92851cefa1deed3d/The-NAIRU-determinants-Whats-structural-about-unemployment-in-Europe.pdf online]
* Kato, Michiya. "Unemployment and Public Works Policy in Interwar Britain and Japan: An International Comparison." (2010): 69-101. [https://osu.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=1274&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1 online]
* Kaufman, Roger T. "Patterns of Unemployment in North America, Western Europe and Japan." ''Unemployment in Western countries'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1980). 3-35.
* Nickell, Stephen, Luca Nunziata, and Wolfgang Ochel. "Unemployment in the OECD since the 1960s. What do we know?." ''Economic Journal'' 115.500 (2005): 1-27 [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.475.2377&rep=rep1&type=pdf online].
* {{cite book | last=Stachura | first=P.D. | title=Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=1986 | isbn=978-1-349-18355-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYGwCwAAQBAJ | access-date=3 June 2023}}
* Topp, Niels-Henrik. "Unemployment and Economic Policy in Denmark in the 1930s." ''Scandinavian Economic History Review'' 56.1 (2008): 71-90.
*{{cite book|last=Webb |first=Sidney |author-link=Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield |title=How the Government Can Prevent Unemployment. |year=1912 |edition=First |location=Letchworth, Herts. |work=The National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution. |publisher=Garden City Press Ltd. |url=https://archive.org/stream/howgovernmentcan00webb#page/n3/mode/2up}}, in Great Britain

===Historical: United States===
* Jensen, Richard J. "The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 19.4 (1989): 553-583 [https://rjensen.people.uic.edu/causes-cures.pdf online].
*{{cite book |last=Keyssar |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Keyssar |title=Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23016-2 |year=1986 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/outofworkfirstce0000keys}}
* Margo, Robert A. "Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s." ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 7.2 (1993): 41-59. [https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.7.2.41 online]
* Stricker, Frank. ''American Unemployment: Past, Present, and Future'' (University of Illinois Press, 2020) [https://eh.net/?s=Unemployment online review]
* Sundstrom, William A. "Last hired, first fired? Unemployment and urban black workers during the Great Depression." ''Journal of Economic History'' (1992): 415-429. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123118 online]
* Temin, Peter. "Socialism and Wages in the Recovery from the Great Depression in the United States and Germany." ''Journal of Economic History'' (1990): 297-307 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy_Hatton2/publication/227465071_Labour_Markets_in_the_Interwar_Period_and_Economic_Recovery_in_the_UK_and_the_USA/links/5494da670cf2ec1337581c28.pdf online].

==External links==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Unemployment }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051223210842/http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/datazone_uicalc_index Economic Policy Institute]
* [https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/unemployment-rate Current unemployment figures], CEIC Data
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_une_rat-labor-unemployment-rate Current unemployment rates by country]
* [http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=251 OECD Unemployment statistics]
* [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/SL-UEM-TOTL-ZS/ Unemployment statistics] by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data
* [https://jobcity.in JobCity is Right Platform for Govt Jobs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601214002/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi-data/#/2010/UNEM Thermal maps of the world's unemployment percentage rates] – by country, 2007–2010

{{Employment}}
{{Economics}}
{{Finance}}
{{Aspects of capitalism}}

{{Use dmy dates}}

[[Category:Unemployment| ]]
[[Category:Personal financial problems]]
[[Category:Waste of resources]]

Deputy Chief Minister of Gujarat

2022-11-17T19:46:40Z

Vishalkumar: Just published a comprehensive article.

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{{R from move}}

Hypersonic Flight Experiment

2022-05-12T00:20:48Z

Vishalkumar: Produced a new page layout.

#REDIRECT[[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme#Hypersonic Flight Experiment]]