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Ingu Mirugangal Vaazhum Idam

2026-05-07T00:40:15Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: started a data - done

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language crime thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ingu Mirugangal Vaazhum Idam
| image = Ingu Mirugangal Vaazhum Idam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. Sasikumar
| writer = S. Sasikumar
| producer = Fine John
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Fine John
* Sreedevi Unnikrishnan
}}
| cinematography = Chandran Chami
| editing = Ram Gopi
| music = Vidhaya Sharan
| studio = Finejohn Pictures
| distributor = Action Reaction Jenish
| released = {{film date|2024|04|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Ingu Mirugangal Vaazhum Idam''''' ({{Translation|This is where animals live}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller]] film written and directed by S. Sasikumar. The film stars Fine John and Sreedevi Unnikrishnan was produced by Fine John under the banner of Finejohn Pictures.

== Synopsis ==
John works in the Security Guard Office and is single-handedly raising his only daughter, Jenny. Genie, who has an inordinate affection for her father, looks after John. However, her boyfriend, rapes and murders Jenny along with his friend
== Cast ==

* Fine John
* Sreedevi Unnikrishnan

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Chennai]] and [[Trichy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neethimaan |date=2023-04-27 |title=இங்கு மிருகங்கள் வாழும் இடம் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/ingu_mirugangal_vazhum_idam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502183947/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/ingu_mirugangal_vazhum_idam/ |archive-date=2024-05-02 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Critics from ''[[Maalai Malar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-04-25 |title=Ingu Mirugangal Vaazhum Idam |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ingu-mirugangal-vaazhum-idam-158639 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502182447/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ingu-mirugangal-vaazhum-idam-158639 |archive-date=2024-05-02 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> and ''[[Dinakaran]]'' gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinaa — Postimages |url=https://postimg.cc/fkwBL9Pz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503182643/https://postimg.cc/fkwBL9Pz |archive-date=2024-05-03 |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=postimg.cc}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt32196041}}

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]

Rudraveena (film)

2026-04-23T17:26:02Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{short description|1988 film directed by K. Balachander}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rudraveena
| image = Rudraveena film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| producer = [[Nagendra Babu]]
| writer = K. Balachander [[Ganesh Patro]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Shobana]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Anjana Productions]]
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| released = {{Film date|1988|3|4|df=yes}}
| runtime = 170 minutes<ref name="RW 1998">{{cite book | first1=Ashish | last1=Rajadhyaksha | orig-year=1994 | url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf | title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | last2=Willemen | first2=Paul | year=1998 | page=486 | isbn=0-19-563579-5}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Rudraveena''''' ({{lit|Strings of fury}}; referring to the instrument of the [[Rudra veena|same name]]) is a 1988 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Musical film|musical]]-[[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and co-written by [[K. Balachander]]. Produced by [[Nagendra Babu]]{{'s}} [[Anjana Productions]], the film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] alongside [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] actor [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Shobana]]. [[P. L. Narayana]], [[Prasad Babu]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], Devilalitha, and [[Brahmanandam]] play supporting roles.

''Rudraveena'' focuses on the ideological conflicts between 'Bilahari' Ganapathi Sastry, a reputed [[carnatic music]]ian and his younger son Suryanarayana "Suryam" Sastry. Sastry's discrimination towards the people belonging to lower castes is criticised by his son, Suryam, who believes in society's welfare and walks out for good later. The events that led to the change in Sastry's views form the remaining part of the story. [[Ganesh Patro]] wrote the film's dialogue and worked on the script with Balachander for two months, though it was tweaked many times during the shoot. [[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the soundtrack and background score. R. Raghunadha Reddy was the director of photography. Ganesh Kumar edited the film and Mohanam was the art director.

Filmed in and around [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Courtallam]], and [[Srinagar]] for 70 days, ''Rudraveena'' was produced on a budget of {{INR}}80 [[lakh]]. Released on 4 March 1988 to critical acclaim, the film was a commercial failure, resulting in a loss of {{INR}}60 lakh. It gained cult status later and is considered one of the best films made by Balachander. The film won three [[National Film Awards]]: [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]], [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]], and [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (for [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]). It also won four [[Nandi Awards]], including a [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury award]] for Chiranjeevi. Later the same year, Balachander later remade the film into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' with Ganesan reprising his role and [[Kamal Haasan]] reprising Chiranjeevi's role in the Telugu original.

== Plot ==
Satyanarayana, an aged [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]], visits Ramapuram. After talking to the locals, Satyanarayana finds that Ramapuram is well-developed and civilised due to the activities of a man named Suryam. He meets Suryam and asks him what inspired him to take up the task of developing Ramapuram. After learning of Satyanarayana interest in Ramapuram's development, Suryam agrees to relate the village's story in the parliament.

Suryanarayana "Suryam" Sastry is the son of 'Bilahari' Ganapathi Sastry, a reputed [[carnatic music]] maestro. Sastry is short tempered and discriminates against people [[Caste system in India|based on their caste]]. Suryam has an elder brother, Udayam, who was born mute and is adept at playing the [[nadaswaram]]. He also has a younger sister Sandhya, who plays the [[Tanbur|tambura]]. Suryam and Sastry have ideological differences, as the former prefers to help the needy instead of practicing music. Udayam's wife, Gayathri, keeps mediating between the two, which strengthens her bond with Suryam. After watching a dancer performing on a cliff away from a temple, Suryam meets her and learns that she is Lalitha Sivajyothi, a classical dancer who belongs to a lower caste and is denied entry into the temple. Her father Varalayya, a lawyer by profession, is a social worker and is successful to an extent. On the other hand, an amateur singer named Charukesa follows Sandhya and befriends her. Encouraged by Gayathri (unaware that Lalitha is from a lower caste), Suryam proposes to Lalitha and is successful.

On his way back to home to join Sastry for a concert, Suryam helps a few victims of an accidental fire in Ramapuram. His absence leaves Sastry livid and he refuses to listen to any excuses. Sastry comes across Suryam and Lalitha as a couple, which widens the gap between them. While Gayathri is apprehensive, Udayam remains unaffected. On the way to another concert, Sastry refuses to help an injured lineman named Narayana. A disturbed Suryam emphasises that society's welfare is more important than worshipping music, which makes Sastry declare Charukesa his successor as a musician. Suryam confronts Sastry about this and leaves the house for good after an argument. Suryam meets Varalayya and stays in his client's house. Suryam later meets Narayana's widow and learns that the government has denied him compensation as he was drunk during working hours. He also meets the family of another drunkard named Kishtappa, one of the survivors of the fire. Their situation leaves Suryam disturbed, and he vows to abolish liquor in Ramapuram. Suryam and Lalitha begin their attempts to make the working-class men abandon liquor consumption. Although initially successful, the plan backfires later.

Sastry finds that Charukesa and Sandhya are in a relationship, and humiliates the former. After Sandhya's rebellion, Sastry conducts their marriage. After the event, Sastry asks Charukesa to request any gift as dowry. Keeping the past in mind, Charukesa asks Sastry to abandon the [[Bilahari]] raga he specialised in as a musician at his future concerts. Sastry agrees half-heartedly and Suryam, who attends the marriage, performs a concert to a positive response. Varalayya plans to conduct the marriage of Suryam and Lalitha, and informs Sastry of this. At Sastry's instigation, a group of drunkards create a ruckus at the venue. They promise to give up drinking if Suryam walks out of the marriage. With Lalitha's consent, Suryam calls off his wedding. His sacrifice earns the respect of the villagers, and the drunkards obey his words. An agitated Udayam and Gayathri leave Sastry's house after learning of his deception. Suryam and Lalitha start a rural development movement named "Lalitha Grameena Sveeyasikshana Udyamam" and achieve the desired results.

Satyanarayana is pleased to learn that twenty-eight villages adopted Suryam's methods and achieved successful development. He also quits consuming alcohol. Suryam gains national recognition for his work and the prime minister announces a felicitation in Ramapuram. Except for Sastry, all of Suryam's family members, including Charukesa, attend the event. Initially reluctant, Sastry arrives shortly after and introduces himself proudly as Suryam's father instead of as a prominent carnatic musician. He also approves Suryam's marriage with Lalitha, much to the happiness of the villagers.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Suryanarayana "Suryam" Sastry
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as '[[Bilahari]]' Ganapati Sastry
* [[Shobana]] as Lalitha Sivajyoti
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Varalayya
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Udayam
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Gayathri
* [[Ramesh Aravind|Ramesh]] as Charukesa
* Devilalitha as Sandhya
* [[Dubbing Janaki]] as Bhavani
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Kishtappa
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Satyanarayana ([[cameo appearance]])
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Chiranjeevi]] wanted his brother [[Nagendra Babu]] to work in films after graduating from college. To gain experience in film production, Babu worked at the [[Geetha Arts]] company.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi">{{cite web|url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/media/Rudraveena/Rudraveena_zpsaywgg6dc.jpg.html?sort=3&o=0 |title=రుద్రవీణ ఓ రివల్యూషన్ |trans-title=Rudraveena, a revolution |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=26 October 2016 |last=Chinnarayana |first=Pulagam |language=te |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027033745/http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/media/Rudraveena/Rudraveena_zpsaywgg6dc.jpg.html?sort=3&o=0 |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He started a company named [[Anjana Productions]] after his mother K. Anjana Devi.<ref name="RW 1998"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Content/1705782 | title=నేడు నాగబాబు పుట్టినరోజు |trans-title=Today is Nagababu's birthday | work=[[Prajasakti]] | date=29 October 2015 | access-date=26 October 2016 | language=te | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026160308/http://www.prajasakti.com/Content/1705782 | archive-date=26 October 2016}}</ref> He planned to make an unconventional film without considering Chiranjeevi's on-screen image as an action hero. After watching ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980) and ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985), Babu approached Chiranjeevi's mentor [[K. Balachander]] to direct his maiden production venture.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi"/> They worked together on ''[[Idi Katha Kaadu]]'' (1979) and ''[[47 Rojulu]]'' (1981); Chiranjeevi played the antagonist in both films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/main1.htm |title=As real as reel |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=9 December 2007 |access-date=26 October 2016 |last=Kandula |first=Ramesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026154723/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/main1.htm |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Balachander agreed to direct the film; he chose the concept of national integration<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/452703/of-realities-reel.html |title=Of realities on reel |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=11 January 2015 |access-date=27 October 2016 |last=Aravind |first=C. V. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027102721/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/452703/of-realities-reel.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and rural development after watching [[Anna Hazare]] developing [[Ralegan Siddhi]], a village in [[Maharashtra]]. He was also inspired by a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer's act of adopting his village in [[West Godavari district]].<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi"/>

Balachander approached his favourite screenwriter [[Ganesh Patro]] to write the dialogues; Patro was credited for giving a native appeal to Balachander's successful Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ganesh-patro-was-kbs-favourite-dialogue-writer/article6757459.ece |title=Ganesh Patro was KB's favourite dialogue writer |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 January 2015 |access-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026162238/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ganesh-patro-was-kbs-favourite-dialogue-writer/article6757459.ece |archive-date=26 October 2016 |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite finding the concept obsolete, Patro silently completed the bound script in two months. According to Patro, Balachander tweaked the film's script many times during the shoot.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi"/> They planned to name the film ''Bilahari'' after the [[Carnatic raga]] of the [[Bilahari|same name]], but changed it to ''Rudraveena'' to reflect the characters' anger, equating it to that of the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]].<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi"/>

=== Casting and filming ===
[[Shobana]] was chosen as the female lead; her experience as a dancer helped the film. After considering many options, Tamil actor [[Gemini Ganesan]] was finalised to play Chiranjeevi's father. This was one of the actor's rare appearances in Telugu cinema. Ganesan played 'Bilahari' Ganapathi Sastry, a reputed carnatic musician specialising in songs composed using Bilahari raga.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi"/> [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] dubbed Ganesan's dialogue portions as well as providing vocals as a playback singer.<ref name="Credits">{{cite AV media | title=Rudraveena | publisher=[[Anjana Productions]] | date=1988 | medium=motion picture | location=India | language=te | time=00:02:11 to 00:05:21 | time-caption=From}}</ref> ''Rudraveena'' marked the Telugu cinema debut of [[Ramesh Aravind]], another of Balachander's protégés; however, the film became his second release after ''Indradhanussu'' was released earlier that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Tribute-to-K-Balachander-Every-south-film-maker-got-influenced-by-KB-sir/articleshow/45624648.cms |title=Tribute to K Balachander: Every south-film maker got influenced by KB sir' |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=24 December 2014 |access-date=27 October 2016 |last=Arvind |first=Ramesh |author-link=Ramesh Aravind |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027042826/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Tribute-to-K-Balachander-Every-south-film-maker-got-influenced-by-KB-sir/articleshow/45624648.cms |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzhOaP4nF4w|title=Indradhanussu Telugu Full Length Movie {{!}}{{!}} Rajashekar, Jeevitha|date=2 July 2015|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> [[P. L. Narayana]], [[Prasad Babu]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], Devilalitha, [[Dubbing Janaki]] and [[Brahmanandam]] played supporting roles.<ref name="Credits"/>

[[Ilaiyaraaja]] was signed to compose the film's soundtrack and background score. R. Raghunadha Reddy was the film's director of photography.<ref name="RW 1998"/><ref name="Credits"/> Ganesh Kumar edited the film and Mohanam was the art director.<ref name="Credits"/> Filmmaker [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] designed the logo of the production company and the film's title.<ref name="Credits"/> The role written for Narayana was a last minute addition by Balachander; he took inspiration from similar characters in English plays and ballads he had read.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi"/>

''Rudraveena''{{'s}} [[principal photography]] took place at [[Chennai]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Coutrallam]], and [[Srinagar]] for 70 days.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" /> Balachander later remarked, "Chiranjeevi has both [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]] in him. Not only can he do action, he can also act".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/sep/16chiru.htm |title='I love competition, even if it is my brother!' |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=16 September 2000 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Kiran |first=Ravi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028111712/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/sep/16chiru.htm |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Rudraveena (soundtrack)}}

Ilaiyaraaja composed the film's soundtrack and background score.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://avdigital.in/collections/ilaiyaraaja-vinyl-records/products/rudra-veena |title=Rudra Veena |last=Ilaiyaraaja |author-link=Ilaiyaraaja |year=1988 |publisher=Echo Records |type=[[liner notes]]}}</ref> with lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]].<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi"/> The soundtrack featured nine songs released under the [[Aditya Music]] label,<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/rudra-veena-original-motion/944034538 |title=Rudra Veena (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=1988 |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027091839/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/rudra-veena-original-motion/id944034538 |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is considered one of the acclaimed works of Ilaiyaraaja in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/283424/maestros-touch.html |title=The maestro's touch |work=Deccan Herald |date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 October 2016 |last=Aravind |first=C. V. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027103147/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/283424/maestros-touch.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ilaiyaraaja">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/when-ilaiyaraaja-struck-a-different-note/article8557730.ece |title=When Ilaiyaraaja struck a different note |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027103332/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/when-ilaiyaraaja-struck-a-different-note/article8557730.ece |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Rudraveena'' was produced on a budget of {{INR}}80 lakh.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" /> Released on 4 March 1988, the film received critical acclaim.<ref name="TOI 25">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chiranjeevis-Rudraveena-completes-25-years/articleshow/18790971.cms |title=Chiranjeevi's Rudraveena completes 25 years |work=The Times of India |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=27 October 2016 |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027165421/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Chiranjeevis-Rudraveena-completes-25-years/articleshow/18790971.cms |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also premiered at the 12th [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref name="HT 10">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/remembering-the-prodigy-10-most-memorable-films-of-k-balachander/photo10-6k5EXh8cKOoan0pqY51bpL.html.html |title=Remembering the prodigy: 10 most memorable films of K Balachander |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 January 2015 |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028093840/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/remembering-the-prodigy-10-most-memorable-films-of-k-balachander/photo10-6k5EXh8cKOoan0pqY51bpL.html.html |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, it was a commercial failure<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanchibhotla |first=Srinivas |date= |title=Mattilo Maanikyaalu - Best movies, yet box office failures - Rudraveena |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/rudraveena.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913003539/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/rudraveena.html |archive-date=2015-09-13 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref> and Babu had to incur a loss of {{INR}}60 lakh.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" /> It was dubbed as a setback for Chiranjeevi who had starred in a streak of successful films such as ''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'', ''[[Swayamkrushi]]'', ''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]'' (all released in 1987) and ''[[Manchi Donga]]'' (1988).<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" /> Babu considered ''Rudraveena'' a spiritually awakening film personally and felt that a book could be written about it.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" /> The film was remade into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' in the same year by Balachander himself, with Kamal Haasan reprising Chiranjeevi's role,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/01/stories/2004060100450200.htm |title=Kamal is Tamil 'Munnabhai' |date=1 June 2004 |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027170357/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/01/stories/2004060100450200.htm |archive-date=27 October 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> while Ganesan and Aravind reprised their roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece | title=When the camera rolled, she lived the character' | work=The Hindu | date=12 October 2015 | access-date=29 October 2016 | last=Yamunan | first=Sruthisagar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029074558/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/when-the-camera-rolled-she-lived-the-character/article7751052.ece | archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2020 |title=படத்தின் முதல் காட்சியே நெஞ்சை தொட்டுவிடும்..! - 32 years of 'உன்னால் முடியும் தம்பி' #MyVikatan |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/an-article-about-kamal-haasans-unnal-mudiyum-thambi-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405073823/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/an-article-about-kamal-haasans-unnal-mudiyum-thambi-movie |archive-date=5 April 2024 |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The retrospective reviews for the film were positive. In their ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen termed ''Rudraveena'' a reformist film for Chiranjeevi which aimed to achieve "greater critical respectability" for the actor by "addressing caste in a calculated effort".<ref name="RW 1998" /> Suresh Krishnamoorthy of ''[[The Hindu]]'' commented that ''Rudraveena'' showcased Chiranjeevi in a different light compared to ''[[Marana Mrudangam]]'', a successful mainstream film by the actor released in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/from-reel-to-real-life/article1318899.ece |title=From reel to real life |work=The Hindu |date=18 August 2008 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028101309/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/from-reel-to-real-life/article1318899.ece |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mihir Fadnavis of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' termed Chiranjeevi's performance in ''Rudraveena'' "possibly his best ever".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow-telugu-superstar-chiranjeevi-s-best-1561113 |title=Telugu superstar Chiranjeevi's best |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=1 July 2011 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Fadnavis |first=Mihir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028112950/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow-telugu-superstar-chiranjeevi-s-best-1561113 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Pulagam Chinnarayana, writing for ''Sakshi'', called ''Rudraveena'' a sugarcoated and non-preachy take on the harsh realities of 1980s Indian society by Balachander.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" /> K. Naresh Kumar of ''The Hans India'' praised Raghunadha Reddy's cinematography: "Reddy provides perfect eye-candy for the discerning visual lovers, packing in multi-dimensional images of the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] abodes of God, preserved wonderfully over time".<ref name="THI song review">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-08-30/The-dance-of-love/173400 |title=The dance of love |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=30 August 2015 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Naresh Kumar |first=K. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028091204/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-08-30/The-dance-of-love/173400 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> C. V. Aravind of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' stated that Balachander extracted an excellent performance from Chiranjeevi. He compared the film with other Telugu films such as ''[[Subhalekha]]'' (1982), ''Swayamkrushi'' and ''[[Aapadbandhavudu]]'' (1992) where Chiranjeevi was cast in "well-defined" character roles that "contrasted sharply with his image as a commercial entertainer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/573512/of-crucial-comebacks.html |title=Of crucial comebacks |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 October 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |last=Aravind |first=C. V. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027173111/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/573512/of-crucial-comebacks.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Awards ===
At the [[36th National Film Awards]], ''Rudraveena'' won in three categories: [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]], [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]], and [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] (Balasubrahmanyam).<ref name="DFF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf |title=36th National Film Festival 1989 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104103209/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf |archive-date= 4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With this, it became the only Telugu film after ''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]'' (1981) to receive the Nargis Dutt award.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" /> It was also Ilaiyaraaja's third award after ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]'' (1983) and ''Sindhu Bhairavi''.<ref name="Ilaiyaraaja" /> Sitaramasastri lost the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyricist]] award with a difference of one vote.<ref name="Rudraveena Sakshi" />

;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1988<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] - [[Ganesh Patro]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]] - Pandurangam
*[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - [[Nagendra Babu]]

== Legacy ==
''Rudraveena'' is considered one of the cult films in the careers of Balachander and Shobana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141224/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98brahma-new-wave-indian-cinema%E2%80%99-k-balachander |title=Brahma of new wave Indian cinema K Balachander passes away |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=24 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028110619/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141224/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98brahma-new-wave-indian-cinema%E2%80%99-k-balachander |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141225/entertainment-kollywood/article/k-balachander%E2%80%99s-work-shaped-telugu-cinema |title=K Balachander's work shaped Telugu cinema |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 December 2014 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028110405/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141225/entertainment-kollywood/article/k-balachander%E2%80%99s-work-shaped-telugu-cinema |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/pages/cinema_article?SID=303472 |title=అందుకు సినిమాలే చెయ్యాల్సిన పనిలేదు: శోభన |trans-title=Films are not the only medium of art: Shobana |work=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |date=30 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |language=te |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028110803/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/pages/cinema_article?SID=303472 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an interview with [[Rediff.com]] in April 1997, Chiranjeevi stated that he opted to act in ''Rudraveena'' for an image makeover. He added that despite its failure, the film made him happy as it had inspired many villages in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/may/03chira.htm |title=The Southern Supernova |work=Rediff.com |date=4 April 1997 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028112458/http://www.rediff.com/movies/may/03chira.htm |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During his tenure as the [[president of India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] visited Chiranjeevi's Eye & Blood Bank (CEBB) in June 2006 and expressed his appreciation for the initiative; the actor recalled the day when he ruled out the climax of ''Rudraveena'' ever happening in real life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/when-life-imitated-art/article3117894.ece |title=When life imitated art |work=The Hindu |date=11 June 2006 |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028105952/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/when-life-imitated-art/article3117894.ece |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'' included ''Rudraveena'' in their 2015 list of 10 memorable films directed by Balachander.<ref name="HT 10"/> On Chiranjeevi's 60th birthday, [[Indo-Asian News Service]] included the film in their list of underrated performances by the actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/under-rated-performances-revisited-on-chiranjeevis-60th-bday/ |title=Under-rated performances revisited on Chiranjeevi's 60th b'day |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 August 2015 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |access-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028094134/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/under-rated-performances-revisited-on-chiranjeevis-60th-bday/ |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Koratala Siva]]{{'s}} ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' (2015) starring [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Shruti Haasan]] was compared with ''Rudraveena'' for its similarities on a thematic level (rural development and father-son conflict).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mahesh-babu-srimanthudu-review/article7512037.ece |title=Srimanthudu: Back to the roots |work=The Hindu |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028102433/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mahesh-babu-srimanthudu-review/article7512037.ece |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/why-mass-movies-are-important/article7669155.ece |title=Why mass movies are important |work=The Hindu |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028102141/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/why-mass-movies-are-important/article7669155.ece |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Commenting on the same, Babu stated that ''Srimanthudu'' was more mainstream and commercial than realistic in its approach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mahesh-counts-on-srimanthudu/article7461938.ece |title=Mahesh counts on 'Srimanthudu' |work=The Hindu |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=28 October 2016 |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028102025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mahesh-counts-on-srimanthudu/article7461938.ece |archive-date=28 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0155124|title=Rudraveena}}

{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}
{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1980s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]
[[Category:1988 musical films]]

Osman Ali Sadagar

2026-04-23T04:36:25Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: added some biography and citations - done

{{Short description|Assam politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Sheikh]]
| name = Osman Ali Sadagar
| office3 = Member of the 1st [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| term_start3 = 19 January 1937
| term_end3 = 1946
| birth_place = [[Bengal Presidency]]
| birth_date = 1856
| death_place = [[Assam]], [[Dominion of India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1948|4|28|1856|df=y}}
}}
'''Sheikh Osman Ali Sadagar''' ({{langx|as|শেখ ওছমান আলী সদাগৰ}}, {{langx|bn|শেখ ওছমান আলী সওদাগর}}; 1856 – 28 April 1948) was a politician, cultivator and educationist. He served as a member of the inaugural [[Assam Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Two Circles]]|date=10 October 2011|author=Ahmed, Dr. Syed|title=Remembering Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, the first Premier of Assam|url=https://twocircles.net/2011oct10/remembering_sir_syed_muhammad_saadulla_first_premier_assam.html}}</ref> and opposed the integration of Assam into the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name=news/> Sadagar is considered to be a pioneer of the cultural and linguistic [[Assamese people|Assamisation]] of the [[Miya people|Miya community]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/when-muslim-worships-tree-syncretic-islam-char-chaporis-assam|work=[[Sahapedia]]|date=27 November 2019|title=When a Muslim Worships a Tree: Syncretic Islam of the Char Chaporis of Assam|author=Hussain, Muhammad Shalim Muktadir}}</ref> The Chor Chapori Literary Council named the Osman Ali Sadagar Honorary Award in his memory.

== Early life and migration ==
Sadagar was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name=scr/>

== Career ==
In 1885, he migrated to Alitangani in [[Nagaon district|Nowgong]], [[Assam]] with the help of his uncle, [[Nazrul Ali]]. Ali worked in the steam ships that flowed through the rivers of Bengal and Assam at the time.<ref name=scr>{{cite news|work=[[Scroll.in]]|title=Readers' comments on #MeToo: It's sad when those who espouse women's rights turn out to be harassers: NRC debate|date=12 October 2018|author=[[Hafiz Ahmed|Ahmed, Hafiz]]}}</ref> He participated in the [[Battle of Patharughat]] of 1894 where he was injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://assamtribune.com/govt-yet-to-recognise-riverine-peoples-contributions|work=[[Assam Tribune]]|title=Govt yet to recognise riverine people's contributions|date=14 August 2010|location=[[Guwahati]]}}</ref>

In 1902, Sadagar founded a primary school in Alitangani, Nowgong. According to doctoral researcher [[Hafiz Ahmed]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/suave-english-speaking-muslim-lawyer-spared-the-rod-in-assams-riot-hit-hotbed/articleshow/16244948.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[Gossaigaon]], [[Kokrajhar district]]|title=Suave English-speaking Muslim lawyer spared the rod in Assam|author=Mitra, Naresh|date=4 September 2012}}</ref> the school was the second [[Assamese language|Assamese-medium]] institution from the [[Miya people|Bengal-origin Muslim migrant community]] of Assam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://countercurrents.org/2021/11/assam-discourse-of-disinheritance/|date=6 November 2021|title=Assam: Discourse of Disinheritance|author=Gohain, Hiren|work=[[Countercurrents.org]]}}</ref> Sadagar was also a member of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://shuddhashar.com/from-citizen-to-termite-the-case-of-the-bangladeshis-in-assam-yasmin-saikia|title=From Citizen to Termite: The Case of the "Bangladeshis" in Assam: Integration and Disintegration of the Muslims (The "Assam Agitation" and Beyond)|date=1 June 2019|work=Shuddh Ashar|author=Saikia, Yasmin}}</ref> partaking in its inaugural 1917 session where he donated 10 [[British Indian rupee]]s (today equivalent to 130 [[American dollar]]s) to it.<ref>{{cite book|title=People's Peace: Prospects for a Human Future|editor2=Haines, Chad|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|date=15 November 2019|page=328|editor1=Saikia, Yasmin}}</ref>

He independently contested in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|first Assam legislative elections]] in 1937, and was successfully elected as a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from the Nagaon constituency. In the politics of Assam, Sadagar opposed both ethnic Assamese politician [[Muhammed Saadulah]] and the ethnic Bengali politician [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]]. He later left the [[All-India Muslim League]] entirely.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political History of Assam: 1940-1947|page=252|year=1999|publisher=Department for the Preparation of Political History of Assam ([[Government of Assam]])|editor=Barpujari, H. K.}}</ref> Under his leadership, five independent Muslim politicians represented themselves in the assembly, who all opposed the Muslim League's plans to integrate Assam into the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/rights/debate-miyah-identity-and-language|work=[[The Wire (India)]]|author=Gohain, Hiren|title=Debate: Miyah Identity and Language|date=19 August 2019}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Sadagar died in [[Assam]]. His son, [[Abdul Shahid]], was also a politician.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Assam Gazette}}</ref> In 2019, false [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|NRC]] claims were made against his descendants.<ref name=news>{{cite news|title=অসমক পাকিস্তানত চামিলৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বিধায়কৰ পৰিয়াললৈ জাননী জাৰি|url=https://dainikagradoot.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/1-page-5-May.pdf|work=Dainik Agradoot|language=as|pages=1, 10|date=5 May 2019|location=[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]|trans-title=Notice disclosed to the family of an MLA who opposed the integration of Assam into Pakistan}}</ref> Among those that defended them was the Leader of the Opposition [[Debabrata Saikia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cjp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/08-05-2019-statement-on-harassment-of-minority-citizens-E.pdf|title=Statement|author=[[Debabrata Saikia|Saikia, Shri Debabrata]]|website=[[Citizens for Justice and Peace]]|date=8 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://cjp.org.in/exclusive-people-forced-to-file-false-nrc-objections-in-assam|website=[[Citizens for Justice and Peace]]|date=9 May 2019|author=Ali, Zamser|title=EXCLUSIVE! People forced to file False NRC Objections in Assam}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The fire in Assam for NRC|work=APN News|url=https://www.apnnews.com/the-fire-in-assam-for-nrc/|author=Goswami, Bhupen|date=13 May 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadagar, Osman Ali}}
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1937–1946]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]

Kojagra

2026-04-23T03:44:57Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: started details - done

{{Short description|Festival in Mithila}}{{Related|[[Madhushravani]]|[[Maithil Upanayan]]}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Ethnic
| holiday_name = Kojagra
| observedby = [[Maithil Brahmin]], Maithil [[Kayastha]]s
| date = Sharad Purnima
| month = Ashvin
| frequency = Annual
| nickname = कोजगरा
| firsttime = [[Treta Yuga]]
| startedby = King [[Janaka]] for [[Lord Rama]]
}}
'''Kojagra''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: कोजगरा) is a special festival of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिलाञ्चलमा कोजागरा पर्व मनाइँदै |trans-title=Kojagara festival being celebrated in Mithilanchal |url=https://www.lokpath.com/story/192535/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Lokpath |language=ne}}</ref> It is a [[Samskara (rite of passage)|sanskar]] ritual for the newly married couples among the communities of the [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithil Brahmins]] and [[Kayastha|Kayasthas]]. It is celebrated on the occasion of [[Sharad Purnima]] in the Hindu month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kojagra in Mithilanchal: सामाजिक सरोकार का लोकपर्व कोजागरा आज, मिथिला के नवविवाहित दूल्हों के घर उत्सवी माहौल - Kojagra today festive atmosphere at the house of newly married grooms of Mithila |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-kojagra-today-festive-atmosphere-at-the-house-of-newly-married-grooms-of-mithila-22128876.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kojagra 2024: इस दिन मनाया जाएगा मिथिला का लोक पर्व कोजागरा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/kojagara-2024-folk-festival-of-mithila-in-bihar-know-dates-importance-significance |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.prabhatkhabar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=मैथिली नवदम्पतियों का विशेष पर्व कोजगरा आज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-kojagra-festival-celebrated-in-mithila-society-on-sharad-purnima-201729015027248.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word Kojagara is primarily associated with the Nakshatra Pati (King of constellation) Moon. The indic term Jagra is considered the moon's rays, derived from the words "jagaran" and "ku" which becomes "ko" is related to the nectar-like-rays of the moon light. This means that the full moon, is celebrated as the day of awakening in its nectar-like rays.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=मिथिला का प्रसिद्ध लोक पर्व कोजागरा आज, तैयारी पूरी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-mithila-celebrates-kojagara-a-local-festival-of-joy-and-tradition-amid-rising-costs-201729017733942.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
Kojagra is a sanskar ritual associated with the tradition of the ''[[Maithil Vivah]]'' among the communities of [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithil Brahmins]] and [[Maithils|Maithil]] [[Kayastha|Kayasthas]]. It is a ''Lokaparva'' of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. In the festival of Kojagra, a ''Bhaar'' of fruits, sweets, ''Khaajaa'', ''Makhana'', ''Batasha'' and ''Paan'', etc is sent from the house of newly married brides to the house of newly married grooms. The rituals of the festival are performed at night. In the evening, the groom dressed up in the clothes brought from his in-laws' house, then the women of his house and society perform ''[[Chumavan]]'' ritual with him. Similarly, at least five the elder men of his family or society impart blessings by chanting [[Durwakshat Mantra|Durwaksht Mantra]]. After the Chumavan ritual, the groom plays a game of ''Pachchisi'' with his brother-in-law. For this, cowries and dice come from the family of bride house only. The loser gives a gift to the winner. During this game, a gathering of Maithili folk songs and music is also performed by the women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला की लोक संस्कृति का पर्व कोजागरा - kojagra puja to be celebrated today - Jharkhand Ranchi Common Man Issues News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-kojagra-puja-to-be-celebrated-today-22128708.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> After the completion of the rituals procedure of the Kojagara festival, there is a tradition of distributing Makhana, Batasha and Paan (betel leaves) among the people of the society in the night. The festival of Kojagra is treated as the symbol of social harmony in the region.<ref name=":0" /> On the occasion of Kojagra, a sacred feast for [[Maithil Brahmin Bhoj|Brahmins Bhoj]] is also organised by the family of groom in the night.

=== Importance of Makhana ===
[[Mithila Makhana|Makhana]] has special importance in the festival of Kojagra. On this day, makhana porridge, which is full of nutritional properties, is prepared and kept in the moonlight overnight, giving it immortality, and then it is fed to the newly married man so that he remains free from all diseases and lives a long life.<ref name=":2" />

== Legend ==
The main deity of the Kojagra festival is [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]]. In the festival, [[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapurna]] form of the Goddess is worshipped. According to legend, the Goddess Annapurna starts residing in the house from the night of Kojagra festival of Ashvin month. It is said that worshipping the Annapurna form of the Goddess sincerely in the night of Kojagra, there is happiness, prosperity and peace in the house and food crisis never comes in the house. With this belief, the Goddess Annapurna is worshipped in every house of the Maithil people in that night.<ref name=":1" />

The tradition of celebrating Kojagra has been going on from ancient times in the folk culture of Mithila. It was originated from the [[court of King Janaka]] in Mithila. According to legend, it was started by the [[Janaka|King Janaka]] in [[Treta Yuga]] for his son-in-law [[Rama|Lord Rama]]. The first Kojagara was performed by the King Janaka for Lord Rama. It is said that the King Janaka performed the Kojagara puja for his son-in-law Rama and daughter [[Sita]] and sent betel (paan) leaves, bananas, [[Mithila Makhana|makhana]], and laddus as gifts for Rama. Since then, this festival of Kojagra has been celebrated in the Mithila region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला की लोक संस्कृति का पर्व कोजागरा - kojagra puja to be celebrated today - Jharkhand Ranchi Common Man Issues News |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-kojagra-puja-to-be-celebrated-today-22128708.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The festival Kojagra is also related to the Samundra Manthan story of Puranas. In the Samundra Manthan (churning of the ocean) story as described in various Puranas written by Vedas Vyasa, Goddess Lakshmi emerged on the full moon day of Ashwin Shukla Paksha. There is a classical belief that this date should be specifically celebrated as the day for worshipping Goddess Lakshmi. According to Puranas, Lord Chandradeva and Goddess Lakshmi originated from the ocean, both are considered to be siblings. In the festival, Lord Chandradeva is also very important and worshipped. As evident from the Vedas and Ayurveda shows that the medicinal properties of all the trees and plants on earth are transmitted to them only through the moon rays. Similarly in the text Bhagawad Geeta, Lord Krishna, while preaching to Arjuna, said, "Nakshatranamah Shashi," meaning, "I am the moon, chief among all the stars."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-16 |title=मिथिला का प्रसिद्ध लोक पर्व कोजागरा आज, तैयारी पूरी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-mithila-celebrates-kojagara-a-local-festival-of-joy-and-tradition-amid-rising-costs-201729017733942.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

During this festival, which occurs after the end of the rainy season, the sky is completely clear and its rays, full of medicinal properties, fall directly on the earth. Based on these beliefs, Kojagara festival is celebrated with special importance on this date in Mithila.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Maithil Brahmin]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]

{{India-festival-stub}}

Wander Jatana

2026-04-22T06:48:09Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created A Info

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wander Jatana
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.569087210468215|74.73632915924296|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 4877
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=62}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151209
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kotkapura]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}'''Wander Jatana''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wander Jatana · Punjab 151209, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Wander+Jatana,+Punjab+151209/@30.567181,74.7292782,15.33z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175ae2532165cb:0x974d356737e91690!8m2!3d30.5683564!4d74.736633!16s/g/1vxvg7nq?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Wander Jatana · Punjab 151209, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Wheat variety HD 2967 gains popularity among farmers {{!}} punjab {{!}} Hindustan Times | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/wheat-variety-hd-2967-gains-popularity-among-farmers/story-KMrPSeAlPdW8jKr5XLWd4K.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009225354/http://www.hindustantimes.com:80/punjab/wheat-variety-hd-2967-gains-popularity-among-farmers/story-KMrPSeAlPdW8jKr5XLWd4K.html | access-date=2025-08-17 | archive-date=2015-10-09}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 4877 of which 2623 are males while 2254 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wander Jatana Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35468-wander-jatana-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 1,386 hectares with 992 number of households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=62}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151209.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wandar Jatana Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Wandar Jatana, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/wandar-jatana |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Wandar Jatana Pin Code - 151209, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search faridkot Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/wandar-jatana-pincode-151209.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Upendra J. Chivukula

2026-04-22T01:35:02Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created Entry

{{short description|American politician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Upendra Chivukula
| image = File:Upendra2012 (cropped).jpg
| office1 = Member of the [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]]
| term_start1 = September 30, 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Jeanne Fox]]
| state_assembly2 = New Jersey
| district2 = [[New Jersey's 17th legislative district|17th]]
| term_start2 = January 8, 2002
| term_end2 = September 30, 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Jerry Green (politician)|Jerry Green]] [[Bob Smith (New Jersey State Senator)|Bob Smith]]
| successor2 = [[Joseph Danielsen]]
| office3 = [[Mayor of Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey]]
| term_start3 = January 1, 2000
| term_end3 = December 31, 2000
| office4 = Deputy Mayor of [[Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]]
| term_start4 = January 1, 1998
| term_end4 = December 31, 1998
| office5 = Member of the [[Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]] Council from the 5th Ward
| term_start5 = January 1, 1998
| term_end5 = December 31, 2005
| predecessor5 = Jack Shreve
| successor5 = James Vassanella
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|10|08}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Madras State]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]]), [[India]]
| spouse = Lucrecia Dayci
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| alma_mater = B.E.E. [[College of Engineering, Guindy|Guindy Engineering College]] (Electrical Engineering) M.E.E. [[City College of New York]] (Electrical Engineering)
| occupation = Engineer
| website =
| appointer1 = [[Chris Christie]]
}}

'''Upendra Chivukula''' (born October 8, 1950) is an Indian-American [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician currently serving on the [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]], who previously represented [[New Jersey's 17th legislative district]] in the [[New Jersey General Assembly|General Assembly]] from 2002 to 2014. He was the first Indian American elected to the New Jersey legislature and the fourth Indian American elected to state office anywhere in the United States.<ref>[http://www.njhightech.org/pastDinners.cfm 2004 State Government Official Category] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309210120/http://www.njhightech.org/pastDinners.cfm|date=March 9, 2010}}, accessed April 21, 2007. "Upendra Chivukula is the first Asian Indian American elected to the New Jersey State Assembly and the fourth Indian American in the US to be elected to state office."</ref> During his time in office, he was regarded as a [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]].<ref name="njspotlight.com" />

After immigrating to the United States from India, Chivukula served on the [[Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]] council from 1998 to 2005. In 2000, he served as mayor of Franklin. In 2001, he was elected to the [[New Jersey General Assembly]], representing the 17th district. He was re-elected to six subsequent terms, rising to the position of [[deputy speaker]] from 2007 until his resignation in 2014.

Chivukula has run twice for the [[United States House of Representatives]]. In [[2012 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 7|2012]], he was the Democratic nominee for [[New Jersey's 7th congressional district|New Jersey's 7th district]] but was defeated by incumbent [[Leonard Lance]]. In [[2014 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey#District 12|2014]], he ran instead for the open seat in [[New Jersey's 12th congressional district|New Jersey's 12th district]] which had been vacated by [[Rush Holt Jr.]] He finished third in the Democratic primary.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20140516065732/http://www.centraljersey.com/articles/2014/05/13/newswire/doc53724e5c55d6a533575443.txt "Chivukula most progressive candidate in 'Rush Holt' Primary Debate"]}}</ref> After his defeat, he was appointed to the [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]] by [[Chris Christie]] and was sworn in on September 30, 2014.<ref name=":0">[http://www.politickernj.com/81966/chivukula-bpu-appointment-im-ready Chivukula on BPU appointment: I’m ready {{!}} Observer]. Politickernj.com. Retrieved on November 16, 2016.</ref>

== Early life ==
Upendra Chivukula was born on October 8, 1950 in [[Nellore]], [[India]].<ref>[http://votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=55075 Assembly Member Upendra J. Chivukula], [[Project Vote Smart]]. Accessed August 12, 2007.</ref>

In 1972, Chivukula received a [[Bachelor of Electrical Engineering|bachelor of electrical engineering degree]] from [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] in [[Chennai]] (now part of [[Anna University]]). He received a [[Master of Engineering|master of engineering]] degree from [[City College of New York]] in 1976.<ref name="NJLEG">[http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/BIO.asp?Leg=202 Assemblyman Chivukula's legislative web page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306113447/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/bio.asp?Leg=202 |date=March 6, 2014 }}, [[New Jersey Legislature]]. Accessed April 23, 2008.</ref>

==Political career==
Before running for public office, Chivukula was appointed by [[Governor of New Jersey]] [[James Florio]] to the New Jersey State Board of Social Work Examiners. He served on that body as a public member from 1994 to 1997.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

=== Franklin Township ===
In 1997, Chivukula was elected to represent the Fifth Ward on the [[Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey|Franklin Township]] Council. He was re-elected to a second term in 2001.

In 1998, he served as deputy mayor of the township. He served as mayor in 2000.<ref name="NJLEG" />

In Franklin Township, he has also served on the Franklin Township Community Foundation, Finance Oversight Committee, Traffic Management Committee, Fire Prevention Board, Emergency Life Support Delivery, Integrated Communications Committee, Emergency Management, Franklin Township Planning Board, Economic Development Committee, Community / Senior Center Steering Committee and the Bicentennial Celebration Committee. Chivukula has served on the [[Somerset County, New Jersey|Somerset County]] Affordable Housing Board of Trustees and the [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]] Cultural and Historic Commission.

=== New Jersey General Assembly ===
In 2001, Chivukula was elected to a two-year term in the New Jersey General Assembly. He was re-elected in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013.

Chivukula served as the [[New Jersey General Assembly]]'s deputy speaker from 2007 to 2014. Chivukula was noted for being a progressive legislator and, in coordination with Congressman [[Rush D. Holt Jr.]], pushed through reforms to invest in clean energy, infrastructure projects, and high-tech manufacturing jobs.<ref name="njspotlight.com">[http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/14/01/22/mr-energy-gets-ready-for-another-go-at-solar-and-wind-power/] "'Mr Energy' on Investing in NJ Job Powerhouses."</ref>

He was a delegate to the [[Democratic National Convention]] in [[1996 Democratic National Convention|1996]], [[2000 Democratic National Convention|2000]], [[2008 Democratic National Convention|2008]], and [[2012 Democratic National Convention|2012]] and was an alternate delegate in [[2004 Democratic National Convention|2004]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20041109065634/http://www.asianamerican.net/bios/Chivukula-Upendra.html Biography of Upendra J. Chivukula]}}, accessed April 21, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~action/2004/delegates04/njdelegates.html Delegates to the 2004 Democratic National Convention ], [[George Washington University]]. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>

Chivukula was one of [[List of United States presidential electors, 2004#New Jersey|New Jersey's presidential electors]] casting the state's [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] votes after the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 presidential election]]; New Jersey's electors cast their ballots on December 13, 2004, in the State House Annex in [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]], where all 15 votes were cast for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] candidate [[John Kerry]].<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2004_certificates/index.html#nj 2004 Presidential Election: Electoral College Members], accessed January 7, 2007.</ref>

=== 2012 and 2014 congressional campaigns ===
In 2012, Chivukula ran for United States House of Representatives against Republican incumbent [[Leonard Lance]] in [[New Jersey's 7th congressional district]]. He was defeated in the heavily Republican district by a vote of 175,662 to 123,057.<ref>[http://njelections.org/2012-results/2012-official-general-results-house-of-representatives-1212.pdf Official List. Candidates for House of Representatives For GENERAL ELECTION 11/06/2012]. njelections.org</ref>

In 2014, Chivukula ran for the House again, standing for the open seat created by [[Rush Holt Jr.]]'s retirement. He finished second behind assemblywoman Bonnie Watson Coleman and state senator [[Linda R. Greenstein]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

=== Board of Public Utilities ===
On September 18, 2014, Chivukula was nominated by Governor [[Chris Christie]] to a seat on the [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]], to replace retiring commissioner [[Jeanne Fox]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[New Jersey Senate]] voted 35–1 to confirm Chivukula to a six-year term on the [[New Jersey Board of Public Utilities]] on September 22, and he was sworn in on September 30.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In 2015, Chivukula co-authored "The 3rd Way" with Veny Musum. The authors advocate for closing the broadening gap between the rich and the poor in America and worldwide through [[inclusive capitalism]] or [[economic democracy]], via business initiatives such as increasing employee equity stakes and employee [[profit sharing]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The 3rd Way: Economic Reform or Social Revolution the Solution to Income Inequality... Building "Inclusive Capitalism" Through Employee Ownership * How Wealth Is Created * by Upendra Chivukula — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists |url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/27468479-the-3rd-way |access-date=2017-02-02 |publisher=Goodreads.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chivukula |first1=Upendra |title=THE 3rd WAY: ECONOMIC REFORM or SOCIAL REVOLUTION the solution to income inequality... Building "Inclusive Capitalism" through Employee Ownership * HOW WEALTH IS CREATED * (9781494254605): Upendra Chivukula, Veny W. Musum: Books |last2=Musum |first2=Veny W. |date=October 15, 2015 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1494254605}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Alyana Alfaro |date=September 12, 2016 |title=Chivukula Talks New Book, Bipartisanship and Making Capitalism Work |url=http://observer.com/2016/09/chivukula-talks-new-book-bipartisanship-and-making-capitalism-work-for-everyone/ |access-date=2017-02-02 |publisher=Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://smlr.rutgers.edu/sites/smlr.rutgers.edu/files/images/Spec.%20Top.%20OW%20323-01%20Mackin%20FL16.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205101653/http://smlr.rutgers.edu/sites/smlr.rutgers.edu/files/images/Spec.%20Top.%20OW%20323-01%20Mackin%20FL16.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2017 |access-date=February 4, 2017}}</ref>

==Election history==
{{Election box begin no change | title= 2014 U.S. House of Representatives 12th Congressional District Democratic Primary election <ref name=Results2014>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2014-results/2014-official-primary-results-us-house.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for U.S. House of Representatives For June 2014 Primary Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], August 6, 2014. Accessed October 6, 2014.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Bonnie Watson Coleman]]
|votes = 15,603
|percentage = 43.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Linda R. Greenstein]]
|votes = 10,089
|percentage = 27.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula
|votes = 7,890
|percentage = 21.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Andrew Zwicker]]
|votes = 2,668
|percentage = 7.36
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= New Jersey General Assembly elections, 2013<ref name=Results2013>[http://njelections.org/2013-results/2013-official-general-election-results-general-assembly.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2013 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], December 4, 2013. Accessed December 4, 2013.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Joseph V. Egan]] ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 23,763
|percentage = 32.5
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 23,331
|percentage = 31.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Carlo DiLalla
|votes = 13,762
|percentage = 18.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Sanjay Patel
|votes = 12,281
|percentage = 16.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= 2012 U.S. House of Representatives 7th Congressional District election <ref name=Results2012>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/2012-results/2012-official-general-results-house-of-representatives-1212.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for U.S. House of Representatives For November 2012 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], December 12, 2012. Accessed December 12, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Leonard Lance]] ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 175,662
|percentage = 57.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula
|votes = 123,057
|percentage = 40.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dennis A. Breen
|votes = 4,518
|percentage = 1.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Libertarian Party (United States)
|candidate = Patrick McKnight
|votes = 4,078
|percentage = 1.33
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Republican Party (United States)
|loser = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= New Jersey General Assembly elections, 2011<ref name=Results2011>[http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2011-official-gen-elect-gen-assembly-results-121411.pdf#page=17 Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2011 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], December 14, 2011. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Joseph V. Egan]] ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 15,165
|percentage = 31.9
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 14,862
|percentage = 31.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Robert S. Mettler
|votes = 8,876
|percentage = 18.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Carlo A. DiLalla
|votes = 8,627
|percentage = 18.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= New Jersey General Assembly elections, 2009<ref name=Results2009>[http://www.njelections.org/election-results/2009-official-gen-elect-gen-assembly-tallies-120109.pdf#page=17 Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2009 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], December 1, 2009. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Joseph V. Egan]] ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 29,876
|percentage = 32.4
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 28,030
|percentage = 30.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Anthony Mazzola
|votes = 18,023
|percentage = 19.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Salim A. Nathoo
|votes = 16,419
|percentage = 17.8
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= New Jersey General Assembly elections, 2007<ref name=Results2007>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2007-official-general-election-tallies%28ga%29-12.12.07.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2007 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], December 12, 2007. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Joseph V. Egan]] ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 16,456
|percentage = 31.2
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 15,765
|percentage = 29.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Matthew "Skip" House
|votes = 10,324
|percentage = 19.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Leonard Messineo
|votes = 10,257
|percentage = 19.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= New Jersey General Assembly elections, 2005<ref name=Results2005>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2005_Official_General_Assembly_tallies.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2005 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], December 16, 2005. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Joseph V. Egan]] ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 29,601
|percentage = 34.0
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 28,239
|percentage = 32.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Catherine J. Barrier
|votes = 15,748
|percentage = 18.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Salim A. Nathoo
|votes = 13,507
|percentage = 15.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= New Jersey General Assembly elections, 2003<ref name=Results2003>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2003gen-elect_assembly_candidate_tally.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2003 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], December 2, 2003. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Joseph V. Egan]] ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 16,143
|percentage = 28.8
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 15,956
|percentage = 28.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Catherine J. Barrier
|votes = 10,988
|percentage = 19.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Scott Johnkins
|votes = 10,206
|percentage = 18.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= New Jersey General Assembly elections, 2001<ref name=Results2001>[http://www.state.nj.us/state/elections/election-results/2001-general-elect-gen-assembly-tallies.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for General Assembly For November 2001 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], April 17, 2008. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Joseph V. Egan]]
|votes = 27,948
|percentage = 33.9
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula
|votes = 26,374
|percentage = 31.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Catherine J. Barrier
|votes = 14,161
|percentage = 17.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Anthony Mazzola
|votes = 14,085
|percentage = 17.1
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= Franklin Township Council 5th Ward election, 2001<ref name=MunicipalResults2001>[http://www.co.somerset.nj.us/elecresults/2001/general/5%20Municipal.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for Franklin Township Council (5th Ward), 2001 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], April 17, 2008. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula ([[incumbent]])
|votes = 1,332
|percentage = 64.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Ormsby
|votes = 731
|percentage = 35.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change | title= Franklin Township Council 5th Ward election, 1997<ref name=MunicipalResults1997>[http://www.co.somerset.nj.us/elecresults/1997/general/7%20Municipal.pdf Official List Candidate Returns for Franklin Township Council (5th Ward), 1997 General Election], [[New Jersey Department of State]], April 17, 2008. Accessed July 2, 2012.</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Upendra J. Chivukula
|votes = 1,403
|percentage = 60.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Patricia K. Daniel
|votes = 899
|percentage = 39.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Personal life ==
{{As of|2007}}, he was a [[Hindus|Hindu]] and lived in [[Somerset, New Jersey]]. He was married to Lucrecia Dayci, and they had two children.<ref name="NJLEG" />

==See also==
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|Indian Americans in New Jersey]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*''New Jersey Legislature financial disclosure forms'' – [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2013.pdf 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009160131/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2013.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2012.pdf 2012]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2011.pdf 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155535/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2011.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2010.pdf 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155440/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2010.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2009.pdf 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009160029/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2009.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2008.pdf 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155832/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2008.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2007.pdf 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155928/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2007.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2006.pdf 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009160128/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2006.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2005.pdf 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155346/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2005.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }} [http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2004.pdf 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009155635/http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/ethics/FinancialDisclosure/ChivukulaU2004.pdf |date=October 9, 2014 }}
*[http://votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=55075 Assembly Member Upendra J. Chivukula], [[Project Vote Smart]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chivukula, Upendra}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:City College of New York alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Asian-American state legislators in New Jersey]]
[[Category:American mayors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in New Jersey]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly]]
[[Category:New Jersey city council members]]
[[Category:People from Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Politicians from Somerset County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:State cabinet secretaries of New Jersey]]
[[Category:2004 United States presidential electors]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the New Jersey Legislature]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Zanskar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:29Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created A Entry

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Zanskar
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]
|established = 1996
|abolished = [[The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|2019]]
}}
'''Zanskar''' was a constituency in the erstwhile [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of erstwhile [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Zanskar]] was part of [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency]] until its abolition.<ref>[https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/zanskar.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Zanskar Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=2 | Mohammed Abass || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Feroz Ahmed Khan]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zanskar<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Syed Mohammad Baqir Rizvi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,763 |percentage=43.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Raza |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,197 |percentage=39.58% |change={{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanzin Lakpa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,292 |percentage=14.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=248 |percentage=1.58% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=157 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=566 |percentage=3.61% |change= {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,657 |percentage=74.05% |change= {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,143 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zanskar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Feroz Ahmed Khan]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,552 |percentage=44.72% |change={{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Raza]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,634 |percentage=38.45% |change={{increase}}17.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Stobgais |party=Independent politician |votes=1,993 |percentage=13.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=283 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padma Thinles |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=190 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=918 |percentage=6.27% |change= {{decrease}}11.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,652 |percentage=72.20% |change= {{decrease}}6.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,295 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zanskar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abass |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,580 |percentage=47.67% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Chhosphel |party=Independent politician |votes=5,393 |percentage=29.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akhoon Hassan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,734 |percentage=20.75% |change={{decrease}}17.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahsan Ali |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=291 |percentage=1.62% |change={{decrease}}13.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,187 |percentage=17.71% |change= {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,998 |percentage=78.97% |change= {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,792 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zanskar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abass |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,855 |percentage=46.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kachoo Mohammed Ali Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,559 |percentage=38.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stanzin Lakpa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,202 |percentage=15.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,296 |percentage=8.87% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,616 |percentage=79.92% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,599 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Zanskar]]
* [[Leh district]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|33.56|76.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Leh district]]
[[Category:Government of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Politics of Ladakh]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1996]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Charles Lushington (1785–1866)

2026-04-19T02:20:15Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: put up a pg!

{{Short description|British Whig politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Charles Lushington
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]]
| term_start = 30 July 1847
| term_end = 9 July 1852
| predecessor = [[John Temple Leader]] [[De Lacy Evans]]
| successor = [[Sir John Shelley, 7th Baronet|John Shelley]] [[De Lacy Evans]]
| alongside = [[De Lacy Evans]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Ashburton (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashburton]]
| term_start2 = 5 January 1835
| term_end2 = 30 June 1841
| predecessor2 = [[William Stephen Poyntz]]
| successor2 = [[William Jardine (merchant)|William Jardine]]
| birth_date = 14 April 1785
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1866|09|23|1785|04|14}}
| death_place = [[Brighton]], [[Sussex]], [[England]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| alma_mater =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| other_party =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Charles Lushington''' (14 April 1785 – 23 September 1866)<ref name="leighrayment">{{cite web |last1=Rayment |first1=Leigh |title=The House of Commons: Constituencies beginning with "W" |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Wcommons3.htm |website=Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024215417/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Wcommons3.htm |archive-date=24 October 2018 |url-status=usurped |date=11 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="leighrayment2">{{cite web |last1=Rayment |first1=Leigh |title=The House of Commons: Constituencies beginning with "A" |url=http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Acommons3.htm |website=Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220042540/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Acommons3.htm |archive-date=20 December 2009 |url-status=usurped |date=22 September 2018 }}</ref> was a [[Great Britain|British]] [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] politician, and servant for the [[East India Company]], and secretary to the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name="seaber">{{cite book|last1=Seaber|first1=Luke|editor1-last=Brant|editor1-first=Clare|editor2-last=Saunders|editor2-first=Max|title=Incognito Social Investigation in British Literature: Certainties in Degradation|date=2017|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=9783319509624|page=3|edition=eBook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LfQDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |via = [[Google Books]] |access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB |title= Lushington, Stephen (1782–1873) |id = 17213 |url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-17213 |last= Waddams |first= S. M. |date = 2004 }}</ref>

Lushington was the younger brother of [[Stephen Lushington (judge)|Stephen Lushington]], a British judge and Whig [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for various constituencies between 1806 and 1841. In 1805, he married Sarah, daughter of General Joseph Gascoyne. After her death in 1839, he married Julia Jane née Lane, widow of Thomas Teed, in 1844.<ref name="odnb"/>

Lushington first became a Whig MP for [[Ashburton (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashburton]] at the [[1835 United Kingdom general election|1835 general election]], and held the seat until the [[1841 United Kingdom general election|1841 general election]], when he did not seek re-election. He returned, however, six years later, for [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]] at the [[1847 United Kingdom general election|1847 general election]] and held the seat until the [[1852 United Kingdom general election|next general election in 1852]], when he did not seek re-election.<ref name="craig1832">{{cite book|editor1-last=Craig|editor1-first=F. W. S.|editor-link=F. W. S. Craig|title=British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885|date=1977|publisher=Macmillan Press|location=London|isbn=978-1-349-02349-3|edition=1st|pages=20, 30}}</ref> During his time in Parliament, Lushington was a reformer, favouring the use of a [[secret ballot]], triennial parliaments, and extension of the [[suffrage]]. He also opposed religious privileges, publishing three works on religious questions.<ref name="odnb"/>

Lushington died in [[Brighton]], [[Sussex]] in 1866.<ref name="odnb"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-charles-lushington| Mr Charles Lushington }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef| before = [[William Stephen Poyntz]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = Member of Parliament for [[Ashburton (UK Parliament constituency)|Ashburton]]
| years = [[1835 United Kingdom general election|1835]]–[[1841 United Kingdom general election|1841]]
}}
{{s-aft| after= [[William Jardine (merchant)|William Jardine]]
}}
{{s-bef| before = [[John Temple Leader]] |before2= [[De Lacy Evans]] }}
{{s-ttl| title = Member of Parliament for [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]]
| years = [[1847 United Kingdom general election|1847]]–[[1852 United Kingdom general election|1852]]
|with = [[De Lacy Evans]]
}}
{{s-aft| after= [[De Lacy Evans]] |after2 = [[Sir John Shelley, 7th Baronet|John Shelley]]
}}

{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lushington, Charles}}
[[Category:UK MPs 1847–1852]]
[[Category:Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:1785 births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Ashburton]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]

Mirganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:22Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Made A Article

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mirganj
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Mirganj Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
It was part of [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency]].

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Mirganj Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Janardan Sinha
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Prabhunath Tiwari
| style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Siya Bihari Sharan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Anant Prasad Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bhavesh Chandra Prasad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Raj Mangal Mishra]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prabhu Dayal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Vishwanath Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (M)]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Prabhu Dayal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha|Ramsewak Kushwaha]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency doesnot exist''}}
|}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp23.htm |title = 23 - Mirganj Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-25 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|26.3665717|N|84.3444443|E|display=title|format=dms|}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Gopalganj district, India}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]

2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra

2026-04-18T13:16:38Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{Short description|Election to elect members of the 18th Lok Sabha in Maharashtra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{For|state election|2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 61.29% ({{increase}} 0.27 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Maharashtra
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Maharashtra
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 19 April 2024 to 20 May 2024
| seats_for_election = All 48 [[Maharashtra]] seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Maharashtra
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Maharashtra
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra#Opinion polls
| image_size = 120px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Prithviraj Chavan with Hon'ble President.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader1 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| leader_since1 = 2024
| last_election1 = 16.41%, 1 seat
| seats1 = '''13'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 12
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Piyush Goyal crop.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=08}}
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader2 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat2 = [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
| leader_since2 = 2010
| last_election2 = 27.84%, 23 seats
| seats2 = 9
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 14

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Arvind Sawant (cropped).jpg|bSize=130|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=0}}
| party3 = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
| leader3 = [[Arvind Sawant]]
| alliance3 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
| leader_since3 = 2022
| last_election3 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats3= 9
| seat_change3 = {{increase}} 4{{efn|Seat change from the MPs who supported Uddhav Thackeray in the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}

| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Supriya Sule.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=05}}
| party4 = [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP-SP]]
| leader4 = [[Supriya Sule]]
| alliance4 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
| leader_since4 = 2023
| last_election4 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats4 = 8
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 5{{efn|Seat change from the MPs who supported Sharad Pawar in the [[2023 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}

| image5 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''SHS'''</div>
| party5 = Shiv Sena (2022–present)
| leader5 = [[Shrikant Shinde]]
| alliance5 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat5 = [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| leader_since5 = 2022
| last_election5 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats5 = 7
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 6{{efn|Seat change from the MPs who supported Eknath Shinde in the [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}

| image6 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sunil Tatkare in 2014.jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=0}}
| leader6 = [[Sunil Tatkare]]
| party6 = Nationalist Congress Party
| alliance6 = National Democratic Alliance
| leaders_seat6 = [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
| leader_since6 = 2023
| last_election6 = ''Party split after last election''
| seats6 = 1
| seat_change6 = {{steady}}{{efn|Seat change from the MPs who supported Ajit Pawar in the [[2023 Maharashtra political crisis]].}}
| color6 = FFC0CB

| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Maharashtra Result Map.svg|300px]]|Partywise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Maharashtra|[[File:2024 Maharashtra Lok Sabha election alliance wise results.svg|300px]]|Alliance-wise Result Map of the 2024 general election in Maharashtra}}
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| popular_vote1 = 9,641,856
| popular_vote3 = 9,522,797
| popular_vote2 = '''14,913,914'''
| popular_vote4 = 5,851,166
| popular_vote5 = 7,377,674
| popular_vote6 = 2,053,757
| 1blank = Contested
| percentage1 = 16.92%
| percentage3 = 16.72%
| percentage2 = '''26.18%'''
| percentage4 = 10.27%
| percentage5 = 12.95%
| percentage6 = 3.6%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 0.51 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing3 = ''New''
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.66 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing4 = ''New''
| swing5 = ''New''
| swing6 = ''New''
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] in [[Maharashtra]] was held in five phases between 19 April and 20 May 2024 to elect 48 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Maharashtra is key to INDIA bloc's success in 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-polls-2024/story/maharashtra-india-alliance-bjp-2024-lok-sabha-election-vote-share-mood-of-the-nation-2426706-2023-08-25|website=India Today|language=en|date=25 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=Lok Sabha Election in Maharashtra 2024: Date, schedule, constituency details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lok-sabha-election-in-maharashtra-2024-date-schedule-constituency-details/articleshow/108545818.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The result of the election was announced on 4 June 2024.

==Election schedule==
On 16th March 2024, the [[Election Commission of India]] announced the schedule for the 2024 Indian general election, with Maharashtra scheduled to vote during the first five phases on 19, 26 April, 7, 13, and 20 May.
[[File:2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra schedule.svg|300px|thumb|left|Phase wise schedule of [[2024 Indian general election]] in [[Maharashtra]] 
{{colorbox|#FFFACD}} Phase I {{colorbox|#87CEFA}} Phase II 
{{colorbox|#7B68EE}} Phase III 
{{colorbox|#E9967A}} Phase IV 
{{colorbox|#DB7093}} Phase V
]]
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
! colspan="5" |Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#FFFACD|I
|bgcolor=#87CEFA|II
|bgcolor=#7B68EE|III
|bgcolor=#E9967A|IV
|bgcolor=#DB7093|V
|-
!Notification date
|20 March
|28 March
|12 April
|18 April
|26 April
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March
|4 April
|19 April
|25 April
|3 May
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March
|5 April
|20 April
|26 April
|4 May
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March
|8 April
|22 April
|29 April
|6 May
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April'''
|'''26 April'''
|'''7 May'''
|'''13 May'''
|'''20 May'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
| colspan="5" |'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|5
|8
|11
|11
|13
|}

==Parties and alliances==
=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}

[[File:2024 NDA Alliance Lok Sabha Seat Sharing Maharashtra.svg|350px]]

{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
|28
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
|[[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Shrikant Shinde]]
|15
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]
|4
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|
|
|[[Mahadev Jankar]]
|1
|-
!
!colspan="4"|Total
!48
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}

[[File:INDIA Alliance in Maharastra Seat Sharing Map.png|350px]]
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|[[File:SS(UBT)_flag.png|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Flaming Torch.png|50px]]
|[[Arvind Sawant]]
|21
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|17
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]]
|[[File:NCP Sharadchandra Pawar.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Man Blowing Turha.png|50px]]
|[[Supriya Sule]]
|10
|-
!
!colspan="4"|Total
!48
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|
|48
|-
|{{party color cell|Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi}}
|[[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]]
|[[File:VBA party.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Gas Cylinder.jpg|50px]]
|[[Prakash Ambedkar]]
|38
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen logo.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
|[[Imtiyaz Jaleel]]
|5
|-
|{{party color cell|Swabhimani Paksha}}
|[[Swabhimani Paksha]]
|[[File:Shetakari-Sanghatana-logo.jpg|50px]]
|
|[[Raju Shetti]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|1
|}

==Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Heena Gavit]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Gowaal Kagada Padavi]]
|-
!2
|[[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Subhash Bhamre]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]]
|-
!3
|[[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Smita Wagh]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Karan Pawar
|-
!4
|[[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raksha Khadse]]
|{{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| Shriram Patil
|-
!5
|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Narendra Khedekar
|-
!6
|[[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anup Dhotre]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhay Kashinath Patil
|-
!7
|[[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Navneet Kaur Rana]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Balwant Basawant Wankhede]]
|-
!8
|[[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ramdas Tadas]]
|{{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]
|-
!9
|[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| [[Raju Devnath Parwe]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shyamkumar Barve]]
|-
!10
|[[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vikas Thakare]]
|-
!11
|[[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sunil Mendhe]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dr. [[Prashant Yadaorao Padole]]
|-
!12
|[[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli–Chimur]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashok Nete]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dr. [[Namdeo Kirsan]]
|-
!13
|[[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pratibha Dhanorkar|Pratibha Suresh Dhanorkar]]
|-
!14
|[[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal–Washim]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| [[Hemant Patil|Rajashri Hemant Patil]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Sanjay Deshmukh]]
|-
!15
|[[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Baburao Kadam|Baburao Kadam Kohalikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar]]
|-
!16
|[[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
|-
!17
|[[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Mahadev Jankar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]
|-
!18
|[[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raosaheb Danve]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dr. [[Kalyan Kale]]
|-
!19
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Chandrakant Khaire]]
|-
!20
|[[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharati Pawar]]
|{{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Bhaskar Bhagare]]
|-
!21
|[[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Hemant Godse]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Rajabhau Waje]]
|-
!22
|[[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Hemant Savara]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Bharti Kamdi
|-
!23
|[[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kapil Patil]]
|{{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Suresh Mhatre]]
|-
!24
|[[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shrikant Shinde]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Vaishali Darekar Rane
|-
!25
|[[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Naresh Mhaske]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Rajan Vichare]]
|-
!26
|[[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhushan Patil
|-
!27
|[[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Ravindra Waikar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Amol Kirtikar
|-
!28
|[[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
|-
!29
|[[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ujjwal Nikam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Varsha Gaikwad]]
|-
!30
|[[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Rahul Shewale]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Anil Desai]]
|-
!31
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Yamini Jadhav]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Arvind Sawant]]
|-
!32
|[[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Anant Geete]]
|-
!33
|[[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Shrirang Barne]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Sanjog Waghere Patil
|-
!34
|[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Murlidhar Mohol]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ravindra Hemraj Dhangekar]]
|-
!35
|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Supriya Sule]]
|-
!36
|[[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Amol Kolhe]]
|-
!37
|[[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke]]
|-
!38
|[[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]]
|-
!39
|[[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pankaja Munde]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Bajrang Manohar Sonwane]]
|-
!40
|[[Dharashiv Lok Sabha constituency|Dharashiv]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| Archana Ranajagjitsinha Patil
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Omprakash Rajenimbalkar]]
|-
!41
|[[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sudhakar Tukaram Shrangare]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dr. [[Shivaji Kalge]]
|-
!42
|[[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ram Satpute]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
!43
|[[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]]
|{{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
| [[Dhairyasheel Patil]]
|-
!44
|[[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|Chandrahar Patil
|-
!45
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
|{{party name with colour|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Shashikant Shinde]]
|-
!46
|[[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Vinayak Raut]]
|-
!47
|[[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Sanjay Mandlik]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shahu II of Kolhapur|Shahu Chhatrapati Maharaj]]
|-
!48
|[[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|[[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Satyajeet Patil]]
|}

=== Contested Seats by Region ===

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Maharashtra (48)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Maharashtra}}

==Voter turnout==
===Phase wise===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
!Phase
!Poll date
!Constituencies<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Bihar Lok Sabha election dates 2024: Polling to be held in 7 phases; check schedule, constituency-wise details |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/bihar/bihar-lok-sabha-election-dates-2024-polling-to-be-held-in-7-phases-from-april-19-to-june-1-article-12471101.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
!Voter turnout (%)
|-
!I
|19 April 2024
|[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]], [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]], [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]], [[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli–Chimur]], [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
|63.71%
|-
!II
|26 April 2024
|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]], [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]], [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]], [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]], [[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal–Washim]], [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]], [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]], [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|62.71%
|-
!III
|7 May 2024
|[[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]], [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]],[[Dharashiv Lok Sabha constituency|Dharashiv]], [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]], [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]], [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]], [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]], [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]], [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]], [[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]], [[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
|63.55%
|-
!IV
|13 May 2024
|[[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]], [[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]], [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]], [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]], [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]], [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]], [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]], [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]], [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]], [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
|62.21%
|-
!V
|20 May 2024
|[[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]], [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]], [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]], [[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]], [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]], [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]], [[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]], [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]], [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]], [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]], [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]], [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]], [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
|56.89%
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
!61.29%
|}

===Constituency wise===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" |Constituency
! Poll date
! Turnout
! Swing
|-
!1
|[[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|70.68%
|2.03%{{Increase}}
|-
!2
|[[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|60.21%
|3.16%{{Increase}}
|-
!3
|[[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|58.47%
|1.92%{{Increase}}
|-
!4
|[[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]
|64.28%
|2.51%{{Increase}}
|-
!5
|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|62.03%
|1.57%{{Decrease}}
|-
!6
|[[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
|61.79%
|1.73%{{Increase}}
|-
!7
|[[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] (SC)
|63.67%
|2.91%{{Increase}}
|-
!8
|[[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
|64.85%
|3.32%{{Increase}}
|-
!9
|[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=#FFFACD|19 April 2024
|61.01%
|1.29%{{Decrease}}
|-
!10
|[[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
|54.32%
|0.62%{{Decrease}}
|-
!11
|[[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
|67.04%
|1.77%{{Decrease}}
|-
!12
|[[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli–Chimur]] (ST)
|71.88%
|0.45%{{Decrease}}
|-
!13
|[[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
|67.55%
|2.66%{{Increase}}
|-
!14
|[[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal–Washim]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#87CEFA|26 April 2024
|62.87%
|1.56%{{Increase}}
|-
!15
|[[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
|63.54%
|3.3%{{Decrease}}
|-
!16
|[[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
|60.94%
|4.75%{{Decrease}}
|-
!17
|[[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|62.26%
|0.86%{{Decrease}}
|-
!18
|[[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|69.18%
|4.43%{{Increase}}
|-
!19
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
|63.03%
|0.52%{{Decrease}}
|-
!20
|[[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
| rowspan="12" bgcolor=#DB7093|20 May 2024
|66.75%
|1.04%{{Increase}}
|-
!21
|[[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
|60.75%
|1.22%{{Increase}}
|-
!22
|[[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|63.91%
|0.15%{{Increase}}
|-
!23
|[[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
|59.89%
|6.69%{{Increase}}
|-
!24
|[[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
|50.12%
|4.81%{{Increase}}
|-
!25
|[[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
|52.09%
|2.70%{{Increase}}
|-
!26
|[[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
|57.02%
|3.07%{{decrease}}
|-
!27
|[[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
|54.84%
|0.53%{{Increase}}
|-
!28
|[[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
|56.37%
|0.86%{{decrease}}
|-
!29
|[[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
|51.98%
|1.70%{{decrease}}
|-
!30
|[[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
|53.60%
|1.80%{{decrease}}
|-
!31
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
|50.06%
|1.53%{{decrease}}
|-
!32
|[[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|60.51%
|1.66%{{Decrease}}
|-
!33
|[[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|54.87%
|4.72%{{Decrease}}
|-
!34
|[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
|53.54%
|3.65%{{Increase}}
|-
!35
|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
|bgcolor=#7B68EE| 7 May 2024
|59.50%
|2.32%{{Decrease}}
|-
!36
|[[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor=#E9967A|13 May 2024
|54.16%
|5.28%{{Decrease}}
|-
!37
|[[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
|66.61%
|1.82%{{Increase}}
|-
!38
|[[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]] (SC)
|63.03%
|1.9%{{Decrease}}
|-
!39
|[[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
|70.92%
|4.75%{{Increase}}
|-
!40
|[[Dharashiv Lok Sabha constituency|Dharashiv]]
| rowspan="9" bgcolor=#7B68EE|7 May 2024
|63.88%
|0.12%{{Increase}}
|-
!41
|[[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]] (SC)
|62.59%
|0.15%{{Increase}}
|-
!42
|[[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]] (SC)
|59.19%
|0.52%{{Increase}}
|-
!43
|[[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
|63.65%
|0.12%{{Decrease}}
|-
!44
|[[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
|62.27%
|3.65%{{Decrease}}
|-
!45
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
|63.16%
|2.69%{{Increase}}
|-
!46
|[[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]
|62.52%
|0.53%{{Increase}}
|-
!47
|[[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
|71.59%
|0.73%{{Increase}}
|-
!48
|[[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
|71.11%
|0.51%{{Increase}}
|-
! colspan="3" |
|61.29%
|0.27%{{Increase}}
|}

==Results==
=== Results by party or alliance ===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="4"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|9,641,856
|16.92%
|{{Increase}} 0.51
|17
|13
|{{Increase}} 12
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|9,522,797
|16.52%
|''New''
|21
|9
|''New''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|5,851,166
|10.27%
|''New''
|10
|8
|''New''
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|25,015,819
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|43.71%
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|''New''
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|48
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|30
|style="background:#E5F8FF"|''New''
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="5"style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|14,913,914
|26.18%
|{{Decrease}} 1.66
|28
|9
|{{Decrease}} 14
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|7,377,674
|12.95%
|{{Decrease}} 10.55
|15
|7
|{{Decrease}} 11
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|2,053,757
|3.60%
|{{Decrease}} 12.06
|4
|1
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|467,282
|0.82%
|{{Increase}} 0.82
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3e8"|24,812,627
|style="background:#fef3e8"|43.55%
|style="background:#fef3e8"|{{Decrease}} 7.79{{Efn|Compared to the NDA figures in 2019 when it included just the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Shiv Sena]].}}
|style="background:#fef3e8"|48
|style="background:#fef3e8"|17
|style="background:#fef3e8"|{{Decrease}} 24{{Efn|Compared to the NDA percentage of votes in 2019 when it included just the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Shiv Sena]].}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra#Others|Others]]
|
|
|
|
|0
|{{Decrease}} 01
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|
|
|
|
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|412,815
|0.72%
|
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!57,179,133
!100%
! -
!
!48
!-
|-
|}

=== Results by Region ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Region
! rowspan="2" |Total seats
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! rowspan="2" |Others
|-
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
|-
|Western Maharashtra
|11
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|00
|{{Steady}}
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Decrease}} 03
|02
|{{Decrease}} 01
|00
|{{Decrease}} 03
|01
|-
|Vidarbha
|10
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''05'''
|{{Increase}} 04
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Decrease}} 03
|01
|{{Decrease}} 02
|00
|{{Steady}}
|00
|-
|Marathwada
|09
|03
|{{Increase}} 03
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''04'''
|{{Increase}} 02
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|00
|{{Decrease}} 04
|01
|{{Steady}}
|00
|{{Steady}}
|00
|-
|Thane+Konkan
|06
|00
|{{Steady}}
|00
|{{Decrease}} 02
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Steady}}
|00
|-
|Mumbai
|06
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 02
|00
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Decrease}} 02
|01
|{{Decrease}} 02
|00
|{{Steady}}
|00
|-
|North Maharashtra
|06
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Decrease}} 03
|00
|{{Decrease}} 01
|00
|{{Steady}}
|00
|-
!'''Total'''<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Spoils of five-point duel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020001027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>
!'''48'''
!13
!{{Increase}} 12
!09
!{{Increase}} 04
!08
!{{Increase}} 05
!09
!{{Decrease}} 14
!07
!{{Decrease}} 06
!01
!{{Decrease}} 03
!
|}

=== Strike-rate ===
Strike rate is determined by calculating the number of seats won by a party of the number of seats it contested.<ref>{{Cite news |title=To win 370 LS seats, BJP needs to significantly improve its strike rate |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/to-win-370-ls-seats-bjp-needs-to-significantly-improve-its-strike-rate-124032101047_1.html |quote=In 2014, the BJP had contested 428 seats and won 282 seats, a strike rate of 65.88 per cent. The BJP improved its strike in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, winning 303 of the 436 it contested, a strike rate of 69.49 per cent.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" |Alliance/ Party
|'''Seats contested'''
|'''Seats Won'''
|'''Strike Rate'''
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! rowspan="4" style="background:#E5F8FF" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|17
|13
|76.47%
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|21
|9
|42.85%
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|10
|8
|80.0%
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF" |Total
|48
|30
|62.5%
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="5" style="background:#fef3e8" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|28
|9
|32.1%
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|15
|7
|46.6%
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|4
|1
|25.0%
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|1
|0
|0.0%
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#fef3e8" |Total
|48
|17
|35.4%
|}

=== Vote Share ===

==== Party Wise ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Region
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
![[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
![[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
|-
!Western Maharashtra
|14.1%
|8.9%
|''24.8%''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''25.2%'''
|9.3%
|8.7%
|-
!Vidarbha
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''33.8%'''
|7.7%
|4.5%
|''30.0%''
|7.1%
|''Not Contested''
|-
!Marathwada
|''15.5%''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''23.2%'''
|6.0%
|13.4%
|11.9%
|3.7%
|-
!Thane+Konkan
|''Not Contested''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''30.9%'''
|7.2%
|''21.4%''
|19.1%
|7.3%
|-
!Mumbai
|14.24
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''31.4%'''
|''Not Contested''
|''28.3%''
|21.0%
|''Not Contested''
|-
!North Maharashtra
|18.06%
|14.1%
|12.7%
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''39.8%'''
|6.1%
|''Not Contested''
|-
!'''Total'''<ref name=":0" />
!16.92%
!16.72%
!10.27%
!26.18%
!12.95%
!3.60%
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Region
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
![[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
![[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
!Voteshare
|-
!Western Maharashtra
|17,91,437
|11,63,841
|32,16,377
| style="color:inherit;background:lightgreen;" |'''32,95,853'''
|18,12,580
|11,31,720
|-
!Vidarbha
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''39,96,739'''
|915,195
|5,33,106
|35,54,188
|13,86,458
|''Not Contested''
|-
!Marathwada
|17,45,812
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''26,12,980'''
|6,83,950
|21,91,928
|12,86,434
|418,906
|-
!Thane+Konkan
|''Not Contested''
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''21,41,874'''
|4,99,464
|14,83,101
|13,23,867
|508,352
|-
!Mumbai
|768,083
| style="background:lightgreen;" |'''16,94,326'''
|''Not Contested''
|15,30,253
|11,37,380
|''Not Contested''
|-
!North Maharashtra
|13,29,864
|10,39,563
|936,035
| style="color:inherit;background:lightgreen;" |'''29,36,360'''
|4,54,728
|''Not Contested''
|-
!'''Total'''<ref name=":0" />
!9,641,856
!9,522,797
!5,851,166
!'''1,49,91,683'''
!74,01,447
!20,58,978
|}

==== Alliance Wise ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''Region'''
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
!'''Voteshare'''
!'''Voteshare'''
!'''Seatshare'''
!'''Seatshare'''
|-
!Western Maharashtra
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|47.8%
|43.2%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|6
|4
|-
!Vidarbha
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|46.00%
|37.10%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|7
|3
|-
!Marathwada
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|44.7%
|29.00%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|8
|1
|-
!Thane+Konkan
|38.1%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|47.8%
|1
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|5
|-
!Mumbai
|45.64%
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|49.3%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4
|2
|-
!North Maharashtra
|44.86%
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|45.9%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4
|2
|-
!'''Total'''<ref name=":0" />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|43.71%
!43.55%
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;" |30
|17
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Seats Retained
!Seats Lost
!Seats Gained
|-|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|01
|{{Steady}}
|{{Increase}} 12
|-|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|03
|{{Decrease}} 02
|{{Increase}} 06
|-|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06
|{{Decrease}} 17
|{{Increase}} 03
|-|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|03
|{{Steady}}
|{{Increase}} 05
|-|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|04
|{{Decrease}} 09
|{{Increase}} 03
|-|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|01
|{{Steady}}
|{{Steady}}
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]] (ST)
|70.68{{Increase}}
|[[Gowaal Kagada Padavi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|745,998
|53.53
|[[Heena Gavit]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|586,878
|42.11
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|159,120
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |11.42
|-
!2
|[[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
|60.21 {{Increase}}
|[[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|583,866
|47.89
|[[Subhash Bhamre]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|580,035
|47.57
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3,831
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |0.31
|-
!3
|[[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
|58.47{{Increase}}
|[[Smita Wagh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|674,428
|57.67
|Karan Pawar
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|422,834
|36.15
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|251,954
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|21.51
|-
!4
|[[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]
|64.28{{Increase}}
|[[Raksha Khadse]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|630,879
|53.84
|Shriram Patil
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|358,696
|30.61
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|272,183
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|23.23
|-
!5
|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]
|62.03{{Decrease}}
|[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|349,867
|31.53
|Narendra Khedekar
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|320,388
|28.88
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|29,479
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2.66
|-
!6
|[[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
|61.79{{Increase}}
|[[Anup Dhotre]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|457,030
|38.96
|Abhay Kashinath Patil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|416,404
|35.50
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|40,626
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3.46
|-
!7
|[[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]] (SC)
|63.67{{Increase}}
|[[Balwant Baswant Wankhade]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|526,271
|44.84
|[[Navneet Kaur Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|506,540
|43.16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|19,731
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |1.68
|-
!8
|[[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
|64.85{{Increase}}
|[[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|533,106
|48.68
|[[Ramdas Tadas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|451,458
|41.23
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|81,648
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |7.46
|-
!9
|[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]] (SC)
|61.01{{Decrease}}
|[[Shyamkumar Barve]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|613,025
|48.94
|[[Raju Devnath Parwe]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|536,257
|42.81
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|76,768
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |6.13
|-
!10
|[[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
|54.32{{Decrease}}
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|655,027
|54.07
|[[Vikas Thakare]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|517,424
|42.72
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|137,603
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|11.36
|-
!11
|[[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
|67.04{{Decrease}}
|[[Prashant Yadaorao Padole]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|587,413
|47.56
|[[Sunil Mendhe]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|550,033
|44.53
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|37,380
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |3.03
|-
!12
|[[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli–Chimur]] (ST)
|71.88{{Decrease}}
|Dr. [[Namdeo Kirsan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|617,792
|52.97
|[[Ashok Nete]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|476,096
|40.82
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|141,696
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |12.15
|-
!13
|[[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
|67.55{{Increase}}
|[[Pratibha Dhanorkar|Pratibha Suresh Dhanorkar]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|718,410
|57.88
|[[Sudhir Mungantiwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|458,004
|40.82
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|260,406
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |20.98
|-
!14
|[[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal–Washim]]
|62.87{{Increase}}
|[[Sanjay Deshmukh]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|594,807
|48.53
|[[Hemant Patil|Rajashri Hemant Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|500,334
|40.83
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|94,473
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |7.71
|-
!15
|[[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
|63.54{{Decrease}}
|[[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|492,535
|42.49
|[[Baburao Kadam|Baburao Kadam Kohalikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|383,933
|33.12
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|108,602
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |9.37
|-
!16
|[[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
|60.94{{Decrease}}
|[[Vasantrao Balwantrao Chavan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|528,894
|46.88
|[[Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|469,452
|41.61
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|59,442
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |5.27
|-
!17
|[[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|62.26{{Decrease}}
|[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|601,343
|45.17
|[[Mahadev Jankar]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|467,282
|35.10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|134,061
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |10.07
|-
!18
|[[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
|69.18{{Increase}}
|Dr. [[Kalyan Kale]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|607,897
|44.59
|[[Raosaheb Danve]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|497,939
|36.52
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|109,958
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |8.06
|-
!19
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
|63.03{{Decrease}}
|[[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|476,130
|36.56
|[[Imtiyaz Jaleel|Syed Imtiaz Jaleel]]
|{{party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|341,480
|26.22
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|134,650
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|10.34
|-
!20
|[[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]] (ST)
|66.75 {{Increase}}
|[[Bhaskar Bhagare]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|577,339
|46.53
|[[Bharati Pawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|464,140
|37.40
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|113,199
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |9.12
|-
!21
|[[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
|60.75 {{Increase}}
|[[Rajabhau Waje]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|616,729
|49.85
|[[Hemant Godse]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|454,728
|36.75
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|162,001
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |13.09
|-
!22
|[[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]] (ST)
|64.07 {{Increase}}
|[[Hemant Savara]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|601,244
|43.69
|Bharti Kamdi
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|417,938
|30.37
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|183,306
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|13.32
|-
!23
|[[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
|60.11 {{Increase}}
|[[Suresh Mhatre]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|499,464
|39.85
|[[Kapil Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|433,343
|34.57
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|66,121
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |5.28
|-
!24
|[[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
|50.28 {{Increase}}
|[[Shrikant Shinde]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|589,636
|56.38
|Vaishali Darekar Rane
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|380,492
|36.39
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|209,144
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|20.00
|-
!25
|[[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
|52.27 {{Increase}}
|[[Naresh Mhaske]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|734,231
|56.09
|[[Rajan Vichare]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|517,220
|39.51
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|217,011
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|16.58
|-
!26
|[[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
|57.20 {{Decrease}}
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|680,146
|65.68
|Bhushan Patil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|322,538
|31.15
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|357,608
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|34.53
|-
!27
|[[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
|55.04 {{Increase}}
|[[Ravindra Waikar]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|452,644
|47.40
|Amol Kirtikar
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|452,596
|47.39
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|48
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|0.01
|-
!28
|[[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
|56.63 {{Decrease}}
|[[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|450,937
|48.67
|[[Mihir Kotecha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|421,076
|45.45
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|29,861
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |3.22
|-
!29
|[[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
|52.21 {{Decrease}}
|[[Varsha Gaikwad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|445,545
|48.93
|[[Ujjwal Nikam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|429,031
|47.12
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|16,514
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |1.81
|-
!30
|[[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
|53.90 {{Decrease}}
|[[Anil Desai]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|395,138
|49.73
|[[Rahul Shewale]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|341,754
|43.01
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|53,384
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |6.75
|-
!31
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
|50.33 {{Decrease}}
|[[Arvind Sawant]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|395,655
|51.18
|[[Yamini Jadhav]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|342,982
|44.36
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|52,673
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |6.81
|-
!32
|[[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
|60.80 {{Decrease}}
|[[Sunil Tatkare]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|508,352
|50.17
|[[Anant Geete]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|425,568
|42.00
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|82,784
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|8.17
|-
!33
|[[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
|54.92 {{Decrease}}
|[[Shrirang Barne]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|692,832
|48.81
|Sanjog Waghere Patil
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|596,217
|42.00
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|96,615
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|6.81
|-
!34
|[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
|53.57 {{Increase}}
|[[Murlidhar Mohol]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|584,728
|52.94
|[[Ravindra Hemraj Dhangekar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|461,690
|41.80
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|123,038
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|11.14
|-
!35
|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
|59.54 {{Decrease}}
|[[Supriya Sule]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|732,312
|51.85
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|573,979
|40.64
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|158,333
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |11.21
|-
!36
|[[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
|54.20 {{Decrease}}
|[[Amol Kolhe]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|698,692
|50.83
|[[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|557,741
|40.58
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|140,951
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |10.25
|-
!37
|[[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
|66.73 {{Increase}}
|[[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|624,797
|47.14
|[[Sujay Vikhe Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|595,868
|44.95
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|28,929
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |2.18
|-
!38
|[[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]] (SC)
|63.12 {{Decrease}}
|[[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|476,900
|45.0
|[[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|426,371
|40.23
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|50,529
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |5.27
|-
!39
|[[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
|71.01 {{Increase}}
|[[Bajrang Manohar Sonwane]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|683,950
|44.93
|[[Pankaja Munde]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|677,397
|44.50
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|6,553
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |0.43
|-
!40
|[[Dharashiv Lok Sabha constituency|Dharashiv]]
|64.24 {{Increase}}
|[[Omprakash Rajenimbalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|748,752
|58.45
|Archana Ranajagjitsinha Patil
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|418,906
|32.70
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|329,846
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |25.75
|-
!41
|[[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]] (SC)
|62.77 {{Increase}}
|Dr. Shivajirao Kalge
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|609,021
|49.15
|[[Sudhakar Tukaram Shrangare]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|547,140
|44.16
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|61,881
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |4.99
|-
!42
|[[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]] (SC)
|59.30 {{Increase}}
|[[Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|620,225
|51.49
|[[Ram Satpute]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|546,028
|45.35
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|74,197
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |6.16
|-
!43
|[[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
|63.87 {{Decrease}}
|[[Dhairyasheel Patil|Dhairyasheel Mohite Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|622,213
|48.86
|[[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|501,376
|39.37
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|120,837
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |9.49
|-
!44
|[[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
|62.39 {{Decrease}}
|[[Vishal Patil|Vishal Prakashbapu Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|571,666
|48.91
|[[Sanjaykaka Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|471,613
|40.35
|style="background:{{party color|Others}} ;color:black;"|100,053
|style="background:{{party color|Others}} ;color:black;"|8.56
|-
!45
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
|63.19 {{Increase}}
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|571,134
|47.67
|[[Shashikant Shinde]]
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|538,363
|44.94
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|32,771
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2.74
|-
!46
|[[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]
|63.12 {{Increase}}
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|448,514
|49.07
|[[Vinayak Raut]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|400,656
|43.83
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|47,858
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1.73
|-
!47
|[[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
|71.76 {{Increase}}
|[[Shahu II of Kolhapur|Shahu Chhatrapati Maharaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|754,522
|54.15
|[[Sanjay Mandlik]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|599,558
|43.03
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ;color:white;"|154,964
|style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}; color:white;" |11.12
|-
!48
|[[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
|71.34 {{Increase}}
|[[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|520,190
|40.14
|[[Satyajeet Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|506,764
|39.10
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ;color:white;"|13,426
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1.04
|}

==Assembly segment wise lead of Parties==
[[File:2024 Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Assembly Wise Lead Map.svg|2024 Maharashtra Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map|thumb|right|400px]]
{{bar box|Delayed bone age=7%|Hypertelorism=46%|Brachydactyly=44%|Triangular face=42%|Speech delay=39%|Frontal bossing=36%|Anomalous ear=30%|Café-au-lait spots=30%|Cryptorchidism=30%|Cardiac abnormalities=30%|titlebar=#DDD|left1=Party|right2=Assembly Segments|width=400px|bars={{bar pixel|BJP|#FF9933|83}}
{{bar pixel|INC|#00BBFF|63}}
{{bar pixel|SS(UBT)|#C14900|56}}
{{bar pixel|SHS|#FD711D|38}}
{{bar pixel|NCP(SP)|#0029B0|32}}
{{bar pixel|NCP|#3BBCBB|6}}|caption=Total assembly wise leads out of 288}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" |Alliance/ Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in the Assembly
|-
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! rowspan="6" style="background:#E5F8FF" |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|63
|16
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|56
|20
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party- Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP-SP]]
|32
|10
|-
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M))]]
|rowspan="2|Did not contest
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|1
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5F8FF" |Total
|style="background:#E5F8FF" |151
|style="background:#E5F8FF" |50
|-
|rowspan="9" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="9" style="background:#fef3e8" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|83
|132
|-
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|38
|57
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|6
|41
|-
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|1
|1
|-
|bgcolor=salomon|
|RSVA
|rowspan=4|''Did Not Contest''
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|JSS
|2
|-
|bgcolor=#1A34FF|
|RYSP
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
|IND
|2
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#fef3e8" |Total
|style="background:#fef3e8" | 128
|style="background:#fef3e8" | 237
|-
| rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|Other}}
| rowspan="4" |Others
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| Did not contest
|2
|-
|{{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|2
|1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent}}
| IND
|7
|0
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#fef3e8" |Total
|style="background:#fef3e8" | 9
|style="background:#fef3e8" | 3
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
! colspan="3" |288
|}

== See also ==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Manipur]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Meghalaya]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Mizoram]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=b}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian general election, 2024}}
{{Maharashtra elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bus Terminal

2026-04-17T20:53:08Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{short description|Inter State Bus Terminal in Bhubaneswar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Bhubaneswar
| name_lang = en
| native_name = ବରମୁଣ୍ତା ବସ ଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ତ
| native_name_lang = or
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
| image = ISBT Baramunda Bhubaneswar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Baramunda]], [[Bhubaneswar]]-751003
| borough = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|20.27|N|85.84|E}}
| owned = [[Government of Odisha]]
| operator =
| platforms = 44
| bus_operators = [[Odisha State Road Transport Corporation|OSRTC]]
| bus_routes =
| connections = {{Unbulleted list|[[Mo Bus]]}}
| structure =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| website = {{url|https://bsabt.odisha.gov.in/}}
| opened =  {{Start date|2023|10||df=y}}
| rebuilt =
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| map_dot_label = Baramunda ISBT
}}

'''Babasaheb Bhim Rao Ambedkar Bus Terminal (BSABT)''' or '''Baramunda ISBT''' or '''Baramunda Bus Stand''' is a [[High tech|hi-tech]] bus stand in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]. Baramunda ISBT is the largest bus terminal in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhubaneswar's Baramunda bus terminal to be functional from October: BDA Vice-Chairman |url=https://www.orissapost.com/bhubaneswars-baramunda-bus-terminal-to-operate-from-october-bda-vice-chairman/|access-date=15 September 2023|date=3 September 2023|work=OrissaPOST}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Baramunda Bus Terminal to function from Oct |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/baramunda-bus-terminal-to-function-from-oct.html|access-date=15 September 2023|date=4 September 2023|website=[[The Pioneer (India)]]}}</ref>

== Terminal ==
Inaugurated in March 2024, the terminal has a total built-up area of {{convert|28124.56|sqm|sqft}} and is spread across three floors excluding {{convert|5130|sqm|sqft}} of basement area. The terminal's ground floor is spread across an area of {{convert|9449|sqm|sqft}} whereas the first floor is spread across an area of {{convert|9226|sqm|sqft}}. Constructed at a cost of {{INR}} 210 crores, the terminal premises has provision for 100+ auto-rickshaw and 20+ taxi parking spaces along with space for 85+ two-wheeler parking. The stilt floor has 20 parking slots each for private cars and bikes. With a capacity to cater 30,000 passengers and 700-800 buses on a daily basis, the terminal has a total of 44 active bus bays, 5 bus bays reserved for [[Mo Bus|Amo Bus]] services, and 111 bus bays for idle parking.

== Amenities ==
* BSABT Wellness Centre by AMRI Hospital
* Operations Control Centre
* Conference Room
* Facility Management Office
* Bus Owners' Association Office
* OSRTC Office
* OSRTC Ticket Counters
* OTDC Travel Desk
* Cloak Room
* Baby Feeding Room
* 130 Kiosks/Shops

===Eateries===
* State-of-the-Art Aahaar Kendra
* Utkal Aroma by OTDC
* Misson Shakti Café
* ORMAS and Koraput Coffee

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Odisha]]
[[Category:Bus stations in India]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Odisha]]

Julie Christie

2026-04-17T03:50:26Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{Short description|British actress (born 1940)}}
{{For|the New Zealand television producer and businesswoman|Julie Christie (producer)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Julie Christie
| image = Julie Christie (1997) (2).jpg
| caption = Christie in 1997
| birth_name = Julie Frances Christie
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|4|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chabua]], [[Assam Province|Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| education = [[Royal Central School of Speech and Drama|Central School of Speech and Drama]]
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1944)|Duncan Campbell]]|2005|2025|end=died}}
| yearsactive = 1957–present
}}

'''Julie Frances Christie''' (born 14 April 1940)<ref>Although most sources cite 1941 as Christie's year of birth, she was in fact born in 1940 and baptised that year. First name(s) Julie Frances Last name Christie Baptism year:1940 Birth year: 1940 Place: [[Dibrugarh]] Presidency Bengal Mother's first name(s)- Mother's last name- Father's first name(s)- Father's last name Christie Baptism date: 1940 Birth date: 1940 Archive reference: N-1-606&607 Folio: #93 Catalogue descriptions: Parish register transcripts from the Presidency of Bengal Records: British India Office births & baptisms Category: Birth, Marriage, Death & Parish Records Record collection: Births & baptisms [http://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=bl%2fbind%2fb%2f685327&refreshingcookie=true Collections from Great Britain]</ref> is a British actress. Christie's accolades include an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], a [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]], a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]], and a [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Award]]. She has appeared in six films ranked in the [[British Film Institute]]'s [[BFI Top 100 British films]] of the 20th century, and in 1997, she received the [[BAFTA Fellowship]] for lifetime achievement.

Christie's breakthrough role on the big screen was in ''[[Billy Liar (film)|Billy Liar]]'' (1963). She came to international attention for her performances in ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]'' (1965), for which she won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Academy Award]] and the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|BAFTA Award]] for Best Actress, and ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' (also 1965), the [[List of highest-grossing films|eighth highest-grossing film of all time]] after adjustment for inflation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm|title=All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> She continued to receive Academy Award nominations, for ''[[McCabe & Mrs. Miller]]'' (1971), ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]'' (1997) and ''[[Away from Her]]'' (2007).

In addition, Christie starred in ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'' (1966), ''[[Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film)|Far from the Madding Crowd]]'' (1967), ''[[Petulia]]'' (1968), ''[[The Go-Between (1971 film)|The Go-Between]]'' (1971), ''[[Don't Look Now]]'' (1973), ''[[Shampoo (film)|Shampoo]]'' (1975), and ''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]'' (1978). She is also known for her performances in ''[[Hamlet (1996 film)|Hamlet]]'' (1996) and ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]'' (2004).

==Early life==
Christie was born on 14 April 1940<ref name="age">{{cite book|last1=Ewbank|first1=Tim|first2=Stafford|last2=Hildred|title=Julie Christie: The Biography|publisher=Carlton Publishing Group, London|year=2000|pages=1–2|isbn=978-0-233-00255-2|quote=In the spring of 1940, meat rationing had just begun in England ... Vivien Leigh, an English actress born in Darjeeling, India, had on 29 February at a banquet at the Coconut Grove in Los Angeles won the Best Actress Oscar for her role as Scarlett O'Hara ... Forty five days later, on 14 April, there was much cause for rejoicing for Frank and Rosemary Christie, a British couple living on a tea plantation in [[Assam]] in India, with the arrival of their first child, Julie Frances. ...}}</ref><ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:HGVL-6WW2 India, Births and Baptisms, 1786-1947] Name Julie Frances Christie Sex Female Birth Date 14 Apr 1940 Father's Name Francis St. John Christie Father's Sex Male Mother's Name Rosemary Mother's Sex Female Event Type Christening Event Date 7 Jul 1940 Event Place Bengal, India Event Place (Original) Singhijan, Bengal, India</ref><ref>Associated Press (December 10, 1997). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RLU_AAAAIBAJ&pg=6810%2C3187792 "The Pleasure of Watching Julie Christie"]. ''The Robesonian''.</ref> at Singlijan Tea Estate, [[Chabua]], [[Assam]], [[British India]], to Rosemary (née Ramsden), a Welsh-born painter, and Frank St John Christie, who ran the tea plantation where she grew up.<ref name="telegraphindia/615877">{{cite news |title=Light at last on Julie's half-sister - British paper acts detective, unveils life of actress's hidden Indian connection |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/light-at-last-on-julie-s-half-sister-british-paper-acts-detective-unveils-life-of-actress-s-hidden-indian-connection/cid/615877 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=12 February 2008 |language=en}}</ref> She has a younger brother, Clive, and an older (deceased) half-sister, June, from her father's relationship with an Indian tea picker on his plantation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Manners|first=Sarah|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/2008/02/17/christie-s-secret-world-91466-20485260|title=Christie's Secret World|website=Wales Online|date=17 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117014501/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/2008/02/17/christie-s-secret-world-91466-20485260/|archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> At the age of six she was sent to live with a foster mother so she could attend a convent school in England.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2009 |title=Julie Christie – Biography |url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/profiles/20091008418/julie-christie/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=HELLO! |language=en}}</ref> Her parents separated when Julie was a child, and after their divorce, she spent time with her mother in rural [[Wales]].<ref name="divine"/>

She was baptised in the [[Church of England]] and was a boarder at the independent Convent of Our Lady school in [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], East Sussex, after being expelled from another convent school for telling a risqué joke that reached a wider audience than she had anticipated. After being asked to leave the Convent of Our Lady as well, she attended the all-girls Wycombe Court School, [[High Wycombe]], [[Buckinghamshire]], during which time she lived with a foster mother from the age of six.<ref name="divine">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/apr/01/awardsandprizes|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=The divine Miss Julie|first=Tim|last=Adams|date=1 April 2007|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> At the Wycombe school, she played the Dauphin in a production of [[George Bernard Shaw|Shaw]]'s ''[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]].'' She went to [[Paris]] to finish schooling and learn French. She later returned to England and studied at the [[Central School of Speech and Drama]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zacharek|first=Stephanie|url=http://archive.salon.com/people/bc/2001/06/12/julie_christie/index.html|title=Julie Christie The most honest and revealing of actresses, she speaks a language of her own that we instantly understand|publisher=Salon|date=12 June 2001|access-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117064313/http://archive.salon.com/people/bc/2001/06/12/julie_christie/index.html|archive-date=17 January 2007}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Early career ===
Christie made her professional stage debut in 1957, and her first screen roles were on British television. Her earliest role to gain attention was in [[BBC]] [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]] ''[[A for Andromeda]]'' (1961). She was a contender for the role of [[Honey Ryder]] in the first [[James Bond]] film, ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'', but producer [[Albert R. Broccoli]] reportedly thought her breasts were too small.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Riedel|first=Michael|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/1995-11-12/entertainment/17984673_1_bond-girls-albert-r-broccoli-bond-women/2|title=Kiss Of Death|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=12 November 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730160944/http://articles.nydailynews.com/1995-11-12/entertainment/17984673_1_bond-girls-albert-r-broccoli-bond-women/2|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

=== 1960s ===
Christie appeared in two comedies for Independent Artists: ''[[Crooks Anonymous]]'' and ''[[The Fast Lady]]'' (both 1962). The latter was financed by the Rank Organisation, and ''Filmink'' magazine argued Christie was "another in the long, long line of classy female stars given early career breaks by Rank, only for the studio to not know what to do with her."<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-film-studios-the-rank-organisation-1962/|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|title=Forgotten British Film Studios: The Rank Organisation, 1962|date=20 July 2025|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

Her breakthrough role was as Liz, the friend and would-be lover of the [[Wikt:eponymous|eponymous]] character played by [[Tom Courtenay]] in ''[[Billy Liar (film)|Billy Liar]]'' (1963), for which she received a [[BAFTA Award]] nomination. The director, [[John Schlesinger]] cast Christie only after another actress, [[Topsy Jane]], had dropped out of the film.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2010/sep/01/billy-liar-tom-courtenay-julie-christie|location=London|work=The Guardian|title=Billy Liar – still in town|first=Laura|last=Barton|date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suttoncoldfieldobserver.co.uk/sixties-film-tv-star-topsy-dies-aged-75/story-20494446-detail/story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831105856/http://www.suttoncoldfieldobserver.co.uk/Sixties-film-TV-star-Topsy-dies-aged-75/story-20494446-detail/story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2014|location=Sutton Coldfield|work=Royal Sutton Coldfield Observer|title=Erdington star of the stage and screen, Topsy Jane Garnet, dies aged 75|first=Helen|last=Draycott|date=25 January 2014}}</ref> It resulted in her being put under contract by [[Nat Cohen]].<ref name="three">{{cite magazine|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-british-moguls-nat-cohen-part-three-1962-68/|date=21 January 2025|access-date=21 January 2025|title=Forgotten British Moguls: Nat Cohen – Part Three (1962-68)}}</ref> Christie appeared as Daisy Battles in ''[[Young Cassidy]]'' (1965), a biopic of Irish playwright [[Seán O'Casey]], co-directed by [[Jack Cardiff]] and (uncredited) [[John Ford]].

Her role as an amoral model in ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]'' (also 1965) led to Christie becoming known internationally; it also inspired the singer [[Tony Christie]] to take his stage name from Christie.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |title=Tony Christie: 'Who would play me in a film of my life? Oh, Brad Pitt' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2024/jan/27/tony-christie-who-would-play-me-in-a-film-of-my-life-oh-brad-pitt |website=[[The Guardian]]|first=Rosanna|last=Greenstreet |access-date=28 January 2024 |date=27 January 2024}}</ref> The film was directed by Schlesinger and co-starred [[Dirk Bogarde]] and [[Laurence Harvey]]. Christie was cast in the lead role only after Schlesinger insisted, the studio having wanted [[Shirley MacLaine]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mell|first=Eila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AMyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|title=Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others|location=Jefferson, North Carolina, & London|publisher=McFarland|year=2005|page=65|isbn=9780786420179}}</ref> Christie received the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] and the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|BAFTA Award for Best British Actress in a Leading Role]] for her performance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1966|title=The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners|access-date=27 August 2013|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003812/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1966|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Julie Christie - 1965.jpg|thumb|Christie in ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' (1965)]]
In [[David Lean]]'s ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' (also 1965), adapted from the epic/romance novel by [[Boris Pasternak]], Christie played Lara Antipova, in what has become her best-known role. The film was a major box-office success.<ref name="Julie Christie Biography at Yahoo! Movies">{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/person/julie-christie/biography.html|title=Julie Christie Biography|website=Yahoo! Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709001112/http://movies.yahoo.com:80/person/julie-christie/biography.html|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> {{as of|2019}}, ''Doctor Zhivago'' is the [[List of highest-grossing films|8th highest-grossing film of all time]], adjusted for inflation.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Doctor Zhivago (1965) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/chart/top_lifetime_gross_adjusted/?adjust_gross_to=2019 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> According to ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine, 1965 was "The Year of Julie Christie".<ref>{{cite book|last=Tiffin|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZeQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT332|title=A Star is Born: The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon|location=London|publisher=House of Zeus|year=2015|page=332|isbn=9781781859360}}</ref>

After dual roles in [[François Truffaut]]'s adaptation of [[Ray Bradbury]]'s novel ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'' (1966), starring with [[Oskar Werner]], she appeared as [[Thomas Hardy]]'s heroine Bathsheba Everdene in Schlesinger's ''[[Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film)|Far from the Madding Crowd]]'' (1967). After moving to Los Angeles in 1967 ("I was there because of a lot of American boyfriends"), she appeared in the title role of [[Richard Lester]]'s ''[[Petulia]]'' (1968), co-starring with [[George C. Scott]].<ref name="Darling">{{cite magazine|last=Gliatto|first=Tom|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20124450,00.html|title=Darling|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=9 February 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216025531/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20124450,00.html|archive-date=16 February 2011}}</ref> Christie's persona as the [[swinging sixties]] British woman she had embodied in ''Billy Liar'' and ''Darling'' was further cemented by her appearance in the documentary ''[[Tonite Let’s All Make Love in London (film)|Tonite Let's All Make Love in London]]''. In 1967, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine said of her: "What Julie Christie wears has more real impact on fashion than all the clothes of the ten best-dressed women combined".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Snead|first=Elizabeth|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/galleries/photo/redcarpet/env-et-juliechristie26jan26,0,6545987.story|title=The private life of Julie Christie|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=25 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129115120/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/galleries/photo/redcarpet/env-et-juliechristie26jan26,0,6545987.story|archive-date=29 January 2008}}</ref>

=== 1970s ===
In [[Joseph Losey]]'s romantic drama ''[[The Go-Between (1971 film)|The Go-Between]]'' (1971), Christie had a lead role along with [[Alan Bates]]. The film won the [[Grand Prix du Festival International du Film|Grand Prix]], then the main award at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]. She earned a second Best Actress Oscar nomination for her role as a brothel [[Procuring (prostitution)|madam]] in [[Robert Altman]]'s postmodern western ''[[McCabe & Mrs. Miller]]'' (also 1971). The film was the first of three collaborations between Christie and [[Warren Beatty]], who described her as "the most beautiful and at the same time the most nervous person I had ever known".<ref name="divine"/> The couple had a high-profile but intermittent relationship between 1967 and 1974. After the relationship ended, they worked together again in the comedies ''[[Shampoo (film)|Shampoo]]'' (1975) and ''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]'' (1978).

Her other films during the decade were [[Nicolas Roeg]]'s thriller ''[[Don't Look Now]] '' (1973), based on a story by Daphne du Maurier, in which she co-starred with [[Donald Sutherland]], and the science-fiction/horror film ''[[Demon Seed]]'' (1977), based on the [[Demon Seed (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Dean Koontz]] and directed by [[Donald Cammell]]. ''Don't Look Now'' in particular has received acclaim, with Christie nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]], and in 2017 a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine ranked it the greatest British film ever.<ref name="Time Out">[https://www.timeout.com/london/film/100-best-british-films#tab_panel_4 "The 100 best British films"]. ''Time Out''. Retrieved 24 October 2017</ref>

Christie returned to the United Kingdom in 1977, living on a farm in [[Wales]]. In 1979, she was a member of the jury at the [[29th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlinale">{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1979/04_jury_1979/04_Jury_1979.html|title=Berlinale 1979: Juries|access-date=8 August 2010|work=berlinale.de}}</ref> Never a prolific actress, even at the height of her career, Christie turned down many high-profile film roles, including ''[[Anne of the Thousand Days]]'', ''[[They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (film)|They Shoot Horses, Don't They?]]'', ''[[Nicholas and Alexandra]]'', and ''[[Reds (film)|Reds]]'', all of which earned Oscar nominations for the actresses who eventually played them.<ref name="Julie Christie Biography at Yahoo! Movies"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Oscar Augury – Best Actress: Julie Christie is Front-Runner for Her Performance in "Away from Her"|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/oscar-augury-best-actress-julie-christie-front-705979.html|publisher=Yahoo!|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116141101/http://voices.yahoo.com/oscar-augury-best-actress-julie-christie-front-705979.html|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

=== 1980s and 1990s ===
In the 1980s, Christie appeared in non-mainstream films such as ''[[The Return of the Soldier (film)|The Return of the Soldier]]'' (1982) and ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'' (1983). She had a major supporting role in [[Sidney Lumet]]'s ''[[Power (1986 film)|Power]]'' (1986) alongside [[Richard Gere]] and [[Gene Hackman]], but apart from that, she avoided large budget films. She starred in the television film ''[[Dadah Is Death]]'' (1988), based on the [[Barlow and Chambers execution]], as Barlow's mother Barbara, who desperately fought to save her son from being hanged for drug trafficking in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/12/arts/julie-christie-making-us-tv-movie.html|title=Julie Christie Making U.S. TV Movie|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 July 1988}}</ref>

After a lengthy absence from the screen, Christie co-starred in the fantasy adventure film ''[[Dragonheart]]'' (1996), and appeared as Gertrude in [[Kenneth Branagh]]'s ''[[Hamlet (1996 film)|Hamlet]]'' (also 1996). Her next critically acclaimed role was the unhappy wife in [[Alan Rudolph]]'s domestic comedy-drama ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]'' (1997) with [[Nick Nolte]], [[Jonny Lee Miller]] and [[Lara Flynn Boyle]]. Christie received a third Oscar nomination for her role. Appearing in six films that were ranked in the [[British Film Institute]]'s [[BFI Top 100 British films|100 greatest British films of the 20th century]], in recognition of her contribution to British cinema Christie received [[BAFTA]]'s highest honour, the [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship|Fellowship]], in 1997.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070913/http://www.bafta.org/awards/academy-fellows%2C125%2CBA.htm "Fellowship"], British Academy of Film and Television Arts</ref><ref>[http://www.cinemarealm.com/best-of-cinema/top-100-british-films/ ''British Film Institute – Top 100 British Films''] (1999). Retrieved 27 August 2016</ref> In 1994, she had been awarded the title Doctor of Letters from the University of Warwick.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/list |title=List of all Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists |website=warwick.ac.uk |access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
Christie made a brief cameo appearance in the third ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' film, ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' (2004), playing [[Madam Rosmerta]]. Around the same time, she also appeared in two other high-profile films: [[Wolfgang Petersen]]'s ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' and [[Marc Forster]]'s ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]'' (both 2004), playing mother to [[Brad Pitt]] and [[Kate Winslet]], respectively. The latter performance earned Christie a BAFTA nomination as supporting actress in a film.

[[Image:JulieChristie06TIFF.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Christie at the [[2006 Toronto International Film Festival]]]]
Christie portrayed the female lead in ''[[Away from Her]]'' (2006), a film about a long-married Canadian couple coping with the wife's [[Alzheimer's disease]]. Based on the [[Alice Munro]] short story "[[Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage|The Bear Came Over the Mountain]]", the movie was the first feature film directed by Christie's sometime co-star, Canadian actress [[Sarah Polley]]. She took the role, she said, only because Polley is her friend.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Olsen|first=Mark|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/more/print/env-en-christieqa14nov14,0,6424016.story|title=Julie Christie is good at being picky|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=14 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118225424/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/more/print/env-en-christieqa14nov14,0,6424016.story|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> Polley has said Christie liked the script but initially turned it down as she was ambivalent about acting. It took several months of persuasion by Polley before Christie finally accepted the role.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cochrane|first=Kira|title=I felt like a crazy stalker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/apr/13/4|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2007|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

In July 2006 she was a member of the jury at the [[28th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2006 |title=28th Moscow International Film Festival (2006) |access-date=14 April 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421051006/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=2006 |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref> Debuting at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on 11 September 2006 as part of the TIFF's Gala showcase, ''Away from Her'' drew rave reviews from the trade press, including ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', and the four Toronto dailies. Critics singled out her performances as well as that of her co-star, Canadian actor [[Gordon Pinsent]], and [[Sarah Polley|Polley's]] direction. Christie's performance generated Oscar buzz, leading the distributor, [[Lions Gate Entertainment]], to buy the film at the festival to release the film in 2007 to build momentum during the awards season.

On 5 December 2007, she won the Best Actress Award from the [[National Board of Review]] for her performance in ''Away from Her''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/2007/ |title=2007 Award Winners|date=2016|publisher=National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> She won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama]], the [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role]] and the [[Genie Award]] for [[Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress]] for the same film. On 22 January 2008, Christie received her fourth [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role]] at the [[80th Academy Awards]]. She appeared at the ceremony wearing a pin calling for the closure of the prison in [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo Bay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Julie Christie profile|url=http://petite.about.com/od/photogalleries/ig/2008-Petites-Oscar-Fashion/Julie-Christie.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615132900/http://petite.about.com/od/photogalleries/ig/2008-Petites-Oscar-Fashion/Julie-Christie.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2008|publisher=About.com|access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>

Christie narrated ''Uncontacted Tribes'' (2008), a short film for the British-based charity [[Survival International]], featuring previously unseen footage of remote and endangered peoples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survival-international.org/campaigns/uncontactedtribes|title=Uncontacted Tribes |publisher=Survival International|access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> She has been a long-standing supporter of the charity, and in February 2008, was named as its first 'Ambassador'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survival-international.org/news/3061|title=Julie Christie named 'Survival ambassador'|publisher=Survival International|access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> She appeared in a segment of the film, ''[[New York, I Love You]]'' (also 2008), written by [[Anthony Minghella]], directed by [[Shekhar Kapur]] and co-starring [[Shia LaBeouf]], as well as in ''[[Glorious 39]]'' (2009), about a British family at the start of [[World War II]].

Christie played a "sexy, bohemian" version of the grandmother role in [[Catherine Hardwicke]]'s gothic retelling of ''[[Red Riding Hood (2011 film)|Red Riding Hood]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/37129/more-casting-news-catherine-hardwickes-the-girl-with-red-riding-hood|title=Catherine Hardwicke's The Girl With the Red Riding Hood|publisher=Dreadcentral.com|date=23 April 2010|access-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> Her most recent role was in the political thriller ''[[The Company You Keep (film)|The Company You Keep]]'' (2012), where she co-starred with [[Robert Redford]] and [[Sam Elliott]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

She is a signatory of the [[Film Workers for Palestine]] boycott pledge that was published in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Betts |first=Anna |date=2025-09-10 |title=Actors and directors pledge not to work with Israeli film groups 'implicated in genocide' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/sep/08/film-pledge-israeli-institutions-palestinians |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Pauline Kael, critic for ''The New Yorker,'' once said of Christie that she was the "girl one wanted to see on the screen not for her performances but because she was so great-looking that she was compelling on her own."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kael |first=Pauline |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Age_of_Movies_Selected_Writings_of_P/tkShTL84MrcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+age+of+movies+selected+writing+of+pauline+kael&printsec=frontcover |title=The Age of Movies: Selected Writings of Pauline Kael: A Library of America Special Publication |date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Library of America |isbn=978-1-59853-171-8 |pages=281 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Christie is fluent in French and Italian.<ref name=":0" />

In the early 1960s, Christie dated actor [[Terence Stamp]].<ref name="Julie Christie Biography at Yahoo! Movies" /> She had a live-in relationship with Don Bessant, a lithographer and art teacher, from December 1962 to May 1967,<ref name="Hayward">''Julie Christie'', [[Anthony Hayward]] (Robert Hale, 2000)</ref> before dating actor [[Warren Beatty]] for seven on-and-off years (1967–1974).<ref name="divine" /> Christie was also linked romantically with musician [[Brian Eno]], record producer [[Lou Adler]], director [[Jim McBride]] and photographer [[Terry O'Neill (photographer)|Terry O'Neill]].<ref name="Hayward" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Terry O'Neill obituary|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/obituaries/article/terry-oneill-obituary-f5cnhgd8d|newspaper=The Times|date=17 November 2019}}</ref>

Christie was married to journalist [[Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1944)|Duncan Campbell]] from 2005 until his death in 2025;<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Savage |title=Duncan Campbell, celebrated Guardian crime reporter, dies aged 80 |date=16 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2025/may/16/duncan-campbell-celebrated-guardian-reporter-dies-aged-80 |access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> they had lived together since 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Julie Christie Biography|work=[[TV Guide]] |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/julie-christie/bio/159336 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201162431/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/julie-christie/bio/159336 |archive-date=1 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2008, several news outlets reported that the couple had quietly married in India two months earlier, in November 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/jan/30/news2|work=The Guardian|location=London|title=Julie Christie gets married|date=30 January 2008|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> which Christie called "nonsense", adding, "I have been married for a few years. Don't believe what you read in the papers."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20177380,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318235436/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20177380,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2008|title=Oscar Nominee Julie Christie: I've Been Married for Years|author=Dimi Gaidatzi|date=11 February 2008|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref>

In the late 1960s, her advisers adopted a very complex scheme in an attempt to reduce her tax liability, giving rise to the leading case of ''Black Nominees Ltd v Nicol (Inspector of Taxes)''. The case was heard by Judge Sydney Templeman (who later became [[Lord Templeman]]), who gave judgement in favour of the [[Inland Revenue]], ruling that the scheme was ineffective.<ref>[1975] STC 372.</ref>

Christie is active in various causes, including [[animal rights]], [[environmental protection]], and the [[Anti-nuclear movement|anti-nuclear power movement]]. In the 1980s she was a supporter of the [[Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Christie |first1=Julie |title=Protest and survive |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/sep/06/post341 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=6 September 2006}}</ref> She is a patron of the [[Palestine Solidarity Campaign]],<ref name="PSC Patrons">{{cite web|url=http://www.palestinecampaign.org/Index5b.asp?m_id=1&l1_id=2&l2_id=12|title=Palestine Solidarity Campaign: Patrons|date=n.d.|publisher=Palestine Solidarity Campaign|access-date=10 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302091920/http://www.palestinecampaign.org/Index5b.asp?m_id=1&l1_id=2&l2_id=12|archive-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> as well as [[Reprieve (organisation)|Reprieve]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reprieve.org.uk/board|title=Reprieve – Board and Patrons|work=Reprieve}}</ref> and the [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS/ME]] charity [[Action for ME]].<ref>[http://www.actionforme.org.uk/get-informed/about-us/people/patrons List of Patrons at Action for ME official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204073545/http://www.actionforme.org.uk/get-informed/about-us/people/patrons |date=4 December 2014 }}, actionforme.org.uk; accessed 29 October 2016.</ref> She is a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3574054/Julie-Christie-has-done-us-no-favours.html|title=Julie Christie has done us no favours|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=10 March 2002|access-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317062737/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3574054/Julie-Christie-has-done-us-no-favours.html|archive-date=17 March 2013}}</ref>

==Acting credits==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1962
| ''[[Crooks Anonymous]]''
| Babette LaVern
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Fast Lady}}''
| Claire Chingford
|
|-
|1963
| ''[[Billy Liar (film)|Billy Liar]]''
| Liz
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1965
| ''[[Young Cassidy]]''
| Daisy Battles
|
|-
|''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| Diana Scott
|
|-
| ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]''
| Lara Antipova
|
|-
|1966
| ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]''
| Clarisse / Linda Montag
|
|-
|1967
| ''[[Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film)|Far from the Madding Crowd]]''
| Bathsheba Everdene
|
|-
|1968
| ''[[Petulia]]''
| Petulia Danner
|
|-
|1969
| ''[[In Search of Gregory]]''
| Catherine Morelli
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1971
|''{{sortname|The|Go-Between|The Go-Between (1971 film)}}''
| Marian Maudsley (Lady Trimingham)
|
|-
| ''[[McCabe & Mrs. Miller]]''
| Constance Miller
|
|-
|1973
| ''[[Don't Look Now]]''
| Laura Baxter
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1975
| ''[[Shampoo (film)|Shampoo]]''
| Jackie Shawn
|
|-
|''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]''
|Herself
|
|-
|1977
| ''[[Demon Seed]]''
| Susan Harris
|
|-
|1978
| ''[[Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)|Heaven Can Wait]]''
| Betty Logan
|
|-
|1981
| ''[[Memoirs of a Survivor (film)|Memoirs of a Survivor]]''
| "D"
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1982
| ''{{sortname|The|Return of the Soldier|The Return of the Soldier (film)}}''
| Kitty Baldry
|
|-
| ''[[The Roaring Forties|Les quarantièmes rugissants]]''
| Catherine Dantec
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1983
|''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]''
| Anne
|
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Gold Diggers|The Gold Diggers (1983 film)}}''
| Ruby
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1986
| ''Champagne amer''
| Betty Rivière
|
|-
| ''[[Power (1986 film)|Power]]''
| Ellen Freeman
|
|-
| ''[[Miss Mary (1986 film)|Miss Mary]]''
| Mary Mulligan
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Fools of Fortune]]''
| Mrs. Ellie Quinton
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1996
| ''[[Dragonheart]]''
| Queen Aislinn
|
|-
| ''[[Hamlet (1996 film)|Hamlet]]''
| [[Gertrude (Hamlet)|Gertrude]]
|
|-
|1997
| ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]''
| Phyllis Mann
|
|-
|1999
| ''{{sortname|The|Miracle Maker|The Miracle Maker (1999 film)}}''
| Rachael
| voice
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
| ''[[Belphegor, Phantom of the Louvre]]''
| Glenda Spender
|
|-
| ''[[No Such Thing (film)|No Such Thing]]''
| Dr. Anna
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2002
| ''[[I'm with Lucy]]''
| Dori
|
|-
| ''[[Snapshots (2002 film)|Snapshots]]''
| Narma
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2004
| ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]''
| [[Thetis]]
|
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]''
| Madam Rosmerta
|
|-
| ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]''
| Mrs. Emma du Maurier
|
|-
|2005
| ''{{sortname|The|Secret Life of Words}}''
| Inge
|
|-
|2006
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| Fiona Anderson
|
|-
|2008
| ''[[New York, I Love You]]''
| Isabelle
| Segment: "Shekhar Kapur"
|-
|2009
| ''[[Glorious 39]]''
| Elizabeth
|
|-
|2011
| ''[[Red Riding Hood (2011 film)|Red Riding Hood]]''
| Grandmother
|
|-
|2012
| data-sort-value="Company You Keep, The" | ''[[The Company You Keep (film)|The Company You Keep]]''
| Mimi Lurie
|
|-
|2017
| data-sort-value="Bookshop, The" | ''[[The Bookshop (film)|The Bookshop]]''
| Narrator
|
|-
|2024
| ''Schneewittchen''
| The Queen
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1961
| ''Call Oxbridge 2000''
| Ann
| Episode #1.3
|-
| data-sort-value="for Andromeda, A" | ''[[A for Andromeda]]''
| Christine / Andromeda
| 6 episodes
|-
| 1962
|data-sort-value="Andromeda Breakthrough, The" | ''[[The Andromeda Breakthrough]]''
|Andromeda
|Episode: "Cold Front"; uncredited
|-
|rowspan=2|1963
|data-sort-value="Saint, The" | ''[[The Saint (TV series)|The Saint]]''
| Judith Northwade
| Episode: "Judith"
|-
|''[[ITV Play of the Week]]''
|Betty Whitehead
|Episode: "J. B. Priestley Season #3: [[Dangerous Corner]]"
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Separate Tables]]''
| Mrs. Betty Shankland and Miss Railton-Bell
| TV movie from the two one-act plays by [[Terence Rattigan]]
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Väter und Söhne – Eine deutsche Tragödie|Sins of the Fathers]]''
| Charlotte Deutz
| Miniseries
|-
|1988
| ''[[Dadah Is Death]]''
| Barbara Barlow
| TV movie
|-
|1992
| ''{{sortname|The|Railway Station Man}}''
| Helen Cuffe
| TV movie
|-
|1996
|''[[Karaoke (TV series)|Karaoke]]''
|Lady Ruth Balmer
|Episode: "Wednesday" Episode: "Friday"
|-
|}

===Theatre===
Christie made her professional debut in 1957 at the Frinton Repertory Company in [[Essex]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Location
|-
| 1964
| data-sort-value="Comedy of Errors, The" | ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]''
| [[New York State Theatre]]
|-
| 1973
| ''[[Uncle Vanya]]''
| [[Chichester Festival Theatre]] (and on tour, Bath, Oxford, Richmond, and Guildford)
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Old Times]]''
| [[Royal Court Theatre]]
|-
| 1997
| ''Suzanna Andler''
| [[Wyndham's Theatre]] & [[Theatr Clwyd|Theatre Clywd]]
|-
| 2007
| ''Cries from the Heart''
| Royal Court Theatre
|}

==Awards and nominations==
===Major associations===
'''[[Academy Awards]]'''
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:26em;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:25em;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Result
|-
| align="center" | [[38th Academy Awards|1965]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center" | [[44th Academy Awards|1971]]
| ''[[McCabe & Mrs. Miller]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[70th Academy Awards|1997]]
| ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[80th Academy Awards|2007]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

'''[[British Academy Film Awards]]'''
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:26em;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:25em;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Result
|-
| align="center" | [[17th British Academy Film Awards|1963]]
| rowspan="3" | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best British Actress]]
| ''[[Billy Liar (film)|Billy Liar]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[19th British Academy Film Awards|1965]]
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center" | [[20th British Academy Film Awards|1966]]
| ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' / ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[25th British Academy Film Awards|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| ''[[The Go-Between (1971 film)|The Go-Between]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[27th British Academy Film Awards|1973]]
| ''[[Don't Look Now]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[50th British Academy Film Awards|1996]]
| [[BAFTA Fellowship]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{honored}}
|-
| align="center" | [[58th British Academy Film Awards|2004]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[61st British Academy Film Awards|2007]]
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

'''[[Golden Globe Awards]]'''
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:26em;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:25em;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Result
|-
| align="center" | [[23rd Golden Globe Awards|1965]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama]]
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[33rd Golden Globe Awards|1975]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| ''[[Shampoo (film)|Shampoo]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[65th Golden Globe Awards|2007]]
| Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|}

'''[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]'''
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:26em;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:25em;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Result
|-
| align="center" | [[11th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2004]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture]]
| ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[14th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2007]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role|Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|}

===Miscellaneous awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{sronly|List of Julie Christie other awards and nominations}}
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! scope="row" |[[AARP Movies for Grownups Awards]]
| align="center" | [[7th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards|2007]]
| [[AARP Movies for Grownups Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |[[Alliance of Women Film Journalists|Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards]]
| align="center" rowspan="4" | 2007
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| Actress Defying Age and Ageism
| {{won}}
|-
| Bravest Performance
| {{won}}
|-
| Lifetime Achievement Award
| {{n/a}}
| {{honored}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Boston Society of Film Critics|Boston Society of Film Critics Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{runner-up}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Chicago Film Critics Association|Chicago Film Critics Association Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Chlotrudis Society for Independent Films|Chlotrudis Awards]]
| align="center" | 2008
| [[Chlotrudis Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]]
| align="center" | [[13th Critics' Choice Awards|2007]]
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association|Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[David di Donatello|David di Donatello Awards]]
| align="center" | 1967
| [[David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress|Best Foreign Actress]]
| ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Detroit Film Critics Society|Detroit Film Critics Society Awards]]
| align="center" | 2007
| [[Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Dublin Film Critics' Circle|Dublin Film Critics' Circle Awards]]
| align="center" | 2007
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Evening Standard British Film Awards]]
| align="center" | 1998
| rowspan="2" | Best Actress
| ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | 2007
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Special Award
| {{n/a}}
| {{honored}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Fantasporto]]
| align="center" | 1982
| Best Actress
| ''[[Memoirs of a Survivor (film)|Memoirs of a Survivor]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfest München]]
| align="center" | 2008
| CineMerit Award
| {{n/a}}
| {{honored}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Genie Awards]]
| align="center" | [[28th Genie Awards|2007]]
| [[Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Havana Film Festival]]
| align="center" | 1986
| Best Actress
| ''[[Miss Mary (1986 film)|Miss Mary]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Houston Film Critics Society|Houston Film Critics Society Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Independent Spirit Awards]]
| align="center" | [[13th Independent Spirit Awards|1997]]
| [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead|Best Female Lead]]
| ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[IndieWire Critics Poll]]
| align="center" | 2007
| Best Actress
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{draw|3rd place}}
|-
! scope="row" |Iowa Film Critics Association Awards
| align="center" | 2007
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Laurel Awards]]
| align="center" | 1966
| Best Dramatic Performance, Female
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center" | 1967
| rowspan="2" | Female Star
| {{n/a}}
| {{draw|7th place}}
|-
| align="center" | 1968
| {{n/a}}
| {{draw|5th place}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[London Film Critics' Circle|London Film Critics' Circle Awards]]
| align="center" | [[London Film Critics Circle Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year|British Actress of the Year]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Moscow International Film Festival]]
| align="center" | [[4th Moscow International Film Festival|1965]]
| Diploma<ref name="Moscow1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1965 |title=4th Moscow International Film Festival (1965) |access-date=8 December 2012 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116145645/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1965 |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref>
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[National Board of Review|National Board of Review Awards]]
| align="center" | [[National Board of Review Awards 1965|1965]]
| rowspan="2" | [[National Board of Review Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]'' / ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center" | [[National Board of Review Awards 2007|2007]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[National Society of Film Critics|National Society of Film Critics Awards]]
| align="center" | [[1997 National Society of Film Critics Awards|1997]]
| rowspan="2" | [[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center" | [[2007 National Society of Film Critics Awards|2007]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[New York Film Critics Circle|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| align="center" | [[1965 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|1965]]
| rowspan="3" | [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center" | [[1997 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|1997]]
| ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| align="center" | [[2007 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|2007]]
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[New York Film Critics Online|New York Film Critics Online Awards]]
| align="center" | 2007
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Online Film Critics Society|Online Film Critics Society Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Online Film Critics Society Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Phoenix Film Critics Society|Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards]]
| align="center" | 2007
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[San Diego Film Critics Society|San Diego Film Critics Society Awards]]
| align="center" | [[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle|San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| align="center" | [[San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[San Sebastián International Film Festival]]
| align="center" | 1997
| [[Silver Shell for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Afterglow (1997 film)|Afterglow]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Satellite Awards]]
| align="center" | [[2nd Golden Satellite Awards|1997]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture|Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| align="center" | [[12th Satellite Awards|2007]]
| ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Saturn Awards]]
| align="center" | [[5th Saturn Awards|1977]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Demon Seed]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Diosas de Plata|Silver Goddesses Awards]]
| align="center" | 1966
| Best Foreign Actress
| ''[[Darling (1965 film)|Darling]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Southeastern Film Critics Association|Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards]]
| align="center" | 2007
| Best Actress
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Away from Her]]''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[St. Louis Film Critics Association|St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards]]
| align="center" | [[2007 St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards|2007]]
| [[St. Louis Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Toronto Film Critics Association|Toronto Film Critics Association Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Vancouver Film Critics Circle|Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2006|2006]]
| [[Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress in a Canadian Film|Best Actress in a Canadian Film]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Village Voice Film Poll]]
| align="center" | 2007
| Best Actress
| {{draw|2nd place}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards]]
| align="center" | [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2007|2007]]
| [[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of British actors]]
* [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees from Great Britain]]
* [[List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees#Youngest winners 3|List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees — youngest winners for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
* [[List of actors with Academy Award nominations]]
* [[List of actors with more than one Academy Award nomination in the acting categories]]
* [[List of Golden Globe winners]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=Melanie |title=Julie Christie (Film Stars) |year=2016 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |isbn=978-1844574476}}
* {{cite book |last=Ewbank |first=Tim |title=Julie Christie: The Biography |publisher=[[André Deutsch|André Deutsch Ltd.]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0233002552}}
* {{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Anthony |title=Julie Christie |publisher=[[Robert Hale and Company]] |year=2000 |isbn=0709064780}}
* {{cite book |last=Callan |first=Michael Feeney |title=Julie Christie |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |year=1984 |isbn=0312448511 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/juliechristie00call }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|1046}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{Tcmdb name}}
* {{Screenonline name|id=453051|name=Julie Christie}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Julie Christie
|list =
{{Academy Award for Best Actress}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAward FemaleLeadMotionPicture}}
{{AARP Movies for Grownups Award for Best Actress}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role}}
{{BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award}}
{{ACCT Best Actress}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress}}
{{Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress}}
{{David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress}}
{{Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Actress Motion Picture Drama}}
{{Havana Film Festival Award for Best Actress}}
{{Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress}}
{{IndependentSpiritBestFemaleLead 1985–1999}}
{{London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Actress}}
{{National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress}}
{{San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress}}
{{Silver Shell for Best Actress}}
{{TFCA Award for Best Actress}}
{{Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Julie}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from British India]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Open University]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama]]
[[Category:BAFTA fellows]]
[[Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Actress Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners]]
[[Category:Best British Actress BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Female Lead Independent Spirit Award winners]]
[[Category:British anti–nuclear power activists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:David di Donatello winners]]
[[Category:English environmentalists]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English voice actresses]]
[[Category:ME/CFS activists]]
[[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Dibrugarh district]]

Kaptipada Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T10:45:44Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: started new info - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kaptipada

|state = [[Odisha]]
|district = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]
|established = 1951
|electors = 46,244
|abolished = 1956
|type = SLA
}}

'''Kaptipada''' was a constituency of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], of the [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]] state in India.<ref name=dpaco1951>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Orissa) Order (1951)|page=9 (214)}}</ref> It was established in 1951 and abolished in 1957.<ref name=dpaco1954>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3962-final-order-dc-1953-1955/ |title=S.R.O. 2827. Notification of the Delimitation Commission of India |date=30 August 1954|place=New Delhi |page=366 (376)}}</ref> It was replaced and subsumed by the constituencies of [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga]] and [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala]]. It was reserved for the Scheduled Tribes.

The extent of Kaptipada constituency comprised Kaptipada sub-division excluding Khunta police station.<ref name=dpaco1951/>

==Elected Member==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidate
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=270px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|1951|{{party color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}|72.78}}
}}

One election was held between 1951 and 1952. Member elected:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Election
!Portrait
!Name
! scope="col" colspan="2"|Party
|- class="sortbottom"
|[[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxuAAAAMAAJ |title=Vision: Journal of the Institute of Economic & Social Studies |date=1993 |publisher=The Institute |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.272517 |title=Repport On The First General Elections In India 1951-52 |publisher=Election Commission of India |volume=II (statistical)|pages=417}}</ref>
|[[File:Harachand Hansada.jpg|100x100px]]
|Harachand Hasada
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|}

==Election results==
===1951===
{{Election box begin |title=[[1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaptipada<ref name="OdishaECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3617-orissa-1951/ | title=Orissa 1951 | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | date=August 16, 2018|pages=5, 53, 123}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
|candidate = Harachand Hasada
|votes = 6,621
|percentage = 72.78%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Baidhar Majhi
|votes = 2,476
|percentage = 27.22%
}}
{{Election box turnout no change
|votes = 9,097
|percentage = 19.67%
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change|
|reg. electors = 46,244
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 4,145
|percentage = 45.56%
|change = {{nochange}}
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{Mayurbhanj district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|21.52|86.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]

{{Mayurbhanj-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Bhota Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:03Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhota
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1967
|abolished = 1967
|electors = 25,016
|mla = D. Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Bhota Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || D. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhota<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,790 |percentage=45.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,554 |percentage=43.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Dass |party=Communist Party of India |votes=811 |percentage=6.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=630 |percentage=4.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=236 |percentage=1.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,785 |percentage=55.12% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,016 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coords|31.610|76.569|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award for Poetry

2026-04-15T11:13:53Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{refimprove|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

The '''Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry''' is an annual award given by the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy]] recognizing the best poetry of the year written in [[Kannada language]] and published in India.

==Winners==
[[File:Chandrashekhara Kambara.jpg|thumb|upright|Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
[[File:H S Venkatesha Murthy.jpg|thumb|upright|H.S.Venkatesha Murthy]]
[[File:Prof Shivaprakash.JPG|thumb|upright|H.S.Shivaprakash]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Work !! Poet !! class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 1963–65 || ''Nela Mugilu'' || [[Chennaveera Kanavi]] ||
|-
| ''Sumana Saurabha'' || M. Akbar Ali ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1966 || ''Jengooda'' || R. C. Bhusnur Mutt ||
|-
| ''Mannina Haadu'' || [[Srikrishna Alanahalli]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1967 || ''Chandraveethi'' || S. V. Parameshwara Bhatta ||
|-
| ''Pratibimba'' || B. A. Sanadi ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1968 || ''Chandrakhanda Mattu Kelavu Sanna Kaavyagalu'' || Sediyapu Krishna Bhatta ||
|-
| ''Shruthaashrutha'' || [[Simpi Linganna]] ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Geeta Gowrava'' || D. S. Karki ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Thakaraarinavaru'' || [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1971 || ''Shakuntala'' || Samatenahalli Ramaraya ||
|-
| ''Ganda Hendira Jagala Gandha Teedidhaanga'' || Somashekhar Imrapur ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1972 || ''Illaddu'' || Jayasudarshana ||
|-
| ''Kannu Naalage Kadalu'' || [[Doddarange Gowda]] ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Kari Tali Maanavana Jeepada Kaavya'' || Chennanna Valikar ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 1974 || ''Rangadindondishtu Doora'' || [[Jayant Kaikini]] ||
|-
| ''Garimudurida Hakkigalu'' || Venugopala ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Mathsyagandhi'' || [[S. R. Ekkundi]] ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Gandhi Smarane'' || [[Chandrashekhar Patil]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Sindabadana Aathmakathe'' || [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]] ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Dinakarana Chowpadi'' || [[Dinakara Desai]] ||
|-
| 1979 || ''No Award'' || {{NA}} ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Aathma Bharatha'' || Aravind Nadakarni ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Lilly Puttiya Hambala'' || B. R. Lakshman Rao ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Anaamika Anglaru'' || [[K. S. Nissar Ahmed]] ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Malebidda Neladalli'' || [[H. S. Shivaprakash]] ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Nela Hidiyuva Modalu'' || H. S. Bheemanagowdar ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Harigolu'' || [[H. S. Venkateshamurthy]] ||
|-
| 1986 || ''No award'' || {{NA}} ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Naa Baruttene Kelu'' || Savita Nagabhushan ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Ammana Gudda'' || C. Sarvamangala ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Ardha Satyada Hudugi'' || [[Chandrashekhar Patil]] ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Nelada Haadu'' || S. Usha ||
|-
| 1991 || ''Bakulada Hoovugalu'' || [[S. R. Ekkundi]] ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Vishwavidyaanilayada Vaachanaalayadolage'' || Ashok Shettar ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Avaledeya Jangama'' || S. G. Siddharamaiah ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Thaanaanthara'' || [[L. Basavaraju]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Suryajala'' || [[H. S. Shivaprakash]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Neevu Kaanire Neevu Kaanire'' || H. S. Mukthayakka ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Pangia'' || G. K. Ravindra Kumar ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Kavadeyaata'' || [[Pratibha Nandakumar]] ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Koodikonda Saalu'' || Desh Kulkarni ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Marujevani'' || S. G. Siddharamaiah ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Ganeya Naada'' || Shankar Katgi ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Ihada Swara'' || Lalitha Siddhabasavaiah ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Idalla Idalla'' || N. Mogasaale ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Eevuriva Dina'' || Dharanidevi Malagatti ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Bhooyigandha'' || G. P. Basavaraju ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Chitrada Bennu'' || N. K. Hanumanthaiah ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Odeyalaarada Pratime'' || Basavaraj Okkunda ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Lohada Kannu'' || H. L. Pushpa || <ref>{{cite web|title=Five writers get sahitya academy honorary awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Five-writers-get-sahitya-academy-honorary-awards/article14676572.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=25 March 2017|date=9 April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''Nelada KaruNeya Dani'' || Veeranna Madivalara ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Bhoomi Tirugiva Shabdha'' || Channappa Angadi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Ellara Beralalloo Antikonda Dhukhave'' || Subbu Holeyar || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Academy awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sahitya-academy-awards-announced/article8415554.ece |access-date=14 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=31 March 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || || Satyamangala Mahadeva ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Panchavarnada Hamsa'' || Satyamangala Mahadeva || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya academy awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sahitya-academy-awards-announced/article33945998.ece |access-date=27 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=27 February 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''Karunyada Mohaka Navilugale'' || Ranganatha Aranakatte ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Chalisuttive Chukkigalu'' || Bharati Devi P. || <ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Sahitya Academy announces book awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2026/Mar/26/karnataka-sahitya-academy-announces-book-awards |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=15 April 2026 |language=en |date=26 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of poetry awards]]
* [[Indian poetry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kannada poetry]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1963]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Poetry awards]]

Santosh Singh (politician)

2026-04-12T00:43:27Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created New Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santosh Singh
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 6 May 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Santosh Singh''' is an Indian politician, currently affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and serving member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstrack.com/uttar-pradesh/bjp-mlc-candidate-santosh-singh-up-mlc-elections-santosh-singh-biography-news-in-hindi-429714|title=BJP MLC Candidate Santosh Singh: कौन हैं संतोष सिंह? जिन्हें भाजपा ने बनाया विधान परिषद के लिए उम्मीदवार | News Track in Hindi|first=Ashish Kumar|last=Pandey|date=9 March 2024|website=newstrack.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bjp-announces-list-of-candidates-for-mlc-elections-in-uttar-pradesh-and-bihar-check-names-10138986|title=BJP Announces List Of Candidates For MLC Elections In Uttar Pradesh And Bihar|website=English Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mlc-election-bjp-candidate-list-bihar-uttar-pradesh-legislative-council-polls-2512745-2024-03-09|title=BJP announces its candidates for Bihar, UP Legislative Council elections|date=9 March 2024|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Santosh Singh was born in 1970 in a distinguished [[Rajput]] (Kshatriya) family of village Manjharia Ganga (Deoria Ganga), Khalilabad, [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]], Uttar Pradesh. His father, Shri [[Ram Kinkar]] Singh, was a respected government teacher, known as a scholar and eminent person in the area. His mother, Smt. Manki Devi, died during his childhood.

He received his primary education in the village school established by his father. After this, he received his high school and intermediate education from Government Inter College, Basti. In 1988, he took admission in Lucknow University, from where he received his undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in Ancient Indian History.

==Student life and beginning of public life==

While studying at Lucknow University, he came in contact with [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP). Due to his commitment towards the organization and leadership ability, he was elected as the General Secretary of the Lucknow University Students Union in the year 1995-96 and as the President in the year 1998-99. He won both the elections with record votes. During his tenure, the construction of Bhaurao Deoras Dwar was notable as a major achievement.

==Political career==

Singh is currently a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] member. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] announced seven candidates for the legislative council election 2024 before elections during a media conference in his office, and Singh's name was mentioned in the list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-bjp-announces-seven-candidates-for-legislative-council-election-keeps-focus-on-core-social-base/article67932405.ece|title=BJP announces seven candidates for Legislative Council election in Uttar Pradesh, keeps focus on core social base|first=Mayank|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 March 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-mlc-election-2023-bjp-candidates-name-rajnikant-maheshwari-manvendra-singh-braj-bahadur-prakash-pal-priyanka-rawat-santosh-singh-2291592|title=UP BJP में MLC के नामों को लेकर हलचल तेज, रेस में आगे हैं इन छह लोगों के नाम|first=A. B. P.|last=Live|date=26 December 2022|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=U.P. MLC polls: BJP declares candidates, picks old party hands |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-mlc-polls-bjp-declares-candidates-picks-old-party-hands-101709994631178.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

From 2000 to 2004, he worked as a member of the National Working Committee of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (BJYM).

From 2004 to 2007, he was a member of the State Working Committee of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh, and led the organisational work in Uttar Pradesh as the State In-charge of Yuva Morcha.

From 2007 to 2010, he was again in-charge of various districts as a State Working Committee member and conducted organisational campaigns.

Between 2010 and 2013, he took over the responsibility of State Secretary of BJP Uttar Pradesh.

From 2013 to 2016, he was again a member of the State Working Committee. During this period, he was also responsible for the successful conduct of the rallies of Prime Minister Shri [[Narendra Modi]], in-charge of many districts, and coordinator of campaigns.

While serving as State Secretary for two consecutive terms from 2016 to 2020, he led the party's rallies, election campaigns, and organisational activities in various districts.

From 2020 to 2022, he served as State Vice President of BJP Uttar Pradesh, where he was in-charge of many districts, campaigns and election rallies.

From 2022 to present, he has been active as the BJP State Vice President and Braj region in-charge.

In March 2024, he was nominated as a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council (MLC) by the Bharatiya Janata Party. His current term is till the year 2030.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Santosh}}
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dharmendra Bhardwaj

2026-04-04T20:25:05Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: put up pg!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharmendra Bhardwaj
| father =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
| source =
| birth_place =
| constituency = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]-[[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]] local authorities
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 12 April 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = Sunil Rohta
| office1 = [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Motherhood University]], [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| term_start1 = 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Yash Kaushik
| successor1 =
| mother =
| image =
}}

'''Dharmendra Bhardwaj''' is an Indian politician who has been serving as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 12 April 2022 and current [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Motherhood University]] and [[Chair (officer)|Chairperson]] of Mahaveer Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, [[Meerut district|Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-up-mlc-election-result-dharmendra-bhardwaj-is-also-the-chairman-of-many-educational-institutions-22620655.html|title=UP MLC Election Result: कई शिक्षण संस्थाओं के चेयरमैन भी हैं धर्मेन्द्र भारद्वाज, ऐसा रहा एमएलसी बनने तक का सफर|website=Dainiik Jagran|date=2022-04-12|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-bjp-39-s-dharmendra-bhardwaj-elected-mlc-from-meerut-ghaziabad-seat-6244552.html|title=मेरठ गाजियाबाद सीट पर बीजेपी के धर्मेन्द्र भारद्वाज एमएलसी नवनिर्वाचित|website=The Hindustan Times|date=2022-04-12|language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the 2022 Meerut-Ghaziabad MLC elections, the result was declared on 12 April 2022. Dharmendra Bhardwaj defeated Sunil Rohta, the candidate of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]], by a margin of 4,140 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad-ncr-mlc-chunav-result-2022-bjp-candidate-dharmendra-bhardwaj-won-from-ghaziabad-meerut-region-mlc-seat-22620598.html|title=MLC Chunav Result 2022: मेरठ-गाजियाबाद एमएलसी सीट पर भाजपा से धर्मेंद्र भारद्वाज जीते, सपा-रालोद गठबंधन के सुनील रोहटा को हराया|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/meerut-ghaziabad-mlc-seat-interesting-contest-between-bjp-and-sp-rld-alliance-ann-2097050|title=UP MLC Election 2022: मेरठ-गाजियाबाद एमएलसी सीट पर दिलचस्प मुकाबला, बीजेपी और सपा-रालोद गठबंधन दोनों के बड़े दावे|publisher=Apblive.com|date=2022-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/rld-released-candidates-list-for-meerut-ghaziabad-and-bulandshahr-gautam-budh-nagar-seat-sht|title=UP MLC Election: मेरठ-गाजियाबाद से रालोद ने सुनील रोहटा को बनाया उम्मीदवार, बुलंदशहर|publisher=prabhatkhabar.com|date=2022-03-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Dharmendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:People from Meerut district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

My Dear Bootham Abhilash

2026-04-04T08:17:32Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhilash
| image =
| birth_date = c. 1995
| birth_place = [[Gudur, Nellore district]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/my-dear-bootham-child-artist-moosa.html|title=my dear bootham child artist moosa மை டியர் பூதம் மூசாவா இது?|date=24 February 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma mater =
| occupation = Actor Producer Production Controller
| other_names =
| years_active = 2004 – present
| known_for = ''My Dear Bootham''
| television =
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Abhilash''', more popularly known as '''My Dear Bootham Abhilash''' is an [[Indian actor]] who has worked in [[television serial]]s as well as films of [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] and [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] languages. Abhilash rose to prominence as the central character of Moosa in the Tamil serial ''[[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|My Dear Bhootham]]''.

==Career==
Abhilash made his debut with the Telugu serial ''Vichitra Katha Mallika'', followed by the serials ''Veetuku Veedu Looti'' and ''Vikramadithyan''. He also done the serials ''Magal'', ''Gokulathil Seethai'', ''Abirami'' and ''Kodi Mullai''. Abhilash, a [[Bachelor of Computer Science]], is best known for his role in ''My Dear Bhootham'',<ref name=Abhi>{{cite news|last1=Prasad|first1=G|title=New kid on the blocks|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/new-kid-on-the-blocks/article3192075.ece|accessdate=26 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 May 2006}}</ref> but he has also worked as production controller for the films ''[[465 (film)|465]]'' and ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]''.

After playing the villain in ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=டோனி பெயரில் இன்னொரு தமிழ் படம்|url=http://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=22875&id1=3|publisher=[[Dinakaran]]|accessdate=26 January 2018|date=28 October 2016|archive-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185146/http://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=22875&id1=3|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nagesh Thiraiyarangam-A film that happens inside a theatre|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/hindi-news/52062/cinema/Bollywood/nagesh-thiraiarangam--diffrent-type-of-story.htm|access-date=26 January 2018|date=16 October 2016}}</ref> Abhilash played the lead role in ''Dhoni Kabadi Kuzhu''<ref>{{cite web |last1=CR |first1=Sharanya |title=Cricket and Kabaddi play the leads in this film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cricket-and-kabaddi-play-the-leads-in-this-film/articleshow/64885225.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=21 July 2018 |date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=கிரிக்கெட்-கபடியை இணைக்கும் 'தோனி கபடிக்குழு' |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dhoni-kabadi-kuzhu-directed-by-ayyappan-tamilfont-news-216815 |work=India Glitz |accessdate=21 July 2018 |date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=மைடியர் பூதம்; சீரியல் குட்டி பையனை நாயகனாக மாற்றிய;தோனி கபடி குழு |url=http://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/my-dear-bootham-serial-actor-acting-dhoni-kabadi-kuzhu |publisher=Asianet News Tamil |accessdate=21 July 2018 |date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Subrahmaniyan |first1=Anupama |title=Iyyappan's hoping to score with Dhoni Kabadi Kuzhu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050718/iyyappans-hoping-to-score-with-dhoni-kabadi-kuzhu.html |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |accessdate=21 July 2018 |date=5 July 2018}}</ref> and has produced ''[[Cinderella (2021 Indian film)|Cinderella]]''. Abhilash considers senior actor [[Vietnam Veedu Sundaram]] as his mentor.

==Filmography==
*''Note, all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018|| ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'' || Nagesh's brother || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhoni Kabadi Kuzhu]]''|| Tharani || ||
|-
|2021|| ''[[Cinderella (2021 Indian film)|Cinderella]]''|| Kayamboo || Chief executive producer ||
|-
|2025 || ''[[Kudumbasthan]]'' || Manikchand || ||
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Refs
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004||''Vichitra Katha Mallika''
| || [[Gemini TV]] || Telugu TV series ||
|-
|''[[My Dear Bootham (TV series)|My Dear Bhootham]]''
| Moosa || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || ||
|-
|2008|| ''[[Magal (TV series)|Magal]]''
| Arun || Sun TV || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010|| ''[[Abirami (TV series)|Abirami]]''
|
| [[Kalaignar TV]] || ||
|-
| ''Kodi Mullai'' ||
| [[Raj TV]]
|| ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=9580211}}

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|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhilash, My Dear Bootham}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television male child actors]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]

Tamil dynasties

2026-04-03T07:59:59Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created Info

{{Short description|Ancient kingdoms in South Asia}}
[[File:Mahabalipuram Shore Temple, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|A painting of the [[Shore Temple|Mahabalipuram Shore Temple]], Chengalpattu, built by the Pallavas.]]

'''Tamil dynasties''' (தமிழ் பேரரசுகள்) are the [[Monarchy|kingdoms]] who ruled over present day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Odisha]] and [[Telangana]], with some other areas in South and Southeast Asia occasionally. These include the [[Pallavas]], the [[Pandyas]], the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the [[Cheras]], with a few more.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=swNuAAAAMAAJ&q=pallavas+tamil+origin&dq=pallavas+tamil+origin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG57ePiv6SAxVoR2wGHXLVCcM4FBDoAXoECAcQAw#pallavas%20tamil%20origin |title=South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta |date=2004 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-50-9 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[History of Tamil Nadu|medieval period of the history of Tamil Nadu]] saw the rise and fall of many kingdoms, some of whom went on to the extent of empires, exerting influences both in India and overseas. The Cholas who were very active during the [[Sangam Age|Sangam age]] were entirely absent during the first few centuries. The period started with the rivalry between the Pandyas and the Pallavas, which in turn caused the [[Medieval Cholas|revival of the Cholas]]. The Cholas went on to become a great power. Their decline saw the brief resurgence of the Pandyas. This period was also that of the re-invigorated Hinduism during which [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu|temple building]] and [[Sangam literature|religious literature]] were at their best.

== History ==

=== Pallava dynasty ===
{{Main|Pallava dynasty}}
[[File:Greater Pallavas.png|thumb|left|Greatest extent of Pallava Empire, during the reign of Narasimhavarman I (630-668 CE)]]

The Pallava dynasty, originating from [[Tondaimandalam]], was an Indian dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of [[South India|southern India]]. They gained prominence after the downfall of the [[Satavahanas|Satavahana dynasty]], with whom they had formerly served as [[feudatories]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The journal of the Numismatic Society of India |pages=109, Volume 51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaweed |first=Ali and Tabassum |title=World heritage monuments and related edifices in India |year=2008 |pages=107}}</ref>

The Pallavas became a major power during the reign of [[Mahendravarman I]] (600–630 CE) and [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–668 CE), and dominated the southern [[Andhra Pradesh|Telugu Region]] and the northern parts of the [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamil]] region for about 600 years, until the end of the 9th century. Throughout their reign, they remained in constant conflict with both the [[Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] in the north, and the Tamil kingdoms of [[Chola Dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandyas]] in the south. The Pallavas were finally defeated by the [[Chola]] ruler [[Aditya I]] in the 9th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jouveau-Dubreuil |first=Gabriel |title=The Pallavas |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1995 |pages=83}}</ref>

The Pallavas are most noted for their patronage of architecture, the finest example being the [[Shore Temple]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Mamallapuram]]. [[Kanchipuram|Kancheepuram]] served as the capital of the Pallava kingdom. The dynasty left behind magnificent sculptures and temples, and are recognised to have established the foundations of medieval South Indian architecture. They developed the [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava script]], from which [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]] ultimately took form. This script eventually gave rise to several other Southeast Asian scripts such [[Khmer language|Khmer]]. The Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] visited [[Kanchipuram]] during Pallava rule and extolled their benign rule.

=== Pandya dynasty ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
{{Main|Pandyan Empire}}
[[File:Pandya Kingdom (south India).png|thumb|right|200px|[[Pandyan Empire]]]]
The '''Pandya dynasty''', also referred to as the '''Pandyas of Madurai''', was an ancient dynasty of [[South India]], and among the three great kingdoms of [[Tamilakam]], the other two being the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]]. Extant since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE). The Pandyas ruled extensive territories, at times including regions of present-day [[South India]] and northern [[Sri Lanka]] through vassal states subject to [[Madurai]].

The rulers of the three Tamil dynasties were referred to as the "[[Three Crowned Kings|three crowned rulers (the mu-ventar)]] of [[Tamilakam|the Tamil country]]". The origin and the timeline of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish. The [[Early Pandyan Kingdom|early Pandya]] chieftains ruled their country ([[Pandya Nadu]]) from the ancient period, which included the inland city of [[Madurai]] and the southern port of [[Korkai]]. The Pandyas are celebrated in the earliest available Tamil poetry ([[Sangam literature]]"). [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] accounts (as early as 4th century BCE), the edicts of [[Maurya dynasty|Maurya]] emperor [[Ashoka]], coins with legends in [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script, and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to the early centuries CE. The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the [[Kalabhras|Kalabhra dynasty]] in south India.

From the 6th century to the 9th century CE, the [[Chalukyas of Badami]] or [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] of the Deccan, the [[Pallavas of Kanchi]], and Pandyas of Madurai dominated the politics of south India. The Pandyas often ruled or invaded the fertile estuary of [[Kaveri]] (the Chola country), the ancient [[Chera dynasty|Chera country]] (Kongu and central [[Kerala]]) and [[Venad]]u (southern Kerala), the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava country]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The Pandyas fell into decline with the rise of the [[Cholas]] of Thanjavur in the 9th century and were in constant conflict with the latter. The Pandyas allied themselves with the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] and the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Cheras]] in harassing the [[Chola Empire]] until it found an opportunity for reviving its frontiers during the late 13th century.

The Pandyas entered their golden age under [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman I]] and [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan|Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I]] (13th century). Some early efforts by [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan|Maravarman I]] to expand into the ancient [[Chola dynasty|Chola country]] were effectively checked by the [[Hoysalas]]. [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan|Jatavarman I]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1251) successfully expanded the kingdom into the Telugu country (as far north as [[Nellore]]), south Kerala, and conquered northern [[Sri Lanka]]. The city of [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] became a secondary capital of the Pandyas. [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarman Kulasekhara I]] (1268) defeated an alliance of the Hoysalas and the Cholas (1279) and invaded [[Sri Lanka]]. The venerable [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|Tooth Relic of the Buddha]] was carried away by the Pandyas. During this period, the rule of the kingdom was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. An internal crisis in the Pandya kingdom coincided with the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|invasion]] of south India in 1310–11. The ensuing political crisis saw more sultanate raids and plunder, the loss of south Kerala (1312), and north Sri Lanka (1323) and the establishment of the [[Madurai Sultanate|Madurai sultanate]] (1334). The Pandyas of Ucchangi (9th–13th century), in the [[Tungabhadra]] Valley were related to the Pandyas of Madurai.

According to tradition, the legendary [[Tamil Sangams|Sangams ("the Academies")]] were held in [[Madurai]] under the patronage of the Pandyas, and some of the Pandya rulers claimed to be poets themselves. Pandya Nadu was home to a number of renowned temples, including the [[Meenakshi Temple]] in [[Madurai]]. The revival of the Pandya power by [[Kadungon]] (7th century CE) coincided with the prominence of the Shaivite [[nayanars]] and the Vaishnavite [[alvars]].

=== Chola dynasty ===
{{main|Chola dynasty}}
{{see also|Early Cholas|Medieval Cholas|Later Cholas}}
[[File:Chola Empire Map (1).svg|left|thumb|250x250px|[[Chola Empire]] under [[Rajendra Chola]] (c. 1030).]]
The '''Chola dynasty''' was a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[thalassocratic]] empire of southern India, one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the world history. The earliest datable references to the Chola are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE left by [[Ashoka]], of the [[Maurya Empire]]. As one of the [[Three Crowned Kings]] of [[Tamilakam]], along with the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]], the dynasty continued to govern over varying territory until the 13th century CE. Despite these ancient origins, the period when it is appropriate to speak of a "Chola Empire" only begins with the [[medieval Cholas]] in the mid-9th century CE when [[Vijayalaya Chola]], the successor of [[Srikantha Chola]] captured [[Thanjavur]] from the Pandyas.

The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the [[Kaveri River]], but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th century. The whole country south of the [[Tungabhadra]] was united and held as one state for a period of three centuries and more between 907 and 1215 CE. Under [[Rajaraja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] and his successors [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]], [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja I]], [[Rajendra Chola II|Rajendra II]], [[Virarajendra Chola|Virarajendra]], and [[Kulothunga Chola I]], the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in [[South Asia]] and [[South-East Asia]]. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the [[Ganges]] which [[Rajendra Chola I]] undertook and by [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|naval raids]] on cities of the city-state of [[Srivijaya]], as well as by the repeated embassies to China. The Chola fleet represented the zenith of [[Indian maritime history|ancient Indian maritime capacity]].

During the period 1010–1153, the Chola territories stretched from the islands of the [[Maldives]] in the south to as far north as the banks of the [[Godavari River]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular [[South India]], annexed parts of which is now [[Sri Lanka]] and occupied the islands of the Maldives. Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the river [[Ganges]] and defeated the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] ruler of [[Pataliputra]], [[Mahipala]]. In 1025, he also successfully invaded cities of [[Srivijaya]] of [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]]. The Chola invasion ultimately failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya, since the invasion was short and only meant to plunder the wealth of Srivijaya. Chola rule or influence on Srivijava would last until 1070 when the Cholas began to lose almost all of their overseas territories. The [[Later Cholas]] (1070–1279) would still rule portions of Southern India. The Chola dynasty went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of the [[Pandyan dynasty]], which ultimately caused their downfall.

The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage of [[Chola literature|Tamil literature]] and their zeal in the building of temples has resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture. The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity. They were also well known for their art, specifically temple sculptures and 'Chola bronzes', exquisite bronze sculptures of [[Hindu]] deities built in a lost wax process they pioneered; that continues (to a certain extent) to this day. They established a centralized form of [[Chola Government|government]] and a disciplined bureaucracy. The Chola school of art spread to [[Southeast Asia]] and influenced the architecture and art of Southeast Asia. The medieval Cholas are best known for the construction of the magnificent [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Brihadisvara]] temple at Thanjavur, commissioned by the most famous Chola king, Rajaraja Chola in 1010 CE.

=== Chera dynasty ===
{{Main|Chera dynasty}}
[[File:Map of Chera Kingdom.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Chera Empire]].]]
The '''Chera dynasty''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: சேரர், [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ചേരൻ) ([[ISO 15919|or]] '''Cēra'''), IPA: [[Help:IPA/Malayalam|[t͡ʃeːɾɐ]]], was one of the principal lineages in the early history of the present day state of [[Kerala]] and some parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern India. Together with the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas of Uraiyur(Tiruchirappalli)]] and the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas of Madurai]], the early Cheras were known as one of the [[Three Crowned Kings|three major powers (muventar)]] of ancient [[Tamilakam]] in the early centuries of the Common Era.
The Cheras used the bow and arrow insignia during the [[Sangam era]].

The Chera country was geographically well placed to profit from maritime trade via the extensive Indian Ocean networks. Exchange of spices, especially [[black pepper]], with [[Middle East]]ern and [[Classical antiquity|Graeco-Roman]] merchants are attested in several sources. The Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BCE – c. third century CE) are known to have had their original centre at [[Karur]] in [[Kongu Nadu]] and harbours at [[Muziris|Muchiri (Muziris)]], [[Nelcynda]], and [[Tyndis|Thondi (Tyndis)]] on the Indian Ocean coast ([[Kerala]]). They governed the area of [[Malabar Coast]] between [[Alappuzha]] in the south to [[Kasaragod]] in the north. This included [[Palakkad Gap]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Kolli Hills]]. The region around [[Coimbatore]] was ruled by the Cheras during [[Sangam period]] between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the [[Palakkad Gap]], the principal trade route between the [[Malabar Coast]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and southern [[Alappuzha]]) was under [[Ay dynasty]], which was more related to the [[Pandya dynasty]] of [[Madurai]].

The early historic pre-Pallava Tamil polities are often described as a "kinship-based redistributive economies" largely shaped by "pastoral-cum-agrarian subsistence" and "predatory politics". [[Tamil-Brahmi|Tamil Brahmi]] cave label inscriptions, describe Ilam Kadungo, son of [[Perumkadungo|Perum Kadungo]], and the grandson of Ko Athan Cheral of the Irumporai clan. Inscribed portrait coins with Brahmi legends give a number of Chera names. Reverse of these coins often contained the Chera bow and arrow symbol. The anthologies of [[Sangam literature|early Tamil texts]] are a major source of information about the early Cheras. [[Senguttuvan|Chenguttuvan, or the Good Chera]], is famous for the traditions surrounding [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannaki]], the principal female character of the Tamil epic poem ''[[Silapathikaram|Chilapathikaram]]''. After the end of the early historical period, around the 3rd–5th century CE, there seems to be a period when the Cheras' power declined considerably.

The [[Kongu Chera dynasty|Cheras of the Kongu country]] are known to have controlled western [[Tamil Nadu]] and central [[Kerala]] in early medieval period. Present-day central Kerala probably detached from Kongu Chera kingdom around 8th–9th century CE to form the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal kingdom]] (c. 9th- 12th century CE). The exact nature of the relationships between the various branches of Chera rulers is somewhat unclear. Some of the major dynasties of medieval south India – Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Rashtrakuta, and Chola – seem to have conquered the Chera or Kerala country. The Kongu Cheras appear to have been absorbed into the Pandya political system by 10th/11th century CE. Even after the dissolution of the [[Perumal]] kingdom, royal inscriptions and temple grants, especially from outside Kerala proper, continued to refer the country and the people as the "Cheras or Keralas".

The rulers of [[Venad]] (the Venad Cheras or the "Kulasekharas"), based out of the port of [[Kollam]] in south Kerala, claimed their ancestry from the Perumals. ''Cheranad'' was also the name of an erstwhile province in the kingdom of [[Zamorin of Calicut]], which had included parts of present-day [[Tirurangadi Taluk Office|Tirurangadi]] and [[Tirur Taluk]]s of [[Malappuram district]] in it. Later it became a [[Tehsil|Taluk]] of [[Malabar District]], when Malabar came under the [[British Raj]]. The headquarters of ''Cheranad Taluk'' was the town of [[Tirurangadi]]. Later the Taluk was merged with [[Eranad]] Taluk. In the modern period the rulers of [[Kochi|Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram|Travancore]] (in Kerala) also claimed the title "Chera".

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Tamil empires and kingdoms|*]]

Rishabhanatha

2026-03-28T07:12:11Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: refine references also and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|First Tirthankara of Jainism and Founder of Ikshvaku dynasty}}
{{redirect|Rishabha|other uses|Rishabha (disambiguation) }}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| image = Shatrunjay Adinath Rishabhdev Bhagwan.jpg
| alt = Rishabhanatha
| other_names = Ādinātha, Ādeśvara (the first conqueror), Ādarśa Puruṣa (perfect man),
[[Ikshvaku#Affiliation in Jainism|Ikṣvāku]]
| symbol = [[Bull]]
| color = [[Gold (color)|Golden]]
| spouse = Sumaṅgalā/Yaśasvatī Sunandā/Nandā {{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=64-66}}
| father = [[Kulakara]] [[Nabhi]]
| mother = [[Marudevi]]
| children = • 100 sons (including: Chakravarti [[Bharata chakravarti|Bharata]], prince [[Nimi (king)#Jainism|Nami]], and Kamadeva [[Bahubali]]) according to [[Jainism]] • 100 sons (including: Kukshi and [[Nimi (Hinduism)|Nimi]]) according to [[Hinduism]] • 2 daughters: Brāhmī and Sundarī (Mahasatis) Reference:{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=311}}
| height = 500 ''[[Dhanusha (unit)|dhanuṣ]]'' (1,500 meters){{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=16}}
| age = 8.4 million purvas (592.704 x 1018 years){{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=16}}{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|pp=284–285}}{{sfn|Saraswati|1908|p=444}}
| tree = [[Ficus benghalensis|Banyan]]
| predecessor = Sampratti (last [[Tirthankara]] of the previous [[Jain cosmology#Time cycle|time-cycle]])
| successor = [[Ajitanatha]]
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]
| moksha_place = [[Mount Kailash#Jainism|Ashtapada]]
| god_of = 1st [[Tirthankara]]
| name = Tirthankara Rishabhanatha
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]
| gender = Male
| birth_name = Ṛṣabha
| festivals = [[Akshaya Tritiya#Jain tradition|Akshaya Tritiya]]
| caption = The idol of Lord Rishabhanatha at [[Palitana Temples]] situated in [[Bhavnagar District]], [[Gujarat]]
| mantra = {{IAST|Oṃ Ṛṣabhadevāya Namaḥ Oṃ Śrī Ādināthāya Namaḥ}}
| texts = Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacarita Āvaśyaka Niryukti [[Kalpa Sutra]] [[Bhaktāmara Stotra]]
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Ikṣvākuvaṁśa]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

[[File:Birth of the Tirthankara Rishabha.jpg|thumb|Birth of the Tirthankara Rishabha, folio from the Devasano Pado ''Kalpasutra'', ''Kalpasutra'' and ''Kalakacharya Katha''. [[Gujarat]], c. 1500. [[Bharat Kala Bhavan]]]]
'''Rishabhanatha''' ([[Devanagari]]: ऋषभनाथ), also '''Rishabhadeva''' (Devanagari: ऋषभदेव, {{IAST|Ṛṣabhadeva}}), '''Rishabha''' (Devanagari: ऋषभ, {{IAST|Ṛṣabha}}) or '''Ikshvaku''' (Devanagari: इक्ष्वाकु, ''Ikṣvāku''), is the first {{lang|sa-Latn|[[tirthankara]]}} (Supreme preacher) of [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=208-09}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=131}} He was the first of twenty-four teachers in the present half-cycle of time in Jain cosmology and called a "ford maker" because his teachings helped one cross the [[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|sea of interminable rebirths and deaths]]. The legends depict him as having lived millions of years ago. He was the spiritual successor of Sampratti Bhagwan, the last Tirthankara of the previous time cycle.{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=311}}{{sfn|Britannica|2000}} He is also known as '''Ādinātha''' ({{lit|first Lord}}),{{sfn|Britannica|2000}} as well as '''Aadishvara''' (first Jina), '''Yugadideva''' (first deva of the yuga), '''Prathamarajeshwara''' (first God-king) and '''Nabheya''' (son of Nabhi).{{sfn|Umakant|1987|p=112}}{{sfn|Varadpande|1983|pp=26–27}} He is also known as '''[[Ikshvaku#Affiliation in Jainism|Ikshvaku]]''', establisher of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]]. Along with [[Mahavira]], [[Pārśvanātha|Parshvanatha]], [[Neminatha]], and [[Shantinatha]], Rishabhanatha is one of the five Tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}}

According to traditional accounts, he was born to king [[Nabhi]] and queen [[Marudevi]] in the north Indian city of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], also called Vinita.{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=311}} He had two wives, Sumangalā and Sunandā. Sumangalā is described as the mother of his ninety-nine sons (including [[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]]) and one daughter, Brahmi. Sunandā is depicted as the mother of [[Bahubali]] and Sundari. The sudden death of Nilanjana, one of the dancers sent by [[Indra]] in his courtroom, reminded him of the world's transitory nature, and he developed a desire for renunciation.

After his renunciation, the legends as described in major Jain texts such as [[Hemachandra|Hemachandra's]] ''Trishashti-Shalakapurusha-Charitra'' and ''Adinathcharitra'' written by Acharya Vardhamansuri state Rishabhanatha travelled without food for 400 days.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash ‘Babloo’ |first=Dr Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIdCEAAAQBAJ&dq=varshitap&pg=PA232 |title=Indian Philosophy and Religion |date=2021-09-11 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hendricks |first=Steve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jNeEAAAQBAJ&dq=varshitap&pg=PT52 |title=The Oldest Cure in the World: Adventures in the Art and Science of Fasting |date=2022-09-06 |publisher=Abrams |isbn=978-1-64700-002-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yatindrasuri |first=Acharya |title=Rajendrasuri Smarak Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012068/962 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> The day on which he got his first ''{{lang|sa-Latn|ahara}}'' (food) is celebrated by Jains as [[Akshaya Tritiya#Jainism|Akshaya Tritiya]]. In devotion to Rishabhanatha, [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Jains]] perform a 400-day-long fast, in which they consume food on alternating days. This religious practice is known as ''Varshitap.'' The fast is broken on [[Akshaya Tritiya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chambers |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiK2EAAAQBAJ&dq=varshitap&pg=PT38 |title=Holiday Symbols & Customs, 5th Ed. |date=2015-07-01 |publisher=Infobase Holdings, Inc |isbn=978-0-7808-1365-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fredricks |first=Randi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlHJiWC95kEC&dq=varshitap&pg=PA235 |title=Fasting: an Exceptional Human Experience |date=2012-12-20 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4817-2379-4 |language=en}}</ref> He attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]]'' on [[Mount Kailash#Jainism|Mount Ashtapada]]. The text ''[[Adi Purana]]'' by [[Jinasena]], ''Aadesvarcharitra'' within the ''Trishashti-Shalakapurusha-Charitra'' by [[Hemachandra]] are accounts of the events of his life and teachings. His iconography includes ancient idols such as at [[Kulpakji|Kulpak Tirth]] and [[Palitana temples]] as well as colossal statues such as [[Statue of Ahimsa]], [[Bawangaja]] and those erected in [[Gopachal hill]]. His icons include the eponymous bull as his emblem, the [[Nyagrodha]] tree, [[Gomukha]] (bull-faced) [[Yaksha]], and [[Chakreshvari]] [[Yakshi]].

==Early Life==
Rishabhanatha is known by many names including Adinatha, Adishwara, Yugadeva and Nabheya.{{sfn|Umakant|1987|p=112}} ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'', a major [[Jain text]] records the life accounts of Rishabhanatha as well as ten previous incarnations according to the Digambara tradition.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}} For Rishabhanatha's biography in accordance with the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition is found in several texts such as [[Hemachandra|Hemachandra's]] ''Trishashti-Shalakapurusha-Charitra'' and ''Adinathcharitra'' written by Acharya Vardhamansuri.<ref name=":0" /> Jain tradition associates the life of a ''[[tirthankara]]'' to five auspicious events called the ''[[pancha kalyanaka]]''. These include ''garbha'' (mother's pregnancy), ''janma'' (birth), ''diksha'' (initiation), ''[[kevala-jnana|kevalyagyana]]'' (omniscience) and ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation).{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|pp=284–285}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=195}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=7}}

According to [[Jain cosmology]], the universe does not have a temporal beginning or end. Its "Universal History"{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} divides the cycle of time into two halves ([[avasarpiṇī]] and ''[[Utsarpini|utsarpiṇī]]'') with six ''aras'' (spokes) in each half, and the cycles keep repeating perpetually. Twenty-four Tirthankaras appear in every ''half'', the first Tirthankara founding Jainism each time after the destruction of ''dharma'' at the end of each half cycle of time. This is similar to, but not completely the same as the idea of destruction of ''dharma'' at the end of [[Kali Yuga]] in [[Hindu mythology]]. In the present time cycle, Rishabhanatha is credited as being the first ''tīrthaṅkara''. Usually, all the ''tīrthaṅkaras'' are born in the fourth spoke of the half cycle. However, Rishabhanatha is an exception as he was born at the end of the third ''half'' (known as ''sukhamā-dukhamā'' e''rā'').{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010a|p=27}}

Rishabhanatha is said to be the founder of [[Jainism]] in the present [[Avsarpini]] (a time cycle) by all sub-traditions and sects of Jainism.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=131}} Jain chronology places Rishabhanatha in historical terms, as someone who lived millions of years ago.{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=311}}{{sfn|Britannica|2000}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=xv}} He is believed to have been born 10224 years ago and lived for a span of 8,400,000 [[purva]] (592.704 × 1018 years).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=16}}{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|pp=284–285}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His height is described in the Jain texts to be 500 [[Dhanusha (unit)|bows]] (1312 [[ell]]s), or about 4920 feet/1500 meters.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=16}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=191}} Such descriptions of non-human heights and age are also found for the next 21 Tirthankaras in Jain texts and according to Kristi Wiley – a scholar at University of California Berkeley known for her publications on Jainism. Most Indologists and scholars consider all the first 22 of 24 Tirthankaras to be prehistorical,{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=xxix}} or historical and a part of Jain mythology.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=16}}{{sfn|Jestice|2004|p=419}} However, among Jain writers and some Indian scholars, some of the first 22 Tirthankaras are considered to reflect historical figures, with a few conceding that the inflated biographical statistics are mythical.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|pp=103–104}}

According to [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], a professor of comparative religions and philosophy at Oxford who later became the second [[President of India]], there is evidence to show that Rishabhdeva was being worshipped by the first century BCE. The [[Yajurveda]]{{efn|A non-Jain, Hindu text}} mentions the names of three Tirthankaras – Rishabha, [[Ajitanatha]] and [[Arishtanemi]], states Radhakrishnan, and "the [[Bhāgavata Purāṇa]] endorses the view that Rishabha was the founder of Jainism".{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|1923|p=287}}

===Birth===
{{see also|Panch Kalyanaka}}
[[File:Goddess Marudevi.jpg|thumb|200px|upright=0.5|An idol of Rishabha with mother [[Marudevi]] at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]]|left ]]

Rishabhanatha was born to [[Nabhi]] and [[Marudevi]], the king and queen of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], on the ninth day of the dark half of the month of [[Chaitra]] (''caitra krişna navamĩ'').{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=181}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=83}} His association to Ayodhya makes it a sacred town for Jains, as it is in Hinduism for the birth of [[Rama]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=311}} In Jain tradition, the birth of a ''tirthankara'' is marked by 14 [[auspicious dreams]] of the mother. These are believed to have been seen by Marudevi on the second day of [[Ashadha]] (a month of the [[Jain calendar]]) [[Krishna paksha|''krishna'']] (the new moon). The dreams signified the birth of a ''chakravartin'' or a ''tirthankara,'' according to the supposed explanation by [[Indra]] to Marudevi.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=76-79}}

===Marriage and children===
Rishabhanatha is believed to have had two wives, Sunanda and Sumangala.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=64–66}} Sumangala is claimed to be the mother of ninety-nine sons (including [[Bharata chakravartin|Bharata]]) and one daughter, Brahmi.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=105}} Sunanda is believed to be the mother of [[Bahubali]] and Sundari.{{sfn|Umakant|1987|p=112}} Jain texts state that Rishabhanatha taught his daughters Brahmi and Sundari, [[Brahmi script]] and the science of numbers (''Ank-Vidya'') respectively.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}} The ''Pannavana Sutra'' (2nd century BCE) and the ''Samavayanga Sutra'' (3rd century BCE) of the [[aagam]]s followed by the [[Śvetāmbara]]s list many other writing scripts known to the ancient Jain tradition, of which the Brahmi script named after Rishabha's daughter tops the list.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=9 with footnotes}} His eldest son, [[Bharata (Jainism)|Bharata]], is stated to have ruled ancient India from his capital of Ayodhya.{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=42}} He is described as a just and kind ruler in Jain texts, who was not attached to wealth or vices.{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=54}}

==Rule, administration and teachings==
[[File:Rishabhdeva - Dance of Nilanjana.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ruins of ancient Jain settlement from 2nd century BCE in ''Kankali Tila'', [[Mathura]] depicting the scene of Nilanjana's Dance from life of Rishabhdeva.]]

Rishabhanatha was born in ''bhoga-bhumi'' or the age of omnipresent happiness.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=78}} It is further suggested that no one had to work because of miraculous wish-fulfilling trees called the ''[[kalpavriksha]]s''.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=78}} It is stated that people approached the king for help due to decreased efficacy of the trees with passage of time.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=88}} Rishabhanatha is then said to have taught them six main professions. These were: (1) ''Asi'' (swordsmanship for protection), (2) ''Masi'' (writing skills), (3) ''Krishi'' (agriculture), (4) ''Vidya'' (knowledge), (5) ''Vanijya'' (trade and commerce) and (6) ''Shilp'' (crafts).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=16}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=x}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=103}} In other words, he is credited with introducing ''karma-bhumi'' (the age of action) by founding arts and professions to enable householders to sustain themselves.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=5}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=89}} Rishabhanatha is credited in Jainism to have invented and taught fire, cooking and all the skills needed for human beings to live. In total, Rishabhanatha is said to have taught seventy-two sciences to men and sixty-four to women.{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=311}} The institution of marriage is stated to have come into existence after his marriage to Sunanda marked the precedence.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=327}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=5}} According to [[Paul Dundas]], Rishabhanatha, in Jainism, is thus not merely a spiritual teacher, but the one who founded knowledge in its various forms.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}} He is depicted as a form of culture hero for the current cosmological cycle.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}

Traditional sources state that Rishabhanatha was the first king who established his capital at ''Vinitanagara'' (Ayodhya).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=16}} He is claimed to have given first laws for governance by a king.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=16}} He is said to have established the three-fold ''varna'' system based on professions consisting of ''kshatriyas'' (warriors), ''vaishyas'' (merchants) and ''shudras'' (artisans).{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=16}}{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=340–341}} Bharata is said to have added the fourth ''varna'', ''[[brahmin]]'' to the system.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=17}}

==Renunciation==
[[File:Lord Rishabhdev in meditation.jpg|thumb|Statuary representing meditation by Rishabhanatha in ''[[Kayotsarga]]'' posture. (Photo:[[Ajmer Jain temple]])]]

Jain legends talk about a dance of celestial dancers organised in Rishabhanatha's royal assembly hall by [[Indra]], the heavenly-king of the first heaven.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=25}} Nilanjana, one of the dancers, is said to have died in midst of the series of vigorous dance movements.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=17}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=181-182}}{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=8}} The sudden death of Nilanjana is said to have reminded Rishabhanatha of the world's transitory nature, triggering him to renounce his kingdom, family and material wealth.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=17}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=25}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=182}} This dance incident is found in 100 BCE images found in [[Kankali Tila]].{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=25}} He is then believed to have distributed his kingdom among his hundred sons.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=17}} Bharata supposedly got the city of Ayodhya and Bahubali is believed to have got the city of [[Taxila]] and the kingdom of [[Gandhara]] (as per the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara tradition]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&dq=bahubali+ruled+takshashila&pg=PT246 |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-396-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Naik |first=Prof Katta Narasimha Reddy, Prof E. Siva Nagi Reddy, Prof K. Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q-qEAAAQBAJ&dq=bahubali+ruled+takshashila&pg=PA179 |title=Kalyana Mitra: Volume 6: Architecture |date=2023-01-31 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=REDDY |first=Prof Dr PEDARAPU CHENNA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfNgEAAAQBAJ&dq=bahubali+ruled+takshashila&pg=PA44 |title=Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies |date=2022-02-24 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-93-5611-446-3 |language=en}}</ref> or [[Bodhan|Podanapur]] (as per the Digambara tradition).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=17}}{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=8}} He is believed to have become a monk in Siddharta-garden, in the outskirts of Ayodhya, under [[Monoon longifolium|Ashoka tree]] on the ninth day of the month of ''Chaitra Krishna'' (Hindu calendar).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=17}} Tirthankaras usually tear out five handfuls of their hair at initiation. [[Śvetāmbara]] text ''Trisasti-salaka-purusa-caritra'' mentions Rishabhanatha tore only four handfuls of his hair. Just as the moment he was about to pull and tear a fifth handful, [[Indra]] requested him not to do so, because the remaining hair 'shone like emerald on his golden soulders'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-09-20 |title=Part 1: Ṛṣabha's initiation |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212449.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Akshaya Tritiya==
{{Main|Akshaya Tritiya}}
[[File:Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain Museum Madhuban 12.jpg|thumb|A diorama in Jain Museum of [[Madhuban, Giridih]] depicting Shreyansa offering sugarcane juice to Rishabhanatha|left]]
[[File:Footprints_of_Rishabhanatha_at_Hastinapur.jpg|thumb|Footprints of Rishabhanatha at Hastinapur.]]
Jains believe that people did not know the procedure to offer food to a monk, since Rishabhanatha was the first one.{{sfn|B.K. Jain|2013|p=31}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=18}} His great-grandson, Shreyansa, a king of ''Gajapura'' (now [[Hastinapur]]) after recalling his previous birth in which he had offered food to a Jain monk keeping in mind all the dietary restrictions and preparing it to be free from all faults, offered him sugarcane juice (''ikshu-rasa'') with required procedure to break 400-days-long [[Fasting in Jainism|fast]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=18}}{{sfn|Jestice|2004|p=738}} Jains celebrate the event as ''[[Akshaya tritiya]]'' every year on the third day of the bright fortnight of the month ''Vaishaka'' (usually April).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=18}}{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=138}} It is believed to be the starting of the ritual of ''ahara-[[daana]]'' (food offerings) from layperson to mendicants.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=21}}
[[File:Shrine_housing_Rishabhantha's_footprints_at_Hastinapur.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to the shrine housing Rishabhanatha's footprints at Hastinapur, where he broke his 400-day-long fast.]]

==Omniscience==
[[File:Lord Risbabhdev moving over golden lotus after attaining Omniscience.jpg|thumb|Rishabhanatha's moving over lotus after attaining [[omniscience]]]]

Rishabhanatha is said to have spent a thousand years performing austerities before attaining ''kevala jnana'' (omniscience) under [[Akshayavata]] in the town of [[Prayagraj|Purimatala]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=JaineLibrary |first=Anish Visaria |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature. |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/037034/162 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> on the 11th day of ''[[falgun]]-krishna'' (a month in traditional calendar) after destroying all four of his ''ghati-[[Karma in Jainism|karma]]''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|p=311}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=18}}{{sfn|Krishna|Amirthalingam|2014|p=46}} The ''[[Deva (Jainism)|Devas]]'' (heavenly beings) are suggested to have created divine preaching halls known as ''[[samavasarana]]s'' for him after that.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|pp=284–285}} He is believed to have given the [[Ethics of Jainism|five major vows]] for monks and 12 minor vows for laity.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=18-19}} He is believed to have established the ''[[Jain sangha|sangha]]'' (four-fold religious order) consisting of male and female mendicants and disciples.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|pp=284–285}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=19}} His religious order is mentioned in ''[[Kalpa Sutra]]'' to have consisted of 84,000 ''sadhus'' (male monks) and 3,000,000 ''sadhvis'' (female monks).{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=47}}

<gallery>

File:Footprints of Rishabha.jpg|Ancient footprints of lord Rishabha commemorating the place of his Omniscience
File:Small shrine decidated to the place of Omniscience of Rishabha.jpg|New shrine built to protect the ancient footprints
File:Jaina monks & Devotees paying homage.jpg|Jaina monks & devotees paying homage to the lord Rishabha
</gallery>

==Nirvana==
[[File:Kailash north.JPG|thumb|left|Mount Kailash or Ashtapad, the [[Nirvana]] place of Rishabhdeva.]]

Rishabhanatha is said to have preached the principles of Jainism far and wide.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=19}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=115}} He is suggested to have attained ''Nirvana'' or ''moksha'', destroying all four of his ''aghati-[[Karma in Jainism|karma]]''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010b|pp=183, 368}} This is marked as liberation of his soul from the endless cycle of rebirths to stay eternally at ''siddhaloka''. His death is believed in Jainism to have occurred on ''Ashtapada'' (also known as [[Mount Kailash]]) on the fourteenth day of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] Krishna (Hindu Calendar).{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=115}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=20-21}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=135}} His total age at that time is suggested to be 84 ''lakh'' ''purva'' years, with three years and eight and a half months remaining of the third e''ra''.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2015|p=182}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} According to medieval era Jain texts, Rishabhanatha performed asceticism for millions of years, then returned to Ashtapada where he fasted and performing inner meditation to his moksha. They further state that Indra came with his fellow gods from the heavens after that, to perform rituals of the place from where Rishabhanatha attained ''[[moksha]]''.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=121–122}}

Rishabhanatha's successor, [[Ajitanatha]], is said to have been born 50 ''lakh crore sagara'' after him.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}}

{{clear}}

==In literature==
[[File:Rishabhanatha Sculpture (Halebidu) 20240308 022622115 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Rishabhanatha in meditation, depicted with long matted hair signifying his penance on Mount Kailash; [[Hoysala]] period sculpture from [[Halebidu]], Karnataka.|265x265px]]

The [[Ādi purāṇa]], a 9th-century [[Sanskrit]] poem,{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}} and a 10th-century [[Kannada language]] commentary on it by the poet [[Adikavi Pampa]] (fl. 941 CE), written in [[Champu]] style, a mix of prose and verse and spread over sixteen cantos, deals with the ten lives of Rishabhanatha and his two sons.{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=78}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history2.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri: History of the Kannada Literature -II|work=kamat.com|access-date=4 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024044230/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history2.htm|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 11th century, [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Acharya Vardhamansuri wrote ''Adinathcharit'', an 11000-verse-long biography of Rishabhanatha in Prakrit. The life of Lord Rishabhanatha is also detailed in [[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurana]] of [[Jinasena]], ''Trisasti-salaka-purusa-caritra'' by the [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Acharya [[Hemachandra]], ''Kalpa Sutra'' (a [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain text written by [[Bhadrabāhu]] that contains the biographies of some of the Tirthankaras), and ''Jambudvipa-prajnapti''.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=326}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}} [[Bhaktamara Stotra]] by [[Acharya]] [[Manatunga]] is one of the most prominent prayers mentioning Rishabhanatha.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.digambarjainonline.com/mantra/bktam1.htm |title=Shri Bhaktamara Mantra (भक्तामर स्त्रोत) |work=digambarjainonline.com |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815152816/http://digambarjainonline.com/mantra/bktam1.htm |archive-date=15 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is mention of [[Rishabha (Hinduism)|Rishabha]] in [[Hindu texts]], such as in the ''[[Rigveda]]''{{where?|March 2026|date=March 2026}}, ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (in 5th canto).{{sfn|Rao|1989|p=13}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=549}} In later texts, such as the ''Bhagavata Purana'', he is described as an ''avatar'' of [[Vishnu]], a great sage, known for his learning and austerities.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=326}}{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=243}} Rishabhanatha is also mentioned in [[Buddhist literature]]. It speaks of several ''tirthankara'' and includes Rishabhanatha along with: [[Padmaprabha]], [[Chandraprabha]], [[Pushpadanta]], [[Vimalanatha]], [[Dharmanatha]], and [[Neminatha]]. A [[Buddhist scripture]] named ''Dharmottarapradipa'' mentions Rishabhanatha as an Apta (Tirthankara).{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=105}}

==Iconography==
[[File:Rishabhanatha and ambika, Khandagiri Caves.jpg|thumb|Carving at Ambika Gumpha, [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]], 2nd century BCE]]

Rishabhanatha is usually depicted in the [[lotus position]] or [[kayotsarga]], a standing posture of meditation. The distinguishing features of Rishabhanatha are his long locks of hair which fall on his shoulders, and an image of a bull in sculptures of him.{{sfn|Umakant|1987|p=113}} In accordance with the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition, almost all idols depicting Rishabhanatha have hairlocks on both his shoulders, in accordance with the mention of a ''loch'' (tearing out of hair) with four handfuls instead of the normal five handfuls in ''Trisasti-salaka-purusa-caritra,'' which makes his iconography distinctive from other Tirthankaras'.<ref name=":1" /> Most of his iconography as per the beliefs of the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition can be found at [[Palitana temples]]. Rishabhanatha's hairlocks have been depicted in first century CE sculptures found in Mathura and Causa.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=19}} Paintings of him usually depict legendary events of his life. Some of these include his marriage, and [[Indra]] performing a ritual known as [[Abhisheka#Abhisheka as a ritual|abhisheka]] (consecration). He is sometimes shown presenting a bowl to his followers and teaching them the art of pottery, painting a house, or weaving textiles. The visit of his mother Marudevi is also shown extensively in painting.{{sfn|Jain|Fischer|1978|p=16}} He is also associated with his Bull emblem, the [[Nyagrodha]] tree, [[Gomukha]] (bull-faced) [[Yaksha]], and [[Chakreshvari]] [[Yakshi]].{{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=44}}

[[Statue of Ahimsa]], carved out of a single rock, is a {{convert|108|feet}} tall ({{convert|121|feet}} including pedestal) statue of Rishabhanatha and is 1,840 sq feet in size. It is said to be the world's tallest Jain idol.<ref>{{citation |title=Amit Shah felicitated by Jain community |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/latest-headlines/amit-shah-felicitated-by-jain-community/123402.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 February 2016 |location=[[Nashik]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319023610/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/latest-headlines/amit-shah-felicitated-by-jain-community/123402.html |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located {{convert|4343|feet}} above from sea level, at [[Mangi-Tungi]] hills near [[Nashik]] (Maharashtra). Officials from the Guinness Book of World Records visited Mangi Tungi and awarded the engineer of the 108 ft tall ''Rishabhdeva'' statue, C R Patil, the official certificate for the world's tallest Jain idol.<ref>{{citation |title=Guinness Book to certify Mangi Tungi idol |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Guinness-Book-to-certify-Mangi-Tungi-idol/articleshow/51275366.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531003434/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Guinness-Book-to-certify-Mangi-Tungi-idol/articleshow/51275366.cms |archive-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=108-feet Jain Teerthankar idol enters "Guinness book of records" |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/108feet-jain-teerthankar-idol-enters-guinness-book-of-records/article8324175.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 March 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513134331/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/108feet-jain-teerthankar-idol-enters-guinness-book-of-records/article8324175.ece |archive-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, a 108 feet idol of Rishabhnatha (Adinatha) was installed at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-RAT-MAT-latest-ratlam-news-123637-3587413-NOR.html|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|title=Palitana 108 feet high statue of Adinath dada|access-date=11 March 2017}}</ref>

In [[Madhya Pradesh]], there is the [[Bawangaja]] (meaning {{convert|52|yards|feet}}) hill, near [[Barwani]] with a Gommateshvara figure covered on the top of it. This site is important to Jain pilgrims particularly on the full moon day in January.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1977|p=269}} The site has a Rishabanatha statue carved from a volcanic rock.{{sfn|Sengupta|1996|pp=596–600}} The {{convert|58.4|feet}} Rishabhanatha Statue at [[Gopachal Hill]], [[Gwalior Fort]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Thousands of Jain idols including 58.4 foot idol of Rishabhanatha were carved in the Gopachal Hill idol from 1398 CE to 1536 CE by rulers of [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomar dynasty]] rulers – ''Viramdev, Dungar Singh and Kirti Singh''.<ref>{{citation |title=On a spiritual quest |url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F468410%2Fon-spiritual-quest.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221302/http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F468410%2Fon-spiritual-quest.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A {{convert|43|ft|m}} statue of Rishabhanatha was unveiled at the ''Abhay Prabhavana Museum'' in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Inamdar |first1=Nadeem |title=Country's largest museum dedicated to Jain philosophy inaugurated 50 km from Pune |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/countrys-largest-museum-dedicated-to-jain-philosophy-inaugurated-50-km-from-pune-101730834220974.html |access-date=18 November 2024 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=6 November 2024}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:SHRI ADINATH BHAGWAN BIBROD JAIN TIRTH.jpg|Idol of Rishabhanatha at Shri Bibrod Adinath Jain [[Shwetamber]] Tirth, Bibdod, [[Ratlam]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
File:StatueOfAhimsa (cropped).jpg|[[Statue of Ahimsa]], [[Maharashtra]], {{convert|108|feet}}
File:Lord adinath statue palitana.jpg|{{convert|108|feet}} statue at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]]
File:Photo of lord adinath bhagwan at kundalpur.JPG|[[Adinatha]] at [[Kundalpur]]
File:Bawangajastatue (cropped).jpg|[[Bawangaja]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], {{convert|84|feet}}
File:Siddhachal - Rishabhanatha.jpg|The {{convert|58.4|feet}} colossal at [[Gopachal Hill]]
File:Adinath.jpg|The {{convert|45|feet}} tall rock cut idol at [[Chanderi]]
File:Rishabhdev Idol - Kota databari.jpg|The {{convert|25|feet}} idol at Dadabari, [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
File:Golakot Jain temple (19).jpg|Idol at Golakot Jain temple
File:Ranakpur ni20-46.jpg|[[Ranakpur Jain Temple]], [[Rajasthan]]
File:Śvetāmbara Idol of Rishabhanatha at Kangra Fort.jpg|Idol of Rishabhanatha Decorated with Flowers & Ornaments as per [[Śvetāmbara]] Rituals
</gallery>

==Temples==
[[File:Palitana.jpg|thumb|[[Palitana temples]] ]]

Rishabhanatha is one of the five most devotionally revered Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount [[Shatrunjaya]], for example, is a hilly part of southern [[Gujarat]], which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 Tirthankaras preached, along with Rishabha.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=143–144}} Numerous monks are believed to have attained their liberation from cycles of rebirth there, and a large temple within the complex is dedicated to Rishabha commemorating his enlightenment in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. The central Rishabha icon of this complex is called Adinatha or simply ''Dada'' (grandfather). This icon is the most revered of all the ''murtipujaka'' icons, believed by some in the Jain tradition to have miracle making powers, according to John Cort.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=143–144}} In Jain texts, Kunti and the five Pandava brothers of the Hindu Epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' came to the hill top to pay respects, and consecrated an icon of Rishabha at Shatrunjaya.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=144–145}} Important Rishabha temple complexes include [[Palitana temples]], [[Dilwara Temples]], [[Kulpakji]], [[Kundalpur]], [[Paporaji]], [[Soniji Ki Nasiyan]], [[Kesariyaji|Rishabhdeo]], [[Sanghiji]], [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], [[Trilok Teerth Dham]], [[Jain temples, Pavagadh|Pavagadh]] and [[Sarvodaya Jain temple]].<gallery>
File:Rishabhdeo Jain temple (9710280717).jpg|[[Kesariyaji|Kesariyaji Tirth]], [[Rajasthan]]
File:Jain Temple Ranakpur.jpg|[[Ranakpur Jain temple|Ranakpur temple]], [[Ranakpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
File:Jain temple warangal.jpg|[[Kulpakji|Kulpakji Tirth]]
File:Khajuraho3.jpg|[[Adinatha temple, Khajuraho]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
File:Delwada.jpg|[[Vimal Vasahi]], [[Dilwara temples]]
File:Panchakuta Basadi (10th century AD) at Kambadahalli.JPG|[[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli|Panchakuta Basadi]]
</gallery>

==See also==

{{commons category}}
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Tirthankara#List|List of Jain Tirthankaras]]
* [[List of Tirthankaras]]
* [[God in Jainism]]
* [[History of Jainism]]
* [[Siddha]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
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* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant P. | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-208-X |ref={{sfnref|Umakant|1987}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Tandon |first=Om Prakash |title=Jaina Shrines in India |publisher=[[Publications Division]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]] |isbn=81-230-1013-3 |date=2002 |orig-year=1968 |edition=1 |location=[[New Delhi]] }}
* {{citation |last=Titze|first=Kurt|title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1998|isbn=978-81-208-1534-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC }}
* {{citation |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |title=Religion and Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SISkCN6L0nUC |year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02794-7 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }}
* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprinted 1999) |date=1925 |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1376-6}}
* {{citation |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCT-CQAAQBAJ |year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6558-7}}
* {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 |quote={{PD-notice}} }}
{{Refend}}
{{Jain Gods}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishabhanatha}}
[[Category:Rishabhanatha| ]]
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian people]]
[[Category:Jain giants]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mythological characters]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]

Vice president

2026-03-23T00:15:59Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: adjust layout for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Officer in government or business}}
{{Redirect|VP|the Canadian mountain|The Vice President (mountain)|other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}

A '''vice president''' or '''vice-president''', also '''director''' in [[British English]], is an [[Corporate officer|officer]] in [[government]] or [[business]] who is below the [[President (corporate title)|president]] (or [[chief executive officer]]) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on the executive branch of the government, university or company. The name comes from the [[Latin]] term ''[[List of Latin phrases (S-Z)#vice|vice]]'' meaning "in place of" and typically serves as ''[[pro tempore]]'' ([[Latin Language|Latin]]: ’for the time being’) to the president.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=vice- "vice"], etymoonline.com</ref> In some countries, the vice president is called the '''deputy president'''. In everyday speech, the abbreviation ''VP'' is used.

==In government==
{{See also|List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents{{!}}List of current vice presidents}}
[[File:Joe Biden visits China, August 2011 17.jpg|thumb|U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and his Chinese counterpart [[Xi Jinping]] in 2011]]
[[File:First Vice-President Mehriban Aliyeva meets with former Latvian President 02.jpg|thumb|Azerbaijan's vice president [[Mehriban Aliyeva]] with former Latvian president [[Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga]] in 2017]]
In [[government]], a vice president is a person whose primary responsibility is to act in place of the [[President (government title)|president]] on the event of the president's death, resignation or incapacity. Vice presidents are either elected jointly with the president as their [[running mate]], or more rarely, appointed independently after the president's election.

Most governments with vice presidents have one person in this role at any time, although in some countries there are two or more vice presidents–an extreme case being Iran's [[Vice President of Iran|14 vice presidents]]. If the president is not present, dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to fulfill their duties, the vice president will generally serve as president. In many [[presidential system]]s, vice presidents may not wield much day-to-day political power, but are still considered important members of the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]], while other vice presidents might not have any purpose beyond acting in place of the president on the event of the president's death, resignation or incapacity. A few vice presidents in the Americas also hold the position of [[president of the senate]]; this is the case, for example, in Argentina, the United States, and Uruguay. The vice president sometimes assumes some of the ceremonial duties of the president, such as attending diplomatic functions and events that the actual president may be too busy to attend; the [[Vice President of the United States]], for example, often attends funerals of world leaders on behalf of the [[President of the United States|president]]. A vice president, in some cases, may also be appointed by the president as the head of a ministry in the cabinet or to lead certain executive initiatives designated by the president. In parliamentary or semi-presidential systems, a vice president may coexist with a prime minister, as is [[Vice President of India|the case in India]] and [[Vice President of Namibia|Namibia]], but the presence of both offices concurrently is rare.
{{anchor|Vice presidents in business}}

== {{anchor|Vice President (business)}} In business ==
{{Further|Director (business)}}
In [[business]], "vice president" refers to hierarchical position that ranges from extremely senior positions directly reporting to C-level executives (in non-financial companies), to junior non-management positions with four to 10 years of experience (in financial companies).

In non-financial businesses, vice presidents often report directly to the [[President (corporate title)|president]] or [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the company and are members of the executive management team. Some [[corporations]] that use this [[Corporate title|term]] may have individuals with the title of vice president responsible for specific business divisions (e.g., vice president for legal, vice president for sales and marketing, vice president for finance, and vice president for human resources).

When there are typically several vice presidents in a company, these individuals are sometimes differentiated with titles denoting higher positions such as executive vice president or senior vice president, with the remaining management team holding the title vice president. The title of assistant vice president or associate vice president is used in large organizations below vice president and there can be a very convoluted list of other types of VPs as seen in the next section.

As many of these VPs have minimal employees reporting to them, their necessity has been questioned, with for example ''[[Inc Magazine|Inc.]]'' magazine arguing to flatten the corporate hierarchy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/the-world-isnt-flat-but-companies-should-be.html|title=3 Reasons to Eliminate Hierarchy in Your Company|date=21 November 2013|website=Inc.com|access-date=30 May 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124023117/https://www.inc.com/will-yakowicz/the-world-isnt-flat-but-companies-should-be.html |archivedate=2013-11-24}}</ref> Similarly, as universities have adopted a corporate structure<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Slow-Death-of-the/228991|title=The Slow Death of the University|date=6 April 2015|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=30 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407144008/http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Slow-Death-of-the/228991 |archivedate=2015-04-07}}</ref> there is concern over administrative bloat<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/research-scores-of-us-top-brass-fail-to-shine|title=Research scores of US top brass fail to shine|date=20 July 2016|website=Timeshighereducation.com |access-date=30 May 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225151/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/research-scores-of-us-top-brass-fail-to-shine |archivedate=2017-09-16}}</ref> and over-paying VPs.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Are you overpaying your academic executive team? A method for detecting unmerited academic executive compensation|journal=Tertiary Education and Management|volume=22|issue=3|pages=189–201|date=2016|doi=10.1080/13583883.2016.1181198|last1 = Pearce|first1 = Joshua|s2cid=148102314 }}</ref> Benjamin Ginsberg, a political scientist and professor, has claimed the proliferation of VPs and other administrators is destroying universities.<ref>[[Benjamin Ginsberg (political scientist)|Benjamin Ginsberg]]. ''The Fall of the Faculty: The Rise of the All-Administrative University and Why It Matters'' (2011). Oxford University Press.</ref> "Corporate vice president" is an older term that usually denotes a vice president that is named as a corporate officer by the board of directors. Not all vice presidents in a company in the modern business environment are named as an official corporate officer.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

===Hierarchy of vice presidents===
Depending on the specific organization, the following may be an example of the hierarchy of the vice presidents. The following list explains where the VP sits in an organization:{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

*President
*Joint president
*Deputy president
*First executive vice president (FEVP)
*Senior executive vice president (SEVP)
*Executive vice president (EVP)
*Senior vice president (SVP)
*Group vice president (GVP)
*Vice president (VP)
*Additional vice president (Addl. VP)
*Joint vice president (Jt. VP)
*Deputy vice president (Deputy VP)
*Associate vice president (Asso. VP)
*Assistant vice president (Asst. VP)
*Chief general manager (CGM)
*Senior general manager (SGM)
*General manager (GM)
*Deputy general manager (DGM)
*Assistant general manager (AGM)
*Chief manager (CM)
*Senior manager (SM)
*Manager (M)
*Deputy manager (DM)
*Assistant manager (AM)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank
! U.S. executive officer
! UK executive officer
! Investment bank executive officer
! India senior management hierarchy
! Asia Pacific executive officer
|-
| ''0''
| ''Chief Executive Officer''
| ''Chief Executive Officer''
| –
| ''Chairman''
| –
|-
| 1
| President
| Managing director
| President
| Managing director
| President
|-
| 2
| Deputy president
| Deputy managing director
| Deputy president
| Deputy managing director or group executive or group head
| Deputy president
|-
| 3
| First executive VP or senior EVP
| Executive director
| SEVP
| Joint president or SEVP
| Deputy president
|-
|-
| 4
| Executive VP or group VP
| Group director
| EVP
| EVP or director
| EVP
|-
| 5
| Senior VP
| Senior director
| Senior managing director
| Senior VP
| Senior VP
|-
| 6
| Corporate VP
| Director
| Managing director
| Group VP
| Corporate VP
|-
| 7
| Vice president
| Deputy director
| Executive director
| Vice president
| Corporate VP
|}

This comparison is not strictly correct, as ''director'' is a legal term, meaning someone registered with the relevant country's company registrar (or simply named in the legal documents, for countries not having company registration) as having managerial control of the company, and having legal responsibility for its operation, whilst a vice president does not. In either case the responsibilities may be overall to the company, a region (US, EMEA, CEE...), business unit or function such as sales, marketing, IT etc.

The Chief Executive Officer generally ranks above the President, although not all companies have both as discrete positions. In many instances these ranks are combined (President & CEO), functioning as a single office.

===In financial services companies===
In financial companies, a "vice president" is usually a seniority rank that denotes higher responsibility, though such may not be leadership. The title does not denote a leadership position within the company, but often a role relatively junior to the executive board. Financial services companies have multiple vice presidents,<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2010/06/24/too-many-chiefs |title=Too many chiefs |work=[[The Economist]] |date=2010-06-24 |access-date=2024-10-05 |quote=The number of members of LinkedIn, a professional network, with the title vice-president grew 426% faster than the membership of the site as a whole in 2005-09. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920234223/https://www.economist.com/business/2010/06/24/too-many-chiefs |archive-date=2019-09-20}}</ref> possibly because the title is a form of [[delayering]] when an employee can not be moved higher in the organization but still deserves recognition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acc.com/legalresources/quickcounsel/lpjtii.cfm|title=The Legal Pitfalls of Job Title Inflation (Part I): Apparent Authority and Employee Misclassification|publisher=Association of Corporate Counsel|year=2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103185921/http://www.acc.com/legalresources/quickcounsel/lpjtii.cfm |archivedate=2014-01-03}}</ref> In most cases, the title merely implies that someone is in a medium-seniority individual contributor role. Larger financial institutions have thousands of employees with the title "vice president".<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304692804577281252012689294| title = Goldman Plays Damage Control |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |first1=Liz |last1=Rappaport |first2=David |last2=Enrich |date=March 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311012855/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304692804577281252012689294 |archive-date=2015-03-11}} </ref>

==In other organizations==
In other organizations (''e.g.'', [[trade union]]s, societies, clubs) one or multiple vice presidents are elected by the members of the organization. When multiple vice presidents are elected, the positions are usually numbered to prevent confusion as to who may preside or succeed to the office of president upon vacancy of that office (for example: first vice president, second vice president, and so on).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised|last = Robert|first = Henry M.|publisher = Da Capo Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-306-82020-5|location = Philadelphia, PA|pages = 457–458|edition = 11th|display-authors=etal|title-link = Robert's Rules of Order}}</ref> In some cases vice presidents are given titles due to their specific responsibilities, for example: vice president of operations, finance, etc.<ref name=":0" /> In some associations the first vice president can be interchangeable with executive vice president and the remaining vice presidents are ranked in order of their seniority. Sometimes a vice president is also called ''presidium member'', especially when there are more than person holding the post.

The primary responsibility of the vice president of a club or organization is to be prepared to assume the powers and duties of the office of the president in the case of a vacancy in that office.<ref name=":0" /> If the office of president becomes vacant, the vice president (or in clubs with multiple vice presidents, the VP that occupies the highest-ranking office), will assume the office of president, with the lower vice presidents to fill in the remaining vice presidencies, leaving the lowest vice presidency to be filled by either election or appointment.<ref name=":0" /> If the bylaws of a club specifically provide of the officer title of [[president-elect]], that officer would assume the powers and duties of the president upon vacancy of that office only if specified in the bylaws.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|title = Spotlight on You the Vice-President or President-Elect|last = National Association of Parliamentarians®|publisher = National Association of Parliamentarians®|year = 1993|isbn = 978-1-884048-203|location = Independence, MO}}

==External links==
*[http://www.aipparl.org/ American Institute of Parliamentarians -- www.aipparl.org]

{{Corporate titles}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vice President}}
[[Category:Vice presidents| ]]
[[Category:Management occupations]]

Ekhane Aakash Neel (2008 TV series)

2026-03-21T19:53:29Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: put up a data

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ekhane_Aakash_Neel_poster.jpg
| caption = Ekhane Aakash Neel poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Drama]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]}}
| writer = {{ubl|Anuja Chatterjee|Aditi Majumdar|[[Joy Mukherjee]]|Kaushik Bhattacharya|[[Joydeep Mukherjee]]|Sayantani Majumdar Nambiar|Joy Dasgupta}}
| director = {{ubl|Anindo Banerjee|[[Joydeep Mukherjee]]}}
| creative_director =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]|[[Rishi Kaushik]]}}
| opentheme = ''Ekhane Aakash Neel'' by [[Monali Thakur]]
| endtheme =
| composer = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 483
| executive_producer = {{ubl|[[Indrani Mukherjee]]|[[Nispal Singh]]|Aratrika Bhoumik}}
| producer = {{ubl|Aniruddho Roychoudhury|Jit Banerjee}}
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| camera = {{ubl|Premendu Bikash Chaki|Bapi Seth|Suman Kumar Das}}
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Screenplay Films
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008|09|08}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010|05|29}}
| related = ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)]]'' ''[[Ekhane Aakash Neel (2019 TV series)]]''
}}

'''''Ekhane Aakash Neel''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] medical romantic drama series which aired on [[Star Jalsha]]. It was the remake of [[StarPlus]] ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''. The serial is set in a nursing home, and is themed on the love between Dr. Ujaan Chatterjee, a respected and talented young doctor, and Hiya, a free-spirited girl who is the central heroine of the drama. In 2019, a reboot version [[Ekhane Aakash Neel (2019 TV series)]] premiered on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/ekhane-akash-neel-doctors-love-story-to-return-on-star-jalsha-127157/|title=Ekhane Akash Neel Doctor's love story to return on star jalsha}}</ref>

==Plot==
The male protagonist Dr. Ujan Chatterjee, a cardiologist by profession who lost his best friend and mentor, his mother when he was barely a boy and grew into an egotistic, rude, solitary man who preferred to remain cocooned in his own world, welcomed solitude to the point of extremity that he shunned out his own father and considered him an intruder. After successful completion of his medical studies in UK, he returned home and joined the 'Tulip' Nursing Home in [[Kolkata]] where once his father Dr. Amolendu Chatterjee- the renowned neurologist, used to work and was one of the pillars of its growth. After passing away of Dr. Richard O'Brien, the founder of the Nursing Home, his wife, Elina took over the responsibilities of running 'Tulip' and subsequently handed over charge of Tulip to her competent and efficient doctor-duo Dr. Moynak and Dr. Shomoresh Ganguly and moved to the hills.

Ujan joined Tulip and came to be known as one of the best surgeons of Kolkata. The nursing home was small; its facilities were limited; but it was one of the most reliable places in the city because of its dedicated staff and professionally advanced doctors. One day, in one of his solitary jaunts, to be with himself, Ujan went to Kurseong where, he saved a person's life by giving him timely medical treatment. The news spread in that sleepy little [[hill station]]. The priest of the local Church was Friend-Philosopher-Guide to Elina and in search of a Doctor, he heard of Ujan's feat and took him to Elina who had suddenly fallen seriously ill.

Ujan decided to shift Elina to Tulip as he found her in a pretty bad physical condition and in need of an immediate and complicated surgery—neither the patient nor the young Doctor realized that they and their families knew each other for years. Elina had two daughters: her biological daughter, Annie and her adopted daughter, Hiya. Ujan first sighted Hiya in Kurseong when she was running in the hills with her kid friends and incidentally singing his mother's song. They had a tiff later when Hiya's gang of buddies were taking a feel of Ujan's Binocular and as usual, he did not like that. What attracted Ujan to Hiya was her beautiful voice. He found his mother in Hiya's songs, because his Maa was a prolific singer and "full of life" – which is what was mesmerising about Hiya. In Kolkata, Elina's condition did not immediately improve even after the surgery; and as Hiya was lonely without her 'Monima' (Elina), she came to Kolkata to be with her and then as if a magic happened: Elina started to respond to the treatment.

Thus Hiya started her search of life in the concrete jungle of Kolkata. The foster-mother and the daughter had such a connection of their souls which even blood-connection many times can not have. In spite of continuous angry arguments & clashes over various issues in Tulip, the apparently visible antagonism was just a cover for the inward undeniable magical attraction that Ujaan & Hiya kept feeling for each other. It was as if all the events lead to their facing each other again & again. Hiya's search ended with her most beautiful tryst with Destiny - she fell in love with the outwardly rough-n-rude but inwardly caramel-kernel like soft Ujan and they had a "Mills & Boon inspiring dream-come-true" relationship. Ujan was attracted to her open mindedness and Hiya, to his abrupt-straightforward - principled approach to life. The magical bonding between the two, happened because of their shares of solitude in life which they lived through and the bonding intensified when Hiya had a near-fatal accident in which she had a nasty head-injury and slipped into comatose state. Knowing that paralysis was unavoidable, Amolendu performed a complicated surgery and saved her life. Post surgery seeing 'his sunshine' lying on a bed and unable to walk, Ujan was depressed and heartbroken. He finally pushed himself up just for her—not only to instill a zest for life in Hiya but moreover so to keep his "life-source" Hiya forever with him, he decided to marry her. Shortly before the Wedding, Hiya "walked again!" – thanks to Ujan's untiring efforts that his life (Hiya) lives a full and complete life again. A Hindu groom for a Christian bride. It was a wonderful wedding where vows were exchanged and garlands, too. There were no chanting of hymns or exchange of religious vows. Only songs of love and joy of life, only vows to love & cherish each other always. Angels too tiptoed in to bless them. On their wedding day, Manjari, daughter of Ujan's mother's friend reached Ujan's house. As expected, Ujan was astonished to see Mon (Pet name of Manjari, given by Ujan) after so many years because she remained only as a very special childhood friend to him with whom his mother's precious memories were associated; though long back when they were kids, Aporna, Ujan's mother, wrote in a letter to Mon's mother her wish to see Mon as her daughter-in-law. Now, Mon had sought him out after so many years due to her mother's serious condition. Her mother's condition worsened and Ujan had to go and operate her, leaving Hiya at home, in the middle of their Fulshojjya. Even after the operation she died and Ujan took the responsibilities of taking care of Mon. Here the story took a twist. Mon's desperate and unfulfilled desire of being Ujan's wife was unknown to both Ujan and Hiya; they accepted her as their friend and ‘daughter’ of the Chatterjee Family; but all these good intentions did not have any meaning to Manjari. She wanted Ujan's love and Hiya's place in his life. So, Manjari started scheming and creating all sorts of practical problems in Ujan & Hiya's happy conjugal life; but her schemings did not have any effect; she started to feel frustrated and lonely. As a foil to Manjari, there was Dr. Romit Sen, Ujan's colleague at Tulip, who was always there as single man support system to Hiya and Ujan. He loved Hiya but never expressed it till he was about to leave the world because of Leukemia. Romit left his only daughter to his best friend Hiya and Ujan and they too accepted her as their child; but then, Romit's uncle appeared on the scene and took away Romit's daughter, Imli, with him to Kurseong. Hiya shared a very special bonding with Imli because Imli saw her own mother Sabina in Hiya; but when Imli went away, Hiya felt a deep void within her and she wished to become a mother, in the real biological sense. Imli had arisened parental feelings in Ujan too and he also felt Hiya's agony; both of them started to plan about a family of their own. Their honeymoon was long overdue; so, they went to Pelling just after Christmas. They had a wonderful time, both mountain-lovers, as Hiya was from the hills and Ujan was a trekker by hobby, they enjoyed the breathtaking scenery and relived their good old days, far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife. By that time in Kolkata, scheming Manjari had a co-hort in Vicky, Ujan's cousin brother and the two started to make plans to keep Ujan and Hiya in perpetual trouble. As if these two were not enough, in came established industrialist Ashok Kapoor with his sinister plan of either to take over "Tulip" or to start a whole new Nursing Home with all sorts of modern medical facilities, to be a tough competitor of "Tulip" which was by then synonymous with Health-Care in Kolkata. What Kapoor did not realize and was incomprehensible to business-minded folk like him, was that the secret of success of "Tulip" was not just its facilities but its cheerful and homely atmosphere, created by its dedicated staff and a bunch of ever energized junior doctors who were there to face any kind of emergency situation at any time of a day or night. As individuals, they used to enjoy their shares of good things of life but while on duty, they were untiring: Drs. Avro-Ayan-Saurav-Ranjan-Gogol-Madhushree-Kaushani-Nayana-Shahana: everyone of them were impatient to learn something new from their seniors; ever ready to assist each other and when Hiya came, they were the ones who befriended her and later became her loyal "knights-in-armour". If "Tulip" was the lifeline of wellness then these Doctors were the lifeline of "Tulip". Elina, because of her absolute faith on her staff and Doctors did not bend to Kapoor's subtle offer of buying her dream "Tulip"; then Kapoor showed his true colours and involved Vicky-Manjari to convince Ujan to come to his Nursing Home: "Zeus" because he knew that Ujan was the main stay of "Tulip". Ujan saw through Kapoor and did not accept his offer. Again Manjari was forced to play a pivotal role to drag Ujan to "Zeus" and this time Ujan did not doubt his childhood friend's intentions:and agreed to her request to join Zeus as a confirmation of wanting to help her because previously, he reproached Mon antagonistically when she expressed her bleak desire of love from him. Ultimately, the secret game of Kapoor came out in the open during the course of a path-breaking surgery, successfully done by Dr. Ujan Chatterjee, in "Zeus", and everyone's conscience came into play: Manjari discovered Kapoor's intention to keep Ujan at any cost; Ujan observed Kapoor's wrong ways of running a Nursing Home and Vicky-Manjari both realised Kapoor was using them to win this game to further his own ill intentions and grab all the limelight. Dr. Madhusree, who joined "Zeus" from "Tulip" to earn some more money for her Mother's treatment, and was the single witness to Kapoor's dangerous game plan, had a "face-off" with the planner himself. Her razor sharp comments and Ujan's refusal to accept any money after the surgery, awakened that hidden conscience in Kapoor who was a contemporary antagonist and was the real catalyst of all the murky & controversy embroiled situations. Though created by him nothing was ever proved against him rather these incidents became eye-openers for many, but nothing made any difference in that belief and love which was there between Ujan and Hiya. One fine day, it was known that Hiya was pregnant; Hiya, a "child- woman" who never knew her parents and was nurtured and loved by her foster mother, was happy beyond anyone's imagination; Ujan's love and affection showered on her at this happy hour and Elina's gift of the responsibility of "Tulip", inspired Hiya to bring out of her mind's closet, that calm and matured woman who could gracefully handle both the responsibilities. But suddenly all those happy moments came to a grinding halt as Hiya had a miscarriage. It was traumatic not only for Hiya but for Ujan, also. And this trauma brought a sea-change in Manjari, too. She took the initiative to bring Hiya back to her normal self; she accepted Vicky in her life. In the meantime Hiya was diagnosed as having Myotonic Dystrophy-a genetic disorder, by her Gynaecologist Dr. Deepa who opined that it could be fatal for Hiya to conceive. Hiya's dreams dashed; but still she stood up because she wanted their child. While Ujan did not want to take any risk on Hiya because of the disorder, Hiya was desperate in love to gift back Ujan his lost childhood in the form of their baby. So she went away from Ujan to undergo treatment and make herself physically fit to conceive, obviously without leaving any trace to find her which again made Ujan dejected & life-less, as he was, before meeting Hiya. While Hiya was away, her lookalike, a 10/11-year-old girl, was admitted in "Tulip" and attracted Ujan's affection; she was a patient of amnesia and during the course of her treatment, it was known that she had lost her parents in a road accident and her only family now was her aunt. Ujan named her Diya; took her to her aunt's home but when he learned that her aunt's family was going to send her to an orphanage, he decided to adopt her as his daughter. Ujan with Manjari's help announced his second marriage to Manjari, a ploy to bring Hiya back. Hiya came back from her self-imposed exile, accepted Diya as their daughter and after the birth of Hiya and Ujan's baby boy, they had their feel of a complete happy family: it was 'love is in the air' at the end of the series.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Character !! Portrayed by
|-
|Dr. Ujan Chatterjee||[[Rishi Kaushik]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4353791/ IMDb.com]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Looking-ahead/articleshow/3390024.cms|title=Looking ahead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| accessdate=22 Aug 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|Hiya Chatterjee||[[Aparajita Ghosh Das]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3370537/ IMDb.com]</ref>
|-
|Dr. Amolendu Chatterjee||Dr. B. D. Mukherjee
|-
|Dr. Shamoresh Ganguly||[[Arindam Sil]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1908800/ IMDb.com]</ref>
|-
|Mrs. Elina O'Brien||Saswati Guha Thakurta<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1901722/ IMDb.com]</ref>
|-
|Annie O'Brien||[[June Malia]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1315113/ IMDb.com]</ref>
|-
|Bashabdatta the dietician||[[Kamalika Banerjee]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3358260/ MDb.com]</ref>
|-
|Matron Eva Das||[[Mithu Chakraborty]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2394380/ IMDb.com]</ref>
|-
|Dr. Romit Sen||[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]
|-
|Manjari||Priya Paul / Sneha Chatterjee Bhowmik
|-
|Manjari's mother (aka Shantamashi)||Urmimala Basu
|-
|Dr. Deepa||[[Chandrayee Ghosh]]
|-
|Dr. Moinak Roy||[[Saswata Chatterjee]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1384413/ IMDb.com]</ref>
|-
|Dr. Barna Roy||[[Debolina Dutta]]
|-
|Dr. Swati Raha||[[Ushasie Chakraborty]]
|-
|Puja||[[Ekavali Khanna]]
|-
|Dr.Nota||Baishaki Marjit
|-
|Vicky||Anindya Banerjee
|}

==Crew==
The directors are Anindo Banerjee<ref>[http://www.orkut.co.in/Main#Profile?uid=13620940599768869223 Orkut.co.ik] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216232922/http://www.orkut.co.in/Main |date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> and Joydeep Mukherjee.<ref>[http://www.orkut.co.in/Main#Profile?uid=11277004934448171462 Orkut.co.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216232922/http://www.orkut.co.in/Main |date=16 December 2008 }}</ref> Executive producers are Indrani Mukherjee and Nishpal Singh, and producers are Aniruddho Roychoudhury<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4353493/ IMDb.com]</ref> and Jit Banerjee. The executive producer from STAR Jalsha is Aratrika Bhoumik. The title music was by Jeet Ganguly,<ref>[http://www.gomolo.in/People/People.aspx?pplid=527 IMDb.com]</ref> with singer Monali Thakur. Camera operators were Premendu Bikash Chaki,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3354828/ IMDb.com]</ref> Bapi Seth,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4354792/ IMDb.com]</ref> and Suman Kumar Das.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4354423/ IMDb.com]</ref>

;Story, screenplay and dialogue:
:Anuja Chatterjee<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4354628/ IMDb.com]</ref>
: Aditi Majumdar<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4354003/ IMDb.com]</ref>
: Joy Mukherjee
: Kaushik Bhattacharya
: Joydeep Mukherjee<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4354459/ IMDb.com]</ref>
: Sayantani Majumdar Nambiar
: Joy Dasgupta

==Production==
===Use of music and poems===
''Ekhane Akash Neel'' makes good use of sequence-synchronized poems and songs. The writings of filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]]'s grandfather, Upendrokishor Roy Choudhury,<ref>[http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/upendrakisor.html Parabaas.com]</ref> and his father, [[Sukumar Ray]],<ref>[http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/puffin/category/Classics/Puffin_Classics_Wordygurdyboom_The_Nonsense_World_of_Sukumar_Ray_9780143330783.aspx Penguinbooksindia.com]</ref> were frequently sources. "Katukutuburo", "Ghyanghyanshur", "Gomratherium" and "Kumropotash" are a few examples. A noteworthy scene of this kind is when Imli describes everyone in Ujan's house as "Ha-Ja-Ba-Ra-La" (the Bengali equivalent of ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'').

Music was an integral part of the show as well. [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore's]] songs were used in an innovative way that captured their appeal and flavour. One folk song which was often used in the series to portray a character's inner thoughts was "Amar Bhitaro Bahire Antaro Antarey Achho Tumi...".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.esnips.com/doc/d103baf7-3ca0-4736-9dcc-2e9429690557/Amar-Bhitore-Bahire-Acho-Tumi |title=Esnips.com |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330100518/http://www.esnips.com/doc/d103baf7-3ca0-4736-9dcc-2e9429690557/Amar-Bhitore-Bahire-Acho-Tumi |archive-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A few modern Bengali songs were also used. The song ami tomar sathe ekla hote chai became a hit, music directed by MUSIC Maestro of Bengal JEET GANNGULI....

==Reception==
In week 22 of 2020, the series has risen to second place with 1.379 million impressions for the most watched television series in Bengal.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1854704}}

[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]

Gautam Krishna

2026-03-21T19:25:33Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: put up article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gautam Krishna
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Saharsa district]], Bihar, India
| alma_mater = •TP College,Madhepura (Intermediate) • [[Patna College]] (Graduation) • [[Patna University]] (PhD)<ref>{{cite web|title=Gautam Krishna Affidavit |url=https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/ac/public/uploads1/acaffidavit/E30/2025/AC/S04/77/S04_2991_1848_202510170849591760714399.pdf|website=suvidha.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mahishi Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 2025
| predecessor = [[Gunjeshwar Sah]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| occupation = Politics Former Civil Servant
}}

'''Gautam Krishna''' is an Indian Politician and former Block Development Officer (BDO) from Bihar and a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. Krishna won the [[Mahishi Assembly constituency]] of [[Saharsa district]] on the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] ticket in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Constituency 77 - MAHISHI(Bihar)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0477.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India (ECI)}}</ref><ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web |title=Mahishi Assembly Election Results 2025 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mahishi-assembly-elections-br-77/ |publisher=OneIndia |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="IndiaTV">{{cite news |title=Mahishi Assembly Election 2025: Constituency profile |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-mahishi-constituency-bihar-assembly-election-2025-constituency-profile-past-winners-margin-party-wise-candidates-2025-09-13-1008058 |publisher=India TV |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite web |title=Gautam Krishna – Candidate Profile|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/bihar/candidate-gautam-krishna-2163 |publisher=India Today |access-date=2025-11-16}}</ref> He was the topper of [[Patna College]] in his batch and a gold medalist of [[Patna University]].

== Political career ==

Gautam Krishna began his political journey in 2015 after resigning from his position as Block Development Officer (BDO) to contest the assembly elections from the Mahishi constituency on a [[Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)]] ticket, though he was unsuccessful. He joined the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) in 2020 and again contested from Mahishi, losing narrowly by just 1,630 votes to the incumbent JD(U) candidate [[Gunjeshwar Sah]].

In 2023, Krishna was appointed State Vice-President of the RJD Youth Wing, strengthening his role within the party organization. During 2024, he led major flood relief campaigns in the Kosi region, addressing issues such as flood management, youth employment, and social justice for backward classes.

Krishna achieved electoral success in the 2025 [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], winning the Mahishi seat with 93,752 votes and defeating JD(U)'s [[Gunjeshwar Sah]] by a margin of 3,740 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahishi (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025: Gautam Krishna of RJD Wins|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mahishi-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363361}}</ref> His victory was notable as one of the few seats won by the opposition in a region dominated by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA).
<ref>{{cite web
|title=BDO की नौकरी छोड़ राजनीति में आए, गौतम कृष्ण की संघर्ष कहानी
|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saharsa-bdo-to-mla-gautam-krishnas-decadelong-struggle-pays-off-in-mahishi-40040130.html
|website=Dainik Jagran
|date=15 November 2025
|access-date=2026-03-22
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Gautam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Telugu people

2026-03-19T21:54:04Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Dravidian ethnic group}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Redirect|Andhra people|the ancient tribe|Andhras|other uses|Andhra (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Telugu people
| native_name = Teluguvāru '''{{Script|Telu|తెలుగువారు}}'''
| native_name_lang = te
| image = Telugu talli bomma (cropped).JPG
| image_caption = [[Telugu Talli]], the personification of Telugu people and culture
| population = '''{{Circa|104.5 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref name="ethnologue">{{cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tel|title=Telugu population figure worldwide|date=March 2023|newspaper=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref><ref name="census india">{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> {{small|(Estimate of Telugu speakers in 2024)}}
| region1 = India
| pop1 = 81,127,740 (2011 Census)
| region2 = United States
| pop2 = 515,430 ([[Telugu Americans]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=bengali |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - US |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/US |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
| region3 = Malaysia
| pop3 = 500,000 ([[Malaysian Telugus]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu-speaking South Asian in Malaysia|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15324/SA|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Joshua Project]]|language=en}}</ref>
| region4 = United Arab Emirates
| pop4 = 408,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu-speaking South Asian in United Arab Emirates|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15324/BM|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Joshua Project]]|language=en}}</ref>
| region5 = Saudi Arabia
| pop5 = 383,000<ref name="ethnologue"/>
| region6 = Myanmar
| pop6 = 200,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu-speaking South Asian in Myanmar (Burma)|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15324/MY|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Joshua Project]]|language=en}}</ref>
| region7 = Australia
| pop7 = 90,400<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language spoken at home {{!}} Australia {{!}} Community profile |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/language |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=.id (informed decisions)}}</ref>
| region8 = Canada
| pop8 = 74,685<ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date = 7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref>
| region9 = Bangladesh
| pop9 = 40,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/In-Dhaka-Telugu-Christians-from-Andhra-Pradesh-celebrate-Christmas-in-extreme-poverty-45775.html| title=In Dhaka Telugu Christians from Andhra Pradesh celebrate Christmas in extreme poverty | date=18 December 2018|publisher=[[AsiaNews]]}}</ref>
| region10 = United Kingdom
| pop10 = 33,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language, England and Wales: Census 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021#:~:text=In%202021,%2091.1%25%20(52.6,49.8%20million,%20in%202011). |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=[[Office for National Statistics]]}}</ref>
| region11 = Fiji
| pop11 = 34,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu-speaking South Asian in Fiji|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15324/FJ|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Joshua Project]]|language=en}}</ref>
| region12 = Mauritius
| pop12 = 20,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telugu-speaking South Asian in Mauritius|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15324/MP|access-date=2023-03-11|website=[[Joshua Project]]|language=en}}</ref>
| region13 = Bahrain
| pop13 = 18,700<ref name="ethnologue"/>
| region14 = Oman
| pop14 = 13,300<ref name="ethnologue"/>
| region15 = New Zealand
| pop15 = 5,754<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}</ref>
| region16 = South Africa
| pop16 = 5,000<ref name="http://www.amssa.org.za/"/>
| region17 = Germany
| pop17 = 23000<ref name="https://taggermany.org/"/>
| region18 = France
| pop18 = 20000<ref name="https://indoeuropean.eu/join-the-france-telugu-community-bathukamma-dasara-sambaralu-on-12th-october-at-massy-palaiseau/"/>
| region19 = Thailand
| pop19 = 15000 <ref name="https://www.teluguthai.org/"/> (Estimated)
| region20 = Netherlands
| pop20 = 12000<ref name="https://manatane.org/"/> (Estimated)
| region21 = China
| pop21 = 5000<ref name="https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/telugu-associations-in-china-celebrate-ugadi-118031900894_1.html"/>
| region22 = Sri Lanka
| pop22 = 40,000<ref name="https://worldteluguconference.com/en/telugucommunity-srilanka.html"/> ([[Sri Lankan Telugus]])
| region23 = Israel
| pop23 = 4000<ref name="ethnologue"/>
| region24 = Japan
| pop24 = 2000<ref name="https://nrievents.com/telugu-association-of-japan-taj-sankranthi-sambaralu-2025-a-grand-celebration-of-telugu-culture/"/>(Estimated)
| region25 = Sweden
| pop25 = 3000<ref name="https://www.telugusweden.org/"/>
| region26 = Switzerland
| pop26 = 3000<ref name="https://teluguswiss.org/"/>
| region27 = Mexico
| pop27 = 3000<ref name="ethnologue"/>
| region28 = Ukraine
| pop28 = 2500<ref name="ethnologue"/> (Estimated)
| region29 = Hong Kong
| pop29 = 2500<ref name="https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/tag/telugu-association-in-hong-kong/"/> (Estimated)
| region30 = Scotland
| pop30 = 2500<ref name="https://teluguscot.org.uk/"/> (Estimated)
| region31 = Italy
| pop31 = 4000<ref name="ethnologue"/> (Estimated)
| region32 = Denmark
| pop32 = 2000<ref name="https://www.instagram.com/denmarkteluguassociation?igsh=MWl6aWJvaHl4dDdyOQ=="/> (Estimated)
| region33 = Russia
| pop33 = 2000<ref name="ethnologue"/> (Estimated)
| region34 = Austria
| pop34 = 2000<ref name="https://www.austriatelugus.org/"/> (Estimated)
| region35 = Norway
| pop35 = 2000<ref name="ethnologue"/> (Estimated)
| region36 = Singapore
| pop36 = 40,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://events.sts.org.sg/content/sts-beginners-guide/1054|title=Singapore Telugu Samajam}}</ref>
| region37 = Caribbean
| pop37 = 150,000<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nataus.org/|title=North American Telugu Association|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Estimated)
| regions = '''Majority''' [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Telangana]] [[Yanam district|Yanam]] 
'''Minority''' [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Karnataka]] [[Maharastra]] [[Orissa]] [[Chhattisgarh]] [[Pondicherry]] [[West Bengal]]
| langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]]
| related = Other [[Dravidian peoples]] [[South Indians]]
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|person=Telugu
|people=Teluguvāru
|language=Telugu
|country=Telugu Dēśaṁ
}}

'''Telugus''',{{efn|{{langx|te|{{Script|Telu|తెలుగువారు}}|Teluguvāru}}}} also known by the [[ethnonym]] '''Āndhras''', are a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] [[ethnic group]] native to the [[southern India]]n states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] ([[Yanam district]]). They natively speak the [[Telugu language]] and form the most populous [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] linguistic group. A significant number of Telugus also reside in the Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Maharashtra]]; with a significant [[Telugu diaspora|diasporic population]] spread across the [[Western world]], with larger concentrations in [[North America]], the [[Far East]], [[Mauritius]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf Arab states]], [[Malaysia]], [[Burma]], [[Australia]] and other parts of the world, Telugu is the 3rd most spoken language in India with 96 million speakers in the country and 14th most spoken language in the World with 110 million speakers across the globe.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |last=Oonk |first=Gijsbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=telugu+diaspora&pg=PA92 |title=Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory |date=2007 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-035-8 |pages=92–116 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130853/https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=telugu+diaspora&pg=PA92 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Telugu is the [[Languages of India|fourth most spoken language]] in India<ref name="spoken">{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Bharti |date=21 June 2014 |title=Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than Hindi |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nearly-60-of-Indians-speak-a-language-other-than-Hindi/articleshow/36922157.cms}}</ref> and the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|14th most spoken native language]] in the world.<ref name="e262">[https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/ Statistics], in {{e26}}</ref> Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-20 |title=Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213071110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204 |archive-date=13 December 2019}}</ref> It is also a protected language in [[South Africa]].<ref name="SA">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions |url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028043044/http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=[[Government of South Africa]]}}</ref>

Andhra is an [[ethnonym]] used for Telugu people since antiquity.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Subramanian |first=K. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnO2BMPdYEoC&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA9 |title=Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D. |date=1989 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |isbn=978-81-206-0444-5 |pages=8, 9 |language=en}}</ref> The earliest mention of the [[Andhras]] occurs in [[Aitareya Brahmana]] ({{Circa|800 [[BCE]]}}) of the [[Rigveda]].<ref>
*{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA132 |title=Ancient India |date=1977 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4 |pages=132 |language=en |author-link=R. C. Majumdar}}
*{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv5s-qwMw30C&q=Aitareya+Brahmana |title=People of India: Andhra Pradesh |date=1992 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |isbn=978-81-7671-006-0 |pages=646 |language=en |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |date=1 January 2010 |title=Harappan Heritage of Andhra: A New Interpretation |url=https://rmrl.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/papers/41.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=12, 14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610153451/https://rmrl.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/papers/41.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2021 |quote=}}</ref> In the [[Mahabharata]], the infantry of [[Satyaki]] was composed of a tribe called the Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They were also mentioned in the Buddhist [[Jataka tales]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Pran Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfFtAAAAMAAJ&q=Jataka+Tales+ANDHRAS |title=Encyclopaedia of India: Andhra Pradesh |date=1994 |publisher=Rima Publishing House |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref> [[Megasthenes]] reported in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] ({{Circa|310 BCE}}) that the Andhras, living in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna]] [[River delta|river deltas]], were famous for their formidable military strength, which was second only to that of the [[Maurya Empire]] in the entire [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=297 |language=en}}</ref> The first major Andhra [[polity]] was the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] and even distant areas of [[Western India|western]] and [[Central India|central]] India.<ref>
*{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A New History of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |pages=75, 76 |language=en |quote=Apparently originating somewhere between the peninsular rivers Godavari and Krishna, homeland of the Dravidian Telugu-speaking peoples whose descendants now live in a state called Andhra, the great Andhra dynasty spread across much of south and central India from the second century BC till the second century AD. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert}}
*{{Cite web |title=History of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh/History |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |quote=About the 1st century CE the Satavahanas (or Satakarni), one of the most-renowned of the Andhra dynasties, came to power.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Shastri |first=Ajay Mitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ&q=satavahanas+telugu |title=The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: A Historical Framework |date=1998 |publisher=Dattsons |isbn=978-81-7192-031-0 |pages=11, 12 |language=en |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri}}</ref> They established trade relations with the [[Roman Empire]], and their capital city near [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravathi]] was the most prosperous city in India during the 2nd century CE.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A New History of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |pages=75, 76 |language=en |quote=Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert}}</ref> Inscriptions in Old Telugu script (Vengi script) were found as far away as [[Indonesia]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref> Miśra, Bhāskaranātha; Rao, Manjushri; Pande, Susmita, eds. (1996). India's Cultural Relations with South-east Asia. Sharada Publishing House. pp. 70, 71. ISBN 978-81-85616-39-1.</ref>

In the 13th century, [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] unified various Telugu-speaking areas under one realm.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&dq=Kakatiyas+unified+various+Telugu-speaking+areas&pg=PA126 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513661-6 |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref> Later, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached its zenith during the late [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Varadaraja |first=V. Raman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWIkmUq8lIUC&dq=Telugu+vijayanagara+zenith&pg=PA136 |title=Glimpses of Indian Heritage |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-758-6 |pages=136 |language=en |author-link=Varadaraja V. Raman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |url=http://archive.org/details/indiabeforeeurop0000ashe |title=India before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |date=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-80904-7 |pages=75 |quote=The Telugu language became particularly prominent in ruling circles by the early sixteenth century, because of the large number of warrior lords who were either from Andhra or had served the kingdom there.}}</ref> After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, various Telugu rulers called [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayakas]] established independent kingdoms across [[South India]] serving the same function as [[Rajput]] warriors clans of northern India.<ref>
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsyatLixPsUC&dq=Telugu&pg=PA110 |title=Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1 |date=2009 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-81-250-2730-0 |editor-last=Habib |editor-first=Irfan |editor-link=Irfan Habib |pages=106, 457 |language=en |author-link=Irfan Habib |editor-last2=Raychaudhuri |editor-first2=Tapan |editor-link2=Tapan Raychaudhuri}}
*{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&dq=Nayaka+zenith&pg=PA131 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |date=1990 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |pages=130–132 |language=en |author-link=Burton Stein}}
*{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |date=10 August 2018 |title=South India's Warrior Lords: The Telugus |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/south-indias-warrior-lords-the-telugus/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en-US |quote=Telugu warrior nayaks (chiefs) were the ruling class over much of South India — including ethnic Tamil and Kannada areas — and were in some ways, served the same function as the rajput warrior clans of northern India. The last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka before the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy by the British, were also Telugu nayaks.}}</ref> [[Nayaks of Kandy|Kandyan Nayaks]], the last dynasty to rule [[Sri Lanka]] were of Telugu descent.<ref>* {{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=2017-03-27 |title=The Nayaka kings of Kandy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/the-last-king-of-kandy/article17675774.ece |access-date=2020-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=All four worshipped at Buddhist and Hindu shrines, used Sinhala and Tamil as court languages (though they spoke Telugu), and encouraged their courtiers to take wives from Madurai and Thanjavur.}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ1RAQAAIAAJ&q=kandy+telugu |title=The Journal of Asian studies |date=1994 |publisher=University of California |volume=53. Issue 1-2 |publication-date=1994 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> In this era, Telugu became the language of [[high culture]] throughout [[South India]].<ref name=high_culture>
*{{Cite book |last=Winterbottom |first=Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3wYDAAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+high+culture&pg=PA120 |title=Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World |date=2016-04-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-38020-3 |page=120 |language=en |quote=Telugu had become the language of high culture in southern India during the medieval period, and by the seventeenth century its status rivalled that of Sanskrit.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Barbara Stoler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3_WAAAAMAAJ&q=Telugu+language+of+high+culture |title=The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562842-5 |page=132 |language=en |quote=In Tyagaraja's time, Telugu was the language of high culture even in Tanjore, the heartland of the Tamil linguistic area. |author-link=Barbara Stoler Miller}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |date=2017-08-25 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0 |pages=88 |language=en |quote=In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.}}</ref> Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of [[French language|French]] as the cultural language of modern [[Europe]] during roughly the same era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |date=2017-08-25 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0 |pages=88 |language=en |quote=In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.}}</ref> Telugu also predominates in the evolution of [[Carnatic music]], one of two main subgenres of [[Indian classical music]].<ref>
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&dq=telugu+court+language&pg=PA269 |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music |date=1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=Alison |volume=5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent |pages=231, 232, 269 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Randel |first=Don Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2udRDwAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+carnatic+music&pg=PT1331 |title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music: Fourth Edition |date=2003-11-28 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-41799-1 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Shulman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80gWwO3XJOMC&dq=Telugu+musical+language&pg=PR14 |title=Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary |date=2009-08-01 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-75578-6 |pages=xiii, xiv |language=en |author-link=David Dean Shulman}}</ref>

The architecture developed by Andhras in [[Krishna]] river valley in early first centuries [[Common Era|CE]], called the [[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]], is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>
*{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&q=Andhra+style+of+sculpture |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-05991-7 |pages=154 |language=en |author-link=Pratapaditya Pal}}
*{{Harvnb|Rowland|1967|p=210}}
*{{Cite web |title=Amarāvatī sculpture |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Amaravati-sculpture |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Mahayana]], the predominant [[Schools of Buddhism|Buddhist tradition]] in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]] and the largest Buddhist denomination in the world, was developed among Telugus in Andhra.<ref>
*{{Cite book |last=Warder |first=Anthony Kennedy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC&q=Andhra |title=Indian Buddhism |date=2004 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1741-8 |pages=336, 355, 402, 464 |language=en |quote=Those of us who have studied the evidence above will prefer to locate this source of most of the Mahāyāna sutras in Andhra. (p. 355) From the internal evidence it appears that this sutra was written in South India, very likely in Andhra, in which case the country of origin of the Mahāyāna continued in the lead in the development of new ideas in India. (p. 402) |author-link=A. K. Warder}}
*Guang Xing. ''[https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28569/1/10672728.pdf The Evolution of the Concept of the Buddha from Early Buddhism to the Formulation of the Trikaya Theory].'' 2002. p. 104. "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."
*[[Paul Williams (Buddhist studies scholar)|Williams, Paul]]. ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.'' Routledge, 2009, p. 47.</ref>

Telugu is one of six languages designated as a [[Classical Languages of India|classical language]] by the [[Government of India]]. It has been in use as an official language for over 1,400 years<ref name="BBC_Feb2022">{{cite news |last=రెడ్డి |first=తులసీ ప్రసాద్ |date=22 February 2022 |title=కడప జిల్లాలోని కలమల్ల శాసనమే తొలి తెలుగు శాసనమా? |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-60467482 |access-date=5 April 2023 |work=BBC News తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> and has an unbroken and diverse [[Telugu literature|literary tradition]] of over a thousand years.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Roland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dC7FCgAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+literature+thousand+years&pg=PA541 |title=The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries |last2=Cushman |first2=Stephen |date=2016-11-22 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8063-8 |pages=541 |language=en |author-link=Roland Greene}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book |last=Harder |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NlsvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+literature+thousand+years&pg=PT87 |title=Literature and Nationalist Ideology: Writing Histories of Modern Indian Languages |date=2017-08-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-38435-3 |language=en}}</ref> Telugu [[performing arts]] include the [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] form [[Kuchipudi]], as well as [[Perini Sivatandavam]], and [[Burra katha|Burra Katha]]. The Telugu [[Shadow play|shadow puppetry]] tradition, [[Tholu bommalata|Tholu Bommalata]], dates back to the 3rd century BCE,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osnes |first=Beth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&dq=Tholu+bommalata&pg=PA335 |title=Acting: An International Encyclopedia |date=2001 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |isbn=978-0-87436-795-9 |pages=152, 335 |language=en}}</ref> and is the ancestor of [[Wayang]], the popular Indonesian art form that has been a staple of Indonesian tourism.<ref>*{{Cite web |title=Wayang {{!}} Indonesian theatre |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/wayang |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |quote=Developed before the 10th century, the form had origins in the tholu bommalata, the leather puppets of southern India. The art of shadow puppetry probably spread to Java with the spread of Hinduism. }}
* {{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Rawlings |date=November 1999 |title=Observations on the historical development of puppetry - Chapter Two |url=http://pages.citenet.net/users/ctmw2400/chapter2.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website= |quote=Perhaps the most interesting of the south-Indian puppet types for me, however, were the tholu bommalata -- the articulated, leather, shadow puppets -- which are the probable ancestors of Indonesia's wayang. |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020550/http://pages.citenet.net/users/ctmw2400/chapter2.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |last=Currell |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUbHDOdulAwC&q=bommalata++wayang |title=The Complete Book of Puppetry |date=1974 |publisher=Pitman |isbn=978-0-273-36118-3 |pages=25 |language=en |quote=The tolu bommalata shadow puppets are found in the Andhra region and may be the origin of the Javanese wayang kulit puppets. }}
*{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=leather+puppet+play+Andhra+Indonesia&pg=PA1317 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |pages=1317 |quote=Puppetry is one of the most ancient Indian folk arts and Andhra history records that this art was in vogue during the Satavahana period in the 4th century B.C. Art critics opine that the puppetry spread from Andhra to Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, and from there to Africa, Greece, Macedonia and the Byzantine empire. |language=en |author-link=Amaresh Datta }}
*{{Cite book |last=Rāmarāju |first=Bi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=744OAAAAYAAJ&q=leather+puppet+play |title=Glimpses Into Telugu Folklore |date=1991 |publisher=Janapada Vijnana Prachuranalu |pages=90 |language=en |quote=Leather puppet shadow play is one of the most ancient performing folk art forms known to Andhras from 3rd century B.C. Historians and art critics opine that it spread to Java, Malaysia, and Indonesia from Andhra. }}
*{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Manorma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Tholu+Bommalata+Wayang+Telugu |title=Folk India: A Comprehenseive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7574-140-9 |pages=33 |language=en |quote=Indonesian version of Tholu Bommalata known as "Wayang" has roots in the Telugu-speaking region. }}
*{{Cite book |last=Autiero |first=Serena |title=Tholu Bommalata: Telugu Shadow Puppet Theatre |url=https://www.academia.edu/37454976 }}</ref> [[Telugu cinema]] is the largest film industry in India in terms of box office as well as admissions.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Why Telugu films gave Hindi films a run for their money in the pandemic |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/why-telugu-films-gave-hindi-films-a-run-for-their-money-in-the-pandemic-322690-2022-02-15 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mint">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=2023-01-31 |title=Footfalls for Hindi films slump up to 50% |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/footfallsforhindifilmsslumpupto50-11675188279041.html |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref> The industry has produced some of India's [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive]] and [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing films]], influencing Indian popular culture well beyond Telugu-speaking regions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Telugu Language Day 2023: History, Significance, and Impact of Telugu Cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/telugu-language-day-2023-history-significance-and-impact-of-telugu-cinema-8554589.html |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

=== Telugu ===
Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply ''Telugu''.{{sfn|Rao|Shulman|2002|loc=Chapter 2}} Older forms of the name include ''Teluṅgu'' and ''Tenuṅgu''.<ref>{{citation |last=Parpola |first=Asko |title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization |page=167 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0190226923 |author-link=Asko Parpola}}</ref> ''Tenugu'' is derived from the [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian]] word ''*ten'' ("south")<ref>{{Cite book |title=Telugu Basha Charitra |publisher=Osmania University |year=1979 |location=Hyderabad |pages=6, 7}}</ref> to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction". The name ''Telugu'', then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Dravidian Languages – Bhadriraju Krishnamurti}}</ref>{{sfn|Rao|Shulman|2002|loc=Introduction}}

P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the ''Trilinga Shabdānushāsana (or Trilinga Grammar)''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chenchiah |first1=P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55 |title=A History of Telugu Literature |last2=Rao |first2=Raja M. Bhujanga |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-206-0313-4 |page=55 |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130924/https://books.google.com/books?id=xwXx7LB-ai4C&pg=PA55 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled ''Atharvana Karikavali.''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana |title=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |date=1974 |publisher=Oriental Research Institute, [[Sri Venkateswara University]] |volume=17 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Purushottam |first=Boddupalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lZkAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar |title=The Theories of Telugu Grammar |date=1996 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-17-3 |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aksharajna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh43AQAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar |title=Some Mile-stones in Telugu Literature |date=1915 |publisher=Read & Company |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9T5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Atharvana+Telugu+Grammar |title=History of Medieval Deccan, 1295-1724: Mainly cultural aspects |date=1974 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |pages=167 |language=en |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}</ref> [[Appa-kavi|Appa Kavi]] in the 17th century explicitly wrote that ''Telugu'' was derived from ''Trilinga''. Scholar Charles P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.<ref>{{citation |last=Brown |first=Charles P. |title=Madras Journal of Literature and Science |volume=X |page=53 |year=1839 |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53 |url-status=live |chapter=Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhkYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53 |publisher=Vepery mission Press. |archive-date=13 October 2022 |author-link=Charles Phillip Brown}}</ref>

[[George Abraham Grierson]] and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that ''Telugu'' was the older term and ''Trilinga'' must be the later [[Sanskritisation]] of it.<ref name="Grierson1967">{{Linguistic Survey of India|4|year=1967|orig-year=1906|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|place=Delhi|chapter=Telugu|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_tel_detail-1|access-date=12 June 2014|p=576}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Sekaram |first=Kandavalli Balendu |title=The Andhras through the ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6E5AQAAIAAJ |page=4 |year=1973 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6E5AQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot |quote="The easier and more ancient "Telugu" appears to have been converted here into the impressive Sanskrit word Trilinga, and making use of its enormous prestige as the classical language, the theory was put forth that the word Trilinga is the mother and not the child." |archive-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because ''Triglyphum'', ''Trilingum'' and ''Modogalingam'' are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "''Trilinga''".<ref>{{citation |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages |url=http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf |page=64 |year=1856 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf |url-status=live |location=London |publisher=Harrison |archive-date=2022-10-09 |author-link=Robert Caldwell}}</ref>

=== Andhras ===
{{Main|Andhras}}

Andhras is an [[ethnonym]] used for Telugu people since antiquity.<ref name=":23" /> The name Andhras has been consistently used since the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] to refer to the Telugu people in ancient [[Hindu texts|Hindu]] and [[Buddhist texts]]. They were mentioned as [[Dasa|''Dasyus'']] (non-Aryans) living on the fringes of Aryan settlements.<ref>{{cite book |author=Akira Shimada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC |title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context |date=9 November 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23283-9 |page= |quote=In the Aitareya Brahmaņa (VII, 18), the Andhras were mentioned together with the Pundras, Sabaras, Pulindas and Mūtibas as dasyu (non-Aryan tribes) living on the borders of the land}}</ref> The [[Aitareya Brahmana]] of the [[Rigveda]] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 800 BCE) refers to the Andhras as descendants of Sage [[Vishvamitra]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Martin Haug |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104262/page/n175/mode/2up?q=andhras |title=Aitareya Brahmana Of The Rigveda |date=1922 |pages=175}}</ref> The Greek historian [[Megasthenes]], in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] (<abbr>c.</abbr> 310 BCE), described the Andhras as a distinct [[Race (human categorization)|race]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalachari |first=K. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.17073 |title=Early History of the Andhra country |date=1941 |pages=23 |quote=Megasthenes says that the Andhras were a separate race.}}</ref>

[[Iravatham Mahadevan]], notes that since most [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]-speaking men had names ending with the suffIx ''-(a)nṟ'', the Dravidian [[etymon]] ''-(a)nṟ'' was borrowed as a loanword into Indo-Aryan as ''andha'' and later as ''āndhra'' to denote the name of the neighbouring Dravidian-speaking people.<ref name=":142">{{Cite journal |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |date=1 January 2010 |title=Harappan Heritage of Andhra: A New Interpretation |url=https://rmrl.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/papers/41.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=12, 14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610153451/https://rmrl.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/papers/41.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2021 |quote=}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of Andhra Pradesh|History of Telangana}}

=== Ancient era ===
Andhras ({{langx|te|ఆంధ్రులు}}) were mentioned in the Hindu texts such as [[Aitareya Brahmana]] ({{Circa|800 [[BCE]]}}) of the [[Rigveda]]. According to Aitareya Brahmana, the sage [[Vishvamitra]] had hundred sons; fifty of them were older than [[Madhuchhanda]], and fifty were younger. The older ones were not pleased with (the installation of Sunahsepa to the primogeniture). Visvamitra then pronounced against them a curse: “You shall have the lowest castes for your descendants. ” Therefore, are many of the most degraded classes of men, the rabble for the most part, such as the Andhras, Pundras, Sabaras, Palindas, and Mutibas, descendants of Visvamitra....” All of those tribes are referred to as [[Dasa|Dasyus]], or non-Aryans living on the fringes of Aryan settlements.<ref name="auto2"/>

Andhra was a kingdom mentioned in the epics [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=":3" /> Andhra communities are also mentioned in the [[Vayu Purana|Vayu]], [[Skanda Purana|Skanda]], [[Markandeya Purana|Markandeya]] and [[Matsya Purana]]. In the Mahabharata the infantry of [[Satyaki]] was composed by a tribe called ''Andhras'', known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They lived along the banks of the [[Godavari]] river. Andhras and Kalingas supported the Kauravas during the Mahabharata war. Sahadeva defeated the kingdoms of Pandya, Andhra, Kalinga, Dravida, Odra and Chera while performing the [[Rajasuya|Rajasuya Yajna]]. Buddhist references to Andhras are also found.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRAhAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh Oriental Conference: Fourth session, Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 3rd to 5th March 1984|last=Śrīhari|first=R.|date=1987-01-01|publisher=The Conference|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98843|title = Journal of Indian History|date = 1949-01-01|publisher = University of Kerala.|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmIMAAAAIAAJ|title=A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (tr. Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text)|last=Datta|first=Manmathanatha|date=1897-01-01|publisher=H.C. Dass|language=en}}</ref> They were also mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] and Buddhist [[Jataka tales]].<ref name=":33" /> [[File:Map of the Satavahanas.png|thumb|Approximate extent of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana Empire]] (Andhra Empire) in the late 1st century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e)}}</ref>]]

Andhra was also a Vedic [[Janapada]] (c. 1100–600 BCE) which were the prominent realms, republics (''ganapada''), and kingdoms (''sāmarājya'') of the Vedic period in the Indian subcontinent. In the seventh century BCE, [[Asmaka]] was one of the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]]. Andhras were mentioned by [[Megasthenes]] in his [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'']] ({{Circa|310 BCE}}) as being second only to [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]] in military strength in the entire [[Indian subcontinent]]. They had 30 fortified towns along the Godavari River and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants.<ref name=":62" /> They are mentioned at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King [[Ashoka]] in 232 BCE.<ref name=":4">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Andhra Pradesh - MSN Encarta  |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/andhra_pradesh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028105629/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580539/Andhra_Pradesh.html |archive-date=2009-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=History of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |work=[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000ragh |title=Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh |author=P. Raghunadha Rao |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=9788120714953 |page=iv |access-date=9 June 2014 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The first major Andhra [[polity]] was the [[Satavahana dynasty]] (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]] and established trade relations with the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=A New History of India |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-505636-5 |pages=75, 76 |language=en |quote=Apparently originating somewhere between the peninsular rivers Godavari and Krishna, homeland of the Dravidian Telugu-speaking peoples whose descendants now live in a state called Andhra, the great Andhra dynasty spread across much of south and central India from the second century BC till the second century AD. |author-link=Stanley Wolpert}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=History of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andhra-Pradesh/History |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |quote=About the 1st century CE the Satavahanas (or Satakarni), one of the most-renowned of the Andhra dynasties, came to power.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |pages=172–176 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323134904/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The kingdom reached its zenith under [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. Their capital city, [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]] was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.<ref name=":10" /> At the end of the Satavahana rule, the Telugu region was divided into [[Realm|Kingdoms]] ruled by lords. In the late second century CE, the [[Andhra Ikshvaku]]s ruled the eastern region along the Krishna River. During the fourth century, the [[Pallava dynasty]] extended their rule across southern Andhra Pradesh and [[Tamilakam]] and established their capital at [[Kanchipuram]]. Their power increased during the reigns of [[Mahendravarman I]] (571–630) and [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the ninth century. Later, various dynasties have ruled the area, including the [[Salankayana dynasty|Salankayanas]], [[Cholas]], [[Vishnukundina dynasty|Vishnukundinas]] and [[Eastern Chalukyas]].<ref name=":4"/>

=== Medieval era ===
[[File:Map of the Kakatiyas.png|thumb|Map of the Kakatiyas, circa 1150–1300 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226742210 |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (b)}}</ref>|left]]
[[File:Vijayanagara-empire-map.svg|thumb|Extent of Vijayanagara Empire, around 1520 CE.|240x240px]]
Between 1163 and 1323, the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] emerged, bringing the distinct upland and lowland cultures of Telugu lands, which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the [[Telugu language]].<ref name=":8" /> Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=B. Satyanarayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SujVAAAAMAAJ |title=The Art and Architecture of the Kākatīyas |date=1999 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-34-7 |pages=33, 65 |language=en}}</ref> Most notable examples are the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] in [[Hanamkonda]], [[Ramappa Temple]] in Palampet, [[Warangal Fort]], [[Golconda Fort]] and [[Kota Gullu]] in [[Ghanpur, Mulugu district|Ghanpur]].<ref name="Reddy2">{{cite book |author=V. V. Subba Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c08qf7d2TZQC&pg=PA129 |title=Temples of South India |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2009 |isbn=9788121210225 |accessdate=14 October 2021}}</ref> During this period, the [[Telugu language]] emerged as a literary medium with the writings of Nannaya, [[Tikkana]], [[Yerrapragada|Eranna]], [[Pothana]] etc. are the translators and poets of the great Hindu epics like ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata|Mahabharatha]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavatha]]'' etc.

Telingana, a term referring to the land inhabited by Telugus, was first used during the 14th century CE.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-13 |title=Earliest reference to Telangana found not in Telugu, but Gond language |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/earliest-reference-to-telangana-found-not-in-telugu-but-gond-language/articleshow/62046296.cms |access-date=2023-03-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Caldwell |first=Robert |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages |url=http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil_elib/Cdw856__Caldwell_ComparativeGrammarDravidian.pdf |page=64 |year=1856 |location=London |publisher=Harrison |author-link=Robert Caldwell}}</ref> In 1323, the [[sultan]] of [[Delhi]], [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the Delhi sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay [[Siege of Warangal (1323)|siege to Warangal]]. The fall of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] led to an era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the [[Musunuri Nayaks]] over the Turkic [[Delhi Sultanate]].

The Telugus achieved independence under [[Krishnadevaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646). The [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] succeeded that empire. The [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutub Shahis]] were tolerant of Telugu culture from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries.<ref name="Eaton">Richard M. Eaton (2005), A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 142-143</ref>

=== Modern era ===
The arrival of Europeans (the French under the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]] and the English under [[Robert Clive]]) altered polity of the region. In 1765, Clive and the [[Tribal chief|chief]] and council at [[Visakhapatnam]] obtained the [[Northern Circars]] from [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam]]. The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792.

Andhra's modern foundation was laid in the struggle for Indian independence. [[Independence of India|India became independent]] from the United Kingdom in 1947. [[Potti Sreeramulu]]'s campaign for a state independent of the [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Tanguturi Prakasam|Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu]] and [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]]'s social-reform movements led to the formation of [[Andhra State]], with [[Kurnool]] as its capital and freedom-fighter Prakasam Pantulu as its first chief minister. Andhra, the first Indian state formed primarily on a linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. Although the Muslim [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] wanted to retain independence from India, he was [[Annexation of Hyderabad|forced]] to cede his kingdom to the [[Dominion of India]] in 1948 to form [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]]. In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of [[Hyderabad State]] (the Telangana region) to create the state of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[Lok Sabha]] approved the formation of [[Telangana]] from ten northwestern districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Menon|first=Amamath K.|date=1 June 2014|title=Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr-195289-2014-06-01|magazine=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151025/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=live|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Andhra Pradesh|Culture of Telangana}}

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Andhra cuisine|Telangana cuisine}}

Different regions of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana all produce distinctive variations of Telugu cuisine. Telugu cuisine is generally known for its tangy, hot, and spicy taste. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer of red chili and rice in India. The concentration of red chili production in Andhra Pradesh has led to the liberal use of spices in Andhra cuisine. Rice is the staple in Telugu culture along with Ragi (రాగి) which is popular in Rayalaseema and Palnadu regions.

=== Language ===
{{Main|Telugu language}}

Telugu is a South-Central [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 BCE found at [[Bhattiprolu]] in [[Guntur district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2007-12-20 |title=Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Telugu-is-2400-years-old-says-ASI/article14898202.ece |access-date=2020-10-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, [[Guntupalle, West Godavari district|Guntupalli]] in [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] district and Gummadidurru and [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]] in [[Krishna district]]. The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE were found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district.<ref name=":0" />

===Literature===
{{Main|Telugu literature}}

Telugu has an unbroken and diverse [[Telugu literature|literary tradition]] of over a thousand years.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> The earliest Telugu literature dates to 11th century CE with [[Nannayya|Nannaya]]'s [[Andhra Mahabharatam]]. The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] king-poet [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref name=":17" />

=== Performing arts ===
[[File:A Kuchipudi dance by two Hindu girls.jpg|thumb|Two [[Kuchipudi]] dancers from Andhra Pradesh, 2011]]
[[Kuchipudi]], originating from the [[Kuchipudi, Krishna district|eponymous]] village in [[Krishna district]], is of the eight major [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dances]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bishnupriya Dutt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNaGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 |title=Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity |author2=Urmimala Sarkar Munsi |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-321-0612-8 |page=216}}</ref><ref name="village">{{cite news |title='Art has to be nurtured to sustain' |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/%E2%80%98Art-has-to-be-nurtured-to-sustain%E2%80%99/article16993784.ece |access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref> It is a dance-drama performance, with its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of [[Natya Shastra]].<ref name="Varadpande1982p133">{{cite book |author=Manohar Laxman Varadpande |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaF603WEv4IC |title=Krishna Theatre in India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1982 |isbn=978-81-7017-151-5 |pages=133}}</ref> It developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India.<ref name="lochtefeld376">{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA376 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=376–377}}</ref> Other Telugu [[performing arts]] include:
* [[Andhra Natyam]]
* Vilasini Natyam
* Nava Janardhanam
* [[Perini Sivatandavam]]
* [[Oggu Katha]]
* [[Burra katha|Burra Katha]]
* [[Tholu bommalata|Tholu Bommalata]]

=== Architecture ===

==== Amaravati School of Art ====
[[File:Amaravati Stupa relief at Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Amaravati Stupa]] relief at a museum (1st{{En dash}}2nd century CE)|left|202x202px]]
[[Amaravati art|Amaravati School of Art]] is an ancient Indian art style that evolved in the region of [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]] (then known as Dhānyakaṭaka) from 2nd century BCE to the end of the 3rd century CE.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Amarāvatī sculpture |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Amaravati-sculpture |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=V. D. |first=Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=Megasthenes+Andhras&pg=PA297 |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=[[S. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5253-132-5 |pages=294, 295 |language=en |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumari |first=Sabita |date=2012 |title=Representation of the Birth of the Buddha in Buddhist Art of Andhradesa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156202 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=163–168 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44156202}}</ref> It is also called the Andhra School or Vengi School.<ref name=":12" /> Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] style, and the [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandharan]] style.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&q=Andhra+style+of+sculpture |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 |publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-05991-7 |pages=154 |language=en |author-link=Pratapaditya Pal}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Jermsawatdi |first=Promsak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0O9je9dECH8C&dq=Amaravati+Schooli&pg=PA48 |title=Thai Art with Indian Influences |date=1979 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-090-7 |pages=48, 49 |language=en}}</ref> Amaravati school flourished under the local Sada rulers, Satavahanas, and [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Andhra Ikshvakus]] till 325{{En dash}}340 CE. [[Amaravati Stupa]] is the most famous monument of this style, and it was for some time "the greatest monument in Buddhist Asia",<ref>Harle, 35</ref> and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art".<ref>Harle, 34</ref> Apart from Amaravati, the style is also found in [[Nagarjunakonda]] and [[Chandavaram Buddhist site]].

Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school of sculpture had great influence on art in [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[South-East Asia]].<ref name=":13">{{Harvnb|Rowland|1967|p=210}}</ref><ref name=":03"/><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhuri |first=Sreyashi Ray |date=24 October 2022 |title=Impact of Amarāvatī on early schools of art of South-East Asia |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/essay/amaravati-art-study/d/doc1147549.html |access-date=27 March 2023 |website= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |language=en |via=Wisdom Library}}</ref> Buddha image in sculptures which later on became the prototype of images in different Buddhist countries was standardised here.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">Ramachandran, A. "Amaravati Buddhist Images in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia." ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 53, 1992, pp. 686–91. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|44142888}}. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023.</ref> The Amaravati style of Buddha image retained its popularity in Sri Lanka till the 12th century.<ref name=":32" />

==== Kakatiya architecture ====
{{Main|Kakatiya architecture}}

[[File:Master piece of ramappa temple.jpg|thumb|[[Ramappa Temple|Ramappa temple]] (1213{{En dash}}1253 CE), a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kakatiya Rudreswara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1570/ |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>|215x215px]]
Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.<ref name="auto1"/> It is a fusion of [[Dravidian architecture]] and [[Bhumija|Nagara Bhumija]] styles in which [[Sand box (civil engineering)|sandbox technology]] is used to construct [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]]—horizontal stepped tower. Most notable examples are the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] in [[Hanamkonda]], [[Ramappa Temple]] in Palampet, and [[Kota Gullu]] in [[Ghanpur, Mulugu district|Ghanpur]].<ref name="Reddy2"/> Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] located in [[Mulugu]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=25 July 2021 |title=Telangana's Ramappa Temple inscribed as a World Heritage Site |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telanganas-ramappa-temple-inscribed-as-a-world-heritage-site/article35522471.ece |access-date=2021-07-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Telugu cinema}}
[[Telugu cinema]] is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office as well as admissions.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Kohli-Khandekar |first=Vanita |date=2022-02-04 |title=Rise of the South: Telugu cinema sets Indian box office on fire |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/entertainment/rise-of-the-south-telugu-cinema-sets-indian-box-office-on-fire-122020400061_1.html#:~:text=Telugu%20cinema%20has%20zoomed%20through,2021%20after%20Tanhaji%20(Hindi). |access-date=2022-10-11}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name="mint" /> The industry has produced some of India's [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive]] and [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing films]] of all time over the years.

===Clothing===
* '''Masculine'''
# Uttareeyam ([[Uttariya]]) or Pai Pancha ([[Angvastra]]m or veil)
# Pancha ([[Dhoti]])
# Jubba ([[Kurta]]) The top portion
# [[Lungi]] (Casual dress)
* '''Feminine'''
# [[Langa voni]] (Half [[sari]])
# [[sari|Cheera]] (sari)

===Festivals===
{{See also|List of festivals in Andhra Pradesh}}
Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include:
* [[Makar Sankranti|Bhogi, Makara Sankranti, Kanuma]] in January. (The exact date may vary as per the [[Hindu calendar]].)
* [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Sivaratri]] in February/March. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Ugadi]] or the Telugu New Year in March/April. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Sri Rama Navami]] celebrated in March/April, 9 days after Ugadi. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Bonalu]] celebrated in [[Ashada masam]] (July/August). (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Hanuman Jayanti]] in March/May/June. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi|Vaikunta Ekadasi]] in December /January. (The exact date may vary as per Hindu calendar.)
* [[Varalakshmi Vratam]] in August. (The exact date may vary as per Hindu calendar.)
* [[Krishna Janmashtami]] in August. (The exact date may vary as per Hindu calendar.)
* [[Vinayaka Chaviti]] in August. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Bathukamma]] celebrated for nine days during [[Navaratri|Durga Navaratri]].
* [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] in September/October. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Atla Tadde]] 3rd day in bright half of [[Ashviyuja]] month (falls in September/October in Gregorian calendar). However, the exact date may vary according to the Hindu calendar.
* [[Deepavali]] (date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Nagula Chavithi]] is in October/November. (The exact date may vary as per the Hindu calendar.)
* [[Christmas]], [[Easter]], [[Ramadan|Ramzan]], [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Muharram]], [[Vesak]] are among the minorities.

=== Sport ===
{{See also|Traditional games of Andhra Pradesh}}

==Population==

===Castes and communities===
{{Main|List of Telugu castes}}

The Telugu people are subdivided into several castes and communities. Some of them include:
[[Velama|Yadav]],
[[Reddy]],
[[ Vishwakarma/ Vishwabrahmana]],
[[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]]/[[Balija]],
[[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]],
[[Telugu Brahmin|Brahmin]],
[[Raju]],
[[Komati (caste)|Komati]],
[[Boya (caste)|Boya]],
[[Devanga]],
[[Padmasali]],
[[Bhatraju]],
[[Golla (caste)|velama]],
[[Goud]],
[[Mala (caste)|Mala]],
[[Madiga]],
[[Jangam]],
[[Kuruba]],
[[Relli (caste)|Relli]] and
[[Vaddera]]

===Distribution===

Telugu is the third most common language in India, right behind Bengali. Telugu is predominantly spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, although it's also the official language of several other states like [[Andaman and Nicobar]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Orissa]], [[Kharagpur]] of West Bengal, [[Bellary]] Of Karnataka, Where also [[Bellary]] City has the highest density of Telugu speakers in the state of Karnataka and also the city to have highest number of Telugu speakers outside [[Telugu States]] with nearly 30.03% of population being Telugu Speakers. It is a part of the Dravidian language family, which has been around for about 2000 years. Outside [[Telugu states]] the largest number of Telugu speakers are found in Karnataka (3.7 million) and Tamil Nadu, making them the second largest language groups in those neighbouring states.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Kannadigas-outnumber-Malayalis-21-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/2952062.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113162926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-15/chennai/27759074_1_telugus-punjabis-bengalis |url-status=live |archive-date=2011-11-13 |title=Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu |date=2008-04-15 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2018-03-06}}</ref> In Karnataka, Telugu people are predominantly found in the border districts with majority in [[Bengaluru]] city and [[Bellary]] city. In [[Maharashtra]], the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by 0.7 million in [[Odisha|Orissa]]. Other states with significant populations include [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Gujarat]] with 200,000, 150,000 and 100,000 respectively.<ref name="toi" />

Members of the overseas [[Telugu diaspora]] are spread across countries like [[Telugu Americans|United States]], [[Indian Australians|Australia]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]], [[New Zealand]] in the [[Anglosphere]]; [[Malaysian Telugu|Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[Bangladesh]], [[South Africa]]; [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]] in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Arabian Gulf]].<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=S. Irudaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281 |title=India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East: Policies, Politics and Challenges |last2=Saxena |first2=Prem |date=2019-10-10 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-13-9224-5 |language=en |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013130925/https://books.google.com/books?id=jm21DwAAQBAJ&dq=telugu+people+gulf&pg=PA281 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=Citizens without soil: The untold story of Bangladesh’s Telugu community |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/citizens-without-soil-untold-story-bangladeshs-telugu-community-1379326 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Telugu speakers number more than 1,000,000 in the [[United States]], with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey, Texas, and California.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avadhuta |first=Mahesh |date=2017-12-14 |title=Telugu language scores big in the US |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/141217/telugu-language-scores-big-in-us.html |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> There are around 500,000 [[Malaysian Telugu|Telugu people in Malaysia]],<ref>{{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 69 : Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990 | first = Adapa | last = Satyanarayana | year = 2008 | publisher = Indian History Congress}}</ref> and 200,000 in [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-04 |title='Telugu population dwindling in Myanmar' |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/telugu-population-dwindling-in-myanmar/article22926312.ece |access-date=2023-03-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Notable Telugu people==
{{main|List of Telugu people}}

==See also==
* [[Telugu states]]
* [[List of people from Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of people from Telangana]]
* [[Telugu development]]
* [[Telugu cuisine]]
* [[Telugu cinema]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rowland|given=Benjamin|year=1967|title=The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Penguin_Books#Pelican_History_of_Art|Pelican History of Art, Penguin]]|isbn=0140561021}}
{{Refend}}

* Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Telangana}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telugu People}}
[[Category:Telugu people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Telugus|*]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kerala]]

Inderjit Singh Gill

2026-03-19T06:54:03Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: reworked structure based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian general officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
|name = I S Gill
|honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Military Cross|MC]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|01|16}}{{sfn|S. Muthiah|2008|page=4}}<ref name="FBH">{{cite web|url=http://faujibyheart.blogspot.com/2011/08/lt-general-inderjit-singh-gill-pvsm-mc.html|access-date=14 September 2018|title=Lt. General Inderjit Singh Gill - PVSM, MC|date=27 August 2011}}</ref>
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2001|05|30|1922|01|16}}<ref name="RMS">{{cite web|url=http://reportmysignal.blogspot.com/2008/02/remembering-lt-gen-inderjit-gill-pvsm.html|title=Remembering Lt Gen Inderjit Singh Gill, PVSM, MC|date=26 February 2008|access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="interview">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/A-soldier-first/article15376124.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|first=Sangeeta|last=Barooah Pisharoty|access-date=14 September 2018|title=Soldier First|date=24 March 2008}}</ref>
|death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|allegiance = {{flagu|Britain}} {{flagu|British India}} {{flagu|India}}
|branch = {{army|Britain}} {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
|servicenumber = 229329 (British Army)<ref name="London_Gazette"/> {{nobr|IC-1641 (Br. Indian/Indian Army){{sfn|S. Muthiah|2008|page=90}}}}
|serviceyears = 1941–1979<ref name="TNSI">{{cite web|url=https://southwestsun.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/april-20_2008_moushumi.pdf| newspaper=The New Indian Express (The New Sunday Express)|last=Padmanabhan|first=Sundararajan| access-date=14 September 2018| title=Soldier's soldier brought to life}}</ref>
|unit = {{plainlist|
*[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
*[[Royal Engineers]]}}
|rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
|commands = {{plainlist|
* [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
* [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50 (I) Parachute Brigade]]{{sfn|S. Muthiah|2008|page=143}}
* [[71 Mountain Brigade]]{{sfn|S. Muthiah|2008|page=143}}
* [[Parachute Regiment (India)|1 Para]]<ref name="FBH" />
* [[Ladakh Scouts|14 J&K Militia]]{{sfn|S. Muthiah|2008|page=95}}
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|10 J&K Militia]]{{sfn|S. Muthiah|2008|page=95}}
}}
|battles = {{plainlist|
*[[Operation Harling]]
*[[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
}}
|awards = {{plainlist|
*[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[Military Cross]]
}}
}}

[[Lieutenant General]] '''Inderjit Singh Gill''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Military Cross|MC]] (16 January 1922 – 30 May 2001)<ref name="RMS" /> was a [[general officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]. He was the officiating Director of Military Operations (DMO)<ref name="FBH" /> of the [[Indian Army]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. He retired in 1979 after serving as the [[Western Command (India)|Western Army Commander]].

== Early life ==
Gill was born in 1922 in a [[Jat]] Sikh family of [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Gurdial Singh Gill of the [[Indian Medical Service]] and his Scottish wife, Rena Lister.<ref name="Madras">{{cite web|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2024%20No%2013/madras-landmarks.html|title=Madras Landmarks|access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> Having done his schooling in India, he was studying engineering at the [[University of Edinburgh]] when the [[World War II|second world war]] broke out, and in 1941 he dropped out to enlist in the [[Black Watch]].<ref name="FBH"/>

== Military career ==
===World War II===
He was commissioned into the [[Royal Engineers|Corps of Royal Engineers]] as a [[Second Lieutenant]] on 5 April 1942. He was promoted to Lieutenant on 5 October 1942.

The British [[Special Operations Executive]] planned [[Operation Animals]] to deceive the Axis Powers into believing that Greece was the target of an Allied amphibious landing, instead of Sicily. Gill served in this operation, for which he was awarded the [[Military Cross]] in the [[London Gazette]] on 3 February 1944 as a Lieutenant (acting Captain). His citation (which was not made public) read: {{quote|''"Capt. Gill proceeded in mufti with Maj. Barker on a reconnaissance of the railway on the South edge of the Thessaly Plain between 14 and 18 June. This reconnaissance necessitated a night journey across the Plain on horseback, and, due to enemy patrolling, for the reconnaissance to be carried out in mufti. Four days later he returned with explosives and one Andarti assistant and successfully demolished a bridge to the south of Proerna. During the reconnaissance and during the actual operation he showed the greatest coolness and courage and complete disregard for personal danger. Due to the proximity of German patrols on the railway, he was at all times in grave risk of being discovered. The successful achievement of this operation was entirely due to his personal gallantry.''

''During the past three months Capt. Gill's work has been of the very highest order. He has consistently worked unsparingly and his work has been an inspiration to the Andartis with him."''

(TNA WO 373/46, 20 September 1943. A note at the bottom said: ''Should this award be approved, it is requested that no details should be made public or communicated to the press)''<ref name="sabotage">{{cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Bernard |title=Sabotage in Greece |year=2014 |page=234 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-291-85407-7}}</ref>}}

He was also [[Mentioned in Dispatches|mentioned in dispatches]] in the London Gazette of 6 April 1944 for services in the Middle East.

===Post-Independence===
Just prior to [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]], Gill relinquished his British commission and joined the Indian Army.<ref name="LonGaz">London Gazette 21/11/1989, page 13429 - Corps of Royal Engineers - Emergency Commn - Lt. I. S. GILL, M.C. (229329) relinquishes his commn., 6 May 1947 on appt. to Indian Army (Substituted for the notifn{{?}}. in Gazette (Supplement) dated 27 January 1950).</ref> On 7 May 1947, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the British Indian Army (seniority from 5 July 1944) and with seniority in his former rank of second lieutenant from 5 January 1943.<ref name="Indian_Army"/> He was promoted to [[captain (armed forces)|captain]] in the newly re-designated Indian Army on 5 January 1949.<ref name="captain">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=73 |date=9 April 1955 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

Gill attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]] in 1954. In 1955, he took over command of the 1st battalion [[Parachute Regiment (India)|The Parachute regiment]] (1 Para), and was promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] on 5 January 1956.<ref name="major">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=33 |date=9 February 1957 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> After Brigade and Division level commands, he was appointed the Director Military Training (DMT). He was the officiating Director Military Operations (DMO) during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].{{fact|date=December 2021}}

Gill was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] as a [[Major General]] in 1967 and was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1972<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> for his role as the officiating Director of Military Operations in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Indo-Pak War]].<ref name="BusStd">{{cite news|title=Tales of an Officer and a Gentleman |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/tales-of-an-officer-and-a-gentleman-108022201069_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=5 February 2013 |first=Sreya |last=Ray |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

After the war, Gill was promoted to lieutenant-general on 1 April 1974.<ref name="lt_gen"/> He commanded a Corps in the [[Eastern Command (India)|eastern theater]]. Upon promotion to Army Commander, he served as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], and retired on 1 June 1979.<ref name="TNSI" />

== Post-retirement ==
Upon retirement, Gill chose to reside in Chennai, where he was a trustee of various institutions set up by his father. He died on 30 May 2001.<ref name="RMS" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/10/stories/13100466.htm| first=Subbiah |last=Mutthiah| access-date=14 September 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-06-10|title=A place in fiction}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg|35px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Army]] || 5 April 1942 (emergency)<ref name="London_Gazette">{{London Gazette |issue=35533|date=21 April 1942 |page=1800|supp=y}}</ref><ref name="British_Army_List_46">{{cite book|pages=638q|title=The Quarterly Army List (Part I) December 1946|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1946}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Army || 5 October 1942 (war-substantive)<ref name="British_Army_List_46"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-2.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Army || 21 March 1945 (temporary)<ref name="British_Army_List_46"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || Lieutenant || [[British Indian Army]] || 7 May 1947 (seniority from 5 July 1944)<ref name="Indian_Army">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=44 |date=26 January 1955 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref name="2lt" group="note">With seniority as a second lieutenant from 5 January 1943.</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|35px]] || Lieutenant || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-2.svg|35px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 5 January 1949<ref name="captain"/><ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 5 January 1956<ref name="major"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 5 January 1959
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 25 November 1965<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=465 |date=10 June 1967 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 27 August 1964 (acting)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=404 |date=3 October 1964 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 1 May 1967 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=98 |date=10 February 1968 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 2 June 1969 (substantive)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=987 |date=27 September 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 22 October 1973 (acting)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=235 |date=23 February 1974 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 1 April 1974 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=353 |date=15 March 1975 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|title=Born to Dare: The Life of Lt. Gen. Inderjit Singh Gill, PVSM, MC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHFjLQAACAAJ |publisher=Penguin |author=S. Muthiah |authorlink=S. Muthiah |year=2008 |isbn=9780670081882}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Inderjit Singh}}
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Indian recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:British emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]

Reshma (Malayalam actress)

2026-03-15T04:09:37Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: added basic page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian actress (disappeared in 2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reshma
| birth_name = Asma Bhanu
| title =
| birth_date =
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| known_for =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1996–2005
}}

'''Reshma''' (born '''Asma Bhanu''') is a former Indian film actress from [[Karnataka]], known for her work in South Indian B-grade or [[Softcore pornography|softcore porn]] films, particularly in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam language]]. She was one of the most sought-after erotic actresses in the South Indian softcore porn industry during her career, and was a key figure in the [[Malayalam softcore pornography|Malayalam softcore film]] in the early 2000s. Reshma also appeared in a few mainstream Kannada films. Her career ended between 2003 and 2005, due to the rapid surge of the internet in India among other reasons. Reshma disappeared in 2008 and is reportedly living in Karnataka with her family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=ഷക്കീലയ്ക്കും മറിയയ്ക്കുമൊപ്പം തരംഗം സൃഷ്ടിച്ച രേഷ്മ ഇന്ന് എവിടെ ? സിനിമ ജീവിതം യഥാര്‍ഥ ജീവിതത്തിലേക്കും പകര്‍ത്തിയപ്പോള്‍ സംഭവിച്ചത്... |url=https://www.rashtradeepika.com/reshma-3/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=RashtraDeepika |language=en-US |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426110641/https://www.rashtradeepika.com/reshma-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
A native of [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], Reshma began her acting career with the Kannada film ''Asai Noor''. In the late '90s, [[Softcore pornography|soft-porn]] or B-grade films started appearing in the Malayalam film industry. It was during this time that Reshma's dubbed film ''Mayoori'' (2000) was released in [[Kerala]] in [[Malayalam]]. Reshma made her Malayalam debut with the role of Damayanthi in the film ''Kaumaram'', directed by A. T. Joy. She then played the titular role in A. T. Joy's movie ''Lovely'', which was commercially successful and marked her breakthrough in Malayalam cinema. Following this success, she starred in another film titled ''Nalam Simham'', whose title was similar to the Malayalam film [[Narasimham (film)|''Narasimham'']], starring [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ബി ഗ്രേഡ് സിനിമയിലെ വിപ്ലവ നായിക രേഷ്മ ഇപ്പോൾ ഇവിടെയുണ്ട്! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/b-grade-movie-heroine-reshma-smiled-painfully-even-when-she-was-raided-and-caught-for-immorality/articleshow/95422086.cms |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129135901/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/b-grade-movie-heroine-reshma-smiled-painfully-even-when-she-was-raided-and-caught-for-immorality/articleshow/95422086.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Reshma tried to change the direction of her career by playing a non-glamorous character in Natar Raghu's film ''Love Letter''. However, the film stalled midway. Following this, she returned to her previous path. In 2002, she acted in the films ''Nirappakittu'' and ''Asura Yugam''. Reshma soon faced a sudden downfall in her career due to the rapid internet surge in India, which led to a decrease in the sale of B-grade movie [[Compact disc|CDs]]. This was a major setback for the entire South Indian soft porn industry, and many B-grade actresses, including Reshma, were forced to leave the industry in 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Rise of Soft Porn in Malayalam Cinema and the Precarious Stardom of Shakeela |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/fmh/article-abstract/5/2/49/109555/The-Rise-of-Soft-Porn-in-Malayalam-Cinema-and-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=22 September 2023 |journal=Feminist Media Histories | date=2019 | doi=10.1525/fmh.2019.5.2.49 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322010755/https://online.ucpress.edu/fmh/article-abstract/5/2/49/109555/The-Rise-of-Soft-Porn-in-Malayalam-Cinema-and-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live | last1=Mini | first1=Darshana Sreedhar | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=49–82 | s2cid=181897151 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!'''Ref.'''
|-
| 1999
|''Bas Karo Tum''
|
|
|-
| 2000
| ''Bali Umar''
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="10" |2001
|-
| ''Kinavu Pole''
| Shibani
|
|-
|''Layathalangal''
|
|
|-
| ''Aalilathoni''
|
|
|-
| ''Thirunelliyile Penkutty''
| Pallavi
|
|-
|''Louli''
|
|
|-
| ''Tharunnyam''
|
|
|-
| ''Lasyam''
|
|
|-
| ''Naalaam Simham''
|
|
|-
|''Mohanayanangal''
| Sicily
|
|-
| rowspan="18" |2002
|-
|''Qatil Dilruba''
|
|
|-
| ''Sugandhavally''
|
|
|-
| ''Premasallapam''
|
|
|-
| ''Mohaswapnam''
|
|
|-
| ''Doctor Prema''
|
|
|-
| ''Asurayugam''
|
|
|-
| ''Apsara''
|
|
|-
| ''Adenthottam''
| Reetha
|
|-
| ''Aalolam Kili''
| Aishwarya
|
|-
| ''Nisagandhi''
|
|
|-
| ''Nakhachithrangal''
| Nancy Fernandez
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakhachithrangal was Directed by A.T Joy |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3h9rro |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=www.dailymotion.com|date=30 October 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Madhuram''
|
|
|-
| ''Diana''
| Reshma
|
|-
| ''Sneha''
| Sneha
|
|-
|'' Yamam''
| Greeshma
|
|-
|'' Kiske Liye Yeh Jawani''
|
|
|-
| ''Soundharyalahari''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| ''Vivadam''
| Suma
|
|-
| ''Sundarikutty''
|
|
|}

==Popularity and legacy==
Within a few years of Reshma's entry into the softcore porn industry, the fame of [[Shakeela]], the popular softcore porn actress of that time, declined. Even though Reshma completely left the industry in 2005, her videos remain a significant source of revenue for porn websites in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newskairali |date=23 September 2017 |title=രേഷ്മക്ക് എന്ത് സംഭവിച്ചു? ഇപ്പോളെവിടെയാണ്? അറിയാമെന്ന് ഷക്കീല |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2017/09/23/134194.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live |language=ml |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921202141/https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2017/09/23/134194.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to film scholar Darshana Sreedhar Mini, "Reshma was more daring with her co-stars and more camera-friendly. She reportedly received around ₹5 lakhs per film during 1998-99. The remuneration was very high even by today's standards. But Reshma was riding high on a boom that was propelling the South Indian (especially Malayalam) porn industry at that time."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mini |first=Darshana Sreedhar |date=2016 |title=The Spectral Duration of Malayalam Soft-porn: Disappearance, Desire, and Haunting |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974927616667971 |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1177/0974927616667971 |s2cid=193768554 |issn=0974-9276 |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227041329/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974927616667971 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to film analyst Sunil Mannannur, "Reshma is an actress who entered the privacy of [[Malayali|Malayalees]] and enlivened their days and nights. She had the reputation of being the most beautiful B-grade actress from South India and the title of 'lucky star,' as most of the films she acted in became super hits. Even when many [[superstar]] films failed at the box office, Reshma's B-grade films were money-spinners. Today's audiences have forgotten Reshma, apart from enjoying her movies. No one thinks about where she is, what she is doing, or how she is living. There is no need to think about it now, because there are porn stars ahead of Reshma at our fingertips today. Not only Reshma but other actresses of that time, who sent the audience into a frenzy, went into oblivion when the audience wandered in search of differences."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannanur |first=Sunil |date=4 November 2019 |title=ബി ഗ്രേഡ്‌ സിനിമകളും ചില കാണാക്കാഴ്ചകളും– Part 2 {{!}} PravasiExpress |url=https://www.pravasiexpress.com/behind-b-grade-movies-detailed-study-part-2/ |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Disappearance==
In December 2007, the [[Kerala Police|police]] took Reshma, along with two other women and two agents, into custody from a hotel in [[Kochi]], allegedly for sex work. The police allegedly denied Reshma the right to be accompanied by a woman police officer during questioning. The businessmen or clients who were rounded up in the police raid were allegedly let off immediately. A policeman took her phone, started recording his interrogation on it, and threatened her. The video was later leaked.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Sadhu |date=15 August 2022 |title=Reshma:ഒരു കാലത്ത് യുവാക്കളുടെ ഹരമായിരുന്ന മാദകറാണി രേഷ്മയ്ക്ക് സംഭവിച്ചതെന്ത്? രേഷ്മ ഇപ്പോള്‍ എവിടെ? » Breaking Kerala |url=https://breakingkerala.com/what-happened-to-pornstar-reshma-who-was-once-the-charm-of-youth-where-is-reshma-now/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Breaking Kerala |language=en-US |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827162405/https://breakingkerala.com/what-happened-to-pornstar-reshma-who-was-once-the-charm-of-youth-where-is-reshma-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Reshma was charged under various sections of the IPC but was later granted bail. After this incident, she disappeared a year later, reportedly moving to a different city. In 2017, the actress [[Shakeela]] claimed during an interview that she has contact with Reshma and revealed that she is living discreetly in a small town in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottoor |first=Asim |date=16 November 2017 |title=ഷക്കീല,രേഷ്മ,മറിയ: ഇവര്‍ ഇന്നെവിടെയാണ്? |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2017/11/16/shakkeela-reshma-and-maria-investigation-report/ |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=East Coast Movies & Entertainments News |language=ml |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922174935/https://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/2017/11/16/shakkeela-reshma-and-maria-investigation-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shakeela]]
* [[Silk Smitha]]
* [[Malayalam softcore pornography]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1332584|name=Reshma}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reshma (B-grade actress)}}
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Missing Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Pornography in India]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mysore]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 2010

2026-03-07T07:24:02Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Made A Bio!

{{Short description|None}}
{{moresources|date=September 2022}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

This is a list of films produced by [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in 2010.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/decades.aspx?decade=2010-2011&lang=3&GotoYear=2010
|title=gomolo.in: Yearwise search result
|publisher=www.gomolo.in
|access-date=2011-01-01
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605165440/http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/decades.aspx?decade=2010-2011&lang=3&GotoYear=2010
|archive-date=2011-06-05
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.upperstall.com/node/19234/year/2010/0/Bengali
|title=List of Fims
|date=11 January 2017
|publisher=www.upperstall.com
}}
</ref>

==A-Z of films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0" width= "100%"
|+
|-
! width=21% | Title
! width=16% | Director
! width=22% | Cast
! width=13% | Genre
! width=10% | Notes
|-
|''[[033]]''|| [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || [[Swastika Mukherjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Aahuti (2010 film)|Aahuti]]''|| Jagannath Chattopadhyay || Arun Bandyopadhyay, [[Biplab Chatterjee]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''Aarohan''|| Pinaki Choudhury || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sandhya Roy]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Abohomaan]]''|| [[Rituparno Ghosh]] || [[Deepankar De]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Achin Pakhi]]''|| [[Anjan Das]] || Subrat Dutt, [[Manali Dey]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Aleyaa]]''|| Manas Basu || Amitava Bhattacharya, Sakuntala Barua || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Amanush (2010 film)|Amanush]]''|| Rajib Biswas || Soham Chakrabarty (Bittu), [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] (Biswas) ||[[Romantic film|Romance]], thriller||
|-
|''[[Amar Sathi]]''|| Gobindadeb Krishna Haldar || Karan, Pamela, [[Dipankar De]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Antar Dahon]]''|| Dr. Pramod Pandey || Oishani, Pramod || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Antim Swash Sundar]]''|| Kris Alin || Subrat Dutt, [[Indrani Halder]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]''|| [[Kaushik Ganguly]] || [[Rituparno Ghosh]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Raima Sen]]||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]''|| [[Srijit Mukherji]] || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Nandana Sen]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Sohini Paul]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Banshiwala]]''|| Anjan Das || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Indrani Haldar]], [[Shayan Munshi]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Besh Korechhi Prem Korechhi]]''|| Narayan Ray || Sayak, Swarna Kamal Dutta || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Bhoot (2010 film)|Bhoot]]''|| Sanghamitra Chowdhury || Arpita Mukherjee, Drron Mukherjee || [[Horror film|Horror]] ||
|-
|''[[Bodhisattva (film)|Bodhisattva]]''||[[San Banarje]]||[[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Trisha Ray]]||[[Drama film|Drama]]||
|-
|''[[Bolidaan]]''|| Tutul Banerjee || Deba, Rikta || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]]''|| Sujit Mondol || [[Dev (Bengali actor)]], [[Koyel Mullick]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Bondhu Eso Tumi]]''|| Parthasarathi Joarddar || Sujoy Ghosh, Tanusree || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Bondhu Tomar]]''|| Arup Kumar Dey || Manoj, Sudipta || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (2010 film)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''|| [[Anjan Dutt]] ||[[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Detective film|Detective]] ||
|-
|''[[Bor Bou Khela]]''|| Jagannath Guha || Rahul, [[Priyanka Sarkar]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''Clerk''|| Subhadro Choudhury || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] || [[Fantasy film|Fantasy]] ||
|-
|''[[Didibhai]]''|| Tutul Banerjee || Deba, Piu || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]''|| [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)]], [[Koyel Mullick]], [[Jeet (actor)]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Ei Mon Tomake Dilam]]''|| Tapas Dutta || Ishan, Nabomita || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''Ekbar Bolo Bhalobashi''|| Rajsekhar Bose || Samrat Chakrabarti, Moubani Sarkar || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Eka Eka]]''|| Tapas Majumdar || - || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Ekti Tarar Khonje]]''|| [[Abhik Mukhopadhyay]] || [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Shayan Munshi]], [[Arpita Pal]] (Chatterjee) || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Ek Tukro Chand]]''|| Pinaki Chowdhury || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Soham Chakraborty]] (Bittu) || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Gaj Ukiler Hatya Rahasya]]''|| Kingshuk Dey || Premangshu, Abiskar || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|-
|''[[Game (2010 Bengali film)|Game]]''|| Sudipto Ghatak, Ajay Singh || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Victor Banerjee]] || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|-
|''[[Gandu (film)|Gandu]]''|| Quashiq mukherjee || Anubrata, Joyraj, Kamalika, Shilajit, Rii || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Ganyer Meye Sovona]]''|| Amit Chakraborty || Bhaskar Bandyopadhyay, Mitali Chakraborty || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Ghar Sansar (2010 film)|Ghar Sansar]]''|| [[Swapan Saha]] || Arindam Ganguly, Anjana Bose || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]''|| [[Sandip Ray]] || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], Saheb Bhattacharya, Bibhu Chakraborty || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|-
|''[[Gudly]]''|| Arabinda Ghosh || [[Chiranjeet]], Sumitra Mukhopadhyay || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|-
|''[[Handa and Bhonda]]''|| Subhankar Chattopadhyay || [[Supriya Devi]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] || [[Children film|Children]] ||
|-
|''[[Hangover (2010 film)|Hangover]]''|| [[Prabhat Roy]] || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Hing Ting Chhot]]''|| Anasua Roy Chowdhury || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]], [[Rajatava Dutta]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[The Japanese Wife]]'' || [[Aparna Sen]] || [[Rahul Bose]], [[Chigusa Takaku]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Je Aachho Antarey Antarbaas]]''|| Late Suhasis Chatterjee || [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], Lily Chakraborty, [[Chiranjeet]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Jodi Ekdin (2010)|Jodi Ekdin]]''|| [[Riingo Banerjee]] || [[Indraneil Sengupta]], Priyanka Sarkar, [[Saheb Chatterjee]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Jor Jar Muluk Tar]]''|| [[Haranath Chakraborty]] || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]''|| [[Rabi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] (Biswas), [[Tapas Paul]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Jai Baba Bholenath]]''|| Babu Ray || [[Jackie Shroff]], Abhishek Chatterjee || [[Religious film|Religious]] ||
|-
|''[[Kachhe Achho Tumi]]''|| Pallab Ghosh || [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Kakhano Biday Bolona]]''|| S.K. Murlidharan || [[Jisshu Sengupta]], Malabika || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Kellafate]]''|| [[Pijus Saha]] || [[Ankush Hazra]], Rupasree || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Keno Mon Take Chay]]''|| Milan Bhowmik || Raaj, [[Rimjhim Mitra]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Kicchu Chaoa Kicchu Paoaa]]''|| Shankar Roy || Soham Chakraborty (Bittu), Swarnakamal Dutta, [[Biplab Chatterjee]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Kings of Devon]]''||Rahsaan Islam||[[Rahsaan Islam]], Bakhtiar Hafeez||Dark comedy||
|-
|''[[Laboratory (film)|Laboratory]]''|| [[Raja Sen]] || [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]||[[Drama film|Drama]]||
|-
|''[[Lajja (2010 film)|Lajja]]''|| Dayal Acharya || Joy, Moubani Sarkar || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Le Chakka]]''|| [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Dev (Bengali actor)]], [[Payel Sarkar]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Love Circus]]''|| Dulal Bhowmik || Rahul, [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''Love Connection''|| Biresh Chattopadhyay || Sunny, [[Ridhima Ghosh]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Lukochuri]]''|| Bijoy || [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
|''[[Maa (2010 film)|Maa]]''|| Shiladtya Moulik || Gautam Mukherjee, Samaresh Basu || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Maati-O-Manush]]''|| Sisir Sahana || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], Rimjhim Gupta, [[Tapas Paul]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Maha Sati Sabitri]]''|| Arup Dasgupta || [[Rachana Banerjee]], Bodhisattwa Majumdar || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Mahanagari]]''|| Kanoj Das || Firdous Ahmed, Rimjhim Gupta || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Mahanagar@Kolkata]]''|| [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]] || [[Rituparna Sengupta]], Firdous Ahmed || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Mama Square]]''|| Sanat Dutta || [[Tapas Paul]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Maryada (2010 film)|Maryada]]''|| Tanmoy Sengupta || [[Anjan Dutt]], Chandan Roy Sanyal, [[Rituparna Sengupta]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Megh Brishti Alo]]''|| Babla Bagchi || Sudhin Halder, Saptamita || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Mela (2010 film)|Mela]]''|| Dhananjay Mandal || [[Rudranil Ghosh]], Mouli Bhattacharya || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Mon Amar Shudhu Tomar]]''|| Raj Mukherjee || Sujoy, Priyadarshini || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Mon Chay Tomay]]''|| Prabir Kar || Kamalesh, Moubani Sarkar || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Mon Je Kore Uru Uru]]''|| Sujit Guha || [[Hiran Chatterjee]], [[Koyel Mallick]] || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''Mon Niye''|| [[Swapan Saha]] || Rishi, Subhra Kundu || [[Romantic film|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Moner Manush (film)|Moner Manush]]''|| [[Goutam Ghose]] || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Chanchal Chowdhury]], [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Paoli Dam]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Musalmanir Galpo]]''|| Pranab Choudhury || Sudip Mukherjee, [[Mumtaz Sorcar]], [[Biplab Chatterjee]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Notobor Notout]]''|| Amit Sen || [[Raima Sen]], Mustofa Prokash, [[Ramaprasad Banik]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
|''[[Ogo Bodhu Sundari (2010 film)|Ogo Bodhu Sundari]]''|| Sunando Mitra || [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sreelekha Mitra]] || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
|''[[Pahari Moyna]]''|| Ramnath Roy || Subrata Sarkar, Suhasini Bagchi || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Poth Jodi Na Shesh Hoy]]''|| [[Swapan Saha]] || Hrishi, Vaaniya || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Pratidwandi]]''|| Anup Sengupta || Rahul, Priyanka || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
|''[[Prem by Chance]]''|| Abhijit Guha, [[Sudeshna Roy]] || [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Koyel Mullick]], [[Dipankar De]] || [[Romance (love)|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Preyashi]]''|| Purnendu Halder || Samrat, [[Paoli Dam]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Rehmat Ali]]''|| Partho Ghosh || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Rose Craze Rose]]''|| Arabinda Ghosh || [[Chiranjeet]], Sanjib Dasgupta || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Sara Raat]]''|| Ranjitmul Kankaria || Avik Banerjee, Shinjini || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''Sathi Tumi Aamar''||N. Padhi||Siddhanta Manmohan Mahapatra, Payel Banerjee, Sonali||Action||
|-
|''Sati Behula''||Manoj Kumar||[[Hema Malini]], [[Bhagyashree]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]||Devotional||
|-
|''[[Sesh Prohor]]''|| Rajsekhar Bose || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], Suman Banerjee || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]''|| Sujit Mondol || [[Dev (Bengali actor)]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Paul]] || [[Romance (love)|Romance]] ||
|-
|''[[Shono Mon Boli Tomaay]]''|| Prodip Saha || Rahul, [[Paran Bandopadhyay|Paran Bandyopadhyay]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Shukno Lanka]]''|| [[Gaurav Pandey]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Simanto Periye]]''|| Somnath Sen || Abhishek Chatterjee, [[Biplab Chatterjee]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Smriti Katha Bole]]''|| Partha Mukherjee || Debjani, Sanjib Dasgupta || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Soldier (2010 film)|Soldier]]''|| Dulal Bhowmik || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], Soham Chakraborty (Bittu) || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Sthaniyo Sangbad]]''|| Moinak Biswas, Arjun Gourisaria || [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]], [[Bratya Basu]], [[Manali Dey]], Anirban Datta || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Swayamsiddha]]''|| Sudhanshu Mohan Sahu || Yuktta, Siddhanta || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Tara (2010 film)|Tara]]''|| [[Bratya Basu]] || [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]], [[Joy Mukherjee]], [[Dipankar De]], [[Paoli Dam]]||[[Drama film|Drama]]||
|-
|''[[Target (2010 film)|Target]]''|| Raja Chanda || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sayantika Banerjee]], Joy || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Thana Theke Aschi]]''|| Saron Dutta || [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Thikana Rajpath]]''|| Konoj Das || [[Debashree Roy]], [[Indrani Halder]], Firdous Ahmed || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[U Turn (2010 film)|U Turn]]''|| Animesh Roy || Indrajit Chakraborty, [[Soumili Biswas]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]''|| [[Rabi Kinagi]] || [[Jeet (actor)]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]], [[Aritra Dutta Banik]] || [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.upperstall.com/node/19234/year/2010/0/Bengali 2010 films in Upperstall]

{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{2010 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|2010]]
[[Category:Lists of 2010 films by language]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2010 Bengali-language films| ]]

Thulli Vilayadu

2026-03-06T21:39:14Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Vincent Selva}}
{{More plot|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thulli Vilayadu
| image = Thulli Vilayadu.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vincent Selva]]
| producer = D. Govindaraj
| writer = '''Screenplay & Dialogues:''' [[Kishore Tirumala|Thirumalai Kishore]] Sasidharan
| story = Vincent Selva
| based_on =
| starring = Yuvaraj [[Deepthi Nambiar]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] [[Sendrayan]]
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06|28}}
| cinematography = S. K. Boopathy
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = RB Studios
| distributor =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thulli Vilayadu''''' is a 2013 Tamil-language comedy thriller film co-written and directed by [[Vincent Selva]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2013 |title=Game for these songs? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/game-for-these-songs/article4614211.ece |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars Yuvaraj, [[Deepthi Nambiar]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], and [[Sendrayan]]. [[Srikanth Deva]] has scored the music.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vincent Selva returns|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vincent-selva-returns-961|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=19 April 2012|first1=Ajay|last1=Reddy|first2=Anupama|last2=Subramanian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422211311/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/vincent-selva-returns-961|archive-date=22 April 2012|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raghu, Mano, and Thangavelu are faithful for politicians Singam and Samipillai. Both politicians are fighting for 200 million rupees, which is meant to be used to bribe the people for the upcoming elections. in the meantime, the three men decide to jump in this and take it for their advantage. The men decide to go to [[Rajasthan]] to hide. On their trip, they meet a girl named Yamuna, who is claimed to be [[Asin]]'s younger sister. What is the next part of the chapter?

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Yuvaraj as Raghu
* [[Deepthi Nambiar]] as Yamuna
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Singam
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Samipillai
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Mano
* [[Sendrayan]] as Thangavelu
* [[Singamuthu]]
* [[Manobala]]
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar|Sujatha]]
* Rajendranath
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* Madurai Muthu
* Yogi Ram
* Ankitha as an [[item number]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot for 35 days mostly in North India with [[Vincent Selva]] canning five scenes a day.<ref>{{cite web|title=I haven't watched Thuppakki yet: Deepthi|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1355951.ece|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 November 2012|access-date=5 March 2026|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231165137/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1355951.ece|archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref> [[Deepthi Nambiar]] shot for the film alongside ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012) and the Malayalam film ''[[Cherukkanum Pennum]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Deepti-Nambiar-in--Cherukkanum-Pennum-news-malayalam-mdhjrydahdb.html |title=Deepti Nambiar in 'Cherukkanum Pennum' |work=[[Sify.com]] |date=7 March 2012 |url-status=dead |author=Moviebuzz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032707/https://www.sify.com/movies/Deepti-Nambiar-in--Cherukkanum-Pennum-news-malayalam-mdhjrydahdb.html|archive-date=26 February 2018|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack is composed by Srikanth Deva, collaborating with Vincent Selva for the fourth time. Director [[Mysskin]], who earlier worked as an assistant director for Vincent Selva, had sung one of the songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2012 |title=Mysskin croons for Vincent Selva |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mysskin-croons-for-vincent-selva/article3325836.ece |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The audio was launched on 8 March 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2013 |title=Vijay launches 'Thulli Vilayadu' audio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-launches-thulli-vilayadu-audio/articleshow/18862557.cms |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Ammadi Aathadi" || [[Mysskin]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|-
| "Sandi Kuthira" || Renuka || Pon. Ravindran
|-
| "Theme Music" || Instrumental||
|-
| "Vaa Machi Oothiko" || [[Benny Dayal]] || rowspan=2|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| "Yaar Ivalo" || [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
|}

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 28 June 2013 alongside ''[[Annakodi]]''.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=Jun 28, 2013 |title=Friday Fury- June 28 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-28-news-tamil-ng2kMKdbajc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630224707/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-28-news-tamil-ng2kMKdbajc.html |archive-date=30 June 2013 |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "lacklustre characters, insipid narration and shoddy screenplay make the film devoid of thrill, humour or excitement".<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |date=2013-06-29 |title=Thulli Vilaiyaadu (Tamil) |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thulli-Vilaiyaadu-Tamil/2013/06/29/article1657754.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714163050/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Thulli-Vilaiyaadu-Tamil/2013/06/29/article1657754.ece |archive-date=14 July 2013 |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Vincent Selva}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vincent Selva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
{{Improve categories|date=May 2025}}

Samsaram (1951 film)

2026-03-04T05:03:29Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created Article

{{short description|1951 Indian Tamil-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Samsaram 1951 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster of ''Samsaram''
| director = Chandru (Tamil) [[S. S. Vasan]] (Hindi)
| screenplay = Ki. Ra.
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Samsaram (1950 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1950)}}
| producer = S. S. Vasan
| starring = [[M. K. Radha]] [[Pushpavalli]]
| cinematography = P. Ellappa
| editing = M. Umanath Rao
| music = [[Emani Sankara Sastry]] [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] (Supervisor)
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|1951|10|19|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil Hindi
}}

'''''Samsaram''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|əm|s|ɑːr|ə|m}} {{translation|Wife}}) is a 1951 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Chandru and produced by [[S. S. Vasan]]. A remake of the 1950 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film [[Samsaram (1950 film)|of the same name]], it stars [[M. K. Radha]], [[Pushpavalli]], Kumari Vanaja, Sriram, [[M. S. Sundari Bai]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], D. Balasubramaniam, R. Balasubramaniam, K. N. Kamalam, and Kamalaveni Ammal. The film was [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously filmed]] in [[Hindi]] as '''''Sansar''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ən|s|ɑːr}}), which Vasan directed.<ref name="thehindu" /> ''Samsaram'' was released on 19 October 1951.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1951 – சம்சாரம் – ஜெமினி சம்சாரம் (தெ) சன்சார்(இ) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails8.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106053621/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails8.asp |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=6 January 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=December 2022}}
A struggling clerk lives with his wife and two children. Their blissful lives are threatened by the arrival of his scheming mother and sister. A short time later, the clerk disappears, abandoning his family, and his brother comes to their rescue. Exploiting the fragile situation, mischief makers suggest an immoral relationship between the clerk's brother and wife. Frustrated, the clerk's wife sends her two children to beg on the streets. Several years later, the elder of the two children, now working in a mill, meets a bearded beggar who, unknown to him, is actually his father. He obtains his father a job in the mill, and the family later reunites.

== Cast ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Cast (Tamil)
! Cast (Hindi)
! Role (Tamil)
! Role (Hindi)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Pushpavalli]] || style="text-align:center;"| Manjula || style="text-align:center;"|Laxmi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[M. K. Radha]] || style="text-align:center;"| Gopu || style="text-align:center;"|Narayan
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Vanaja || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Kamala
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Sriram || style="text-align:center;"| Swaraj || style="text-align:center;"|Venu || style="text-align:center;"|Madan
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[M. S. Sundari Bai]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Gulab
| style="text-align:center;"| Kamakshi
| style="text-align:center;"| Ganga
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[T. R. Ramachandran]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Agha (actor)|Agha]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Seetharam
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Kamalaveni Ammal
| style="text-align:center;"| Mohana
| style="text-align:center;"| Vengamma
| style="text-align:center;"| Jamna
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[D. Balasubramaniam]]
| style="text-align:center;"| J. S. Casshyap
| style="text-align:center;"| Kanakasabapathy
| style="text-align:center;"| Jugalji Seth
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[R. Balasubramaniam]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Doctor
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| K. N. Kamalam
| style="text-align:center;"| Meera
| style="text-align:center;"| Chellamma
| style="text-align:center;"| Saraswathi
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Sethu
| style="text-align:center;"| Kazam
| style="text-align:center;"| Balu (adult)
| style="text-align:center;"| Gopi (adult)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Anil Kumar || style="text-align:center;"| Balu (child) || style="text-align:center;"| Gopi (child)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Krishnaveni || style="text-align:center;"| Saroja (adult) || style="text-align:center;"| Roopa (adult)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Rathnapapa || style="text-align:center;"| Saroja (child) || style="text-align:center;"| Roopa (child)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Vijay || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Mohan
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Rangaswami || style="text-align:center;"| Manjula's father || style="text-align:center;"| Laxmi's father
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Ramakrishna Rao || style="text-align:center;"| Kondal Rao || style="text-align:center;"| Popat Lal
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| G. V. Sharma || style="text-align:center;"| — || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Ramaiah
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Venkat || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| A. L. Kam, Kamala's cousin
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Sadasiva Rao || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Office Manager
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| G. S. Bindumadhavan || rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Sub-Inspectors
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Mukharji
| style="text-align:center;"|Rajkumar
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ishwarlal (actor)|Ishwarlal]] || style="text-align:center;"| — ||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Seth
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Vijaya Rao || style="text-align:center;"| Subanna || style="text-align:center;"|Dinu
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Sakku Bai
| style="text-align:center;"| Balamani
| style="text-align:center;"| Nagamma
| style="text-align:center;"| Dayavati
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Ram Kumar
| style="text-align:center;"| B. S. Kalla
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Car Owner
|}

== Production ==
[[S. S. Vasan]], the owner of [[Gemini Studios]], screened the Telugu film ''[[Samsaram (1950 film)|Samsaram]]'' for his staff, family and friends. Impressed with the film, he bought the rights to remake it in two languages: Tamil and [[Hindi]]. The Tamil remake shared its title with the Telugu film, while the Hindi version was titled ''Sansar''. Both versions were launched simultaneously; Chandru, the chief editor of Gemini, directed the Tamil version. Because South Indians actors of the era could not speak Hindi fluently, Vasan had the voices of the South Indian cast dubbed for ''Sansar'', which he directed.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=6 December 2014 |title=Samsaram 1951 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-samsaram-1951/article6668028.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103101240/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-samsaram-1951/article6668028.ece |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=2 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=231 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>{{sfn|Ashokamitran|2016|p=41}}

== Soundtrack ==
[[Emani Sankara Sastry]] was the music director, and his work was supervised by [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]. [[Kothamangalam Subbu]] wrote the lyrics. [[A. M. Rajah]] made his singing debut with this film, and his song "Samsaram... Samsaram..." became a breakthrough in his career.<ref name="thehindu" />

'''''Samsaram''''' (Tamil)
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aararo Aararo Arumai Kumara" || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| "Maanilathil Vidhiyai Ventra" || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| "Samsaram Samsaram" || A. M. Rajah
|-
| "Kada Kada Loda Loda Vandi" || A. M. Rajah, [[Jikki]]
|-
| "Enathu Manam Kanavilum" || Jikki
|-
| "Amma Pasikuthe" || Jikki, [[Sarojini]]
|-
| "Ezhai Engu Selvaen" || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| "Avar Mella Mella" || Jikki
|}

'''''Sansar''''' (Hindi)
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Yeh Sansar, Yeh Sansar"-1
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Yeh Sansar, Yeh Sansar"-2
| Talat Mahmood
|-
| "Mit Nahin Sakta Kabhi Likha"
| Talat Mahmood
|-
| "Amma Roti De, Baba Roti De"-1
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Amma Roti De, Baba Roti De"-2
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Aisi Hai Duniya"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Pyara Hamara Munna"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Jiya Lehar Lehar Lehraye"-1
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Jiya Lehar Lehar Lehraye"-2
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Khat Khat Gaadi"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Lakhnau Chalo Ab Rani, Bambai Ka Bigda Pani"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], [[G. M. Durrani]]
|-
| "Hum Hi Ne Mohabbat Ki Duniya Basayi"
| Geeta Dutt, [[P. Leela]]
|}

== Reception ==
Both ''Samsaram'' and ''Sansar'' were released in 1951 and became commercially successful.{{sfn|Ashokamitran|2016|p=41}} According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the success of the former was attributed to its "emotionally strong and sentimental storyline", elements, and the performances of Radha, Pushpavalli, Sriram, Vanaja, Sundari Bai and Ramachandran. However, journalist [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] gave the film a negative review in his magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', where he criticised the song "Amma Pasikkuthey, Thaaye Pasikkuthey" by arguing that "no mother would ever stoop to that level".<ref name="thehindu" /> In Japan, the film was released under the title ''Such Is Life''.{{sfn|Ashokamitran|2016|pp=69–70}} The story of ''Samsaram'' was again reused in Tamil as ''[[Thunai Iruppal Meenakshi]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 September 1979 |title=சிவகுமார் 101 {{!}} 81–90 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-09-09/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230317142800/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-09-09/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=16 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–61 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ashokamitran |author-link=Ashokamitran |title=Fourteen Years with Boss |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-14-342329-4 |location=India}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{S. S. Vasan}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1951 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1951 drama films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Vasan]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1975 in India

2026-02-26T11:11:54Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: updated page

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Year in India|1975}}
Events in the year '''1975 in the Republic of India'''.

==Sports==
* India won the Men's [[Hockey World Cup]] first time. It was held in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]{{fact|date=May 2022}}

==Incumbents==
* [[President of India]] – [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] – [[Indira Gandhi]]
* [[Vice President of India]] – [[B.D. Jatti]]
* [[Chief Justice of India]] – [[Ajit Nath Ray]]

===Governors===
* [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] – [[Khandubhai Kasanji Desai]] (until 25 January), [[S. Obul Reddy]] (starting 25 January)
* [[List of governors of Assam|Assam]] – [[L. P. Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Bihar|Bihar]] – [[Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare]]
* [[List of governors of Gujarat|Gujarat]] – [[Kambanthodath Kunhan Vishwanatham]]
* [[List of governors of Haryana|Haryana]] – [[Birendra Narayan Chakraborty]] (until 27 March), [[Birendra Narayan Chakraborty]] (starting 27 March)
* [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] – S. Chakravarti
* [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] – [[L. K. Jha]]
* [[List of governors of Karnataka|Karnataka]] – [[Mohanlal Sukhadia]] (until 10 January), [[Uma Shankar Dikshit]] (starting 10 January)
* [[List of governors of Kerala|Kerala]] – [[N. N. Wanchoo]]
* [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] – [[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
* [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] – [[Ali Yavar Jung]]
* [[List of governors of Manipur|Manipur]] – [[L.P. Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]] – [[L.P. Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Nagaland|Nagaland]] – [[L.P. Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Odisha|Odisha]] – [[Akbar Ali Khan (politician)|Akbar Ali Khan]]
* [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Punjab]] – [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
* [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] – [[Sardar Jogendra Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Sikkim|Sikkim]] – [[B._B._Lal_(politician) | Bipen Behari Lal]] (starting 18 May)
* [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] – [[Kodardas Kalidas Shah]]
* [[List of governors of Tripura|Tripura]] – [[L. P. Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] – [[Akbar Ali Khan (politician)|Akbar Ali Khan]]
* [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal]] – [[Anthony Lancelot Dias]]

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}852,124 million
* 19 January – The 6.8 {{M|s}} [[1975 Kinnaur earthquake|Kinnaur earthquake]] shook northern India with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX (''Violent''). Forty-seven people were killed.
* 26 February - [[Sahitya Akademi]] recognizes [[Konkani language]].
* 19 March – [[Indira Gandhi]] became the first [[Prime Minister of India]] to testify in a court. She appeared before [[Allahabad High Court]] in [[State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain]] case.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Four reasons why Indira Gandhi declared Emergency|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/four-reasons-why-indira-gandhi-declared-the-emergency-5232397/|access-date=2022-01-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 10 April - [[State Council (Sikkim)]] unanimously voted to abolish [[Monarchy]] of [[Chogyal]] and merge with [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind Sikkim's Firm Aversion to a Darjeeling Merger Is Two Centuries of Politics |url=https://thewire.in/politics/behind-sikkims-firm-aversion-to-a-darjeeling-merger-is-two-centuries-of-politics |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
* 14 April - [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum]] held and obtained 97.75%approval.
* 19 April – The first Indian [[satellite]], [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], goes into Earth's orbit.
* 21 April - [[Farakka Barrage]] across [[Ganges]] commissioned in [[West Bengal]].
* 12 June – Justice [[Jagmohanlal Sinha]] declared [[Prime Minister of India|PM Indira Gandhi's]] election to parliament from [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in [[1971 Indian general election]] null and void.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=A judgment of great courage: CJI on Allahabad HC's 1975 verdict disqualifying then PM Indira Gandhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cji-on-allahabad-hc-1975-verdict-disqualifying-then-pm-indira-gandhi-1851865-2021-09-12 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 25 June – A [[Indian Emergency|state of emergency]] is declared by [[Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] during which the press is censored and 100,000 are jailed.
* 27 December – The [[Chasnala mining disaster]] kills 375 people when an explosion in a coal mine causes catastrophic flooding.

==Law==
* 25 April - [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] passed the Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and Restoration of Alienated Lands) Act, 1975, for restoring land rights to tribals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=After Tamil cinema, Malayalam film Pada demands land rights for the oppressed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-tamil-cinema-malayalam-film-pada-demands-land-rights-oppressed-162230 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 15 May – 35th [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|amendment of the Constitution of India]] ratifies statehood for [[Sikkim]] and deposing of [[Chogyal]] monarchy.

==Births==

===January to June===
*[[File:Suriya2011.jpg|thumb|160x160px|[[Suriya]]]]
*1 January
** [[Sonali Bendre]], actress<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/10-throwback-photos-of-birthday-girl-sonali-bendre-that-will-make-you-drool-over-her-beauty/340007 |title=10 throwback photos of birthday girl Sonali Bendre that will make you drool over her beauty |website=Times Now News |date=1 January 2019 |language=en-GB |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref>
** [[Kamaal Rashid Khan]], actor and internet celebrity
*2 January {{ndash}} [[Rupal Patel]], actress
*8 January {{ndash}} [[Harris Jayaraj]], film composer.
*[[File:Preity Zinta at an event for ISHKQ IN PARIS.jpg|thumb|165x165px|[[Preity Zinta]]]]31 January – [[Preity Zinta]], actress.
*17 March – [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], actor. (d. 2021).
*[[File:Akshaye Khanna still2.jpg|thumb|167x167px|[[Akshaye Khanna]]]]28 March – [[Akshaye Khanna]], actor and son of [[Vinod Khanna]].
*17 May – [[Dinesh Nayak]], field hockey player.
*26 May – [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], actor.
*4 June – Bhuvaneshwari, actress.
*9 June – [[Amisha Patel]], actress.
*[[File:Roopa IPS.jpg|thumb|180x180px|[[ROOPA IPS]]]]8 June – [[Shilpa Shetty]], actress.
*25 June – [[Manoj Kumar Pandey]], Military personnel. (d. 1999).

===July to December===
*6 July – [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)]]
*12 July – [[D. Roopa]], Police Service officer.
*23 July – [[Suriya]], actor.
*[[File:Mahesh Babu in Spyder.jpg|thumb|180x180px|[[Mahesh Babu]]]]9 August – [[Mahesh Babu]], actor.
*16 September – [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]], Politician and 10th Chief Minister of [[Uttarakhand]]
*28 August – [[Eijaz Khan]], actor.
*28 August – [[Anuj Nayyar]], Military officer. (d. 1999)
*16 October – [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], actor.
*7 November {{ndash}} [[Venkat Prabhu]], film director and actor.
*11 November – [[Diwakar Pundir]], actor.
*[[File:Sushmita Sen1-2.jpg|thumb|155x155px|[[Sushmita Sen]]]]19 November – [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Miss Universe]] 1994, actress.
*9 December – [[Priya Gill]], actress.
*14 December – [[Sukhbir Singh Gill]], field hockey player. (d. 2024)
*15 December – [[Siddhaanth Vir Surryavanshi]], actor (d. 2022)
*21 December – [[Srijato]], poet

==Deaths==
[[File:Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg|thumb|155x155px|
[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]]]

*25 March – [[Deiva Zivarattinam]], politician (b. [[1894]])
*17 April – [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], philosopher and statesman, first [[Vice President of India]] and second [[President of India]] (b. 1888).
*14 July – [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]], composer (b. [[1924]])
*13 September – [[Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer]], Carnatic singer and musicologist (b. [[1897]])

== See also ==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 1975]]

{{Years in India}}
{{Year in Asia|1975}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1975 in India}}
[[Category:1975 in India| ]]
[[Category:1975 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]
[[Category:1970s in India]]
[[Category:1975 in Asia]]

Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T06:29:34Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: added the post with sources - done

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name = Kulik Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = File:Common Jezebel at Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Common Jezebel at Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary
| image_size =
| map = India West Bengal#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Raiganj]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.637|N|88.121|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|1.3|km2}}
| established = 1985
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Forest Department, Govt. of West Bengal
}}
'''Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary''' (''Raegônj Bonnoprani Ôbhôearonno'') (also popularly known as '''Kulik Bird Sanctuary''') is situated near [[Raiganj]] in [[North Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. The bird sanctuary is home to 164 species of birds, and some 90,000 to 100,000 [[bird migration|migratory birds]] visit the sanctuary every year. As per the MEE report, West Bengal<nowiki>''s Jaldapara national park and Raiganj wildlife sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh''</nowiki>s Sainj and Tirthan wildlife sanctuaries as well as the Great Himalayan national park have been declared as top five national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India.<ref name="Statesman1">{{cite web|url=http://ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2007/aug-07/sta_070807_1.htm |title=The Asian Open-billed Stork thrives in the Kulik Bird Sanctuary |access-date=2008-02-05 |publisher=ecologyasia.com |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928062751/http://ecologyasia.com/news-archives/2007/aug-07/sta_070807_1.htm |archive-date=28 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Statesman2">{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=31&id=192456&usrsess=1| title =A winged heritage site | access-date =2008-02-05 | last = Sharma| first = Arunayan | publisher = The Statesman, 3–4 August 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
|width=350| height=400| zoom=9
|coord={{coord|25|55|33|N|88|11|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Uttar Dinajpur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|37|25|N|88|7|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Raiganj | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Raiganj]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|14|12|N|88|12|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Islampur| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|25|37|48|N|88|19|12|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Kaliaganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Kaliaganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|53|33|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Dalkhola| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Dalkhola]] (M)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|22|23|N|88|18|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Chopra | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|8|57|N|88|2|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Hanskunda | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Hanskunda]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|6|30|N|88|8|33|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Goalpokhar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Goalpokhar]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|1|16|N|87|57|9|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Chakulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chakulia, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|50|3|N|87|55|6|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Karandighi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Karandighi, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|39|56|N|88|13|14|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Hemtabad| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|35|56|N|88|6|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Nachhratpur|labela11= Katabari | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nachhratpur Katabari]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|34|8|N|88|6|43|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Kasba | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kasba, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|27|31|N|88|10|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Itahar | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|38|38|N|88|26|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Radhikapur|labela14=checkpoint| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Radhikapur]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|39|13|N|88|6|15|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15=Raiganj|labela15=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered15=T|shape-color15=green| mark-title15= Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary (T)| label-size15=14|label-color15=black 
|mark-coord16={{coord|25.9613|88.0524}}| label16=India| label-color16 = black| label-angle16=-70| label-pos16=bottom| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|25.9513|88.1224}}| label17=Bangladesh| label-color17 = black| label-angle17=-70| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|25.7273|87.9392}}| label18=Bihar| label-color18 = black| label-angle18=40| label-pos18=bottom| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|25.7773|88.0162}}| label19=West | labela19= Bengal| label-color19 = black| label-angle19=40| label-pos19=bottom| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26.2554|88.0234}}| label20=Mahananda River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-40| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
}}

===Location===
It is located {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} north from the centre of Raiganj town, the district headquarters. [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 34]] runs beside the sanctuary.<ref name = "Statesman1"/><ref name = "Statesman2"/> Raiganj is {{convert|425|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kolkata]] and {{convert|181|km|abbr=on}} from [[Siliguri]].<ref name="NGO">{{cite web|url=http://www.638387.org/districts/northdinajpur.htm |title=Welcome to North Dinajpur district |access-date=2008-02-05 |publisher=638387.org, an Indian NGO initiative }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.

===Climate===
Temperature ([[degrees Celsius]]): summer - max. 39, min. 21; winter - max. 23, min. 6.<ref name = "NGO"/>
Rainfall: 1,550 mm (July to September).<ref name = "NGO"/>

==History==
The development of the area began in 1970, as part of the social forestry programme of the [[Government of West Bengal]]. The department planted tree species like [[Neolamarckia cadamba|kadam]], [[Lagerstroemia speciosa|jarul]], [[Dalbergia sissoo|sisoo]] (Dalbergia sisoo) and [[eucalyptus]] which were classified as tropical dry [[deciduous forest]]. With the Asian openbill and other species of migratory birds flocking to the artificial forest during the hatching season, it was officially designated as the "Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary" in the year 1985.<ref name = "Statesman1"/><ref name = "Statesman2"/>

==Sanctuary==
It is claimed by some to be the largest bird sanctuary in Asia.<ref name = "NGO"/> However, there are other claimants to that distinction, such as Harike Pattan sanctuary, spread over {{convert|93|sqmi|km2}}, in [[Tarn Taran district]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamchronicle.com/content/view/10251/206/ |title=A visit to Harike Pattan bird sanctuary offers a joy of lifetime |access-date=2008-02-05 |publisher=The Assam Chronicle, 6 February 2008 |url-status = usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009092157/http://www.assamchronicle.com/content/view/10251/206/ |archive-date=9 October 2008 }}</ref> Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, now known as [[Keoladeo National Park]] is considered the largest in Asia.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianwildlifeportal.com/wildlife-sanctuaries/| title = Indian Wildlife Sanctuaries| access-date = 2008-02-05| last = Mukherjee| first = Arun| publisher = indianwildlifeportal| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080220003222/http://www.indianwildlifeportal.com/wildlife-sanctuaries/| archive-date = 20 February 2008|url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Several types of migratory birds arrive here each year from South Asian countries and coastal regions. They start arriving from June. The migratory species includes [[Asian openbill stork|open-bill stork]]s, [[egret]]s, [[night heron]]s and [[cormorant]]s.<ref name="tourist2">{{cite web|url=http://www.wildbengal.com/sanctuaries/others.htm |title=Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary |access-date=2008-02-05 |work=Sanctuaries |publisher=Wild Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129145612/http://www.wildbengal.com/sanctuaries/others.htm |archive-date=2008-01-29 |url-status = dead}}</ref> The resident birds are [[Kite (bird)|kite]]s, [[Old World flycatcher|flycatcher]]s, [[owl]]s, [[kingfisher]]s, [[woodpecker]]s, [[drongo]]es, etc.<ref name = "tourist2"/>

According to a 2002 census, 77,012 birds visited the sanctuary that year.<ref name = "Statesman3">{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=111267&usrsess=1 | title = Wildlife: Raiganj Rendezvous | access-date = 2008-02-05 | last =Mukherjee | first =Arun | work = 8 th Day | publisher = The Statesman, 12 July 2005}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Some 90,000 to 100,000 [[bird migration|migratory birds]] visit the sanctuary every year.<ref name="Statesman1" /><ref name = "Statesman2" />

Here is a description from a visitor: "On our way out from Kolkata to Raiganj, we were about to cross the bridge over the Kulik river on National Highway 34 when we saw hundreds of storks circling a patch of forest across the river. Intuitively, I knew we had arrived... Once up there (tourist lodge observatory)... we saw that all the 30-odd trees in the lodge compound were occupied by hundreds of open-billed storks... During our half-hour in the observatory, we saw flocks flying overhead carrying twigs to build their nests. Those that already had nests were busy sitting on eggs or tending to hatchlings. It was equally fascinating watching some taking time off from family chores to preen themselves and smooth ruffled feathers."<ref name = "Statesman3"/>

==Heronry==
'''Birds at the heronry'''

*[[Asian openbill stork]]
*[[Little egret]].
*[[Little cormorant]]
*[[Night heron]]
*[[Pond heron]]

The time of formation of heronry is July to December. Asian openbill storks generally start nesting during mid-June, though the migration depends upon the rain. If monsoon starts early, the Asian openbill comes early. The other four species start nesting in mid-May.<ref name = "Statesman1"/>

==Tourism==
The number of tourists visiting the sanctuary has been rising. The district administration has constructed the Raiganj Kulik Park close to the sanctuary, with the objective of enhancing the beauty of the area. Funds were collected from Border Area Development Project, MP Local Area Development Fund, Tenth Finance, Uttar Banga Unnayan Parshad, Rastriya Samavikash Yojona, National Food For Work and MLA Local Area Development Fund.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=10&id=148052&usrsess=1| title = Tussle for Kulik revenue | access-date = 2008-02-05 | work = The Statesman |date= 20 June 2006}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

During the period from December to February, numerous visitors from districts of West Bengal and Bihar visit the sanctuary, and a large number of them organise picnics. They not only disturb the birds but also degrade the local environment. The Raiganj social forestry division has decided to construct a picnic spot at Bhattadighi nearby, with water facilities, some shades, toilets, a small park and a foot track.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=10&id=208620&usrsess=1 | title = New picnic spot to save Kulick bird sanctuary | access-date = 2008-02-05 | work = The Statesman|date= 22 December 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

In February 2011, a nature interpretation centre was added to Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Raiganj}}

{{Protected areas of West Bengal}}
{{Bird Sanctuaries}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1985]]
[[Category:Raiganj]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]

Yevla Assembly constituency

2026-02-05T21:29:51Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created New Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yevla
| constituency_no = 119
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 119-Yevla.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Chhagan Bhujbal|Chagan Chandrakant Bhujbal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Ashok Chavan and the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal, in New Delhi on December 12, 2008 (cropped).jpg
| electors =327,444
}}
'''Yevla (or Yeola) Assembly constituency''' is one of the fifteen constituencies of the [[Maharashtra]] Vidhan Sabha located in [[Nashik district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
It (Yeola / Yevla / येवला) is a part of [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency]], along with five other assembly constituencies, namely [[Chandwad Assembly constituency]], [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]], [[Kalvan Assembly constituency|Kalvan]], [[Nandgaon Assembly constituency]] and [[Niphad Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yevla Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/yevla.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Kanade Dagu Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Hirubhau Manaku Gavali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Madhavrao T. Patil
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nivritti Ramji Bhorkade || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Patil Janardan Deoram
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Marutirao Narayan Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2 | Patil Kalyanrao Jayawantrao || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=5 | [[Chhagan Bhujbal]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 135,023 |percentage = 54.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Manikrao Madhavrao Shinde |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 108,623 |percentage = 43.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsinh Ramdas Darekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,115 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,478 |percentage = 0.59% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,400 |percentage = 10.59% |change= {{decrease}}17.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 250,741 |percentage = 76.58% |change= {{increase}}8.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 249,263}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 327,444|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 126,237 |percentage = 62.99% |change={{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sambhaji Pawar|Sambhaji Sahebrao Pawar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 69,712 |percentage = 34.78% |change={{increase}}0.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Algat Sachin Vasantrao |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,858 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,027 |percentage = 0.51% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 56,525 |percentage = 28.20% |change= {{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,691 |percentage = 67.77% |change= {{decrease}}2.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,422}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297,599|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 112,787 |percentage = 58.45% |change={{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Sambhaji Sahebrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 66,345 |percentage = 34.38% |change={{increase}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mankar Shivaji Madhavrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,339 |percentage = 4.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 876 |percentage = 0.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,442 |percentage = 24.07% |change= {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,887 |percentage = 70.74% |change= {{increase}}4.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,955}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,072|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=26 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 106,416 |percentage = 63.14% |change={{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Shinde-Patil Manikrao Madhavrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 56,236 |percentage = 33.37% |change={{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Paulas Karbhari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,984 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghoderao Sandip Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,641 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Diwar Dinkar Sitaram |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,538 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,180 |percentage = 29.77% |change= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,616 |percentage = 65.65% |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,546}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,859|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chhagan Bhujbal]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 79,306 |percentage = 54.84% |change={{increase}}24.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Kalyanrao Jayawantrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 43,657 |percentage = 30.19% |change={{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivaji (Raje)Madhavrao Mankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,030 |percentage = 12.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gunjal Mohan Karbhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,728 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Paulas Karbhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 882 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,649 |percentage = 24.65% |change= {{increase}}24.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,776 |percentage = 66.60% |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,616}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,378|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}20.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Kalyanrao Jayawantrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 39,419 |percentage = 34.68% |change={{decrease}}4.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Darade Narendra Bhikaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 39,198 |percentage = 34.49% |change={{increase}}8.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambadas Balaji Bankar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 34,131 |percentage = 30.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 221 |percentage = 0.19% |change= {{decrease}}12.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,073 |percentage = 66.11% |change= {{decrease}}11.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,659}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,620|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}4.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Kalyanrao Jayawantrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 52,144 |percentage = 39.29% |change={{increase}}13.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankar Ambadas Balaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,669 |percentage = 26.12% |change={{decrease}}13.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marutirao Narayan Pawar |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 25,897 |percentage = 19.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zambare Santu Dhondiba |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,133 |percentage = 6.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mankar Shivaji Madhavrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 7,189 |percentage = 5.42% |change={{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwan Shankar Chhite |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,563 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,475 |percentage = 13.17% |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,874 |percentage = 76.90% |change= {{increase}}15.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,710}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,980|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Marutirao Narayan Pawar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,721 |percentage = 39.42% |change={{increase}}13.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Laxman Thorat |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,067 |percentage = 25.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Manikrao Madhaorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,728 |percentage = 14.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Kardhari Gunjal |party=Janata Dal |votes = 12,256 |percentage = 13.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Rangnath Domade |party=Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 1,403 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuldhar Vishnu Kondaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,138 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hemant Diwakar Rankhambe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,654 |percentage = 13.58% |change= {{decrease}}27.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,178 |percentage = 60.41% |change= {{decrease}}1.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,561|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{decrease}}27.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Marutirao Narayan Pawar |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 51,013 |percentage = 67.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahare Nivrutti Mahadu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,830 |percentage = 26.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jawala Papa Ramdin |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,496 |percentage = 3.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Dinkar Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 700 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane Kishor Shivram |party=Independent politician |votes = 513 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhawan Uttamrao Bajirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 508 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,183 |percentage = 41.08% |change= {{increase}}29.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,220 |percentage = 61.18% |change= {{increase}}2.14 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,908}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,214|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}27.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Janardan Deoram |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 25,851 |percentage = 39.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Raybhan Gangadhar |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,047 |percentage = 27.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Marutirao Narayan Pawar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,455 |percentage = 25.36% |change={{increase}}15.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Bhanudas Ramchandra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,236 |percentage = 6.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,804 |percentage = 12.03% |change= {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,519 |percentage = 59.46% |change= {{decrease}}6.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,897}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,878|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Janardan Deoram |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,434 |percentage = 37.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhokade Nivrutti Ramji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,804 |percentage = 31.55% |change={{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Dattaji Bhikaji |party=Janata Party |votes = 14,446 |percentage = 21.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Domade Eknath Rangnath |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 6,257 |percentage = 9.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,630 |percentage = 5.50% |change= {{decrease}}23.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,850 |percentage = 66.28% |change= {{increase}}0.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,941}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,376|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}21.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nivritti Ramji Bhorkade |party=Independent politician |votes = 30,923 |percentage = 58.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhavrao T. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,509 |percentage = 29.55% |change={{decrease}}20.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baban Raoji Gidge |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,059 |percentage = 11.54% |change={{decrease}}18.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,414 |percentage = 29.37% |change= {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,849 |percentage = 65.68% |change= {{increase}}3.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,491}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,989|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madhavrao T. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,224 |percentage = 49.75% |change={{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. S. Patel |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 12,811 |percentage = 30.03% |change={{increase}}15.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. S. Aher |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,700 |percentage = 15.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. R. Nagadekar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 2.64% |change={{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=W. B. Nyahrkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 800 |percentage = 1.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,413 |percentage = 19.72% |change= {{decrease}}13.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,904 |percentage = 65.46% |change= {{increase}}0.07 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,662}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,120|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Yevla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hirubhau Manaku Gavali |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,040 |percentage = 56.22% |change={{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhav Bayaji Gayakawad |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 10,820 |percentage = 23.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sakharam Govind Deore |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,555 |percentage = 14.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dagu Shankar Kanade |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,973 |percentage = 4.26% |change={{decrease}}41.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhav Rupchand Nagdekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 929 |percentage = 2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,220 |percentage = 32.86% |change= {{increase}}20.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,806 |percentage = 65.35% |change= {{increase}}10.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,216|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}10.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yeola<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kanade Dagu Shankar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,643 |percentage = 45.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Kalawatibai Madhavrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,743 |percentage = 33.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagadekar Madhav Rupchand |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,834 |percentage = 21.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,900 |percentage = 12.10% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,220 |percentage = 49.99% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,220}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,456|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nandgaon (disambiguation)]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|20.04|74.49|display=title}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]

Satish Chandra Dwivedi

2026-02-05T04:47:18Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: rework intro as per guidelines and fixed typos for accuracy

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr Satish Chandra Dwivedi
| image =
| constituency1 = [[Itwa (Assembly constituency)|Itwa]]
| office = Minister of Basic Education [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 21 August 2019
| term_end = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Anupama Jaiswal]]
| successor = [[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]]
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
| successor1 = [[Mata Prasad Pandey]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|5|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Shanichara, [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]], Uttar Pradesh
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| residence = Shanichara Bargadwa, [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]], Uttar Pradesh
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|Teacher}}
| source = http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12666/17
| education = PhD
}}
'''Satish Chandra Dwivedi''' is an Indian politician and member of [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] and currently serving as Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Primary education. He is the representative of the [[Itwa (Assembly constituency)]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite web|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher= my neta.info|url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4364|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.patrika.com/gorakhpur-news/satish-dwivedi-and-shriram-chauhan-became-new-minister-in-yogi-cabinet-4994625/|title=गोरखपुर से योगी कैबिनेट में शामिल किए गए दो मंत्री , जानिए इनका कद|last=Sarweshwari Mishra|date=21 August 2019|work=Patrika|access-date=22 August 2019|language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dwivedi was born on 1 May 1978 in Shanichara village in [[Siddharthnagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Lt. Ayodhya Prasad Dwivedi. In 2009, he married Dr. Kalyani Dwivedi, they have one son and one daughter. He hails from a [[Brahmin]] family. In 2010, he attended [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]] and received Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).<ref name=Profile>{{Cite web|title=Member Profile|url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=20101|website=Official website of Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>

==Political career==
Dwivedi's political life began with the [[student council]]. He was successful in the legislature in the first attempt. In [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (2017) elections]], he defeated erstwhile assembly speaker [[Mata Prasad Pandey]] ([[Samajwadi Party]]) by a margin of 12,923 votes.<ref name="2017 result">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/itwa.html|title=Itwa Election Results 2017|work=elections.in|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-political-life-started-from-vidyarthi-parishad-now-yogi-becomes-cabinet-minister-19506120.html|title=विद्यार्थी परिषद से हुई राजनीतिक जीवन की शुरूआत, अब मिली योगी कैबिनेट में जगह|date=22 August 2019|work=Jagran|access-date=22 August 2019|language=hi}}</ref>

In August 2019, after first cabinet expansion of [[First Yogi Adityanath ministry|Yogi Adityanath Government]] he was appointed Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Basic Education.<ref>{{Cite news|last=ABP News Bureau|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-inducts-23-ministers-in-first-cabinet-expansion-1058592|title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath Inducts 23 Ministers In First Cabinet Expansion|date=21 August 2019|work=[[ABP News]]|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In First Cabinet Expansion, UP CM Yogi Adityanath Inducts 18 Ministers, Promotes 5|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/in-first-cabinet-expansion-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-inducts-18-ministers-promotes-5-2278361.html|date=21 August 2019|website=News18|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>

==Posts held==
* March 2017– Incumbent, Member in [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
** August 2019– Incumbent, Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Basic Education in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Satish Chandra}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Siddharthnagar district]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pranav Anand

2026-01-20T18:25:10Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: added a entry and citations

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2006)}}
{{Distinguish|Pranav V}}
{{Indian patronymic|Pranav|Anand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|11|3}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2022)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229582.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2606 (January 2026)
| FideID = 46626786
}}

'''Pranav Anand''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In September 2022, Pranav won the U16 section of the [[World Youth Chess Championship]].
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/pranav-anand-emerges-world-u-16-champ-becomes-gm/articleshow/94259654.cms|title=Pranav Anand emerges world U-16 champ, becomes GM |first=Biju|last=Cyriac|date=17 September 2022|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> He also crossed the 2500 rating mark during the event, securing the Grandmaster title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/15-year-old-pranav-anand-becomes-indias-76th-chess-grandmaster/|title=15 year old Pranav Anand becomes India's 76th Chess Grandmaster|first=Sumit|last=Arora|date=17 September 2022}}</ref>

In July 2023, Pranav won the Rapid portion of the [[Biel Chess Festival]] with an undefeated score of 8/9 ahead of [[Shawn Rodrigue-Lemieux]] and Marco Materia, who both scored 7.5/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/56th-Biel-International-Chess-Festival-2023-Day-2-report|title=Pranav Anand dominates 56th Biel Chess Festival Rapid Open 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

In September 2023, Pranav was leading the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] after defeating [[Kirk Ghazarian]] in the 6th round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/World-Junior-2023-Round-6-report|title=World Junior 2023 R6: Dushyant and Pranav Anand in a six-pack lead|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

In July 2025, Pranav finished at second place in the [[Biel Chess Festival#2025|Biel Masters Open]] with 7½/10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karthikeyan Murali convincingly clinches 58th Biel Chess Festival MTO, Pranav Anand second|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Karthikeyan-Murali-convincingly-clinches-58th-Biel-Chess-Festival-MTO-Pranav-Anand-second|work=chessbase.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Pranav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Rajeswari Sainath

2026-01-12T04:18:54Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: added new data added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian Bharatanatyam dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox dancer
| name = Rajeswari Sainath
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Hyderabad, India
| occupation = Bharatanatyam dancer, choreographer
| years_active =
| spouse =
| children = Vyshnavie Sainath
| awards = [[Kalaimamani]] (2018)
| website =
}}

'''Rajeswari Sainath''' is an Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer and choreographer based in Hyderabad, India. She is known for her performances and choreography, often collaborating with her daughter, Vyshnavie Sainath.<ref name="Sruti">{{Cite web |title=Rajeshwari Sainath and Vyshnavie Sainath |url=https://www.sruti.com/artist/rajeshwari-sainath-and-vyshnavie-sainath |website=Sruti |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204052021/https://sruti.com/artist/rajeshwari-sainath-and-vyshnavie-sainath |url-status=live }}</ref> Sainath has been recognized for her contributions to Indian classical dance, receiving the [[Kalaimamani]] award from the [[Tamil Nadu]] government in 2018.<ref name="HinduKalaimamani">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-08-07 |title=Rajeswari Sainath gets Kalaimamani award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/rajeswari-sainath-gets-kalaimamani-award/article29094913.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2025-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424081514/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/rajeswari-sainath-gets-kalaimamani-award/article29094913.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="News18">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-09-25 |title=Musicians, Danseuse Honoured |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/musicians-danseuse-honoured-438582.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=News18 |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215859/https://www.news18.com/news/india/musicians-danseuse-honoured-438582.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and training==
Rajeswari Sainath was born in Hyderabad, India.<ref name="Sruti" /> She began her Bharatanatyam training under Guru Indra Rajan and later continued her studies with other notable teachers.<ref name="HinduIndra">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-05-05 |title=Remembering Guru Indra Rajan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/remembering-guru-indra-rajan/article65384821.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2022-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607162409/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/remembering-guru-indra-rajan/article65384821.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NarthakiInterview">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Interview with Rajeswari Sainath |url=https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv110.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Narthaki |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215856/https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv110.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She developed an interest in rhythmic compositions and has worked with percussionists, including the late [[mridangam]] maestro [[Karaikudi Mani]].<ref name="HinduKhanda">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-07 |title=Rajeswari Sainath: Khanda jati triputa tala varnam, Guru Karaikudi Mani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/rajeswari-sainath-khanda-jati-triputa-tala-varnma-guru-karaikudi-mani/article66317408.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Deccan">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-03-21 |title=Mridangam Returns |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/210317/mridangam-returns.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Her training emphasized the mathematical precision of rhythms in Bharatanatyam, which influenced her choreography.<ref name="NIEMath">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-08-05 |title=Doing the math on Bharatnatyam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2012/Aug/05/doing-the-math-on-bharatnatyam-393858.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=New Indian Express |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215937/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2012/Aug/05/doing-the-math-on-bharatnatyam-393858.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Sainath performs traditional Bharatanatyam recitals, adhering to the margam format, which includes a sequence of items such as pushpanjali, varnam, and [[tillana]].<ref name="HinduMargam">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-24 |title=Rajeswari and Vaishnavie Sainath present the traditional margam to an appreciative audience |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/rajeswari-and-vaishnavie-sainath-present-the-traditional-margam-to-an-appreciative-audience/article8365583.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215819/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/rajeswari-and-vaishnavie-sainath-present-the-traditional-margam-to-an-appreciative-audience/article8365583.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also choreographed and performed Bharatanatyam ballets, including ''Sri Lalitha Vaibhavam'',<ref name="HinduLalitha">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-09-03 |title=Rajeswari Sainath's Sri Lalitha Vaibhavam ballet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/rajeswari-sainaths-sri-lalitha-vaibhavam-ballet/article7561861.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215831/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/rajeswari-sainaths-sri-lalitha-vaibhavam-ballet/article7561861.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Rajsimha'' (based on Lord Narasimha),<ref name="HinduRajsimha">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-07-02 |title=Rajsimha: Ballet on Lord Narasimha's life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/rajsimha-ballet-on-lord-narasimhas-life/article7403706.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423220022/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/rajsimha-ballet-on-lord-narasimhas-life/article7403706.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and productions tracing the river Godavari.<ref name="HinduGodavari">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-10-07 |title=A Bharatnatyam ballet tracing the descent of a mighty river |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/a-bharatnatyam-ballet-tracing-the-descent-of-a-mighty-river/article29232529.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215835/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/a-bharatnatyam-ballet-tracing-the-descent-of-a-mighty-river/article29232529.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HinduOde">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-08-24 |title=Ode to the River |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/ode-to-the-river/article19414139.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2024-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510143549/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/ode-to-the-river/article19414139.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> One of her ballets focused on environmental themes, highlighting the importance of rivers.<ref name="NIEBallet">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2008-12-03 |title=Ballet with a message |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2008/Dec/03/ballet-with-a-message-7929.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=New Indian Express |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215828/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2008/Dec/03/ballet-with-a-message-7929.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These works often incorporate complex rhythmic patterns, such as the khanda jati triputa tala, showcasing her focus on rhythm in dance.<ref name="HinduKhanda" /><ref name="HinduRhythmic">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-12-17 |title=Unusual rhythmic challenges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/unusual-rhythmic-challenges/article8000295.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Her performances combine traditional techniques with thematic narratives.<ref name="NIETradition">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2009-02-13 |title=Sticking to tradition, yet modernising art |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2009/Feb/13/sticking-to-tradition-yet-modernising-art-25581.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=New Indian Express}}</ref> For example, her ballet ''Ode to the River'' was presented as a tribute to the river Godavari, combining dance with storytelling.<ref name="HinduOde" /> Sainath has performed at various cultural festivals and venues, including events organized by the Sri Krishna Gana Sabha.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Sainath frequently collaborates with her daughter, Vyshnavie Sainath, who is also a Bharatanatyam dancer.<ref name="Sruti" /><ref name="HinduMargam" /> Their joint performances maintain the traditional structure of Bharatanatyam recitals.<ref name="HinduMargam" /> In addition to performing, Sainath teaches Bharatanatyam, emphasizing both technique and expression in her training approach.<ref name="NarthakiInterview" /><ref name="HinduBodyMind">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-03-01 |title=The body and the mind |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/the-body-and-the-mind/article4533510.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215856/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/the-body-and-the-mind/article4533510.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In 2018, Sainath was honored with the [[Kalaimamani]] award by the Tamil Nadu government for her contributions to Bharatanatyam.<ref name="HinduKalaimamani" /><ref name="News18" /> She has also been acknowledged for her performances at national and international dance festivals.<ref name="NIEFirm">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-09-03 |title=Firm steps to fame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Firm-steps-to-fame/article15605569.ece |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=2025-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423215840/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Firm-steps-to-fame/article15605569.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajeswari Sainath resides in Hyderabad with her family. Her daughter, Vyshnavie Sainath, is a Bharatanatyam dancer and often performs alongside her.<ref name="Sruti" /><ref name="HinduMargam" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sruti.com/artist/rajeshwari-sainath-and-vyshnavie-sainath Profile on Sruti]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sainath, Rajeswari}}
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Muhammad Adil Shah Suri

2026-01-05T07:15:21Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Made Stub!

{{Short description|Sultan of the Suri Empire from 1554 to 1555}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muhammad Adil Shah
| image = Copper Half Paisa of Adil Shah Suri.jpg
| caption = Copper Half Paisa of Adil Shah Suri
| succession = 4th [[Sur Empire|Sultan of the Sur Empire]]
| reign = 25 November 1554 – January 1555
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Firuz Shah Suri]]
| successor = [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]]
| death_date = 1557
| issue =
| house = [[Sur (tribe)|Sur]]
| spouse =
| father =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| full name = Muhammad Mubāriz Khān
| dynasty = [[Sur Empire|Sur]]
}}

'''Muhammad Adil Shah''' (Muhammad Mubariz Khan; died 1557) was [[Sur Empire#List of rulers of the Sur Empire|Sultan of the Sur Empire]] from December 1554 until his defeat in January 1555.<ref name=r1>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.94–6</ref> He was the last Suri ruler of the united empire, after which the empire fell into civil war.
[[File:Copper coin of Muhammad Adl Shah.jpg|thumb|Copper Dam of Muhammad Adil Shah]]

==Early life==
He was the son of Nizam Khan, the younger brother of the Sultan [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Adil's sister, Bibi Bai, was married to [[Islam Shah Suri]]. His real name was Muhammad Mubariz Khan. He was responsible for the assassination of [[Firuz Shah Suri]], the twelve-year-old son of [[Islam Shah Suri]], in 1554. Then he ascended the throne as the last sultan of the united empire. He appointed [[Hemu]] as his [[Vizier|Wazir]].

==Biography==
Dil Shah (also known as Adil Shah) tried to win over the nobles and the army by giving them large sums of money and titles. However, his act of killing the rightful ruler led to serious consequences and marked the beginning of the end for the Sur dynasty. Although he was weak and ineffective as a ruler, he appointed a very capable minister named [[Hemu]]—a Hindu from a modest background who had risen through important positions under the previous ruler, Islam Shah.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | orig-date=1960 | date = 1970 | pages=66–69 | isbn=9780861251551 }}</ref><ref name=r1/><ref name="Jalali Afghanistan">{{Cite book |last1=Jalali |first1=Ali Ahmad |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from the Ancient Empires to the Great Game |year=2021 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=9780700632633 |language=English|pages=250-251}}</ref> Despite Hemu's abilities, Dil Shah's weak leadership allowed different parts of the empire to break apart. Ibrahim Khan Sur, who was in charge of Agra, rebelled by defeating the army sent against him and took over Delhi for himself. At the same time, Ahmad Khan Sur, the governor of Lahore, declared independence under the title Sikandar Shah, and Muhammad Khan Sur in Bengal also revolted, calling himself Shams-ud-din Muhammad Shah Ghazi. The once-unified empire split into four main regions,<ref name=r1/> [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]] under [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]],<ref name=r1/> [[Panjab]] under [[Sikandar Shah Suri]],<ref name="Jalali Afghanistan"/><ref name=r1/> Bengal under Shams-ud-din Muhammad Shah, and<ref name=r1/> the area from Agra to Bihar under Muhammad Adil Shah.<ref name=r1/> [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] went on to fight Ibrahim near Agra in 1555 and won, capturing both Delhi and Agra. As the internal conflicts continued, [[Humayun]] seized the opportunity to return from [[Kabul]] in November 1554. His forces quickly took over important areas like [[Lahore]], [[Jalandhar]], and [[Sirhind]]. In the process, Mughal troops, led by Akbar’s generals, defeated their Afghan opponents and captured [[Delhi]].<ref name=r1/>

Meanwhile, the fighting among the Afghan rulers did not stop. [[Hemu]], acting as Dil Shah’s prime minister, won two battles against one of the rebel leaders near Kalpi and Khanua, forcing him to hide in the fort of [[Bayana]]. Later, after Humayun’s death in January 1556 and the accession of young Akbar, Hemu advanced with a large force from Gwalior, capturing Agra when its governor fled, and then took Delhi after defeating its governor.<ref name=r1/>

Feeling strong after these victories, [[Hemu]] declared himself independent with the title Raja Vikramaditya and distributed wealth generously among his officers to secure their loyalty. He prepared to resist the Mughal forces, and a large battle took place on November 5, 1556, at Panipat. Although his army was larger, an arrow struck Hemu in the eye, and he fell unconscious. Believing their leader was dead, his troops lost heart and fled. Hemu was captured and later killed by Mughal forces under Akbar and his general Bairam Khan.<ref name=r1/> After this decisive battle, Mughal rule was firmly established in [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]].<ref name=r1/>

== In the [[Panjab]] ==
In [[Panjab]], Sikandar Shah Suri actively fought his enemies and defeated Khizr KhWaja Khan near [[Lahore]] at Chamiari. When [[Akbar]] and [[Bairam Khan]] moved against him, he took shelter in the fort of [[Mankot]] and held out for about six months, hoping that a distraction from Adil Shah, still holding [[Chunar]], might help him. However, when Adil Shah was defeated and killed by [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah|Khizr Khan Sur]] of [[Bengal]] in 1557,<ref name="Qanungo Sher Shah">{{Cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalika Ranjan |title=Sher Shah and His Times |year=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |language=English |pages=138-140 }}</ref> Sikandar lost his resolve and surrendered. He was given a post in [[Bihar]] but was soon expelled by [[Akbar]] and died in Bengal about two years later. Meanwhile, [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]] fled to [[Orissa]], where he was defeated around 1567–1568. With these rival leaders gone, the turmoil in northern [[India]] ended, clearing the way for [[Akbar]] to re-establish firm Mughal rule.<ref name=r1/>

==See also==
* [[Suri Empire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Firuz Shah Suri]]|
title=[[Shah|Shah of Delhi]]|
years=1554–1555|
after=[[Ibrahim Shah Suri]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Adil Shah}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Sur Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:1557 deaths]]
[[Category:1554 in India]]
[[Category:1555 in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Afghan people]]

Amruta Deshmukh

2025-12-24T09:48:33Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: done

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Amruta Deshmukh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 31 January<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4's Prasad Jawade wishes Amruta Deshmukh on her birthday with an adorable post, see pics |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4s-prasad-jawade-wishes-amruta-deshmukh-on-her-birthday-with-an-adorable-post-see-pics/articleshow/97512268.cms |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 2013–present
| known_for = ''[[Freshers (Indian TV series)|Freshers]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Prasad Jawade]]|2023}}
| relatives = Abhishek Deshmukh (brother)
}}

'''Amruta Deshmukh''' is an Indian television actress. She made her television debut with the ''[[Tumcha Aamcha Same Asta]]'' serial on [[Star Pravah]]. She is known for her performance in ''[[Freshers (Indian TV series)|Freshers]]'' as Pari. Currently, she has participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]'' as a contestant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Amruta Deshpande Chooses Kiran Mane a ‘Zero’ |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-amruta-deshpande-chooses-kiran-mane-a-zero-6138277.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born in [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]]. She is the younger sister of Marathi television actor Abhishek Deshmukh who played a role in [[Star Pravah|Star Pravah's]] ''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2022 |title='आई कुठे काय करते' मधील यशची सख्खी बहीण आहे 'ही' अभिनेत्री, करते लोकांची बोलती बंद! |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/aai-kuthe-kay-karte-yash-character-abhishek-deshmukh-sister-famous-actress-amruta-deshmukh-rj-punyachi-talkerwadi-mhrn-729245.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Deshmukh has been in a relationship with [[Prasad Jawade]], a fellow contestant of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi]]''. They got married on 18 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिग बॉसने बना दी जोडी! अमृता देशमुख-प्रसाद जवादे यांचा झाला साखरपुडा; लग्नाची तारीखही ठरली |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/bigg-boss-marathi-fame-amruta-deshmukh-prasad-jawade-got-engaged-wedding-date-is-18th-november/articleshow/102035718.cms |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==

She graduated from the [[Ranade Institute|Ranade Institute of Mass Communication and Journalism]], [[Pune]]. Due to cultural interest, she acted in a few theatres plays. She also participated in ''Miss Pune Festival''. Then she started acting in television serials and short films. She is also a Radio jockey for 98.3 Mirchi Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amruta Deshmukh Entertains Audience in Her New Avatar as Puniyachi Talkerwadi on Radio |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/amruta-deshmukh-entertains-audience-in-her-new-avatar-as-puniyachi-talkerwadi-on-radio-4900523.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Baburaola Pakda''
|
|
|-
|''Kalakaar''
|
|
|-
|2014
|''The Beloved''
|Niru
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''Ek Kutub Teen Minar''
|Soni
|
|-
|''Aaji Ani Naat''
|
|
|-
|''Pathrakhin Mazi Aai Lakshmi''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''1.43 FM (Short film)''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''Sweety Satarkar''
|Sweety
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sweety Satarkar' trailer: Amruta Deshmukh's one-sided hilarious love story will win your heart - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sweety-satarkar-trailer-amruta-deshmukhs-one-sided-hilarious-love-story-will-win-your-heart/articleshow/74237725.cms |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2013
|''[[Pudhcha Paaul]]''
|Small cameo
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Asmita (TV series)|Asmita]]''
|Vaidehi Saranjame
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Tumcha Aamcha Same Asta]]''
|Gauri
|[[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|2016-2017
|''[[Freshers (Indian TV series)|Freshers]]''
|Pari Deshmukh
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshers: a refreshing show for Marathi audience - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/freshers-a-refreshing-show-for-marathi-audience/articleshow/53431416.cms |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Deva Shappath''
|[[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]]
|
|-
|2019-2020
|''Mi Tujhich Re''
|Riya Varde
| rowspan="2" |[[Sony Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangram Salvi and Amruta Deshmukh to be paired in the new love story Me Tujhich Re - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sangram-salvi-and-amruta-deshmukh-to-be-paired-in-the-new-love-story-me-tujhich-re/articleshow/69785507.cms |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Aathshe Khidkya Naushe Dara''
|Sara
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amruta Deshmukh shares what she learnt while shooting for 'Athshe Khidkya Naushe Daara' |url=https://www.newspointapp.com/english,nepali/toi/toi/videos/entertainment?id=df497bce89562dfdab91ee3fad93504e |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=newspointapp.com}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Contestant
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=Meet Bigg Boss Marathi 4 contestants: From Yashashri Masurkar, Kiran Mane to Tejaswini Lonari |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/meet-bigg-boss-marathi-4-contestants-list-yashashri-masurkar-kiran-mane-tejaswini-lonari-mahesh-manjrekar-8187343/ |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6880061}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Amruta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Velu Prabhakaran

2025-11-25T07:47:16Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created Stub

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker, cinematographer and actor (1957–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Velu Prabakaran
| image = File:Velu Prabhakaran.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1956 or 1957
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], Madras State, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|7|18|1957|5|6|df=y}}
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Film director, actor, cinematographer
| years_active = 1980–2025
| spouse = Shirley Das
}}

'''Velu Prabakaran''' (1956 or 1957 – 18 July 2025) was an Indian filmmaker, cinematographer, and actor. He was known for his themes highlighting atheism and revolutionary subjects in his films.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=S.R.Ashok|title=Film runs into trouble with Censor Board|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/film-runs-into-trouble-with-censor-board/article1808710.ece|newspaper=The Hindu (india)|date=10 March 2007|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2025}}

==Career==
Prabakaran began as a cinematographer before making his directorial debut with the 1989 horror film ''[[Nalaya Manithan]]'', before also directing its sequel ''[[Adhisaya Manithan]]'' (1990). He then made two more consecutive action films under [[R. K. Selvamani]]'s production in ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' and ''[[Rajali]]'', both box office failures.<ref>{{cite web|title=reference|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm|publisher=Indolink.com|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193802/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He then worked on action films with lead characters often depicted as revolutionaries, making ''[[Kadavul]]'' (1997), ''[[Sivan (film)|Sivan]]'' (1999), and ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'' (2000). In 2000, he began pre-production on a film titled ''Deepavali,'' and approached [[Kamal Haasan]] to play the lead role. However, the actor's rejection meant that the project was later shelved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/33Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U3.htm |title=Nn |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030214172201/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/33Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U3.htm |archive-date=14 February 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2025}}

Prabakaran began work on the production of a film titled ''Kadhal Arangam'' in 2004, writing the story, screenplay, and dialogue for the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Making a mark|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/24/stories/2004052400730200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041030182245/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/24/stories/2004052400730200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-05-24|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Starring newcomers Preethi Rangayani and Shirley Das, he revealed that the film would expose the falsehood of [[kama]] in society, though he later gave directorial credits of the film to his brother Velu Raja. The film also takes on the prevailing caste system and explores sexuality. Film censors were not willing to give it a certificate due to objectionable scenes and an ongoing battle with the censor board emerged in December 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Velu Prabhakaran's clash with censors|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/11850.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227234223/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/11850.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2013|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> In December 2006, Prabakaran held an emotional appeal at a press conference stating that the film touched upon issues of social concern and stressed the importance of sex education amongst youngsters. In 2009, he finally agreed to tone down the scenes and mute certain dialogues and to compromise with the censors on the film, and changed the title from ''Kadhal Arangam'' to ''Kadhal Kathai''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Velu Prabakaran's bold film gets censor nod!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velu-prabakaran's-bold-film-gets-censor-nod-news-tamil-kkfrMVegbaj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830160003/https://www.sify.com/movies/velu-prabakaran%27s-bold-film-gets-censor-nod-news-tamil-kkfrMVegbaj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2019|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> In the title credits of the film, Prabakaran included an extended scene which narrates his opinions and difficulties of the film's release. He noted that parts were autobiographical.<ref>{{cite web|title=Grill Mill|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/06/26/stories/2009062650351600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228214456/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/06/26/stories/2009062650351600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-06-26|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> The film opened to very negative reviews from critics, with one reviewer noting "the movie has apparently no script or whatever and is a string of events interspersed with sex scenes."<ref>{{cite web|title=KADHAL KADHAI MOVIE REVIEW|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/kadhal-kadhai.html|website=Behindwoods|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Another critic noted "it's too boring to even qualify as a sex flick", describing the film as "unwatchable".<ref>{{cite web|title=Kadhal Kadhai — Perverse, uninteresting and badly made|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/11273.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625064201/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/11273.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2009|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref>

In 2009, he signed on to direct a film titled ''Deva Dasi'' telling the tale of a 16th-century romance. During delays, he began another project titled ''Mugamoodi Koothu'' and then another titled ''Kalainganin Kadhal'',{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} in which he would play the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Velu Prabakaran's 'Mugamoodi Koothu'|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/49896.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914054558/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/49896.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2009|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> The projects failed to take off and Prabakaran kept away from the film industry for a number of years before releasing a teaser trailer to ''Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary'' in January 2017.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Personal life and death==
Prabhakaran was once married to actress and director [[P. Jayadevi]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} In June 2017, Prabakaran announced his marriage to Shirley Das, who had acted in his film ''[[Kadhal Kadhai]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/60-year-old-director-velu-prabhakaran-marries-actress-shirley-das-photos-tamil-director-regional-cinema-news/18307158|title=60-year-old director Velu Prabhakaran marries actress Shirley Das|date=4 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-director-velu-prabhakaran-marries-shirley-das-980878-2017-06-04|title=Tamil director Velu Prabhakaran marries his Kadhal Kadhai heroine Shirley Das|website=India Today |date=4 June 2017 }}</ref>

Prabhakaran died after a long illness on 18 July 2025, at the age of 68.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-18 |title=Tamil filmmaker-cinematographer Velu Prabhakaran passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/18/tamil-filmmaker-cinematographer-velu-prabhakaran-passes-away |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veteran Tamil Filmmaker Velu Prabhakaran Passes Away at 68; A Legacy of Bold Cinema Ends |url=https://filmycharcha.com/regional/south/veteran-tamil-filmmaker-velu-prabhakaran-passes-away-at-68-a-legacy-of-bold-cinema-ends |website=Filmy Charcha |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Year
! rowspan=2 | Title
! colspan=5 | Credited as
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Cinematographer
! width=65 | Actor
! width=65 | Role
|-
| 1980 || ''Ivargal Vithyasamanavargal'' || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Matravai Neril'' || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"| || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Nalaya Manithan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Sariyana Jodi'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || ||
|-
| 1989 ||''[[Pick Pocket (1989 film)|Pick Pocket]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Adhisaya Manithan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || || || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Uruvam]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1993 ||''[[Uthama Raasa]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Puthiya Aatchi]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamizhmani ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Rajali]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Kadavul]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Rajapandi || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sivan (film)|Sivan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Tamizhmani ||
|-
|2003 || ''[[Vikadan]]'' || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || ||
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]]''|| || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kadhal Kadhai]]'' || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Himself ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Pathinaaru]]'' || || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Oru Iyakkunarin Kadhal Diary]]''|| style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || ||
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Gangs of Madras]]'' || || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || ||
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Jango (2021 film)|Jango]]'' || || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || ||
|-
| 2021 ||''[[Anti Indian]]'' || || || || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}} || Hajiyar ||
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Cadaver (2022 film)|Cadaver]]'' || || || ||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}|| ||
|-
| 2023 ||''[[Pizza 3: The Mummy]]'' || || || ||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}|| ||
|-
| 2023 ||''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]'' || || || ||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}|| ||
|-
| 2024 ||''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]'' || || || ||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}|| Omkar ||
|-
| 2024 ||''Appu VI STD'' || || || ||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}|| ||
|-
| 2025 ||''[[Gajaana]]'' || || || ||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}|| ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0694883}}

{{Velu Prabhakaran}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakaran, Velu}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Periyarists]]

Simon Marandi

2025-11-25T07:30:05Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: expand intro further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician (1947–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Simon Marandi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1947|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Dumaria, [[Sahibganj district]], [[Bihar]] (Now [[Jharkhand]])
| residence = Dumaria, [[Sahibganj district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|4|13|1947|12|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences|Rabindranath Tagore Hospital]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1996
| predecessor = [[Seth Hembram]]
| successor = [[Thomas Hansda]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| profession = Social Worker, Agriculturist, Sportsman, Industrialist and Management Consultant
| spouse = [[Sushila Hansdak|Sushila Hansda]]
| children = Dinesh William Marandi Srishti Aslen Marandi
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3335.htm
}}
'''Simon Marandi''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]] as a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] from 1989 to 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3335.htm| title=Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | accessdate=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="SamaddarSen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ranabir Samaddar|author2=Suhit K. Sen|title=New Subjects and New Governance in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcMTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|accessdate=25 October 2017|date=14 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-80969-2|pages=49–}}</ref><ref name="Gaur2009">{{cite book|author=Krishna Deo Gaur|title=Textbook on the Indian Penal Code|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnnxzkV2mk0C&pg=PA289|accessdate=25 October 2017|year=2009|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=978-81-7534-703-8|pages=289–}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was elected to [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] by defeating the then incumbent Marang Murmu by 149 votes from [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]. He won [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]] in [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] at [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]]. He was Minister of Rural Development in [[first Hemant Soren ministry]] from 13 July 2013 to 28 December 2014.
In 2014, he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and contested in Littipara but lost to Dr. [[Anil Murmu]] of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] but for [[2017 elections in India|2017 by-election]], Marandi returned to [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] and won the seat.
In 2019, [[Dinesh William Marandi]] contested the polls in [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] after Marandi sidelined himself due to ill health.

== Controversy ==
On 12 December 2017, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] called for Marandi's suspension from the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] for organizing a kissing contest for tribal couples in Pakur.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kissing-competition-jmm-mla-jharkhand-1105352-2017-12-12 | title=Jharkhand MLAs land in trouble after organizing a kissing contest in tribal area | publisher=India Today | date=12 December 2017 | access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married [[Sushila Hansdak|Sushila Hansda]] and had a daughter Srishti Aslen Marandi and son [[Dinesh William Marandi]] who won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]].

In April 2021, he died of a cardiac ailment at [[Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences|Rabindranath Tagore Hospital]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] at age of 73.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/jmm-founding-member-simon-marandi-133928700.html | title=JMM founding member Simon Marandi die | publisher=Yahoo News | date=13 April 2021 | accessdate=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jmm-stalwart-simon-marandi-dies-at-74/articleshow/82055317.cms | title=JMM stalwart Simon Marandi dies at 74 | work=The Times of India | date=13 April 2021 | accessdate=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/jmm-founding-member-simon-marandi-laid-to-restcovid-protocol-violated-at-funeral-in-cm-presence/2064887 | title=JMM founding member Simon Marandi laid to rest;COVID protocol violated at funeral in CM presence | publisher=Outlook India | date=13 April 2021 | accessdate=15 April 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3335.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marandi, Simon}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Rajan Sippy

2025-11-19T23:19:30Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: New the pg added tags.

{{Short description|Indian actor and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajan Sippy
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| spouse = Anita Sippy
| occupation = Former Film actor, former film producer, and businessman
| years_active = 1984 - 1993
| website = {{website|www.moghulroomdubai.com/}}
}}

'''Rajan Sippy''' ({{langx|hi|राजन सिप्पी}}) is an Indian businessman and former actor, and former film producer who acted in several films in the 1980s and also produced the film ''Shehzaade'' (1989). He is currently a businessman in [[Dubai]] and runs several business ventures there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/tennis/uae-fall-short-for-second-year-in-a-row-1.579868|title=UAE fall short for second year in a row|date=26 February 2010|work=Gulf News|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chakpak.com/celebrity/rajan-sippy/12477|title=Rajan Sippy profile|work=chakpak.com|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Rajan Sippy was born in [[Mumbai]]. He earned [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree in Accounting, Business and Economics from [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]]. Sippy began his acting career in the Ramsay Horror 3D film ''[[3D Saamri]]'' (1985) and also played a horror role in their next chiller ''[[Dak Bangla]]'' (1987). He also played Madhuri Dixit's hero in the film ''[[Awara Baap]]'' (1985). He turned to production and produced a movie called ''[[Shehzaade]]'' (1989), starring [[Shatrughan Sinha]], Dharmendra and Dimple Kapadia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shehzaade LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/India-Bollywood-1989-Shehzaade-13-x21-used-lobby-cards-x-5-Dharmendra-/321258276745?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item4acc7c4789|publisher=ebay|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref> In the 1990s, Rajan Sippy shifted to [[Dubai]].

Today, he is one of the most successful Indian entrepreneurs there, with a chain of hotels and night clubs. Sippy is the founder and managing partner of S E International LLCS. He serves as the managing director of Screenplay Services Pte Ltd, which is based in [[Singapore]]. He is also the founder of Sippys Investments Limited. He is also the owner of Screenplay FZ LLC. He has even employed former Bollywood actresses like [[Kalpana Iyer]] and [[Sonika Gill]] as managers in his popular restaurant "The Moghul Room" which has now shut down.

== Filmography ==

=== Hindi ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Co–Star
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 1985
| ''Pyaase Honth''
| Rajen
| Supporting Role
|
|-
| ''[[Saamri]]''
| Sandeep
| Lead Role
| [[Aarti Gupta Surendranath | Aarti Gupta]]
|-
| ''[[Awara Baap]]''
| Vijay Gupta
| rowspan = "2" | Supporting Role
| [[Madhuri Dixit]]
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Kaanch Ki Deewar]]''
| Rajesh Singh
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Besahara|Be-Sahara]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Be-Sahaara (1987) Complete Cast & Crew - BollywoodMDB |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/cast-crew/be-sahaara/12706 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=www.bollywoodmdb.com}}</ref>
|Rakesh Awasthi
|Lead Role
|[[Priya Tendulkar]]
|-
|}

=== Sindhi ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Co–Star
|-
| 1984
| ''Hal Ta Bhajee Haloon''
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Unreleased Films ==

=== Hindi ===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Co–Star
|-
| 1985
| ''I Love You''
|
|
| [[Sahila Chaddha]]
|-
|}

* ''[[Dak Bangla]]'' – 1987
* ''[[Anjaam]]'' – 1987
* ''[[Woh Din Aayega]]''=1987
* ''[[Patton Ki Bazi]]'' – 1986
* ''[[Shoorveer]]''- 1988
* ''[[Aakhri Muqabla]]'' – 1988
* ''[[Shehzaade]]'' – 1989
* ''[[Amba (film)|Amba]]'' - 1990
* ''[[Zakhmo Ka Hisaab]]'' - 1993

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb name|1264182}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sippy, Rajan}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Petrapole

2025-11-11T17:41:11Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: added a stub with sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Petrapole
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Border Checkpoint
| image_skyline = File:Jessore Road - Petrapole - North 24 Parganas 2015-05-29 1329.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Jessore Road]], Petrapole
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0|N|88.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Petrapole''' is the [[India]]n side of Petrapole-[[Benapole]] [[border checkpoint]] between India and [[Benapole]] of [[Bangladesh]], on the [[Bangladesh-India border]], near [[Bongaon]] in [[North 24 Parganas district]] of [[West Bengal]]. Petrapole border is the only land [[port]] in [[south Bengal]]. It is also the largest land [[customs]] station in [[Asia]].<ref name="pet1">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Chief-secretary-visits-Petrapole-border/articleshow/6926627.cms | title=Chief secretary visits Petrapole border | newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 November 2010 | access-date=8 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=600| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|4|0|N|88|47|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bangaon subdivision, North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: place of tourist interest Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|58|41|N|88|46|53|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chandpara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chandpara]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|58|15|N|88|47|47|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Chhekati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Chhekati]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|54|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bara, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|46|16|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Chikanpara| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chikanpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|57|36|N|88|47|24|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhakuria| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Dhakuria, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|47|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Shimulpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Shimulpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|58|10|N|88|47|3|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Sonatikiri| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Sonatikiri]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|3|18|N|88|49|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Bangaon| numbered8=M| mark-title8=[[Bangaon]] (M) | shape-color8= #800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|55|28|N|88|46|40|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Thakurnagar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Thakurnagar]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|4|N|88|53|8|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Bagdah| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Bagdah, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|56|20|N|88|43|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Gaighata| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Gaighata, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|3|53|N|88|45|38|E}} | label-pos12=top|label12= Gopalnagar| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gopalnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|19|N|88|51|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Helencha| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Helencha]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|59|11|N|88|42|6|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Nahata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Nahata]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|2|16|N|88|44|48|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Palla| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Palla, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|2|0|N|88|52|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Petrapole check post| numbered16=R| mark-title16= Petrapole (R) |shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|10|N|88|45|43|E}} | label-pos17=bottom| label17=Bibhutibhusan|labela17=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|4|50|N|88|47|35|E}} | label18= Ichhamati River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 16| label-pos18=right| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|0|N|88|52|40|E}} | label19= Betna River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 100| label-pos19=right| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Petrapole is in the district of North 24 Parganas and is about 95 km from [[Kolkata]] on the [[National Highway 112 (India)|National Highway 112]] (formerly NH 35). The nearest town and passenger rail station is [[Bongaon]].<ref name="pet1"/>

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map was a part of Jessore district from 1883.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.39429/2015.39429.Jessore-District-Gazetteers_djvu.txt | title = Bengal District Gazetteers, Jessore by L.S.S. O’Malley | work= Chapter II: History, Page/ Section 44 | publisher = Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1912 |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadia.gov.in/District%20Gazetteer/Ch11%20-%20General%20administration.PDF | title = District Gazetteer | work= Chapter IX: General Administration, Page 150| publisher = Egiye Bangla |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref> At the time of [[Partition of Bengal (1947)]] the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the police station areas of Bangaon and Gaighata of Jessore district in India and the area was made a part of 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tour.khujbo.com/jessore-district-information/ | title = Jessore District Information | publisher = Khujbo.com |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref> The renowned novelist, [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]] (of ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' fame) belonged to this area and many of his writings portray his experience in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bandyopadhyay,_Bibhutibhushan | title = Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay| publisher = Banglapedia |access-date = 22 June 2021}}</ref> It is a flat plain located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> In the densely populated area, 16.33% of the population lives in the urban areas and 83.67% lives in the rural areas.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Significance==
This check post accounts for more than half of the $4-billion (nearly double the trade volume with [[Pakistan]]) trade with [[Bangladesh]]. This is the largest land port of [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/customs-wants-better-rail-link-thru-petrapole/article20598257.ece1 | title=Customs wants better rail link thru Petrapole | newspaper=The Hindu Business Line | first1=Pratim Ranjan | last1=Bose | first2=Abhishek | last2=Law | date=12 March 2018 | access-date=8 February 2018 }}</ref> The landport alone accounts for nearly 60 per cent of the bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/integrated-check-post-planned-at-petrapole-to-boost-trade-with-dhaka/article2214092.ece Integrated check post planned at Petrapole to boost trade with Dhaka]. ''thehindubusinessline.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/06/18/stories/2006061802970300.htm Petrapole infrastructure to be beefed up]. ''thehindubusinessline.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</ref>

==Communication==
The Petrapole-Benapole rail link was opened in 2001 after being closed for 24 years.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/01/22/stories/142271b6.htm Petrapole-Benapole rail link re-opens after 24 years] ''hindu.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013</ref>
There is a proposal to construct a by-pass road to ease congestion on the present road, connecting Benapole to [[National Highway 112|NH 112]] (earlier NH 35), bypassing Bangaon.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130203145649/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051204/asp/bengal/story_5557173.asp Bypass to ease border traffic] ''telegraphindia.com''. Retrieved 6 May 2013</ref>
On 9 November 2017, Nearly 10 years after Kolkata-Dhaka passenger train was flagged off after a gap of 43 years, a new train – [[Bandhan Express]] – was inaugurated between Kolkata and Khulna in Bangladesh (via Petrapole and Benapole), covering a distance of about 172 km. This is a weekly train and runs on Thursdays from both sides.
{{Clear}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:BSF at Petrapole.JPG|BSF at Petrapole
File:Crossing Border to India.JPG|Crossing Border at Petrapole
File:Enroute to Petrapole.JPG|En route to Petrapole
File:Petrapole Railway Station.JPG|Petrapole railway station
File:Petrapole railway station platform.jpg|Petrapole railway station
File:Auto to Petropole.JPG|Auto to Petropole
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Benapole Border Crossing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://wikimapia.org/1443271/ Satellite map]

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}
{{India-Bangladesh land border checkpoints}}

[[Category:Petrapole| ]]
[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border crossings]]

List of mayors of Coimbatore

2025-10-23T20:57:58Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: improve lead after review and cleaned formatting

{{short description|None}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Mayor
| body = Coimbatore
| incumbent = R.Ranganayaki| appointer = Electorate of [[Coimbatore]]
| termlength = 5 years
| residence = Venkataswamy Road East, RS Puram
| formation = 1996
| inaugural = V Gopalakrishnan
| website = [http://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/index.php/council/mayor Mayor of Coimbatore]
| incumbentsince = 6 August 2024
}}
The '''Mayor of Coimbatore''' is the first citizen of the Indian city of [[Coimbatore]]. The elected mayor s the chief administrator of the city, and serves alongside 99 councillors of the [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore Corporation]].<ref name="velusamy">{{cite news |title=S.M. Velusamy is Coimbatore Mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/sm-velusamy-is-coimbatore-mayor/article2561985.ece |first=Karthik |last=Madhavan |date=21 October 2011 |agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Coimbatore |accessdate=2014-01-23}}</ref>

The office of Mayor of Coimbatore, is currently held by [[R.Ranganayaki]] since 6 August 2024.

The Mayor is elected directly by the electorate. This was temporarily scrapped in 2006 in favour of an indirect election among the councillors. The process of direct elections was brought back in 2011 on the recommendation of the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name="nextdirect">{{cite news |title=In next local poll, mayors will be elected directly by people |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/chennai/29799406_1_mayor-election-local-body-direct-elections|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202164702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/chennai/29799406_1_mayor-election-local-body-direct-elections|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|date=21 July 2011 |location=Chennai |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2014-01-24}}</ref>

The official residence of the Mayor is at Venkataswamy Road East in [[R. S. Puram, Coimbatore|R.S. Puram]].<ref name="residence">{{cite news |title=Now, a row brews over Mayor's residence |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/14/stories/2006071422860300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119101526/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/14/stories/2006071422860300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2007 |date=14 July 2006 | author=Special Correspondent | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Coimbatore |accessdate=15 February 2018}}</ref>

== List of Mayors ==
The first mayor was elected in 1996. As of 2022, there have been six mayors,<ref name="fourthmayor">{{cite news|title=Corporation all set to receive fourth Mayor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/corporation-all-set-to-receive-fourth-mayor/article2569258.ece |date=25 October 2011|agency=[[The Hindu]] |location=Coimbatore|accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> one from the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], three from the [[AIADMK]], one from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and one from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years
! Mayor
! Political Party
! Notes
|-
| 1996–2001
| [[V. Gopalakrishnan (Tamil Maanila Congress)|V Gopalakrishnan]]
| [[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
| First Mayor of Coimbatore
|-
| 2001–2006
| [[T. Malaravan]]
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|-
| 2006-2011
| R Venkatachalam
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| First Mayor to be elected indirectly
|-
| 2011-2014
| [[S. M. Velusamy]]
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 2014-2016
| [[Ganapathi P.Raj Kumar]]
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 2022-2024
| [[A. Kalpana]]
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 2024–Present
| [[R.Ranganayaki]]
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/index.php/council/mayor Mayor of Coimbatore]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Coimbatore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayors of Coimbatore}}
[[Category:Lists of mayors of places in Tamil Nadu|Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Mayors of Coimbatore| ]]
[[Category:Government of Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore-related lists]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politics-related lists]]

From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet

2025-10-23T06:25:25Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: put up info

{{short description|2015 book}}
{{Infobox book
| name = From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey
| language = English
| country = India
| genre = [[Science]]
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| isbn = 978-9351776895
| image = Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Book cover
| pub_date = 28 December 2015
|pages=736
}}

'''''From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey''''' edited by [[P. V. Manoranjan Rao]], [[B. N. Suresh]] and [[V. P. Balagangadharan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-isro-releases-book-on-indian-space-programme-2142475|title=ISRO releases book on Indian Space Programme {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2015-11-05|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-12}}</ref> — all of them former scientists of the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] — is a book that traces the history of [[India]]'s space organization, [[Indian Space Research Organization]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.in/Fishing-Hamlet-Red-Planet-Journey/dp/9351776891|title=From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey|last=Organization|first=Indian Space Research|date=2015-12-28|publisher=Harper Collins India|isbn=9789351776895|language=English}}</ref>

Its sequel—'''''[[Ever Upwards: ISRO in Images]]'''''—a coffee table book on ISRO's history was published in 2019. These two books are considered to be the most authoritative and official history of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]—the only history books to have been authorized by the space organization.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}{{Space-stub}}{{India-book-stub}}
[[Category:Spaceflight_books]]
[[Category:Books about ISRO]]

Bharat Vandana Park

2025-08-24T04:49:25Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{Short description|City park in Delhi}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Bharat Vandana Park
| photo =
| photo_width = 300px
| photo_caption =
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Dwarka, Delhi]], India
| area = {{convert|220|acre|ha mi2 km2}}
| map_width = 300
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within Delhi
| coords = {{Coord|28|34|14|N|77|03|30|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=title}}
| status = Under-construction
| owner = [[Delhi Development Authority]]
| designer = Arcop Associates
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| open =
| publictransit =
| embedded =
}}

'''Bharat Vandana Park''' is a 220-acre park currently under-construction in [[Delhi]], India.

== Overview ==
The park's foundation was laid on 18 December 2019 by [[Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2019-12-18 |title=Ball set rolling for 200-acre DDA park |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ball-set-rolling-for-200-acre-dda-park/articleshow/72860887.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is inspired by the presence of public spaces in ancient [[Harappan architecture|Harappan]] cities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Parvez |date=2020-03-02 |title=Fun 'n' green in Delhi's Bharat Vandana park |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/Mar/02/fun-n-green-in-delhis-bharat-vandana-park-2110911.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> As per the plan, the park was supposed to open to the public in March 2022;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Snehil |date=24 November 2023 |title=220-acre Dwarka park likely to open by March next year: DDA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/220acre-dwarka-park-likely-to-open-by-march-next-year-dda-101700846867656.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=Delhi: Bharat Vandana Park to be ready by 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-bharat-vandana-park-to-be-ready-by-2022-6172393/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> however, it has been delayed until August 2025. The delay was caused by the pandemic and later by an injunction from the Delhi government’s forest and wildlife department, which found that trees were being cut down 'illegally.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Muneef |date=2022-06-14 |title=Delhi forest dept halts construction work in portion of Bharat Vandana Park |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-forest-dept-halts-construction-work-in-portion-of-bharat-vandana-park/article65527557.ece |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Delhi: 'Trees cut' at park in Dwarka, forest dept ticks off DDA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/trees-cut-at-park-in-dwarka-forest-dept-ticks-off-dda-7970090/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==
It is designed by the architectural firm [[Arcop|ARCOP Associates]] and is based on the layout of traditional [[Rangoli]] patterns fused with a flower form.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to ARCOP |url=https://arcop.co.in/inner-page-th-sub-category-by-name.php?id=201 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=arcop.co.in}}</ref> The landscaped green space of the park will cover 98 acres, which accounts for 54% of the total area, in addition to nearly 26 acres occupied by waterbodies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Siddharatha |date=2021-03-04 |title=Delhi: This park will be your gateway to India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/this-park-will-be-your-gateway-to-india/articleshow/81319236.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In addition, the park will feature replicas of 36 monuments from various regions of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-05-05 |title=Bharat Vandana Park in Dwarka to showcase India's heritage |url=https://theprint.in/india/bharat-vandana-park-in-dwarka-to-showcase-indias-heritage/1558476/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location ==
The park is being built in [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]'s Sector 20, located only 300 meters from the [[Dwarka Sector 9 metro station]] and 1.5 kilometers from the [[Yashobhoomi]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |date=9 October 2023 |title=New infra brings Dwarka sub-city back in demand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/new-infra-brings-dwarka-sub-city-back-in-demand-101696788204589.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}

[[Category:Parks in Delhi]]

Madhabdanga

2025-08-15T00:10:44Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Made New Data!

{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhabdanga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.54|N|88.80|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1423
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735224<ref>{{Cite web|title= Madhabdanga Pin Code|work = abplive.com |url= https://news.abplive.com/pincode/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/madhabdanga-pincode-735224.html|access-date= 21 May 2025}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maynaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maynaguri]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madhabdanga''' is a village located in [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]] CD block in the [[Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI|work=[[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL |url= https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |access-date= 21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Village : Madhabdanga|url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Madhabdanga-307556 |access-date= 21 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri District}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]

{{Jalpaiguri-geo-stub}}

Natun Bazar

2025-07-24T09:29:55Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rabindra Nagar]]

Putlur mandal

2025-07-20T03:07:11Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: added first data w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.8123|77.9659}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Putlur]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=456}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 319.19
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 34,629
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Putlur mandal''' is one of the 31 [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] in [[Anantapur district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} Ananthapuramu District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ananthapuramu.ap.gov.in/mandal/}}</ref> It is under the administration of [[Anantapuramu revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Putlur]] village.

== Demographics ==

As of the 2011 [[Census of India]], Putlur mandal comprises 9,014 households. The total population is 36,902, with 18,699 males and 18,203 females. The child population is 3,789. Scheduled Castes constitute 6,786 of the population, while Scheduled Tribes account for 29 individuals. The number of literate individuals stands at 19,728. The workforce in Putlur mandal includes 19,728 workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract Indicators Andhra Pradesh, Anantapur District, Putlur Sub-District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== Villages ==
List of villages/settlements in Putlur mandal<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - Series 29 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Anantapur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/160 |website=Census India |publisher=Government of India |pages=455}}</ref>

#Arakativemula
#Chalavemula
#Cherlopalli
#Chinnamallepalle
#Chintakunta
#Chintalapalle
#Dosaledu
#Ellutla
#Gandlapadu
#Kadavakallu
#Kandikapula
#Komatikuntla
#Kummanamala
#Madugupalle
#[[Putlur]]
#Sanagalaguduru
#Surepalli

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anantapur district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anantapur district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Kantaranguri

2025-05-20T00:31:47Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: brief adjusted section for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kantaranguri
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4894|N|86.6627|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.6228
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,435
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723121
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03251
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kantaranguri''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Kashipur (community development block)|Kashipur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|35|0|N|86|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Raghunathpur subdivision in Purulia district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|36|0|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Santaldih| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Santaldih]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|35|5|N|86|28|34|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Kanki| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kanki, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|31|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Dubra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dubra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|29|52|N|86|33|43|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chapari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Chapari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|28|56|N|86|31|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Shankara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Shankara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Nabagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nabagram, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|48|15|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Saltore| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Saltore]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|40|30|N|86|49|10|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Hijuli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Hijuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|26|N|86|50|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Parbelia| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Parbelia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|18|N|86|38|16|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Achkoda| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Achkoda]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|28|48|N|86|33|37|E}} | label-pos11= right|label11=Anara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Anara, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|1|N|86|33|10|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Cheliyama| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Cheliyama]] (R) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|35|40|N|86|45|31|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Gobag| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gobag]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|17|N|86|27|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Haraktor| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Haraktor]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|36|29|N|86|47|57|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Harmadih| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Harmadih]] (R) |shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|39|40|N|86|49|30|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Nituria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nituria]] (R) |shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|42|N|86|31|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Para| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Para, Purulia]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|48|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Sarbari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Sarbari]] (R) |shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|36|45|N|86|31|25|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Usir| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Usir]] (R) |shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|36|10|N|86|33|31|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Banda Deul| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Banda Deul]] (H)| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|37|30|N|86|46|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Garh Panchkot| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Garh Panchkot]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|39|58|N|86|36|23|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Telkupi| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Telkupi]] (H)| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|46|N|86|45|42|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Ramkanali| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Ramkanali Junction railway station]] (R) |shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24= {{coord|23|36|40|N|86|50|21|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Murulia| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Murulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord25= {{coord|23|30|23|N|86|41|37|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Arra| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Arra, Purulia|Arra, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|29|10|N|86|39|45|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Kantaranguri| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= Kantaranguri (CT)|shape-color26=black| label-size26=13|label-color26=black 
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|30|10|N|86|40|0|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Adra| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Adra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|25|19|N|86|39|43|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Lapara| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Lapara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|40|12|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathpur| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Raghunathpur, Purulia]] (M) |shape-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|34|30|N|86|50|40|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=Baranti| numbered30=T| mark-title30= [[Baranti]] (T) |shape-color30=green
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|26|10|N|86|41|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Kalloli| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kalloli]] (R) |shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|26|11|N|86|40|13|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Kashipur| numbered32=H| mark-title32= [[Kashipur, West Bengal]] (H) |shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|0|N|86|52|30|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=Madhukunda| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhukunda]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|35|20|N|86|49|27|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Muraddi| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Muraddi]] (R) |shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|34|45|N|86|48|24|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Ramchandrapur| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Ramchandrapur, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color35=#C42222
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|31|44|N|86|51|50|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Santuri| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Santuri, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C42222
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|32|53|N|86|43|35|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37=Bero| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Bero railway station]] (R) |shape-color37=#C42222
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|31|10|N|86|40|51|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38=Joychandi Pahar| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Joychandi Pahar]] (R) |shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23.6556|N|86.7486|E}}| label39= Panchet |labela39= Hill| label-color39 = #C42222 | label-angle39=-50| label-pos39=bottom| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23.6736|N|86.6886|E}} |label40=Panchet Dam|labela40= Reservoir| label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40=0| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23.6102|86.9303}}| label41=Damodar River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41=5| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|40|0|N|86|33|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}

===Location===
Kantaranguri is located at {{coord|23.4894|N|86.6627|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills.<ref>Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 170, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref> [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] occupies the northern part of the district. 83.80% of the population of the subdivision lives in rural areas. However, there are pockets of urbanization and 16.20% of the population lives in urban areas. There are 14 census towns in the subdivision.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> It is presented in the map given alongside. There is a coal mining area around [[Parbelia]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/sripur.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Sodepur Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 11 August 2018}}</ref> and two thermal power plants are there – the 500 MW [[Santaldih Thermal Power Station]]<ref name=santaldih>{{cite web |url = http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |title = Santaldih Thermal Power Station - WBPDCL |publisher = WBPDCL |access-date = 2011-08-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024838/http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |archive-date = 2010-01-11 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and the 1200 MW [[Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station]]. The subdivision has a rich heritage of old temples, some of them belonging to the 11th century or earlier. The [[Banda Deul]] is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/purulia.aspx | title = Old temple at Banda (locally known as deul)| publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle |access-date = 23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 134|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> The comparatively more recent in historical terms, Panchkot Raj has interesting and intriguing remains in the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asianheritagealertiaah.blogspot.in/2011/10/capital-in-shambles-garh-panchakot.html |title = Capital in shambles: Garh Panchakot, Purulia | publisher= Heritage in Peril| access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/East/West_Bengal/Garpanchkot/photo900506.htm |title = Historical ruins| publisher= Trek Earth | access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kantaranguri had a total population of 5,435, of which 2,736 (50%) were males and 2,699 (50%) were females. There were 472 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Kantaranguri was 4,445 (89.56% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 February 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Puruliya'', Kantaranguri covered an area of 1.6228 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources. It had 1,081 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had a dispensary/ health centre 1 km away, a nursing home 6 km away, 25 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, 1 middle school, the nearest secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school, at Raniganj 0.5 km away, the nearest degree college at [[Kashipur, West Bengal|Kashipur]] 8 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1073-1083 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 January 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Beko Anchal High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1967. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/beko-anchal-high-school-7406z2| title = Beko Anchal High School | publisher = ICBSE |access-date = 3 February 2020}}</ref>

Vidyasagar Vidyapith is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1996. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/vidyasagar-vidyapith-6z9lp1 | title =Vidyasagar Vidyapith Secondary School | publisher = ICBSE|access-date = 3 February 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Kantaranguri (PO Beko), with 6 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purulia district]]

Javari cattle

2025-04-20T19:08:00Z

Vishal Meena Phagi:

{{Short description|Breed of cattle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Javari 01.JPG|thumb|Javari cow]]

[[File:Javari 02.JPG|thumb|Javari bull]]
'''Javari''' ({{langx|kn|'''ಜವಾರಿ'''}}) is a breed of cattle native to [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] region in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is considered as a dual purpose breed with good milking and draught capability. The cattle is of medium build and are of gentle temperament. They are known to have good heat and pest resistance, and is the most sought-after breed in its native region.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://govanithashraya.org/javari | title=Javari cattle | publisher=Govanithashraya | accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of breeds of cattle]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]

2022 Union budget of India

2025-03-26T11:25:10Z

Vishal Meena Phagi: stub

{{Short description|Government budget}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox government budget
|title = [[Union Budget of India]]
|presented=1 February 2022
|parliament = [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]] {{small|([[Lok Sabha]])}}
|debt=
|deficit = 6.4% {{decreasePositive}}{{small|(0.3%)}}
|surplus=
|debt_payment=
|tax_cut = None
|spending=
|Total_Expenditures={{Increase}}{{INRConvert|39.45|t}}
|Total_Revenue ={{Increase}}{{INRConvert|31.94|t}}
|chancellor=
|treasurer=
|minister=[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|passed= 29 March 2022 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parliament-live-updates-nirmala-sitharaman-amit-shah-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-7839828/|title= Parliament passes union budget|website=Indian Express|date= 30 March 2022}}</ref>
|submitted_to = [[Parliament of India]]
|year = 2022
|url = {{URL|https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/}}
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|date_submitted = 1 February 2022
|submitter = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] {{small|([[Finance Minister of India|Minister of Finance]])}}
|caption = [[Emblem of India]]
|imagesize = 100px
|image = Emblem_of_India.svg
|next_year = 2023
|next_budget = 2023 Union budget of India
|previous_year = 2021
|previous_budget = 2021 Union budget of India
|country = India
|gdp=
|bill =
}}

The '''2022 Union Budget of India''' was presented by the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] on 1 February 2022, as her fourth budget. This is the third budget of [[Narendra Modi]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government's second term. The [[Economic survey of India|Economic Survey]] for 2021–2022 was released on 31 January 2022, a day before the budget.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/union-budget-2022-live-updates-nirmala-sitharaman-modi-govt-7748785/ | title=Budget 2022 Live Updates: No changes in Income Tax, big push for capex | publisher=The Indian Express | date=1 February 2022 | accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
The Union Budget is the annual financial report of India; an estimate of [[income]] and [[Expense|expenditure]] of the government on a periodical basis. As per Article 112 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], it is a compulsory task of the government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/budget|title=Budget 2020|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113120322/https://www.business-standard.com/budget|archive-date=13 January 2020}}</ref> The first budget of India was presented on 18 February 1860 by Scotsman James Wilson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget-2020/news/budget-2020-james-wilson-the-man-who-brought-budget-income-tax-to-india/story/395075.html|title=Budget 2020: James Wilson, the man who brought budget, income tax to India|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=31 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref> The first Union Budget of Independent India was presented by [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty|RK Shanmukham Chetty]] on 26 November 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-first-union-budget-of-india-in-november-1947-tried-to-deal-with-aftermaths-of-the-partition/cid/1741154|title=First Union Budget, November 1947: The crying concern was to dress wounds of uprooted humanity|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>

== Announcement ==
In the 2023-24 Union Budget,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-01 |title=Union Budget 2023: Health sector allocation sees 13% hike |url=https://www.livemint.com/budget/union-budget-2023-health-sector-allocation-sees-13-hike-11675273367353.html |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> the healthcare sector receives ₹89,155 crore, a 13% increase from the previous year's ₹79,145 crore allocation.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Union budget of India}}
{{Economy of India}}

[[Category:Union budgets of India]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]

==Further reading==
[[2021 Union budget of India]]