Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

BA

2026-05-24T23:59:29Z

Vishal5555: Added new stub first draft

{{wiktionary|BA|Ba|ba|Appendix:Variations of "ba"}}
'''BA''' or variants may refer to:
{{TOC right}}
* [[Bachelor of Arts]], an academic degree

== Businesses and organizations ==
* The [[New York Stock Exchange]] abbreviation for [[Boeing]]
* [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]], a library and cultural center in Egypt
* [[Booksellers Association of the UK and Ireland]]
* [[British Academy]]
* [[British Airways]], a British airline
* [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]], now British Science Association
* [[Bundesagentur für Arbeit]], Federal Employment Agency of Germany
* ''[[Selskap med begrenset ansvar]]'', a type of Norwegian company with limited liability
* [[Brewers Association]], trade group in the United States

== Languages ==
* [[Aka-Bo language]], an Indian language, also known as ''Ba''
* [[Bashkir language]], ISO 639-1 language code ba
* [[Ba (cuneiform)]], a sign in cuneiform texts
* [[Ba (Indic)]], in Indic abugidas
* [[Ba (Javanese)]] (ꦧ), in the Javanese script
* [[Ba (Mongolic)]], in alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages
* Arabic letter <big>[[ب]]</big>, named {{lang|ar|باء}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|bāʾ}}''
* [[bǎ construction]], in Chinese

== People ==
* [[Ba (given name)]], in Myanmar and ancient China
* [[Ba (surname)]], a West African surname
* [[Ba (pharaoh)]], an early Egyptian or ancient Egyptian king

== Places ==
=== The Americas ===
* [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
* [[The Bahamas]], WMO country code

=== Asia ===
* [[Ba (state)]], an ancient state in eastern Sichuan, China
* [[Ba River (Nanpan River)|Ba River (China)]]
* [[Ba, Tha Tum|Ba]], [[Tha Tum District]], Thailand
* [[Ba River (Vietnam)]]
* [[Bandra railway station]], Indian Railways code BA
* [[Ba'a]], Rote, Indonesia
* [[Bahrain]], obsolete NATO, FIPS and LOC MARC country code
* [[Banan District, Chongqing]], China, formerly Ba County
* [[Bazhou, Hebei]], China, formerly Ba County

=== Europe ===
* [[BA postcode area]], Bath, England
* [[Ba (Ljig)]], Serbia
**[[Ba Congress]], 1944
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], ISO-3166 country code BA
** [[.ba]], the top-level domain for Bosnia and Herzegovina

=== Oceania===
* [[Ba Province]], Fiji
** [[Ba (town)]]
** [[Ba District, Fiji]]
** [[Ba River (Fiji)]]
* [[Ba (Open Constituency, Fiji)]]

== Science and technology ==
* [[Ba (genus)]], land snails
* [[ba space]], in mathematics
* [[Barium]], chemical symbol Ba
* [[Barye]], a measurement unit of pressure
* [[6-Benzylaminopurine]], plant hormone
* BA, sublineages of the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]]
* [[British Association screw threads]], a set of small screw threads
* Ba, the Chinese name of the star [[Epsilon Serpentis]]
* [[Bronze Age]], an archaeological period

== Sport ==
* [[Ba F.C.]], a Fijian football club
* [[Ba game]], a version of medieval football played in Scotland
* [[Basketball Australia]], promoting basketball in Australia
* [[Batting average]], a statistic in cricket and baseball
* [[Bowls Australia]], a governing body
* [[Kirkwall Ba Game]], or The Ba', annual event in Orkney, Scotland

== Transportation==
* [[Ford Falcon (BA)]], an Australian car
* [[NZR BA class|NZR BA class]], a New Zealand steam locomotive classification
* West Sumatra ([[Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia|vehicle registration]] prefix BA)

== Other uses ==
* BA, dominical letter for a [[leap year starting on Saturday]]
* [[Ba (soul)]], an Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul or spirit
* [[Ba. (band)]], a Lithuanian rock band
* [[B. A. Baracus|"B.A." Baracus]], a fictional character in TV series ''The A-Team''
* [[Beerenauslese]], or BA, a German late-harvest wine
* [[Business agent (labor)]], a position in some local trade unions
* [[Business analyst]], one who processes, interprets and documents business processes
* ''[[Blue Archive]]'', a game developed by NEXON

== See also ==
* [[Ba River (disambiguation)]]
* [[BAA (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bah humbug (disambiguation)]]
* [[Loch Bà (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ya ba]], drug containing methamphetamine and caffeine
* [[Boston and Albany Railroad]], reporting mark B&A

{{disambiguation}}

Sumitra Kulkarni

2026-05-01T12:34:04Z

Vishal5555:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1929)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sumitra Kulkarni
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency_MP = [[Gujarat]]
| office = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 10 April 1972
| term_end = 9 April 1978
| birth_name = Sumitra Gandhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1929|10|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause = 
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1972-1977), [[Congress for Democracy]] (1977), [[Janata Party]] (1978)
| other_party = 
| spouse = Gajanan Raghunath Kulkarni
| relations = [[Family of Mahatma Gandhi]]
| children = Shriram, Shrikrishna, [[Sonali Kulkarni (businesswoman)|Sonali]]
| parents = 
| mother = Nirmala Gandhi
| father = [[Ramdas Gandhi]]
| relatives =
| education = MA, LLB
| alma_mater = [[Women's College, Banaras Hindu University|Women's College]], [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sumitra Kulkarni''' (née '''Gandhi'''; born October 5, 1929) is an Indian politician. Born in the [[family of Mahatma Gandhi]], she studied MA and served as an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer before joining politics. She served as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1972 to 1978.

==Biography==
Kulkarni was born on 5 October 1929 at [[Sabarmati Ashram]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Excuse me, if I take Narendra Modi's side: Mahatma Gandhi's granddaughter |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/interview-excuse-me-if-i-take-narendra-modi-s-side-mahatma-gandhi-s-granddaughter-1802949 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> She is a daughter of [[Ramdas Gandhi]] and granddaughter of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kalappa |first=Bansy |date=2019-06-08 |title=Godse talk won't dent Gandhi's image: Mahatma's granddaughter Sumitra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/Jun/08/godse-talk-wont-dent-gandhis-image-mahatmas-granddaughter-sumitra-1987791.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was named after [[Sumitra]] mother of [[Lakshmana]]. She was raised in [[Sevagram]] near [[Wardha]].<ref name=":1" />

She has studied MA in history with specialisation in Foreign Policy and Diplomacy of Modern World<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaura |first=Ajīta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAkuAAAAYAAJ&q=Sumitra+kulkarni+rajya+sabha |title=Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976 |date=1976 |publisher=India International Publications |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> from [[Women's College, Banaras Hindu University|Women's College]], [[Banaras Hindu University]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kool |first1=V. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E48HEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sumitra+kulkarni+rajya+sabha&pg=PA64 |title=Gandhi and the Psychology of Nonviolence, Volume 1: Scientific Roots and Development |last2=Agrawal |first2=Rita |date=2020-11-06 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-56865-8 |pages=64–66 |language=en}}</ref> and Clark University.<ref>https://commons.clarku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=commencement</ref> She has also studied LLB.<ref name=":0" />

She was an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer and was a collector in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She was persuaded by [[Indira Gandhi]] to join the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Shankar Dayal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH8eAAAAMAAJ&q=Sumitra+kulkarni+rajya+sabha |title=Emergency, Fact and Fiction |date=1978 |publisher=Delhi Printers Prakashan |pages=51, 59 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kalhan |first=Promilla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNAHAAAAMAAJ&q=Sumitra+kulkarni+rajya+sabha |title=Black Wednesday: Power Politics, Emergency, and Elections |date=1977 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> She resigned from IAS in 1972 and was elected as an INC member of [[Rajya Sabha]] representing [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwB7ebB8TK8C&dq=Sumitra+kulkarni+rajya+sabha&pg=PA516 |title=Two Alone, Two Together: Letters Between Indira Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru 1922-1964 |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-303245-8 |editor-last=Gandhi |editor-first=Indira |editor-link=Indira Gandhi |pages=516 |language=en |editor-last2=Gandhi |editor-first2=Sonia |editor-link2=Sonia Gandhi}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{cite book |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Women_Members_Rajya%20Sabha.pdf |title=WOMEN MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABRA |publisher=RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI |year=2003 |page=146}}</ref> She became disillusioned with INC during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] thus she switched to the [[Congress for Democracy]] (CFD) on 2 March 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahatma Gandhi's descendants carry forward a difficult legacy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890515-mahatma-gandhis-descendants-carry-forward-a-difficult-legacy-816091-1989-05-14 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Turadagi |first=Dr Basavaraj M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-9XEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sumitra+kulkarni+CFD&pg=PA157 |title=BABU JAGJIVAN RAM A story of struggle |date=2022-01-06 |publisher=Ashok Yakkaldevi |isbn=978-1-716-14756-2 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TKNw8xNNTEC&dq=Sumitra+kulkarni+rajya+sabha&pg=RA6-PA14 |title=Translations on South and East Asia |date=1977 |publisher=U. S. Joint Publications Research Service |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref> The CFD was later merged with the [[Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pal |first=Kushal |date=2008 |title=Dynamics of Party System and Formation of Coalition Government in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856420 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=333 |jstor=41856420 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lieten |first=Georges Kristoffel |date=1980 |title=Janata as a Continuity of the System |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520400 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=9 |issue=5/6 |pages=14–35 |doi=10.2307/3520400 |jstor=3520400 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She served as a member of Rajya Sabha from 10 April 1972 to 9 April 1978.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

She served as a member of the [[National Commission to review the working of the Constitution|National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution]] (2000–2002).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2004-04-02 |title=Mahatma's kin have little use for politics today |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mahatma-s-kin-have-little-use-for-politics-today/story-68j3xjHui5kFP73Xgz3RVL.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She had conducted anti-liquor campaign during the elections.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravikumar |first=Aruna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLfSEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sumitra+kulkarni+rajya+sabha&pg=PT63 |title=There I Was! : Media Musings |date=2023-08-24 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5488-674-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kulkarni married Gajanan Raghunath Kulkarni, dean of [[IIM Ahmedabad]]. They have twin sons Shriram and Shrikrishna and a daughter, [[Sonali Kulkarni (businesswoman)|Sonali]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf|title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952-2019|publisher=RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI|year=2019|page=244}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sreenivasa Raghavan |first=T. S. |date=2010-10-08 |title=Gandhi kin to tie the knot with Microsoft boss |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/gandhi-kin-to-tie-the-knot-with-microsoft-boss/articleshow/21763695.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Sumitra}}
[[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Congress for Democracy politicians]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian temperance activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Arjun Lal Garg

2026-04-24T18:23:21Z

Vishal5555: Started First Article W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arjun Lal Garg
| image =
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Bilara Assembly constituency|Bilara]]
| predecessor1 = Heera Ram
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Arjun Lal Garg''' (born 1960)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Arjunlal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BILARA(JODHPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=816 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bilara Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Jodhpur district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilara (SC) Assembly Election Results 2023: Bilara (SC) Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/bilara-sc-assembly-result-20131 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bilara Rajasthan Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bilara-rajasthan-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3281422/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Garg is from [[Bilara]], Jodhpur district, Rajasthan. He is the son of Gokul Ram. He studied Class 11 in 1975 at Government Higher Secondary School, Bilara and later discontinued his studies. He passed the Class 10 examinations conducted by Madhyamik Shiksha Board, Ajmer, Rajasthan in 1974. He later did a diploma in civil engineering at Jodhpur Political College in 1978.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Garg won from [[Bilara Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 90,766 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mohanlal Katariya of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 10,424 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bilara Chunav results live: बिलाड़ा सुरक्षित सीट से बीजेपी के अर्जुनलाल गर्ग की जीत, कांग्रेस की हुई हार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jodhpur-rajasthan-assembly-election-bilara-sc-vidhan-sabha-seat-profile-statistical-data-chunav-aayog-7869461.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] from Bilara representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. He retained the seat for BJP in the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bilara Constituency Election Results 2023: Bilara Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/bilara |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018 Assembly election]] to Heeraram of the [[Indian National Congress]] but became an MLA for the third time in 2023.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Arjun Lal}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]

Bajireddy Goverdhan

2026-04-22T13:18:44Z

Vishal5555:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bajireddy Goverdhan
| image =Bajireddy Govardhan Reddy (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|02|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Desaipet, Jagityal Dist., Telangana, India
| office = [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|Chairman Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC)]]
| term_start = 16 September 2021
| term_end = 06 October 2023
| predecessor = Somarapu Satyananarayana
| successor = [[T. Rajaiah]]
| office1 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = Telangana Legislative Assembly{{snd}}created
| successor1 = [[Rekulapally Bhoopathi Reddy]]
| constituency1 = [[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
| office2 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
| constituency2 = [[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
| term_start3 = 1999
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Aleti Annapurna Devi]]
| successor3 = [[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]]
| constituency3 = [[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
| party = {{ubl| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] | (2014–present)}}
| other_party = {{ubl| [[Indian National Congress]] | (1999–2014)}}
| education = {{ubl|B.A from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University }}
| spouse = Vinodha, Shobha (died)
| children = 3 (Bajireddy Jagan Mohan, Bajireddy Ajay, Motati Dharani)<ref name="Dadannagari Vithal Rao, Bajireddy Jagan Mohan, Sumana Reddy, triangular fight for ZP chief post">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Dadannagari Vithal Rao, Bajireddy Jagan Mohan, Sumana Reddy, triangular fight for ZP chief post |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dadannagari-vithal-rao-bajireddy-jagan-mohan-sumana-reddy-triangular-fight-for-zp-chief-post/article27546234.ece |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705180929/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dadannagari-vithal-rao-bajireddy-jagan-mohan-sumana-reddy-triangular-fight-for-zp-chief-post/article27546234.ece |archive-date=5 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Bajireddy Goverdhan''' (born 8 December 1954) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]]. He has won four terms as an MLA once from [[Banswada Assembly constituency]] & once from [[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]] in the united state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and twice from [[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency]] after the formation of [[Telangana State]].<ref name="Will four-time BRS MLA Bajireddy Goverdhan make it this time?">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Will four-time BRS MLA Bajireddy Goverdhan make it this time? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/will-five-time-brs-mla-bajireddy-goverdhan-make-it-this-time/article67562748.ece |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705170439/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/will-five-time-brs-mla-bajireddy-goverdhan-make-it-this-time/article67562748.ece |archive-date=5 July 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He Served as Chairman of the [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC)]] 16 September 2021 from to 6 October 2023.<ref name="Bajireddy new TSRTC chairman">{{cite news |title=Bajireddy new TSRTC chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bajireddy-new-tsrtc-chairman/articleshow/86276059.cms |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705171532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bajireddy-new-tsrtc-chairman/articleshow/86276059.cms |archive-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bajireddy Goverdhan new TSRTC chairman">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Bajireddy Goverdhan new TSRTC chairman |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bajireddy-goverdhan-new-tsrtc-chairman |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705171342/https://telanganatoday.com/bajireddy-goverdhan-new-tsrtc-chairman |archive-date=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Two MLAs made corporation chiefs">{{cite news |title=Two MLAs made corporation chiefs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/two-mlas-made-corporation-chiefs/articleshow/104200452.cms |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705171629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/two-mlas-made-corporation-chiefs/articleshow/104200452.cms |archive-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Bajireddy Govardhan Reddy having a selfie with KCR and Jeevan Reddy.jpg|thumb|right|Bajireddy Govardhan Reddy taking a selfie with KCR and [[T. Jeevan Reddy]] on 20 April 2026 in [[Jagtial]]]]

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
Year
!Office for
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
! Result
!colspan=4|Nearest Rival & Party
|-
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|[[Aleti Annapurna Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
| style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|[[Aleti Annapurna Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|[[Pocharam Srinivas Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|[[D. Srinivas (politician)|D. Srinivas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="Nizamabad (Rural) Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023: Nizamabad (Rural">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Nizamabad (Rural) Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023: Nizamabad (Rural |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nizamabad-rural |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705180133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nizamabad-rural |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|[[Rekulapally Bhoopathi Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="2023 Telangana Assembly Election Result - Nizamabad Rural">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=2023 Telangana Assembly Election Result - Nizamabad Rural |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2918.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705180127/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2918.htm |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|[[Rekulapally Bhoopathi Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="Nizamabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Nizamabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/telangana/nizamabad |access-date=5 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605041735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/telangana/nizamabad |archive-date=5 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Nizamabad">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Nizamabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S294.htm |access-date=5 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605041747/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S294.htm|archive-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|Lok Sabha]]
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goverdhan, Bajireddy}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]

Ulhas Tuenkar

2026-04-22T01:30:23Z

Vishal5555: Adding new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ulhas Tuenkar
| birth_name = Ulhas Yeshwant Tuenkar
| caption = Tuenkar in 2024
| image = Ulhas Tuenkar.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Luizinho Faleiro]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| alma_mater = Industrial Training Institute, [[Farmagudi]], Goa (1982)
| profession = Social worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Ulhas Yeshwant Tuenkar''' is an Indian politician from [[Goa]] and a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]. Tuenkar won the [[Navelim (Goa Assembly constituency)|Navelim Assembly constituency]] on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. Tuenkar defeated Valanka Alemao of [[Trinamool Congress]] by 430 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tuenkars-navelim-victory-fuels-demand-for-ministerial-berth/articleshow/90237404.cms|title=Ulhas Tuenkar's Navelim victory fuels demand for ministerial berth|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/know-your-candidates/goa-assembly-election-2022/navelim-constituency-candidates-list/|title=Navelim Assembly Elections 2022|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=115|title=Ulhas Yeshwant Tuenkar (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|website=My Neta.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuenkar, Ulhas}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]

{{Goa-BJP-politician-stub}}

R Gandhi

2026-04-20T08:52:41Z

Vishal5555: starting first stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian banker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Gandhi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1956

| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| known_for = Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| education = [[V.O.Chidambaram College]], [[Annamalai University]], [[American University]]
| occupation = Banker
| title =
| party =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
| office = Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start = 3 April 2014
| term_end = 3 April 2017
| governor = [[Raghuram Rajan]] [[Urjit Patel]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rama Subramaniam Gandhi''' was Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]] from 2014 to 2017. Currently he is a freelance adviser and consultant in financial sector policy and regulation, payment systems, FinTech & currency management.

He was appointed as Deputy Governor in April 2014. During the three years in office as Deputy Governor, he held the portfolio of banking, non-banking and cooperative banking regulation, risk management (financial and operational risk management, internal control, and financial stability) and currency management. During the last year of his term, he held the portfolio of financial market regulation, foreign exchange and external reserves management, accounts, payment systems, information technology and currency management. For a brief period, he was one of the members of the first Monetary Policy Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=30942|title=R Gandhi appointed Deputy Governor of RBI (Press Release)|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406192056/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=30942|archivedate=6 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As the Deputy Governor, he was Chairman of Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Ltd (the currency printing subsidiary of the Reserve Bank) and Chairman of the [[IDRBT]] (a Banking technology research institute promoted by the Reserve Bank).

==Early life and education==
R. Gandhi was born in 1956 in Devanallur, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. He obtained his undergraduate degree in Economics from V.O.Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi. He obtained his post graduation in Economics from the [[Annamalai University]]. He also has post graduate level qualifications in Capital Markets and Management Information System from [[City University of New York]] and the [[American University]] respectively. Further, he also studied Gandhian Thoughts at [[Madurai Kamaraj University|Madurai University]].

==Personal life==
He is married and his wife is a professor of psychology and a practising counsellor. They have two sons, both of them are in the US. One is a chip design engineer and the other runs a startup in milk research technology.

==Career in RBI==
Gandhi joined Reserve Bank of India in 1980. He worked in diverse areas including currency management and information technology and was also the Executive Assistant to the RBI Governor for more than three years. He had a brief stint at the Securities Exchange Board of India.

He was elevated to the position of Executive Director of RBI on 1 March 2011. As executive director he looked after Internal Debt Management and Currency Management, besides the strategic and crucial area of Human Resource Management. He was appointed as Deputy Governor on 3 April 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-appoints-r-gandhi-as-deputy-governor-of-rbi-for-3-years/articleshow/33188118.cms|title= R Gandhi appointed as Deputy Governor}}</ref>

==Important assignments==
* Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India
* Director, Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology
*Chairman, Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Ltd
* Chairman, Working Group on IT Support for Urban Cooperative Banks
* Chairman, Panel on Regulatory Mechanism for Credit Cards
* Chairman, Working Group on Enhancing Liquidity to Government Securities & Interest Rate Derivatives Market
* Chairman, Implementation Group on OTC Derivatives Market Reforms

==See also==
[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406192056/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=30942 R Gandhi - Executive Profile]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, R}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]

Gaddigari Vittal Reddy

2026-04-15T03:23:26Z

Vishal5555: New

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2022
| constituency = [[Mudhole Assembly constituency]]
| party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]<ref name="TheHindu_2014_Switch">{{Cite news
| title = Lone Congress MLA from Adilabad Vittal Reddy joins TRS
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Lone-Congress-MLA-from-Adilabad-Vittal-Reddy-joins-TRS/article60090015.ece
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| date = 2014-08-07
| access-date = 2025-07-27
| quote = Congress MLA from Mudhole G. Vittal Reddy joined the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), ending the party's representation from Adilabad district.
}}
</ref> (2014{{endash}}present)
| other_party = Indian National Congress
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = text-align:center; font-weight:bold;
|title =Other Positions
|bullets = on
|2019 – 2023: Member of Committee on Welfare of Women, Children, Disabled and Old-aged of Telangana<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMemberDetails?q=Y29tbV90eXBlPTImYXNzZW1ibHlfdHlwZT0wJnRlcm1faWQ9MTUmY29tbV9pZD0xNyZwcm9maWxlX2lkPTQ0
|title = Committee Member Details - Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
|website = Telangana Legislature
|access-date = 17 December 2025
}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Gaddigari Vittal Reddy'''<ref name="MyNeta2018">{{cite web
|url = https://www.myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=4724
|title = Gaddigari Vittal Reddy (BRS): Constituency - MUDHOLE (NIRMAL)
|website = myneta.info
|publisher = Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR)
|access-date = 18 December 2025
|archive-url =
|archive-date =
|quote = This information is an archive of the candidate's self-declared affidavit filed with the Election Commission of India.
}}</ref> (born 1954) is an Indian politician from Telangana.<ref name=":0" /> He served as the Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mudhole Assembly constituency]]. He is a two-time MLA who was first elected in 2014 and served a second term elected from 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaddigari Vittal Reddy |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/gaddigari-vittal-reddy |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Mudhole Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Gaddigari Vittal Reddy of TRS Wins - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mudhole-election-result-2018-live-updates-gaddigari-vittal-reddy-of-trs-wins-1968703.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618234026/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mudhole-election-result-2018-live-updates-gaddigari-vittal-reddy-of-trs-wins-1968703.html |archive-date=2023-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=News18 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> He contested as a BRS candidate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaddigari Vittal Reddy, BRS Candidate from Mudhole Assembly Election 2023 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://elections-v4.news18.com/elections/assembly/telangana/gaddigari-vittal-reddy-candidate-s29aed2008a010e2023c001/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=elections-v4.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> in the 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election from the same constituency but lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Rama Rao Pawar]] by 23,999 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudhole Assembly Election Results 2023: Mudhole Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/mudhole-constituency-result-29010 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
According to his election affidavit in 2023 his is age 69 years.<ref name="ECIAffidavit">{{cite web
|url = https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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
|title = Affidavit Details - Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
|website = Election Commission of India
|access-date = 17 December 2025
}}</ref><ref name="MyNeta2018"/> His father name Gaddigari Gaddenna.<ref name="ECIAffidavit"/><ref name="MyNeta2018"/> He graduated in LLB from the Osmania University, Hyderabad 1980, and Graduation Badruka College at Hyderabad<ref name="MyNeta2018"/>

==Election performance==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Telangana Election Results
! Year
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
! Result
|-
|2014<ref name="IndiaVotes2014">{{Cite web
|title = Mudhole Assembly Constituency Election Results (2014) - Telangana
|url = https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/telangana/mudhole/61/34737/239
|work = IndiaVotes
|access-date = 2025-07-27
|quote = Winner: Gaddigari Vittal Reddy ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) - 63,322 votes (39.3%). Runner-up: Dr. Padakanti Ramadevi ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) - 48,485 votes (30.1%).
}}</ref><ref name="TelanganaMLAs2014Add_p1">{{cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=List of Elected Candidates to Assembly from Telangana (with Addresses) |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/listof_elected/MLAs%20Addresses%20(Telangana)3%20-%2008.04.2015.pdf |access-date=22 December 2025 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |page=1}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|63,322
|39.3
|Won
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="IndiaVotes2018">{{Cite web |title=Mudhole Assembly Constituency Election Results (2018) - Telangana |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2018/telangana/mudhole/61/42732/266 |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=IndiaVotes |quote=Winner: Gaddigari Vittal Reddy ([[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]) - 83,933 votes (46.2%). Runner-up: Padakanti Ramadevi ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) - 40,602 votes (22.4%).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Mudhole Assembly Election result 2018: TRS' candidate Vittal Reddy wins poll by over 80,000 votes |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/mudhole-assembly-constituency-election-2018-the-fight-is-between-padakanti-ramadevi-of-bjp-and-congress-rama-rao-patel-telangana-rashtra-samithi/322097 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TelanganaMLAs2018_p1">{{cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 – Elected Candidates List |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/List%20of%20Elected%20Members/MLAs%20Elected%20List%202018%20_Lat%20Upate%2002.12.2020.pdf |access-date=22 December 2025 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Telangana |page=1}}</ref>
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|83,933
|46.2
|Won
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="IndiaVotes">{{Cite web |title=Mudhole Assembly Constituency Election Results (2023) - Telangana |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/telangana/mudhole/61/46938/296 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=IndiaVotes |quote=Gaddam Vittal Reddy ([[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]) - Runner up Votes: 74,253 (36.7%)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudhole Constituency Election Results 2023: Mudhole Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/mudhole |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|74,253
|36.7
|Lost
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Gaddigari Vittal}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
{{Telangana-politician-stub}}

Alphonso mango

2026-04-13T14:06:47Z

Vishal5555: Started New Stub Basic Info...

{{Short description|Mango cultivar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Alphonso'
| image = Mangoes in Bangalore (2025) 19.jpg
| image_caption = Alphonso mangoes
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Alphonso'
| origin = [[India]]
| marketing_names = Hapus
}}{{See also-text|[[Mithila Bambai Aam]]}}
The '''Alphonso mango''' is a named [[mango cultivar]] that originates from [[India]]. In the UK in 2012, it was considered one of the most prized mangoes, known for its saffron-coloured flesh and culinary uses in various dishes and desserts.<ref name="guard">
{{cite web
| url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2012/apr/27/do-you-know-alphonso-mango
| title=Do you know Alphonso mango?
| work=The Guardian
| author=Sukhadwala, Sejal
| date=27 April 2012
}}</ref>

==Origin==
The variety is named after [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], a distinguished [[militarian]] and [[viceroy]] of [[Portuguese India]] from 1509 to 1515.<ref name=guard/> [[Jesuit]] missionaries introduced [[grafting]] on mango trees in [[Portuguese Goa]], to produce varieties like Alphonso.<ref name="Alvares">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-jesuits-and-the-mango/articleshow/68894908.cms|title=The Jesuits and the Mango|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Alvares|first1=Patricia Ann|date=15 April 2019}}</ref> The Portuguese loved the flavour of the fruit and replicated it using the grafting technique. Alphonso is also one of the most expensive varieties of mango,<ref name=guard/> and is grown mainly in the [[Konkan region]] of western India - Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka.<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/the-king-at-your-doorstep/
| title=The king at your doorstep
| author=Nagpaul, Dipti
| publisher=Indianexpress.com
| date=15 May 2014}}
</ref><ref name="TimesOfIndia">
{{cite web
| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/alphonsoes-from-devgad-and-sindhudurg-get-gi-tag/articleshow/58351364.cms
| title=Alphonsoes from Devgad and Sindhudurg get GI tag
| publisher=The Times Of India
| date=25 Apr 2017
| author=Bhavika Jain}}
</ref><ref name="dna">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-geographical-indicator-approved-for-devgad-alphonso-growers-2220683 | title=Geographical indicator approved for Devgad Alphonso | publisher=DNA India| date=7 Jun 2016}}</ref> It is grown in the [[Valsad district|Valsad]] and [[Navsari district|Navsari]] districts of South [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Melvyn Reggie |date=June 7, 2017 |first2=Himansshu |last2=Bhatt |title=Gujarat: South Gujarat produces 180 varieties of mangoes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/south-gujarat-produces-180-varieties-of-mangoes/articleshow/59024895.cms |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Alphonsomangotree.jpg|thumb|Plantation of Alphonso mangoes]]

==Description==

The Alphonso mango is a seasonal fruit harvested from end of March through the end of June.<ref name=guard/> The time from flowering to harvest is about 90 days, while the time from harvest to ripening is about 15 days.<ref>{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Deshpande |first1=Ashish B. |last2=Anamika |first2=Krishanpal |last3=Jha |first3=Vineet |last4=Chidley |first4=Hemangi G. |last5=Oak |first5=Pranjali S. |last6=Kadoo |first6=Narendra Y. |last7=Pujari |first7=Keshav H. |last8=Giri |first8=Ashok P. |last9=Gupta |first9=Vidya S. |date=2017-08-18 |title=Transcriptional transitions in Alphonso mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) during fruit development and ripening explain its distinct aroma and shelf life characteristics |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=8711 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-08499-5 |pmid=28821734 |pmc=5562913 |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free }}</ref> The fruits generally weigh between {{convert|150|and|300|g}}, have a rich, creamy, tender texture and delicate, non-fibrous, juicy pulp.<ref name=mac/> As the fruit matures, the skin of an Alphonso mango turns golden-yellow with a tinge of red across the top of the fruit.<ref name="mac">{{cite web| url=http://www.macleans.ca/2010/05/05/the-king-of-mangoes/| title=The king of mangoes |publisher=Macleans, Rogers Media| date=5 May 2010| author=Subramanian, Sarmishta| access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref>

===Culinary===
Mango [[sorbet]], [[ice cream]], [[lassi]], [[soufflé]], [[mousse]], and [[puree]] are some culinary preparations using Alphonso mangoes.

==Trade==
The Alphonso is prized in domestic and international markets for its taste, fragrance and bright color.<ref name=guard/> It is exported to various countries, including Japan, Korea and in Europe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/konkan-alphonso-king-of-mangoes-gets-gi-tag/articleshow/66093181.cms|title=GI tag for Konkan Alphonso |date=6 October 2018|work=The Times of India |access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>

=== Import bans ===
An import ban imposed in 1989 by the United States on Indian mangoes, including the Alphonso, was lifted in April 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2008-03-04Rastogi.pdf |title=Indo-US Trade in Wheat and Mango: A Game-Theoretic Approach to SPS Standards |publisher=Iimahd.ernet.in |access-date=2015-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409034945/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2008-03-04Rastogi.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the mangoes needed to be treated before entering the country in order to stop the introduction of non-native [[Tephritidae|fruit flies]], destructive fungi, and other pests that could harm American agriculture. The [[European Union]] imposed a ban beginning in April 2014 on import of mangoes after finding "non-European fruit flies" in some consignments, creating a significant threat to [[United Kingdom|UK]] salad crops.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Alphonso-mango-makes-a-comeback-in-UK-after-7-month-ban/articleshow/47331981.cms | title=Alphonso mango makes a comeback in UK after 7-month ban | work=The Times of India| date=18 May 2015 | access-date=26 May 2016 | author=Sinha K}}</ref> The Indian government had described this decision as arbitrary and businesses claimed they would suffer financial losses due to the ban.

In January 2015, the [[European Commission]] lifted the ban following significant improvements in the Indian mango export system.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/alphonso-mangoes-eu-lifts-ban-on-indian-mango-imports-9990412.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122022013/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/alphonso-mangoes-eu-lifts-ban-on-indian-mango-imports-9990412.html |archive-date=2015-01-22 |url-access=limited |url-status=live | title=Alphonso mangoes: EU lifts ban on Indian mango imports | publisher=The Independent, Independent Digital News & Media, London, UK | date=20 January 2016 | access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

{{Commons category|Alphonso}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{portal|Food}}
{{Mangoes}}

[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]

Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha

2026-04-12T15:40:56Z

Vishal5555: Adding

{{Short description|Hindu denomination within the Swaminarayan Sampradaya}}
{{Redirect|BAPS}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| logo = Baps logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption = BAPS Akshar Deri Logo
| abbreviation = BAPS
| formation = {{Start date and age|1907|06|05|df=yes|p=y}}
| type = [[Religious organisation]]
| headquarters = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| location = 5,025 Centers
| region_served = Worldwide
| founder = [[Shastriji Maharaj]]
| leader_name = [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.baps.org/}}
}}
'''Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha''' ('''BAPS'''; {{IAST3|Bocāsaṇvāsī Akṣara Puruṣottama Svāminārāyaṇa Saṇsthā}}) is a [[Hindu denomination]] within the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]].{{sfn|Mamtora|2021}}{{sfn|A.Patel|2018}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=157}} It was formed in 1905 by Shastri Yagnapurushdas ([[Shastriji Maharaj]]) following his conviction that the yogi [[Swaminarayan]] remained present on earth through a lineage of gurus starting with [[Gunatitanand Swami]].{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=55}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=215}}{{sfn|James|2017}} As of August 2016, Mahant Swami Maharaj is the 6th guru and president of BAPS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=Deepali |date=December 2018 |title=Digital Mūrtis, Virtual Darśan and a Hindu Religioscape |url=https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-1273db35e9 |journal=Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40–54}}</ref>

The philosophy of BAPS is centred on the doctrine of [[Akshar-Purushottam Upasana]], in which followers worship [[Swaminarayan]] as God, or Purushottam, and his choicest devotee, [[Gunatitanand Swami]], as Akshar.{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=73}} As of 2024, BAPS has 44 [[shikharbaddha mandir]]s and more than 1,300 [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] worldwide that facilitate practice of this doctrine by allowing followers to offer devotion to the [[murti]]s of Swaminarayan, Gunatitanand Swami, and their successors.<ref>{{cite web |title=BAPS Global Network |url=https://www.baps.org/Global-Network.aspx}}</ref> BAPS mandirs also feature activities to foster culture and youth development. Many devotees view the mandir as a place for transmission of Hindu values and their incorporation into daily routines, family life, and careers.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=418–422}}<ref group=web name="India Herald Spiritual Quotient"/>

==History==

=== Formation and early years (1900-1950) ===
[[File:Akshar Purshottam - BAPS Mandir Bochasan.jpg|thumb|Murtis of Akshar Purushottam, Bochasan]]

==== The Gunatit Guru ====
The basis for the formation of BAPS was Shastriji Maharaj's conviction that [[Swaminarayan]] remained present on earth through a lineage of ''Gunatit Gurus'' (perfect devotee), starting with [[Gunatitanand Swami]], one of Swaminarayan's most prominent disciples,{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=55}}{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=317}}{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=363}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=215}}{{sfn|Paranjape|2005|p=117, 129}}{{refn|group=note|In many of his discourses in the Vachanamrut (Gadhada I-71,{{sfn|Swaminarayan|2006|p=147–148}} Gadhada III-26{{sfn|Swaminarayan|2006|p=630–631}} and Vadtal 5{{sfn|Swaminarayan|2006|p=534}}) [[Swaminarayan]] explains that there forever exists a Gunatit Guru{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=363}} (perfect devotee) through whom Swaminarayan manifests on earth{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=92}} for the ultimate redemption of jivas.{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=178}}}} and that Swaminarayan and his choicest devotee, Gunatitanand Swami, were ontologically, Purushottam and Akshar, respectively.{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=186}}{{refn|group=note|According to the BAPS, numerous historical accounts{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=89}}<ref name="Acharya 1911 13">{{cite book|title=Shri Kirtan Kaustubhmala (1st ed.)|last=Acharya|first=Viharilalji Maharaj|publisher=Published by Kothari Hathibhai Nanjibhai by the order of Acharya Shripatiprasadji Maharaj and Kothari Gordhanbhai|year=1911|page=13}}</ref> and texts<ref name="Raghuvirji Maharaj 1966">{{cite book|title=Shri Harililakalpataru (1st ed.)|last=Raghuvirji Maharaj|first=Acharya|publisher=Sheth Maneklal Chunilal Nanavati Publishers|year=1966 |translator=Sadhu Shwetvaikunthdas |location=Mumbai}}</ref> written during Swaminarayan and Gunatitanand Swami's time period identify Gunatitanand Swami as [[Gunatitanand Swami#Gunatitanand Swami as Akshar|the embodiment of Akshar]].}} According to the BAPS-tradition, Shastriji Maharaj had understood this from his guru, [[Bhagatji Maharaj]], who had Gunatitanand Swami as his guru.{{sfn|Paranjape|2005|p=117}}{{refn|group=note|Bhagatji Maharaj over time came to believe that the doctrine of Akshar-Purushottam Upasana was the true doctrine propagated by Swaminarayan.<ref group=web>{{Cite web | url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/bhagatjimaharaj/life/10.htm |title = Bhagatji Maharaj's Life-Realisation}}</ref> Bhagatji Maharaj was Shastriji Maharaj's guru, and over time, Shastriji Maharaj also became a strong proponent of the [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan|Akshar-Purushottam Upasana]].{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=55}} After Bhagatji Maharaj died on 7 November 1897,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ishwarcharandas|first=Sadhu|title=Pragji Bhakta – A short biography of Brahmaswarup Bhagatji Maharaj|year=1978|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|page=65}}</ref> Shastriji Maharaj became the primary proponent of the doctrine of Akshar-Purushottam Upasana.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=55}}}}

Followers of BAPS believe that the Ekantik dharma that Swaminarayan desired to establish is embodied and propagated by the ''Ekantik Satpurush'' ({{lit|a most sublime saint}}<ref group=web>BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, [https://www.swaminarayan.org/shastrijimaharaj/life/14.htm Bhagatji: The Greatest Ekantik Saint]</ref>{{refn|group=note|Ekantik: "complete", "absolute";<ref group=web>Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, [https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/index.php?mode=3&direct=au&script=hk&tran_input=ekantik ekantik]</ref> Satpurush: "good or wise man".<ref group=web>Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, [https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/index.php?mode=3&direct=au&script=hk&tran_input=satpurush satpurush]</ref>}}), the Gunatit Guru.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=327, 358}} According to Shastriji Maharaj, Swaminarayan had "expressly designated" the Gunatit Guru to spiritually guide the satsang (spiritual fellowship) while instructing his nephews to help manage the administration of the fellowship within their respective dioceses.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=317}}<ref name="Williams2008">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|title=Encyclopedia of new religious movements Swaminarayan Hinduism Founder: Sahajanand Swami Country of origin: India|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-45383-7|edition=1. publ.}}</ref>{{rp|610}} As Kim notes, "For BAPS devotees, the dual murtis in the original Swaminarayan temples{{refn|group=note|name=murtis}} imply that Swaminarayan did install a murti of himself alongside the murti of his ideal bhakta or Guru".{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=364}}

Shastriji Maharaj sought to publicly reveal his ideas,{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=186}} and to worship Gunatitanand as the abode of Purushottam, c.q. Swaminarayan.{{sfn|James|2017}} However, his views were rejected by the sadhus of the Vadtal and Ahmedabad dioceses.{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=55}}{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=55}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=61}}{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=364-365}} For the sadhus of the Vadtal diocese, the idea that Swaminarayan had appointed Gunatitanand as his spiritual successor, instead of the two acharyas, was a heretical teaching, and they "refused to worship what they considered to be a human being."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=93}}{{refn|group=note|According to the BAPS, the fundamental beliefs of the BAPS date back to the time of Swaminarayan.<ref>Amrutvijaydas, Sadhu (2006). Shastriji Maharaj Life and Work. Amdavad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith.{{ISBN|81-7526-305-9}}.</ref> One revelation of Gunatitanand Swami as Akshar occurred in 1810 at the grand yagna of Dabhan, during which Swaminarayan initiated Gunatitanand Swami as a swami. On this occasion, Swaminarayan publicly confirmed that Gunatitanand Swami was the incarnation of Akshar, declaring, "Today, I am extremely happy to initiate Mulji Sharma. He is my divine abode – Akshardham, which is infinite and endless." The first Acharya of the Vadtal diocese, Raghuvirji Maharaj, recorded this declaration in his composition, the Harililakalpataru (7.17.49–50).<ref>Acharya, Raghuvirji Maharaj; Sadhu Shwetvaikunthdas (Translator) (1966). Shri Harililakalpataru (1st ed.). Mumbai: Sheth Maneklal Chunilal Nanavati Publishers.</ref> The ''Swaminarayan-Bhashyam'' is a published commentary written by [[Bhadreshdas Swami]] in 2007 that explicates the roots of Akshar-Purushottam Upasana in the [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], and the [[Brahma Sutras]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last1=Amrutvijaydas|first1=Sadhu|title=Swaminarayan and British Contacts in Gujarat in the 1820s|last2=Williams|first2=Raymond Brady|last3=Paramtattvadas|first3=Sadhu|date=2016-04-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199086573|language=en-US|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhadreshdas|first=Sadhu|date=April–June 2014|title=Guru's grace empowers philosophical treatise|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5495|journal=Hinduism Today}}</ref> This is further corroborated in a classical Sanskrit treatise, also authored by Bhadreshdas Swami, called ''Swaminarayan-Siddhanta-Sudha''.}} Shastriji Maharaj left Vadtal with five swamis and the support of about 150 devotees.{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=363–365}}{{sfn|Williams|2001|pp=54–56}}<ref name="100y">{{cite book |first=Sadhu |last=Amrutvijaydas |title=100 Years of BAPS |year=2007 |publisher=Aksharpith|location=Amdavad|isbn=978-81-7526-377-2 |url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/publications/books/100yearsofbaps.htm}}</ref>{{rp|13}}

==== Mandirs to facilitate doctrinal practice ====
[[File:Shastriji_Maharaj_Sarangpur.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Shastriji Maharaj]]|266x266px]]

Paralleling Sahajand Swami's building of temples to propagate his teachings,{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=364}}{{refn|group=note|name=murtis|From 1822 to 1828, Swaminarayan constructed a total of six shikharbaddha mandirs in Gujarat to propagate his teachings; in each he installed the murtis of a principal deity coupled with their ideal devotee in the central shrine: [[Nar Narayan Dev|Nar-Narayan-Dev]] in [[Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir|Ahmedabad]] (1822) and [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Bhuj]] (1823), Lakshmi-Narayan-Dev in [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal|Vadtal]] (1824), [[Madan Mohan Dev|Madan-Mohan-Dev]] in [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera|Dholera]] (1826), Radha-Raman-Dev in [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh|Junagadh]] (1828), and Gopi-Nathji in [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada|Gadhada]] (1828).{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=364–365}}}} Shastriji Maharaj then set out to build his own ''mandir'' to "house the devotional representations of [[Bhagavan|Bhagwan]] and [[Guru]]" and propagate his understanding of Swaminarayan's teachings.{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=363}} On 5 June 1907, Shastriji Maharaj consecrated the murtis of [[Swaminarayan]] and [[Gunatitanand Swami]] in the central shrine of the shikharbaddha mandir he was constructing in the village of Bochasan in the Kheda District of Gujarat.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=91}} This event was later seen to mark the formal establishment of the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha,{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=364}} which was later abbreviated as BAPS. The Gujarati word Bochasanwasi implies hailing from Bochasan, since the organisation's first mandir was built in this village.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Shastriji Maharaj spent the majority of 1908–15 discoursing throughout Gujarat, while continuing construction work of mandirs in Bochasan and Sarangpur, gaining a group of devotees, admirers, and supporters.{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=365}} Over the next four decades, Shastriji Maharaj completed four more shikharbaddha mandirs in Gujarat (Sarangpur – 1916, Gondal – 1934, Atladra – 1945, and Gadhada – 1951).{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=365}}

==== Successors ====
On 12 August 1910 Shastriji Maharaj met his eventual successor, [[Sadhu Gnãnjivandas|Yogiji Maharaj]], at the house of Jadavji in Bochasan.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|16}} Yogiji Maharaj was a resident swami at Junagadh Mandir (Saurashtra),{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=183}} where Gunatitanand Swami had served as mahant.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|17}} Yogiji Maharaj regarded Gunatitanand Swami as Akshar and also served the murti of Harikrishna Maharaj which had previously been worshiped by Gunatitanand Swami.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|17}} As he already believed in the doctrine being preached by Shastriji Maharaj, Yogiji Maharaj left Junagadh on 9 July 1911 with six swamis to join Shastriji Maharaj's mission.{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=186}}

On 7 November 1939, 17-year-old Shantilal Patel (who would become [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]) left his home<ref>{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj – a life dedicated to others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust|location=Ahmedabad|page=7}}</ref> and was initiated by Shastriji Maharaj into the parshad order, as Shanti Bhagat, on 22 November 1939,<ref name="Shelat 2005 8">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj – a life dedicated to others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust|location=Ahmedabad|page=8}}</ref> and into the swami order, as Narayanswarupdas Swami, on 10 January 1940.<ref name="Shelat 2005 8"/> Initially, he studied Sanskrit and Hindu scriptures<ref name="Shelat 2005 8"/> and served as Shastriji Maharaj's personal secretary. In 1946, he was appointed administrative head (''Kothari'') of the Sarangpur mandir.<ref name="Shelat 2005 8"/>

In the early part of 1950, Shastriji Maharaj wrote several letters to 28-year-old Shastri Narayanswarupdas expressing a wish to appoint him as the administrative president of the organisation. Initially, Shastri Narayanswarupdas was reluctant to accept the position, citing his young age and lack of experience and suggesting that an elderly, experienced swami should take the responsibility.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vivekjivandas|first=Sadhu|title=Pramukh Varni Din|journal=Swaminarayan Bliss|date=June 2000}}</ref> However, Shastriji Maharaj insisted over several months, until, seeing the wish and insistence of his guru, Shastri Narayanswarupdas accepted the responsibility.<ref name="Shelat 2005 8"/> On 21 May 1950 at Ambli-Vali Pol in Amdavad, Shastriji Maharaj appointed Shastri Narayanswarupdas as the administrative president (Pramukh) of BAPS.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|11}} He instructed Shastri Narayanswarupdas, who now began to be referred to as Pramukh Swami, to ennoble Satsang under the guidance of Yogiji Maharaj.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pramukh Varni Din |url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/festivals/pramukhvarni/ |work=Swaminarayan|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith |access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref>

In the last few years of his life, Shastriji Maharaj took steps to preserve the growth and future of BAPS by registering BAPS as a charitable trust in 1947 under India's new legal code.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|33}}

===Development and organisational formation (1950–1971)===

After the death of [[Shastriji Maharaj]] on 10 May 1951,<ref>{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Kishore M.|title=Shastriji Maharaj – A brief biography of Brahmaswarup Shastriji Maharaj|year=2009|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=978-81-7526-129-7|page=111}}</ref> [[Yogiji Maharaj]] became the spiritual leader, or guru, of the organisation while [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj|Pramukh Swami]] continued to oversee administrative matters as president of the organisation.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=60}} Yogiji Maharaj carried Shastriji Maharaj's mission of fostering the Akshar-Purushottam Upasana doctrine by building temples, touring villages, preaching overseas and initiating weekly local religious assemblies for children, youths and elders. In his 20 years as guru, from 1951 to 1971, he visited over 4,000 cities, towns and villages, consecrated over 60 mandirs and wrote over 5,45,000 letters to devotees.<ref name="100y" />{{rp|9}}

==== Youth movement ====
This period of BAPS history saw an important expansion in youth activities. [[Yogiji Maharaj]] believed that in a time of profound and rapid social ferment, there was an imminent need to save the young from 'degeneration of moral, cultural and religious values'.<ref name="Brear 1996">{{cite book|title=A sacred thread: modern transmission of Hindu traditions in India and abroad|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-231-10779-X|first=Douglas|last=Brear|edition=Columbia University Press|contribution=Transmission of sacred scripture in the British East Midlands: the Vachanamritam |editor=Raymond Brady Williams}}</ref>{{rp|219}} To fill a void in spiritual activities for youths, Yogiji Maharaj started a regular Sunday gathering (Yuvak Mandal) of young men in Bombay<ref name="Brear 1996"/>{{rp|217}} in 1952.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|167}} Brear notes, "His flair, dynamism and concern led within ten years to the establishment of many yuvak mandals of dedicated young men in Gujarat and East Africa".<ref name="Brear 1996"/>{{rp|217}}
In addition to providing religious and spiritual guidance, Yogiji Maharaj encouraged youths to work hard and excel in their studies. Towards realizing such ideals, he would often remind them to stay away from worldly temptations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yogiji Maharaj – Sermons of Yogiji Maharaj |url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/yogijimaharaj/life/32.htm |work=Swaminarayan|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|access-date=4 August 2013}}</ref> A number of youths decided to take monastic vows.{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=187}} On 11 May 1961 during the Gadhada Kalash Mahotsav, he initiated 51 college-educated youths into the monastic order as swamis.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|168}} [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]], initiated as Keshavjivandas Swami, was one of the initiates.

==== East Africa ====
Satsang in Africa had started during Shastriji Maharaj's lifetime, as many devotees had migrated to Africa for economic reasons. One of Shastriji Maharaj's senior swamis, Nirgundas Swami, engaged in lengthy correspondence with these devotees, answering their questions and inspiring them to start satsang assemblies in Africa. Eventually, in 1928, Harman Patel took the murtis of Akshar-Purushottam Maharaj to East Africa and started a small centre.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|20}} Soon, the East Africa Satsang Mandal was established under the leadership of Harman Patel and Magan Patel.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|20}}

In 1955, Yogiji Maharaj embarked on his first foreign tour to East Africa.<ref name="Brear 1996"/>{{rp|217}}<ref name=":7" />{{rp|Chp 5 – Pg 2}} The prime reason for the visit was to consecrate Africa's first Akshar-Purushottam temple in Mombasa. The temple was inaugurated on 25 April 1955.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|168}}<ref name="Younger 2010 266">{{cite book|last=Younger|first=Paul|title=New homelands: Hindu communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-539164-0|page=266|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> He also travelled to [[Nairobi]], [[Nakuru]], [[Kisumu]], [[Tororo]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Kampala]], [[Mwanza]] and [[Dar es salaam]].<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|168}} His travels inspired the local devotees to begin temple construction projects. Due to the visit, in a span of five years, the devotees in Uganda completed the construction of temples in Tororo, Jinja and Kampala and asked Yogiji Maharaj to revisit Uganda to install the murtis of Akshar-Purushottam Maharaj. The rapid temple constructions in Africa were helped by the presence of early immigrants, mainly Leva Patels, who came to work as masons, and were particularly skilled in temple building.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Salvadori|first=Cynthia|title=Revivals, reformations & revisions of Hinduism; the Swaminarayan religion|journal=Through Open Doors: A View of Asian Cultures in Kenya|year=1989|page=127}}</ref>

As a result, Yogiji Maharaj made a second visit to East Africa in 1960 and consecrated [[Dev Mandir|hari mandirs]] in Kampala, Jinja and Tororo in Uganda.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|50}} Despite his failing health, Yogiji Maharaj at the age of 78 undertook a third overseas tour of London and East Africa in 1970.<ref name="100y"/>{{rp|169}} Prior to his visit, the devotees had purchased the premises of the Indian Christian Union at [[Ngara, Kenya]] in 1966 and remodeled it to resemble a three-spired temple.<ref name="Salvadori 1989 128">{{cite journal|last=Salvadori|first=Cynthia|title=Revivals, reformations & revisions of Hinduism; the Swaminarayan religion|journal=Through Open Doors: A View of Asian Cultures in Kenya|year=1989|page=128}}</ref> Yogiji Maharaj inaugurated the temple in Ngara, a suburb of Nairobi in 1970.<ref name="Younger 2010 266"/><ref name="Salvadori 1989 128"/>

==== England ====
In 1950, disciples Mahendra Patel and Purushottam Patel held small personal services at their homes in England. Mahendra Patel, a barrister by vocation, writes, "I landed in London in 1950 for further studies. Purushottambhai Patel...was residing in the county of Kent. His address was given to me by Yogiji Maharaj".<ref name="Shelat 2005 17">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj – a life dedicated to others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust|location=Ahmedabad|page=17}}</ref> Beginning 1953, D. D. Meghani held assemblies in his office that brought together several followers in an organized setting. In 1958, leading devotees including Navin Swaminarayan, Praful Patel and Chatranjan Patel from India and East Africa began arriving to the UK.<ref name="Shelat 2005 17"/> They started weekly assemblies at [[Seymour Place]] every Saturday evening at a devotee's house.<ref name="Shelat 2005 17"/> In 1959, a formal constitution was drafted and the group registered as the "Swaminarayan Hindu Mission, London Fellowship Centre".<ref name="Shelat 2005 17"/> D.D. Megani served as chairman, Mahendra Patel as vice-chairman and Praful Patel the secretary.<ref name="Shelat 2005 17"/> On Sunday, 14 June 1970, the first BAPS temple in England was opened at Islington by Yogiji Maharaj.<ref name="Shelat 2005 17"/> In this same year he established the Shree Swaminarayan Mission{{sfn|Dave|1974|p=189}} as a formal organisation.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Heath|editor-first=Deana|title=Communalism and globalization in South Asia and its diaspora|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0-203-83705-4|page=52|editor2=Mathur, Chandana}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Yogiji Maharaj was unable to travel to the United States during his consecutive foreign tours. Nonetheless, he asked Dr. K.C. Patel to begin satsang assemblies in the United States.<ref name="Kurien 2007 105">{{cite book|last=Kurien|first=Prema A.|title=A place at the multicultural table: the development of an American Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Rutgers Univ. Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-8135-4056-6|page=105|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref> He gave Patel the names of 28 Satsangi students to help conduct Satsang assemblies.<ref name="Kurien 2007 105"/>

In 1970, Yogiji Maharaj accepted the request of these students and sent four swami to visit the U.S.<ref name="Kurien 2007 105"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance A.|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2008|publisher=Checkmark Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-7336-8|page=431|author2=Ryan, James D.}}</ref> The tour motivated followers to start satsang sabhas in their own homes every Sunday around the country.<ref name="Kurien 2007 105"/> Soon, K.C. Patel established a non-profit organization known as BSS under US law.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kurien|first=Prema A.|title=A place at the multicultural table: the development of an American Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-8135-4056-6|page=106|edition=online}}</ref> Thus, a fledgling Satsang mandal formed in the United States before the death of Yogiji Maharaj in 1971.

===Growth and further global expansion (1971–2016)===
[[File:Pramukh_Swami_Maharaj.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]]]
After [[Yogiji Maharaj]]'s death, [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]] became both the spiritual and administrative head of BAPS{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=77}} in 1971.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of religion|last=Jones|first=Lindsay|publisher=Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, c2005.|year=2005|isbn=978-0028659824|pages=8891}}</ref> He was the fifth spiritual guru of the BAPS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/About-BAPS/TheCurrentSpiritualGuru-PramukhSwamiMaharaj/Spiritual-Lineage.aspx|title=Bhagwan Swaminarayan's Spiritual Lineage|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref> Under his leadership, BAPS has grown into a global Hindu organization and has witnessed expansion in several areas. His work has been built on the foundations laid by his gurus – Shastriji Maharaj and Yogiji Maharaj.

==== Personal outreach (1971–1981) ====
Immediately upon taking helm, Pramukh Swami Maharaj ventured on a hectic spiritual tour in the first decade of his role as the new Spiritual Guru. Despite health conditions—[[cataract]] operation in 1980—he continued to make extensive tours to more than 4000 villages and towns, visiting over 67,000 homes and performing Murti Pratishtha (image installation) ceremonies in 77 temples in this first decade.{{sfn|Williams|2001}} He also embarked on a series of overseas tours beginning in 1974 as the guru. Subsequent tours were made in 1977, 1979, and 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|title=100 Years of BAPS|last=Sadhu|first=Amrutvijaydas|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|date=December 2007|isbn=978-8175263772|location=Amdavad|pages=169}}</ref>

Overall, he embarked on a total of 28 international spiritual tours between 1974 and 2014.<ref name="Kurien 2007 105" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=BAPS Inaugurates Stone Mandir in New Jersey|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/baps-inaugurates-stone-mandir-in-new-jersey/article_79f9da02-2a22-11e4-a37d-001a4bcf887a.html|last=Staff|first=India West|website=India West|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=25 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825222945/http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/baps-inaugurates-stone-mandir-in-new-jersey/article_79f9da02-2a22-11e4-a37d-001a4bcf887a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> His travels were motivated by his desire to reach out to devotees for their spiritual uplift and to spread the teachings of [[Swaminarayan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/About-BAPS/TheCurrentSpiritualGuru-PramukhSwamiMaharaj/Vicharan.aspx|title=Pramukh Swami's Vicharan|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>

==== Festivals and organisation (1981–1992) ====
[[File:BAPS monks.jpg|thumb|Swamis of BAPS with Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Sarangpur, Gujarat, India (2016)]]
The personal outreach (vicharan) of the earlier era (1971–1981) by Pramukh Swami Maharaj through traveling to villages and towns, writing letters to devotees, and giving discourses contributed to sustaining a global BAPS community.

The Gujarati migration patterns in the early 1970s, globalization factors and economic dynamics between India and the West saw the organization transform into a transnational devotional movement.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Hanna Hea-Sun|date=2012|title=A Fine Balance: Adaptation and Accommodation in the Swaminarayan Sanstha|journal=Gujarati Communities Across the Globe: Memory, Identity and Continuity. Edited by Sharmina Mawani and Anjoom Mukadam|publisher=Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom: Trentham Books|pages=141–156|doi=10.1111/rsr.12043_9}}{{clarify|reason=what is being cited here? the book chapter or the RSR review? cite only one and use the appropriate template;|date=June 2021}}</ref> organizational needs spanned from transmitting cultural identity through spiritual discourses to the newer much alienated generation in the new lands, temple upkeep and traveling to regional and local centres to disseminate spiritual knowledge. As a result, this era saw a significant rise in the number of swamis initiated to maintain the organizational needs of the community – both in India and abroad. Furthermore, having access to a greater volunteer force and community enabled the organization to celebrate festivals on a massive scale which marked the arrival of a number of milestone anniversaries in the history of the organization, including the bicentenary of [[Swaminarayan]], bicentenary of [[Gunatitanand Swami]], and the centenary of [[Yogiji Maharaj]]. Some effects of the celebration included a maturation of organizational capacity, increased commitment and skill of volunteers, and tangentially, an increased interest in the monastic path.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The Swaminarayan bicentenary celebration, a once in a life-time event for Swaminarayan followers, was held in [[Ahmedabad]] in April 1981.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p={{page needed|date=June 2021}}}} On 7 March 1981, 207 youths were initiated into the monastic order.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p={{page needed|date=June 2021}}}} In 1985 the bicentenary birth of Gunatitanand Swami was celebrated.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p={{page needed|date=June 2021}}}} During this festival, 200 youths were initiated into the monastic order.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/About-BAPS/TheCurrentSpiritualGuru-PramukhSwamiMaharaj/His-Work.aspx|title=Pramukh Swami's Work|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>

The organization held Cultural Festivals of India in London in 1985 and New Jersey in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> The month-long Cultural Festival of India was held at Alexandra Palace in London in 1985.<ref name=":3" /> The same festival was shipped to US as a month-long Cultural Festival of India at Middlesex County College in [[Edison, New Jersey]].<ref name="Brear 1996" />

Migrational patterns in the 70s led to a disproportionate number of Hindus in the diaspora.<ref name=":5" /> Culturally, a need arose to celebrate special festivals (Cultural Festival of India) to reach out to youths in the diaspora to foster understanding and appreciation of their mother culture in a context accessible to them.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=MA |first=Angela Carol |last=Rudert|date=May 2004 |title=Inherent Faith and Negotiated Power: Swaminarayan Women in the United States |language=en-US |publisher=Cornell University |hdl=1813/106}}</ref>

By the end of the era, owing to the success of these festivals and the cultural impact it had on the youths, the organization saw a need to create a permanent exhibition in the [[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar) temple]] in 1991.

In 1992, a month-long festival was held to both celebrate Yogiji Maharaj's centenary and to inaugurate a permanent exhibition and temple called Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar). The festival also saw 125 youths initiated into the monastic order bringing the total number of swamis initiated to more than 700 in fulfillment to a prophecy made by [[Yogiji Maharaj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/News/2003/700-BAPS-Sadhus-1634.aspx|title=700 BAPS Sadhus|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=2016-08-29}}</ref>

==== Mandirs and global growth (1992–2016) ====
In the third leg of the era, the organization saw an unprecedented level of mandir construction activities taking place in order to accommodate the rapid rise of adherents across the global Indian diaspora. Initially, beginning with the inauguration of [[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)]] in 1992. A number of [[shikharbaddha mandir]]s (large traditional stone mandirs) were inaugurated in major cities; [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London|London]] (1995),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bharne |first1=Vinayak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 |title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India |last2=Krusche |first2=Krupali |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=2014-09-18 |isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4 |pages=248}}</ref> [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Nairobi|Nairobi]] (1999), New Delhi (2004), [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston|Houston]] (2004), [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chicago|Chicago]] (2004), [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)]] (2005),<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCulloch |first=Victoria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkH-AgAAQBAJ&dq=delhi+akshardham+opening&pg=PA48 |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2014 |isbn= 978-1-909268-39-5|pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto|Toronto]] (2007), [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta|Atlanta]] (2007), [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chino Hills|Los Angeles]] (2012), and [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (North America)|Robbinsville]] (New Jersey) (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-23 |title=A Look At The New, Massive Hindu Temple Gracing New Jersey |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/new-jersey-baps-hindu-temple_n_5668901 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref>

===Mahant Swami Maharaj as Guru (2016 – present)===
[[File:Mahant_Swami_Maharaj.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Mahant Swami Maharaj]]]]
On 20 July 2012, in the presence of senior swamis in Ahmedabad, Pramukh Swami Maharaj revealed Keshavjivandas Swami (Mahant Swami) as his spiritual successor.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/Announcement/2016/Final-Darshan-and-Rites-of-Pramukh-Swami-Maharaj-9961.aspx|title=Final Darshan and Rites of Pramukh Swami Maharaj|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref>

Following the death of Pramukh Swami Maharaj on 13 August 2016, Mahant Swami Maharaj became the 6th guru and president of BAPS.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kulkarni|first=Deepali|date=December 2018|title=Digital Mūrtis, Virtual Darśan and a Hindu Religioscape|url=https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-1273db35e9|journal=Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=40–54}}</ref> In 1961, he was ordained as a swami by Yogiji Maharaj and named Keshavjivandas Swami. Due to his appointment as the head (mahant) of the mandir in Mumbai, he became known as Mahant Swami.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sacred Architecture and Experience BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Robbinsville, New Jersey|last=Mangalnidhidas|first=Sadhu|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|year=2019|isbn=978-19-4746-101-7|location=Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India|pages=100}}</ref>

He continues the legacy of the Aksharbrahma Gurus by visiting BAPS mandirs worldwide, guiding spiritual aspirants, initiating devotees, ordaining swamis, creating and sustaining mandirs, and encouraging the development of scriptures.{{sfn|NN|2019|p=51}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsindiatimes.com/baps-temple-holds-installation-of-1st-pillar-mandapam-and-visarjan-in-new-jersey/|title=BAPS Temple holds installation of 1st pillar, Mandapam, and Visarjan in New Jersey {{!}} News India Times|last=Writer|first=Staff|date=12 September 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/everything-we-know-about-the-uae-s-first-traditional-hindu-temple-1.851155|title=Everything we know about the UAE's first traditional Hindu temple|website=The National|date=21 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref>

In his discourses, he mainly speaks on how one can attain God and peace through ridding one's ego (nirmani), seeing divinity in all (divyabhav), not seeing, talking, or adapting any negative nature or behavior of others (no abhav-avgun), and keeping unity (samp).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOX7n0cygMYA19eaokQqliIzEhz--1BoK|title=Guruhari Ashirwad - YouTube|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref>

In 2017, he performed the ground-breaking ceremony for shikharbaddha mandirs in [[Johannesburg|Johannesburg, South Africa]], and [[Sydney, Australia]], and in April 2019, he performed the ground-breaking ceremony for a traditional stone temple in [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]].{{sfn|NN|2019|p=51}}

In May 2021, six workers involved in the construction of the [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (North America)|Akshardham temple]] filed suit against the temple administrators resulting in a government investigation of potential labor law violations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correal|first=Annie|date=2021-05-11|title=Hindu Sect Is Accused of Using Forced Labor to Build N.J. Temple|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/nyregion/nj-hindu-temple-india-baps.html|access-date=2021-05-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Spokespersons for BAPS said that the claims were without merit.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choi|first=Joseph|date=2021-05-11|title=Federal agents probe Hindu sect for using forced labor to build New Jersey temple|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/552899-federal-agents-probe-hindu-sect-for-using-forced-labor-to-build-new|access-date=2021-05-12|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref> In November 2021, the workers amended the suit to include BAPS temples across the United States and alleged that the temple authorities had misrepresented unskilled workers as specialists in stone carving and painting so that they qualified for [[R visa|R-1 visas]]. The lawsuit claims that the workers are recruited from [[Dalit]]s and [[Adivasi]]s, both marginalized communities in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correal|first=Annie|date=10 November 2021|title=Hindu Sect Accused of Using Forced Labor at More Temples Across U.S.|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/10/nyregion/baps-hindu-forced-labor.html}}</ref>

In July 2023, a dozen plaintiffs voluntarily withdrew their names from the lawsuit, citing that they were coerced and misled by an immigration advocate, Swati Sawant, into making false accusations against BAPS to stall the construction of the temple. The workers stated that Sawant lured them with a promise of citizenship in the US and gave false warnings of police action and imprisonment if they came forward and told the truth about the false allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-16 |title='Charges against Robbinsville Akshardham temple false' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/charges-against-robbinsville-akshardham-temple-false/articleshow/101793020.cms |access-date=2023-07-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Akshar-Purshottam Upasana==
[[File:Swaminarayan Bhashyam.jpg|alt=|thumb|Swaminarayan Bhashyam]]
{{Main|Akshar-Purushottam Upasana}}

===Akshar===
The philosophy of BAPS is centred on the doctrine of [[Akshar-Purushottam Upasana]], in which followers worship [[Swaminarayan]] as God, or Purshottam, and his choicest devotee, [[Gunatitanand Swami]], as Akshar.{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=73}} The BAPS concurs that Akshar is the divine abode of Purushottam and "an eternally existing spiritual reality having two forms, the impersonal and the personal."{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=73}}<ref>Gadhada I-21 The Vachanamrut: Spiritual Discourses of Bhagwan Swaminarayan. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. 2003. 2nd edition. {{ISBN|81-7526-190-0}}, pg. 31.</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu Theology|last=Paramtattvadas|first=Swami|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781316611272}}</ref>{{rp|158}} Followers of BAPS identify various scriptures and documented statements of Swaminarayan as supporting this understanding of Akshar within the Akshar-Purushottam Upasana.<ref name="Williams2004" />{{rp|95–103}} Through this lineage of the personal form of Akshar, Swaminarayan is forever present on the earth.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=55, 92}} These gurus are essential in illuminating the path that needs to be taken by the jivas that earnestly desire to be liberated from the cycle of rebirth.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=65}}{{refn|group=note|Members of BAPS point to numerous historical anecdotes and scriptural references, particularly from the central Swaminarayan text known as the [[Vachanamrut]], as veritable evidence that Gunatitanand Swami was the manifest form of Akshar.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=76}} Swaminarayan refers to this concept specifically in Vachnamrut Gadhada I-21, Gadhada I-71, Gadhada III-26, Vadtal 5.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=92}} Following Gunatitanand Swami, the lineage continued on through Bhagatji Maharaj (1829–1897), Shastriji Maharaj (1865–1951), Yogiji Maharaj (1892–1971), and Pramukh Swami Maharaj (1921–2016). Today Mahant Swami Maharaj is said to be the manifest form of Akshar.<ref name=":2" />}}

According to BAPS, Swaminarayan refers to Akshar in the Vachanamrut, with numerous appellations such as Sant, Satpurush, Bhakta and Swami, as having an august status that makes it an entity worth worshipping alongside God.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=453–455}}{{refn|group=note|For example, in Vachanamrut Gadhada I-37, Swaminarayan states: "In fact, the darshan of such a true Bhakta of God is equivalent to the darshan of God Himself"<ref>Vachanamrut, Gadhada I-37, The Vachanamrut: Spiritual Discourses of Bhagwan Swaminarayan. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. 2003. 2nd edition. {{ISBN|81-7526-190-0}}, p. 65</ref> Moreover, in Vachanamrut Vadtal 5, Swaminarayan states: "Just as one performs the mãnsi puja of God, if one also performs the mãnsi puja of the ideal Bhakta along with God, by offering him the prasãd of God; and just as one prepares a thãl for God, similarly, if one also prepares a thãl for God's ideal Bhakta and serves it to him; and just as one donates five rupees to God, similarly, if one also donates money to the great Sant – then by performing with extreme affection such similar service of God and the Sant who possesses the highest qualities...he will become a devotee of the highest calibre in this very life."<ref>Vartal 5. The Vachanamrut: Spiritual Discourses of Bhagwan Swaminarayan. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. 2003. 2nd edition. p. 536–537. {{ISBN|81-7526-190-0}}</ref>}} In all BAPS mandirs the image of Akshar is placed in the central shrine and worshipped alongside the image of Purushottam.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=86}}{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=112}} Furthermore, BAPS believes that by understanding the greatness of God's choicest devotee, coupled with devotion and service to him and God, followers are able to grow spiritually.{{refn|group=note|This practice is mentioned by Swaminarayan in Vachanamrut Vadtal 5: "by performing with extreme affection such similar service of God and the Sant who possesses the highest qualities, even if he is a devotee of the lowest type and was destined to become a devotee of the highest type after two lives, or after four lives, or after ten lives, or after 100 lives, he will become a devotee of the highest caliber in this very life. Such are the fruits of the similar service of God and God's Bhakta."<ref>Vachanamrut, Vartal 5, The Vachanamrut: Spiritual Discourses of Bhagwan Swaminarayan. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. 2003. 2nd edition, p.534</ref>}}

===Moksha===
According to BAPS doctrines, followers aim to attain a spiritual state similar to Brahman which is ultimate liberation.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=291}} To become an ideal Hindu, followers must identify with Brahman, separate from the material body, and offer devotion to god.<ref>Shikshapatri, shloka 116.</ref><ref name=":6" />{{rp|276}} As per the Akshar-Purushottam Upasana, each jiva attains liberation and true realization through association with the manifest form of Akshar, in the form of the God-realized guru, who offer spiritual guidance.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=295, 325}}<ref>G. Sundaram. The Concept of Social Service in the Philosophy of Sri Swaminarayan. p. 45</ref> Jivas who perform devotion to this personal form of Brahman can, despite remaining ontologically different, attain a similar spiritual standing as Brahman and then go to Akshardham.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=319–320}}<ref>Mukundcharandas, Sadhu (2004). Vachnamrut Handbook (Insights into Bhagwan Swaminarayan's Teachings). Amdavad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. {{ISBN|81-7526-263-X}} p. 160</ref> It is only through the performance of devotion to Brahman that [[Para Brahman|Parabrahman]] can be both realized and attained.<ref>G. Sundaram. The Concept of Social Service in the Philosophy of Sri Swaminarayan. p. 43</ref>

===Ekantik dharma===
Devotees aim to follow the spiritual guidance of the manifest form of Akshar embedding the principles of righteousness (dharma), knowledge (gnan), detachment from material pleasures (vairagya) and devotion unto God (bhakti) into their lives.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=358}}

Followers receive gnan through regularly listening to spiritual discourses and reading scriptures in an effort to gain knowledge of God and one's true self.<ref name="swaminarayan.org">{{Cite web | url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/faq/bapsgeneral.htm |title = FAQ-Related to BAPS Swaminaryan Sansthã-General}}</ref>

Dharma encompasses righteous conduct as prescribed by the scriptures.<ref name="swaminarayan.org"/> The ideals of dharma range from devotees following the principle of [[ahimsa]] (non-violence), practicing [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarianism]],<ref>Clarke, Matthew. (2011). ''Development and Religion: Theology and Practice''. Edward Elgar. p. 42. {{ISBN|978-0857930736}}</ref> avoiding onions, garlic, and other items in their diet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vegetarianism |url=https://www.baps.org/Spiritual-Living/Hindu-Beliefs/Compassion-and-Nonviolence-Ahimsa/Vegetarianism.aspx |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=BAPS |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Swaminarayan]] outlined the dharma of his devotees in the scripture the Shikshapatri.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=456}}<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Global Religious Movements Across Borders: Sacred Service|last=Brahmbhatt|first=Arun|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-1-409-45687-2|location=Oxon}}</ref>{{rp|Ch 5 - Pg 2}} He included practical aspects of living life such as not committing adultery and respecting elders, gurus, and those of authority.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=333}}

Devotees develop detachment ([[vairāgya|vairagya]]) in order to spiritually elevate their soul ([[jiva]]) to a Brahmic state. This entails practices such as biweekly fasting (on the eleventh day of each half of each lunar month) and avoiding worldly pleasures by strongly attaching themselves to God.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=326}}

The fourth pillar, devotion (bhakti) is at the heart of the faith community. Common practices of devotion include daily prayers, offering prepared dishes (thal) to the image of God, mental worship of God and his ideal devotee, and singing religious hymns.<ref name="swaminarayan.org"/> Spiritual service, or seva, is a form of devotion where devotees serve selflessly "while keeping only the Lord in mind."{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=343}}

Followers participate in various socio-spiritual activities with the objective to earn the grace of the guru and thus attain association with God through voluntary service.<ref name="Williams2004">Williams, Raymond Brady (2004). "The Holy Man as the Abode of God in Swaminarayan Hinduism". Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration; Collected Works (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.)</ref>{{rp|97}} These numerous activities stem directly from the ideals taught by Swaminarayan, to find spiritual devotion in the service of others.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=319–320, 389}} By serving and volunteering in communities to please the guru, devotees are considered to be serving the guru.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=389}} This relationship is the driving force for the spiritual actions of devotees. The guru is [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]], who is held to be the embodiment of selfless devotion. Under the guidance of Mahant Swami Maharaj, followers observe the tenets of Swaminarayan through the above-mentioned practices, striving to please the guru and become close to God.<ref name=":2" />

==Temples==
The [[mandir]], known as a [[Hindu]] place of worship, serves as a hub for the spiritual, cultural, and humanitarian activities of BAPS. As of 2024, the organisation has 44 shikharbaddha mandirs and more than 1,300 other mandirs spanning five continents.{{sfn|NN|2019|p=51}} In the tradition of the [[Bhakti Movement]], [[Swaminarayan]] and his spiritual successors began erecting mandirs to provide a means to uphold proper devotion to God on the path towards [[moksha]], or ultimate liberation.<ref name="Gadhada II-27">{{cite book|last=Gadhada II-27|title=The Vachanamrut: Spiritual Discourses of Bhagwan Swaminarayan|year=2001|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Amdavad|isbn=81-7526-190-0}}</ref>{{rp|440}} BAPS mandirs thus facilitate devotional commitment to the [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]], in which followers strive to reach the spiritually perfect state of Aksharbrahman, or the ideal devotee, thereby gaining the ability to properly worship Purushottam, the Supreme Godhead.{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=7–13}}

===Temple rituals===
The offering of [[bhakti]], or devotion to God, remains at the centre of mandir activities. In all BAPS Swaminarayan mandirs, [[murtis]], or sacred images of [[Swaminarayan]], [[Gunatitanand Swami]], BAPS gurus and other deities, are enshrined in the [[Garbhagriha|inner sanctum]]. After completion of [[prana pratishta]] or life-force installation ceremonies, the deities are believed to reside in the murtis and are thus subjects of direct worship through sacred daily rituals.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=240}} In many mandirs, murtis are adorned with clothes and ornaments and devotees come to perform [[Darśana|darshan]], the act of worshiping the deity by viewing the sacred image.{{sfn|Williams|2001|pp=131, 140}}<ref name="EoH 119">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-7336-8|pages=119}}</ref> [[Aarti]], which is a ritual of waving lit lamps in circular motions to illuminate the different parts of the murti while singing a song of praise, is performed five times daily in [[Shikharband Mandir|shikharbaddha mandirs]] and twice daily in smaller [[Dev Mandir|mandirs]]. Additionally, food is offered to the murtis amidst the singing of devotional songs three times a day as part of the ritual of [[thaal]], and the sanctified food is then distributed to devotees.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=140}} Daily readings of and discourses on various Hindu scriptures also take place in the mandir.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=132}} Many mandirs are also home to BAPS swamis, or monks.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=50}} On weekends, assemblies are held in which swamis and devotees deliver discourses on a variety of spiritual topics. During these assemblies, bhakti is offered in the form of call-and-response hymns (''[[kirtans]]'') with traditional musical accompaniment. Religious assemblies also take place for children and teenagers of various age ranges.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=62}} Throughout the year, mandirs celebrate traditional Hindu festivals. Assemblies with special discourses, kirtans, and other performances are arranged to commemorate [[Swaminarayan Jayanti|Rama Navami]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Diwali]], and other major Hindu holidays.{{sfn|Williams|2001|pp=138–147}} Members of the sect are known as [[Satsangi]]s. Male Satsangis are generally initiated by obtaining a [[Kanthi Mala|kanthi]] at the hands of a swamis or senior male devotee while females receive the vartman from the senior women followers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hindu rites & rituals: sentiments, sacraments & symbols|last=Mukundcharandas, Sadhu.|date=2007|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|others=Das, Jnaneshwar., Swaminarayan Aksharpith.|isbn=978-8175263567|edition=1st|location=Amdavad, India|oclc=464166168}}</ref>{{Rp|273–276}}

===Temple activities===
[[File:Mahant_Swami_Maharaj_performs_the_arti.jpg|alt=|thumb|248x248px|[[Mahant Swami Maharaj]] performing the arti]]
In addition to being focal points of religious activity, BAPS mandirs are also centres of culture.{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=21}} Many forms of traditional Indian art have their roots in Hindu scriptures and have been preserved and flourished in the setting of mandirs.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=220}} Many BAPS mandirs outside of India hold [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] classes to facilitate scriptural study, instruction in traditional dance forms in preparation for performances in festival assemblies, and music classes where students are taught how to play traditional instruments such as [[tabla]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Swaminarayan Mandir|url=http://pluralism.org/profiles/view/71207|work=Pluralism Project|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=11 January 2013|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520221525/http://pluralism.org/profiles/view/71207|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Indiapost Harijayanti">{{cite news|title=BAPS celebrates Swaminarayan Jayanti & Ram Navmi|url=http://www.indiapost.com/baps-celebrates-swaminarayan-jayanti-ram-navmi/|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=India Post|date=22 April 2011}}</ref> Devotees view the mandir as a place for transmission of knowledge of Hindu values and their incorporation into daily routines, family life, and careers.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=418–422}}<ref group=web name="India Herald Spiritual Quotient"/>

Apart from classes teaching about religion and culture, mandirs are also the site of activities focused on youth development. Many centres organize college preparatory classes, leadership training seminars and workplace skills development workshops.<ref name="Atlanta Conf">{{cite news|last=Dave|first=Hiral|title=Baps tells Youth to uphold values|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_baps-tells-youth-to-uphold-values_1232640|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|date=20 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Kalam Youth">{{cite news|title=Strive to be unique, Kalam tells youth|url=http://www.indiapost.com/strive-to-be-unique-kalam-tells-youth/|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=India Post|date=29 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Chino Hills Youth">{{cite web|last=Patel|first=Divyesh|title=BAPS Commemorates Education with Educational Development Day|url=http://www.chinohills.com/news-articles-details/BAPS_Commemorates_Education_with_Educational_Development_Day-1542|work=ChinoHills.com|access-date=11 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222020011/http://www.chinohills.com/news-articles-details/BAPS_Commemorates_Education_with_Educational_Development_Day-1542|archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> Centres often host women's conferences aimed at empowering women.<ref name="Chicago Women's">{{cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=R|title=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha Hosts Women's Conference in Chicago|url=http://www.nritoday.net/women/287-aug-08-baps-swaminarayan-sanstha-hosts-womens-conference-in-chicago|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=NRI Today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916133018/http://www.nritoday.net/women/287-aug-08-baps-swaminarayan-sanstha-hosts-womens-conference-in-chicago|archive-date=16 September 2013}}</ref> They also host sports tournaments and initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles among children and youth.<ref name="Childrens Health">{{cite news|last=Piccirilli|first=Amanda|title=BAPS Charities stresses importance of children's health|url=http://www.timesherald.com/article/20120813/NEWS03/120819840/baps-charities-stresses-importance-of-children-146-s-health|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=The Times Herald|date=13 August 2012|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522045756/http://www.timesherald.com/article/20120813/NEWS03/120819840/baps-charities-stresses-importance-of-children-146-s-health|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many centres also host parenting seminars, marriage counseling, and events for family bonding.<ref name="Hinduism Today Parenting">{{cite web|title=Parents Are the Key|url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/print.php?itemid=1432|publisher=Hinduism Today|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BAPS Charities|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/organizations/baps-charities|publisher=Georgetown University|access-date=11 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310105217/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/organizations/baps-charities|archive-date=10 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

BAPS mandirs and cultural centres serve as hubs of several humanitarian activities powered by local volunteers. Mandirs in the US and UK host an annual walkathon to raise funds for local charities such as hospitals or schools.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajda|first=K|title=Local communities join BAPS Walkathon|url=http://www.indiapost.com/local-communities-join-baps-walkathon|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=IndiaPost|date=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BAPS Charities Hosts 15th Annual Walkathon|url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/4867-baps-charities-hosts-15th-annual-walkathon.html|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=India West|date=6 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608222818/http://www.indiawest.com/news/4867-baps-charities-hosts-15th-annual-walkathon.html|archive-date=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BAPS Charities Host Community Walk in Support of American Diabetes Association and Stafford MSD Education Fund|url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/archives/7136|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=Indo American News}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Centres also host annual health fairs where needy members of the community can undergo health screenings and consultations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gibson|first=Michael|title=BAPS Charities Health Fair 2012|date=10 August 2012 |url=http://www.nbcdfw.com/on-air/community/BAPS-Charities-Health-Fair-2012-165775856.html|publisher=NBCUniversal|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> During weekend assemblies, physicians are periodically invited to speak on various aspects of preventative medicine and to raise awareness on common conditions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Patel|first=Divyesh|title=BAPS Charities to Hold Women's FREE Health Awareness Lectures 2010 on Saturday, June 5th 2010|url=http://www.chinohills.com/news-articles-details/BAPS_Charities_to_Hold_Womens_FREE_Health_Awareness_Lectures_2010_on_Saturday_June_5th_2010_-1343|work=ChinoHills.com|access-date=11 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728033711/http://www.chinohills.com/news-articles-details/BAPS_Charities_to_Hold_Womens_FREE_Health_Awareness_Lectures_2010_on_Saturday_June_5th_2010_-1343|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> In times of disaster, centres closest to the affected area become hubs for relief activity ranging from providing meals to reconstructing communities.<ref>{{cite news|title=BAPS Care International launches relief efforts for Hurricane Katrina victims|url=http://india-herald.com/baps-care-international-launches-relief-efforts-for-hurricane-katrina-victi-p801-1.htm|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=India Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BAPS Charities helps victims of tornadoes|url=http://www.indiapost.com/baps-charities-helps-victims-of-tornadoes/|access-date=11 January 2013|newspaper=IndiaPost|date=20 May 2011}}</ref>
[[File:BAPS Swaminarayan Temple, Pune.jpg|right|thumb|BAPS Swaminarayan Temple, Pune]]
===Notable mandirs===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 480
| header = Notable Mandirs
| caption_align = center
| image1 = London Temple.jpg
| caption1 = [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in London, United Kingdom]]
| image2 = BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Toronto.jpg
| caption2 = [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto, Canada]]
| image3 = BAPS Mandir LA 1.jpg
| caption3 = [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chino Hills|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chino Hills, United States]]
| image4 = BAPS Houston Mandir 4.jpg
| caption4 = [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston, United States]]
| image5 = Hindutempleatlanta.jpg
| caption5 = [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta, United States]]
| image6 = BAPS Chicago Mandir 4.jpg
| caption6 = [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chicago|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chicago, United States]]
| image7 = Akshardham Delhi.jpg
| caption7 = [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)]]
| image8 = BAPS Robbinsville Mandir - mandir interior.jpg
| caption8 = [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (North America)]]
| image9 = Akshardham Gandhinagar Gujarat.jpg
| caption9 = [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)]]
| align = BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir,Kolkata
| direction =
| alt1 =
}}

The founder of BAPS, [[Shastriji Maharaj]], built the first mandir in [[Bochasan]], Gujarat, which led the organisation to be known as "Bochasanwasi" (of Bochasan).{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=8–9}}

The organisation's second mandir was built in [[Salangpur|Sarangpur]], which also hosts a seminary for BAPS swamis.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=112}}

The mandir in [[Gondal, India|Gondal]] was constructed around the [[Akshar Deri]], the cremation memorial of [[Gunatitanand Swami]], who is revered as a manifestation of Aksharbrahman.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=132}}

Shastriji Maharaj constructed his last mandir on the banks of the [[River Ghela]] in [[Gadhada]], where [[Swaminarayan]] resided for the majority of his adult life.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=19}}{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=9}}

[[Yogiji Maharaj]] constructed the mandir in the Shahibaug section of [[Ahmedabad]], which remains the site of the international headquarters of the organisation.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=86}}

Under the leadership of [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], over 25 additional shikharbaddha mandirs have been built across [[Gujarat]] and other regions of India and abroad.

As a consequence of the Indian emigration patterns, mandirs have been constructed in Africa, Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region.{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=13–14}} The [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London|BAPS mandir in Neasden]], London was the first traditional Hindu mandir built in Europe.{{sfn|Kim|2009|p=11–12}} The organisation has six shikharbaddha mandir's in North America in the metro areas of Houston, Chicago, Atlanta, Toronto, Los Angeles, and in the [[New Jersey]] suburb of [[Robbinsville Township, New Jersey|Robbinsville Township]], near Trenton, New Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2014/07/traditional_hindu_temple_finds_home_in_robbinsville_just_off_route_130.html |title = Traditional Hindu temple opening in Robbinsville, part of BAPS community|date = 29 July 2014}}</ref>

BAPS has constructed three large temple complexes dedicated to Swaminarayan called [[Akshardham (religion)|Swaminarayan Akshardham]] in [[Akshardham (Delhi)|New Delhi]], [[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Gandhinagar]], Gujarat, and [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Jersey)|Robbinsville]], New Jersey,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi, Rishi Sunak extend wishes for Akshardham temple inauguration in USA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pm-modi-rishi-sunak-extend-wishes-for-akshardham-temple-inauguration-in-us-2443555-2023-10-03 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=India Today |date=3 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> which in addition to a large stone-carved mandir has exhibitions that explain Hindu traditions and Swaminarayan history and values.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Hanna|title=Gujaratis in the West: Evolving Identities in Contemporary Society, Ch. 4: Edifice Complex: Swaminarayan Bodies and Buildings in the Diaspora |year=2007|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle, UK|isbn=978-1-84718-368-2|pages=67–70}}</ref>

[[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]] is a temple in the Middle East, in the capital city of [[United Arab Emirates]], on 55,000 square metres of land and open to people of all religious backgrounds. The [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] participated in the foundation stone-laying ceremony (2018) in the UAE, which is home to over three million people of Indian origin.<ref name="Correal">{{cite web | last=Correal | first=Annie | title=Hindu Sect Known as BAPS is Accused of Using Forced Labor to Build New Jersey Temple | website=The New York Times | date=2021-05-11 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/nyregion/nj-hindu-temple-india-baps.html | access-date=2024-11-04}}</ref><ref name="Werleman"/><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web | title=Suit accusing Hindu group of forced labour widens to 5 US states | website=Al Jazeera | date=2021-11-11 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/11/human-trafficking-suit-spreads-to-hindu-temples-in-five-us-states | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref><ref name="clarionindia.net">{{cite web | title=After Raiding New Jersey Temple Run by BJP-Linked Group, US Agencies Begin Probe | website=Clarion India | date=2021-05-14 | url=https://clarionindia.net/after-raiding-new-jersey-temple-run-by-bjp-linked-group-us-agencies-begin-probe/ | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-officially-launches-foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-for-first-hindu-temple-in-abu-dhabi/articleshow/62870719.cms|title=PM Modi officially launches foundation stone-laying ceremony for first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi – Times of India ►|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref> It was inaugurated on 14 January 2024 by the Indian Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi to inaugurate BAPS temple in UAE: Its special features, architecture, significance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/pm-modi-inaugurate-baps-temple-in-uae-features-9159741/ |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== BAPS Charities ==
{{main|BAPS Charities}}[[BAPS Charities]] is a religious charitable organization that originates from the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha.{{sfn|Clarke|2011|pp=40–49}} Their history of service is inspired by [[Swaminarayan|Swaminarayan (1781-1830)]], who opened alms houses, built shelters, worked against addiction, and abolished the practice of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and female infanticide with the goals of removing suffering and effecting positive social change.{{sfnm|Clarke|2011|1pp=40–49|Paranjape|2005|2p=119}} This focus on service to society is stated in the organisation's vision, that "every individual deserves the right to a peaceful, dignified, and healthy way of life. And by improving the quality of life of the individual, we are bettering families, communities, our world, and our future."{{sfn|Clarke|2011|pp=40–49}}

==Controversies==
===Allegations of sexual harassment===
In 2013, the BAPS faced controversy following allegations of [[sexual harassment]] by Swami Priyadarshandas, a former [[sadhu]] of BAPS. Initiated into BAPS at age 14 on December 3, 1973, he filed a 17-page handwritten complaint with the [[Ahmedabad City Police|Ahmedabad city police]] on October 23, 2013. He alleged that Pramukh Swami Maharaj and other sadhus [[Sexual abuse|sexually abused]] him, detailing specific dates and locations, including [[Sarangpur, Gujarat|Sarangpur]]. The case was forwarded to Ahmedabad rural police but saw no documented investigation. BAPS rejected the allegations as baseless, asserting Pramukh Swami’s [[celibacy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BAPS refutes allegations by former sadhus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/baps-refutes-allegations-by-former-sadhus/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>BAPS, [https://www.baps.org/Announcement/2013/Message-for-All-5347.aspx Message for all]</ref>

===Allegations of forced labour and human trafficking===
In May 2021, a lawsuit was filed against BAPS by several volunteer artisans from India<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-29 |title=The largest Hindu temple on American soil will soon open its doors |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/09/29/hindu-temple-robbinsville-nj/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> who were involved in the construction of [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Robbinsville, New Jersey)|Swaminarayan Akshardham]] in [[Robbinsville Township, New Jersey|Robbinsville]], alleging that the temple administrators violated [[United States labor law|labor laws]].<ref name="nytimesA" /> In relation to this, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]] (DOL), and [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS) visited the site on "court-authorized law enforcement activity."<ref name="nytimesA">{{Cite news |last=Correal |first=Annie |date=2021-05-11 |title=Hindu Sect Is Accused of Using Forced Labor to Build N.J. Temple |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/nyregion/nj-hindu-temple-india-baps.html |access-date=2021-05-12 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512002709/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/11/nyregion/nj-hindu-temple-india-baps.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNNA">{{cite news |last1=Simko-Bednarski |first1=Evan |title=Lawsuit claims New Jersey Hindu temple was built on forced labor |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/12/us/new-jersey-baps-hindu-temple-suit/index.html |access-date=15 May 2021 |work=[[CNN]]|date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513131944/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/12/us/new-jersey-baps-hindu-temple-suit/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The lawsuit alleges that over 200 Indian men, mostly of the [[Dalit]] caste, were brought from India to the US and were subject to [[forced labor]], [[human trafficking]] and were [[wage theft|paid $1 an hour for their work]].<ref name="Correal"/><ref name="NBC-labor">{{Cite news |last=Silva |first=Daniella |date=May 11, 2021 |title=Hindu temple in New Jersey accused of 'shocking violations' in forced-labor lawsuit |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hindu-temple-new-jersey-accused-shocking-violations-forced-labor-lawsuit-n1267041 |access-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-date=May 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528184143/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/hindu-temple-new-jersey-accused-shocking-violations-forced-labor-lawsuit-n1267041 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nytimesA" />

As of July 2023, 12 of the plaintiffs have withdrawn from the lawsuit. Aaditya Soni, their lawyer, stated that the plaintiffs believed the facts of the case were false and cited religious convictions as the basis for their withdrawal.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Bailey |first=Sarah Pulliam |date=2023-10-21 |title=A $96 Million Hindu Temple Opens Amid Accusations of Forced Labor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/21/nyregion/nj-hindu-temple.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The lawsuit is on-hold, pending an investigation.<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-29 |title=The largest Hindu temple on American soil will soon open its doors |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/09/29/hindu-temple-robbinsville-nj/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Political affiliation===
The BAPS has a "close relationship" with Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] and his ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and organisations like the [[Hindu American Foundation]].<ref name="Correal"/><ref name="Werleman">{{cite web | last=Werleman | first=CJ | title=Werleman's Worldview: The Groups Promoting Hindutva and Human Slavery in the US | website=Byline Times | date=2022-05-06 | url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/05/06/werlemans-worldview-the-groups-promoting-hindutva-and-human-slavery-in-the-us/ | access-date=2024-12-10}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com"/><ref name="clarionindia.net"/> CJ Werleman cites these ties with the ruling party as the basis for Indian right-wing's defence of BAPS in the [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Robbinsville, New Jersey)#Lawsuit|Akshardham temple lawsuit controversy]]<ref name="Werleman"/> The right-wing media in India has faced criticism for spreading false narratives that blamed the contractor for the violations of labor norms, wage theft and human trafficking in an effort to defend BAPS.<ref>{{cite web | title=Right Wing Pushes False Narrative to Defend Hindu Sect Accused of Labour Violations in US | website=The Wire | date=2021-05-14 | url=https://thewire.in/religion/baps-labour-violations-us-contractor-false-narrative-right-wing | access-date=2024-12-12}}</ref>

Martha Nussbaum has noted that there exists "a perception of a close link between the Swaminarayan sect and right-wing Gujarati politics." She further asserts that BJP politicians such as L.K. Advani and Narendra Modi have appeared as prominent guests at its events and that members of the organisation have played a significant role in fundraising for the BJP, which has raised concerns among those who wished to put an end to the communal tensions. While the public perception connecting Pramukh Swami to communal tensions has a " flimsy basis", the sect is "widely suspected of having some connection with the violence in Gujarat".<ref name="Nussbaum">{{cite book | last=Nussbaum | first=Martha C. | title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-674-02482-3 | jstor=j.ctt13x0k4v | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0k4v | access-date=2024-12-11 | pages=324–326 | doi=10.2307/j.ctt13x0k4v }}</ref>

The sadhus from the sect have denied adherence to any political views and statements from Pramukh Swami assert that their relationship with political figures is based on shared religious identity rather than political collaboration. Nussbaum also notes the complexity of Gujarati civil society and difficulties in assessing the validity of the said public perception. She concludes by stating that the sect "is a rather passive force for peace" and attributes the communal values among the followers of the sect and the BJP to the communal division present in Gujarati civil society, rather than to any malign teachings by the sect.<ref name="Nussbaum"/>

===Practices===
Nussbaum also expresses concerns regarding the sect's practice of "isolating (and implicitly denigrating) women" and absolute veneration to the Pramukh Swami's words, which according to her "reinforces the devaluation of critical and independent thinking that is all too prominent in Gujarat."<ref name="Nussbaum"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Matthew|title=Development and Religion: Theology and Practice|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9781848445840|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|pages=40–49}}

* {{cite book |last=Dave |first=H.T |year=1974|title=Life and Philosophy of Shree Swaminarayan 1781–1830 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London |isbn=0-04-294082-6}}

* {{Citation|last=Gadhia|first=Smit|date=2016|title=Akshara and Its Four Forms in Swaminarayan's Doctrine|work=Swaminarayan Hinduism|pages=156–171|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0010|isbn=978-0-19-946374-9}}

* {{Cite book | last =James | first =Jonathan D.| year =2017|title=Transnational religious movements: faith's flows|isbn=9789386446565|location=Thousand Oaks|oclc=1002848637}}
* {{cite book | last =Kim | first =Hanna | year =2001 | title =Being Swarninarayan: the ontology and significance of belief in the construction of a Gujarati diaspora | publisher=Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company|location=Ann Arbor}}
* {{Citation | last =Kim | first =Hanna H. | year =2005 | chapter =Swaminarayan Movement | editor-last =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay | title =Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-Volume Set | edition =2nd | volume =13 | place =Detroit, Mi | publisher =MacMillan Reference USA | isbn =0-02-865735-7 | url =https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/swaminarayan-movement | via =[[Encyclopedia.com]] | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174230/https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/swaminarayan-movement | archive-date=2020-12-29 | url-status =live}}
* {{cite journal | last =Kim | first =Hanna |date=December 2009|title=Public engagement and personal desires: BAPS Swaminarayan temples and their contribution to the discourses on religion |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=357–390 |doi=10.1007/s11407-010-9081-4 | s2cid =4980801 }}-->

* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Mamtora|first=Bhakti|year =2021 |entry=BAPS: Pramukh Swami|editor-last=Jacobsen|editor-first=Knut A.|editor2-last=Basu|editor2-first=Helene|editor3-last=Malinar|editor3-first=Angelika|editor4-last=Narayanan|editor4-first=Vasudha|entry-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_1010071046 |entry-url-access=subscription |access-date=5 February 2020|encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online}}

* {{cite magazine|last=NN|date=October–December 2019|title=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha Today|magazine=Hinduism Today|publisher=Himalayan Academy|url=https://bluetoad.com/publication/?i=619137&ver=html5&p=1#{%22page%22:50,%22issue_id%22:619137}|access-date=2019-11-22}}

* {{cite book|last=Paranjape|year=2005|title=Dharma and development: the future of survival|publisher=Samvad India Foundation|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-901318-3-4|page=117}}
* {{Cite journal|last=A.Patel|first=Aarti|date=2018|title=Secular Conflict|journal=Nidān: International Journal for Indian Studies|volume=3|issue=2|pages=55–72}}

* {{cite book| last =Swaminarayan | year=2006 | title=The Vachanamrut – Spiritual Discourses of Bhagwan Swaminarayan (An English Translation)|publisher=Aksharpith|location=Amdavad|isbn=81-7526-320-2}}

* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|year=1984|title=A New Face of Hinduism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]|isbn=0-521-27473-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-65279-0|location=New York|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism}}
* {{Cite book| last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =2018 | title =An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-1-108-42114-0 | edition =Third | location =Cambridge, United Kingdom | oclc =1038043717}}

* {{cite book|last1=Rinehart|first1=Robin|year=2004|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|publisher=Library of Congress|isbn=1-57607-905-8}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web|refs=

<ref group=web name="India Herald Spiritual Quotient">{{cite news|date=30 June 2010|title=1,200 young adults from North America attend Spiritual Quotient Seminar|newspaper=India Herald|url=http://india-herald.com/young-adults-from-north-america-attend-spiritual-quotient-seminar-p2299-1.htm|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.baps.org BAPS Website]

{{BAPS}}
{{Swaminarayan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha}}
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:International Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1907]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in British India]]

Binoy Mathew

2026-04-10T17:08:02Z

Vishal5555: Adding...

{{short description|Indian ad film maker (born 1972)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Binoy Mathew
| image = Binoy Mathew on sets of wonder valley adfilm.jpg
| caption = Binoy Mathew
| birth_name = Binoy Mathew
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Kadampanad]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Ad Film director, screenplay writer, short story writer, cartoonist
| spouse = Dr. Mary Binoy
| children = Suzanne B. Mathew, Abu Binoy Mathew

}}

'''Binoy Mathew''' (born 23 November 1972) is an Indian ad film maker. He has directed advertising commercials for various brands in India.

==Early life and education==
Binoy was born in the village of [[Kadampanad]], [[Kerala]] . He studied at Infant Jesus School, Thuvayoor, Boys High School, Kadampanad, Devasom Board College, Sasthamcotta (Bsc, Physics) and Rourkela Institute of management Studies (MBA). He gained experience in advertising and marketing while working with [[Sintex|Sintex Industries Ltd.]], MK Electric Ltd., Schneider Electric Ltd., WaterMelon Studios Private Ltd. and Magiclite Productions.

==Career==
Binoy started directing commercials with the IDCB Vanitha Easy Loan campaign and has worked on various brands <ref>{{cite web|title=Works Done|url= https://www.youtube.com/user/binoywm }}</ref> He also directed two animations shorts titled [[The Stealth (film)|The Stealth]] and [[Walk and Talk (film)|Walk and Talk]]. The Stealth was selected for the prestigious Athens Anim Fest 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Athens Anim Fest 2009|url=http://www.animationcenter.gr/modules/news/article.php?storyid=371&sel_lang=englis|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702035748/http://www.animationcenter.gr/modules/news/article.php?storyid=371&sel_lang=englis|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2013|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref> The premiere of the short film Walk and Talk took place at The Third International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Chalachithra Academy Archive|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412195637/http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive|url-status=dead}}</ref> (idsffk),<ref>{{cite web|title=Idsffk 2010 bulletin|url=http://jinosampanayil.deviantart.com/art/IDSFFK-2010-Bulletin-167345199|accessdate=30 April 2013}}</ref> 2010, in the competition section of [[animation]] films.<ref>{{cite book|title=Festival book of Third International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala|year=2010|publisher=Kerala State Chalachithra Academy|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=55}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/binoywm YOUTUBE channel of Binoy Mathew]
* [https://www.facebook.com/kanthimadacartoon/ Kanthi-Mada Cartoon Page]
* [http://njalippoovan.blogspot.in/ Short Stories Page]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Binoy}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]

GSM-R

2026-03-27T14:40:06Z

Vishal5555:

{{Short description|Wireless standard for railway communication}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
'''GSM-R''', '''Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway''' or '''GSM-Railway''' is an international [[wireless]] communications standard for [[railway]] communication and applications.

A sub-system of [[European Rail Traffic Management System]] (ERTMS), it is used for communication between train and railway regulation control centers. The system is based on [[GSM]] and ''EIRENE – MORANE'' specifications which guarantee performance at speeds up to 500 km/h (310 mph), without any communication loss.

GSM-R could be supplanted by LTE-R,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rcrwireless.com/20161115/fundamentals/smart-trains-lte-tag31-tag99 | date = 2016-11-15 | first = Phillip | last = Tracy | title = Meet LTE-R, the network responsible for next-generation smart trains | work = RCR Wireless News }}</ref> with the first production implementation being in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/press-wire/nokia-to-install-lte-r-for-railway-services-in-south-korea | title = Nokia to install LTE-R for railway services in South Korea | date = 2016-11-14 | work = Mobile Europe | access-date = 14 August 2017 | archive-date = 4 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101915/https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/press-wire/nokia-to-install-lte-r-for-railway-services-in-south-korea | url-status = dead }}</ref> However, [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] is generally considered to be a "[[4G]]" protocol, and the [[International Union of Railways|UIC]]'s [[Future Railway Mobile Communication System]] ([[FRMCS]]) program<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/100190/frmcs-more-than-replacement-gsmr/ | title = FRMCS: More than just a successive replacement for GSM-R | first1 = Dan | last1 = Mandoc | first2 = Jean-Michel | last2 = Evanghelou | date = 2020-05-04 | work = Global Railway Review | publisher = Russell Publishing Ltd. }}</ref> is considering moving to something "[[5G]]"-based (specifically [[3GPP]] R15/16, i.e. [[5G NR]]),<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.railengineer.co.uk/2019/01/30/gsm-r-a-migration-strategy-to-its-successor/ | date = 2019-01-30 | title = GSM-R: a migration strategy to its successor? | first = Clive | last = Kessell | work = Rail Engineer | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204653/https://www.railengineer.co.uk/2019/01/30/gsm-r-a-migration-strategy-to-its-successor/ | archive-date = 2019-02-22 }}</ref> thus skipping two technological generations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/telecoms/beyond-gsm-r-the-future-of-railway-radio.html | title = Beyond GSM-R: the future of railway radio | first = Kevin | last = Smith | date = 2017-03-01 | work = International Rail Journal | publisher = Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133329/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/telecoms/beyond-gsm-r-the-future-of-railway-radio.html | archive-date = 2017-05-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.railengineer.uk/2018/05/14/a-general-perspective-of-5g/ | title = A General Perspective of 5G | date = 2018-05-14 | first = Clive | last = Kessell | work = Rail Engineer | access-date = 4 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012130007/https://www.railengineer.uk/2018/05/14/a-general-perspective-of-5g/ | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[File:GSM-R Base Station Abergavenny.jpg|thumb|right|GSM-R mast and cabinet, Abergavenny, Wales]] [[File:GSM-R Repeater at Dean Clough, Bolton.jpg|thumb|GSM-R Repeater at Dean Clough, Bolton, NW England]]
[[File:GSMRRichtantennenFreudensteintunnelOst.jpg|thumb|GSM-R directional antennas pointing into the east end of the Freudenstein tunnel, Germany]]
[[File:GSM-R Sharks Fin Mobile Antenna.JPG|thumb|GSM-R 'Shark's-Fin' Mobile Antenna as fitted to a substantial amount of UK rail motive power]]

== History ==
GSM-R is built on [[GSM]] technology, and benefits from the economies of scale of its GSM technology heritage, aiming at being a cost efficient digital replacement for existing incompatible in-track cable and analogue railway radio networks. Over 35 different such systems are reported to exist in Europe alone.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lightreading.com/siemens-wins-belgian-gsm-r/d/d-id/591695 | title=Siemens Wins Belgian GSM-R | work=Light Reading | date=14 May 2003 | access-date=11 January 2014 | author=}}</ref>

The standard is the result of over ten years of collaboration between the various European railway companies, with the goal of achieving interoperability using a single communication platform. GSM-R is part of the [[European Rail Traffic Management System]] (ERTMS) standard and carries the signaling information directly to the train driver, enabling higher train speeds and traffic density with a high level of safety.

The specifications were finalized in 2000, based on the [[European Union]]-funded MORANE (Mobile Radio for Railways Networks in Europe) project. The specification is being maintained by the [[International Union of Railways]] project ERTMS. GSM-R has been selected by 38 countries across the world, including all member states of the European Union and countries in Asia, Eurasia and northern Africa.

GSM-R is a secure platform for voice and [[data communication]] between railway operational staff, including drivers, dispatchers, shunting team members, train engineers, and station controllers. It delivers features such as group calls ([[Voice group call service|VGCS]]), voice broadcast (VBS), location-based connections, and call pre-emption in case of an emergency. This supports applications such as cargo tracking, [[Closed-circuit television|video surveillance]] in trains and at stations, and passenger information services.

GSM-R is typically implemented using dedicated [[base station]] masts close to the railway, with tunnel coverage effected using directional antennae or [[Leaky feeder|'leaky' feeder]] transmission. The distance between the base stations is {{Convert|7–15|km||abbr=on}}. This creates a high degree of redundancy and higher availability and reliability. In Germany, Italy and France the GSM-R network has between 3,000 and 4,000 [[base transceiver station|base stations]]. In areas where the [[European Train Control System]] (ETCS) Level 2 or 3 is used, the train maintains a [[circuit switching|circuit switched]] digital [[modem]] connection to the train control center at all times. This modem operates with higher priority than normal users (eMLPP). If the modem connection is lost, the train will automatically stop.
{{clr}}

=== Upper system ===
GSM-R is one part of [[European Rail Traffic Management System|ERTMS]] (European Rail Traffic Management System) which is composed of:
* [[European Train Control System|ETCS]] (European Train Control System)
* GSM-R
* ETML (European Traffic Management Layer)
* EOR (European Operating Rules)

== Frequency band ==
GSM-R is standardized to be implemented in either the [[E-GSM]] (900 MHz-GSM) or [[DCS 1800]] (1,800 MHz-GSM) [[Frequency range|frequency band]] which are both being used around the world.

=== Europe ===
Europe includes the [[European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations|CEPT]] member states, which include all [[European Union|EU]] members as well as Albania, Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bosnia Herzegovina, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and Vatican City.

Although previously members of the CEPT, Belarus and Russia had their memberships suspended, indefinitely, with effect from 00:00 (CET), 18 March 2022. The CEPT Assembly made this decision following a poll of members by the CEPT Presidency, and published their decision on 17 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEPT.ORG – CEPT – News Storage – Suspension of the Russian Federation and Belarus from CEPT Membership |url=https://cept.org/cept/news/suspension-of-the-russian-federation-and-belarus-from-cept-membership/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=cept.org}}</ref>)

GSM-R uses a specific [[Frequency range|frequency band]], which can be referred to as the "standard" GSM-R band:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.willtek.com/english/technologies/gsmr |title=Technologies – GSM-R |publisher=Willtek |access-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111232042/http://www.willtek.com/english/technologies/gsmr/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>
* Uplink: 876–880 MHz used for data transmission
* Downlink: 921–925 MHz used for data reception

In Germany, this band was extended with additional channels in the 873–876 MHz and 918–921 MHz range.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/media/archive/17448.pdf | title=Frequenznutzungsplan | access-date=20 December 2009 | date=April 2008 | language=de | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128044001/http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/media/archive/17448.pdf | archive-date=28 November 2009 | url-status=dead |trans-title=Frequency Use Plan}}</ref> Being used formerly for regional [[trunked radio system]]s, the full usage of the new frequencies is aimed for 2015.<ref name="dbwelt-2009-12-15">Meldung ''DB darf zusätzliche GSM-R-Frequenzen für Bahnfunk nutzen''. In: [[DB Welt]], Heft 12/2009, S. 15</ref>

=== China ===
GSM-R occupies a 4 MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900 MHz-GSM).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ellipsis.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/RSR-Comments_1012.pdf |title=Representation to Draft Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation |publisher=Railway Safety Regulator |date=2012-09-25 |access-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>
* Uplink: 885–889 MHz
* Downlink: 930–934 MHz

=== India ===
GSM-R occupies a 1.6 MHz wide range of the P-GSM band (900 MHz-GSM) held by [[Indian Railways]]:<ref>{{cite web|title=GSM-R Frequencies India |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/telecom/TelecomManual/Chapter_XVIII.pdf |work=CHAPTER XVIII MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS – GSM-R |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521165306/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/telecom/TelecomManual/Chapter_XVIII.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GSM-R Frequencies India|url=http://www.uic.org/cdrom/2004/ERTMS_conference_2004/docs/gupta.pdf|work=GSM-R as a Global Standard|publisher=International Union of Railways (UIC), UIC ERTMS Conference 2004, Rome|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529175205/http://www.uic.org/cdrom/2004/ERTMS_conference_2004/docs/gupta.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Uplink: 907.8–909.4 MHz
* Downlink: 952.8–954.4 MHz

=== Australia ===
GSM-R is being implemented within DCS 1800 band<ref>{{cite web |title=Spectrum – 1800 MHz Band Licences |url=https://web.acma.gov.au/rrl/spectrum_search.show_table?pSV_ID=85&pSS_ID=850 |website=ACMA Register of Radiocommunications Licences |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>
* Uplink: 1,770–1,785 MHz
* Downlink: 1,865–1,880 MHz

DCS 1800 band was initially divided and auctioned in paired parcels each of 2 × 2.5 MHz with duplex spacing of 95 MHz. State rail operators acquired six mostly non-grouped parcels which cover 2 × 15 MHz of spectrum to deploy GSM-R.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Rail Industry Submission to the Minister for Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy 1800 MHz Spectrum Licenses |url=https://www.ara.net.au/sites/default/files/Rail%20Spectrum%20Submission%20-%2015%20July%202011.pdf |website=Australasian Railway Association |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328063339/https://ara.net.au/sites/default/files/Rail%20Spectrum%20Submission%20-%2015%20July%202011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

State rail operators re-licensed 2 x 10 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney for Rail Safety and Control Communications. All except for South Australian Department of Planning Transport and Infrastructure (Adelaide) re-licensed 2 x 5 MHz of 1800 MHz spectrum at commercial rates set by Australian Government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radiocommunications (Spectrum Access Charges – 1800 MHz Band) Determination 2012 (No. 1) |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013L00010 |website=Australian Government Federal Register of Legislation |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Radiocommunications (Spectrum Access Charges – 1800 MHz Band) Determination 2013 (No. 2) |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013L01995 |website=Australian Government Federal Register of Legislation |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Technical frequency usage in GSM-R ===
The used modulation is [[Minimum-shift keying|GMSK]] modulation (Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying). GSM-R is a [[Time-division multiple access|TDMA]] ("Time-Division Multiple Access") system. Data transmission is made of periodical ''TDMA frames'' (with a period of 4.615 ms), for each carrier frequency (physical channel). Each ''TDMA frame'' is divided in 8 time slots, named logical channels (577 μs long, each time-slot), carrying 148 [[bit]]s of information.

There are worries that [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]] mobile communication will disturb GSM-R, since it has been given a frequency band rather close to GSM-R. This could cause ETCS disturbances, random emergency braking because of lost communications etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uic.org/com/article/the-gsm-r-frequency-workshop?page=thickbox_enews |title=The GSM-R Frequency Workshop |work=UIC eNews |date=19 May 2009 |publisher=UIC |issue=143 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314040831/http://www.uic.org/com/article/the-gsm-r-frequency-workshop?page=thickbox_enews |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref>

As a result, there is an increasing trend towards monitoring and managing GSM-R interference using active and automated testing on board trains and trackside.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Comtest Wireless|title=Interference solutions|url=http://www.comtestwireless.eu/solutions/interference-solutions/|website=Comtest Wireless|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=14 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714174049/http://www.comtestwireless.eu/solutions/interference-solutions/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Current GSM-R version ===
The GSM-R standard specification is divided in two EIRENE specifications:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article631#outil_sommaire_1 |publisher=UIC |date=13 March 2013 |access-date=11 January 2014 |title=The way from the idea to GSM-R |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111231007/http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article631 |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>
* Functional Requirement Specification (FRS): the definition of higher lever functional requirements
* System Requirement Specification (SRS): the definition of the technical solutions supporting the functional requirements

EIRENE defines the "Technical Specification for Interoperability" (TSI) as the set of mandatory specifications to be fulfilled to keep compatibility with other European networks; current TSI are FRS 7 and SRS 15. EIRENE also defines non-mandatory specifications, that are called "Interim version", which defines extra features that are likely to become mandatory in the next TSIs. The current versions are 21 December 2015 versions FRS 8.0.0 and SRS 16.0.0<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article2581 |title=GSM-R Implementation Report |publisher=UIC |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111230658/http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article2581 |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>
The GSM-R specifications are fairly stable; the latest mandatory upgrade was in 2006. The complete timeline of GSM-R versions is:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gsm-rail.com/node/10 | title=GSM-R Technology | work=GSM-R Industry Group | access-date=11 January 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711132640/http://www.gsm-rail.com/node/10 | archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>
* December 2000: FRS 5/SRS 13, first version to be widely installed
* October 2003: FRS 6/SRS 14
* May 2006: FRS 7/SRS 15, current TSI
* June 2010: FRS7.1/SRS 15.1, current Interim version; the main added features over TSI are shunting radio and ETCS data only radio

The current version of GSM-R can run on both R99 and R4 3GPP networks.

== GSM-R uses ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2014}}
[[File:Class 25 gsmr cab radio.jpg|thumb|right|Cab mounted GSM-R radio panel]]GSM-R permits new services and applications for mobile communications in several domains:
* Transmission of Long Line Public Address (LLPA) announcements to remote stations down the line
* Control and protection (Automatic Train Control/[[European Train Control System|ETCS]]) and [[European Rail Traffic Management System|ERTMS]]
* Communication between train driver and regulation center
* Communication of on-board working people
* Information sending for ETCS
* Communication between train stations, [[classification yard]] and [[rail tracks]]

It is used to transmit data between trains and railway regulation centers with level 2 and 3 of ETCS. When the train passes over a [[Eurobalise]], it transmits its new position and its speed, then it receives back agreement (or disagreement) to enter the next track and its new maximum speed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Railways |first=European Union Agency for |date=2018-10-26 |title=Radio Communication │ European Union Agency for Railways |url=https://www.era.europa.eu/domains/infrastructure/european-rail-traffic-management-system-ertms/radio-communication_en |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.era.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:GSM-R Sagem TiGR 350R.jpg|thumb|upright|A GSM-R mobile phone used by the [[National Railway Company of Belgium]]]]
Like other [[GSM]] devices, GSM-R equipment can transmit data and voice. New GSM-R features for mobile communication are based on GSM, and are specified by EIRENE project. Call features are:
* '''PtP Call''': ''Point-to-Point Call'', the same type of call as a normal [[GSM]] call
* '''VGCS''': ''Voice Group Call System'', quite similar to walkie-talkie communication but with a single uplink handled by the network (only one person can speak at a time)
* '''VBS''': ''Voice Broadcast System'', like a [[Voice group call service|VGCS]] but only the call initiator can speak (the other are only listeners)
* '''REC''': ''Railways Emergency Call'', is a special VGCS defined as 299 with the highest priority possible (0)
* '''SEC''': ''Shunting Emergency Call'', is a special VGCS defined as 599 with the highest priority possible (0)
* Priority control of all the different calls (PtP, VGCS, VBSm, REC and SEC calls)
There are other additional features:
* ''Functional Addressing'', alias system to call someone registered on the GSM-R network, only by knowing the temporary function user (engine driver of train such-and-such, ...)
* ''Location Dependent Addressing'', routing system to call the most appropriate train controller regarding the current train position by dialling a pre-defined short code
* ''Shunting'' mode, when users work on the tracks.

== GSM-R features ==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2014}}
[[File:GTM+.jpg|thumb|Portable GSM-R Cab Radio system]]
[[File:MTRS 1 BC.jpg|thumb|Compact GSM-R Cab Radio]]
[[File:MTRS 1+A RSH.jpg|thumb|Dual Mode Cab Radio (GSM-R and UIC 751–3) as 19“ rack]]
[[File:GSM-RgraphicalMMI.JPG|thumb|A graphical GSM-R cab radio interface – capable of displaying different languages]]
[[File:gsm-r mmi.jpg|thumb|GSM-R user interface with colour display]]
[[File:MMI25-1.jpg|thumb|GSM-R control panel for SBB]]

=== ASCI (Advanced Speech Call Items) features ===
The following definitions are a part of the System Requirements Specification (SRS) as defined by the EIRENE standard.<ref name="EIRENE SRS Version 15.3.0">{{cite news|url=http://www.era.europa.eu/Document-Register/Documents/Set-1-and-2-Index033-EIRENE%20SRS%20v1530.pdf |title=EIRENE SRS Version 15.3.0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183149/http://www.era.europa.eu/Document-Register/Documents/Set-1-and-2-Index033-EIRENE%20SRS%20v1530.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>

==== VGCS (Voice Group Call Service) ====
:VGCS allows a great number of users to participate in the same call. This feature imitates the analogue [[Professional Mobile Radio|PMR]] (Private Mobile Radio) group call with the PTT key (Push-to-Talk).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Study on the evolution of GSM-R |url=https://www.era.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/Study%20on%20the%20evolution%20of%20GSM-R%20by%20IDATE-WIK.pdf |publisher=European Union Agency for Railways}}</ref>

:Three kinds of users are defined: the Talker, the Listener and the Dispatcher. The talker can become a listener by releasing the PTT key and a listener becomes a talker by pressing the PTT key.

:One advantage of VGCS compared to multi-party calls (the GSM conference call feature) is the spectrum efficiency. Indeed, when many users are in the same cell they will use only one frequency for all listeners and two frequencies for the talker (as in point-to-point call). In a multi-party call, one timeslot is dedicated to each user. The second advantage compared to multi-party calls is that it is not necessary to know which mobiles are to take part in the call. A VGCS call is established on a purely geographic basis, subject to a mobile having previously enabled reception of the group concerned.

==== VBS (Voice Broadcast Service) ====
:VBS is a broadcast group call: this means that compared to [[#VGCS (Voice Group Call Service)|VGCS]], only the initiator of the call can speak. The others who join the call can only be listeners. This kind of call is mainly used to broadcast recorded messages or to make announcements.

==== REC (Railway Emergency Call) ====
:''REC'' is a group call, or VGCS, dedicated to urgency. It is a higher priority call (REC priority is level 0 – see below : eMLPP).

==== SEC (Shunting Emergency Call) ====
The Shunting Emergency Call is a dedicated group call with the number 599. The call is established with an emergency level priority whose level is the highest possible priority 0. The SEC is enabled and used by devices registered for shunting operations. The establishment of such a call leads to automatic acceptance of the call on all enabled devices within the current area or cell-group configured.<ref name="EIRENE SRS Version 15.3.0" />

=== Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption Service (eMLPP) ===
:This defines the user's priority. The different priority levels are:

:* A and B: Highest priority levels (not used by GSM-R networks)
:* 0: Highest priority levels for ASCI and normal calls (mainly used for REC calls)
:* 1: Lower priority than level 0
:* 2: Lower priority than level 1
:* 3: Lower priority than level 2
:* 4: Lowest priority level (default priority, assigned to Point-to-Point calls)

:An ''Auto-Answering'' feature with a timer is also available for calls with priority 0, 1 and 2.

=== GSM-R Numbering Plan ===
The EIRENE SRS document defines a fixed numbering plan for GSM-R. It is defined by number prefixes.

:{| class="wikitable"
! Prefix
! Usage definition
|-
| 1
| Reserved for short codes
|-
| 2
| Train Function Number
|-
| 3
| Engine Function Number
|-
| 4
| Coach Number
|-
| 50
| Group calls
|-
| 51
| Broadcast calls
|-
| 52–55
| Reserved for international use
|-
| 56–57
| Reserved for national use
|-
| 58
| Reserved for system use
|-
| 59
| Reserved for system use
|-
| 6
| Maintenance and shunting team members
|-
| 7
| Train controllers
|-
| 8
| Mobile Subscriber Number
|-
| 9
| Reserved for breakout codes and national use
|-
| 0
| Reserved for access to public or to other GSM-R networks
|-
|}

Those numbers are used for functional registration and fixed entries for MSISDN or short dialcodes as defined within the HLR. 807660 for example defines a MSISDN of a mobile subscriber. The number 23030301 would be a functional number associated with the train number 30303 and the role of the user 01.

=== Eirene features ===

==== Functional number management ====
:* Functional numbering
:** Allows to call a mobile station by its function: driver of the train xxx , ...
:** It uses:
:*** USSD and Follow Me
:*** UUS1 (for number display)

:* Location dependent addressing
:** Establishes a call from a mobile station to (usually) a fixed subscriber/dispatcher performing a function in the area where the mobile station is located.

==== End Call Confirmation ====
:End Call Confirmation feature is only available for highest priority (Priority level 0) group calls (VGCS) and broadcast calls (VBS) (see eMLPP).
:It consists of an end call report which sent by all mobile stations which joined the high priority call (initiator included). This report informs about:
:* Call type
:* Call duration
:* Mobile station identity
:* End call cause Normal, ended by user, mobile station power off by user, power off due to low battery, …)
:* …

:If the report cannot be sent (mobile station power off by user or power off due to low battery), the mobile station will try again (several times if needed) to send the report at the next power on.

==== Shunting mode ====
:Shunting mode is the application that will regulate and control user access to shunting communications.
:A Link Assurance Signal (LAS) is provided to give reassurance to the driver that the radio link is working.

==== Direct mode ====
:Direct mode is the walkie-talkie mode (mobiles station talking to each other without the network) and has been proposed in Eirene, however it has never been in application since being based on analogue radio.
:Sagemcom claims to have developed a GSM direct mode, not currently recognized in the GSM-R specification, and has no frequency allocation.

== GSM-R market ==

=== GSM-R market groups ===
Different groups make up the GSM-R market:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gsm-r.uic.asso.fr/implement_map.html | title=Implementation planning and progress | work=GSM-R | date=23 May 2006 | access-date=11 January 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014133845/http://gsm-r.uic.asso.fr/implement_map.html | archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>{{update after|2014|1|11}}

;The network operators and the railway operators:

:{|class="wikitable"
|+ '''Contract awarded / Currently implementing:'''
|-
! Country
! Network operator
! Railway operator(s)
! Equipment
|-
|[[Algeria]] || [[SNTF]] || [[SNTF]]/[[ANESRIF]] || [[Kontron]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
|Austria || [[Austrian Federal Railways|ÖBB]]-IKT GmbH || [[ÖBB]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]
|-
| Australia || [[Department of Transport Victoria]] || [[Metro Trains Melbourne]] || [[Nokia Networks]]/[[WINGCON]]
|-
| Australia || [[UGL (company)|UGL]] || [[Transport Asset Holding Entity]] || [[Huawei]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Belgium || [[Infrabel]] || [[National Railway Company of Belgium|NMBS/SNCB]]|| [[Kontron]]/[[Nokia Siemens]]
|-
| [[Bulgaria]] || [[National Railway Infrastructure Company|NRIC]] || [[National Railway Infrastructure Company|NRIC]]|| [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| China || [[China Railway Signal & Communication|CR Signal & Comm.]] || [[China Railways|CR]] || [[Huawei]]/[[ZTE]]
|-
| [[Czech Republic]] || [[Správa železnic]]|| [[České dráhy|ČD]] || [[Kontron]]
|-
| Denmark || [[Banedanmark]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bane.dk/visNyhed.asp?artikelID=18319 |title=GSM-R-radioer i brug på danske jernbaner |date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416210224/http://www.bane.dk/visNyhed.asp?artikelID=18319 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=1 July 2019 }}</ref> || [[DSB (railway company)|DSB]] || [[Nokia Networks]] + [[WINGCON]]/Wenzel Elektronik/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| France || [[SNCF Réseau]] || [[SNCF]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]
|-
| France/[[Great Britain]] || [[Getlink]] || [[Getlink]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Trans Data Management AG|Trans Data Management]]
|-
| Germany || [[DB InfraGO]]|| [[Deutsche Bahn|DB]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Great Britain || [[Network Rail]] || [[List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom#Current passenger operators|List of passenger operators]] || [[Siemens Mobility]] + [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Greece || [[Hellenic Railways Organisation|OSE A.E.]] || [[Hellenic Train]] || [[Nokia Networks]] + [[Siemens Mobility]]
|-
| Hungary || [[Vasúti Pályakapacitás-elosztó Kft.|VPE]] || [[Hungarian State Railways|MÁV]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| India || [[Nokia Siemens Networks]] || [[Indian Railways|IR]] || [[Nokia Siemens]]/[[WINGCON]] + [[Kontron]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Ireland || [[CIÉ]] || [[Iarnród Éireann|IÉ]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Israel || [[Israel Railways]] || [[Israel Railways]] || [[Nokia Networks]] + [[Motorola Solutions]]
|-
| Italy || [[Rete Ferroviaria Italiana|RFI]] || [[Trenitalia|TI]] || [[Nokia Networks]] + [[Kontron]]
|-
| [[Lithuania]] || [[Lithuanian Railways]] || [[Lithuanian Railways]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| [[Luxembourg]] || [[Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois|CFL]] || [[Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois|CFL]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]
|-
| Netherlands || [[Mobirail]] (for [[ProRail]]) || [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen|NS]] & [[:Category:Railway companies of the Netherlands|others]] || [[Nokia Networks]]/[[KPN]]
|-
| Norway || [[Bane NOR]] || [[Vy]]/[[SJ AB|SJ Nord]]/[[Go-Ahead Norge|Go-Ahead Nordic]] || [[Nokia Networks]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Poland || [[PKP PLK]] || [[PKP Group|PKP]] & [[:Category:Railway companies of Poland|others]] || [[Nokia Networks]] + [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Saudi Arabia || [[Thales Group]] together with [[Nokia Networks]] || Saudi Arabian Railways ||
|-
| Saudi Arabia || [[AlShoula]] together with [[Adif|ADIF]] || [[Saudi Arabian Organisation]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| [[Slovakia]] || [[Railways of Slovak Republic – ŽSR|ŽSR]] || [[Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko|ZSSK]] || [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]
|-
| [[Slovenia]]
| [[Public Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for Railway Transport|AZP]]
| [[Slovenian Railways|SŽ]]
| [[Kontron]]/[[WINGCON]]/[[Iskratel, d.o.o]]
|-
| Spain || [[Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias|ADIF]] || [[Renfe]] || [[Nokia Networks]] + [[Kontron]]
|-
| Sweden || [[Trafikverket]] || [[SJ AB|SJ]], [[Hector Rail]], [[Green Cargo]] || [[Nokia Networks]] + [[WINGCON]]/Wenzel Elektronik
|-
| Switzerland || Siemens together with SBB Telecom || [[Swiss Federal Railways|SBB/CFF/FFS]] || [[WINGCON]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| Switzerland || NSS/BSS: Siemens together with SBB Telecom || [[BLS Switzerland AG|BLS Switzerland]] || [[Trans Data Management AG]]
|-
| Turkey || – || [[Turkish State Railways]] || [[Kontron]]/[[Frequentis AG]]
|-
| [[Turkmenistan]] || – || [[Turkmen Railways]] || [[Huawei]]
|-
|}

:{|class="wikitable"
|+ '''Planning phase / Contracting:'''
|-
! Country:
! Network operator:
! Railway operator(s):
|-
| [[Croatia]] (Pilot site) || – || [[Croatian Railways|HŽ]]
|}

:{|class="wikitable"
|+ '''Feasibility phase:'''
|-
! Country:
! Network operator:
! Railway operator(s):
|-
| [[Bangladesh]] || [[Bangladesh Railway]] || [[Bangladesh Railway]]
|-
| Northern Ireland || – || [[NI Railways|NIR]]
|-
| Russia || – || [[Russian Railways]]
|-
| United States || [[United States Department of Transportation|US-DOT]] || [[Amtrak]]
|}

:{|class="wikitable"
|+ '''Former users:'''
|-
! Country:
! Network operator:
! Railway operator(s):
! Equipment:
! Discontinued:
! Comments:
|-
| Finland || [[Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency|Väylävirasto]] || [[VR Group|VR]] || [[Nokia Siemens]] [[Frequentis AG]] || 30.04.2019 || Users were switched to the existing [[TETRA]]-based national [[VIRVE]] government radio network. This was favored over the option of replacing the current end-of-life GSM-R network.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vayla.fi/ammattiliikenne-raiteilla/rautateiden-puheviestinta |title=Rautateiden liikenneviestintä |website=Väylävirasto |language=fi-FI |date=2020-06-08 |access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digirata.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Digirata-selvitysprojektin-va%CC%88lijulkaisu_2.pdf |title=Digirata-selvitysprojektin välijulkaisu 2 |publisher=Finrail Oy |date=2019-11-12 |access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref>
|}

== Railways using GSM-R ==

=== Australia ===
Transport NSW is installing a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) throughout the {{Convert|1455|km||adj=on}} electrified rail network, including 66 tunnels covering {{Convert|70|km|}}, bounded by [[Kiama railway station|Kiama]], [[Macarthur railway station|Macarthur]], [[Lithgow railway station|Lithgow]], [[Bondi Junction railway station|Bondi Junction]] and [[Newcastle Interchange|Newcastle]] with GSM-R to replace the existing analogue MetroNet train radio. The replacement will fulfil recommendations from the Special Commission of Inquiry into the [[Waterfall rail accident]] to provide a common platform of communication for staff working on the railway. The equipment will be installed at about 250 locations and more than 60 sites in tunnels. The old analogue network was dismantled in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/projects/current-projects/metronet-removal-project |title=Digital Train Radio System |work=Transport for NSW |date=15 April 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>

[[Public Transport Victoria]] has installed a Digital Train Radio System (DTRS) on the [[Melbourne]] train network with GSM-R to replace the old system called Urban Train Radio System (UTRS). The equipment was installed at about 100 locations. It cost $152 million.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://corp.ptv.vic.gov.au/projects/rail-projects/digital-train-radio-system/ | title=Digital Train Radio System | publisher=[[Victoria State Government]] | work=PTV Corporate | year=2012 | access-date=13 January 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629002926/http://corp.ptv.vic.gov.au/projects/rail-projects/digital-train-radio-system/ | archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>[[File:TGV POS Nuremberg Ingolstadt.jpg|thumb|[[SNCF TGV POS|TGV POS]], linking Paris to Germany and Switzerland]]

=== France ===
[[File:Ice paris.jpg|thumb|[[Intercity Express|ICE 3M]] at [[Gare de l'Est]] in Paris]]
In France, the first commercial railway route opened with full GSM-R coverage is the [[LGV Est]] européenne linking Paris [[Gare de l'Est]] to [[Strasbourg]]. It was opened on 10 June 2007.
* On Sunday, 10 June 2007 at 06:43, the first high speed train to run on it was the [[Intercity Express|ICE]], the [[High-speed rail|high speed train]] from the German passenger operator: [[Deutsche Bahn]]. It linked the ''Gare de l'Est'' in Paris to [[Saarbrücken]] (Germany).
* On the same day, at 07:15, it was the opportunity of the [[SNCF TGV POS|TGV POS]], the latest generation high speed train from the French operator, [[SNCF]]. It linked [[Strasbourg]] to Paris (Gare de l'Est).<ref>Réf. SNCF – Paris Agence France Presse (AFP), Sunday 10 June 2007, 07h13 (am).</ref>

=== Italy ===
As of 2008, in Italy more than {{Convert|9000|km|}} of railway lines are served by the GSM-R infrastructure: this number includes both ordinary and high speed lines, as well as more than {{Convert|1000|km||abbr=on}} of tunnels. Roaming agreements with other Italian mobile operators allow coverage of lines not directly served by GSM-R. Roaming agreements have also been set up with French and Swiss railway companies and it is planned to extend them to other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.it/cms/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=07b08c3e13e0a110VgnVCM10000080a3e90aRCRD|language=it|title=GSM-R, per la telecomunicazione mobile|access-date=21 December 2008|trans-title=GSM-R for mobile telecommunication|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218071853/http://www.rfi.it/cms/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=07b08c3e13e0a110VgnVCM10000080a3e90aRCRD|archive-date=18 December 2013|publisher=[[Rete Ferroviaria Italiana]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Netherlands ===
In the Netherlands, there is coverage on all the lines and the old system called [[Telerail]] was abandoned in favour of GSM-R in 2006.

=== Norway ===
In Norway, the GSM-R network was opened on all lines on 1 January 2007, replacing the older [[Scanet]] network.

Currently, Jan Erik Grytdal and his team are tasked to operate and maintain the network that covers the whole 4200 km long Norwegian railway network. He is supported by Jon Greger Madsen, Goran Lazic and Shelley Zhou for the core network while Øyvind Risan is the radio man. Einar Mogstad, Morten Helle, Frederik Norberg and Ameen Chilwan are the network planners. Additionally, he is leading a dynamic team of highly qualified professionals; Stein Svaet, Geir Olav Lauritzen and Tore Øwre who are actively working towards migrating from GSM-R technology to the new [[5G]]-based technology called [[FRMCS]]. The services provided by the team are managed by Rune Nordgård, Tina Brækken and Gro Sjåland while Amalie Forfod controls finances. Since 17% of the railway network in Norway is in the tunnels, GSM-R also covers the tunnels. In Norway most tunnels have repeater solutions, and Thomas Hirsch and Morten Bakkeli are the people in charge for them.

=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:GSM-R Cab Radio on Sprinter DMU.jpg|thumb|Siemens UK GSM-R Cab Radio fitted on a [[Northern Rail]] Sprinter DMU]]{{Update section|date=April 2018}}[[File:DAC GSM-R railway crossing telephone.jpg|alt=GSM-R Trackside Telephone|thumb|DAC Limited GSM-R Trackside Telephone in North Wales]]
The implementation of over {{Convert|14000|km||abbr=on}} of GSM-R enabled railway, intended to replace both its legacy VHF 205 MHz National Radio Network (NRN) and UHF 450 MHz suburban [[Cab Secure Radio]] (CSR) systems is now complete as of January 2016.
* By October 2013, both the [[West Coast Main Line]] (WCML) and [[East Coast Main Line]] (ECML) to Scotland were covered by GSM-R and UK train operator [[Northern Rail]] had implemented GSM-R on a significant number of routes in North and North-West of England.
*In spring 2013, the [[Rail Delivery Group|Association of Train Operating Companies']] website ''GSM-R Online'' announced that the implementation of the Southern half of the UK GSM-R system was complete as the final CA15 section had gone live (The UK GSM-R Project implementation divided the Mainland North and South of a map-line running from the Severn in the West to the Wash on the East coast). Infrastructure and installation work continued North of this division. Britain's GSM-R network was originally expected to be fully operational by 2013, but due to slippage in equipment fitting a later date became more likely. However, a [[Rail Safety & Standards Board]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109110857/http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Control%20Command%20and%20Signalling/Guidance%20Notes/GKGN0554%20Iss%201.pdf document] indicated that the UK's Telecommunications Regulator, Ofcom, was to withdraw the existing NRN 205 MHz frequencies by 2015. Britain's GSM-R network's cost was originally put at £1.2 billion. That cost though did not include the WCML.
* The [[Cambrian Line]] [[European Rail Traffic Management System|ERTMS]] – [[Pwllheli railway station|Pwllheli]] to [[Harlech railway station|Harlech]] Rehearsal commenced on 13 February 2010 and successfully finished on 18 February 2010. The driver familiarisation and practical handling stage of the Rehearsal had provided an excellent opportunity to monitor the use of GSM-R voice in operation on this route. The first train departed Pwllheli at 08:53hrs in ERTMS Level 2 Operation with GSM-R voice being used as the only means of communication between the driver and the signaller.
* [[Network Rail]] fitted out a test train at [[Derby]] it purchased for RSV testing of the GSM-R network. The train was formed from ex Gatwick Express stock. At a cost of £5.9 million, this custom-built machine known as the RSV (Radio Signal Verification) train started monitoring the Newport Synergy scheme and the [[Cambrian Line]].
* On 2 September 2009, the [[Rugby railway station|Rugby]] to [[Stoke-on-Trent railway station|Stoke]] section went live.
* The first train ([[Virgin Trains West Coast]] [[British Rail Class 390|390034]] on the 09:15 [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station|Manchester Piccadilly]] service to [[Euston railway station|London Euston]]) to use GSM-R on the south end of the WCML ran on 27 May 2009. This was the first vehicle to run in passenger service with GSM-R outside of the Strathclyde trial.
* A fully functional GSM-R system had been on trial on the [[North Clyde Line]] in Scotland since 2007. For some years before these trials commenced however, GSM-R had been in use for voice-only purposes – known as the 'Interim Voice Radio System' (IVRS) – in some locations where [[axle counter]]s are used for train detection, for example parts of the WCML between [[Crewe railway station|Crewe]] and [[Wembley Central railway station|Wembley]].

{{As of|2016|alt=As of spring 2016}}, the only areas of UK Network Rail still currently employing VHF train radio communications are on sections of the [[Highland Main Line|Highland]] and [[Far North Line|Far North]] lines in Scotland, where the [[Radio Electronic Token Block]] system is utilised, using modified Ofcom frequencies around 180 MHz, having been de-scoped from the National GSM-R plan, due to practical difficulties involved in deploying the GSM-R system in this region. Currently, 100% of the UK network has GSM-R coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The what, why and how of the GSM-R System |url=https://www.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/NRT_OverviewGuide_update_FA_HR.pdf |website=Network Rail}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
GSM-R-Station.jpg|GSM-R transmitter mast on the Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway line
GSM-R Panel Antennas on Lattice Mast.jpg|Kathrein GSM-R Panel Antennas on Lattice Mast
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.uic.org/gsmr GSM-R] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530140750/http://www.uic.org/gsmr |date=30 May 2016 }} at the [[International Union of Railways]]
* {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609030616/http://gsm-rail.com/|title=gsm-rail.com}}
{{Prone to spam|date=October 2014}}


[[Category:European Rail Traffic Management System]]
[[Category:GSM standard]]
[[Category:Rail transport mobile telecommunications standards]]

Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple

2026-03-25T22:12:18Z

Vishal5555: expand article as per guidelines and fixed typos for consistency

{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Irumkulangara Durga Bhagavathi Temple
| image =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple, [[Manacaud]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8|28|13.4|N|76|56|39.8|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irumkulangara_Durga_Devi_Temple&params=8_28_13.4_N_76_56_39.8_E_type:landmark_region:IN]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| location = [[Manacaud]]
| elevation_m = 34.57
| deity = [[Durga]]
| festivals=
| architecture = Traditional Kerala style
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| governing_body = Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple Trust
| website = [http://irumkulangaratemple.org/ irumkulangaratemple.org]
}}

'''Irumkulangara Durga Bhagavathi Temple''' ([[Malayalam]]: ഇരുംകുളങ്ങര ദുര്‍‌ഗ്ഗാദേവി ക്ഷേത്രം) is a Hindu temple in [[Thottam, Manacaud|Thottam]], [[Manacaud]] P.O, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India. It is about 1.8 kilometres to the southwest of [[Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in Thiruvananthapuram city.

==Geography==

It is located at Manacaud.<ref>http://wikimapia.org/408886/Erumkulangara-temple-compound {{User-generated source|date=May 2022}}</ref>

==History==

The abode of Sree Irumkulangara Durga Bhagavathi is one of the most ancient temples in Kerala. The temple is located on the bank of two ponds from where it got its name: "irum" means two and "kulam" means pond.
It is believed that the temple has a relationship with the famous Sree [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabha Swamy Temple]], one of the famous temples in Thiruvananthapuram. In ancient times, priests from Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple are believed to arrive at Irumkulangara by country boats for performing pooja and rituals.

==Events and architecture==

Unlike other Durga devi temples, rituals like Thottampaattu and Ottam are restricted here. Red coloured flowers, except thetti, are banned. Other flowers such as tulsi, jasmine, lotus, Nandyarvattom, etc. are used.

A kavu (small forest patch) which houses the serpent Gods is common in Travancore. The pond in front of the temple gives a beautiful reflection of it. The Temple Thanthri Brahmasree Tharananalloor Parameshwaran Namboodiripad (same as Sree Padmanabhaswamy and Koodalmanikyam temples) and now the temple is under the control of Sree Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple Trust.

It was renovated with a new {{transliteration|hi|chuttambalam}} and {{transliteration|hi|sivelippura}} which is an excellent example of Kerala Vasthu Vidya and temple architecture in the new age. The renovation was carried out under the guidance of Vastu Shasthra expert Kanippayyur Krishnan Namboodiripad; the temple architect was Manacaud [[S Narayanamoorthy]] and it was inaugurated by Sree [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] Maharaja of Travancore on 25 December 2009.

==Deities and sub-deities==
{{Hinduism}}
The Goddess [[Durga]] is the main deity in this temple. One important aspect of the temple is that the deity appears as Durgabhagavathi, an avatar of [[Mahadevi|Adi Parasakthi]]. Karthika is considered as the star of the deity.

There are many {{transliteration|hi|upadevathas}} (sub-deities) adjacent to the temple, and it has been remade according to the Deva Prashnam by expert astrologers recently.

The main upadevathas on the premises are

# [[Ganesha]]
# [[Nagaraja]]
# [[Brahm Rakshas]]
# [[Bhairava]] Moorthy
# [[Sudalai Madan|Madan Thampuran]]
# [[Navagraha]]

We can see a kavu (grove) which houses the serpent gods and is common in Travancore. The temple kavu was awarded by the [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department]] as one of the best maintained.

In 2011, the temple created a Nakshtravanam (trees relating to birth stars) on the premises.

===Darshan===

* Morning: 5:00 AM to 10.00 AM
* Evening: 5.00 PM to 8.00 PM

==Festivals==

The Painkuni Mahothsavam, the major festival of the temple, is mostly held in the month of March. It lasts for 10 days and ends with Pongala and Ezhunnallathu. In 2023, Painkuni Mahothsavam was from 17-26 March. The main Ulsavam was on 26 March 2023.

The other festivals in this temple are:

* Mandala Vratham — Festival in connection with the annual Utsavam of Sabarimala
* Vinayaka Chathurthi — Pooja to the Lord Ganapathy
* Pooja Vaypu — Identical to Dussera festival (Saraswathy Pooja and Vidyarambham)
* Karthika — Kazhchakula Samarpanam, Navakabhishekam, Karthika Pongala, Annadhanam (all months)
* Ayilya Pooja — Milk, flowers etc. offered to serpent god and special rites. Monthly Pooja in Ayilyam day except in the months of Mithunam and Karkidakom.
* Ayilyolsavam — Nagaroottu and Sarpabali in the month of Thulam by Pambumekkattumana Karanavar Brhamasri P S Sreedharan Namboodiripad
* Ramayana Parayanam and Bhagavathi Seva — All days of Karkidakom (evening)
* Vavu Bali — In the month of Karkidakom

==Education aid==

On all Vidyarambham day evening, Irumkulangara Durga Bhagavathi Temple and its devotees give cash awards to SSLC and Plus Two economically backward students living around the temple based on merit. For this, the temple has an education fund and most of the devotees give cash prizes in memory of their relatives.

==Transportation==

===Road===
KSRTC Central Bus station is near the [[Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station]]. There are so many bus services available for travel to other cities. Have to get down at either [[manacaud]] or [[kamaleswaram]]. Privately owned and KSRTC buses plying in the Kovalam route from East Fort pass through Manacaud and Kamaleswaram.

===Rail===
The nearest railway station is at [[Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station]] railway station about 3.5 km from the temple.

===Air===
[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], about 3 km away from temple.

== See also ==
* [[Parvathi]]
* [[Thottam, Manacaud]]
* [[Kamaleswaram Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala]]
* [[Temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sharatsunderrajeev.blogspot.com// About Irum Kulanagara Durga Devi Temple]
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Manacaud-68942.htm About Manacaud]
*[https://www.templeadvisor.com/temples-in-india/hindu-temples/irumkulangara-durga-devi-temple Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219130957/http://www.templeadvisor.com/temples-in-india/hindu-temples/irumkulangara-durga-devi-temple |date=19 February 2020 }}
*I [http://irumkulangaratemple.org/ Irumkulangara Temple]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Durga temples in Kerala]]

Attintivaripalem

2026-03-20T23:36:28Z

Vishal5555: Started Basic Post Basic Info

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Attintivaripalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = hamlet
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.184224|N|79.838877|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Voltetivaripalem
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 632
| population_total = 1584
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523113
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08599
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 55:45 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Attintivaripalem''' is a small hamlet of Nekunam Puram K. Khandrika revenue village. It is a part of Voletivaripalem mandal in [[Prakasam district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Attintivaripalem (Nekunampuram) had a population of approximately 1,584. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Attintivaripalem has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 55%. {{Cn|date=March 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Prakasam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Prakasam district]]

Francesco Convertini

2026-03-19T12:06:17Z

Vishal5555: Stub...

{{Short description|Venerable}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix= [[Venerable]]
|name = Francesco Convertini
|honorific_suffix= [[Salesians of Don Bosco|SDB]]
|image = Francesco Convertini c1935.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Fr. Convertini circa 1935
|birth_date = 29 August 1898
|birth_place = Marinelli, [[Province of Brindisi|Brindisi]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|2|11|1898|8|29|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Krishnagar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|other_names =
|titles =
|known_for =
|occupation =

|resting_place =
|major_shrine=
|attributes =
|patronage =
|feast_day =
|venerated_in =
|beatified_date =
|beatified_place =
|beatified_by =
|canonized_date =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
}}

'''Francesco Convertini''', SDB (29 August 1898 – 11 February 1976) was an [[Italian people|Italian]] religious priest of the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]].<ref name=CM>{{cite news|url=https://conquestyouthministry.com/venerable-francesco-convertini/|title=Venerable Francesco Convertini|date=4 June 2018|work=Conquest|accessdate=17 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=SD>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdb.org/en/salesian-saints/173-venerables/666-convertini-francesco|title=Convertini Francesco – (1898-1976)|last=Baroni|first=Don|website=sdb.org|language=en-gb|publisher=[[Salesians of Don Bosco]]|accessdate=9 October 2018}}</ref> He served in the [[Missionary|missions]] in [[India]] since arriving there in the mid-1920s and dedicated his apostolate to tending to children suffering from malnutrition and fostering interreligious dialogue and tolerance. He also dedicated himself to preserving the environmental protection of local communities in waste-ridden areas and travelled to various communities to bring forth the [[Gospel]] message to all people.<ref name=CM/><ref name=SEB>{{cite web|url=http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/90097|title=Venerabile Francesco Convertini|publisher=Santi e Beati|accessdate=28 June 2019|author=Teresio Bosco}}</ref>

The process for Convertini's [[beatification]] was launched in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar|Krishnagar diocese]] in the late 1990s and he became titled as a [[Servant of God]]; he was titled as [[The Venerable|venerable]] in 2017 after [[Pope Francis]] confirmed that Convertini had practiced [[heroic virtue]] throughout his life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preghiereperlafamiglia.it/francesco-convertini.htm|title=Francesco Convertini|website=preghiereperlafamiglia.it|accessdate=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://donboscosalesianportal.org/published-letters-of-venerable-francesco-convertini-salesian-missionary/|title=Published: "Letters" of Venerable Francesco Convertini, Salesian missionary|date=13 February 2018|work=Don Bosco Salesian Portal|accessdate=9 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.valleditrianews.it/2018/08/29/locorotondo-ricorda-venerabile-padre-francesco-convertini/|title=Locorotondo ricorda il Venerabile Padre Francesco Convertini|publisher=Valle d'Itria News|website=valleditrianews.it|language=it-IT|accessdate=9 October 2018|date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=CI>{{cite news|url=http://www.infoans.org/en/component/k2/item/2449-vatican-cause-of-the-servant-of-god-francesco-convertini|title=Vatican – Cause of the Servant of God Francesco Convertini|publisher=Infoans|accessdate=9 October 2018|date=11 January 2017|language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Life==
Francesco Convertini was born in Marinelli near Cisternino in the [[Province of Brindisi]] on 29 August 1898 as the second of two children to a poor family: His parents were Sante Convertini (who died when he was three months old) and Caterina (who died when he was eleven).<ref name=SD/> His mother provided for his religious upbringing in his childhood. He and his elder brother Samuele (who was thirteen when their mother died) were orphaned and sent to the [[friars]] to be paired with [[foster parents]]; the couple Vito and Anna Petruzzi from [[Fasano]] adopted them and treated the two as their own, so that the two would refer to them as "mother" and "father" due to the connection the four formed with each other.<ref name=SEB/> His brother [[emigrate]]d to the [[United States of America]] around 1918.

He served in the [[Italian Armed Forces]] in [[World War I]] from January 1917, after being [[conscripted]] to the 124th Chieti Regiment. He served with on the frontlines in [[Trento]] from May 1917; on 23 December he was wounded and captured by the [[Austro-Hungarian Army|Austrian forces]] and held as a [[prisoner of war]] at a [[POW camp|camp]] in [[Poland]] for the next eleven months.<ref name=SEB/> He was freed upon the war's conclusion but after returning to his homeland on 15 November 1918 suffered from severe [[meningitis]] therefore forcing him to recover in isolation in the hospital in [[Cuneo]]; his poor health made it worse since he looked skeletal upon his release. It was after he recovered that he decided to begin the next stage of his life and so decided to join the [[Guardia di Finanza]] around 1920.<ref name=SD/><ref name=CM/><ref name=SEB/> But at the same time he met a girl from his town that he fell in love with and with whom he planned to be [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|married]] to. He followed his captain to [[Trieste]] and [[Pula|Pola]] before going to [[Turin]] where he attended [[Confession (religion)|confession]] in the [[Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians, Turin|Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians]]; this event proved to change his life since he confessed to Father Angelo Amadei who became his [[spiritual director]] and put him in direct contact with the [[religious congregation]] known as the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]]. But this newfound call to enter the priesthood tore him since he was divided between accepting [[God|God's]] call and his love for his girlfriend. He settled on the [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priesthood]] and on 6 December 1923 commenced his ecclesial studies at the Salesian mission institute in [[Ivrea]]. He received his [[Mission cross|mission crucifix]] from the [[Rector Major of the Salesians|Rector Major]] [[Filippo Rinaldi]] himself.<ref name=SD/>

He entered the Salesians of Don Bosco and was sent to [[India]] to serve in their [[Missionary|missions]] there. Convertini left for India from the port in [[Genova]] on 7 December 1927 and arrived in [[Bombay]] on 26 December before taking a [[train]] to [[Calcutta]]. Convertini commenced his [[novitiate]] period in [[Shillong]] under the direction of the bishop [[Stephen Ferrando|Stefano Ferrando]] and was also a disciple of both [[Constantine Vendrame|Costantino Vendrame]] and Archbishop [[Louis Mathias]] (he passed his [[Theology|theological]] and [[Philosophy|philosophical]] studies despite some difficulties).<ref name=SD/><ref name=CI/> He received his [[Ordination in the Catholic Church|ordination]] to the priesthood on 29 June 1935 from Bishop Ferrando. It was not long before Convertini gained fame among the people for his unconditional and unbiased services to all people; he also mastered the [[Bengali language]] in order to better communicate with the people. Convertini would travel to various villages on [[bike]] or on foot or even on [[horseback]] with his [[backpack]] in order to go around [[Evangelization|evangelizing]] and aiding people (covering miles in order to visit far-reaching villages). He was also considered one of the few missionaries who could enter into [[Hindu|Hindi]] or [[Muslim]] homes due to the strong rapport he fostered with people of other religions. This enabled him to create an air of [[interreligious dialogue]] and [[Religious tolerance in India|tolerance]].<ref name=CM/><ref name=SEB/> His superiors forced him twice in 1952 and 1974 to return to his homeland to recover due to Convertini being known for his constant workload.

Convertini died in 1976 in [[Krishnagar]] and his remains were interred in the garden adjacent to the Krishnagar cathedral.<ref name=SD/><ref name=SEB/>

==Beatification process==
The attention on Francesco Convertini was rekindled by the publication of a book by the Salesian [[:it:Nicola Palmisano|Nicola Palmisano]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Anche il fragno fiorisce : don Francesco Convertini missionario salesiano|last=Palmisano, Nicola.|date=1987|publisher=Schena|isbn=8875142157|location=Fasano (BR)|oclc=797314202}}</ref> The beatification process launched in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar|Diocese of Krishnagar]] on 12 December 1997 in a diocesan investigation that was later concluded there on 20 June 2005. The formal introduction to the cause came on 27 July 1998 after the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] issued the ''[[nihil obstat]]'' ("no objections") decree and titling Convertini as a Servant of God. The Congregation later validated the diocesan process on 19 June 2006 after the cause was transferred to Rome while the department received the ''[[positio]]'' in 2009 for evaluation.<ref name=VC>{{cite news|url=http://www.infoans.org/en/?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2523|title=Vatican – Fr. Convertini and Fr. Vandor are Venerable|date=22 January 2017|work=Agenzia Info Salesiana|accessdate=28 June 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> Convertini became titled as venerable on 20 January 2017 after Pope Francis signed a decree that acknowledged that Convertini had led a life of [[heroic virtue]].<ref name=SEB/> The[[postulator]] for the cause is Pierluigi Cameroni SDB.<ref name=VC/>

==Books==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=bStpswEACAAJ&q=books+by+Francesco+Convertini Lettere 1927-1976]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bStpswEACAAJ&q=books+by+Francesco+Convertini|title=Lettere 1927-1976|last=Convertini|first=Francesco|date=2018|publisher=Giacovelli|isbn=9788899967109|language=it}}</ref>
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=deOMGAAACAAJ&q=books+by+Francesco+Convertini L'impasse]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deOMGAAACAAJ&q=books+by+Francesco+Convertini|title=L'impasse|last=Convertini|first=Francesco|date=2007|publisher=Tracce|isbn=9788874333783|language=it}}</ref>
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=h012swEACAAJ&q=books+by+Francesco+Convertini Gli acrobati]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h012swEACAAJ&q=books+by+Francesco+Convertini|title=Gli acrobati|last=Convertini|first=Francesco|date=2017|publisher=Tracce|isbn=9788899101992|language=it}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1976.htm Hagiography Circle]
* [https://catholicsaints.info/venerable-francesco-convertini/ Saints SQPN]

{{Canonization}}
{{Subject bar|portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= Italy |portal4= India |portal5=Saints}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Convertini, Francesco}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Guardia di Finanza]]
[[Category:Italian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Brindisi]]
[[Category:Salesians of Don Bosco]]
[[Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Austria-Hungary]]

S. P. Charan

2026-03-18T20:09:50Z

Vishal5555: quick add structure per standard format additionally and updated info

{{short description|Indian actor, singer, film producer}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sripathi Panditaradhyula|lang=Telugu}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. P. Charan
| image = S. P. B. Charan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Sripathi Panditharadhyula Charan
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (present-day [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday SP Charan – Tamil Movie News |website= IndiaGlitz |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202192412/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/28304.html |archive-date=2007-02-02 |access-date=2023-12-26 |date=7 January 2007}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 1997–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|producer}}
| spouses =
| mother = Savithri
| father = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| relatives = {{unbulletedlist| [[S. P. Sailaja]] (Aunt)| [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] (Uncle)|}}
}}

'''Sripathi Panditharadhyula Charan''', credited as '''S. P. Charan''', is an Indian [[playback singer]] and actor who works predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema]] and [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi.com">{{Cite web |title=S P B Charan - Profile {{!}} Lakshman Sruthi - 100% Manual Orchestra {{!}} |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/spbcharan.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211043040/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/spbcharan.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 December 2008 |access-date=2022-01-16 |website=www.lakshmansruthi.com}}</ref>

He is the son of the singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. He first worked as a playback singer in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]. He made his acting debut in ''Maha Edabidangi'' (1999) and is best known for his performance in the ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newkerala.com/topstory.php?action=fullnews&id=839 |title=Sri Hari and Vaibhav in Saroja .:. newkerala.com Online News |publisher=Newkerala.com |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=4 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004023958/http://www.newkerala.com/topstory.php?action=fullnews&id=839 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has established the film production company Capital Film Works, and produced ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2012) and others.<ref name="Capital Film Works">{{cite web |url=http://capitalfilmworks.in/About-Us.html |title=Capital Film Works – About Us | Capital Film Works – Company Profile | Capital Film Works – Official Website | Capital Film Works – Company Website |publisher=Capitalfilmworks.in |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152725/http://capitalfilmworks.in/About-Us.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Sripathi Panditaradhyula Charan was born to the singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and his wife Savitri in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family. He was raised in [[Chennai]], India. He studied at Asan Memorial School, Chennai, where actor [[Ajith Kumar]] also studied and was a school friend. He received a bachelor's degree in Business Administration from [[Pace University]] in [[New York (state)|New York]], United States in 1994 and completed a two-year course in film and television.<ref name="lakshmansruthi1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/spbcharan.asp |title=S P B Charan – Profile | Lakshman Sruthi – 100% Manual Orchestra | |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705181827/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/profilesmusic/spbcharan.asp |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name = "Charan">{{cite web|url = http://silverscreen.in/features/facing-the-music-the-sp-charan-interview/|title = Facing the Music: The SP Charan Interview|date = 3 February 2015|access-date = 4 February 2015|archive-date = 4 February 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150204170840/http://silverscreen.in/features/facing-the-music-the-sp-charan-interview/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Charan began working as a playback singer in 1997 with "Deepangal Pesum" from ''[[Devathai]]'', with music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. About being the son of an icon, he stated: "my voice sounds so much like appa, people might not want to use a similar voice. When SPB himself is rocking, why would composers need his clone?".<ref name="TIONewLook">{{cite news |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=29 September 2010 |title=Charan elated with new looks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Charan-elated-with-new-looks/articleshow/6643925.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812134503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news-interviews/28222181_1_song-shiva-film |archive-date=12 August 2013 |access-date=24 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He has sung for composers [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. Charan's most popular songs include "Nagila Nagila" from ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'', "Mellaga" from ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'', "Nenu Nenuga Lene" from ''[[Manmadhudu]]'', "I Love you Shailaja" from ''[[Mazhai]]'', "Please Sir" from [[Boys (2003 film)|''Boys'']], "Maaja Maaja" from ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]'', "Oru Nanban Irundhal" from ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'', "O Shanti" from [[Vaaranam Aayiram (soundtrack)|''Vaaranam Aayiram'']], "Nee Naan" from ''Mankatha''. In 2010, he recorded a song in ''[[Kadhal 2 Kalyanam]]'', composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. He also recorded alongside his father for the first time in ''[[Aadukalam]]'', for which they both won the [[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].<ref name="indiatimes1" /><ref>{{cite news |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=18 June 2012 |title=Cinema draws crowds, and how! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-draws-crowds-and-how/article3542936.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224184003/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-draws-crowds-and-how/article3542936.ece |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Charan first acted with his father in a film called ''Maha Yedabidangi'', directed by [[K. S. L. Swamy]], but the film was not released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/A-gene-to-inherit-Charan-scores-29-08-12.html |title=A Gene To Inherit Charan Scores |website=Behindwoods.com |date=7 January 2002 |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100843/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-celebrity-column/A-gene-to-inherit-Charan-scores-29-08-12.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_Hudugigagi.asp |title=Hudugigagi – film of Radhika releasing |publisher=Viggy.com |date=13 March 2011 |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115624/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_Hudugigagi.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Balachander's son Kailasam approached him to act in the television show ''Oonjal'', produced by [[K. Balachander]] and directed by Sundar K. Vijayan.<ref name="Charan" /> It was followed by Radan's ''Annamalai''. He also starred in a TV serial named ''Bommaigal'' in Tamil and ''[[Akka Chellelu (TV series)|Akka Chellulu]]'' in Telugu.<ref name="lakshmansruthi1" /> His first release was the Kannada film ''Hudugigagi'' in 2003, directed by B. Manjunath.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_hudugigagi.asp |title=Hudugigagi – new film of teen queen Radhika |publisher=Viggy.com |date=13 March 2011 |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095937/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_hudugigagi.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, he played one of the lead roles in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''. On his performance, Sify wrote: "S.P.B Charan as Jagapathy Babu suits the role and is fantastic".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saroja-review-tamil-14752247.html |title=Movie Review : Saroja |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117010430/http://www.sify.com/movies/saroja-review-tamil-14752247.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He acted in ''[[Va (film)|Va]]'', in which he played Shiva's prospective brother-in-law.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |author=P Sangeetha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Charan-elated-with-new-looks/articleshow/6643925.cms |title=Charan elated with new looks |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812134503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news-interviews/28222181_1_song-shiva-film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> He acted in two Tamil films ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' and ''[[Vizhithiru]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Venkadesan S |title=A slim & trim SP Charan back in action |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article550640.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100321/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article550640.ece |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Other works===
Charan established the film production company Capital Film Works, in 2002. Their first production was ''Unnai Charanadainthen'', in which Charan played the lead role, alongside his friend [[Venkat Prabhu]].<ref name="Capital Film Works"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901160200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229143201/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901160200.htm|title=Unnai Charan Adainthaen|archive-date=29 December 2008|url-status=dead|website=hinduonnet.com}}</ref> The film, which notably featured musical score by Charan's father, Balasubrahmanyam, received four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref name="Capital Film Works"/> Charan revealed that he decided to produce the film after hearing Samuthirakani's narration.<ref name = "Charan"/> He further produced the [[Jayam Ravi]]-starrer ''[[Mazhai]]'' (2005), a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/29/stories/2005092900380500.htm |title=Metro Plus Chennai / Cinema : Another remake |date=29 September 2005 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061412/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/29/stories/2005092900380500.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was a failure at the box office.<ref name = "Charan"/> His next production was Venkat Prabhu's directorial debut ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), featured eleven newcomers in the lead and became [[List of Tamil films of 2007|one of the year's most successful Tamil films]].<ref name = "Charan"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350160400.htm |title=Friday Review Hyderabad / Interview : Cricket theme goes on |date=13 July 2007 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061419/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350160400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, his sixth production ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'', was released to critical acclaim and became noted for getting 52 cuts by the regional [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Censor-Borad-butchered-Aaranya-Kaandam/articleshow/7360204.cms |title=Censor Board butchered Aaranya Kaandam |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707031107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/news-interviews/28375516_1_film-thiagarajan-kumararaja-major-international-award |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> Although it did not achieve the expected box office success, Charan won a [[59th National Film Awards|National Film Award]] as a producer of the film.<ref name=AKStraits>{{cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|title=Charan in dire straits?|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-07/news-interviews/29746474_1_aaranya-kaandam-s-p-charan-thiagarajan-kumararaja|access-date=24 July 2013|date=7 July 2011|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-07/news-interviews/29746474_1_aaranya-kaandam-s-p-charan-thiagarajan-kumararaja|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> His next production was ''[[Thirudan Police]]'', by another debutant, [[Caarthick Raju]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/always-strive-to-make-different-films-s-p-b-charan-113110800309_1.html |title=Always strive to make different films: S.P.B. Charan |work=Business Standard|date=8 November 2013 |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094512/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/always-strive-to-make-different-films-s-p-b-charan-113110800309_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

SP Charan designed and produced SPB50 concert tour<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Report |date=2018-09-15 |title=Balasubrahmanyam returns to Dubai with world tour |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/music/balasubrahmanyam-returns-to-dubai-with-world-tour-1.1941543 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref> with his father [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SP Balasubrahmanyam]] and was felicitated for his 50 years of journey in the industry. The concert tour held in Toronto, Russia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Dubai and few places in the United States like Seattle, Los Angeles, New Jersey. Other singers like [[K. S. Chithra|KS Chithra]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana Raghavendra]], [[S. P. Sailaja|SP Sailaja]] were part of the series.

Starting from Dubai expo 2020, SP Charan has been part of [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraaja's]] shows and has accompanied him in various other shows that has been conducted in United Kingdom, the USA, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Muscat and in various cities in India including Yuva Dasara Mysore 2024.

As a tribute to his father, he toured "Simply SPB"<ref>{{Cite web |title=City musicians touring US with S P Charan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/city-musicians-touring-us-with-s-p-charan-1240771.html# |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> in 2023 and performed in various venues across the United States in many of the same venues where his father had performed before. Singers [[S. P. Sailaja|SP Sailaja]], [[Sai Vignesh]] and Srisha were part of the series. An event in the series also happened in Bangalore, where singers in the Kannada industry, including Rajesh Krishnan, VijayaPrakash, Anuradha Bhat, also performed.

In June 2025, on the occasion of [[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salam]] movie release in OTT platform [[Sun NXT|Sun Nxt]], the music director [[A. R. Rahman|AR Rahman]] published in his social media handles that, SP Charan's song 'Ena senji Ena senji ena valaccha" will be part of this release version.

In 2025, he has been part of stage shows performed by music director [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] in India and Australia along with Srikanth Deva, Anuradha Sriram.

==Personal life==
In 1996, he and childhood friends [[Venkat Prabhu]] and [[Premgi Amaren]] set up a music band called Next Generation, which also had [[Yugendran]] and [[Thaman]] as members.<ref name = "Charan"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article18065.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Nikhil | last=Raghavan | title=On a song | date=10 September 2009 | access-date=24 July 2013 | archive-date=2 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202092204/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article18065.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/06/26/stories/2009062650220800.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Fresh notes | date=26 June 2009 | access-date=24 July 2013 | archive-date=10 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110102012/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/06/26/stories/2009062650220800.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Charan underwent a weight loss in late 2010.<ref name=SlimTrim>{{cite news|last=Venkadesan|first=S|title=A slim & trim SP Charan back in action|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article550640.ece|access-date=24 July 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=26 June 2012|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224100321/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article550640.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to speculation, he stated it was in response to becoming health-conscious.<ref name=TIONewLook />

==Filmography==

=== Film ===

==== As actor ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|1999
|''Maha Edabidangi''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
|
|-
|2003
|''Hudugigagi''
|Prasad
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Unnai Charanadainthen]]''
|Nandha
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|2004
|''Naalo''
|
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|2007
|''Nyabagam Varuthe''
|Babu
| rowspan="6" |Tamil
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''
|Jagapathi Babu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]''
|Venkat
|Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Va (film)|Va]]''
|Marthandan
|
|-
|2013
|''Ayo Na lIinga''
|
|Short film
|-
|2014
|''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]''
|Siva
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Moodu Mukkallo Cheppalante]]''
|Muddu Krishna
|Telugu
|rowspan="2"|Bilingual film; Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]''
|Sethuraman
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|-
|2017
|''[[Vizhithiru]]''
|Saravanan
|
|-
|2021
|''Tamil Rockers''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[LYF: Love Your Father]]''
|Kishore
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Patang (2025 film)|Patang]]''
|Sekhar
|
|}

==== As producer ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Unnai Charanadainthen]]'' ||Debut as producer
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Mazhai]]'' ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Naanayam]]'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' ||
|}

==== As dubbing artist ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Dubbed for
|-
|2003
|''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
|Telugu
|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddarth]]
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Language
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1999
|''Oonjal''
|
|[[Vijay TV]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''Aataina Paataina''
|Host
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|''Idho Boopalam''
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Raj TV]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
|''Sayyam Ponavargal''
|
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai / Sivayya]]''
|Ulaganathan
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] / [[Gemini TV]]
|Tamil / Telugu
|
|
|-
|
|''Akka Chellellu''
|
|[[Gemini TV]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
|
|''Bommaigal''
|
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2014 TV series)|Nenjathai Killaadhe]]''
|Murali
|[[Zee Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|
|-
|2018
|[[Super Singer Junior|''Super Singer Junior 6'']]
|Judge
|[[Vijay TV]]
|
|
|-
|2015–present
|''Swarabhishekam''
|Performer
|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Ede Thumbi Haaduvenu''
|Guest judge
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|Kannada
|
|
|-
|''Star Singer 8''
|Guest performer
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|[[Super Singer Junior|''Super Singer Junior 8'']]
|Judge
|[[Vijay TV]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2021–present
|''[[Padutha Theeyaga]]''
|Presenter
| rowspan="2" |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''Bhale Manchi Roju''
|Performer
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Fall (web series)|Fall]]''
|Rohit Selvakumar
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|Tamil
|Also producer
|<ref>{{cite web |title=First look of Siddharth Ramaswamy's upcoming web series 'Fall' released |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/sep/17/first-look-of-siddharth-ramaswamys-upcoming-web-series-fall-released-2499185.html |access-date= |publisher=www.newindianexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mad Company]]''
|Amaran
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2024
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs season 4|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 4'']]
|Judge
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''Family Stars''
|Guest performer
|[[ETV Network|ETV]]
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 5|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors 5'']]
|Judge
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''ETV 30-Year Celebration''
|Guest performer
|[[ETV Network|ETV]]
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Tamil Li'l Champs season 5|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 5'']]
|Judge
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Tamil
|
|
|}

== Discography ==

=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#cccccf; text-align:center;"
! Film
! Song !! Composer(s) !! Co-singer(s) !! Notes
|-
|''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]''
|"Oh Nenje"
|[[Shankar–Ganesh|Sankar Ganesh]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S.P. Pallavi, S.P Vasantha, Pallavi
| Lyrics by Karuvikkarambai Shanmugam
|-
|''Punniyavathi''
|"Unakkoruthi"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|Sunitha
|Unreleased movie
|-
|''Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum''
|"Bagunnara"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[Yugendran]]
|
|-
| ''[[Devathai]]''
| "Deepangal Pesum"
|Illayaraja|| Sandhya & KP Mohan||
|-
|''Kanmani oru Kavithai''
|Neenga Partha Ulagam
|Illayaraja
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|
|-
|''Nila Kaalam''
|"Aathangarayila Koothu"
|Bharani
|
|
|-
|''Pasapookal''
|"Panu Pennai"
|TJ Christy
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maayavi]]''
| "Kadavul Thandha" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]|| [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]||
|-
| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''
| "Aaja Meri Soniye" || rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| [[Premji Amaren]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]||
|-
| ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]''
| "Adidaa Nayaandiyaa" || [[Yugendran]]||
|-
| ''[[Aadukalam]]''
| "Ayyayo Nenju" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Prashanthini]]||
|-
| ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]''
| "Chik Chik Chinna" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]|| [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]||
|-
| ''[[Adhi Narayana]]''
| "Happy New Year" || [[Srikanth Deva]]|| Preethi ||
|-
| ''[[Tharagu]]''
| "Hey Vaada" || [[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]|| [[Sadhana Sargam]]||
|-
| ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]''
| "Inithu Inithu" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]|| Sumangali ||
|-
| ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]''
| "Jumbo" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]||
|-
|[[Murari (2001 film)|''Murari'']] '''(D)'''
|"Enge Enge"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kungama Poovum Konjum Puravum]]''
| "Kadaloram"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
| "Kadhal Sadugudu" || rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]''
| "Maja Maja" || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]||
|-
| ''[[Mazhai]]''
| "Mannile" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]]|| Sumangali ||
|-
| ''[[Mankatha]]''
| "Nee Naan" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| [[Bhavatharini]]||
|-
| ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
| "Oh Shanthi" || [[Harris Jayaraj]]|| [[Clinton Cerejo|Clinton]]||
|-
| ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]''
| "Oru Nanban" || [[A. R. Rahman]]|| [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]||
|-
| ''[[India Pakistan]]''
| "Oru Ponna Parthein Mama" || Deena Devarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
| "Please Sir" || [[A. R. Rahman]]|| [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Clinton, Kunal ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai 600028]]''
| "Yaro Yarukkul" || rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal 2 Kalyanam]]''
| "Vellaikodi" || ||
|-
| ''[[Udhayam NH4]]''
| "Maalai Pon Maalai" || [[G V Prakash Kumar]]|| [[Bela Shende]]||
|-
| ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''
| "Enakkaaga Poranthaayae" || [[Justin Prabhakaran]]|| Anu Anand||
|-
|''Love Express''
|"Kadhal Ennum"
|Gnani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thirudan Police]]''
| "Dheivam" || rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhthukal]]''
| "Unmela Aasapattu" || [[Anuradha Sriram]]||
|-
| ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]''
| "Felomina Ni Enthan" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]|| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mathangi]]||
|-
| ''[[Student Number 1]]'' '''(D)'''
| "Vizhamale irukka mudiyuma" || [[M. M. Keeravani]]|| [[K. S. Chithra]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Moone Moonu Varthai]]''
| "Pa Paba Pa" || rowspan="2" | [[Karthikeya Murthy]]|| Mukesh ||
|-
| "Ketta News" || Ilaiyaraja ||
|-
| ''Naan Pon Ondru Kanden''
| "Adiyae Enna Viraga" || [[Azhagar Ponraj]]|| ||
|-
|''Annakodi''
|"Porale"
|[[G V Prakash Kumar]]
|Manasi MM
|
|-
|''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' '''(D)'''
|"Ulagam engum Dhoni Yee"
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|"Oho endhan Baby"
| rowspan="2" |[[G V Prakash Kumar]]
|Bhavani Sre
|
|-
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
|"Manmadhan Naan Dhaana"
|
|
|-
|[[Appu (2000 film)|''Appu'']]
|"Punnagaiku"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh|Sukhwander singh]], Anupama deshpande
|
|-
|[[Aanandham|''Anandham'']]
|"Choodithandha"
|[[S. A. Rajkumar|SA Rajkumar]]
|Yugendran, [[Unni Menon]], Sujatha
|
|-
|[[Nilaave Vaa|''Nilave Vaa'']]
|"Chandira Mandalathai"
| rowspan="2" |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|
|-
|''[[Arasiyal]]''
|"Varai En thozhiyae"
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Shubha Mudgal]]
|
|-
|''[[Magalirkkaga]]''
|"Kosuvam Sorugi"
|Varshan
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|
|-
|''[[Aathi Narayana]]''
|"Thiruvizha (Happy New year)"
|[[Srikanth Deva]]
|Preethi, Samyuktha
|
|-
|''[[Savaale Samali]]''
|"Penne Penne"
|[[S. Thaman|Thaman]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]''
|"Kaaliyana Saalayil"
|Yatish Mahadev
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|
|-
|''[[Nalanum Nandhiniyum]]''
|"Vaadagai Koodu"
|Ashwath Naganathan
|[[Shreya Ghoshal|Shreya Ghosal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Moodar Koodam]]''
|"Achamillai"
| rowspan="2" |[[Natarajan Sankaran]]
|
|
|-
|"Oru Oorula"
|
|
|-
|''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]''
|"Oru Nayagan"
|[[Premgi Amaren|Premji Amaran]]
|[[Venkat Prabhu]], [[Premgi Amaren|Premji Amaren]]
|Remix
|-
|''[[Kallazhagar]]''
|"Oh Manalea"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|
|-
|''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]''
|"Raathiri Nadu Raathiri"
|Sirpy
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|
|-
|[[Om Namo Venkatesaya|''Akilandakodi Brahmandanayagan'']] '''(D)'''
|"Kamaniyam Suba Ramaniyam"
|[[M. M. Keeravani|Maragathamani]]
|
|
|-
|''Jairam'' '''(D)'''
|"Oh Manase"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|
|-
|[[Gajendra (2004 film)|''Gajendra'']]
|"Unnai Partha"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|Sharmila
|
|-
|''Meyyazhagi''
|"Empaera"
|SP Abhishek
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|
|-
|''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
|"Thulli Thuli"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|
|-
|[[Kannan Varuvaan (2000 film)|''Kannan Varuvan'']]
|"Kooda Mela Koodu Vechi"
|[[Sirpy]]
|[[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]], [[Yugendran]]
|
|-
|''Live Telecast (Web Series)''
|"Naam Indru"
|[[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]]
|
|
|-
|''Kutty Story - Lokham''
|"Nee Puthiradi"
|[[Premgi Amaren|Premgi]]
|
|
|-
|''Adida Melam''
|"Mangkuyilea Punkuyilae
|Abhishek
|Padmapriya
|
|-
|[[Pottu Amman (film)|''Pottu Amman'']]
|"Vennilave Vennilave"
|S. D. Shanthakumar
|Devi Kunjarambal, [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|
|-
|''[[Anbarivu]]''
|"Thanga Sela"
|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]'' '''(D)'''
|"Hey Sita"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar|Vishal chandrasekhar]]
|Sinduri
|
|-
|''Kodai''
|Nalladhey Nadakkum
|Subash Kavi
|
|
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
|"Mourniye"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|Harika Narayanan
|
|-
|''Buildup''
|"OttiVaarene"
|[[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
|
|
|-
|[[Rathnam (film)|''Rathnam'']]
|"Ethanaala" (Version II)"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
| Lyrics by [[Viveka]]
|-
|''[[Raghu Thatha]]''
|"Poruthhiru Selva"
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD (soundtrack)|Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|"Keshava Madhava" (Wait of Ashwatthama)
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Kozhipannai Chelladurai]]''
|"Yelay Yelay"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Saindhav]]''
|"Pooraname"
|Santhosh Narayanan
|
|
|-
|''[[Tourist Family]]''
|"Vaazhndhu Paaru"
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|
|Lyrics by [[Mohan Rajan]]
|-
|[[Madras Matinee]]
|"Kai Mel Nilavai"
|K.C.Balasarangan
|
|Lyrics by [[Snehan]]
|-
|[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]
|"Ena Senji Ena Senji"
|[[A. R. Rahman|A R Rahman]]
|
|Released in [[Sun NXT|SunNXt]]
|-
|''School''
|"Comparison Pannamale"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilayaraja]]
|[[Shweta Mohan|Swetha Mohan]], [[Haricharan]] , Srisha Vijayasekar, [[Priya Himesh|Priya Mali]]
|Seetha payanam Vazhvin payaname
|}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
|1988
!''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]''
|"Jum Tanana"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S.P.Balasubramanian]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997
! rowspan="3" |''Kurralla Rajyam''
|"Pe Pe Pelandi"
| rowspan="3" |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Murali
|-
|"Kusti Patee"
|-
|"Osi Pillo"
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|-
![[V. I. P. (1997 film)|''V.I.P'']]
|"Rekkalu Vachina"
|[[Ranjit Barot]]
|Harini
|-
!''Aho Brahma Oho Sishya''
|"Peeche Personality"
|[[Shashi Preetam|Sasi Preetam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1998
! rowspan="2" |''[[Daddy Daddy]]''
|"Love Paatalu"
| rowspan="2" |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| rowspan="2" |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]]
|-
|"Andhamaina Guvvalu"
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Swarnakka''
|"Thumparla Thumparla"
| rowspan="2" |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|
|-
|"Eelo Eennello"
|
|-
![[Jolly (film)|''Jolly'']]
|"Mustabayye Muddlula Gumma"
|Kavi
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |2000
!''[[Chiru Navvutho]]''
|"Ninnala Monnala"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''[[Alai Payuthey|Sakhi]]'' (D)
|"Kailove Chedugudu"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Naveen
|-
!''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]''
|"Bava Chandamamalu"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
!''[[Yuvakudu]]''
|"Maikam Kadidi"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Thenali]]''
|"Poredabatai"
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|S.P Pallavi
|-
|"Thenali"
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai|''Premani Cheppara'']] (D)
|"O Pilla Rasagulla"
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|Parthasarathi, Harini
|-
|Gayaale Geyaalai
|
|-
|Yededo Avuthunnadi
|Harini
|-
|Premakai Puttanu
|Harini
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Rupaayi''
|Bharatha Desam
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|Computer Computer
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2001
!''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''
|"Priyathama"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[Singer Usha|Usha]]
|-
!''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''
|"Ekkada Ekkada"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
!''[[12B]]'' (D)
|"O Punami Puvva"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Gopika Poornima]]
|-
!''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]''
|"Cheppave Prema"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
!''[[Chirujallu]]''
|Hai Rama
|
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S.P.B]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
!''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]''
|"Veeche Chirugaali"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
!''Pandanti Samsaram''
|"Hello Naa Cheli"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
!''[[Darling Darling (2001 film)|Darling Darling]]''
|"Vandamandi Brahmalanta"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]]
|-
!''Apuroopam''
|"Hyderabad babu"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2002
!''Manamiddaram''
|"Cheppaleni andalenno"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|
|-
!''[[Kalusukovalani]]''
|"Tala Talamani"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
!''[[Takkari Donga]]''
|"Bagundammo"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Singer Usha|Usha]]
|-
!''[[Manmadhudu]]''
|"Nenu Nenuga Lene"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
!''[[O Chinadana]]''
|"Vonti Meeda Pattu Koka"
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
!''[[Thotti Gang]]''
|"Nuvve Kaavali"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Sumangali
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Sreeram]]''
|"Monalisa"
| rowspan="2" |[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|
|-
|"Chinna Chitunavvutoti"
|[[Singer Usha|Usha]]
|-
!''[[M. M. Keeravani|Okato Number Kurradu]]''
|"Orey Nuvvu Naaku"
| rowspan="5" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| rowspan="18" |2003
!''[[Ee Abbai Chala Manchodu]]''
|"Kanipinchaavamma"
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Gangotri (2003 film)|''Gangotri'']]
|"Railu Bandi Railu"
|[[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]]
|-
|"Oka Thotalo Oka Kommalo"
|[[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
|-
|"Ganga Nijanga"
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
!''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]''
|"Sitakokamma"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
!''[[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]]''
|"Telugu Bhasha"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Evare Athagadu]]''
|"Ee Jagame Oka Aakasham"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|"Evaramma Athagadu"
|Sri Vardhini
|-
!''[[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]]''
|"I Love You"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''
|"Cheema Cheema"
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|Ganga
|-
|"Chiraku Anuko"
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
!''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (D)
|"Please Sir"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
!''[[Chantigadu]]''
|"Chirugalilaa"
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[Singer Usha|Usha]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]''
|"Muthyala Pallakilo"
| rowspan="3" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|"Mavagaru Pilla Nachindi"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], Pallavi
|-
!''[[Seetayya]]''
|"Adhishankarula"
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
!''[[Taarak]]''
|"Vennela Kala"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''[[Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu]]''
|"Swagathama"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|
![[Ottran|''Goodachari No 1'']]
|Tholi prema
|[[Pravin Mani]]
|[[Gopika Poornima]]
|-
| rowspan="18" |2004
![[Tapana (film)|''Tapana'']]
|"Gundello Penchukunna"
|Shambu Prasad
|Usha
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Gudumba Shankar]]''
|"Chiguraaku Chatu Chiluka"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
|"Emantaro"
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
![[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']]
|"Mellaga Karagani"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Sumangali
|-
![[Yagnam (2004 film)|''Yagnam'']]
|"Em Chesavo Naa Manasu"
| rowspan="3" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Samba (2004 film)|''Samba'']]
|"Tagilanidi Rabba"
|[[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]]
|-
|"Nandamuri Chandamama"
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
!''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadha]]'' (D)
|"Kadanna Preme"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
!''[[Sakhiya]]''
|"Vaana Vatsayana"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
!''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]''
|"Ammayi Bagundi"
|[[M. M. Srilekha]]
|
|-
!''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]''
|"Aey Pilla"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
!''[[Athade Oka Sainyam]]''
|"August Padihedu"
|
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
!''[[Vidyardhi]]''
|"Oke Okkasari"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''Shatruvu''
|"Only U"
|Madhukar
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Idho Taareeku''
|"Manasa Manasa"
| rowspan="2" |[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|Usha
|-
|"Santhoshamga"
|Nishma
|-
!''Kala''
|"Maru Mallechendu"
|Oruganti Dharmateja
|[[Febi Mani|Febi]]
|-
!''No''
|"College Kanne Pettaroi"
|Pappu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005
!''[[Allari Bullodu]]''
|"Andhamante Evaridi"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
!''[[Uday Kiran|Avunanna Kadanna]]''
|"Gudi Gantala"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[Singer Usha|Usha]]
|-
![[Dhairyam (2005 film)|''Dhairyam'']]
|"Neetho Cheppana"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|Sravani
|-
!''[[Modati Cinema]]''
|"Jallu Manada"
|Swaraj
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
!''[[Relax (film)|Relax]]''
|"Tholakarivo Kalavo"
|[[Ramana Gogula]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2006
!''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]''
|"Nee Venta Nene"
|[[Ajay–Atul]]
|[[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
|-
!''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]''
|"Yegire Mabbulalona" (Version l)
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
!''[[Nuvvu Nennu Prema]]'' (D)
|"Maja Maja Maaja"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
!''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''
|"Chaalu Chaalu"
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
|-
!''[[Roommates (2006 Telugu film)|Roommates]]''
|"Haire Haire Sarigama"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''Dongodi Pelli''
|"All Andhra"
|S.Raj Kiran
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
!''Maharajasri''
|"Suppose Nenu Puttakunte"
|M.M.Keeravani
|
|-
!''Chennai 600028/Kodithe Kottalira''
|"Evaro"(Friendship)
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja|Yuvan shankar Raja]]
|
|-
!''Brahma''
|Naaku Nuvvunte Chalu
|Krishna Sai
|K.S.Chithra
|-
!''State rowdy''
|Telusa Telusa
|[[M. M. Srilekha|MM Srilekha]]
|K.S.Chithra
|-
| rowspan="9" |2008
!''[[Swagatam]]''
|"Okarikokaru"
|[[R. P. Patnaik]]
|[[Madhushree]]
|-
!''[[Surya s/o Krishnan]]'' (D)
|"Om Shanti Shanti"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|Kriss
|-
![[Silambattam (film)|''Maa Vaadu'']]
|"Vacha Vacha"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja|Yuvan shankar Raj]]
|Sumangali
|-
![[Ontari (film)|''Ontari'']]
|"Cheppalanundhi"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''Karthikamasam''
|Nevu Leni Vela
|Lakshmi Vinayak
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayee]]
|-
!''Bhuma''
|Changubhalaa Chandrakala
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[K. S. Chithra|K.S.Chithra]]
|-
![[Mr. Medhavi|''Mr.Medhavi'']]
|"Neeli Kanula Chinadana"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|Kousalya
|-
![[Sarojaninagar|''Saroja(D)'']]
|"Aaja Meri Soniye"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
!''Naa Anevadu''
|"Chilakamma Rave"
|Saketh Sairam
|[[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| 2009
!''[[Kasko]]''
|"Nachchavey"
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|[[Saindhavi]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
![[Angadi Theru|''Shopping Mall'']]
|"Thana Roopam"
|[[Vijay Antony|VijayAnthony]]
| -
|-
![[Paiyaa|''Awaara'']]
|"Yedho"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Naanayam|''Padmavyuham(D)'']]
|"Andinantha Dochayi"
| rowspan="2" |[[James Vasanthan]]
|[[Ranjith (singer)|KG Ranjith]]
|-
|"Virise roja poove needi"
|[[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
|2011
!''Pilla Dorikithe Pelli''
|"Siri Siri Muvva (Gundello)"
|Bombay Bhole
|Harini
|-
|2012
![[Mugamoodi|''Mask'']]
|"Naataina"
|[[K (composer)|Krishna Kumar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
!''Callcenter''
|"Tellani Megaalu"
|Sai Karthik
|
|-
!''Mallikalustha''
|Etelli Pothundo Manasu
|Usha
|
|-
!''NH4''
|"Neelakasham"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G.V.Prakash]]
|Pooja
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
!''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]''
|"Oka Laila Kosam"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|Divya
|-
!''[[Aaaah (film)|Aaaah]]'' (D)
|Anthala meda
|[[Sam C. S.|Sam CS]]
|
|-
![[Vadacurry|''Kulfi'']] (D)
|Unmadivai
|Vivek siva, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Mervin Solomon
|
|-
|2015
!''[[Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini]]''
|"Madana Mohana"
|Hari
|Pranavi
|-
|2016
!''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
|"Prathi Gaalilo Dhoni yee"
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|
|-
|2018
!''[[Inttelligent]]''
|"Chamak Chamak"(Remix)
|[[S. Thaman]]
|Harini Ivaturi
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
!''Ippudu Kaaka Inkeppudu''
|"Kannulo Thadi Rusuva"
|Sahityyasagar
|
|-
!''[[Akhanda]]''
|"Adigaa Adigaa"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|M L Sruthi
|-
!''[[Annaatthe|Peddhanna]]''
|"Annayya Annayya"
|[[D. Imman|D.Imman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
!''[[Induvadana]]''
|"Kallalloki Kallu Petti Chudu"
|Shiva Kakani
|[[Sahithi]]
|-
!''[[Panchathantram]]''
|"Arere Arere"
|[[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|[[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|"Hey Raama"
| rowspan="3" |[[Vishal Chandrashekhar|Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|[[Ramya Behara]]
|-
|"Inthandham"
|
|-
|"Inthandham"(Reprise)
|
|-
!''Darja''
|"Vellipove Vellipove"
|Rap Rock Shakeel
|
|-
!''First Day First Show''
|"Ode to Cinema"
|[[Radhan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
![[Amigos (film)|''Amigos'']]
|"Ennorathrulu"(Remix)
|[[Ghibran]]
|
|-
!''IPL (It's Pure Love)''
|"Naatho Nadiche"
|Vengi
|
|-
!''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]''
|"Choti Choti"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
!''[[Annapurna Photo Studio]]''
|"Rangamma"
|Prince Henry
|
|-
!''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|"UyyaaloUyyaala"
|[[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
!''[[Saindhav]]''
|"Bujjikondave"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
!''Shantala''
|"Cheli Mohame"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar|Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2024
|''Jayamundhi Bhayamela Manasaa''
|"Ye Kastam"
|Kalyan Nayak
|
|-
!''Samudrudu''
|"Kola Kalla Vasari"
|Subash Anand
|
|-
![[Aarambham (2024 film)|''Aarambham'']]
|"Anaga Anaga"
|Sinjith Yerramilli
|
|-
!''[[Purushothamudu]]''
|"Pacha Pachani"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
!''Sandeham''
|"Manase Marala"
|Subash Anand
|K. Pranati
|-
!''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (D)
|Ninni Kanna Kanulae
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
![[Aa Okkati Adakku (2024 film)|''Aa Okkati Adakku'']]
|"Mangalyam"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|Ramya Behara
|-
![[Narudi Brathuku Natana|''Narudi Brathuku Natana'']]
|"Kalaa Nuvve"
|NYX Lopez
|
|-
![[Bachchala Malli|''Bachhala Malli'']]
|"Ade Nenu Asalu Lenu"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar|Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|[[Ramya Behara]]
|-
![[Viduthalai Part 2|''Vidudala Part 2'']] (D)
|"Manasulo"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilaiyaraja]]
|[[Ananya Bhat]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2025
!''[[Sahakutumbaanaam]]''
|"Sahakutumbaanam"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Shrutika Samudhrala
|-
!''Artiste''
|"Navvy Naa oopirive"
|Suresh Bobbili
|
|-
!''[[Katha Kamamishu]]''
|"Thaddim Dhirana"
|RR Dhruva
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Shashtipoorthi]]''
|"Iru Kanula Kanula"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|Vibavari
|-
|"Ottu Petti Raaja"
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|
|-
!''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''
|"Oka Merupu"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Shashaa Tirupati|Shashaa Tirupathi]]
|-
!''[[Kishkindhapuri]]''
|"Needi Naadi O chiru Lokam"
|[[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
|
|-
![[Akhanda 2|''Akhanda 2'']]
|"Hara Hara"
|[[Thaman S]]
|[[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
|-
!''[[Mario (2025 film)|Mario]]''
|"Haayi Haayigaa"
|[[Rakendu Mouli]]
|Vinaita Sivakumar
|-
|2026
!''Itlu Mee Yedhava''
|" Unnata Mari Lenatta"
|[[R. P. Patnaik|RP Patnaik]]
|Shruthika Samudhrala
|}

=== Hindi ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
! Song
!Composer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005|| rowspan="3" | ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' '''(D)'''
| "Devuda Devuda - Devare Devare" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| "Athindom -Kali ho tum koi mehki re mehki" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| "Annanoda Pattu - Shart Mila Laga Paise" || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
|2003
|[[Boys (2003 film)|''Boys'']] '''(D)'''
|"Please Sir"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|2024
|[[Saindhav]] (D)
|Laado Meri
|[[Santhosh Narayanan|Santosh Narayanan]]
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bhoomi Geetha]]''
|"Are Kamali Kamali"
| rowspan="5" |[[Ilaiyaraaja|Illayaraja]]
|[[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha Updrashta]]
|-
|"Goroo Gorookanna"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
| rowspan="3" |''Hoomale''
|"Jhum Jhum Jhenkarava"
|[[Manjula Gururaj]]
|-
|"O Mahaniyare"
|[[Manjula Gururaj]], [[Raju Ananthaswamy]]
|-
|"Hennigondu Gandu Beku"
|[[Manjula Gururaj]], [[Raju Ananthaswamy]], [[Chandrika Gururaj]], [[B. Jayashree]], [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]
|-
|1999
|''Maha Edabidangi''
|"Usheya Udayadaa"
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|SPB, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
|-
|2024
|Kalki 2898 AD
|"Keshava Madhava"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|}

=== Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Co-singer(s)
|-
|2023
|14 February
|Anthikoru Kallu
|Vijay Chambath
|M Ajithkumar
|-
|2024
|Kalki 2898 AD '''(D)'''
|"Keshava Madhava"
|[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|
|-
|2025
|[[Hridayapoorvam]]
|Hridayavathil
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|
|}

=== Independent songs ===
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Album
!Composer
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|Vaanindru - Kural 11
|The Thirukkural 1330
|[[Lydian Nadhaswaram|LydianNadhaswaram]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|Gana Gana Ganapathy
|[[Saregama]]
|M Esakkiappan
|Telugu
|[[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh Mohammed]]
|-
|Gana Gana Ganapathy
|[[Saregama]]
|M Esakkiappan
|Tamil
|[[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh Mohammed]]
|-
|Kalyana Vaibhogamey
|
|Symonpeter Chevuri
|Telugu
|[[Sireesha Baghavatula]]
|-
|Manthralaya mahan
|
|Sriraman
|Tamil
|
|-
|Guru Raghavendraaya Namah
|
|Sriraman
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|The Ayodhya anthem
|Homecoming
|[[Darbuka Siva]]
|Telugu
|Released on account of Ayodhya Ram Pranaprathistha
|-
|Jillellamudi Amma
|
|Tangilra Ravindra kumar
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Saadhinchanu
|"Desh seva ki kasam"
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
|Telugu
|Vijay Prakash, Sunitha, Bombay Jayshri
|-
|Thelugintamma Velingintamma
|Krishna Tharangalu
|[[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
|Telugu
|[[Gopika Poornima|Gopika Purnima]]
|-
|Enna Meera
|
|Ravi Visvanathan
|Baduga
|
|-
|Naa Madilo
|C NA RE Geetha Raagini
|Sai Madhukar
|Telugu
|[[C. Narayana Reddy|C Narayana Reddy]] lyrics. JAn 2022 release
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021
|Sri Guru Datta Saranam
|Jai Guru Datta
|Santhi Sri
|Telugu
|[[S. P. Sailaja|S.P Shailaja]], Phani Narayana
|-
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|
|Vidya Sagar Nagavelli
|Telugu
|
|-
|Pramidainaa
|RaagaSudha
|Surendra Dara
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|Christian marriage
|Peace in Christ
|Johnson Victor
|
|-
|Ninadinchu Hrudaya Ravali
|
|Deena Devarajan
| rowspan="2" |Tribute to S.P.B
|-
|Endhan Nenjelam Unadhu Ninaivugal
|
|Deena Devarajan
|Tamil
|-
|Ammayemo Aakaasam lekka
|Oohala Pallaki
|Murthy Nookala
|Telugu
|
|-
|Jai Jawan
|
|[[Subhodhayam]] Media
|Tamil
|
|-
|Gaanapatyudanu Nenu
|Naada Yogamu
|Parthu Nemani
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|Nemali Kantam
|Vayyaram
|Krishna Teja
|
|-
| [Salute | సెల్యూట్
|
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|
|-
|Tarala Tarala Tarangini
|
|Sri Madhavapeddi Sureshchandra
|
|-
|KALAGANTI KALAGANTI
|
|JONAH SAMUEL
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Naadha Naadha
|
| rowspan="2" |Maartin Manayani
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
|-
|Naadha Varoo
|
|
|-
|2017
|Kula Pichodni
|Christmas Koila
|YP.Jadson
|Telugu
|
|-
|2014
|Entha Bagyavanthulu
|Dhanyosmi
|
|Telugu
|S P Pallavi
|-
|2016
|[[Spirit of Chennai]]
|
|C.Girinath
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|Produced by [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|Ellam Sai
|
|K S Deekshith
|
|-
|Nalo Tolisariga
| rowspan="2" |Nalo Tolisariga
| rowspan="2" |M S Naveen Kumar
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|Priyathama Ila
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|Baarayya Sri Guruve
|
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|Settu Putta Datukuntu
| rowspan="2" |Om Om Ayappa
| rowspan="2" |N Surya Prakash
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
|Enni metlu enni metlu
|
|-
|2010
|Nee enge en thaaiye
|Planet Galatta
|[[Premgi Amaren|Premgi amaren]]
|Tamil
|Murali Krishna, Praveen KL, [[Gangai Amaran|Gangai Amaren]],
TantaTubeTV.com
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|Singapore Thaadi mama
|Beauty
| rowspan="2" |[[Jai (actor)|Jai]]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|Pushpavanam Kuppusamy, [[Harish Raghavendra|Harish Ragavendra]]
|-
|1 4 3 Kadalikku
|Lover's Special
|Shalini
|-
|2005
|Anbennum Mandiram
|Deiva thaai - Divine Mother
|[[Gangai Amaran|Gangai amaren]]
|Tamil
|Gita Cassette
|-
|2003
|Annai Neeyum
|Amma The Mother
|[[Gangai Amaran|Gangai amaren]]
|Tamil
|Yugendran, [[Venkat Prabhu]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2002
|O Sai Maa Sai
|Shirdi Puravasa
|
|Telugu
|Aditya Music
|-
|Malligai Poovil
| rowspan="5" |Kamban oru Kannile
| rowspan="5" |[[Devan Ekambaram|Devan Ekambaran]]
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|Sony Music Entertainment, Devan Ekambaram
|-
|Unakkagave
|Sheel
|-
|Flight 283
| rowspan="2" |Devan ekambaram
|-
|Lost on My Way
|-
|Thirumagal
|
|-
|2001
|Sandanala Devaradu
|Sri Varamahalakshmi Narasimha
|
|Telugu
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[2nd Vijay Awards|2008]]
|[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Chennai 600028]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[59th National Film Awards|2011]]
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2011
|[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Ayyayo from [[Aadukalam]]
|Won
|
|-
|[[6th Vijay Awards|2012]]
|[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]''
|Won
|
|-
|2013
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|"Enakkaaga Poranthaayae" (from ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'')
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 July 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|"Oh Sita Hey Rama" (from [[Sita Ramam (soundtrack)|''Sita Ramam'']])
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Filmfare Awards South
|Best Male Playback Singer - Telugu
|"Inthandham" (from [[Sita Ramam]])
|Nominated
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1335574}}
* {{Instagram|spbcharan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charan, S. P.}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]

National Commission to review the working of the Constitution

2026-03-17T08:52:41Z

Vishal5555: content fix

{{Short description|2000–2002 Indian government commission}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
The '''National Commission to review the working of the Constitution''' (NCRWC), also known as '''JMNR Venkatachaliah Commission''', was set up by a resolution of the [[Government of India]] led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s [[National Democratic Alliance]] in February 2000 for suggesting possible amendments to the [[Constitution of India]]. It submitted its report in 2002.

== Background ==
The commission was formed on 1 February 2000. It was reported that former [[Chief Justice of India]], [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]], would chair the commission, and that it would comprise ten other members, which would include one member-secretary, and "nine other members from various walks of life concerning constitutional background". The names had not been finalized at the announcement of the commission being formed. When asked if it would be called a commission or committee, [[Minister of Law and Justice]] [[Ram Jethmalani]] stated that "it will be called a commission .... a national commission."<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice Venkatachaliah to head statute review panel |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/panel.htm |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 February 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000613202301/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/panel.htm |archive-date=13 June 2000}}</ref>

===Terms of reference===
The terms of reference given to the Commission stated that it shall examine, in the light of the experience of the past fifty years, as to how best the Constitution can respond to the changing needs of efficient, smooth and effective system of governance and socio-economic development of modern India within the framework of parliamentary democracy, and to recommend changes, if any, that are required in the provisions of the Constitution without interfering with its 'basic structure' or 'basic features'.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/ncrwcreport.htm |title=Ncrwc - Final Report |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212022043/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/ncrwcreport.htm |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Composition==
The 11-member commission was headed by former Chief Justice of India Justice M. N. Venkatachaliah.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218152639/http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/article1316355.ece Judicial reforms cannot ignore public perceptions – The New Indian Express]</ref> The other members of the commission were:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laxmikanth |first=M |title=Indian Polity for Civil Services Examination |publisher=Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited |year=2012 |location=New Delhi |pages=64.16}}</ref>

* B. P. Jeevan Reddy, Chairman of the Law Commission
* [[Ranjit Singh Sarkaria]], Former Judge of the Supreme Court of India
* K. Punnayya, Former Judge of Andhra Pradesh High Court
* [[Soli Sorabjee]], Attorney-General of India
* [[K. Parasaran]], Former Attorney-General of India
* [[Subhash C. Kashyap]], Former Secretary-General of Lok Sabha
* [[C. R. Irani]], Chief Editor & Managing Director of the Statesman
* [[Abid Hussain]], Former Ambassador of India to the USA
* [[Sumitra Kulkarni]], Former Member of Parliament
* [[P. A. Sangma]], Former Speaker of Lok Sabha

==Report==
The commission was asked to complete its work and make recommendations within one year. After three extensions, the Commission submitted its report on 31 March 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/ncrwcreport.htm |title=NCRWC - Final Report |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212022043/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/ncrwcreport.htm |archive-date=12 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The report comprises 1979 pages in two-volumes was received by Law and Justice Minister [[Arun Jaitley]]. Volume I contains the recommendations while Volume II (divided in Books 1, 2 & 3) consists of detailed consultation papers, background papers, details of deliberations and the report of its drafting and editorial committee dividing into three books.

===Volume I===
#Introduction 1
#Basic Approach and Perspective
#Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties
#Electoral Processes and Political Parties
#Parliament and State Legislatures
#Executive and Public Administration
#The Judiciary
#Union-State Relations
#Decentralization and Devolution
#Pace of Socio-Economic Change
#[http://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/chapter%2011.pdf Summary of Recommendations]

<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume1.htm |title=Report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the {{as written|Cons|itution [sic]}} |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405000119/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Volume II===

====Book 1====
#Gazette Notifications
#Advisory Panels
#Consultation Papers
##Enlargement of Fundamental Rights
##Pace of Socio-Economic Change under the Constitution
##Literacy in the context of the Constitution of India
##Social Security and Employment
##Effectuation of Fundamental Duties of Citizens
##Review of the Working of Political Parties specially in relation to Elections and Reform Options
##Review of Election Law, Processes and Reform Options
##Immunity of Legislators: What do the words ‘in respect of anything said or any vote given by him’ in article 105(2) signify?
##Efficacy of Public Audit System in India: C&AG
##Probity in Governance
##Liability of State in Tort
##Superior Judiciary
##All India Judicial Service
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume2book1.htm |title=Contents |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405034442/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume2book1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Book 2====
#Consultation Papers (Contd.)
##Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary
##Constitutional Mechanism for the settlement of Inter-State Disputes
##Treaty-making power under our Constitution
##The Institution of Governor under the Constitution
##Article 356 of the Constitution
##Review of the Working of the Constitutional Provisions for Decentralisation (Panchayats)
##Decentralization and Municipalities
##Empowering and Strengthening local self-government in Cantonments
##Empowerment and Strengthening of Panchayat Raj Institutions/ Autonomous District Councils/Traditional tribal governing institutions in North East India
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume2book2.htm |title=Contents |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405034250/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume2book2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Book 3====
#Background Papers
##Working of Parliament and Need for Reforms
##Some ideas in Governance
##Concurrent Power of Legislation under List III of the Indian Constitution
##Fiscal and Monetary Policies
##Barriers to Inter-State Trade & Commerce – The Case of Road Transport
##Article 262 and Inter-State Disputes relating to Water
##Pace of Socio-Economic Change and Development under the Constitution
#List of Organisations/Individuals who sent representations to the Commission
#List of Organisations/individuals who responded to the Consultation Papers/Questionnaires issued by the Commission
#List of Organisations/Delegations/individuals who interacted with the Commission
#List of Seminars sponsored by the Commission
#Minutes of meetings of the Commission
#Report of the Drafting and Editorial Committee
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume2book3.htm |title=Contents |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405000406/http://lawmin.nic.in/ncrwc/finalreport/volume2book3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Implementation==
The recommendations have not been accepted by consecutive governments.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Governors-and-guidelines/article10753822.ece | title=Governors and guidelines | first=P. S. Ramamohan | last=Rao | date=2 April 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=8 November 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:2000 in India]]

Raampur Ka Lakshman

2026-03-12T10:59:11Z

Vishal5555: clean up

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raampur Ka Lakshman
| image = Raampur Ka Lakshman.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manmohan Desai]]
| producer = A.A Nadiadwala
| writer =
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Randhir Kapoor]] [[Rekha]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| music = [[R.D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Sudhin Majumdar
| editing = Kamlakar Karkhanis
| studio =
| distributor = A.G Films Pvt.Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1972|08|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Raampur Ka Lakshman''''' is a 1972 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance drama film]] directed by [[Manmohan Desai]]. The film was remade in 1978 in Tamil, titled as ''[[Mangudi Minor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-20 |title=44 Years Of Rajinikanth's Mangudi Minor And That Special Song From The Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/44-years-of-rajinikanths-mangudi-minor-and-that-special-song-from-the-film-5214679.html |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=News18 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613143612/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/44-years-of-rajinikanths-mangudi-minor-and-that-special-song-from-the-film-5214679.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Kedarnath Bhargav, his wife, Laxmi, and two sons, Ram and Lakshman, are homeless. While traveling, their train derails, and the family is separated into three groups. Laxmi works as a maidservant in the house of Bombay's mayor and his daughter, Rekha. Ram is abducted by a career criminal. Kedarnath and Lakshman are together. Ratanlal Verma, a kind-hearted man with a son named Prakash, comes to Lakshman's rescue, is run over by a truck, and is crippled. Kedarnath and Lakshman relocate to Ratanlal's village, Raampur, and they live together as one family.

Years later, Prakash grows up and moves to Mumbai, where he finds employment with a jeweler. When Ratanlal does not hear from him for two months, he asks Lakshman to go to Mumbai and ensure that Prakash is all right. Upon arrival in Bombay, Lakshman finds out that Prakash has been arrested by the police for killing a man named Kundan Kumar. He is subsequently found guilty and sentenced to be hanged. Lakshman takes it upon himself to find out who actually killed Kundan. He dons the disguise of Louis D'Souza and gets himself enrolled in the Serpent Gang. Lakshman does not know that Kumar, the leader of this gang is none other than his brother Ram. When Laxman finds out, he must make a choice & mdash; whether to let innocent Prakash go to the gallows or to turn his own brother in to be hanged until death.

Kumar later discovers that he is Laxman's brother, but is fatally shot in a fight. Before dying, he pens up a confession and asks Laxman to never reveal to their mother that her elder son Ram turned out to be a criminal. In the end, Prakash is released, and Laxman marries Rekha.

== Cast ==
*[[Randhir Kapoor]] as Laxman Bhargav
*[[Rekha]] as Rekha Chaudhary
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Ram Bhargav / Kumar
*[[Padma Khanna]] as Julie
*[[Ranjeet (actor)|Ranjeet]] as Peter
*[[Manmohan Krishan]] as Kedarnath Bhargav
*[[Sulochana Latkar]] as Laxmi Bhargav
*[[Raj Mehra]] as Mayor Chaudhary
*[[Roopesh Kumar]] as Chhaganlal Pandey
*[[Ramesh Deo]] as Prakash Verma
*[[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]] as Ratanlal Verma
*[[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] as Cabaret Dancer
*[[Shyam Kumar]] as Louis D'Souza
*[[Viju Khote]] as Micheal
*[[Ramayan Tiwari]] as BB ,Ram's Abductor
*[[Bhushan Tiwari]] as Bhushan
*Ranvir Raj as Police Inspector Dharmesh

== Music ==
The song "Kaahe Apnon Ke" samples the ''Romance'' theme from the ''[[Lieutenant Kijé]] Suite'' by Russian composer [[Sergei Prokofiev]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-s-d-burman-interlude-and-an-r-d-burman-bhajan-both-originated-from-a-russian-song |title=How S.D. Burman Interlude And An R.D. Burman Bhajan Both Originated From A Russian Song |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=11 December 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=11 December 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214071514/https://www.filmcompanion.in/how-s-d-burman-interlude-and-an-r-d-burman-bhajan-both-originated-from-a-russian-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Rampur Ka Vasi Hoon"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Kaahe Apnon Ke" (Solo)
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Kaahe Apnon Ke Kaam Nahin Aaye Tu" (Duet)
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Gum Hai Kisi Ke Pyar Mein Dil Subah Sham"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Pyar Ka Samay Kam Hai Jahan, Ladte Hain Log Kaise Wahan, Kyun Mere Yaar"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Albela Re Ruk Jana"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Sanwla Rang Hai Mera"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0214042}}

{{Manmohan Desai}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manmohan Desai]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Railway Koduru

2026-03-09T02:34:43Z

Vishal5555:

{{other uses|Koduru (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Railway Koduru
| native_name = Vemaluru
| native_name_lang = Telugu, English
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Koduru
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupati district]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Koduru mandal,Tirupati district|Kodur mandal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = [[panchayath]]
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Aarava Sreedhar(JSP)
| leader_title1 = [[Parliament of India|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[P. V. Midhun Reddy]](YSRCP)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 10
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 190
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516101
| area_code = 08566
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = AP04/AP39/AP40
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.9569|N|79.3506|E|display=inline,title}}
| demographics1_info1 = Telugu
| demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
{{check|date=September 2018}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Railway Station]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Koduru railway station]]
}}
'''Railway Koduru''' is a town in [[Tirupati district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], located in the [[Rayalaseema]] Region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Divisions and Mandals|url=http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm|website=Official website of YSR Kadapa District|publisher=National Informatics Centre- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706135607/http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm|archive-date=6 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Assembly constituency==
Railway Koduru is an [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] reserved assembly constituency in [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=11 October 2014|page=22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Towns in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]

Srivari Chandrasekhar

2026-03-08T18:25:48Z

Vishal5555: Adding article

{{short description|Indian scientist (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Srivari Chandrasekhar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|3|9}}
| field = Chemist
| education = PhD Organic Chemistry, Osmania University
| work_institution = Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM)
| known_for =
| prizes = CSIR Technology Award (2021), Infosys Prize (2014), CNR Rao National Prize for Chemical Research (2012), [[Infosys Prize]] (2014)
}}

'''Srivari Chandrasekhar''' (born 9 March 1964) is an Indian scientist working in the area of [[Synthetic organic chemistry|Synthetic Organic Chemistry]]. He is currently serving as an advisor to PI Industries, and a distinguished professor at [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management]] (GITAM), and was previously the director of CSIR-[[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], ([[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]) Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India and former Secretary of the Ministry of Science and Technology, under the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rich.telangana.gov.in/Dr-S-Chandrasekhar.html|title=Dr. S Chandrasekhar |website=Rich Telangana |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://serb.gov.in/assets/pdf/board/Membership%20Form.pdf|title=Science and Engineering Research Board Members |website= SERB.Gov.In |accessdate=20 May 2025}}</ref>

Known for his contribution to various areas of chemistry, synthesis of [[pharmaceutical products]] and other [[biologically active]] natural products, Chandrasekhar is a fellow of all the three Indian Science academies, i.e., [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2011004 |title= Dr. Srivari Chandrasekhar’s Profile |website=Indian Academy of Sciences |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref>
[[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nasi.org.in/subject/chandrasekhar-srivari/
|title= Dr. Srivari Chandrasekhar’s Profile |website=National Academy of Sciences |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> and [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/hyderabad-scientist-elected-as-fellow-of-insa/articleshow/44925175.cms?from=mdr
|title= Hyderabad scientist elected as fellow of INSA |website=Economic Times, India Times |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref>

In 2014, Chandrasekhar won the [[Infosys Prize]] in [[Physical Sciences]] for his contributions to synthetic organic chemistry with special focus on the synthesis of complex molecules from natural sources.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2014/srivari-chandrasekhar.html|title=Infosys Prize Laureate - Dr. Srivari Chandrasekhar |website=Infosys Prize |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Born on 9 March 1964, Srivari Chandrasekhar did his bachelor's degree in science in 1982 and master's degree in science with a major in [[organic chemistry]] in 1985 from Osmania University. Subsequently, he enrolled for doctoral studies at IICT (awarded by [[Osmania University]]) and secured a Ph.D. degree in 1991. His [[Postdoctoral studies|post-doctoral studies]] were at the [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center|University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre]], [[Dallas, USA]], and the [[University of Göttingen|University of Goettingen]], [[Germany]] as [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]].

He joined CSIR-IICT as a scientist in 1994 and became director in 2015. Later, he was appointed as the director of the DST in 2021, took charge of the DST on 13 December 2021. He served until 10 July 2023. During his tenure as a Secretary at DST, he led some of the major projects, including India's National Quantum Mission, aimed at developing quantum computing capabilities in laboratories and companies across India. And ANRF <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/science-secretary-s-chandrasekhar-to-prematurely-demit-office/article66979889.ece |title=Science Secretary Srivari Chandrasekhar demits office, cites personal reasons |website=The Hindu |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref>

== Research ==

Chandrasekhar's research focuses on the synthesis of organic compounds, biologically active natural products, especially of marine origin, and the development of ecologically viable [[green technologies]] useful for industrial applications in the pharmaceutical sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.ndtv.com/south/hyderabad-scientist-selected-for-cnr-rao-national-prize-480049|title=Hyderabad scientist selected for CNR Rao National Prize
|website=NDTV |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref> His research led to the use of [[polyethylene glycol]] (PEG) as a [[Green chemistry|Green Chemistry]] solution, synthesis of scarcely available natural products with important biological activity, and new molecular entities for affordable healthcare. For instance, he developed technologies for the synthesis of [[bedaquiline]] (an anti-tuberculosis drug), misoprostol (an anti-tumor drug that helps treat stomach ulcers), [[Asenapine|asenapine]] (drug for the treatment of schizophrenia), [[sertraline]] (antidepressant compound), and other drugs at a lower cost to make them affordable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/first-science-czar-midway-departure-in-decades-top-official-returns-to-csir/cid/1945901#goog_rewarded |title=First Science Czar Midway Departure in Decades,Top Official Returns to CSIR|website=Telegraph India |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/union-science-and-technology-secretary-to-demit-office-6-months-before-tenure-ends-1228728.html|title=Union Science and Technology Secretary to demit office 6 months before tenure ends |website=Deccan Herald |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==

Among the awards he has received for his research are:

* CSIR Technology Award (2014, 2020 and 2021)
* Eminent Scientist Award in the field of chemistry from Telangana State Government (2017)
* Listed in The [[Asian Scientist 100]], the honor is bestowed by the English language science and technology magazine [[Asian Scientist]] (2016)
* Infosys Prize (2014)
* CNR Rao National Prize for Chemical Research (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.ndtv.com/south/hyderabad-scientist-selected-for-cnr-rao-national-prize-480049|title=Hyderabad scientist selected for CNR Rao National Prize
|website=NDTV |accessdate=15 May 2025}}</ref>
* Ranbaxy Research Award (2010)
* NASI-Reliance Industries Platinum Jubilee Award (2008)
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=4-z2dwIAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar Profile]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekhar, Srivari}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]

Masala (2012 film)

2026-03-04T09:47:56Z

Vishal5555: adjusted page additionally and improved wording

{{short description|2012 Marathi-language Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Masala
|image = Masala (2012 film) poster.jpg
|caption = Film poster
|director = Sandesh Kulkarni
|producer = [[Girish Kulkarni]] [[Umesh vinayak Kulkarni]]
|starring = [[Girish Kulkarni]] [[Amruta Subhash]] [[Mohan Agashe]] [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] [[Shashank Shende]] [[Pravin Tarde]] [[Neha Shitole]]
|cinematography =
|music = Anand Modak
|released = {{Film date|2012|04|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/masala-review.php|title='Masala' offers a tasty recipe to Marathi audience|date=20 April 2012}}</ref>}}
|country = India
|language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''Masala''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: मसाला) is a 2012 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] directed by Sandesh Kulkarni and written by [[Girish Kulkarni]]. It is Kulkarni's directorial debut. The film is loosely based on the life story of Hukmichand Chordia of [[Pravin Masalewale]] fame.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Masalewale tale|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/The-Masalewale-tale/articleshow/1976724399.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==

A couple is forced to repeatedly move in search of sustainable business ventures. They live in constant fear of meeting their creditors, whose money they spent in unfruitful investments. When the couple meets another couple, things start changing for the better by following the wise counsel of their new acquaintances. The latter part of the movie showcases these changes.

== Reception ==

The movie was well received by the audience and appreciated by [[Film Critics – India|critics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: 'Masala' (Marathi)|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-masala-marathi-1678428|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Girish Kulkarni]]
* [[Amruta Subhash]]
* [[Mohan Agashe]]
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]]
* [[Shashank Shende]]
* [[Pravin Tarde]]
* [[Neha Shitole]]
* [[Alok Rajwade]]
* [[Om Bhutkar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2400399}}

[[Category:2012 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Modak]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Bandhavyalu

2026-03-03T20:33:35Z

Vishal5555: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandhavyalu
| image = Bandhavyalu.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
| producer = Badeti Satya Narayana & Putta Venkata Rao
| writer = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]]
| narrator =
| starring = S. V. Ranga Rao [[Dhulipala]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[V. Nagayya]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| music = [[Saluri Hanumantha Rao]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Bandhavyalu''''' is a 1968 Telugu film produced and directed by [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]. The film is a remake of the Tamil movie [[Kan Kanda Deivam]] and also launched the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] foray for the South female superstar, [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2018-07-02 |title=S V Ranga Rao @ 100 : A golden standard for the craft |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-v-ranga-rao-100-a-golden-standard-for-the-craft/article24311031.ece |access-date=2022-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ranga Rao is the landlord in a village. He lives with his brother Dhulipala. Savithri, wife of Dhulipala, takes care of the daily chores very well. They have three sons, who study in town.

It is the story of the relations and bonding between family members. Ranga Rao's family and Rajnal's family are neighbors. Ranga Rao has a brother. His brother and his wife are very kind at heart and their family is a very organized family, but Rajnal's brother Suryam (Chandra Mohan) is very angry with his brother and doesn't support him in anything. The film shows differences in bonding between a healthy related family and a weakly related family.

==Cast==
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
* [[Dhulipala]] ... Brother of the main character
* [[V. Nagayya]] ... Acharyulu
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]...Suryam
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] (debut) ... Lakshmi
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] ... Sister-in-Law of main character
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao]]...Panakala Swamy
* [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]]...Gopalam
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]...Shatakopam

==Crew==
* '''Director''': [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
* '''Producers''': Badeti Satyanarayana, Putta Venkat Rao and S. V. Ranga Rao
* '''Production Company''': [[S.V.R. Films]]
* '''Dialogues''': [[D. V. Narasa Raju]]
* '''Lyricist''': [[C. Narayana Reddy]], [[Kosaraju Raghavaiah]]
* '''Music Director''': [[Saluri Hanumantha Rao]]
* '''Playback singers''': [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[P. Susheela]]

==Songs==
The lyrics were written by C. Narayanaya Reddy and Kosaraju Raghavaiah. The music score was composed by Saluri Hanumanta Rao. The playback singers were Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, B. Vasanta and P. Susheela.
* "Atu Gantala Motalu Gana Gana" (Singers: Ghantasala and B. Vasantha; Cast: Chandramohan and Lakshmi)
* "Avvai Suvai" (Singers: Ghantasala and [[P. Susheela]]; Cast: Chandramohan and Lakshmi)
* "Maa Raitu Baabayya"
* "Manchitanaaniki" (Singer: [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]])
* "Tuvvayi Tuvvayi"

==Awards==
* Badeti Satyanarayana & Putta Venkata rao won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Nandi Award for Best Feature Film - Gold]] in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0260724}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Hanumantha Rao]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

{{1960s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Holi (2002 film)

2026-03-03T18:05:51Z

Vishal5555: expanded details per sources

{{Short description|2002 Telugu film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Holi
| image = Holi (2002 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = SVN Vara Prasad
| producer = N Surya Prakasa Rao
| writer = SVN Vara Prasad
| starring = [[Uday Kiran]] [[Richa Pallod]]
| cinematography = Sarath [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Shankar
| studio = SP Creations
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|8|30}}
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Holi''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic drama film written and directed by SVN Vara Prasad. It stars [[Uday Kiran]] and [[Richa Pallod]] in the lead roles.

== Plot ==
Kiran works at a software firm and lives with his supportive family, including his parents, brother, and sister-in-law, who strongly believe in the idea of love marriage. Inspired by their experiences, Kiran begins to see love marriage as an ideal. Meanwhile, Sandhya, whose full name is Akhilandeswari Sandhya Kumari, joins the same software firm. Kiran quickly falls in love with her and confides in his family, who enthusiastically support his feelings. Encouraged by their advice, he expresses his love to Sandhya during a [[Holi]] celebration in her village, [[Madanapalle]]. However, Sandhya, who does not believe in love before marriage, rejects his proposal, leading to a rift between them.

As the story unfolds, Sandhya gradually develops feelings for Kiran. Complications arise when her marriage is arranged with someone else. The rest of the narrative follows Kiran's efforts to win her love and overcome the challenges posed by the impending marriage, ultimately leading to their union.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Uday Kiran]] as Kiran
* [[Richa Pallod]] as Sandhya / "Chinni"
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Ramakrishna
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Raja
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Sriram
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Kiran's friend
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi, Kiran's mother
* [[Chalapati Rao]] as Krishnam Raju, Sandhya's father
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as JP a.k.a. Jayaprakash, Vasanthi's father
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Rama Chandrayya, Kiran's father
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Vasanthi, Kiran’s sister-in-law
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
* Swetha
* Sumeet
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
* [[Raghu Kunche]] as Sekhar
* [[Rashmi Gautam]] as Shalu
* [[Mink Brar]] in the item number "Chamak Cham"
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
In an audio review, Sreya Sunil wrote that "RP Patnaik comes out with some impressive, some average to above average songs".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/holi.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021017215439/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/holi.html | archive-date=17 October 2002 | title=On a Song - Telugu cinema songs - audio review - Holi - RP Patnaik, Kula Sekhar - Richa Pallod, Uday Kiran - Vara Prasad - Sreya Sunil }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/holi-telugu |title=Holi Songs Download: Holi MP3 Telugu Songs Online Free on |publisher=Gaana.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516220232/https://gaana.com/album/holi-telugu |url-status=live }}</ref>
| all_lyrics = [[Kulasekhar]]
| title1 = Ounani
| extra1 = R. P. Patnaik
| title2 = Priyathama
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title3 = Aadapillalu
| extra3 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| title4 = O Cheliya
| extra4 = KK, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| title5 = Nee Manasu
| extra5 = R. P. Patnaik, Sadhana Sargam
| title6 = Chamaku Chamak
| extra6 = [[Suneeta Rao]]
| title7 = Life is Beautiful
| extra7 = Uday Kiran, [[Anoop Sankar|Anoop]]
| title8 = Chinthamani
| extra8 = R. P. Patnaik, Sunil
}}

== Reception ==
The film was released to mixed reviews although the songs were praised.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/holi/telugu/holi-movie-reviews-825-2.html|title=Holi review: Holi (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206015127/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/holi/telugu/holi-movie-reviews-825-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film three and a half of five stars and praised the performances of the new age concept, lead actors, the songs, and the cinematography.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jeevi |date=30 August 2002 |title=Review - Holi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-holi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211071904/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-holi.html |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=6 February 2020 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> [[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "This is another love story, but for a change deals with responsible love and happy ending".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-holi.html|title=Love in the air|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203230852/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-holi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11891506&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Holi|last=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107092706/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=11891506&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=7 January 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' called ''Holi'' "an average-to-hit scale movie with so-so comedy and okay songs, mixed with neat cinematography in scenic locations. The movie can be a hit, or a good hit, because of the fact that the movie is a bit different from other movies of the same 'youthful love stories' genre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=NaChaKi |date=2002 |title=Holee Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/holee.shtml |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021101134933/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/holee.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2002 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1790724}}

[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]

Karuppu Vellai

2026-03-03T04:56:15Z

Vishal5555: updated details

{{short description|1993 film by Manobala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karuppu Vellai
| image = Karuppu Vellai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manobala]]
| producer = B. Venkatrama Reddy
| writer = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Manobala
| story = Manobala
| starring = [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] [[Thilakan]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = M. N. Raja
| studio = [[Vijaya Studios|Chanthamama Vijaya Combines]]
| released = {{Film date|1993|10|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Karuppu Vellai''''' ({{translation|Black and white}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film, directed by [[Manobala]] and produced by B. Venkatrama Reddy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=24 October 1993 |title=கருப்பு வெள்ளை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-10-24/page/n62/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230424141617/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-10-24/page/n62/mode/2up |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Thilakan]]. It was released on 7 October 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கருப்பு வெள்ளை / Karuppu Vellai (1993) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/karuppu-vellai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119121840/https://screen4screen.com/movies/karuppu-vellai |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Surya
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Swarna
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Kalyanasundaram
*[[Thilakan]] as Sathyamoorthy
*[[Srividya]] as Gayathri
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Kalimuthu
*[[Charle]]
*[[Mohan Raman]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
*Krishnamurthy
*D. Soundar
*Rama Vasu
*G. K.
*[[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]]
*Radhakumari Kondalrao
*Baby Monisha
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karuppu Vellai (1993) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/karuppu-vellai-songs-T0003911 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010093954/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/karuppu-vellai-songs-T0003911 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Oh Swarnamuki" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Kalidasan || 4:48
|-
| "Muthuthoraname" || [[S. Janaki]] || Kalidasan || 4:12
|-
| "Neeram Nalla Neram" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Shiva || 4:11
|-
| "Azhagaana" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || Kalidasan || 2:30
|-
| "Sathiyame Jayamaagum" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || Kalidasan || 6:26
|-
| "Bolu Bolu" || Sundharrajan, S. Janaki || Kalidasan || 4:38
|}

== Reception ==
R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film a return to form for Manobala.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=17 October 1993 |title=கருப்பு வெள்ளை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-10-17/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230424141438/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-10-17/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' said the film should "satisfy those who like court dramas".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=23 October 1993 |title=This should please fans of court dramas |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q5gWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6BMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5490%2C1023802 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050020/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q5gWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6BMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5490%2C1023802 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=28 June 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=28 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Manobala}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s legal drama films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manobala]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ananda Coomaraswamy

2026-02-26T10:02:35Z

Vishal5555: refined lead also and updated info

{{Short description|Sri Lankan Tamil metaphysician (1877–1947)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Ananda Coomaraswamy
| image = Coomaraswamy.jpg
| caption = Coomaraswamy in 1916
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1877|08|22}}
| birth_place = [[Colombo]], [[British Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1947|09|09|1877|08|22}}
| death_place = [[Needham, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| main_interests = [[Metaphysics]], [[philosophy of art]], [[history]]
| notable_works = ''The Dance of Shiva'' (1918), ''Hinduism and Buddhism'' (1943)
| era = [[Modern philosophy]] 
[[20th-century philosophy]]
| region = [[Indian philosophy]] [[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Perennialism]] [[Traditionalist School]]
| spouse = {{Ubl
| [[Ethel Mairet]] (m. 1902–1913)
| [[Alice Coomaraswamy|Ratna Devi]] (m. 1913–1922)
| [[Stella Bloch]] (m. 1922–1930)
| Luisa Runstein (m. 1930–1947, his death)
}}
}}

'''Ananda Kentish Muthu Coomaraswamy''' ({{langx|ta|ஆனந்த குமாரசுவாமி}}, ''Āṉanta Kumāracuvāmi''; {{langx|si|ආනන්ද කුමාරස්වාමි}} ''Ānanda Kumārasvāmī''; 22 August 1877 − 9 September 1947) was a [[Sri Lanka|Ceylonese]] [[metaphysics|metaphysician]], historian and a [[Aesthetics#Indian aesthetics|philosopher of Indian art]] who was an early interpreter of [[Indian culture]] to the West.<ref>Murray Fowler, "In Memoriam: Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy", ''Artibus Asiae,'' Vol. 10, No. 3 (1947), pp. 241-244</ref> He has been described as "the groundbreaking theorist who was largely responsible for introducing ancient Indian art to the West".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201093042/http://mfa.org/collections/sub.asp?key=22&subkey=133 MFA: South Asian Art]. Archived from [http://www.mfa.org/collections/sub.asp?key=22&subkey=133 the original] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615042318/http://www.mfa.org/collections/sub.asp?key=22&subkey=133 |date=15 June 2010 }}</ref>

==Life==
{{See also|Ponnambalam–Coomaraswamy family}}

Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was born in [[Colombo]], British Ceylon, now [[Sri Lanka]], to the [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Ceylon Tamil]] legislator and philosopher Sir [[Muthu Coomaraswamy]] of the [[Ponnambalam–Coomaraswamy family]] and his English wife Elizabeth Beeby.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Annual Ananda Coomaraswamy Memorial Oration 1999|url=http://kataragama.org/centers/akc_oration99.htm|access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Kathleen Taylor, ''Sir John Woodroffe Tantra and Bengal'', Routledge (2012), p. 63</ref><ref>''Journal of Comparative Literature & Aesthetics'', Volume 16 (1993), p. 61</ref> His father died when Ananda was two years old, and Ananda spent much of his childhood and education abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seeing the glory of localism that transcends the narrow boundaries of localism |url=http://www.silumina.lk/2020/12/05/තරංග/දේශීයත්වයේ-පටු-සීමා-විනිවිද-දේශීයත්වයේ-මහිමය-දැකීම |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Silumina|date=4 December 2020 }}</ref>

Coomaraswamy moved to England in 1879 and attended [[Wycliffe College (Gloucestershire)|Wycliffe College]], a preparatory school in [[Stroud, Gloucestershire]], at the age of twelve. In 1900, he graduated from [[University College London]] (UCL), with a degree in geology and botany. On 19 June 1902, Coomaraswamy married [[Ethel Mary Partridge]], an English photographer, who then traveled with him to Ceylon. Their marriage lasted until 1913. Coomaraswamy's field work between 1902 and 1906 earned him a [[doctor of science]] for his study of [[Ceylon]]ese [[mineralogy]], and prompted the formation of the Geological Survey of Ceylon which he initially directed.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=7902 Philip Rawson, "A Professional Sage", ''The New York Review of Books,'' v. 26, no. 2 (February 22, 1979)]</ref> While in Ceylon, the couple collaborated on ''Mediaeval Sinhalese Art''; Coomaraswamy wrote the text and Ethel provided the photographs. His work in Ceylon fueled Coomaraswamy's anti-[[Westernisation]] sentiments.<ref name="diglib.princeton.edu">{{cite web |url=http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/zg64tk96f |title=Stella Bloch Papers Relating to Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, 1890-1985 (bulk 1917-1930) |publisher= Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division}}</ref> After their divorce, Partridge returned to England, where she became a famous weaver and later married the writer [[Philip Mairet]].

By 1906, Coomaraswamy had made it his mission to educate the West about Indian art, and was back in London with a large collection of photographs, actively seeking out artists to try to influence. He knew he could not rely on museum curators or other members of the cultural establishment – in 1908 he wrote "The main difficulty so far seems to have been that Indian art has been studied so far only by archaeologists. It is not archaeologists, but artists ... who are the best qualified to judge of the significance of works of art considered as art." By 1909, he was firmly acquainted with [[Jacob Epstein]] and [[Eric Gill]], the city's two most important early Modernists, and soon both of them had begun to incorporate Indian aesthetics into their work. The curiously hybrid sculptures that were produced as a result can be seen to form the very roots of what is now considered British Modernism.<ref>Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MIBNXScRj3QC&dq=modernism%20and%20the%20museum&pg=PP1 ''Modernism and the Museum: Asian, African and Pacific Art and the London Avant Garde'']. Oxford University Press, 2011, passim. {{ISBN|978-0-19-959369-9}}.</ref><ref>[http://vimeo.com/arrowsmith/cosmopolitanism-and-modernism Video of a Lecture discussing Coomaraswamy's role in the introduction of Indian art to Western Modernists], ''[[School of Advanced Study]]'', March 2012.</ref>

[[File:Roshanara,_and_Alice_Coomara_as_Ratan_Devi_on_March_17,_1917_in_Manhattan.jpg|thumb|left|His second wife: Alice Coomaraswamy (Ratan Devi) with [[Roshanara]] ]]

Coomaraswamy then met and married a British woman [[Ratan Devi|Alice Ethel Richardson]] and together they stayed on a houseboat in [[Srinagar]] in Kashmir. Commaraswamy studied Rajput painting while his wife studied Indian music with Abdul Rahim of Kapurthala. When they returned to England, Alice performed Indian song under the stage name [[Ratan Devi]]. Alice was successful and both went to America when Ratan Devi did a concert tour.<ref>[http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/alice-richardson Alice Richardson], Making Britain, Open University, Retrieved 17 October 2015</ref> While they were there, Coomaraswamy was invited to serve as the first Keeper of Indian art in the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston Museum of Fine Arts]] in 1917.<ref name=odnb>G. R. Seaman, ''[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55201 Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish (1877–1947)]'', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Oct 2015</ref> The couple had two children, a son, Narada, and daughter, Rohini.

[[File:AnandaCoomaraswamy.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Ananda Coomaraswamy, published 1907.]]

Coomaraswamy divorced his second wife after they arrived in America.<ref name=odnb/> He married the American artist [[Stella Bloch]], 20 years his junior, in November 1922. Through the 1920s, Coomaraswamy and his wife were part of the [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] art circles in New York City, Coomaraswamy befriended [[Alfred Stieglitz]] and the artists who exhibited at Stieglitz's gallery. At the same time, he studied Sanskrit and Pali religious literature as well as Western religious works. He wrote catalogues for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and published his ''History of Indian and Indonesian Art'' in 1927.

After the couple divorced in 1930, they remained friends. Shortly thereafter, on 18 November 1930, Coomaraswamy married [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Luisa Runstein]], 28 years younger, who was working as a society photographer under the professional name Xlata Llamas. They had a son, Coomaraswamy's third child, Rama Ponnambalam (1929-2006), who became a physician and convert at age 22 to the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Following [[Vatican II]], Rama became a critic of the reforms and author of Catholic [[Traditionalist School|Traditionalist]] works.<ref>[http://www.religioperennis.org/documents/stoddart/On_Rama_Coomaraswamy-by_Stoddart_and_de_Azevedo.pdf "Rama P.Coomaraswamy (1929-2006)" by William Stoddart and Mateus Soares de Azevedo (3 pdfs)]</ref> He was also ordained a Traditionalist Roman Catholic priest, despite the fact that he was married and had a living wife.<ref>[http://www.the-pope.com/validity.html "On the Validity of My Ordination" by Dr. Rama P. Coomaraswamy]</ref> Rama Coomaraswamy studied in England and then in India, learning [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="prof.Rama,1987">{{cite book | author = Father Rama Coomaraswamy | chapter-url = https://www.holyromancatholicchurch.org/CatholicWritings.htm | title = The Destruction of the Christian Tradition | chapter = "About" | quotation = His son, born in Massachusetts in 1932, plays the same role in the catholic resistance guerilla against so-called 'II Vatican Council' and so-called 'John Paul II'. He studied in England and later in India, | language = en | website = holyromancatholicchurch.org | year = 1981 | edition = 2nd | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209025124/https://www.holyromancatholicchurch.org/CatholicWritings.htm | archive-date = 9 February 2010 | url-status = live}}</ref> Became a [[psychiatrist]] in the United States, he was an opponent of [[Pope John Paul II#Relations with other Christian denominations|Pope John Paul II]]<ref name="prof.Rama,1987" /> and remain a wider correspondent of mother [[Teresa of Calcutta]], whose first healing attribution was recognised by John Paul II in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35130795 | title = Profile: 'Living Saint' Mother Teresa | language = en | date = Dec 18, 2015 | website = BBC.com | quotation = In 2002, five years after her death, Pope John Paul II judged that the healing of a woman suffering from an abdominal tumour was the result of Mother Teresa's supernatural intervention.| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051101050306/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/3/newsid_4117000/4117617.stm | archive-date = 1 November 2005 | url-status = live}}</ref>

During his long career, Coomaraswamy was instrumental in bringing Eastern art to the West. While at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, he built the first substantial collection of Indian art in the United States.<ref>[[Princeton University Press]], [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6166.html The Door in the Sky: Coomaraswamy on Myth and Meaning]</ref> In 1933, Coomaraswamy's title there changed from [[curator]] to Fellow for Research in Indian, [[Persian art|Persian]], and [[Mohammedan]] Art.<ref name="diglib.princeton.edu"/>

After Coomaraswamy's death, his widow, Doña Luisa Runstein, acted as a guide and resource for students of his work.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Contributions==
Coomaraswamy made important contributions to the philosophy of art, literature, and religion. In Ceylon, he applied the lessons of [[William Morris]] to Ceylonese culture {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} and, with his wife Ethel, produced a groundbreaking study of Ceylonese crafts and culture. While in India, he was part of the literary circle around [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and he contributed to the "[[Swadeshi]]" movement, an early phase of the struggle for Indian independence.<ref name="Antliff">{{cite book|last1=Antliff|first1=Allan|title=Anarchist Modernism : Art, Politics, and the First American Avant-Garde|date=2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226021041|page=129}}</ref> In the 1920s, he made discoveries in the history of Indian art, particularly some distinctions between [[Rajput]] and [[Mughal Empire|Moghul]] painting, and published his book ''Rajput Painting''. At the same time, he amassed an unmatched collection of Rajput and Moghul paintings, which he took with him to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, when he joined its curatorial staff in 1917. Through 1932, from his base in Boston, he produced two kinds of publications: brilliant scholarship in his curatorial field but also graceful introductions to Indian and Asian art and culture, typified by ''The Dance of Shiva'', a collection of essays that remain in print to this day. Deeply influenced by [[René Guénon]], he became one of the founders of the [[Traditionalist School]]. His books and essays on art and culture, symbolism and metaphysics, scripture, folklore and myth, and still other topics, offer a remarkable education to readers who accept the challenges of his resolutely cross-cultural perspective and insistence on tying every point he makes back to sources in multiple traditions. He once remarked, "I actually think in both Eastern and Christian terms—Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Pali, and to some extent Persian and Chinese."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ignca.gov.in/nl001801.htm |title=Anand Coomaraswamy A Pen Sketch By - Dr. Rama P. Coomaraswamy |access-date=21 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420053046/http://www.ignca.gov.in/nl001801.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Alongside the deep and not infrequently difficult writings of this period, he also delighted in polemical writings created for a larger audience—essays such as "Why exhibit works of art?" (1943).<ref>[http://www.studiesincomparativereligion.com/public/articles/Why_Exhibit_Works_of_Art-by_Ananda_Coomaraswamy.aspx Why Exhibit Works of Art?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828112019/http://www.studiesincomparativereligion.com/public/articles/Why_Exhibit_Works_of_Art-by_Ananda_Coomaraswamy.aspx |date=28 August 2010 }}, essay. He also published a book of that title.</ref>

In his book ''The Information Society: An Introduction'' (Sage, 2003, p. 44), Armand Mattelart credits Coomaraswamy for coining the term 'post-industrial' in 1913.

== Methodology ==
Coomaraswamy was a firm believer in the comparative method. The analysis of both texts and symbols across a wide variety of cultures and time periods allowed him to see below the surface of local interpretations and religious exclusivism to locate the bedrock of tradition. By tradition, he meant that which has been handed down from time beyond memory.

<blockquote>
The folk has thus preserved, without understanding, the remains of old traditions that go back sometimes to the indeterminably distant past, to which we can only refer as “prehistoric”.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, ''Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art'', p. 139; quoting René Guénon</ref> Had the folk beliefs not indeed been once understood, we could not now speak of them as metaphysically intelligible, or explain the accuracy of their formulations.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, ''Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art'', p. 140.</ref>
</blockquote>

His extensive knowledge of ancient languages allowed him access to primary sources and his understanding of metaphysics helped him discern the deeper meanings that other scholars often missed. Given the specialisation and compartmentation of knowledge that was part of the Western academic tradition, his efforts were not always appreciated. He expressed some of his feelings in a letter to Graham Carey:

<blockquote>
What the secular mind does is to assert that we (symbolists) are reading meaning into things that originally had none: our assertion is that they are reading out the meaning. The proof of our contention lies in the perfection, consistency and universality of the pattern in which these meanings are united.<ref>Selected Letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy, p. 213. Graham Carey (1892-1984) was an architect, essayist, lecturer and the co-author, with A. K. Coomaraswamy, of Patron and Artist, Pre-Renaissance and Modern (1936).</ref>
</blockquote>

His criticism of the academic world was centered around a number of related issues. First, the academic method, by itself, was ill-equipped to deal with the way in which ideas where transmitted in non-literate cultures, due to an over-reliance on written documentation. Too much was left out.

<blockquote>
By “folklore” we mean the whole and consistent body of culture which has been handed down, not in books but by word of mouth and in practice, from time beyond the reach of historical research, in the form of legends, fairy tales, ballads, games, toys, crafts, medicine, agriculture, and other rites, and forms of social organisation, especially those that we call “tribal.” This is a cultural complex independent of national and even racial boundaries, and of remarkable similarity throughout the world.<ref>The Collected Works of Ananda Coomaraswamy, vol. 1, p. 286.</ref>
</blockquote>

A second point of conflict was the obsessive tendency of Western scholarship to divide cultures, religions, and time periods into discrete categories in order to fit into academic organisational and mental structures.

<blockquote>
It is equally surprising that so many scholars, meeting with some universal doctrine in a given context, so often think of it as a local peculiarity.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, The Greek Sphinx in Guardians of the Sun-Door pg. 120 ft. 5</ref>
</blockquote>

As a traditionalist, Coomaraswamy emphasised the continuity of culture. He was well aware of historical change but he felt that the connecting elements had been lost by the extreme emphasis placed on change and “progress”. Conflict between a new religion and an older one often obscured the commonalities that linked them.

<blockquote>
The opposition of religion to folklore is often a kind of rivalry set up as between a new dispensation and an older tradition, the gods of the older cult becoming the evil spirits of the newer.<ref>The Collected Works of Ananda Coomaraswamy, vol. 1, p. 286, ft.2.</ref>
</blockquote>

He pointed out that the Greek word ''daimon'', which at root indicates something given, was synonymous with the Christian Holy Spirit, God's gift of life. If Christian propagandists chose to emphasise the demonic at the expense of the ''daimon'' it was only to further their own cause. Ideas like this did not go over well with other scholars and his correspondence has its share of angry or condescending responses to his work which he deflected with a combination of erudition, tact, and humor.<ref>See Selected Letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy, passim, for many examples.</ref>

A third issue that raised his ire was the racism inherent in the Western world's criticism and misinterpretation of traditional and tribal cultures, attitudes tied closely to literacy and the attendant idea of progress.

<blockquote>
It was possible for Aristotle, starting from the premise that a man, being actually cultured, may also become literate, to ask whether there is a necessary or merely an accidental connection of literacy with culture. Such a question can hardly arise for those to whom illiteracy implies, as a matter of course, ignorance, backwardness, unfitness for self-government: for you, unlettered people are uncivilised peoples and vice versa—as a recent publisher's blurb expresses it: “The greatest force in civilisation is the collective wisdom of a literate people."<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, The Bugbear of Literacy, p. 23, quoting Aristotle, Metaphysics, VI 2, 4, and XI: 8, 12.</ref>
</blockquote>

Like Franz Boas and a handful of others, Coomaraswamy waged a constant war against racism with the press and academic world. He was a strong advocate for Indian independence and was pressured to leave England for publicly suggesting that Indians not fight in the First World War.<ref>See Selected Letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy, passim, for his stance on Indian independence.</ref>

Unlike Rene Guenon and others who shared many of his understandings, Coomaraswamy was not content to describe traditional ideas from the inside out, in metaphysical terms alone.. He did not believe that science and metaphysics were in opposition, but were two different ways of looking at the world.<ref>See Ananda Coomaraswamy, What is Civilisation and Other Essays. “Gradation and Evolution” Chapters 7 and 8.</ref>

Coomaraswamy was critical of the writings of Carl Jung and of Theosophy, which he believed distorted the meaning of traditional ideas.<ref>See "Vedanta and Western Tradition" in The Collected Works of Ananda Coomaraswamy, vol. 2, and The Selected Letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy, p. 150 and p. 157.</ref> The comparative method has achieved a good deal of success in linguistics but its application to culture had rarely gone beyond mere documentation before Ananda Coomaraswamy.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Traditional symbolism ==
One of Coomaraswamy's most important contributions was in his study of the language of symbolism contained in images.

<blockquote>
To have lost the art of thinking in images is precisely to have lost the proper linguistic of metaphysics and to have descended to the verbal logic of “philosophy.<ref>The Collected Works of Ananda Coomaraswamy, vol. 1, pp. 296-297.</ref>
</blockquote>

His study of traditional symbols had taught him that symbols were meant to express ''ideas'' and not ''emotions'' and that a study of “styles” and “influences” would reveal little of significance.

<blockquote>
An adequate knowledge of theology and cosmology is then indispensable to an understanding of the history of art, insofar as the actual shapes and structures of works of art are determined by their real content. Christian art, for example, begins with the representation of deity by abstract symbols, which may be geometrical, vegetable, or theriomorphic, and are devoid of any sentimental appeal whatever. An anthropomorphic symbol follows, but this is still a form and not a figuration; not made as though to function biologically or as if to illustrate a text book of anatomy or dramatic expression. Still later, the form is sentimentalised; the features of the crucified are made to exhibit human suffering, the type is completely humanised, and where we began with the shape of humanity as an analogical representation of the idea of God, we end with the portrait of the artist's mistress posing as the Madonna and a representation of an all-too-human baby; the Christ is no longer a man-God, but the sort of man we can approve of.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art, pl. 45.</ref>
</blockquote>

In keeping with his traditionalist stance, he saw this process as one of gradual decay in which the human life world began to encroach gradually on the divine with an attendant growth of sentimentality and loss of meaning. He was fond of quoting the curator, John Lodge: “From the Stone Age until now, ''quelle dégringolade''.”<ref>"From the Stone Age until now, what a downfall.</ref>

Coomaraswamy spent a lot of his time documenting themes and images that appeared to be very old, given their widespread distribution. Major areas of study included:
* Solar symbolism
* Symbolism of the wheel
* The Flood story
* The “Water Cosmology” and the “Plant Style”
* Soma and the Water of Life
* Traditional cosmologies (the three worlds)
* The symbolism of snakes and reptiles
* The symbolism of birds and other “psychopomps” (soul carriers)
* The heavenly ladder
* The cosmic dome and the hole in the sky with its guardian figure
* The Thread-spirit (''sutratman'') doctrine that underlies the symbolism of the fiber arts
* The concept of ether and the symbolism of fire
* Divine bi-unity (male/female) as one
* The inverted tree and arboreal symbolism
* The Symplegades (Clashing Rocks) and the Coincidence of Opposites

Coomaraswamy observed these symbols in different cultures and time periods, both in religious writings and in folklore. He saw little opposition between religion and folklore. Folklore was transmitted in the vernacular as compared to the sacred languages in which scripture was delivered and interpreted. Folklore was less moralistic but its themes shared a common source with those of religion; Jack's beanstalk was Jacob's ladder. Religion was not “contaminated” by folklore but used it to express the same ideas in a more rationalised and moralised setting, just as Plato used myths to explain his philosophy.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The designs we found in Neolithic times were derived from older images. Thus the continuity of tradition reveals itself best in art, which expresses ideas. Even when religious philosophies developed with writing, a continuity of meaning could be observed often because the change was gradual and the old and the new existed side by side.

<blockquote>
In the Vedas, the belief {that all life began in the “Waters”} appears in the form of an old popular theory, for which are substituted the successively more philosophical concepts of Space Cosmology, of a belief in the origin of the world in Non-being, in an origin of the world from Being, and finally in the conception of Brahman (the Absolute) as world-ground. The Water Cosmology, it is true, persists side by side with, and linked with these deeper views, even in post-Vedic literature; but it is typically not a creation of the Vedas and seems to belong to an even older stratum of ideas than that which is developed in the Vedas.<ref>"Ananda Coomaraswamy, Yaksas, pp. 98-99.</ref>
</blockquote>

The ideas expressed by images were made explicit by writing, which allowed for a greater degree of abstraction and elaboration but since the concrete preceded the abstract, all philosophy started with images. In the absence of writing, the tribal cultures of the world have preserved a good deal of this older symbolism.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Coomaraswamy also maintained that traditional technologies (like the needle or the fire drill) were applications of metaphysical ideas, just as modern technology is an expression of scientific principles.

<blockquote>
Primitive man knew nothing of a possible divorce of function and meaning: all his inventions were applied meaning.<ref>Selected Letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy, p. 291, in a letter to George Sarton.</ref>
</blockquote>

The American art historian, [[Carl Schuster]], who corresponded with Coomarawamy and learned much from him, would go on to identify some of the Paleolithic sources of this symbolism.<ref>See Selected Letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy, pp. 220-221, for one example. The two men met in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the 1930s.</ref>

== Perennial philosophy ==
[[File:Ananda Coomaraswamy.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Coomaraswamy printed in the April 1916 issue of ''The Hindusthanee Student''.]]
He was described by [[Heinrich Zimmer]] as "That noble scholar upon whose shoulders we are still standing."<ref>[http://www.stumbleupon.com/url/www.multiworld.org/m_versity/althinkers/coomara.htm Multiworld.org/m_versity/althinkers... - StumbleUpon]</ref> While serving as a curator to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in the latter part of his life, he devoted his work to the explication of traditional metaphysics and symbolism. His writings of this period are filled with references to [[Plato]], [[Plotinus]], [[Clement of Alexandria|Clement]], [[Philo]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Aquinas]], [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], [[Meister Eckhart|Eckhart]], [[Rumi]] and other mystics. When asked how he defined himself foremost, Coomaraswamy said he was a "metaphysician", referring to the concept of [[perennial philosophy]], or ''sophia perennis''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Along with [[René Guénon]] and [[Frithjof Schuon]], Coomaraswamy is regarded as one of the three founders of [[Integral Traditionalism|Perennialism]], also called the [[Traditionalist School]]. Several articles by Coomaraswamy on the subject of [[Hinduism]] and the perennial philosophy were [[List of works published posthumously|published posthumously]] in the quarterly journal ''[[Studies in Comparative Religion]]'' alongside articles by Schuon and Guénon among others.

Although he agrees with Guénon on the universal principles, Coomaraswamy's works are very different in form. By vocation, he was a scholar who dedicated the last decades of his life to "searching the Scriptures".{{clarify|date=December 2014}} He offers a perspective on the tradition that complements Guénon's.{{clarify|date=December 2014}} He was extremely perceptive regarding aesthetics and wrote dozens of articles on traditional arts and mythology. His works are also finely balanced intellectually. Although born in the [[Hindu]] tradition, he had a deep knowledge of the [[Western world|Western]] tradition as well as a great expertise in, and love for, Greek metaphysics, especially that of Plotinus, the founder of [[Neoplatonism]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Coomaraswamy built a bridge between East and West that was designed to be two-way: among other things, his metaphysical writings aimed at demonstrating the unity of the Vedanta and Platonism. His works also sought to rehabilitate [[original Buddhism]], as he believed that the distance (i.e. differences) between Buddhism and Hinduism was artificially created by Western Indologists. In his book, ''Hinduism and Buddhism'', he wrote:

{{Blockquote
|text=The more superficially one studies Buddhism, the more it seems to differ from the Brahmanism in which it originated; the more profound our study, the more difficult it becomes to distinguish Buddhism from Brahmanism, or to say in what respects, if any, Buddhism is really unorthodox.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda |date=1943 |title=Hinduism and Buddhism |publisher=Open Road Media |isbn= 1497675847}}</ref>
}}

== Thought and major works ==
Coomaraswamy’s intellectual work spanned Indian art, symbolism, religion, and philosophy. He emphasised the metaphysical and spiritual foundations of traditional cultures and critiqued modern industrial and materialist perspectives in contrast to what he saw as the integrated worldview of traditional societies. His major writings include ''The Dance of Shiva'', ''Hinduism and Buddhism'', and the address ''The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian Society'' (1946), in which he articulated his understanding of Indian social institutions in religious and philosophical terms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |url=https://archive.org/download/religiousbasisof00coom/religiousbasisof00coom.pdf |title=The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian Society: An Address to the Student's Religious Association, Ann Arbor, January 1946; Indian Culture and English Influence; and East and West |publisher=Orientalia |year=1946 |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref>

=== Views on caste and social order ===
In ''The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian Society'', Coomaraswamy interpreted the traditional Indian social order, including caste (varṇa), not merely as a hierarchy of status but as an expression of metaphysical principles and vocational responsibilities. He described caste divisions as “born of the Sacrifice” and linked them to the idea that qualities and operations are distributed according to divine or cosmic order, rather than racial or purely economic logic.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |url=https://archive.org/download/religiousbasisof00coom/religiousbasisof00coom.pdf |title=The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian Society: An Address to the Student's Religious Association, Ann Arbor, January 1946; Indian Culture and English Influence; and East and West |publisher=Orientalia |year=1946 |page=15 |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref> He framed the notion of ''sva-dharma'' (one’s own duty) as the basis for social roles and argued that institutions reflect an application of metaphysical doctrine and are stable because they encode an accepted cosmic pattern.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |url=https://archive.org/download/religiousbasisof00coom/religiousbasisof00coom.pdf |title=The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian Society: An Address to the Student's Religious Association, Ann Arbor, January 1946; Indian Culture and English Influence; and East and West |publisher=Orientalia |year=1946 |page=14 |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref> Coomaraswamy criticised modern conceptions of equality and criticised reducing human vocation to jobs determined by economics, asserting that abolishing caste in favour of such models would “not be a solution, but much rather a dissolution.”<ref>{{cite book |last=Coomaraswamy |first=Ananda K. |url=https://archive.org/download/religiousbasisof00coom/religiousbasisof00coom.pdf |title=The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian Society: An Address to the Student's Religious Association, Ann Arbor, January 1946; Indian Culture and English Influence; and East and West |publisher=Orientalia |year=1946 |page=19 |access-date=2026-02-26}}</ref>

==Works==
For a complete bibliography, see James S. Crouch, ''A Bibliography of Ananda Kentish Coomarswamy''. [[Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts]], Manohar, New Delhi, (2002).
Corrigenda to the above volume see at [https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTxAageyFJX44YmJJ_mSyPK0kWVs80tJpRyBq2fLrm4onpprfJltaVGutUTNXPGiV5vG6OxrLxgML9x/pub Corrigenda to A Bibliography of Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy].

Extensive bibliography was also compiled by the author's son:

''Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy: A Working Bibliography'', compiled by Dr. Rama P. Coomaraswamy (New Delhi: Lalit Kala Academi, n.d.) [https://cdn.aaa.org.hk/_source/gms-corr-akccent-pub-akcworkingbibliography.pdf]
;
;Traditional art
* "A Plea for the Teaching of Indian Music in Ceylon", ''Journal of the Ceylon University Association, I, No.2'' (Colombo 1906)
* ''Elements of Buddhist Iconography'', Harvard University Press, 1935.
* ''Figures of Speech or Figures of Thought?: The Traditional View of Art'', (World Wisdom 2007)
* ''Introduction To Indian Art'', (Kessinger Publishing, 2007)
* ''Buddhist Art'', (Kessinger Publishing, 2005)
* ''Guardians of the Sundoor: Late Iconographic Essays'', (Fons Vitae, 2004)
* ''History of Indian and Indonesian Art'', (Kessinger Publishing, 2003)
* ''Teaching of Drawing in Ceylon'' (1906, Colombo Apothecaries)
* ''The Indian Craftsman'' (1909, [[Probsthain]]: London)
* ''[http://www.germanicmythology.com/PoeticEdda/VSPCooms.html Voluspa; The Sibyl's Saying]'' (1909, [[Essex House Press]], London)
* ''[[iarchive:cu31924022942993|Viśvakarmā; Examples of Indian Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Handicraft]]'' (1914, London)
* ''[[Vidyapati|Vidyāpati]]'': ''Bangīya Padābali; Songs of the Love of Rādhā and Krishna'', (1915, The Old Bourne press: London)
* ''The Mirror of Gesture: Being the Abhinaya Darpaṇa of Nandikeśvara'' (with [[Duggirāla Gōpālakr̥ṣṇa]]) (1917, Harvard University Press; 1997, South Asia Books,)
* ''Indian Music'' (1917, G. Schirmer; 2006, [[Kessinger Publishing]],
* ''A Catalog of Sculptures by John Mowbray-Clarke: Shown at the Kevorkian Galleries, New York, from May the seventh to June the seventh, 1919.'' (1919, New York: Kevorkian Galleries, co-authored with [[John Frederick Mowbray-Clarke|Mowbray-Clarke, John]], H. Kevorkian, and Amy Murray)
* ''Rajput Painting'', (B.R. Publishing Corp., 2003)
* ''Early Indian Architecture: Cities and City-Gates'', (South Asia Books, 2002) I
* ''The Origin of the Buddha Image'', (Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd, 2001)
* ''The Transformation of Nature in Art'', (Sterling Pub Private Ltd, 1996)
* ''Bronzes from Ceylon, chiefly in the Colombo Museum'', (Dept. of Govt. Print, 1978)
* ''Early Indian Architecture: Palaces'', ([[Munshiram Manoharlal]], 1975)
* ''[[iarchive:cu31924022942985|The Arts & Crafts of India & Ceylon]]'', ([[Farrar, Straus]], 1964)
* ''Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art'', ([[Dover Publications]], 1956)
* ''Archaic Indian Terracottas'', (Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1928)
* ''Yaksas'', (Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd, 1998) {{ISBN|978-81-215-0230-6}}

;Metaphysics
* ''Hinduism and Buddhism'', (Kessinger Publishing, 2007; Golden Elixir Press, 2011)
* ''[[Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists]]'' (with [[Sister Nivedita]]) (1914, H. Holt; 2003, Kessinger Publishing)
* ''[[iarchive:buddhagospelofbu00coom|Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism]]'' (1916, G. P. Putnam's sons; 2006, Obscure Press,)
* ''A New Approach to the Vedas: An Essay in Translation and Exegesis'', (South Asia Books, 1994)
* ''The Living Thoughts of Gotama the Buddha'', (Fons Vitae, 2001)
* ''Time and Eternity'', ([[Artibus Asiae]], 1947)
* ''Perception of the Vedas'', (Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 2000)
* ''Coomaraswamy: Selected Papers, Volume 2, Metaphysics'', (Princeton University Press, 1977)

;Social criticism
* ''Am I My Brothers Keeper'', (Ayer Co, 1947)
* ''[[iarchive:danceofsivafourt01coomuoft|The Dance of Shiva – Fourteen Indian Essays]]'' Turn Inc., New York; 2003, Kessinger Publishing,
* ''The village community and modern progress'' (12 pages) (Colombo Apothecaries, 1908)
* ''Essays in National Idealism'' (Colombo Apothecaries, 1910)
* ''Bugbear of Literacy'', (Sophia Perennis, 1979)
* ''What is Civilisation?: and Other Essays''. Golgonooza Press, (UK),
* ''Spiritual Authority and Temporal Power in the Indian Theory of Government'', ([[Oxford University Press]], 1994)
* ''The Religious Basis of the Forms of Indian Society'', (Orientalia, 1946)

;Posthumous collections
* ''The Door in the Sky. Coomaraswamy on Myth and Meaning'', (Princeton University Press, 1997)
* ''Coomaraswamy: Selected Papers, 3 volumes: Traditional Art and Symbolism, Metaphysics, His Life and Work'', (Princeton University Press, 1977)
* ''The Essential Ananda K. Coomaraswamy'', (2003, [[World Wisdom]])
* ''Guardians of the Sun-Door'', (Fons Vitae, 2004)

== See also ==
*[[Ivan Aguéli]]
*[[Titus Burckhardt]]
*[[Calico Museum of Textiles#The Story of the Calico Museum|Calico Museum of Textiles]]
*[[Comparative Religion]]
*[[Western esotericism|Esoterism]]
*[[René Guénon]]
*[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]]
*[[Martin Lings]]
*[[Whitall Perry]]
*[[Huston Smith]]
*[[William Stoddart]]
*[[Mateus Soares de Azevedo]]
*[[Michel Valsan]]
*[[Advaita Vedanta]]
*[[Carl Schuster]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171247/http://stateless.freehosting.net/ANANDAkCOOMARASWAMY.htm T.Wignesan, "Ananda K. Coomaraswamy's Aesthetics" # Tamil studies Now published in the collection: T.Wignesan. Rama and Ravana at the Altar of Hanuman: On Tamils, Tamil Literature & Tamil Culture. Allahabad:Cyberwit.net, 2008, 750p. & at Chennai: Institute of Asian Studies, 2007, 439p.]
* [http://tamilnation.co/hundredtamils/coomaraswamy.htm "Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy" in ''One Hundred Tamils of the 20th Century'']
* "Coomaraswamy, Ananda K.", ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature,'' vol. 1, ed. Amaresh Dutta, Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 768. {{ISBN|81-260-1803-8}}
* Mattelart, Armand. ''The Information Society: An Introduction'', Sage: London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, 2003, p. 44.

==Further reading==
* ''Ananda Coomaraswamy: Remembering and Remembering Again and Again'', by S. Durai Raja Singam. Publisher: Raja Singam, 1974.
* ''Ananda K. Coomaraswamy'', by P. S. Sastri. Arnold-Heinemann Publishers, India, 1974.
* ''Ananda K. Coomaraswamy: A Handbook'', by S. Durai Raja Singam. Publisher s.n., 1979.
* ''Ananda Coomaraswamy: A Study'', by Moni Bagchee. Publisher: Bharata Manisha, 1977.
* ''Ananda K. Coomaraswamy'', by Vishwanath S. Naravane. Twayne Publishers, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8057-7722-9}}.
* ''Selected Letters of Ananda Coomaraswamy'', Edited by Alvin Moore, Jr; and Rama P. Coomaraswamy (1988).
* ''Coomaraswamy: Volume I: Selected Papers, Traditional Art and Symbolism'', Princeton University Press (1977).
* ''Coomaraswamy: Volume II: Selected Papers, Metaphysics'', Edited by Roger Lipsey, Princeton University Press (1977).
* ''Coomaraswamy: Volume III: His Life and Work'', by Roger Lipsey, Princeton University Press (1977).

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39295}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051211184940/http://www.fonsvitae.com/coomaraswamyseries.html Books by Coomaraswamy – Fons Vitae Series]
*[http://kataragama.org/centers/akc_oration99.htm 1999 Coomaraswamy lecture by Sandrasagra]
*[http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AAnanda+K.+Coomaraswamy&qt=advanced&dblist=638 Ananda K. Coomaraswamy at WorldCat]
*[http://www.religioperennis.org/Bibliography.html#Coomaraswamy Coomaraswamy bibliography at religioperennis.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091011202349/http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/authors/Ananda-K-Coomaraswamy.aspx "Ananda K. Coomaraswamy's Life and Work" at World Wisdom publishers]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071228093929/http://www.museindia.com/showfocus4.asp?id=698 The Colonial Context and Aesthetic Identity Formation: Coomaraswamy, A Case Study by Binda Paranjpe]
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/anandac.htm Coomaraswamy's Impetus to Eastern Spirit]
*[http://arthistorians.info/coomaraswamya Coomarswamy] in Dictionary of Art Historians
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/ananda-coomaraswamy Ananda Coomaraswamy materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Aesthetics}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Traditionalism (perennialism)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coomaraswamy, Ananda}}
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Art critics]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan art historians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Coomaraswamy family|Ananda]]
[[Category:Hindu studies scholars]]
[[Category:Indian art curators]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Metaphysicians]]
[[Category:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]
[[Category:Pali]]
[[Category:People educated at Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:People from Colombo]]
[[Category:People from Needham, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan people of English descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan philosophers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Traditionalist School]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:Historians of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:20th-century Sri Lankan historians]]

New York Film Festival

2026-02-26T02:08:12Z

Vishal5555: formatting fix

{{Short description|Annual film festival in New York City}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film festival
|name=New York Film Festival
|logo=NYFF_2021.png
|founded= {{start date and age|1963}}
|last = September 26-October 13, 2025
|location=[[New York City]], United States
|host=[[Film at Lincoln Center]]
|website={{URL|https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff}}
|previous=[[2024 New York Film Festival|2024]]
|main= Current: [[2025 New York Film Festival|2025]]
|next=2026
}}

The '''New York Film Festival''' ('''NYFF''') is a [[film festival]] held every fall in [[New York City]], presented by [[Film at Lincoln Center]]. Founded in 1963 by [[Richard Roud]] and [[Amos Vogel]] with the support of [[Lincoln Center]] president [[William Schuman]], NYFF is one of the longest-running and most prestigious film festivals in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New York Film Festival Gold|editor-last1=Kern|editor-first1=Laura|editor-last2=Koch|editor-first2=Joanne|editor-last3=Peña|editor-first3=Richard |publisher=The Film Society of Lincoln Center, Inc.|year=2012|isbn=978-0-615-66360-9|location=United States|pages=16–18}}</ref> It is a non-competitive festival centered on a "Main Slate" of typically 20–30 feature films, with additional sections for experimental cinema and new restorations.

[[Dennis Lim (film curator)|Dennis Lim]] is the Artistic Director for NYFF.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 19, 2020|title=Film at Lincoln Center Announces New York Film Festival Leadership|url=https://www.filmlinc.org/daily/film-at-lincoln-center-announces-new-york-film-festival-leadership/|access-date=November 1, 2021|website=Film at Lincoln Center|language=en}}</ref> [[Kent Jones (critic)|Kent Jones]] was the festival director from 2013 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/film-society-names-new-heads-1118059205|title=Film Society names new heads|last=Cox|first=Gordon|work=Variety|language=en-US|date=September 13, 2012|access-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Sections ==
{{asof|2024|post=,}} the festival program is divided into the following sections:

=== Main Slate ===
The Main Slate is the Festival's primary section, a program typically featuring 25–30 feature-length films, intending to reflect the current state of cinema. The program is a mix of major international art house films from the festival circuit, new discoveries, and studio releases targeting awards season. The studio films are often selected as Opening Night, Centerpiece, and Closing Night presentations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2016/sections/main-slate/|title=Main Slate {{!}} New York Film Festival|website=Film Society of Lincoln Center|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-05|archive-date=April 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405174221/https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2016/sections/main-slate/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Currents ===
Currents complements the Main Slate, tracing a more complete picture of contemporary cinema with an emphasis on new and innovative forms and voices. This section is the only one at the festival which presents short films.

The selection team of Currents section consists of Dennis Lim (Chair), Aily Nash (is also Head of shorts programming), Rachael Rakes, and Tyler Wilson (is also Head of shorts programming).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the NYFF61 Team |url=https://www.filmlinc.org/meet-the-nyff61-team/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Film at Lincoln Center |language=en}}</ref>

=== Spotlight ===
Spotlight is showcase of the season's most anticipated and significant films.

=== Revivals ===
The Revivals section showcases important works from renowned filmmakers that have been digitally remastered, restored, and preserved with the assistance of generous partners.

=== Talks ===
Talks features in-depth conversations with filmmakers, critics, curators, and more.

== History ==
===Founding the Festival===

The NYFF's first programmer, [[Richard Roud]], was recruited by Lincoln Center President [[William Schuman]] in 1962. Boston-born Roud was 33 years old at the time and based in London where he worked as a film critic for ''[[The Guardian]]'' and programmed the [[London Film Festival]]. Though Roud maintained his home base in London, he recruited Amos Vogel of the legendary [[Cinema 16]] film club as his New York–based co-programmer. The first edition of the festival opened on September 10, 1963, with [[Luis Buñuel]]'s ''[[The Exterminating Angel]]'' and closed on September 19.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1963-09-18_232_4/page/7/mode/1up?view=theater|last=Landry|first=Robert J.|date=September 18, 1963|title=Film Front & Lincoln Center|page=7|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=February 11, 2024|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It was a success and almost all screenings nearly sold out. The festival also included films screened at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] that had not been shown in the United States previously, including [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[I Live in Fear]]'' and ''[[Point of Order (film)|Point of Order]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1963-09-18_232_4/page/7/mode/1up?|title=New York Film Trade Somewhat Miffed As Public Flocks To See One-Time Screenings at Festival|last=Canby|first=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Canby|date=September 18, 1963|page=7|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=February 11, 2024|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name=NYFest63revs>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1963-09-18_232_4/page/6/mode/1up?view=theater|date=September 18, 1963|title=New York Film Festival Reviews|pages=6, 22|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=February 11, 2024|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In 1966, Roud and Vogel formed the festival's first selection committee, consisting of [[Arthur Knight (film critic)|Arthur Knight]] and [[Andrew Sarris]]; [[Susan Sontag]] was added the next year. Vogel resigned from his position as Festival Director in 1968. Though Roud was previously designated Program Director, he presided over the festival from 1969 to 1987.

Roud's 25 years of running the festival were characterized by a focus on the European art cinema of the postwar years and the rise of auteurism.<ref name="auto">Smith, Gavin (September/October 2012). "Breaking the Waves". Film Comment.</ref>

===The Richard Peña era===

Richard Peña, then 34, took over as lead programmer in 1988, with Roud becoming European consultant to the festival.<ref name=var261088>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=7|date=October 26, 1988|title=N.Y. Fest Found B.O. Success With 'Noncommercial' Pic Fare|last=Gold|first=Richard}}</ref> The [[Queens]] native was already an accomplished film historian, academic, and programmer. Prior to his work with NYFF, he worked at the Film Center of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Peña came to NYFF as a seasoned festival-goer who held Roud in high esteem. During his stint as programmer (which also lasted 25 years), Peña honored the festival's traditions and unique character – retaining the selection committee process, the non-competitive format, the post-screening director Q&As, and the festival's strict selectivity – while also working to expand NYFF's somewhat Eurocentric focus. Filmmakers like [[Hou Hsiao-hsien]], [[Manoel de Oliveira]], [[Leos Carax]], [[Raúl Ruiz (director)|Raúl Ruiz]], and [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]] were introduced to NYFF audiences during the Roud era, and became regulars under Peña. After 25 years as Program Director and head of the NYFF selection committee, Peña led his final year at NYFF in 2012, during the festival's 50th presentation.<ref name="auto"/>

===NYFF today===

After Richard Peña's departure, Robert Koehler briefly took over year-round programming duties, while Kent Jones, who left The [[Film Society of Lincoln Center]] in 2009 to serve as Executive Director of the [[World Cinema Foundation]], returned to lead NYFF. Jones began his programming career at Film Forum and the Rotterdam Film Festival, before joining The Film Society of Lincoln Center in 1998 as Associate Director of Programming and a member of the NYFF programming committee.

As of 2022, Dennis Lim is the Artistic Director of NYFF.

== Opening Night films ==
{{see also|List of films shown at the New York Film Festival}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director(s)
! scope="col" | Production Country
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1963
|''[[The Exterminating Angel]]''
|[[Luis Buñuel]]
|Mexico
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1964
|''[[Hamlet (1964 film)|Hamlet]]''
|[[Grigori Kozintsev]]
|Soviet Union
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1965
|''[[Alphaville (film)|Alphaville]]''
|[[Jean-Luc Goddard]]
|France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1966
|''[[Loves of a Blonde]]''
|[[Milos Forman]]
| Czechoslovakia
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1967
|''[[The Battle of Algiers]]''
|[[Gillo Pontecorvo]]
|Italy, Algeria
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1968
|''[[Capricious Summer]]''
|[[Jiří Menzel]]
| Czechoslovakia
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1969
|''[[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice]]''
|[[Paul Mazursky]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1970
|''[[The Wild Child]]''
|[[François Truffaut]]
|France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1971
|''[[The Beginning (1970 film)|The Beginning]]''
|[[Gleb Panfilov]]
|Soviet Union
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1972
|''[[Chloe in the Afternoon]]''
|[[Éric Rohmer]]
| rowspan="3" |France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1973
|''[[Day for Night (film)|Day for Night]]''
|[[François Truffaut]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1974
|''Don't Cry With Your Mouth Full''
|[[Pascal Thomas]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1975
|''[[Conversation Piece (film)|Conversation Piece]]''
|[[Luchino Visconti]]
|Italy
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1976
|''[[Small Change (film)|Small Change]]''
|[[François Truffaut]]
| rowspan="2" |France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1977
|''[[One Sings, the Other Doesn't]]''
|[[Agnès Varda]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1978
|''[[A Wedding (1978 film)|A Wedding]]''
|[[Robert Altman]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1979
|''[[La Luna (1979 film)|Luna]]''
|[[Bernardo Bertolucci]]
|Italy, United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1980
|''[[Melvin and Howard]]''
|[[Jonathan Demme]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1981
|''[[Chariots of Fire]]''
|[[Hugh Hudson]]
|United Kingdom
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1982
|''[[Veronika Voss]]''
|[[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]]
|West Germany
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1983
|''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]''
|[[Lawrence Kasdan]]
| rowspan="2" |United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1984
|''[[Country (film)|Country]]''
|[[Richard Pearce (director)|Richard Pearce]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1985
|''[[Ran (film)|Ran]]''
|[[Akira Kurosawa]]
|Japan
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1986
|''[[Down by Law (film)|Down by Law]]''
|[[Jim Jarmusch]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1987
|''[[Dark Eyes (1987 film)|Dark Eyes]]''
|[[Nikita Mikhalkov]]
|Italy
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1988
|''[[Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown]]''
|[[Pedro Almodóvar]]
|Spain
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1989
|''[[Too Beautiful for You]]''
|[[Bertrand Blier]]
|France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1990
|''[[Miller's Crossing]]''
|[[Joel Coen]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1991
|''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]''
|[[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]
| rowspan="2" |France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1992
|''[[Olivier, Olivier]]''
|[[Agnieszka Holland]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1993
|''[[Short Cuts]]''
|[[Robert Altman]]
| rowspan="2" |United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1994
|''[[Pulp Fiction]]''
|[[Quentin Tarantino]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1995
|''[[Shanghai Triad]]''
|[[Zhang Yimou]]
|China
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1996
|''[[Secrets & Lies (film)|Secrets & Lies]]''
|[[Mike Leigh]]
|United Kingdom
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1997
|''[[The Ice Storm (novel)|The Ice Storm]]''
|[[Ang Lee]]
| rowspan="2" |United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1998
|''[[Celebrity (1998 film)|Celebrity]]''
|[[Woody Allen]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1999
|''[[All About My Mother]]''
|[[Pedro Almodóvar]]
|Spain
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2000
|''[[Dancer in the Dark]]''
|[[Lars von Trier]]
| Denmark, Sweden, France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2001
|''[[Va savoir]]''
|[[Jacques Rivette]]
|France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2002
|''[[About Schmidt]]''
|[[Alexander Payne]]
| rowspan="2" |United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2003
|''[[Mystic River (film)|Mystic River]]''
|[[Clint Eastwood]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2004
|''[[Look at Me (2004 film)|Look at Me]]''
|[[Agnès Jaoui]]
|France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2005
|''[[Good Night, and Good Luck]]''
|[[George Clooney]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2006
|''[[The Queen (2006 film)|The Queen]]''
|[[Stephen Frears]]
| United Kingdom
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2007
|''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]''
|[[Wes Anderson]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2008 New York Film Festival|2008]]
|''[[The Class (2008 film)|The Class]]''
|[[Laurent Cantet]]
| rowspan="2" |France
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2009
|''[[Wild Grass]]''
|[[Alain Resnais]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2010
|''[[The Social Network]]''
|[[David Fincher]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2011
|''[[Carnage (2011 film)|Carnage]]''
|[[Roman Polanski]]
|France, Poland
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2012
|''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''
|[[Ang Lee]]
| rowspan="6" |United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2013 New York Film Festival|2013]]
|''[[Captain Phillips (film)|Captain Phillips]]''
|[[Paul Greengrass]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2014 New York Film Festival|2014]]
|''[[Gone Girl (film)|Gone Girl]]''
|[[David Fincher]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2015 New York Film Festival|2015]]
|''[[The Walk (2015 film)|The Walk]]''
|[[Robert Zemeckis]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2016 New York Film Festival|2016]]
|''[[13th (film)|13th]]''
|[[Ava DuVernay]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2017 New York Film Festival|2017]]
|''[[Last Flag Flying]]''
|[[Richard Linklater]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2018 New York Film Festival|2018]]
|''[[The Favourite (2018 film)|The Favourite]]''
|[[Yorgos Lanthimos]]
|Ireland, United Kingdom, United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2019 New York Film Festival|2019]]
|''[[The Irishman]]''
|[[Martin Scorsese]]
|United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2020 New York Film Festival|2020]]
|''[[Lovers Rock (2020 film) |Lovers Rock]]''
|[[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]]
|United Kingdom
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2021 New York Film Festival|2021]]
|''[[The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021 film)|The Tragedy of Macbeth]]''
|[[Joel Coen]]
| rowspan="4" |United States
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2022 New York Film Festival|2022]]
|''[[White Noise (2022 film)|White Noise]]''
|[[Noah Baumbach]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2023 New York Film Festival|2023]]
|''[[May December]]''
|[[Todd Haynes]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2024 New York Film Festival|2024]]
|''[[Nickel Boys]]''
|[[RaMell Ross]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | [[2025 New York Film Festival|2025]]
|''[[After the Hunt]]''
|[[Luca Guadagnino]]
| Italy, United States
|}

==See also==
* [[New York International Children's Film Festival]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff2016/ New York Film Festival] Official website (2016)
*[https://www.filmlinc.org Film Society of Lincoln Center] Presenting organization website
*{{NYTtopic|subjects/n/new_york_film_festival}}
*[https://www.filmlinc.org/nyff/nyff-posters/ New York Film Festival Posters] List of all the official festival posters

{{New York Film Festival}}

[[Category:New York Film Festival| ]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Experimental film festivals]]
[[Category:Film festivals established in 1963]]
[[Category:Film festivals in New York City]]
[[Category:Lincoln Center]]

Ajay Pratap Singh

2026-02-23T09:04:31Z

Vishal5555:

'''Ajay Pratap Singh''' may refer to:

*[[Ajay Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)]] (born 1967), Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh
*[[Ajay Pratap Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)]] (1964-2025), Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
*[[Ajay Pratap Singh (librarian)]] (fl. 2020-present), Indian academician, librarian and library administrator

==See also==
*[[Ajeya Pratap Singh]] (born 1956), Indian politician

{{hndis|Singh, Ajay Pratap}}

2025 Bijapur clash

2026-02-11T08:33:59Z

Vishal5555: Started Initial Data W/ Sources...

{{Short description|Maoist attack in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Distinguish|2025 Bijapur Naxal attack}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2025 Bijapur clash
| partof = the [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 9 February 2025
| place = [[Indravati National Park]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| territory =
| result = Government victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|India}}
| commander1 = Unknown
| commander2 = Unknown
| units1 = [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)]] (PLGA)
| units2 =• [[State Armed Police Forces|District Reserve Guard]] • [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]]
| strength1 = 50+
| strength2 = 650<ref name=times-india/>
| casualties1 = 31+ killed<ref>{{Cite news|title=31 Maoists Killed, 2 Security Personnel Dead In Chhattisgarh Encounter|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/12-maoists-killed-2-security-personnel-dead-in-chhattisgarh-encounter-7669378|access-date=2025-02-09|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 2 killed<ref>{{Cite news|title=Security forces gun down 31 Maoist rebels in India's Chhattisgarh state|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/security-forces-gun-down-31-maoist-rebels-indias-chhattisgarh-state-2025-02-09/|access-date=2025-02-09|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> 2 injured
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Naxalite insurgency}}{{Campaignbox India terrorism}}
}}
The 2025 Bijapur clash was a significant [[Encounter killing|encounter]] between Indian security forces and [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist insurgents]] in the [[Indravati National Park]], Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh, India. On February 9, 2025, acting on intelligence reports of a large Maoist gathering, a combined force of approximately 650 security forces personnel carried out an operation in the densely forested region.

The ensuing gunfight resulted in the deaths of at least 31 Maoist rebels and two security personnel, marking it as the deadliest encounter for the rebels in 2025. Two additional security personnel sustained injuries during the clash. Afterwards the security forces recovered many weapons.

==Background==
The Indravati National Park has historically served as a stronghold for Maoist activities due to its extensive forest cover, spanning approximately 2,799 square kilometers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In one of biggest Naxal encounters yet, security forces say 31 bodies recovered from Bijapur's Indravati National Park; 2 jawans also killed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gunfight-indravati-national-park-maoists-jawans-killed-chhattisgarh-police-9826029/|access-date=2025-02-09|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Incident==
The security forces, which included the [[District Reserve Guard]]s (DRG) and [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]]s (STF) were sent to the area after a tip-off about a large group of Maoists moving in the area.<ref name=times-india>{{Cite news|title=31 Maoists, two securitymen die in fierce Bastar gunbattle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/31-maoists-two-securitymen-die-in-fierce-bastar-gunbattle/articleshow/118100062.cms|access-date=2025-02-10|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

A fierce gunfight occurred from both sides and after the encounter, the bodies of 31 Maoists were found in the area, but police suggested there could be more killed, and a search operation was launched. Security forces also sustained casualties including one DRG personnel and one STF personnel killed and 2 others injured.<ref name=hindus-times/>

The Security Forces recovered many weapons including [[AK-47]] ('Kalashnikov') assault rifles, Indian made [[INSAS rifle]]s, [[Self-loading rifle|self-loading rifles]] (SLRs), [[grenade launcher]]s and explosives from the site.<ref name=hindus-times/>

The incident is part of a series of confrontations in Chhattisgarh, reflecting the persistent challenges posed by the Maoist insurgency in central India.<ref name=hindus-times>{{Cite news |title=Chhattisgarh: 31 Maoists, 2 security personnel killed in Bijapur encounter |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-naxal-encounter-12-maoists-killed-encounter-security-forces-bijapur-101739079727272.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=31 Maoists, two security personnel killed in encounter in Chhattisgarh's Bijapur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/bijapur-chhattisgarh-maoist-killed-in-encounter-updates/article69198622.ece |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[2024 Kanker clash]]
*[[2024 Abujhmarh clash]]
*[[2025 Abujhmarh clash]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijapur clash, 2025}}
[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:February 2025 in India]]
[[Category:February 2025 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2025]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) attacks]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
[[Category:Military operations involving India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|2025 clash]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2025]]

Ram Mohan P.

2026-02-10T02:52:49Z

Vishal5555: starting a info needs work

{{short description|Indian film screenwriter, and producer (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Mohan P.
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|5|21}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Ram Mohan
| occupation = {{ubl|[[Film producer]]|[[Screenwriter]]}}
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Cinema of South India|Telugu Films]]
| notable_works = ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' (2013)
}}
'''Ram Mohan Paruvu''' (born 21 May 1969) is an [[Indian film]] [[screenwriter]], [[Film producer|producer]], and director known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He owns the production house Sunshine Cinemas.<ref name="Tollywood Times">{{cite news|last1=staff|title=Ram Mohan P|url=http://ns1.tollywoodtimes.com/en/profiles/info/Ram-Mohan-P/1k8n37vtun|accessdate=18 October 2015|publisher=Tollywood Times}}</ref>

== Career==
The first film under the Sunshine Cinemas banner is Ram's 2013 film ''Uyyala Jampala''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Uyyala Jampala is about childhood sweethearts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/uyyala-jampala-is-about-childhood-sweethearts/articleshow/27728044.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=Thanu Nenu is a heart touching film: Ram Mohan - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thanu-nenu-is-a-heart-touching-film-ram-mohan-telugu-news-147480 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Producer
! Writer
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ashta Chamma]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Golconda High School]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' || || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thanu Nenu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]'' || || || {{partial|Story}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pittagoda]]'' || || {{yes}} ||
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
His brother [[Harimohan Paruvu]] is an English writer.

=== Awards and nominations ===
* 2014, 'Best Film' nomination by [[Cinema of South India|Telugu Film Industry]]'s [[Filmfare Awards South]] for ''Uyyala Jampala'' (2013).
* 2009, 'Best Film' nomination by [[Cinema of South India|Telugu Film Industry]]'s [[Filmfare Awards South]] for ''Ashta Chamma'' (2008).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6044568}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1704137/ ''Ashta Chamma''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1815722/ ''Golconda High School''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram Mohan P}}
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Karamjit Anmol

2026-02-09T17:04:45Z

Vishal5555: stub

{{Short description|Indian comedian, singer and film producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karamjit Anmol
| image = Karamjitanmol.jpg
| caption = Anmol in 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|1|2}}
| birth_place = Ganduan, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|comedian|producer}}
| spouse = Gurjot Kaur
| children = Armaan Singh Benipal, Gurshaan Singh
| parents = Sadhu Singh, Murti Kaur
}}

'''Karamjit Anmol''' is an Indian actor, comedian, singer and film producer active in the [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi entertainment industry]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Breaking ground Karmjit Anmol, who is part of Hollywood project West is West, along with renowned actor Om Puri, says he has learnt a lot from how senior actors handled their roles | website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=9 June 2011 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110609/ttlife1.htm#2 | access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karamjit Anmol on IMDb|website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3792384/}}</ref> He has worked in Punjabi movies including ''Laavaan Phere'' and ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Surveen Chawla is playing the female lead while the film also stars Upasna Singh, Karamjit Anmol, BN Sharma, Chandan Prabharkar and a new face Apoorva Arora in supporting roles.|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana/diljit-kick-starts-promotion-of-disco-singh/article1-1203381.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217160533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/ludhiana/diljit-kick-starts-promotion-of-disco-singh/article1-1203381.aspx|archive-date=2014-12-17}}</ref> He has also acted in the comedy plays "OMG !! Oh My God" and "Naughty Baba In Town" which were staged in Canada, America, New Zealand and Australia. He received the "PTC Best Comedian Of The Year" award in 2017 for [[Main Teri Tu Mera]].<ref>{{cite web|title=KARAMJIT ANMOL BIOGRAPHY|url=http://www.hungama.com/artists/karamjit-anmol-biography/47835}}</ref> He belongs to [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] community.<ref>{{cite news |title= फरीदकोट से AAP प्रत्याशी और पंजाबी सिंगर करमजीत अनमोल OBC वर्ग से रखते हैं ताल्लुक? चुनाव आयोग में शिकायत दर्ज|url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/faridkot-faridkot-aap-candidate-karamjeet-anmol-belong-to-obc-category-complaint-filed-in-election-commission-23718416.html|access-date= 5 October 2025 |work= Nav Bharat|date= 15 May 2024}}</ref>

== Discography (film soundtracks) ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Movie name
!Song
|-
|2006
|Main Tu Assi Tussi
|Title Track
|-
|2013
|[[Singh vs Kaur|Singh Vs Kaur]]
|Pandit Ji
|-
|2013
|[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]
|Title Track
|-
|2013
|Jatt Boys Putt Jattan De
|Yaara Ve
|-
|2014
|Fateh
|Tu Te Mein
|-
|2014
|[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]
|Mora
|-
|2015
|Leather Life
|Waqt
|-
|2015
|[[Munde Kamaal De]]
|Dil Janiya
|-
|2015
|Rupinder Gandhi- The Gangster ?
|Baagi
|-
|2016
|[[Nikka Zaildar]]
|Bhola
|-
|2017
|[[Manje Bistre]]
|Sadhu Halwai
|-
|2017
|[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]
|Title Track
|-
|2017
|[[Sat Shri Akaal England]]
|lakha
|-
|2018
|[[Vadhayiyaan Ji Vadhayiyaan]]
|Jind
|-
|2018
|[[Mr & Mrs 420 Returns]]
|Dil Tera
|-
|2018
|[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]
|Mithde Bol
|-
|2018
|Parahuna
|Ramte Ramte
|-
|2018
|[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]
|Bharpoor singh patwari
|-
|2018
|Atte Di Chidi
|Dharti Punjab Di
|-
|2018
|Ranjha Refugee
|Channa Mereya
|-
|2018
|Laatu
|Jeth Mahina
|-
|2019
|[[Manje Bistre 2]]
|Naina
|-
|2019
|Blackia
|Koka
|-
|2019
|Lukan Michi
|Ghughia
|-
|2019
|[[Muklawa]]
|Dawayi
|-
|2019
|[[Chandigarh Amritsar Chandigarh]]
|Mattha
|}

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
!Language
|-
|2007
|Kaun Kise Da Beli
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|2008
|Layi Lagg
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|2009
|[[Dev.D|Dev D]]
|
|
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|[[Mitti (2010 film)|Mitti]]
|
|Guest appearance
|Punjabi
|-
|Chak Jawana
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|[[West Is West (2010 film)|West Is West]]
|
|British film
|English
|-
| [[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]] || Karamwala ||
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012|| [[Jatt & Juliet]] || Natha Vichola ||
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Carry On Jatta]] || Tajji veer ||
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Sirphire]] || kaala ||
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="13" |2013
|[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]
|
|With [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
|Punjabi
|-
|[[Singh vs Kaur|Singh Vs Kaur]]
|Pandit
|
|Punjabi
|-
|Daddy Cool Munde Fool
|Dolu
|
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]] || Bunty ||
|Punjabi
|-
|[[Jatts In Golmaal]]
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Best of Luck (Punjabi Film)|Best of Luck]] || Servant Ballu ||
|Punjabi
|-
|[[Naughty Jatts]]
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|[[Punjab Bolda]]
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|Jatt Boys Putt Jattan de
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|Jatt Airways
|Mika Badmaash
|
|Punjabi
|-
|Jatt In Mood
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Bhaji in Problem]] || Maninder ||
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014
|[[Ishq Brandy]]
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|Fateh
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Disco Singh]] || Baai || Nominated - PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Comic Role
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Jatt James Bond]] || Sucha Singh ||
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Double Di Trouble]] || Jain Saab ||
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Goreya Nu Daffa Karo]] || Kala's uncle ||
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
|Leather Life
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| [[Oh Yaara Ainvayi Ainvayi Lut Gaya]] || Lawyer ||
|Punjabi
|-2015|| [[Singh is bling]] || zoo security guard ||
| ''[[Second Hand Husband]]'' || Constable ||
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Munde Kamaal De]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Singh Is Bliing|Singh Is Bling]]''
|
|
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Dildariyaan]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2016|| ''[[Channo Kamli Yaar Di]]'' || Jailli ||
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Ardaas (Film)|Ardaas]]'' || Shambhu Nath ||
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Ambarsariya]]'' || Dhaba Malak ||
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Vaisakhi List]]'' || TBA ||
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Bambukat]]'' || Friend ||
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Main Teri Tu Mera]]''|| TBA ||
|Punjabi
|-
|''Darra''
|
|Guest appearance
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Teshan (film)|Teshan]]'' || ||
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' || Bhola ||
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Lock (film)|Lock]]'' || TBA ||
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="11" |2017
|''[[Sardar Saab]]''
|Laddoo
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Sargi]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Manje Bistre]]'' || Saadhu Singh (Halwai)||
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Channa Mereya]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Thug Life (2017 film)|Thug Life]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]''|| Resham (Bus Driver) ||
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Bailaras]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Dangar Doctor Jelly''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Bhalwan Singh''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Sardar Mohammad''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Sat Shri Akaal England]]''
|Lakha
|
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="14" |2018
|''[[Laavaan Phere]]''
|Jija
|Also producer
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Subedar Joginder Singh (film)|Subedar Joginder Singh]]'' || Bawa Singh ||
|Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'' || Tony ||
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Vadhayiyaan Ji Vadhayiyaan]]''|| Honey ||
|Punjabi
|-
|''Jagga Jiunda E''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Mr & Mrs 420 Returns]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]''
|Hakalchu
|With [[Gippy Grewal]]
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Parahuna]]''
|Jija
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Afsar (2018 film)|Afsar]]''
|Patwari
| With [[Tarsem Jassar]]
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Son of Manjeet Singh]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Aate Di Chidi]]''
|
|With [[Amrit Maan]]
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Ranjha Refugee]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Laatu]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Yaar Beli''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="11" |2019
|''[[Ishqaa]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Do Dooni Panj]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Kake Da Viah''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Uda Aida]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Kala Shah Kala]]''
| Hari
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Manje Bistre 2]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Lukan Michi''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Muklawa]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Munda Faridkotia]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Mindo Taseeldarni''
|Teja
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''Baraat Bandi''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Kuriyan Jawan Baapu Preshaan]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Paani Ch Madhaani]]''
|
|Filming<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/lockdown-tales-hukma-to-paani-ch-madhaani-punjabi-movies-announcements-that-are-helping-us-wait-for-better-days/paani-ch-madhaani-as-the-movie-goes-on-the-floor-gippy-grewal-shares-an-all-smiles-bts-picture-from-the-sets/photostory/78508078.cms|title=Paani Ch Madhaani: As the movie goes on the floor; Gippy Grewal shares an all smiles BTS picture from the sets
|date=6 October 2020|access-date=14 October 2020|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Shava Ni Girdhari Lal]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|2022
|''Bhoot Uncle Tusi Great Ho''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''[[Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga]]''
| Semma
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Carry On Jatta 3]]''
|
|
|Punjabi
|-
|''[[Mastaney]]''
| Bashir
|
|Punjabi
|-

|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Result
|-
|2015
|[[Disco Singh]]
|rowspan="3"|[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|Best Performance In Comic Role
|{{nom}}
|-
|2017
|[[Main Teri Tu Mera]]

|{{won}}

|-

|}

== Productions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
|-
|2018
|Laavaan Phere
|-
|2019
|Mindo Taseeldarni
|-
|2020
|No Life With Wife
|-
|Coming Soon
|Laavaan Phere 2
|}

== Music albums ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Albums
|-
|1995
|Aashiq Bhaji
|-
|1996
|Katt Ta Challan Dil Da
|-
|1996
|Akhiyan Ch Hanju Mukk Gaye
|-
|1997
|Na Hanju Mere Mukde Ne
|-
|1997
|Jhaliye Tu Rona Chad De
|-
|1998
|Gall Tere Mere Pyaar Di
|-
|1999
|Ro Ro Naina Ne
|-
|2000
|Chithian
|-
|2001
|Akhada
|-
|2004
|Balori Akh
|-
|2006
|Churhe Wali banh
|-
|2008
|Shounk
|-
|2008
|Pabandi
|-
|2011
|Lucky For Me
|-
|2012
|Desi Rockers (2 Songs)
|-
|2014
|Yaara Ve 2
|}

=== Single and duet tracks ===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song title
!Music
!Label
!With
|-
|2016
|Pind Vikau Hai
|Surjit Lovely
|Karamjit Anmol
|
|-
|2016
|Black Suit
|Nation Brothers
|Shemaroo Punjabi
|With Nisha Bano
|-
|2016
|Dollar
|Simran Goraya
|[[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|With Nisha Bano
|-
|2017
|Dildara
|Channi Singh
|Saga Hits
|
|-
|2017
|Inquilab Zindabaad
|Mr.Wow
|Karamjit Anmol
|
|-
|2017
|Tera Naam
|Mr.Wow
|Saga Music
|
|-
|2017
|Vekhi Jani Eh
|Mr.Wow
|Black Hawk Productions
|With Gurbinder Maan
|-
|2017
|Pani
|Mr. Wow
|Saga Hits
|
|-
|2018
|Giddha
|Jaison Thind
|Saga Music
|With Raman Romana
|-
|2018
|Mulaqat{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|Sukh Brar
|Jass records
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|3792384|Karamjit Anmol}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anmol, Karamjit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Nanditha Jennifer

2026-02-08T06:05:40Z

Vishal5555: new

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nanditha Jennifer
| image = Jennifer nanditha.jpg
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birthname = Jennifer
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Actress, choreographer
| othername = Jeni
| spouse = {{Marriage|Kasi Viswanathan|2007}}<ref name="Popular actress Nanditha Jennifer celebrates 14th wedding anniversary with hubby Kasi Viswanathan">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Popular actress Nanditha Jennifer celebrates 14th wedding anniversary with hubby Kasi Viswanathan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-actress-nanditha-jennifer-celebrates-14th-wedding-anniversary-with-hubby-kasi-viswanathan/articleshow/74330739.cms |access-date=20 July 2022 |date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720131010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-actress-nanditha-jennifer-celebrates-14th-wedding-anniversary-with-hubby-kasi-viswanathan/articleshow/74330739.cms |archive-date=20 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| children = 2 (Shantanav, Ghayaan)
| mother = Judaline Thanda Anthony
| father = Chinna Master
}}
'''Nanditha Jennifer''' is an Indian actress and choreographer who has appeared in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. The actress won critical acclaim for her performance in ''[[Eera Nilam]]'' (2003) and later appeared in other Tamil and Telugu language films.<ref>[http://www.inscreens.in/jennifer] {{dead link|date=October 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
The daughter of film choreographer Chinna, Jennifer first appeared in a song in [[Vasanth]]'s ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey!]]'' (2002), before starring in [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]'s slasher film ''[[Mutham]]'' (2002) in an ensemble cast, under her original name of Jennifer. She featured in the film alongside actors [[Nagendra Prasad]] and [[Arun Vijay]], but it received negative reviews and performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2003/mutham.html |title=Mutham : Arunkumar, Nagendra Prasad, Satyan, Charulatha, Jennifer, Ajayan, Anjali, 'Thalaivasal' Vijay, Madan Bob |website=Bbthots.com |accessdate=14 October 2017 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416123608/http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2003/mutham.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/24mutham.htm |title=Mutham: Kiss of the future |publisher=Rediff.com |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> she then appeared in several films throughout 2003, notably starring in [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[Eera Nilam]]'', though critics criticized her performance as "comical".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/08/stories/2003080801870201.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040306070747/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/08/stories/2003080801870201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Eera Nilam |date=8 August 2003 |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref> She then also appeared in two straight-to-video films alongside [[Pandiarajan]], while another film titled ''Kaadhal Jaathi'' directed by [[Kasthuri Raja]] remained unreleased after running into financial trouble. Jennifer made several appearances in [[item number]]s in the middle of the 2000s, as she found it difficult to be selected for lead roles.

Jennifer married Kasi Viswanathan, an assistant cinematographer to [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]. Jennifer and Kasi Viswanathan got married in March 2007 at Vadapalani Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/lakshmi-stores-fame-jennifer-celebrates-hubby-kasi-viswanathans-birthday-in-style-see-pics/articleshow/69218234.cms|title = Lakshmi Stores fame Jennifer celebrates Viswanathan’s birthday in style; see pics}}</ref>

In 2013, she made a comeback under her original name in the film ''[[Ravana Desam]]'' starring newcomers, which told the tale of missing refugees during the 2009 [[Sri Lankan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Not-confining-to-aunty-sis-roles-post-marriage/2013/10/30/article1860872.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103064850/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Not-confining-to-aunty-sis-roles-post-marriage/2013/10/30/article1860872.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2013 |title=Not confining to aunty, sis roles post-marriage |website=The New Indian Express |accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref>

She has featured in popular shows like ''Bhuvaneswari'', ''Nagavalli'', ''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis|Mr & Mrs Khiladis Season 02]]'' and ''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-actress-nanditha-jennifer-celebrates-14th-wedding-anniversary-with-hubby-kasi-viswanathan/articleshow/74330739.cms|title = Popular actress Nanditha Jennifer celebrates 14th wedding anniversary with hubby Kasi Viswanathan}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Films
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class=unsortable|Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' || Dancer in song "Thaniye" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2002 || ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey!]]'' || Yamini || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Arputham]]'' || Ashok's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Jjunction]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[University (film)|University]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Mutham]]'' || Aarthi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003 || ''[[Indru Mudhal]]'' || Jenni || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Eera Nilam]]'' || Sornam || Tamil || Lead heroine
|-
| ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]'' || Janaki || Tamil ||Lead heroine
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004 || ''[[Dharma (2004 film)|Dharma]]'' || Sakunthala || [[Kannada]] || credited as Manisha
|-
| ''Pethi Sollai Thattathea'' || Jancy || Tamil || Straight-to-video
|-
| ''Thiru Thuru'' || Madhavi || Tamil || Straight-to-video
|-
| ''[[Seshadri Naidu]]'' || Sathyabama || Telugu || Lead role
|-
| ''[[Jananam]]''|| Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || Dolly || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2006 || ''[[Azhagiya Asura]]'' || Pavithra || Tamil || Special Appearance
|-
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Vasumathi || Tamil ||Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Dharmapuri (film)|Dharmapuri]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Item song Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Naalai]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Item song Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Item song Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2007 || ''[[Vasantham Vanthachu]]'' || Gayathri || Tamil ||Lead heroine
|-
| ''[[Kasu Irukkanum]]'' || Vijayalakshmi (Viji) || Tamil || Lead heroine
|-
| ''[[Thiru Ranga]]'' || Deepa || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthen]]'' || Reena || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pirappu]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| 2008 || ''Pachai Nirame'' || Shanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]'' || Dancer || Telugu || Item song Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Ravana Desam]]'' || Abhinaya || Tamil ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Chinnan Chiriya Vanna Paravai'' || Dancer || Tamil || Special appearance
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Where Is Vidya Balan]]'' || Dancer || Telugu || Item song Special appearance
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Palli Paruvathile]]'' || Dancer || Tamil || Item song Special appearance
|-
| 2018 || ''Naa Route Separetu'' || Dancer || Telugu || Item song Special appearance
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kudimagan]]'' || Chellakannu || Tamil ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Jail (2021 film)|Jail]]'' || Mariapushpam || Tamil ||
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Maha (film)|Maha]]'' || Alex's daughter || Tamil || Uncredited
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008–2010 || ''Nagavalli'' || Nagavalli / Sneha || rowspan="2"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|''Bhuvaneswari''||Bhuvaneswari
|-
|2018 ||''[[Mr & Mrs Khiladis|Mr & Mrs Khiladis Season 02]]''|| Contestant|| [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2018–2019 || rowspan="2"|''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''|| rowspan="2"|Kamala || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2019 || [[Gemini TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020–2021 || ''[[Amman (2020 TV series)|Amman]]''|| Saradha || [[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''|| Raadhika || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2021 || ''Rowdy Baby''|| Contestant || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2024 || ''[[Karthigai Deepam (TV series)|Karthigai Deepam]]'' || Ramya || [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2025–Present || ''Thirumangalyam''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/tvOuqjjrRYA|title=Thirumangalyam|publisher=Nandita Jennifer|date=18 November 2025|language=ta}}</ref> || Kavitha || [[Zee Tamil]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2296039}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jennifer, Nanditha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Meenu Dhatterwal

2026-02-07T17:50:01Z

Vishal5555: stub

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Meenu Dhatterwal''' (born 23 November 2006)<ref>https://kheloindia.gov.in/uploads/Khelo%20India%20Athletes.pdf Serial number 184</ref> is an Indian kho kho player from [[Haryana]]. She plays for the [[India women's national kho kho team]] as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> She was part of the Indian women’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.

== Early life and career ==
Dhatterwal is from Bithmara village, [[Uklana Mandi]], [[Hisar district]], Haryana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=खो-खो वर्ल्डकप जीतकर हिसार पहुंची मीनू धतरवाल, क्रेन से हुई फूलों की बरसात, ग्रैंड वेलकम देख छलकी आंखें - GRAND WELCOME OF MEENU DHATARWAL |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/meenu-dhatarwal-reached-village-after-winning-kho-kho-world-cup-thousands-of-villagers-welcomed-her-with-flowers-haryana-news-hrs25012605005 |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=ETVBharat.com}}</ref>

She took part in the Indian women's team that won the first [[Kho Kho World Cup]] at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Indian team defeated [[South Korea]], [[IR Iran]] and [[Malaysia]] in the group stages, Bangladesh in quarterfinals and [[South Africa]] in semifinals. They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78–40 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2025-01-19 |title=Indian women win first-ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025; PM Modi hails 'historic' victory {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201155957/https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-date=2025-02-01 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

On her return to the village after the World Cup victory, a grand welcome was organised by the local people including [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]] MLA [[Naresh Selwal]] and former minister [[Anoop Dhanak]].<ref name=":0" /> She was taken in a procession in an open jeep amidst fire crackers and music, and was later felicitated.<ref name=":0" /> On 18 February 2025, Haryana chief minister [[Nayab Singh Saini]] visited her house and complimented her for the victory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2025 |title=Nayab Singh Saini meets Meenu Dhatterwal player of the Indian women's team |url=https://www.contentgarden.in/news/Nayab-Singh-Saini-meets-Meenu-Dhatterwal-player-of-the-Indian-women-s-team-that-won-the-Kho-Kho-World-Cup-2025/1969090;p1=1969090 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.contentgarden.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhatterwal, Meenu}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Indian Institute of Management Mumbai

2026-02-07T12:08:22Z

Vishal5555: new

{{Short description|Indian graduate business school}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{COI|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Management
Mumbai
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_name = Indian Institute of Management Mumbai Logo.svg
| image_upright = .7
| other_name = IIM Mumbai, IIM-M
| former_name = National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE)
| motto = {{motto|ज्ञानम् जयति सर्वत्र|sa|Knowledge triumphs everywhere}}
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1963}}
| motto_lang = sa
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Business School]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|1079776499|}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/storage//uploads/annual_reports/2500/167514642501.pdf |title=Annual Report 2022–2023 |website=iimmumbai.ac.in |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>
| chairman = [[Shashi Kiran Shetty]]
| director = [[Manoj Kumar Tiwari (academic)|Manoj Kumar Tiwari]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|63.832|acre|km2}}
| academic_staff = 76 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 1,130 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/storage/uploads/pages/pages_docs/nirf_2024.pdf |publisher=IIM Mumbai}}</ref>
| postgrad = 1,026 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 104 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharastra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|19|8|21|N|72|54|18|E|region:IN-MH_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| academic_affiliations = [[Institute of National Importance]]
| accreditation = [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]], [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]
| website = {{URL|http://iimmumbai.ac.in/}}
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Management Mumbai''' ('''IIM Mumbai''' or '''IIM-M'''), formerly known as the '''National Institute for Training in Industrial Engineering''' ('''NITIE Mumbai''') is a reputed [[graduate school|graduate]] [[business school]] under the [[Ministry of Education (India)]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institutions {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Education|url=https://www.education.gov.in/en/others|access-date=2021-06-10|website=www.education.gov.in}}</ref> [[Government of India]] located in [[Powai]] near Vihar Lake in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] and is ranked 6th among [[Business school|B-Schools]] of [[India]] as per [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] 2025 rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154821/https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/ManagementRanking.html |archive-date=2023-06-05 |access-date= |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

==History==
The National Institute for Training in Industrial Engineering,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nitie.ac.in/icdaps/about.html | title=ICDAPS-2022 - About Conference | publisher=nitie.ac.in | access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> later the National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), now Indian Institute of Management Mumbai (IIM Mumbai) was established by the Government of India in 1963 with the assistance of [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) through the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) to create skilled professionals. It was funded by the [[Government of India]] and registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-ocite.asp | title=Ministry of HRD website, Government of India | access-date=2009-02-04 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205180304/http://education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-ocite.asp | archive-date=5 February 2009}}</ref>

=== Conversion to IIM ===
Noted [[Business magnate|industrialist]] [[Anand Mahindra]] and [[HDFC Bank|HDFC]] chairman [[Deepak Parekh]] had suggested, in 2007, the change in name of NITIE to an [[Indian Institutes of Management|IIM]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deshmukh|first=Smita|date=2007-09-01|title=Convert Nitie into an IIM: Mahindra|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-convert-nitie-into-an-iim-mahindra-1119096|access-date=2021-06-10|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Dr Manmohan Singh]] had promised to look into the issue.

For several years no step was taken in this direction, but recently, on 31 January 2022, the [[Ministry of Education (India)]] has constituted a committee of experts to deliberate on the feasibility of bringing the National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE) Mumbai under [[Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017|IIM Act, 2017]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhani|first=Armaan|date=2022-04-02|title=Ministry of Education forms an expert committee to bring NITIE under IIM Act 2017|url=https://www.dsij.in/dsijarticledetail/ministry-of-education-forms-an-expert-committee-to-bring-nitie-under-iim-act-2017-22944-1|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Dalal Street Investment Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-02|title=BSE's Ashishkumar Chauhan to head expert panel on bringing NITIE Mumbai under IIM Act|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/bses-ashishkumar-chauhan-to-head-expert-panel-on-bringing-nitie-mumbai-under-iim-act/2426169/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Financial Express|language=en}}</ref> The list of experts includes [[Ashish Chauhan|Shri Ashish Kumar Chauhan]], MD & CEO, Bombay Stock Exchange & Chancellor [[University of Allahabad]], Prof. Pawan Kumar Singh, Director, [[Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli|IIM Tiruchirappalli]], Prof. Pramod Kumar Jain, Director, [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|IIT BHU]], [[Subhasis Chaudhuri|Prof. Subhasis Choudhuri]], Director, [[IIT Bombay]], Shri Pradeep Goyal, CMD, M/s Pradeep Metals.

A significant milestone was achieved by NITIE Mumbai on 12 July 2023 when the Union Cabinet approved the amendment in the IIM Act, designating NITIE Mumbai as the 21st IIM and renaming it as IIM Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-12|title=Parliament monsoon session: Bill to amend IIM Act among 3 cleared by Cabinet|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cabinet-approves-three-bills-including-amendment-to-iim-act-jan-vishwas-bill-and-mines-and-minerals-act-101689188635868.html|access-date=2023-07-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

On July 28, 2023, The Indian Institutes of Management (Amendment) Bill, 2023 was introduced in [[Lok Sabha]] by Union education minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=IIM (Amendment) Bill introduced in LS amid disruptions over Manipur issue |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/iim-amendment-bill-introduced-in-ls-amid-disruptions-over-manipur-issue-123072800310_1.html}}</ref>

The Indian Institutes of Management (Amendment) Bill, 2023 was passed by [[Lok Sabha]] on Aug 4, 2023 <ref>{{Cite news |title=Parliament proceedings {{!}} Lok Sabha passes Indian Institutes of Management (Amendment) Bill, 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-lok-sabha-passes-indian-institutes-of-management-amendment-bill-2023/article67157537.ece}}</ref>
It was also passed by [[Rajya Sabha]] on Aug 8, 2023. After receiving the [[President of India|President's]] assent, the Bill became an Act on Aug 11, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Gazette |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/248043.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-12 |title=7 new laws, including Delhi services legislation, receive Presidential assent |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/7-new-laws-including-delhi-services-legislation-receive-presidential-assent/articleshow/102683541.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Services Bill, 6 others get President's assent, become laws |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-services-bill-6-others-get-president-s-assent-become-laws-parliament-monsoon-session-3055567 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Launch of the Incubation Centre ===
In June 2025, IIM Mumbai established the Atal Incubation Centre–NITIE Incubation Foundation for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (AIC-NIFIE)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIC NIFIE |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/aic-nifie/about-us |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=iimmumbai.ac.in}}</ref> to promote innovation-driven entrepreneurship. Supported by the Atal Innovation Mission and NITI Aayog, the incubator provides early-stage startups with mentorship, infrastructure, industry linkages, and access to research and funding. Aligned with the institute's emphasis on technology and management, AIC–NIFIE aims to foster a robust entrepreneurial ecosystem both within and beyond the IIM Mumbai community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-25 |title=IIM Mum opens incubator to anyone with a good idea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/iim-mum-opens-incubator-to-anyone-with-a-good-idea/articleshow/122054572.cms |access-date=2025-07-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIC NIFIE |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/aic-nifie/about-us |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=iimmumbai.ac.in}}</ref>

== Campus and Infrastructure ==
IIM Mumbai's main campus is located in Powai, in the north-eastern suburbs of Mumbai.

=== Teaching Blocks ===

=== Library ===
[[File:Indian Institute of Management Mumbai, Academic Building, Dec. 2023.jpg|thumb|Academic and Library Building]]
The institute's library relocated in 2016 to a dedicated Academic cum Library Building (ALB), covering approximately 1,434 sq m across three floors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute Of Management Iim Mumbai – Mumbaimba {{!}} Info |url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/college/mumbaimba/indian-institute-of-management-iim-mumbai |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=www.mbauniverse.com}}</ref>

=== Auditorium ===
An auditorium seating around 200 attendees serves multiple purposes: academic lectures, executive development programs, and more.

=== Sports & Recreation ===
The campus features diverse sports infrastructure, including facilities for badminton (in a dedicated sports complex), basketball, volleyball, cricket, table tennis, carom, and chess.

=== Financial Research and Trading Lab ===
IIM Mumbai maintains a Financial Research and Trading Lab equipped with a [[Bloomberg Terminal]] providing students access to real time market data, analytics, and tools for applied financial research and simulations.

=== Other Facilities ===
[[File:NITIE Admin Block.jpg|thumb|Admin Block]]
The campus infrastructure includes computer and simulation labs, CAD/CAM and SAP Next-Gen labs, and specialized facilities for engineering and ergonomics. Additional amenities include a gymnasium, guest houses, cafeteria, convenience store, medical dispensary and shuttle services within the campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Mumbai - Infrastructure |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/infrastructure |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=iimmumbai.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Mumbai - Facilities |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/facilities |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=iimmumbai.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Mumbai Facilities |url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/indian-institute-of-management-mumbai-20735/infrastructure |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Shiksha.com}}</ref>

==Academics==
IIM Mumbai offers management programs, including full-time MBAs in General Management, '[[Operations management|Operations]],[[Wealth Management]] and [[Supply chain management|Supply Chain Management]]' and '[[Sustainability management|Sustainability Management]]' along with various executive MBA programs tailored for working professionals seeking career advancement. The institute also has a legacy of [[Postgraduate diploma]]s in [[industrial engineering]], industrial management [https://iimmumbai.ac.in/pgdim (PGDIM)], sustainability, information technology management, and financial economics and management [https://pgp.iimmumbai.ac.in/course/financial-economics-management (PGDFEM)].

It also offers doctoral level [[Fellow|fellowship programs]]. The Fellow Program of IIM Mumbai was started in 1980, since then nearly 100 Fellowship (Doctoral) Degrees have been awarded. Annually, IIM Mumbai trains over 2000 professionals through its various week long Management Development Programs (MDPs)<ref>{{Cite web|title=MDP {{!}} NITIE|url=https://www.nitie.ac.in/mdp|access-date=2021-06-10|website=www.nitie.ac.in}}</ref> and the unit based programs (UBPs) in different areas of Industrial Engineering & Management.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mumbai: Following IIM tag, NITIE to Convert PG Diploma Courses to MBA, Admit Non-Engineering Students |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/mumbai-following-iim-tag-nitie-to-convert-pg-diploma-courses-to-mba-admit-non-engineering-students}}</ref>

==Rankings==

IIM Mumbai is ranked sixth among management schools in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in both 2024 and 2025.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_B_2024/><ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904093239/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref> After rising from its seventh position in 2023, the institute has maintained its position among the country's top business schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Mumbai - Ranking |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/ranking |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=iimmumbai.ac.in}}</ref>

==Student life==
[[File:NITIE Hostel and Pond View.jpg|thumb|IIM Mumbai Hostel and Lake view]]
IIM Mumbai is a student-run institute that has around 30 Committees and Forums that the students can be a part of. Around a year, these committees organize various events and programs like Sansmaran – Alumni Meet, Avartan – Flagship Business fest of IIM Mumbai, Mahamandi, Arohan, Panel discussions, Leadership talks, Social Volunteering works, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Committees {{!}} NITIE|url=https://www.nitie.ac.in/committees|access-date=2021-06-10|website=www.nitie.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIM Mumbai - Committees |url=https://iimmumbai.ac.in/committees |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=iimmumbai.ac.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Institutes of Management]]
* [[Institutes of National Importance]]
* [[Education in India]] and [[Higher education in India]]
* [[Common Admission Test|Common Admission Test (CAT)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

{{Indian Institutes of Management}}
{{Mumbai topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Institute of Industrial Engineering}}
[[Category:Business schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Bhavanisagar Dam

2026-02-07T10:28:14Z

Vishal5555: Started A Pg W/ Refs

{{Infobox dam
| name = Bhavanisagar Dam
| name_official = Lower Bhavani Dam
| image_caption = Bhavanisagar Dam and Reservoir
| coordinates = {{coord|11|28|15|N|77|6|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Bhavanisagar]], [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| purpose = [[irrigation]], [[hydroelectricity|power]]
| status = open
| construction_began = 1948
| opening = 1955
| cost = {{INRconvert|210|m}}
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| operator = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| dam_type = [[earthen dam|earthen]]
| dam_crosses = [[Bhavani River]]
| dam_height_foundation= {{cvt|40|m}}
| dam_height_thalweg = {{convert|120|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_length = {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name = Bhavanisagar Reservoir
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|32.8|e9cuft|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| plant_name =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_turbines = Lower Bhavani -1 4x2 MW = 8 MW; Lower Bhavani RBC (Right Bank Cannel) = 2x4 MW = 8 MW
| plant_capacity = {{convert|16|MW|abbr=on}}
| plant_capacity_factor=
| plant_annual_gen =
| extra =''Source''<ref name="CSTI"/>
| image = BhavaniSagarDam.JPG
| dam_height =
}}
'''Bhavanisagar Dam''' or '''Lower Bhavani Dam''', is an [[earthen dam]] located in [[Erode district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.erode.tn.nic.in/tourism.htm|title=Tourist Information for Erode district|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306115648/http://www.erode.tn.nic.in/tourism.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dam is constructed on the [[Bhavani River]].<ref name="CSTI">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.cstibhavanisagar.org/pdf/csti/UNIQUENESS%20OF%20BHAVANISAGAR%20DAM.pdf|title=Uniqueness of Bhavanisagar dam|journal=CSTI|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311202918/http://www.cstibhavanisagar.org/pdf/csti/UNIQUENESS%20OF%20BHAVANISAGAR%20DAM.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dam is situated some {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} west of [[Sathyamangalam]], and is {{cvt|35|km}} from [[Gobichettipalayam]] in Erode district.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_resourcemgt_water_res_bhavanisagardam.pdf |title=Bhavanisagar dam |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

==History==
The Lower Bhavani Project was the first major irrigation project initiated in India, after independence, in 1948. It was completed by 1955 and opened for use in 1956.<ref name="CSTI"/> M. A. Eswaran played a key role in getting the government approval for the construction of the dam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmers thanked TN government for announcing statue for M A Eswaran|lang=ta|url=https://www.vikatan.com/agriculture/government/farmers-thanked-tn-government-for-announcing-statue-for-freedom-fighter-ma-eswaran |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=25 Jan 2025 |work=[[Vikatan]]}}</ref> The dam was constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|210|m}}.<ref name="CSTI"/>

==Dimensions==
The dam is {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. The full reservoir level is {{convert|120|ft|abbr=on}} and the dam has a gross storage capacity of {{convert|32.8|e9cuft|abbr=on}}<ref name="CSTI"/> or 32.81 Tmcft

==Hydrography==
Bhavanisagar dam is constructed on the [[Bhavani River]]. The dam receives water from two main catchment areas in the [[Western Ghats]]. The water is fed into the [[Bhavani River]] known as Upper Bhavani. The eastern catchment area includes the Upper Bhavani, [[Avalanche Lake, Ooty|Avalanche]] and [[Emerald Lake, Ooty|Emerald lake]]s, Kundha, Gedhai, Pillur and Nellithurai . The western catchment area includes Portimund, Parson's valley, [[Pykara]], Glenmorgan, Singara, Maravakandy, Moyar and Thengumarahada.<ref name="CSTI"/> The dam is fed by both [[South west monsoons|Southwest]] and [[Northeast monsoon|Northeast]] monsoons.<ref name="CSTI"/>

The dam feeds water into two canals, [[Lower Bhavani Project Canal]] and [[Kalingarayan Canal]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/27/stories/2008112756750500.htm |title=Breach in LBP Canal plugged |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103131500/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/27/stories/2008112756750500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0444e/A0444E03.htm |title=Large Scale Irrigation Systems |publisher=FAO |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> The Kalingarayan canal feeds Thadapalli and Arakkankottai channels and the LBP canal feeds the Thadapalli and Arakankottai channels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bhavani-sagar-dam-farmers-raise-apprehension-on-water-position/article7804518.ece|title=Bhavani Sagar dam: farmers raise apprehension on water position|date=26 October 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=6 June 2021}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
!Canal !! Ayacut area
|-
|[[Lower Bhavani Project Canal]] || {{convert|103|e3acre}}
|-
|[[Kalingarayan Canal]] || {{convert|15.743|e3acre}}
|-
|Thadapalli and Arakankottai || {{convert|24.504|e3acre}}
|}

==Power generation==
The dam has two [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] [[power station]]s, one on the east bank canal and the other on the [[Bhavani River]]. Each has a capacity of {{convert|8|MW}} for a total capacity of {{convert|16|MW}}.<ref name="CSTI"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* {{Portal-inline|Renewable energy}}
* {{Portal-inline|Water}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Erode district}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Commons category|Bhavanisagar Dam}}

[[Category:Dams in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1955]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Erode district]]
[[Category:Earth-filled dams]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Adhirangam Ranganathaswamy temple

2026-02-06T04:29:08Z

Vishal5555:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Ranganatha Perumal Kovil
| image =Thiruvarangam12.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|00|10|N|79|03|42|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
| location = Adhi Thiruvarangam
| elevation_m =
| deity = Ranganatha Perumal ([[Vishnu]]), Ranganayagi ([[Lakshmi]])
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = Medieval Cholas Vijayanagara kings
| website =
}}

'''Adhirangam Ranganathaswamy temple''' or '''Old Srirangam Ranganatha Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located in Adhi Thiruvarangam in the Taluk of [[Sankarapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], it is believed to have been built by the Medieval Cholas and Vijayanagar kings. It covers an area of {{convert|5|acre|sqm|abbr=on}} and has a historical grain storage container. It is classified one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition.

[[Ranganatha]] Perumal is believed to have appeared to king [[Mahabali]] and the Alvars at the temple's site. Six daily rituals and a dozen yearly festivals are held there, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (March–April), is the most prominent. The temple is open from 6 am to 7:30 pm. It is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
{{multiple images
|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 400
|image1=Thiruvarangam1.JPG
|height1=2448
|width1=3264
|image2=Thiruvarangam6.JPG
|height2=2448
|width2=3264
|footer=Shrines of the temple
}}

As per Hindu legend, a demon king named Somukan stole all the [[Vedas]] from the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s and all the sages were worried. They appealed to Vishnu, who appeared as Ranganatha at this place to emerge from water to rescue the scriptures. He is also believed to have advised [[Brahma]] at this place. As per another legend, a king named Surakeerthi who was childless worshipped Vishnu at this place to get children. [[Chandra]], the moon god, lost all his glow on account of a curse he incurred. The celestial deities advised him to worship Vishnu at this place. He established a tank and worshipped Ranganatha with the holy waters and believed to have been relieved off his curse. The temple tank, Chandra Pushkarani, is believed to be the tank he established.<ref name=dinamalar/> The celestial deities wanted Vishnu to show them his true form during a night time. Pleased by their devotion, Vishnu is believed to have appeared in Rangantha form and give darshan permanently.<ref name=Malai>{{cite web|title=Adhi Ranganathaswamy temple|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/12/22091351/1219345/adi-thiruvarangam-Ranganathaswamy-Temple.vpf|language=Tamil|date=22 December 2018|accessdate=4 October 2020|publisher=Malaimalar}}</ref>

==Architecture ==
[[File:Thiruvarangam8.JPG|200x200px|thumb|left|The historical granary]]
The temple has a flat raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower and is surrounded by tall granite walls. The temple covers an area of {{convert|2|acre|sqm|abbr=on}} and has two precincts. The presiding deity, Ranganatha Perumal, has an imposing image measuring {{convert|29|ft|m|abbr=on}} made of mooligai silai(idol made with herbs) and is seen in reclining posture in the sanctum. The five headed snake [[Adisesha]] is sported as an umbrella for the presiding deity made of stucco. The sanctum also houses the image of Sridevi near his head and Bhudevi near his foot. The festival deity, Rangarajan along with his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi are also housed in the sanctum. There is a mace made of silver located near the arm and the image of [[Garuda]] seen in praying posture is located near the foot of the presiding deity.<ref name=C>{{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India volume 4|last=Madhavan|first=Chithra|year=2007 |isbn=978-81-908445-3-6|pages=143–47|publisher=Alpha Land Books Pvt. Ltd.|location=Chennai}}</ref> The images of Alvars are housed in the hall preceding the sanctum. The central shrine is approached from the gopuram axially through a four pillared mani mandapam and pillared halls of mukha mandapam and artha mandapam. The shrine of Ranganayaki, the consort of Ranganathar is located in a shrine parallel to the sanctum. The temple has a historical grain storage container made of brick located in the south east corner of the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The granary is one of its kind as in other temples like [[Srirangam]], [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar Temple]] at [[Tiruvanaikaval]] and [[Palaivananathar Temple]] at [[Papanasam]]. It is believed that farmers in the region store their grains in the temple, which also accommodates contributions of the donors to the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ancient granaries at Srirangam Temple lying in neglect|date=17 July 2011|work=The Hindu|last=S.|first=Ganesan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/ancient-granaries-at-srirangam-temple-lying-in-neglect/article2234608.ece|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> There are shrines of Kodandarama, Hanuman and Krishna around the sanctum. The shrine of Ranganayagi has sculpted pillars made in Vijayanagara style. There is a huge foot of Vishnu is seen around the western side in the first precinct.<ref name=C/> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|page=216|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
{{multiple images
|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
|image1=Thiruvarangam9.JPG
|height1=2448
|width1=3264
|image2=Thiruvarangam11.JPG
|height2=2448
|width2=3264
|footer=Pillared Vijayanagar shrines of the temple
}}
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Ranganatha Perumal and Ranganayagi. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Adi Ranganathaswamy temple|url=http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=103|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502043615/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=103|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2012|publisher=Dinamalar|accessdate=9 April 2017}}</ref> The image of the presiding deity is made of stucco and hence sacred ablutions are not performed for it. The temple follows Vaikasana Agama. The festivals associated with Vishnu like [[Vaikunta Ekadasi]], Krishna Janmashtami, Ramanavami and Adi Pooram are celebrated in the temple. The prime temple festival, the Brahmotsavam, has been suspended for many years on account of poor patronage.<ref name=C/>

==Religious significance==
It is considered one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. The temple is considered a Periya Perumal temple, meaning the image of presiding Ranganathar is larger than the one found at [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathar Temple]] at [[Srirangam]].<ref name=dinamalar/> The temple finds mention in the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] work ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.<ref name=C/> As per the temple records, the temple is believed to be older than the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy temple]] at [[Srirangam]] and hence came to be known as Adhi Rangam, meaning the original Rangam.<ref name=Malai/> Following the legend of Moon gaining his sheen, the temple tank where Chandra obtained his sheen back is called Chandrapushkarani, otherwise the [[Thenpennai River]]. The Ranga Vimanam given to [[Vibhishana]] and was installed in Srirangam temple, is believed to have been formed naturally in this temple. The Ranga vimanam in the temple is in the form of [[Om]], is believed to be an amalgamated form of [[Vaishnavism]]. The festive deity is taken to a hill named Maiyanoor, located {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the temple. It is believed that [[Kedilam River]] was formed in the hill when [[Garuda]] scratched the hill with his beak.<ref name=Malai1>{{cite web|title=Adhi Ranganathaswamy temple|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2017/01/19102624/1062977/thiruvarangam-ranganathar-temple.vpf|language=Tamil|date=19 January 2017|accessdate=4 October 2020|publisher=Malaimalar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]

26th Annual BFJA Awards

2026-01-31T17:08:42Z

Vishal5555: quick added section based on references further and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

M. V. Raman

2026-01-25T14:02:22Z

Vishal5555: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. Raman
| birth_name = Mahalingam Venkat Raman
| birth_date = 26 June 1913
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1980s/90s
| occupation = Film director, editor, producer
| spouse = V. Meenakshi (until his death)
}}
'''Mahalingam Venkat Raman''' (26 June 1913<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.V. Raman |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/m-v-raman-2397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124193102/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/m-v-raman-2397 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>—{{circa}} 1980s/90s) was an Indian film director, editor and writer who was active mainly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />

== Life ==
M. V. Raman was the son of a lawyer. Though he originally graduated in the field of accounts, he later took to cinema in the late 1930s.<ref name="Guy" /><ref name="Encyclopaedia" /> Beginning his career as an editor, Raman later indulged in writing and directing. He worked as associate director and storywriter on the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Vaazhkai]]'' (1949), and was responsible for casting [[Vyjayanthimala]] as the lead actress, her feature film debut. He later directed the film's [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Hindi remakes ''[[Jeevitham]]'' (1950) and ''[[Bahar (film)|Bahar]]'' (1951), and after the latter's success remained active mainly in Bombay, while occasionally returning to his native [[Tamil Nadu]]. He established Raman Productions in the 1950s, and went on to direct numerous successful films including ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'' (1957), its Tamil remake ''[[Athisaya Penn]]'' (1957), ''[[Konjum Salangai]]'' (1962) and ''[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' (1967).<ref name="Encyclopaedia" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=9 June 2012 |title=Vazhkai 1949 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vazhkai-1949/article3509383.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214125643/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vazhkai-1949/article3509383.ece |archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=6 August 2018 |title=On S. Janaki's sonorous rendition of 'Nee leela paadeda Deva' in 'Muripinche Muvvalu' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-janakis-rendition-of-nee-leela-paadeda-deva/article56836974.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802110854/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-janakis-rendition-of-nee-leela-paadeda-deva/article56836974.ece |archive-date=2 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 August 2015 |title=Athisaya Penn (1959 ) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/athisaya-penn-1959/article7489163.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115065028/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/athisaya-penn-1959/article7489163.ece |archive-date=15 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 July 2009 |title=Pattanathil Bhootham 1964 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/pattanathil-bhootham-1964/article3021704.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130909160420/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/07/17/stories/2009071750391600.htm |archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> In 1991, historian [[Randor Guy]] wrote that Raman, despite his success in the film industry, "faded away soon for reasons of his own making, and died some years ago".<ref name="Guy" /> Raman was married to V. Meenakshi, who died in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 1993 |title=Obituary |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930729&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
|-
| 1949
| [[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|''Vaazhkai'']]
|-
| 1950
| ''[[Jeevitham]]''
|-
| 1953
| ''[[Ladki]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1954
| ''[[Sangham (1954 film)|Sangham]]''
|-
|[[Penn (film)|''Penn'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1955
| ''[[Vadina]]''
|-
| ''Pehli Jhalak''
|-
|1956
| [[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|''Bhai Bhai'']]
|-
|1957
| [[Aasha (1957 film)|''Aasha'']]
|-
|1958
|[[Chandan (film)|''Chandan'']]
|-
|1959
| ''[[Athisaya Penn]]''
|-
|1962
| ''[[Konjum Salangai]]''
|-
|1967
| ''[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]''
|-
|1968
| ''Payal Ki Jhankar''
|-
|1971
| [[Jwala (1971 film)|''Jwala'']]
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=189}}</ref>
<ref name="Guy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 April 1991 |title=''Naam Iruvar'': In tune with the mood of the nation |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910413&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=19 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0707988}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|mv_raman}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, M. V.}}

[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]

East India Company College

2026-01-22T06:48:39Z

Vishal5555: Adding New Data

{{Short description|Former college in Hailey, Hertfordshire, England}}
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| location = Hailey, Hertfordshire
| country = England
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| established =1806
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| closed =1858
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[[File:Haileybury College.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The former East India Company College, now [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]]]
The '''East India Company College''', or '''East India College''', was an educational establishment situated at Hailey, [[Hertfordshire]], nineteen miles north of London, founded in 1806 to train "writers" (administrators) for the [[East India Company]]. It provided general and vocational education for young gentlemen of sixteen to eighteen years old, who were nominated by the Company's directors to writerships in its overseas civil service. The college's counterpart for the training of officers for the company's [[Presidency armies]] was [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]], [[Surrey]].

The East India Company was nationalised and the college closed in 1858, becoming a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] with continuing ties to the former college. The college buildings survive and are now occupied by the public school's successor, [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College]], a [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private school]].

==History==
[[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]], Chairman of the [[British East India Company]] and a [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP), was closely involved in the foundation of the college. It was first located in [[Hertford Castle]] but it was evident that a purpose-built seat of learning would be more suitable and in October 1805 the company purchased an estate just outside [[Hertford Heath]] for the sum of £5,930 ({{inflation|UK|5930|1805|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{inflation/fn|UK}} for this objective. The foundation stone of the new buildings were laid on 12 May 1806. The buildings cost the East India Company £92,000 (equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|92000|1806}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}){{inflation/fn|UK}} at the time of their erection to the designs of the architect [[William Wilkins (architect)|William Wilkins]] (who later designed the [[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]] in [[London]]). The grounds were landscaped by [[Humphry Repton]], his most notable work here being the terraced area to the front of Wilkins' main range and ponds to the west of this.<ref name="desmond">{{cite journal |first=R. G. C. |last=Desmond |title=A Repton Garden at Haileybury |journal=Garden History |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=1978 |pages=16–19 |doi=10.2307/1586693 |jstor=1586693}}</ref> Repton submitted his final account for work undertaken here just eight days before a carriage accident which left him crippled.<ref name="desmond"/> The new buildings were occupied by students in 1809.{{sfn|Danvers|Martineau|Monier-Williams|Bayley|1894|p=18}}

The East India Company had been incorporated in 1600 as a commercial entity. For two hundred years its administrators had been recruited, largely by patronage, to oversee commercial transactions in Asia. By 1800 they had become the ''de facto'' government for millions of people in those areas, but without much training for the role. The college was intended to address these shortcomings. In fifty years it trained over two thousand so-called "writers" to administer the Indian subcontinent.

The curriculum was wide, detailed, and targeted to the career responsibilities. It included political economy, history, mathematics, natural philosophy, classics, law and humanity and philology. Languages included [[Arabic]], [[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]), [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. Among the tutors were some of the finest minds of the day, many from Oxford and Cambridge, with lavish annual salaries as much as £500.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haileybury.com/explore/haileybury/heritage-archives/story-haileybury/east-india-college|title=The East India College|website=Haileybury|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222023519/https://www.haileybury.com/explore/haileybury/heritage-archives/story-haileybury/east-india-college|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The college was customarily referred to as "Haileybury" in contemporary accounts, debates in the [[House of Lords]] and the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] and by the administrators of the East India Company and the Colonial Civil Service. From 1839 the college had a journal known as the ''Haileybury Observer''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvkHAAAAQAAJ&q=foundation+of+haileybury&pg=PP1|title=The Haileybury Observer |author=East India College|date=1839–1843 |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>

The East India Company itself was seen as too powerful. There was pressure for meritocracy to replace recruitment by patronage. Figures such as [[Benjamin Jowett]] of Balliol College pressed government ministers to break Haileybury's monopoly on Indian Civil Service training and to privilege graduates of the universities instead. In 1855, Parliament passed an act "to relieve the East India Company from the obligation to maintain the College at Haileybury". [[King's College London|King's College, London]], hosted the first open competitive examinations for appointment to the [[British India Civil Service|Indian Civil Service]].

==Closure and later use of buildings==
In the aftermath of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny of 1857]], and in anticipation of the [[Government of India Act 1858|winding-up of the affairs]] of the East India Company itself, the college was closed in January 1858. This left the puzzle of what to do with the imposing buildings. For a brief period, they became a military depot for troops destined for India, and during this interregnum the college's Master, [[Henry Melvill]], and Registrar, the Reverend James William Lucas Heaviside, continued to live in their residences on the site and oversaw the maintenance of the buildings. In 1861, the estate was sold at public auction, when it was bought by the [[British Land Company]] for £15,000 (equivalent to £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|15000|1861}}}} in {{inflation/year|UK}}).{{inflation/fn|UK}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard Rhodes |last=James |title=The Road from Mandalay: A Journey in the Shadow of the East |year=2007 |page=191}}</ref>

A Hertford publisher, Stephen Austin,<ref>{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Ayto |title=Stephen Austin's Diary: extracts from 1850 to 1888 |work=Our Hertford and Ware |url=https://www.ourhertfordandware.org.uk/content/people/stephen-austins-diary |access-date=31 December 2020 }}</ref> who had been the official printer to the East India Company’s College and had thus become one of the leading printers of books in various Oriental languages, led a campaign to ensure the buildings were returned to some sort of academic purpose, and in 1862 the site reopened as the public school [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College|Haileybury College]]. This was formally constituted by a [[royal charter]] dated 30 August 1864. During the [[Victorian era]], the difference between the two periods of education on the site was referred to as "Old Haileybury" and "New Haileybury".

In its early years, the new Haileybury College retained close links to those involved in colonial administration, and in 1942 it merged with the struggling [[Imperial Service College]] to become [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College]].

==Administrators==
===Principals===
The college had four principals:
*1806–1815: [[Samuel Henley]]<ref>{{Cite odnb |first1=G. P. |last1=Moriarty |first2=John D. (revised) |last2=Haigh |title=Henley, Samuel (1740–1815) |orig-year=2004 |year=2007 |id=12933 }}</ref>
*1815–1837: [[Joseph Batten]]<ref name="minchin">{{cite book |title=Our Public Schools: their influence on English history |first=James George Cotton |last=Minchin |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein |place=London |year=1901 |url=https://archive.org/details/ourpublicschool00cottgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/ourpublicschool00cottgoog/page/n284 263] |quote=joseph batten east india. }}</ref>
*1837–1843: [[Charles Webb Le Bas]]<ref name="minchin"/>
*1844–1858: [[Henry Melvill]], afterwards Canon of St. Paul's<ref>{{Cite odnb |first1=G. C. |last1=Boase |author1-link=George Clement Boase |first2=H. C. G. (revised) |last2=Matthew |author2-link=Colin Matthew |title=Melvill, Henry (1798–1871) |year=2004 |edition=online |id=18540 }}</ref>

===Deans===
The position of dean was filled by one of the professors:
*1813: [[William Dealtry]], MA
*1814–1838: [[Charles Webb Le Bas]], MA
*1838–1850: [[James Amiraux Jeremie]] (Professor of Classics)
*1850–1857: [[W. E. Buckley]]

===Registrars===
The position of registrar was filled by one of the professors:
*1813: [[William Dealtry]]
*1814–1816: [[Bewick Bridge]]
*1816–1830: Edward Lewton
*1831–1834: [[Henry George Keene (orientalist)|Henry George Keene]]
*1834–1837: James Michael
*1838–1857: Fred Smith

==Professors==

===Languages===
*[[Alexander Hamilton (linguist)|Alexander Hamilton]] taught Sanskrit and Bengali (1806–18).<ref>Rosane Rocher, ‘Sanskrit for Civil Servants 1806–1818’, ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 122, 2002, p. 381–390.</ref>
*Charles Stewart taught Hindustani (Urdu) and Persian (1806–).
*[[Graves Chamney Haughton]] (1817–27) FRS previously of [[Fort William College]], Calcutta, taught Hindustani, Persian, Arabic, Bengali and Sanskrit.
*[[Francis Johnson (linguist)|Francis Johnson]] taught Sanskrit, Bengali and Telugu (1824–55).<ref>{{cite odnb |first1=Cecil |last1=Bendall |author1-link=Cecil Bendall |first2=Parvin (revised) |last2=Loloi |title=Johnson, Francis (1795/6–1876) |year=2004 |id=14878 }}</ref>
*[[Mirza Muhammed Ibrahim]], a Persian, held a permanent appointment as a professor of Arabic and [[Persian language|Persian]] (1826–44)
*[[Monier Monier-Williams]] taught Sanskrit, Bengali and Telugu (1844–58).
*[[Edward Backhouse Eastwick]] was Professor of Hindustani, Hindi and Marathi (1845–57).<ref>{{cite odnb |first1=Stanley |last1=Lane-Poole |author1-link=Stanley Lane-Poole |first2=Parvin (revised) |last2=Loloi |title=Eastwick, Edward Backhouse (1814–1883) |orig-year=2004 |year=2008 |id=8418 }}</ref>
*Major J. W. J.Ouseley, Professor of Persian and Arabic (previously Professor of the Arabic and Persian Languages in the College of Fort-William, Calcutta) (1844–57)<ref name=MEMTI/><ref name=MOHC/><ref>The Mulfuzāt Timūry (Autobiographical Memoirs) of the Moghul Emperor Timūr p 16 [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=21101050&ct=73 accessed 9 Oct 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206011431/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=21101050&ct=73 |date=6 February 2012 }}</ref>
*[[Sheth Ghoolam Hyder]], Professor of Persian and had the title of ''Oriental Writing Master''{{sfn|Danvers|Martineau|Monier-Williams|Bayley|1894|p=23}}

===Law===
*[[Edward Christian]] (1806–18)
*[[James Mackintosh]] was Professor of Law and General Politics 1818–24.
*[[William Empson (lawyer)|William Empson]],<ref>{{cite odnb |first=Joanne |last=Shattock |title=Empson, William (1791–1852) |orig-year=2004 |year=2016 |id=8800 }}</ref> was Professor of Law (1824–52).
*[[John Farley Leith]] QC (1872–80), later Member of Parliament for [[Aberdeen (UK Parliament constituency)|Aberdeen]]

===Political Economy===
*[[Thomas Malthus]] taught from 1805–34.
*[[Richard Jones (economist)|Richard Jones]] was Professor of History and Political Economy (1834–55).
*The [[James Stephen (undersecretary)|Rt Hon Sir James Stephen]] also taught political economy (1855–57)

===Mathematics and Natural Philosophy===
*[[William Dealtry]] was Professor of Mathematics 1806–13.<ref>{{cite odnb |first=M. C. |last=Curthoys |title=Dealtry, William (1775–1847) |year=2004 |id=7382 }}</ref> He had been [[List of Wranglers of the University of Cambridge|Second Wrangler]] in 1796.
*[[Bewick Bridge]] (1767–1833) was Professor of [[Mathematics]] 1806–16.
*Charles Webb Le Bas (1813–37)
*[[Charles Babbage]] applied unsuccessfully for a job in 1816.
*[[Henry Walter (antiquary)|Henry Walter]] (1816–30)
*[[William Sturgeon]] lectured on [[science]] in 1824.
*Frederick Smith (1831–50) of [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
*J. W. L. Heaviside (1838–57) previously of Trinity College, and then Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated Second Wrangler and a [[Smith's Prize]] winner in 1830, and tutored until he moved to Haileybury.

===Classical and General Literature===
*Edward Lewton (1806–30)
*Joseph Hallett Batten (1806–15)
*[[James Amiraux Jeremie]] (also Dean) (1830–50), elected in 1850 Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge.
* W. E. Buckley (1850–57) previously tutor and fellow at [[Brasenose College, Oxford]] and Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford (1844–50), and a member and subsequently vice-president of the [[Roxburghe Club]].

===Other===
*[[Henry George Keene (orientalist)|Henry George Keene]], who served at the [[Battle of Seringapatam]] with the first [[Lord Harris]] (his uncle), and whose American wife, though she came of a [[New England]] family, was related to [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]]. His [[s:Author:Henry George Keene|son]] became a Fellow of the [[University of Calcutta]] and a prolific writer.<ref name=MEMTI>{{Cite book|title=Men and Events of My Time in India|author=Sir Richard Temple|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1882|page=[https://archive.org/details/menandeventsmyt00tempgoog/page/n44 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/menandeventsmyt00tempgoog |access-date=9 Oct 2007}}</ref><ref name=MOHC>{{harvnb|Danvers|Martineau|Monier-Williams|Bayley|1894}}, quoted in ''A Dictionary of Public Administration'' by Shriram Maheshwari.{{full citation needed|date=June 2024}}</ref>
*[[Horace Hayman Wilson]], Examiner in Sanskrit (1837–57)

Assistants in the Oriental Department included Maulavi Abdal Aly (1809–12), Maulavi Mirza Khedel (1809–19), The Revd. Robert Anderson (1820–25), and [[David Shea (linguist)|David Shea]] (1826–36). [[Sheth Ghoolam Hyder|Moonshy Ghoolam Hyder]] and Thomas Medland taught oriental writing.<ref name=MEMTI/><ref name=MOHC/>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet]]<ref name="Binns">{{cite book | title=Sir Edward Colebrooke of Abington and Ottershaw, Baronet and Member of Parliament: The Four Lives of an Extraordinary Victorian | publisher=Grosvenor House Publishing Ltd | author=Binns, Sheila | year=2014 | location=[[Guildford]], [[Surrey]] | pages=16 | isbn=978-17814-86948}}</ref>
* [[John Russell Colvin]]
* [[Ashley Eden]]
* [[Sir Henry Bartle Frere, 1st Baronet|Henry Bartle Frere]]
* [[John Peter Grant]]
* [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]]
* [[Allan Octavian Hume]]
* [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence]]
* [[Charles Merivale]]
* [[Monier Monier-Williams]]
* [[John Muir (Indologist)|John Muir]]
* [[Sir William Muir]]
* [[Richard Paternoster]]
* [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet]]
* [[James Thomason]]
* [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]]
* [[Charles Pelham Villiers]]
* [[Charles John Wingfield]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |first1=Frederick Charles |last1=Danvers |first2=Harriet |last2=Martineau |author2-link=Harriet Martineau |first3=Monier |last3=Monier-Williams |author3-link=Monier Monier-Williams |first4=Steuart Colvin |last4=Bayley |author4-link=Steuart Bayley |first5=Percy |last5=Wigram |first6=Brand |last6=Sapte |url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsoldhai00collgoog |title=Memorials of Old Haileybury College |place=Westminster |year=1894 |publisher=Archibald Constable }}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |editor-first=Anthony |editor-last=Farrington |title=The Records of the East India College, Haileybury, & other institutions |place=London |publisher=H.M.S.O. |year=1976 }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050616120532/http://users.synflux.com.au/~sylcec/dod37.htm#B Death record of Joseph Batten]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030723212601/http://www.cssaame.ilstu.edu/issues/V21/fisher.pdf Persian Professor in Britain: Mirza Muhammed Ibrahim at the East India Company's College, 1826–1844 by Michael H. Fisher]
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Haileybury College|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Haileybury College|year=1920 |short=x}}

[[Category:1806 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Defunct schools in Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:History of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:British East India Company buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1806]]
[[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1858]]
[[Category:1850s disestablishments in England]]

Recognition of same-sex unions in Uttarakhand

2026-01-12T05:03:34Z

Vishal5555:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{SSM|minimal}}

[[Uttarakhand]] does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]]s or [[civil union]]s. However, [[Cohabitation|live-in relationships]] are not unlawful in Uttarakhand. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. The [[Uttarakhand High Court]] upheld this constitutional right in ''Madhu Bala v. State of Uttarakhand'' in 2020 and in ''[[Rohit Sagar v. State of Uttarakhand]]'' in 2021, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection.

In 2024, the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] passed a [[Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand Act, 2024|uniform civil code]] establishing a unified set of personal laws governing matters such as [[marriage]], live-in relationships, [[divorce]], [[adoption]] and [[inheritance]], irrespective of religion, gender, or sex. Despite media outlets reporting that the government was considering including same-sex unions in some form in the draft code, the final civil code excludes same-sex couples from its marriage and live-in relationship provisions.

==Legal history==
===Background===
[[Marriage]] in [[India]] is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different religions, notably Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bokakhat.gov.in/pdf/The_hindu_marriage_act.pdf|title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|work=bokakhat|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs, the ''[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-indian-christian-marriage-act-1872/ |website=lawyerslaw.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> and the ''[[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1937-26.pdf|title= Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|accessdate=September 6, 2022|work=legislative.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the ''Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936'' and the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909'' regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2476/1/a1936_____3.pdf|title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|work=www.indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdf|title=Anand Marriage Act, 1909|work=legislative.gov.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Special Marriage Act, 1954]]'' (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1387/5/HH1954-43.pdf|language=hi|title=विशेष वििाह अविवियम, 1954|work=India Code|access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref> Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith couples]], [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste couples]], and spouses with [[Atheism|no religious beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf|title=The Special Marriage Act, 1954|work=legislative.gov|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> None of these acts explicitly bans [[same-sex marriage]].

On 14 February 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in ''Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar'' that the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of [[child marriage]]s, [[bigamy]], [[domestic violence]] and unlawful abandonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal-wires.com/case-study/case-study-smt-seema-v-ashwin-kumar-case/|title= Case Study: Smt Seema v. Ashwin Kumar|date=21 October 2022|work=Legal Wires}}</ref> In 2010, the [[Government of Uttarakhand|state government]] published the ''Uttarakhand Compulsory Registration of Marriage Rules, 2010''. The measure provides for the registration of all marriages solemnized in Uttarakhand irrespective of the religion of the parties. It created local registrars of marriages, which shall issue [[Marriage license|marriage certificate]]s upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The registrar may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. The measure does not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriages, and defines marriage as "all the marriages contracted by person belonging to any caste, tribe or religion, and the marriages contracted as per any custom, practices or traditions, and also includes re-marriages". However, the marriage certificate form requires the names of the "bride" and the "bridegroom".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/UTR/utr129.htm|title=Uttarakhand Compulsory Registration of Marriage Rules, 2010|access-date=7 October 2023|work=bareactslive.com}}</ref> The 2010 rules were superseded in January 2025 when a new [[uniform civil code]] ({{lang|hi|समान नागरिक संहिता}},<ref name="hindicode">{{cite web|url=https://ucc.uk.gov.in/server/file/uploads/shared-files/ucc-rules-2025-hin.pdf|language=hi|access-date=14 December 2025|work=Government of Uttarakhand|title=समान नागरिक संहिता नियमावली, उत्तराखण्ड, 2025}}</ref> {{transliteration|hi|samān nāgrik sãhitā}}) came into force. On 7 February 2024, the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] passed the ''[[Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand Act, 2024]]'', which is applicable to all residents of the state irrespective of religion, caste or creed, with the exception of those belonging to [[Scheduled Tribes]]. [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister]] [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] described it as a "historic moment".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Uniform Civil Code bill passed in Uttarakhand assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uniform-civil-code-bill-passed-in-uttarakhand-assembly-101707312685015.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/government/talking-uniform-civil-code | title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sriramsias.com/upsc-daily-current-affairs/exclusion-of-scheduled-tribes-from-uttarakhands/ | title=Uttarakhand Excludes Tribes: Civil Code Impact | SRIRAMs IAS }}</ref> During legislative deliberations in June 2023, media outlets reported that a government committee was considering the introduction of a uniform civil code, including provisions concerning same-sex live-in relationships and "the rights of the LGBTQ community".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/uttarakhand-uniform-civil-code-draft-live-in-relationships-lgbt-rights-consent-considered-ranjana-prakash-desai-2400381-2023-07-01|title=Live-in, LGBT rights, consent considered in Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code draft: Sources|work=India Today|date=1 July 2023}}</ref> However, a member of the committee was later quoted as saying that legal rights for same-sex couples would be "unlikely".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jun/28/legal-rights-for-lgbtq-couples-unlikely-in-uttarakhands-ucc-draft-bill-2589274.html|title=Legal rights for LGBTQ couples unlikely in Uttarakhand's UCC draft bill|work=The New Indian Express|date=28 June 2023}}</ref> The final code, which took effect on 27 January 2025, does not address same-sex unions. It requires the registration of all marriages and live-in relationships, but uses heteronormative terms with regard to spouses and excludes same-sex couples from its marriage and live-in relationship provisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucc.uk.gov.in/server/file/uploads/shared-files/ucc-rules-2025-en.pdf|title=The Uniform Civil Code, Rules, Uttarakhand, 2025|work=Government of Uttarakhand|access-date=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Uniform Civil Code, Uttarakhand, 2024—Uniformizing Marriage Laws and Legalizing Live-in Relationships|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/26318318241279140|date=2024|first1=Choudhary|last1=Laxmi Narayan|first2=Mridula|last2=Narayan|volume=6|issue=3|doi=10.1177/26318318241279140|journal=Journal of Psychosexual Health|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some same-sex couples have married in traditional marriage ceremonies, though the marriages lack legal status in Uttarakhand. The first recorded same-sex marriage occurred in May 2015 at the Naina Devi Temple in [[Nainital]] between Parisha and Debi Chatterji. They said, "We have the right to live it by our own choices. Everybody should do that. And having said that, we don't mean everyone should follow our footsteps. They should follow their heart and passion."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/ukhand-witnesses-its-first-gay-wedding/articleshow/47301855.cms|title=U'khand witnesses its first gay wedding|date=15 May 2015|work=The Times of India|first=Vineet|last=Upadhyay}}</ref> Another couple, Lalit Kumar, 31, and Amit Kumar, 26, were married in the village of Sarso in the [[Almora district]] in July 2017. They married in a Hindu temple despite the objection of their families.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.himalayanbuzz.com/gay-couple-marries-almora-defies-societal-trend/|title=Gay Couple Marries In Almora, Defies Societal Trend|work=Himalayan Buzz|date=31 July 2017}}</ref>

===Live-in relationships===
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
|map={{Same-sex marriage in India|width=300}}
}}

[[Cohabitation|Live-in relationships]] ({{langx|hi|सहवास संबंध}},<ref name="hindicode"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/blogs/rekha-garg/live-in-relationship-consider-an-insecure-cohabitation-4943389.html|language=hi|work=Hindi News18|title=Live in Relationship: असुरक्षित सहजीवन पर विचार करें|first=Rekha|last=Garg}}</ref> {{transliteration|hi|sahvās sambandh}}, {{IPA|hi|ˈsəɦʋaːs ˈsəmbə̃ndʱ|pron}}, or {{lang|hi|लिव-इन रिलेशनशिप}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/explained/what-is-live-in-relationship-what-is-the-legal-rights-of-unmarried-couples-in-india/2493993/|title=क्या होता है लिव-इन रिलेशनशिप, भारत में इसे लेकर क्या है कानून?|language=hi|date=18 November 2022|first=Ankit|last=Raj|work=Jansatta}}</ref> {{transliteration|hi|liv-in rileśanśip}}; {{langx|sa|सहवास सम्बन्ध}}, {{transliteration|sa|sahávāsa saṁbandhá}}) are not illegal in Uttarakhand. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. State courts have upheld this constitutional right, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage.

The [[Uttarakhand High Court]] has issued two judgments regarding same-sex live-in relationships. In June 2020, the High Court ruled in ''Madhu Bala v. State of Uttarakhand'' that live-in relationships between same-sex couples are not unlawful; "It is a fundamental right which is guaranteed to a person under [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India]], which is wide enough to protect an inherent right of self determination with regards to one's identity and freedom of choice with regards to the sexual orientation of choice of the partner". The court pointed out that the liberty of an adult person cannot be curtailed so long as they are capable to making a choice for themselves, and that they are entitled to enjoy the freedoms permitted by law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/same-sex-couples-can-live-together-uttarakhand-hc/story-WDjvNH3JzJvaGDtpfzZOxL.html|title='Same sex couples can live together': Uttarakhand HC|website=Hindustan Times|date=20 June 2020}}</ref> In this case, the petitioner, Madhu Bala, filed the ''[[habeas corpus]]'' writ petition accusing family members of wrongfully detaining her partner. In oral arguments on 27 May 2020, the partner told the court that she wished to live with Bala. However, that statement was made in the absence of her family members. The court noted that the case could not be decided in their absence since the allegation of wrongful confinement had been made against them. In a second hearing in front of the court on 8 June 2020, with family members in attendance, the partner retracted her previous statement and said she would like to reside in her parents' home. Although the court affirmed the legal principle that live-in relationships are not unlawful, the court subsequently dismissed the writ petition because the partner said she wished to live with her parents. Surabhi Shukla, a law professor at the [[University of Sheffield]], said in a statement, "The court severely waters down this right [live-in relationships] in application in this case. They do not implement the declaration made by one of the women in the relationship that she wants to continue to live with her partner because she makes this statement in the absence of her family. This raises the question: is this because of the deep-seated [[paternalism]] and [[homophobia]] of the legal system, or is it because the legal procedure requires the presence of her family members in this case."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/UTR/utr129.htm|title=Madhu Bala v. State of Uttarakhand and Others Habeas Corpus Petition No. 8 of 2020|work=Law & Sexuality|first=Surabhi|last=Shukla|date=10 July 2020}}</ref> In December 2021, the High Court issued a decision in ''[[Rohit Sagar v. State of Uttarakhand]]'', upholding the rights of adults to choose their life partners, even when confronted with objections from their families. The court instructed police in the [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] to protect both petitioners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand HC Orders Police Protection to Gay Couple in Live-In Relationship |url=https://thewire.in/law/uttarakhand-high-court-police-gay-couple-live-in-relationship |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

===Transgender and intersex issues===
Like most of [[South Asia]], Uttarakhand recognizes a traditional [[third gender]] community known as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' ({{lang|hi|हिजड़ा}}, {{transliteration|hi|hijṛā}}), historically holding respected community roles, and known for their distinct culture, communities led by [[gurus]], and traditional roles as performers. The Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]'' held that the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] does not require the legalisation of same-sex marriages but affirmed that transgender people may marry opposite-sex partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Legal-Progression-Social-Implications-Case-Comment-on-Supriyo-Chakraborty-Anr-v-Union-Of-India|title="Legal Progression & Social Implications Case Comment on Supriyo Chakraborty & Anr v. Union Of India"|work=Manupatra|date=27 May 2024|first1=Rajeev Pratap|last1=Singh Bhutyal|first2=Swasti|last2=Arya}}</ref> The Uniform Civil Code does not address the marriages of transgender individuals.

==Public opinion==
According to a 2019 report titled "Politics and Society Between Elections 2019", published by the [[Azim Premji#Azim Premji Foundation|Azim Premji Foundation]] and the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]], Uttarakhand ranked among the most supportive states and union territories in the nation regarding same-sex unions, after [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/section-377-anniversary-same-sex-relationships-1596408-2019-09-06|title=Section 377 anniversary: Half of country still doesn't approve of same sex relationships|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lokniti.org/media/upload_files/politics-and-society-between-elections-2019-report.pdf|title=Politics and Society Between Elections 2019|work=Lokniti|date=2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
*''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Recognition of same-sex unions in India by state|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]

Kottakkal Sivaraman

2026-01-12T04:25:33Z

Vishal5555: added info

{{Short description|Kathakali dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Kottakkal Sivaraman.jpg|thumb|right|Kottakkal Sivaraman]]
'''Kottakkal Sivaraman''' (9 Jan 1936 – 19 July 2010)<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article523933.ece?homepage=true Obituary]</ref> was a performing artiste who revolutionised the portrayal of female roles in [[Kathakali]], the classical dance-drama from [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]].

==Career==
Kathakali, being a largely masculine dance form with an all-male presence (at least till the end of the first half of the 20th century), tended to give female roles a secondary status.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} This is despite some of its classical stories having dense and slow-paced songs (padams) set for female characters like [[Tripura Sundari|Lalitha]] (in Kirmeeravadham, Bakavadham) or [[Urvashi]] (in Kalakeyavadham) besides characters like [[Damayanti]] ([[Nalacharitam]]) or [[Mohini]] (Rugmangadacharitam) or [[Draupadi|Sairandhri]] (or Malini in Keechakavadham) which demanded fertile imagination and an insight about their profile for brighter enactment.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

The 1936-born Sivaraman, a disciple of his uncle-guru [[Padma Shri]] [[Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair]] at the [[PSV Natyasangham]] in [[Kottakkal]] in north-central Kerala's [[Malappuram]] district, decided to change all this subordination.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} By the 1960s, he had experimented those ideas on stage with success, much to the appreciation of aesthetes not only in his native [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]], an erstwhile central-Kerala fiefdom which has been the homestead for the refined [[Kalluvazhi]] style of Kathakali, but across Kerala and subsequently the rest of the world. His [[Karalmanna]] village, north of [[Cherpulassery]], in [[Palakkad]] district thus further affixed its name on the Kathakali map.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Over the years, Sivaraman has acted with actors of several generations across north and south Kerala, but it was with [[Kalamandalam Gopi]] that he teamed up well to gain repute as a phenomenal pair on the Kathakali stage. Together they acted, with Sivaraman as [[Damayanti]] and Gopi as [[Nala]]n, as [[Kunti]]-[[Karna]]n, as Mohini-[[Rukmangada]]n. Sivaraman's portrayal of Sairandhri ([[Draupadi]] in disguise as a maid) in Keechakavadham opposite [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]] (as Keechaka) also earned him many stages and fame. Sivaraman was one among the rare leading Kathakali artistes of modern times to have not taught in any leading performing-art institutions.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

In the evening of his life, Sivaraman also carved a cast in male roles, where the magic of make-up would help him hide his advancing age. He continued to do female roles, but was also seen performing as [[Krishna]] (Kuchelavrittam) or [[Pushkara]] ([[Nalacharitam]]). He had choreographed a new storyplay (aattakkatha), Pingala, which is based on the 11th canto of the epic Bhagavatham. In its inaugural show, he enacted the lead role of the protagonist.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Other activities and personal life==
An artiste with keen interest in reading books, ranging from the [[Puranas]] to the latest works in his native [[Malayalam]] literature, Sivaraman was known as a garrulous talker even while being a deep-sighted thinker of his art form. Filmmaker [[M.R. Rajan]] has made a [[Documentary film|documentary]] on the master. The work, [[Minukku]], went on to bag a national award in 2007.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Sivaraman received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1996 and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathakali-a-ksna/468|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Kathakali|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kathakali-ksna/460|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship: Kathakali|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> Sivaraman won the [[Central Sangeet Natak Akademi]] award. He was married and lived in Karalmanna.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070102250200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131135533/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/01/stories/2005070102250200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 January 2010 | title=Consummate performer of female roles | date=1 July 2005 | first= K. K. | last=Gopalakrishnan | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=21 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/61639.htm
|title=Kottakkal Sivaraman
|accessdate=2006-10-27}}
</ref>

==Death==
He died at his home at 10:30 PM on 19 July 2010, aged 74.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313095523/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111101390300.htm Redefining the nayika]

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivaraman, Kottakkal}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Andal (singer)

2026-01-08T00:14:10Z

Vishal5555: Started First Pg Added Tags...

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''''Andal''''' (19 June 1939 – 2 July 2016) was an Indian playback singer who sang mainly in Tamil-language.

== Childhood ==
Born at [[Alwarthirunagiri]] in [[Tuticorin District]], [[Tiruchendur]] taluk of Tamil Nadu in 1939. Her father was Azhagiyasingham Iyengar. Her father was a well-to-do person and a lover of music. He had a gramophone and many records (discs) at home. While he plays the records, Andal will listen to the songs intently and acquired the talent of singing exactly the same way. Noticing her interest, her father sent her to a music teacher in the village. She learned many [[Kriti (music)|Kriti]]s from him. Later, she was trained by [[N. C. Vasanthakokilam]] in Chennai until the early death of Vasanthakokilam.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Playback singer ==
Andal began her career as a playback singer singing for stage plays. She had worked for drama companies - [[T. K. Shanmugam|TKS Drama troupe]], [[R. S. Manohar|R. S. Manohar's]] National Theatres, [[S. V. Sahasranamam|Sahasranamam's]] Seva Stage and for drama groups owned by [[Komal Swaminathan]], [[T. S. Durairaj]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] and [[S. S. Rajendran]]. 
A song "Vaanambaadigal Polae" she sang with [[A. M. Rajah|A. M. Raja]] for the stage drama ''Kalvanin Kadhali'' staged by TKS was released as a gramophone record and was broadcast over Radio Ceylon. It was a hit. 
She started playback singing for films in 1954 with a song in [[Ponvayal]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers 044 25361039 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |page=77 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== List of songs ==
{{Incomplete list|date=December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !!Song!! Music director
|-
|rowspan=3|1954 || [[Ponvayal]] || Vaanga Vaanga Maappille || Thuraiyur Rajagopal Sarma & R. Rajagopal
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Nallakalam]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers 044 25361039 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |page=74 |language=Tamil}}</ref> || Kolaagalamaaga || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
||Vaazhvin kadamaiyai
|-
|1956 || [[Kudumba Vilakku]] || Ennum Manadhinil<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers 044 25361039 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |page=104 |language=Tamil}}</ref>|| [[T. R. Pappa]]
|-
|1959 || [[Naalu Veli Nilam]] || Nambinar Keduvadhillai<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers 044 25361039 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=174–175 |language=Tamil}}</ref>|| [[K. V. Mahadevan]] & [[M. K. Athmanathan]]
|}

== Personal life ==
When Andal was gaining popularity in playback singing in films, she got married. Her family life turned to be a disaster and she could not sing any more. Even after separation from her husband, she lived a secluded life away from limelight. She taught music to her daughter Kamala and to her son Rajbala both of whom later took careers in the music field. She also trained students in Carnatic music.

== Death ==
Andal died on 2 July 2016 in chennai due to old age.

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |title=Thirai Isai Kalanjiyam – Part 1 |author=[[Vamanan]] |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers 044 25361039 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=762–765 |language=Tamil}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{youTube|KfKt9B0uyOU|Vanambadigal Polae}} - A hit song she sang with [[A. M. Rajah|A. M. Raja]]

[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]

Mukhtar Ashraf

2025-12-19T20:47:18Z

Vishal5555: stub

{{Short description|Indian Sufi spiritual leader (1916–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf سید محمّد مختار اشرف
| image = File:Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf.jpg
| caption = Sufi Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf.
| title = Sarkar E Kalan Shaikh ul Mashaikh
| birth_name = Mukhtar Ashraf
| birth_date = 4 August 1916
| birth_place = [[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = 21 November 1996
| death_place =
| children = [[Syed Mohammad Izhar Ashraf]]
| other_names = Muhammad Miya
| era =
| region = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = [[Islamic Scholar]]
| denomination = [[Ashraf]] [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed =
| main_interests = [[Sufism]]
| notable_ideas =
| notable_works =
| alma_mater =
| Sufi_order = Ashrafi Chistiya Quadriya
| nationality = [[India]]n
| disciple_of = Syed Mohammed Ahmad Ashraf
| influences = "Aala Hazrat" Ashrafi Miyan
| influenced = [[Syed Mohammad Izhar Ashraf]] [[Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani]]
| awards =
| module = {{infobox person|child=yes||father=Syed Mohammed Ahmad Ashraf|children= * [[Syed Mohammad Izhar Ashraf]]
* Syed Mohammad Anwar Ashraf |family= Ashraf}}
| website =
| signature =
}}

[[Sayyid|Syed]]''' Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf '''([[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq |سید محمد مختاراشرف}}, {{langx |hi|सैयद मोहम्मद मुख्तार अशरफ़}}) (born on 4 August 1916 [[Common Era|CE]]; 4 [[Shawwal]] 1334 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]) well known as '''Sarkar E Kalan''' ([[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq | سرکار کلاں}}, {{langx |hi| सरकार ए कला}}) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/SarkarKalanSyedMukhtarAshrafAshrafiKichhauchhawiNumbar|title=Sarkar Kalan Syed Mukhtar Ashraf Ashrafi Kichhauchhawi Numbar|website=www.archive.org|date=22 April 2017}}</ref> or '''Makhdoom''' '''ul Mashaikh''' ([[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq |مخدوم المشائخ}}, {{langx |hi| शैखुल मशाईख }}) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Sufi]] saint, spiritual leader, [[Islamic Scholar]] of [[Sunnah|Ahle Sunnah]] of the Ashrafi sufi order from [[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He was the [[Sajjada nashin]] of Dargah [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]], founder of the Ashrafi Sufi Order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Syed-Mukhtar-Ashraf/6000000003804958473|title=Syed Mukhtar Ashraf|website=www.geni.com|date=29 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicpluralism.org/2001/the-sufi-sheikh-and-head-of-ghousul-alam-mehboob|title=The Sufi Sheikh and head of Ghousul Alam Mehboob e Yazdani Sayyid Sultan Makhdoom Ashraf Jehangir Simnani shrine of Kichocha Shareef has departed this life, may his mystery be sanctified|website=www.islamicpluralism.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iecbolton.co.uk/|title=IEC BOLTON|website= www.iecbolton }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.invidiou.sh/channel/UC2bp5NEnTp6iS2CKPZgm5KA|title=Faizan e Syed Mukhtar Ashraf Sarkar e Kala|website=www.invidiou.sh|access-date=2020-06-30|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630140515/https://www.invidiou.sh/channel/UC2bp5NEnTp6iS2CKPZgm5KA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Syed died on 21 November 1996 in Ashrafpur Kichhauchha and is buried near dargah of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani.

==Early life==
Syed was born on 4 August 1916 [[Common Era|CE]], according to Islamic calendar he was born on 4 [[Shawwal]] 1334 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] in [[Ashrafpur Kichhauchha|Kichhauchha Sharif]]. He was the son of Sufi Syed Ahmed Ashraf and descendant of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani, founder of the Ashrafi Movement.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Education==
He completed his primary [[Islamic studies|Islamic education]] at Kichhauchha Sharif after he began learning [[Dars-i Nizami]] from Maulana Imaduddin Wasi Ahmad Sasarami, Maulana Abdur Rashid Nagpuri and Hazrat Maulana Naimuddin Muradabadi Ashrafi.

==Successor ==
His grandfather [[Ali Hussain Ashrafi|Aala Hazrat Ashrafi Miyan]] nominated him as his [[Vali Ahad]] and [[Spiritual successor]] at Khanqah-e-Ashrafia Hasania, Kichhauchha Sharif on the occasion of [[Arbaʽeen]] of his deceased son Syed Ahmed Ashraf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamicpluralism.org/2001/the-sufi-sheikh-and-head-of-ghousul-alam-mehboob|title=The Sufi Sheikh and head of Ghousul Alam Mehboob e Yazdani Sayyid Sultan Makhdoom Ashraf Jehangir Simnani shrine of Kichocha Shareef has departed this life, may his mystery be sanctified :: Center for Islamic Pluralism|website=www.islamicpluralism.org}}</ref>

== Shrine and Urs==
His shrine is located near the [[tomb]] (dargah) of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani at [[Kichhauchha Sharif]], [[Ambedkar Nagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. His [[Urs]] (demise anniversary) is commemorated on 9 [[Rajab]] [[1417 AH]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usmanimosque.com/important-dates/|title=Important Dates – Usmani Mosque}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Hashmi Miya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashraf, Mukhtar}}
[[Category:Indian muftis]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Critics of Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:People from Ambedkar Nagar district]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]

Institute of Engineering and Management

2025-11-30T18:05:36Z

Vishal5555: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Educational institute in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Institute of Engineering & Management, Saltlake Campus
| image =
| established = {{start date|1989}}
| type = Private
| director = Satyajit Chakrabarti
| principal = Dr. Arun Kumar Bar, Prof. Anupam Bhattacharya
| campus = Urban
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| website = https://iem.edu.in/
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4856|88.3444|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}
| academic_affiliations =[[AICTE]], [[University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata|UEMK]]
}}

'''Institute of Engineering & Management''' is an Autonomous engineering and management college located in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. It is the one of the oldest engineering college in [[West Bengal]], founded in 1989. It is affiliated to [[University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata]].
[[File:Institute of Engineering and Management 01.jpg|thumb|'''''Gurukul Building'' -''' IEM, Kolkata]]

==Ranking==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University & College
|NIRF_E_2024=151-200}}

It is a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] grade 'A' college.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions-accredited-by-NAAC-whose-accreditation-period-is-valid-as-on-28122020.xls|title=NAAC Accredited Institutions}}</ref>

In India, Institute of Engineering & Management ranked 151-200 among engineering colleges by the ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]'' (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Engineering |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official|https://iem.edu.in/}}

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute Of Engineering And Management}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kanwal Ziai

2025-10-16T17:10:45Z

Vishal5555: started

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanwal Ziai
|image=Kanwal Ziai with his friend Padam Shri Rajendra Kumar, kanwal-ziai.jpg
|caption= Kanwal Ziai with his friend [[Rajendra Kumar]] at release of his book ''Pyase Jaam'' in 1973
| birthname = Hardayal Singh Datta
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1927|3|15}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], British India, (Now[[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|10|27|1927|03|15}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Poet]]
| known for = [[Ghazals]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| website = [http://kanwalziai.com/ Kanwal Ziai] Website
}}

'''Kanwal Ziai''' (born '''Hardayal Singh Datta''') (15 March 1927 – 27 October 2011) was an [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] language poet and author from [[India]].<ref name="google">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA293 |title=Who's Who of Indian Writers |author=Kartik Chandra Dutt |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=293 |year=1999 |isbn=9788126008735 |access-date=2012-09-14}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ziai was born on 15 March 1927 in Kanjrur Dattan, [[Sialkot]], (now [[Pakistan]]).<ref>rediff. http://www.rediff.com/tags/kaifi-azmi, Retrieved 9 July 2014</ref> He received award ''Doon Ratan'' from Nagrik Parishad. He obtained ''Urdu Fazil'' certificate. He retired from Defence Department. He was also president of the ''Bazm-e-Jigar''.<ref name="google"/> He died on 27 October 2011 in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref>infocomsolutions. http://www.infocomsolutions.in/portfolio-item/kanwal-ziai/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728060113/http://www.infocomsolutions.in/portfolio-item/kanwal-ziai/ |date=28 July 2014 }}, Retrieved 25 July 2014</ref><ref>wordvia. http://www.wordvia.com/dictionary/Kanwal%20Ziai {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729103738/http://www.wordvia.com/dictionary/Kanwal%20Ziai |date=29 July 2014 }}, Retrieved 9 July 2014</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[List of Urdu language poets]]
* [[List of Urdu writers]]
* [[List of Urdu language writers]]

==Bibliography==
* ''Pyase Jaam'' Urdu Poetry in Devnagri (Hindi) Language 1973<ref name="google"/>
* ''Lafzo Ki Diwar'' in Urdu Language 1993<ref name="google"/>
* ''Kagaz ka Dhua''
* ''Dhoop ka Safar''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|qcPD4nZcir0|Ghazal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ziai, Kanwal}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Aniceto Nazareth

2025-10-03T21:42:27Z

Vishal5555: Started A Post W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Indian Roman Catholic priest (1938–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}

[[File:Aniceto Nazareth.png|alt=Aniceto Nazareth Profile|thumb|Aniceto Nazareth]]
'''Aniceto Nazareth''' (30 July 1938 – 8 March 2021) was a [[Roman Catholic]] priest of the [[Archdiocese of Bombay]], musician, published composer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kevinmayhew.com/favourite-catholic-folk-hymns-cd.html#.V_8M_pN94nU|title=Favourite Catholic Folk Hymns, 1490494, 656172009985, Kevin Mayhew Ltd - Kevin Mayhew|website=www.kevinmayhew.com|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref> and liturgist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://liturgycentrebandra.org/about.html|title=The Liturgy Centre, Mumbai {{!}} About Us|website=liturgycentrebandra.org|access-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013000704/http://liturgycentrebandra.org/about.html|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=K>[http://www.kemmannu.com/index.php?action=topstory&type=9717 Kemmannu website, ''Grand Musical Celebration at Goregaon'', article by John Mascarenhas dated 20-10-2016]</ref>

== Family history ==

Born in Bombay, Aniceto was the youngest of 14 children, two of them girls. His father was John Christopher Nazareth of Pomburpa, a small tourist resort, known for its warm and cold springs; and mother Umbelina Vaz of Uccaçaim, Goa. Both parents played the violin. Three of his siblings chose the religious life, Stephen and Aniceto as diocesan priests and Edvige as a Salesian Sister.<ref name=K />

His parents encouraged and did everything to educate their children in the world of music. Their gifts always included music sheets, recorded music, a better piano and other musical instruments. Aniceto regularly accompanied his brothers to concerts, movies and the [[All India Radio]] and other studios to make recordings. His mother took him daily for Mass which was then in Latin.

== Early life and musical background (1938-1956) ==
As was the custom in colonial times in the city of [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai), Aniceto's formal education started only by age six. Following his admission test at [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort|St. Xavier's High School Fort]], he was directly assigned to Std IV. His drill teacher asked him to play Marches at the calisthenics class. At the age of 7, he gave his first classical piano recital at a school function, playing Fritz Kreisler's Liebesfreud and for an encore a Brazilian Samba, Tico Tico. He also played the organ at church services in school and in his parish of St [[John the Evangelist]], Fort. He passed the audition for All India Radio and played for the Children's Hour, as well as for contests relayed through Radio Ceylon.

Aniceto Nazareth had no formal musical training, but was a keen listener of the great Classical Masters and studied their chords and progressions. He was also influenced by the extraordinary accompaniments to simple hymns played by Victor Paranjoti, Peter Andrade, Ethel Athaide at the Holy Name & St Thomas Cathedrals. They set the standard for him in church music and his future publications.<ref>{{Citation|title=The effective organist: 44 liturgical hymns arranged in contemprary styles|date=2000-01-01|publisher=[publisher not identified]|oclc=56020915|language=English}}</ref> He learnt the art of arranging music for equal voices, by listening to his older brothers sing. Thus he grew into music thanks to the background in which he lived, playing back what he listened to and later writing his own compositions which were accepted by publishers both in India and abroad.

== Seminary years (1956-1966) ==

After graduating at 18 in Medical Biology from St Xavier's College, he joined the Seminary at Parel which later moved to its present location at the Diocesan Seminary at Goregaon. Here, Aniceto completed his studies in Philosophy and Theology in 1966 and was finally ordained on 21 December 1966, by Valerian Cardinal Gracias.

These were momentous years for the Church, with the [[Second Vatican Council]] (11 October 1962 to 8 December 1965) and the New Documents which followed and [[Pope Paul VI]] visit to India for the 38th International Eucharistic Congress (December 1964). At the Congress, during the visit of Pope Paul VI, Aniceto Nazareth while still a seminarian, served as organist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Bombay-Archdiocese-Congregational-Choir-Hymns-Of-The-XXXVIII-International-Eucharistic-Congress-Bomb/release/5575274|title=The Bombay Archdiocese Congregational Choir - Hymns Of The XXXVIII International Eucharistic Congress, Bombay India November 28 To December 6, 1964|website=Discogs|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref> and music arranger for the huge Gregorian and polyphonic choir assembled under the baton of Fr. J.B. Fernandes, founder of the Newman choir. (Choir Picture)

The Eucharistic Congress was followed by the composition and publication of appropriate chants in keeping with the recommendations of Vatican II in which Br. Aniceto Nazareth played a major role. He assisted Fr. Jean Mercier, in printing and distributing a series of musical scores for new hymns titled Sing a New Song, followed by a word publication With Joyful Lips<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ephesians-511.net/docs/CHOIR_AND_THE_LITURGY_OF_THE_MASS.doc|title=The Choir at Holy Mass|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> and another abridged version, Celebration.<ref name=K />

== Pastoral ministry (1966-2021) ==
His pastoral ministry at St. Francis Xavier church Vile Parle was short-lived as he was soon called upon by Cardinal Gracias to teach liturgy and music at the seminary.

His grounding in new revised post Vatican II Liturgy came from his Licentiate Studies at Sant Anselmo's, Rome. When he returned to Bombay, it was his task to educate people on the new shape of the liturgy. He revived the Archdiocesan Liturgy Committee [ALC] and was its Secretary for 30 years. As of 2016, he was still on the Board of Censors for Music in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://liturgycentrebandra.org/about.html|title=Archdioscean Liturgy Committee|access-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013000704/http://liturgycentrebandra.org/about.html|archive-date=13 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://olcmbom.org/commissions/media/|title=Archdiocese of Bombay Censor Board}}</ref>

The need of the hour were text books on the study of liturgy. So Aniceto compiled his own notes based on his study, which were later published as low priced books simple enough for all to understand. On the Mass he published "Proclaim" on the Liturgy of the Word as well as "Crumbs from the Master’s Table" on essential Interior attitudes at the Table of the Eucharist. Next on the list was a study on the Liturgical Year, "The Presence of Jesus in Time" and one on Liturgical Music, "Let’s Sing the Paschal Mystery" (March 2005) which from its very cover page told cantors not to "sing", unless they had something "relevant and appropriate to sing" for the celebration of the Mass.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnSDWuSTKrEC&dq=%22Aniceto+Nazareth%22&pg=PA503|title=Saint Companions for Each Day|last=Mousolfe|first=A. J. M. & J. K.|date=1986-01-01|publisher=St Pauls BYB|isbn=9788171090921|language=en}}</ref>

Within a few years there were an increasing number of people who were eager to be educated on the new shape of the liturgy. Ministers of the Word and of Holy Communion were now organized and trained. Cantors and choirs began to understand that they were not performers but prayer leaders. The Basic Liturgy Course ensured that there were now trained lay people who could help teach the topics that came under the umbrella of Liturgy, while the books and Vatican II Documents like Sacrosanctum,<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html Concilium]</ref> served as reference guides. This coincided with the new thrust in the archdiocese towards involving the laity in the ministry of the church.

== Liturgical choir – the PROCLAIMERS ==

Post Vatican II, with the new emphasis on congregational singing, questions were raised about the need for a choir. It was in this context Aniceto started a Liturgical choir [[The Proclaimers|the PROCLAIMERS]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/secularcitizen/docs/sec25-41all|title=Secular Citizen Vol.25 No.41 dated 10th October 2016|newspaper=Issuu|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref> As part of its training, the choir focused on the new Liturgy; and sang in five voices instead of the customary 4 voices. The fifth voice sang the melody on a key convenient to the congregation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weddingsandmore.in/blog/2015/07/27/choir/|title=Choir {{!}} WeddingsAndMore.in|website=weddingsandmore.in|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref> thus encouraging the participation of the assembly. The choir encouraged the participation of the assembly at workshops they gave in 88 churches in the city and in 19 other towns in India. In a sense Aniceto Nazareth led a Liturgical Renewal of the music ministry. He believed that choirs can help people sing and should not be shut down. Instead they should provide an accompaniment to the congregation, just as an organ does.

The Proclaimers under the direction of Aniceto Nazareth were called upon to sing at several Diocesan gatherings like the Episcopal Ordination of Bishops Agnelo and Percival and the felicitation of Archbishop Ivan Dias who was elevated as Cardinal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindunet.org/hvk/articles/0501/54.html|title=A red hat, two bishops, and the lay of the land|website=hindunet.org|access-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001200453/http://hindunet.org/hvk/articles/0501/54.html|archive-date=1 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Retirement ==

Post retirement, in his new role as Parish Priest, Aniceto continued taking liturgical and classical music directly to his congregations. Placed in charge of training for the Revised Missal by [[Oswald Gracias|Cardinal Oswald Gracias]], he and his team helped introduce it to the churches of Mumbai in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archdioceseofbombay.org/resources/history-roman-missal|title=Archdiocese of Bombay|website=www.archdioceseofbombay.org|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref>

His new Masses are based on themes from the great Masters - the Gloria based on the slave chorus from Nebuchadnezzar by Verdi and an entire Mass based on Handel. The people's parts are kept easy to learn and sing.

Aniceto Nazareth after completing stints as parish priest lived a retired life at the Parish house of St. Joseph Church - Umerkhadi (a stone's throw away from Sandhurst Road Station on Mumbai's Harbour line) where he continued to compose music and offer training and insights on Music and Liturgy until November 2020. Most recently in December 2020, Aniceto was diagnosed with cancer and was undergoing treatment. Aniceto died on 8 March 2021 at Shanti Avedna (an hospice which houses the terminally ill only to provide palliative care), Bandra, Mumbai. He leaves behind a very illustrious legacy in the field of Music and Liturgy.

== Songs by Aniceto ==
* A New Commandment
* I Am The Light Bringing You Out
* Blest Are You Lord
* Ring Out Your Joy
* Great Indeed Are Your Works
* Put On The Armour Of Jesus Christ
* Song Of Simeon
* Listen Let Your Heart Keep Seeking
* Come And Be Filled
* Go In Peace To Be Christ's Body
* Our Joy O Lord Is In You
* Greater Love
* Take This And Eat It
* I'll Turn My Steps
* Lord Have Mercy
* O Lord Furnace Of Love
* Without Seeing You
* Our Hearts Were Made For You Lord
* Faith In God Can Move
* Send Forth Your Spirit O Lord
* Veronica's song
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://us.search.ccli.com/search/author?Authors=4294891764&Sorting=Popularity|title=Songs by Aniceto Nazareth|website=us.search.ccli.com|access-date=2016-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018201313/http://us.search.ccli.com/search/author?Authors=4294891764&Sorting=Popularity|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161013000704/http://liturgycentrebandra.org/about.html Archdiocesan Liturgy Committee]
* [https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Vatican-Council Second Vatican Council]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011218101508/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/index.htm Second Vatican Documents]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazareth, Aniceto}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mumbai]]

Palki Sharma

2025-09-24T14:45:58Z

Vishal5555: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[Firstpost]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Chakee

2025-09-17T13:44:48Z

Vishal5555: add details as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Sindhi clan in India and Pakistan}}
The '''Chaki''' or '''Chakee''' ({{Langx|sd|چاڪي}}) is a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] [[Muslim]] clan of [[Soomro|Soomra]] tribe, found in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=raysipotra+tribe&pg=PA487 |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |pages=272 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=K. S. Singh|title=India's Communities - Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=591|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samiuddin |first=Abida |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Global_Encyclopaedic_Ethnography_of_Indi/qEXFxCK-ulUC?hl=en |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-299-3 |pages=301-302 |language=en}}</ref> A small number are also found in the city of [[Karachi]], in Pakistan's [[Sindh]] province as well as in [[Sehwan]] and [[Bubak, Sindh|Bubak]] in Sindh.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

The Chaki has fifteen sub-clans, some of them are: Allayo, Makkad, Khokhra, Davva, Banani, Lela and Kotuda.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-ethno-stub}}
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Sindh]]

Ahir clans

2025-09-05T13:05:31Z

Vishal5555: added references

{{Short description|Caste of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

'''Ahir''' ([[Sanskrit]]: [[Abhira dynasty|Abhira]])<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duIjAQAAIAAJ&q=Ahir |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: The tribal world in transition |date=1994 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-836-8 |language=en}}</ref> is a caste found in the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly modern-day [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duIjAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: The tribal world in transition |date=1994 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-836-8 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heath |first1=Anthony F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IQ0AQAAIAAJ |title=Diversity and Change in Modern India: Economic, Social and Political Approaches |last2=Jeffery |first2=Roger |date=2010 |publisher=OUP/British Academy |isbn=978-0-19-726451-5 |pages=223 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gurung |first=Harka B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tSBAAAAMAAJ |title=Faces of Nepal |date=1996 |publisher=Himal Books |isbn=978-99933-43-50-9 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33xmAAAAMAAJ&q=Ahir+landlord |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan: Millennium 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=Research Institute of Historiography, Biography and Philosophy |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ahir]] clans are spread almost all over country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC&pg=PA19 |title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |date=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01807-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fox |first=Mr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC&pg=PA19 |title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |publisher=University of California Press |year=1971 |isbn=9780520018075 |pages=19}}</ref> Ahirs are also known as ''Yadav'', a surname they adopted following [[Sanskritisation]] in the 20th century.<ref name="socialesAnthropology2001">{{cite book|last1=Jassal|first1=Smita Tewari|author2=École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology|title=Contributions to Indian sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Mouton|pages=319–351|chapter=Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census}} Quote: "The movement, which had a wide interregional spread, attempted to submerge regional names such as Goala, Ahir, Ahar, Gopa, etc., in favour of the generic term Yadava (Rao 1979). Hence a number of pastoralist castes were subsumed under Yadava, in accordance with decisions taken by the regional and national level caste sabhas. The Yadavas became the first among the shudras to gain the right to wear the janeu, a case of successful sanskritisation which continues till date. As a prominent agriculturist caste in the region, despite belonging to the shudra varna, the Yadavas claimed Kshatriya status tracing descent from the Yadu dynasty. The caste's efforts matched those of census officials, for whom standardisation of overlapping names was a matter of policy. The success of the Yadava movement also lies in the fact that, among the jaati sabhas, the Yadava sabha was probably the strongest, its journal, ''Ahir Samachar'', having an all-India spread. These factors strengthened local efforts, such as in Bhojpur, where the Yadavas, locally known as Ahirs, refused to do ''[[begar]]'', or forced labour, for the landlords and simultaneously prohibited liquor consumption, child marriages, and so on."</ref><ref name=Mandelbaum1970p443>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |page=443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2003-p210-211">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC&pg=PA210|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12786-8|pages=210–211}} Quote: "In his typology of low caste movements, (M. S. A.) Rao distinguishes five categories. The first is characterised by 'withdrawal and self-organisation'. ... The second one, illustrated by the Yadavs, is based on the claim of 'higher ''varna'' status' and fits with Sanskritisation pattern. ..."</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word "ahir" is derived from the Sanskrit word "abhira."<ref>{{Cite web |title=People of Maharashtra |url=https://www.gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/land_and_people/L%20%26%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20II/2%20Major%20Castes%20and%20Tribes.pdf?}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Clans ==

===Nandvanshi Ahirs ===
The Nandvanshi Ahirs are a section of Ahirs.<ref name="Gupta 2021 58">{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pviHAwAAQBAJ&dq=ahir+yaduvanshi&pg=PA58 |title=Caste in Question |publisher=SAGE Publication |year=2021 |isbn=9788132103455 |page=58 |quote=Their original caste title was Ahir. The idea of a unique Krishnavanshi kinship category which fuses traditional subdivisions Yaduvanshi, Nandavanshi and Goallavanshi into a single endogamous unit}}</ref> [[Kamaria Ahir|Kamarias]]<ref name="Mutatkar 1978">{{Cite book |last=Mutatkar |first=Ramchandra Keshav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XW7aAAAAMAAJ&q=Kamaria+Ahir |title=Caste Dimensions in a Village |date=1978 |publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat |language=en}}</ref> are also a sub-clan of Nandvanshi Ahirs<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dass |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kamaria+Ahir |title=Caste System: Caste commentaries and documentation |date=2002 |publisher=Dominant Publishers and Distributors |isbn=978-81-7888-029-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mutatkar 1978"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&q=Kamaria+Nandavanshi&pg=PA54 |title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy? |date=2004-12-08 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3324-3 |language=en}}</ref> in Uttar Pradesh.

=== Gwalvanshi Ahirs ===
Gwalvanshi Ahirs have migrated to other parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]] from [[Mathura district|Mathura]] and they claim descent from ''gopis'' and ''gopas'' of [[Krishna|Krishna's]] time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Goallavanshi&pg=PT82 |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India |date=2020-11-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-08400-9 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ghosi===
{{for|Main article|Hindu Ghosi}}

The Ghosi are a division of [[Ahir]] community found mainly in North India. The Ghosis are found in both Hindu and Muslim religion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Robert Vane “ Sir D. Ibbetson says that in the Punjab the name Ghosi is used only for Muhammadans, and is often applied to any cowherd or milkman of that religion, whether Gujar, Ahir or of any other caste, just as Goala is used for a Hindu cowherd. It is said that Hindus will buy pure milk from the Musalmān Ghosi, but will reject it if there is any suspicion of its having been watered by the latter, as they must not drink water at his hands.“ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2Gm1gPZZQC&dq=ghosi+ahirs+hindu&pg=PT1064 |title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India (Complete) |date=2020-09-28 |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=978-1-4655-8294-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasnain |first=Nadeem “ Ghosi is a Muslim caste of herdsmen. The name of this community is derived from the word 'ghosh' meaning 'to shout' while herding the cattle. Crooke (ibid) mentions that they are converts like the Gaddi from the Ahir community. They belong to the Sunni sect of Islam. They use Urdu as mother tongue and also speak Hindi.” |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjO6DQAAQBAJ&dq=muslim+ghosi&pg=PA61 |title=The Other Lucknow |date=2016 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5229-420-6 |language=en}}</ref> They were the zamidars and small rulers of various parts of country.<ref name=":0">Lucia Michelutti, Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town (2002) London School of Economics and Political Science University of London, p.90-98</ref>

===Phatak===
{{main|Phatak}}

The [[Phatak]] Ahirs claim to be descended from Digpal, the Ahir king of [[Mahaban]].<ref name=":0" />

===Dauwa===
In Bundelkhand, Dauwa Ahirs were allied with Bundela Rajputs and Dauwa women served as wetnurses for Bundela princes as part of a symbolic ritual.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jain | first=R.K. | title=Between History and Legend: Status and Power in Bundelkhand | publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Limited | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-250-2194-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fghQhiowlycC&pg=PA32 | access-date=2024-12-01 | page=32}}</ref>

===Dhadhor===
{{main|Dhadhor}}

Dhadhor is a subcaste of Ahirs.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHEZAQAAMAAJ&q=dharhor |title=India Today |date=1994 |publisher=Aroon Purie for Living Media India Limited |language=en}}</ref>

===Krishnaut===
Krishnaut or Kishnaut are Ahirs that inhabits the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bihar (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kishunaut|title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Bhagalpur|last2=Choudhury|first2=Pranab Chandra Roy|date=1957|publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwgsAAAAMAAJ&q=Kishnaut|title=The National Geographical Journal of India|date=1975|publisher=National Geographical Society of India.|language=en}}</ref>

===Majhraut===
They inhabit the Indian states of Bihar and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bihar (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Majhraut |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Bhagalpur |last2=Choudhury |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |date=1957 |publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana P. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py-UTg8GaJIC&q=majraut+ahir |title=Clan Settlements in the Saran Plain (Middle Ganga Valley): A Study in Cultural Geography |date=1977 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India, Banaras Hindu University |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bihar (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyduAAAAMAAJ&q=majraut+ahir |title=Bihar District Gazetteers: Hazaribagh |last2=Choudhury |first2=Pranab Chandra Roy |date=1962 |publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=M. K. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMHkAAAAMAAJ |title=Inter-caste and Inter-community Relationship: Developing Patterns |date=1993 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-260-6 |language=en}}</ref>

===Sorathia===
Sorathia is an Ahir clan found in the state of Gujarat in India. According to B.S Suryavanshi, they are the descendents of chief [[Navaghana|Rao Navaghana]] of [[Junagadh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=SurvaVanshi |first=Bhagwansingh |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.36138 |title=Abhiras their history and culture |date=1962 |pages=84}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahir clans |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Ahir| Clans]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]

Pantharapalya–Nayandahalli metro station

2025-09-01T15:27:36Z

Vishal5555:

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Pantharapalya - Nayandahalli
| other_name = Nayandahalli
| style = Namma Metro
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple}}
| image = Pantharapalya Nayandahalli metro station.jpg
| caption = Pantharapalya - Nayandahalli Metro Station (as of Feb '23)
| address = Ranganathan Colony, Nayanda Halli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560026
| coordinates = {{coord|12.946818299217002|77.53132036239334|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] Platform-2 → [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| status = Staffed
| code = NYHM
| opened = {{start date and age|2021|August|30|df=yes}}
| architect = [[IL&FS]]
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Purple |left=Mysuru Road|to-left=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right=Rajarajeshwari Nagar |to-right=Challaghatta}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Pantharapalya -''' '''Nayandahalli''' (formerly known as '''Nayandahalli''') is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] serving the borders of [[Banashankari]] and [[State Highway 17 (Karnataka)|Mysore Road]] along with [[Bangalore University]] campus in [[Bengaluru]], India. It was inaugurated on 29 August 2021 and opened to the public on 30 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-29|title=Kengeri metro line inaugurated, commercial operations from August 30|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metros-extended-purple-line-on-mysuru-road-inaugurated/article36161802.ece|access-date=2021-08-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru Metro: 7.5-km Purple line from Mysore Road to Kengeri inaugurated|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/bengaluru-metro-7-5-km-purple-line-from-mysore-road-to-kengeri-inaugurated/805214|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Pantharapalya - Nayandahalli track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Mysuru Road}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} **
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Rajarajeshwari Nagar}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms ''** Approved''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} '''Next Station:''' [[Mysuru Road metro station|Mysuru Road]] '''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} **'''''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next Station:''' [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar metro station|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Entry/Exit==
There are 2 Entry/Exit points - A and B. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.
*Entry/Exit point A - Towards Pantharapalya side
*Entry/Exit point B - Towards Nayandahalli Junction side

== See also ==

* [[Bangalore]]
* [[List of Namma Metro stations]]
* [[Transport in Karnataka]]
* [[List of metro systems]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[Portal:Bangalore|Bangalore portal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

{{commons category|Nayandahalli metro station}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]
[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

British India Corporation

2025-03-31T05:53:26Z

Vishal5555: add intro and added references

{{short description|Central Public Sector Undertaking}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Coord|26.476393|N|80.339617|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox company
|name = British India Corporation
|type = [[Public Sector Undertaking|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
|foundation = 1872
|location = Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
|key_people =
|industry = Woollen Mills
|products =
|num_employees = 1,800
|}}
'''British India Corporation''' Limited (BIC) is a [[Public Sector Undertaking|central public sector undertaking]] under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]]. The CPSU produces [[textiles]] for use by civilians and the Indian [[Indian army|armed forces]]. It manufactures the popular "Lal-imli" and "Dhariwal" brands of woollen products. The CPSU was established in 1872 or 1876 by [[Sir Alexander MacRobert]]{{sfnp|Miller|2014|p=109|ps=}} as a CPSU{{r|finexpress}} when he combined his six companies into one enterprise.{{sfnp|Miller|2014|p=109|ps=}} MacRobert died on 22 June 1922{{r|McRobert}}{{efn|Sir Alexander changed the spelling of his name from McRobert to MacRobert when he was awarded a baronetcy.{{sfnp|Miller|2014|p=9|ps=}}}} and his widow, [[Rachel, Lady MacRobert]], assumed the role of director{{r|The Times}} until her eldest son, Alasdair, became chairman in 1937.{{sfnp|Miller|2014|p=128|ps=}}

Its date of incorporation in the [[Registrar of Companies (India)|Registrar of Companies]] is 24 February 1920.<ref>{{cite web |title=BRITISH INDIA CORPORATION LIMITED |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/BRITISH-INDIA-CORPORATION-LIMITED/U17117UP1920GOI000162 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> In 1981, it was nationalised and taken over by the Government of India.{{r|finexpress}} It has not generated profit since 1989.{{r|Reuters}}

Headquartered in [[Kanpur]], BIC nominally operates two [[wool]]len mills in Kanpur and [[Dhariwal, India|Dhariwal]] (Punjab). In 2006 the CPSU employed over 2,700 people and had aggregated revenues of {{INRConvert|373|m}}.{{r|fin}}{{r|bic}}
[[File:LalImli.JPG|thumb|right|250px| A view of Lal Imli factory]]

It ceased manufacturing in 2005, but still employs 1,800 people. New weaving machines installed in 2005 have never been used.{{r|Reuters}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yugantarpravah.com/news/kanpurs-lal-imli-is-now-in-the-pages-of-history-132357-26-04-2023|title=History of Lal Imli Kanpur: Know once this mill was the identity of Kanpur, now it is imprisoned in the pages of history|website=Yugantar Pravah|access-date=26 April 2023}}</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=bic>
{{cite web |url=http://texmin.nic.in/tex_08.htm#L02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091654/http://texmin.nic.in/note_on_bic_ntc_section.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |publisher=Ministry of Textiles |title=British India Corporation Ltd |mode=cs2}}
</ref>

<ref name=fin>
{{cite web |url=http://dpe.nic.in/survey0506/vol3/219.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110342/http://dpe.nic.in/survey0506/vol3/219.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead |title=British India Corporation, Balance sheet |publisher=Department of Public Enterprises |mode=cs2}}
</ref>

<ref name=finexpress>
{{cite news |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/up-govt-unveils-revival-package-for-british-india-corporation/71834/ |title=UP Govt Unveils Revival Package For British India Corporation |date=28 January 2003 |work=The Financial Express |mode=cs2}}
</ref>

<ref name="McRobert">
{{citation |title=Death of Sir A. McRobert |newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=23 June 1922 |page=11 |issue=43065}}
</ref>

<ref name="Reuters">
{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-industry-zombies-idUKKCN0I10X920141012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713202521/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-india-industry-zombies-idUKKCN0I10X920141012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2016 |title=Modi seeks to revive India's 'zombie factories', not abandon them |agency=Reuters|date=12 October 2014 |mode=cs2}}
</ref>

<ref name="The Times">
{{citation |title=Lady MacRobert |newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=2 September 1954 |page=8 |issue=53026}}
</ref>

}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Miller |first=Marion |title=Cawnpore to Cromar |year=2014 |publisher=Librario |isbn=978-1-909238-09-1}}
{{Refend}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Textile companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Textiles]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1872]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1876]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1920]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1920]]

{{india-company-stub}}

Tirur Betel Leaf

2025-02-04T18:06:25Z

Vishal5555: Adding a pg - done

{{Short description|Type of Betel leaf variety from Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Tirur Betel Leaf
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = Betel leaf variety cultivated in Kerala, India
| type = Betel leaf
| area = Tirur, Tanur, Tirurangadi, Kuttippuram, Malappuram and Vengara block panchayaths of Malappuram district
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 14 August 2019
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/641|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Tirur Betel Leaf''' is an important traditional crop variety of [[Betel leaf]] cultivated in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. It is mainly cultivated in [[Tirur]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Tirurangadi]], [[Kuttippuram]], [[Malappuram]] and [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]] block [[Panchayati raj|panchayaths]] of [[Malappuram]] district of Kerala.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last1=Muringatheri |first1=Mini |title=Tirur Vettila obtains GI tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tirur-vettila-obtains-gi-tag/article29214761.ece |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=21 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="The Week">{{cite news |title=GI tag: What's special about Kerala Tirur betel leaf, TN's Palani Panchamirtham? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2019/08/17/gi-tag-what-special-about-kerala-tirur-betel-leaf-tn-palani-panchamirtham.html |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Tirur Betel Leaf (Tirur Vettila)".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soumya |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Piyali |last3=Aftab |first3=Tariq |title=Crop Sustainability and Intellectual Property Rights |date=18 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-000-86428-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKEIEQAAQBAJ&dq=Tirur+Betel+Leaf&pg=PA322 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tirur Betel Leaf (Tirur Vettila) |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/641 |website=Intellectual Property India}}</ref>

==Description==
Tirur is a major trading center for fish and betel leaves. The area is renowned for its high-quality betel leaves, which are in great demand both domestically and internationally. Tirur betel leaves are distinct due to their pungent flavor, thicker leaves, and higher antioxidant capacity.<ref name="thehindu"/> These characteristics make them ideal for various uses, including the preparation of [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicines, ceremonial occasions, and pan masala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Tirur betel leaf, Tamil Nadu's Palani Panchamirtham get GI tag |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kerala-tirur-betel-leaf-tamil-nadu-s-palani-panchamirtham-get-gi-tag-119081601857_1.html |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ipindia">{{cite web|title=Tirur Betel Leaf (Tirur Vettila)|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOJournal/1_4733_1/Journal_120.pdf|website=Intellectual Property India|access-date=22 January 2025|date=12 April 2019}}</ref>

The two most common cultivars of betel leaves in Tirur are Puthukodi and Nadan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Study reveals secret of Tirur pan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/study-reveals-secret-of-tirur-pan/articleshow/60265828.cms |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Puthukodi is mainly grown as a pure crop, while Nadan is grown as an intercrop in coconut and arecanut gardens. Puthukodi has maximum leaf weight per unit area and optimum leaf parameters, making it more acceptable and valuable in the market. Nadan is mainly sold in local markets in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], and Malappuram districts, whereas Puthukodi is exported to countries like [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Bangladesh]], generating substantial revenue for local farmers and traders.<ref name="ipindia"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Sajeev |title=Tirur betel leaves growers seek Centre's support to promote it overseas |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/tirur-betel-leaves-growers-seek-centres-support-to-promote-it-overseas/article34323705.ece |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=15 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Sajeev |title=Kerala floats farmer producer company for GI-tagged Tirur betel leaf |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/kerala-floats-farmer-producer-company-for-gi-tagged-tirur-betel-leaf/article66020999.ece |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=18 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With Pakistan dream over, can GI tag rescue betel leaf farmers of Kerala's Tirur? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-betel-farmers-pakistan-import-duty-gi-tag-6276530/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kallungal |first1=Dhinesh |title=Tirur Betel, Nilambur Teak Likely to Get GI Tag Soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/Apr/04/tirur-betel-nilambur-teak-likely-to-get-gi-tag-soon-737938.html |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salih |first1=N. M. |title=Tirur betel leaf to get Geographic Indications tag |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230216/tirur-betel-leaf-to-get-geographic-indications-tag.html |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=23 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Sajeev |title=With GI tag, will the Tirur betel leaf go places? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/with-a-gi-tag-on-tirur-vettila-growers-look-to-new-emerging-markets/article29617282.ece |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=8 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Many people in Malappuram district derive their livelihood directly or indirectly, partly or fully from the production, processing, handling, transportation, and marketing of betel leaves. The cultivation and trade of betel leaves have a significant impact on the local economy, providing employment opportunities and income for numerous families.<ref name="ipindia"/>

The leaves are also culturally significant, playing a vital role in traditional ceremonies and rituals. Betel vine is used in temples for ‘[[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]s’ and to give ‘[[Dakṣiṇā|Dakshina]]’ during auspicious occasions. It is an integral part of [[Betel nut chewing|Thamboolam]] and it is believed that the juice of betel leaf in Thamboolam, chewed after food enhances digestion.<ref name="ipindia"/>

Tirur is also a significant supplier of betel leaves to the [[Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala]], a well-known institution for Ayurvedic medicine.<ref name="ipindia"/>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 14 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirur Betel Leaf |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/641 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

Tirur Vettila Ulpadaka Sangam from [[Tirur]], proposed the GI registration of 'Tirur Betel Leaf (Tirur Vettila)'.<ref name="The Week"/> After filing the application in December 2018, the Betel leaf was granted the GI tag in 2019 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Tirur Betel Leaf (Tirur Vettila)" exclusive to the Betel leaf cultivated in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala's Tirur betel leaves, bonding India and Pakistan over paan, get GI tag |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/kerala-s-tirur-betel-leaves-bonding-india-and-pakistan-over-paan-get-gi-tag-1566468838937.html |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tirur Betel Leaf & the GI tag impact |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/video/tirur-betel-leaf-the-gi-tag-impact/article38101853.ece |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=3 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It thus became the first Betel leaf variety from Kerala and the 36th type of goods from Kerala to earn the GI tag.

The prestigious GI tag, awarded by the GI registry, certifies that a product possesses distinct qualities, adheres to traditional production methods, and has earned a reputation rooted in its geographical origin.

==See also==
* [[Banaras Pan]]
* [[Magahi Paan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Betel leaf varieties of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Kerala]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Kerala]]