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Northeast Indian fetish

2026-05-07T03:35:55Z

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Bajrangi Bhaijaan (soundtrack)

2026-04-30T02:31:27Z

VirginiaOxenham: added data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Bajrangi Bhaijaan
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover = Bajrangi Bhaijaan (soundtrack).jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|06|17}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=57|s=37}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]
| next_year = 2015
}}'''''Bajrangi Bhaijaan''''' is the [[soundtrack]] to the 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy-drama film]] [[Bajrangi Bhaijaan|of the same name]] directed by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] from an original story written by [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], starring [[Salman Khan]], [[Harshaali Malhotra]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]. The film's soundtrack features eleven songs: with seven original, three reprises and an alternative version. All those songs were curated and composed by [[Pritam]] and written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]], [[Kausar Munir]], [[Mayur Puri]], [[Neelesh Misra]] and [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]. The soundtrack was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 17 June 2015.

== Development ==
[[A. R. Rahman]] was initially considered to score music for ''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'', but Rahman did not sign the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Rahman to compose for Kabir Khan's next? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/rahman-to-compose-for-kabir-khans-next/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908145547/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/rahman-to-compose-for-kabir-khans-next/ |archive-date=8 September 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Then Kabir turned to his usual collaborators: Pritam for composing the songs and [[Julius Packiam]] for the score.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The title song for ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016) was eventually composed for the film, with another song "Tu Jo Mila".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-11 |title=Pritam reveals how Ae Dil Hai Mushkil title track got into Bajrangi Bhaijaan! |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/pritam-reveals-how-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-title-track-got-into-bajrangi-bhaijaan-3025760/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113124114/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/pritam-reveals-how-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-title-track-got-into-bajrangi-bhaijaan-3025760/ |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As Pritam had two options for the romantic song featuring Salman and Kareena, he chose the latter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2016 |title=Pritam reveals how 'ADHM' title track got into 'Bajrangi...'! |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pritam-reveals-how-adhm-title-track-got-into-bajrangi-116091100274_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222093030/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pritam-reveals-how-adhm-title-track-got-into-bajrangi-116091100274_1.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=13 September 2016 |work=Business Standard |issn=2805-3729}}</ref> Salman Khan was intended to sing one of the tracks, which had an "[[R. D. Burman]] kind of energy", according to Pritam. However, he did not contribute to any of the tracks in the album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-13 |title=Salman Khan to sing yet again, this time for 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-to-sing-for-bajrangi-bhaijaan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118000906/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-to-sing-for-bajrangi-bhaijaan/ |archive-date=2015-01-18 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first single from the album "Selfie Le Le Re" was released on 24 May 2015, coincided with an event held during the [[2015 Indian Premier League final]] between [[Chennai Super Kings]] and [[Mumbai Indians]], with Salman and Kabir participating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2015 |title=Watch: Salman Khan in Selfie Le Le Re from Bajrangi Bhaijaan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-bajrangi-bhaijaan-selfie-song-watch-kareena-kapoor-khan-eid-release-255467-2015-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109082341/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-bajrangi-bhaijaan-selfie-song-watch-kareena-kapoor-khan-eid-release-255467-2015-06-03 |archive-date=2024-01-09 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-05 |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan's song 'Selfie le le re': Salman Khan shows why you don't want to take a selfie with him |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajrangi-bhaijaans-song-selfie-le-le-re-salman-khan-shows-why-you-dont-want-to-take-a-selfie-with-him-2279954.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609034635/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bajrangi-bhaijaans-song-selfie-le-le-re-salman-khan-shows-why-you-dont-want-to-take-a-selfie-with-him-2279954.html |archive-date=2015-06-09 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The song was picturised on Salman's character worshipping [[Hanuman]] at the [[Hanuman Jayanti]] celebration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-18 |title='Bajrangi Bhaijaan's 'Selfie Le Le Re' required 100 trucks of gulaal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bajrangi-bhaijaan-selfie-le-le-re-required-100-trucks-of-gulaal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722025240/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bajrangi-bhaijaan-selfie-le-le-re-required-100-trucks-of-gulaal/ |archive-date=2015-07-22 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The second song "Tu Chahiye", a romantic number picturised on Salman and Kareena, released on 2 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-02 |title=Bajrangi Salman Sings Tu Chahiye to Kareena in New Song |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bajrangi-salman-sings-tu-chahiye-to-kareena-in-new-song-773302 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109100655/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bajrangi-salman-sings-tu-chahiye-to-kareena-in-new-song-773302 |archive-date=2024-01-09 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-02 |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan: Watch Salman Khan-Kareena Kapoor Khan's chemistry in Tu Chahiye |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bajrangi-bhaijaan-salman-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-tu-chahiye-song-trailer-release-258416-2015-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109101018/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bajrangi-bhaijaan-salman-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-tu-chahiye-song-trailer-release-258416-2015-06-19 |archive-date=2024-01-09 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The third single track "Bhar Do Jholi Meri" was released on 10 June 2015;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-10 |title=Watch 'Bhar Do Jholi Meri': Salman Khan's favourite 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan' song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revealed-salman-khans-favourite-bajrangi-bhaijaan-song-bhar-do-jholi-meri/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022084512/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revealed-salman-khans-favourite-bajrangi-bhaijaan-song-bhar-do-jholi-meri/ |archive-date=2015-10-22 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> it is a revamped version of the [[qawwali]] song "Bhar Do Jholi Meri Ya Muhammad" originally written by [[Purnam Allahabadi]] and composed and sung by the [[Sabri Brothers]]. [[Adnan Sami]] provided vocals for the song, while the track partly includes "Dam Ali Ali" from "[[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]]".<ref name=":0" /> The fourth song "Aaj Ki Party" was released on 16 June 2015;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Salman Khan's Aaj Ki Party: Bajrangi Bhaijaan's Eid treat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aaj-ki-party-from-bajrangi-bhaijaan-eid-dance-from-salman-khan-kareena-kapoor-watch-new-song-280535-2015-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109101137/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aaj-ki-party-from-bajrangi-bhaijaan-eid-dance-from-salman-khan-kareena-kapoor-watch-new-song-280535-2015-07-03 |archive-date=2024-01-09 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> this song was however not featured in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-03 |title=Salman Khan's 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan' not to have 'Aaj Ki Party' song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khans-bajrangi-bhaijaan-not-to-have-aaj-ki-party-song/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025011440/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khans-bajrangi-bhaijaan-not-to-have-aaj-ki-party-song/ |archive-date=2015-10-25 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack album consists of eleven tracks, was released on 17 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bajrangi-bhaijaan-original/id1017221083|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806022920/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bajrangi-bhaijaan-original/id1017221083|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2015|website=iTunes|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Selfie Le Le Re
| note1 =
| length1 = 04:57
| lyrics1 = [[Mayur Puri]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| writer1 =
| extra1 = [[Pritam]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Nakash Aziz]], Badshah
| title2 = Tu Chahiye
| note2 =
| length2 = 04:32
| lyrics2 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| writer2 =
| extra2 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| title4 = Bhar Do Jholi Meri
| note4 =
| length4 = 08:20
| lyrics4 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| writer4 =
| extra4 = [[Adnan Sami]]
| title3 = Aaj Ki Party
| note3 =
| length3 = 04:40
| lyrics3 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| writer3 =
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]]
| title5 = Chicken Kuk-Doo-Koo
| length5 = 05:43
| lyrics5 = Mayur Puri
| extra5 = [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| title10 = Zindagi Kuch Toh Bata
| length10 = 04:23
| lyrics10 = [[Neelesh Misra]]
| extra10 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| title7 = Tu Jo Mila
| length7 = 04:04
| lyrics7 = Kausar Munir
| extra7 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| title8 = Bhar Do Jholi Meri
| note8 = Reprise
| length8 = 08:05
| extra8 = Imran Aziz Mian
| lyrics8 = Kausar Munir
| title9 = Tu Jo Mila (Dekhna Na Mudke)
| length9 = 04:13
| lyrics9 = Kausar Munir
| extra9 = [[Javed Ali]]
| title6 = Zindagi Kuch Toh Bata
| length6 = 04:23
| lyrics6 = Neelesh Misra
| extra6 = [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| title11 = Tu Jo Mila
| length11 = 04:18
| extra11 = [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
| lyrics11 = Kausar Munir
| total_length = {{Duration|h=|m=57|s=37}}
| all_writing =
| note11 = Reprise
| note10 = Reprise
}}

== Reception ==
Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote "''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' has a couple of chartbusters which are there for the taking when it comes to being designed for Salman Khan".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=2015-07-06 |title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bajrangi-bhaijaan/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129172756/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bajrangi-bhaijaan/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=2021-11-29 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Aelina Kapoor of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave three stars and said, "''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' is not quite an out-and-out Salman Khan soundtrack but songs like ''Selfie Le Le Re'' and ''Aaj Ki Party'' keep energy levels high."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Aelina |date=2015-06-17 |title=Review: Bajrangi Bhaijaan music is not Salman Khan style |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-bajrangi-bhaijaan-music-is-not-salman-khan-style/20150711.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921093700/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-bajrangi-bhaijaan-music-is-not-salman-khan-style/20150711.htm |archive-date=2015-09-21 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

In contrast, A reviewer based at ''[[The Indian Express]]'' criticized the music being "run-of-the-mill" as "they vapourise just as they leave the speakers"; he rated one-and-a-half-star to the album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-10 |title='Bajrangi Bhaijaan' music review |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/missing-the-mark-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725145820/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/missing-the-mark-4/ |archive-date=2015-07-25 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| 6 April 2016
| [[GiMA Award for Best Film Album|Best Film Album]]
| ''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' – {{sort|Pritam|[[Pritam]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gima.co.in/film-nominations.php |title=GIMA: Film Nominees 2016 |access-date=14 July 2021 |publisher=[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330063435/http://www.gima.co.in/film-nominations.php |archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Pritam|[[Pritam]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[GiMA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Munir|[[Kausar Munir]]}} for "Tu Jo Mila"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[17th IIFA Awards|26 June 2016]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Pritam|[[Pritam]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2016 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-iifa-awards-2016/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028191319/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-iifa-awards-2016/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2016 |title=IIFA Awards 2016: The Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921030542/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iifa-awards-2016-the-complete-list-of-winners-1262131.html |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=CNN-News18}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|29 February 2016]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| {{sort|Nautiyal|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]}} for "Zindagi Kuch Toh Bata (Reprise)"
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/ |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2015 Nominations |publisher=[[Mirchi Music Awards]] |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330062839/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/ |archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/8th-Mirchi-Music-Awards-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51196008.cms |title=8th Mirchi Music Awards: Complete list of winners |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419213201/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/8th-Mirchi-Music-Awards-Complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/51196008.cms |archive-date=19 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Best Song Producer (Programming & Arranging)
| {{sort|Phukan|[[Dhrubajyoti Phukan]]}}, {{sort|George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} {{sort|Mahanta|Roop Mahanta}}, {{sort|Sunny|[[Sunny M.R.]]}} for "Selfie Le Le Re"
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]{{efn|Previously known as Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards.}}
|22 December 2015
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Pritam|[[Pritam]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Nominations for 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-11th-renault-sony-guild-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202085709/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-11th-renault-sony-guild-awards/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title=Winners of 11th Renault Sony Guild Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-11th-renault-sony-guild-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219210209/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-11th-renault-sony-guild-awards/ |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Screen Awards]]
|[[22nd Screen Awards|8 January 2016]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| {{sort|Packiam|[[Julius Packiam]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=Winners of 22nd Annual Star Screen Awards 2015 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-22nd-annual-star-screen-awards-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028185240/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-22nd-annual-star-screen-awards-2015/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |21 December 2015
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|Pritam|[[Pritam]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2015 |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2015 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-stardust-awards-2015/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028190352/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-stardust-awards-2015/ |archive-date=28 October 2023 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2015 |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Complete List of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029173502/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
| Best Lyricist
| {{sort|Munir|[[Kausar Munir]]}} for "Tu Jo Mila"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male)
| {{sort|Sami|[[Adnan Sami]]}} for "Bhar Do Jholi Meri"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Album
| ''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' – [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|20 February 2016
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Best Track of the Year]]
| "Selfie Le Le Re"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2016: Here are the nominations for the jury awards |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522181239/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-here-are-the-nominations-for-the-jury-awards-2178867 |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/voting/ |title=Zee Cine Award Nominations |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]] |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208060742/http://www.zeecineawards.com/voting/ |archive-date=8 February 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-complete-list-of-winners-1279607 |title=Zee Cine Awards: Complete List of Winners |publisher=[[NDTV]] |author=Prashar, Chandni |date=21 February 2016 |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302151730/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-complete-list-of-winners-1279607 |archive-date=2 March 2016}}</ref>
|}

== Controversy ==
EMI Pakistan and [[Amjad Sabri]], heir to the [[Sabri Brothers]], sued the producers of the film and the music label as they did not obtain the rights from the original artists and the label to use the qawwali song "Bhar Do Jholi Meri Ya Muhammad".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahmood |first1=Rafay |date=1 July 2015 |title=EMI, Amjad Sabri to sue Bajrangi Bhaijan makers over 'Bhar do jholi' |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/912948/emi-amjad-sabri-to-sue-bajrangi-bhaijan-makers-over-bhar-do-jholi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104001418/https://tribune.com.pk/story/912948/emi-amjad-sabri-to-sue-bajrangi-bhaijan-makers-over-bhar-do-jholi |archive-date=4 November 2015 |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> They sent a legal notice regarding the same, which barred the producers from using the song in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=2015-07-10 |title=EMI Pakistan sends legal notice, bars use of 'Bhar Do Jholi' in Bajrangi Bhaijaan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1193603 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817175946/https://www.dawn.com/news/1193603 |archive-date=2015-08-17 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Dawn |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 July 2015 |title=Amjad Sabri to visit India to resolve Bhar Do Jholi controversy |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/923833/amjad-sabri-to-visit-india-to-sort-out-bhar-do-jholi-controversy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925064653/https://tribune.com.pk/story/923833/amjad-sabri-to-visit-india-to-sort-out-bhar-do-jholi-controversy |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]

Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:57Z

VirginiaOxenham: added entry

{{Short description|Former Lok Sabha Constituency in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Anantnag
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|established = 1967
| abolished = 2024
|union_territory = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
}}
'''Anantnag''' was a Lok Sabha constituency in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in northern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 1967 and it was officially replaced and renamed as the [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri Constituency]] in May 2022.

==Assembly segments==
Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following 16 assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir |accessdate=2008-11-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231174529/http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/Constituencies.html |archivedate=2008-12-31 }}</ref>
# [[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]
# [[Pampore Assembly constituency|Pampore]]
# [[Pulwama Assembly constituency|Pulwama]]
# [[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]
#[[Wachi Assembly constituency|Wachi]]
#[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]
#[[Noorabad Assembly constituency|Noorabad]]
#[[Kulgam Assembly constituency|Kulgam]]
#[[Hom Shali Bugh Assembly constituency|Hom Shali Bugh]]
#[[Anantnag Assembly constituency|Anantnag]]
#[[Devsar (Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency)|Devsar]]
#[[Dooru Assembly constituency|Dooru]]
#[[Kokernag Assembly constituency|Kokernag]]
#[[Shangus Assembly constituency|Shangus]]
#[[Bijbehara Assembly constituency|Bijbehara]]
#[[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]]

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Ghulam Rasool Kochak
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Begum Akbar Jahan Abdullah]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Piyare Lal Handoo]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Maqbool Dar|Mohammad Maqbool Dar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ali Muhammad Naik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Hasnain Masoodi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Anantnag}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|candidate=[[Hasnain Masoodi]]|votes=40,180|percentage=32.17|change=-3.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]|votes=33,504|percentage=26.83|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|candidate=[[Mehbooba Mufti]]|votes=30,524|percentage=24.44|change=-28.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sofi Yousuf|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=10,225|percentage=8.19|change=+6.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|candidate=Ch. Zaffar Ali|votes=1,646|percentage =1.32|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=937|percentage=0.75|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,676|percentage=5.34|change=-12.09}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,24,896|percentage=8.96|change=-19.88}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|loser = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Anantnag}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|candidate = [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
|votes = 2,00,429
|percentage = 53.41
|change = +8.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|candidate = [[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]
|votes = 1,35,012
|percentage = 35.98
|change = -10.55
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Tanveer Hussain Khan
|party = Independent
|votes = 7,340
|percentage = 1.96
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mushtaq Ahmad Malik
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,720
|percentage = 1.26
|change = +0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Syed Abid Ahmad Shah
|party = Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party
|votes = 4,345
|percentage = 1.16
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 5,936
|percentage = 1.58
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 65,417
|percentage = 17.43
|change = +15.80
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,75,279
|percentage = 28.84
|change = +1.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|winner = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|swing = +6.88
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2009 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Anantnag<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=Constituency-wise Detailed Results |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=2 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|candidate=[[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]|votes=148,317|percentage=46.53|change=+22.90|Result=Win}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|candidate=[[Peer Mohammed Hussain]]|votes=143,093|percentage=44.90|change=-4.65|Result=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Mohammad Sidiq Khan|votes=3,918|percentage=1.23|change=-1.99|Result=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,224|percentage=1.63|change=-24.29}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=318,726|percentage=27.10|change=+12.06}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|loser = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Anantnag}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|candidate=[[Mehbooba Mufti]]|votes=74,436|percentage=49.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|candidate=[[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]|votes=35,498|percentage=23.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Mohamad Yusuf Tarigami]]|votes=18,466|percentage=12.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sofi Mohf. Yousuf|votes=4,836|percentage=3.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmad Rather|votes=2,827|percentage=1.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ab. Majeed Naikoo|votes=2,760|percentage=1.84|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mohd. Maqbool Dar|votes=2,691|percentage=1.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Sanjay Saraf|votes=1,595|percentage=1.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Gh. Rasool|votes=1,586|percentage=1.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Hamidullah Wani|votes=1,504|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Gh. Mohi-ud-din Dar|votes=1,278|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate=Mohd. Yousuf Qurashi|votes=1,115|percentage=0.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samata Party|candidate=Gh. Mohd. Tantary|votes=864|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ramesh Kumar Bhat|votes=763|percentage=0.51|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,938|percentage=25.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=150,219|percentage=15.04|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|loser = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord|33.73|75.15|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anantnag Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2022]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Vanga Anil Kumar

2026-04-21T02:59:29Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up Basic Bio First Draft

{{Short description|Film publicity designer}}
{{Update|reason=Information stops in 2005. The phrase with "yet-to-be released" and "right now" needs reworking. The couple has received significant awards that show notability and need to be included|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vanga Anil Kumar
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|10|07}}
| birth_place = [[Amanabol, India|Amanabol]], [[Nalgonda district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| occupation = Film Publicity Designer

}}

'''Vanga Anil Kumar''' is a film publicity designer whose screen name is Anil Bhanu along with his partner Bhanu Avirineni. Anil is the co-founder of Anil Bhanu Core Design. He has designed posters and has done film publicity for more than 100 films. There are around 30 yet-to-be-released films for which they are doing publicity right now.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6487249/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr45|title=Anil Kumar Vanga|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Anil joined hands with Bhanu after completing his 2-year multimedia course.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anilbhanu.in/ |title=Home |website=anilbhanu.in}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
Anil Bhanu designed publicity material for nearly 100 films including Telugu and Hindi languages. Below are some of them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/21/stories/2010012151580100.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Hyderabad : Poster boys of Telugu cinema |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518115540/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/21/stories/2010012151580100.htm |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4968058/|title=Anil Kumar Vanga|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/Pd5BykoR008| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pd5BykoR008| title = Interview With Publicity Designers Anil-Bhanu (Part 1) | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/anilbhanu-completes100films.html|title = Anil & Bhanu complete publicity designing for 100+ films - Telugu cinema news}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-movie-news/29719/anil-n-bhanus-achievement-in-publicity-designing.html|title = Anil n Bhanu's Achievement in Publicity Designing| date=19 August 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Cast !! Director !! Notes
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Race Gurram]]'' || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Shruti Haasan]]|| [[Surender Reddy]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]]'' || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Vishnu Manchu]]|| [[Ram Gopal Varma]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Rabhasa]]'' || [[Jr. NTR|NTR]], [[Samantha Akkineni|Samantha]]|| [[Santosh Srinivas]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Kriti Sanon]]|| [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Yevadu]]'' || [[Ram Charan]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Amy Jackson]]|| [[Vamsi Paidipally|Vamshi Paidipalli]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]'' || [[Nikhil Siddharth|Nikhil]], [[Swati Reddy|Swathi]]|| [[Chandoo Mondeti]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''Basanti'' ||[[Raja Gautham]], [[Alisha Baig]] || [[Chaitanya Dantuluri]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[DK Bose]]'' || [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Nisha Agarwal]]|| [[AN Bose]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' || [[Nara Rohit]], [[Shubra Ayyappa]]|| [[Prashanth Mandava]] ||
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' || ANR, [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Naga Chaitanya]]|| [[Vikram K Kumar]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'' || [[Nikhil Siddharth|Nikhil]], [[Swati Reddy|Swathi]] || [[Sudheer Varma]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' ||[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Mahesh Babu]]|| [[Srikanth Addala|Sreekanth Addala]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' ||[[Aadhi (actor)|Aadhi]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Tapsee Pannu]] || [[Kumar Nagendra]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Backbench Student]]'' ||[[Mahath Raghavendra]], [[Piya Bajpai]] || [['Madhura' Sreedhar]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]'' ||[[Allu Sirish]], [[Yami Gautam]] || [[Radha Mohan]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Dalam]]'' ||[[Naveen Chandra]], [[Piya Bajpai]] || Jeevan Reddy ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Kiss (2013 film)|Kiss]]'' ||[[Adivi Sesh]], [[Priya Banerjee]] || [[Adivi Sesh]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Potugadu]]'' ||[[Manoj Manchu]], [[Sakshi Choudhary]] || [[Pawan Wadeyar]] ||
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Satya 2]]'' ||[[Sharwanand]]|| [[Ram Gopal Varma]] ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' || [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]], [[Shamili]] || [[Anand Ranga]] ||
|-
|| 2005 || ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' || [[Amitabh Bachchan]] || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] ||

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vanga Anil}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:42Z

VirginiaOxenham: created a article.

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar}}
{{for|the constituency in West Bengal|Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jamalpur (Bihar)
| type = SLA
| map_image = 166-Jamalpur, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Nachiketa Mandal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Munger district|Munger]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|166]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 330,571
| abolished = 
}}
'''Jamalpur''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Suryagarha, Munger and Lakhisarai.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
Jamalpur comprises CD Blocks Jamalpur & Dharhara; Gram Panchayats Teliyadih, Naki, Bahira, Agrahan, Barhouna, Gobadda, Kouriya, Baijalpur, Muderi, Rataitha & Barui of Kharagpur CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-bihar-1951/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan="3" |Yogendra Mahato
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3|
|rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3887-bihar-1957/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B. P. Yadav<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Ram Balak Singh<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3890-bihar-1969/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1969 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" | Suresh Kumar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan="5" |[[ Upendra Prasad Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan="4" | [[Shailesh Kumar (politician)|Shailesh Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=4|
|rowspan="4" | [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref name=election2005/>
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Indian National Congress)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Nachiketa Mandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamalpur<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Nachiketa Mandal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96683}}
|percentage = 48.0
|change = +13.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Inclusive Party|candidate=Narendra Kumar|votes={{formatnum:60455}}|percentage=30.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Shivdeep W Lande|votes={{formatnum:15655}}|percentage=7.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Shailesh Kumar|votes={{formatnum:14218}}|percentage=7.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Suraaj Party|candidate=Lalan Jee|votes={{formatnum:3863}}|percentage=1.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:1777}}|percentage=0.88|change=-0.48}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:36228}}|percentage=17.99|change=+15.07}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:201422}}|percentage=60.93|change=+14.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamalpur<ref name=election2020/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, Indian National Congress)|Ajay Kumar Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:57196}}
|percentage = 37.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:52764}}
|percentage = 34.73
|change = -10.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Durgesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:14643}}
|percentage = 9.64
|change = -25.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subodh Tanti
|votes = {{formatnum:4383}}
|percentage = 2.89
|change = +1.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pankaj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3281}}
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dolly Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:2650}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pappu Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1882}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Mahesh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1840}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dhirendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1811}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Kameshwar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1477}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Raut
|votes = {{formatnum:1452}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2072}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change = -1.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4432}}
|percentage = 2.92
|change = -7.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:151910}}
|percentage = 46.61
|change = -3.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jamalpur<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:67273}}
|percentage = 45.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Himanshu Kunvar
|votes = {{formatnum:51797}}
|percentage = 35.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:8228}}
|percentage = 5.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajiv Nayak
|votes = {{formatnum:2604}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2471}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kapildeo Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2290}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandra Narayan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2026}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Pappu Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:1665}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Vyabasayi Kisan Alpasankhyak Morcha
|candidate = Nitya Nand Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:1482}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arjun Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:1454}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3847}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15476}}
|percentage = 10.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:147258}}
|percentage = 49.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Munger district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Aiyarappar Temple

2026-04-13T06:35:37Z

VirginiaOxenham:

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Aiyarappar Temple
| image = Aiyarappar temple (33).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.88|79.1|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Tiruvaiyaru]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Aiyarappar ([[Shiva]])
AramValarthaNaayagi ([[Parvati]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamilan architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Cholas]]
| website =
}}
'''Aiyarappar ''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in the village of [[Tiruvaiyaru]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>''Census of India, 1961, Volume 7; Volume 9''</ref> Shiva is worshiped as ''Aiyarappar'', and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' and his consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as AramValarthaNaayagi. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century CE Tamil [[Shivism|Shaiva]] canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil poet saints known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

This temple is known as [[Mount Kailash|Dakshina Kailasam]] (Kailasa of the South). This is the place where [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] (the divine bull of lord Shiva) was born and became the mount for Shiva. The divine wedding of Nandi and Suyasayambikai was held at [[Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswami Temple|Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswamy temple]] in [[Ariyalur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This is celebrated as Saptha Stanam festival which includes seven Shiva temples of the region.

There are many inscriptions associated with the temple indicating contributions from [[Cholas]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] and [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Marathas]]. The oldest parts of the present masonry structure were built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions, including the towering [[gopuram]] gatehouses, are attributed to later periods, up to the Thanjavur Nayaks during the 16th century.

The temple complex is one of the largest in the state and it houses four gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of [[Shiva|Aiyarappar]] and [[Parvati|Dharmasamvardhini]] being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls and three precincts; the most notable is the second precinct built during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar period]] that has many sculptures. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple is now maintained and administered by [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], Before 1984 it was maintained by philanthropic personalities.

==Legend==
[[File:Aiyarappar temple (42).jpg|250px|left|thumb|Image of temple tank]]
The presiding deity is named Aiyarappar or Panchanadeeswarar as the place has five rivers. In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''ai'' means five, ''aru'' means river signifying the name. The Five Rivers are [[Arasalar River|Vadavaru]], [[Vennaaru River|Vennaaru]], [[Vettar River|Vettaaru]], [[Kudamurutti River|Kudamuruttiyaaru]] and [[Kaveri|Kaaviriyaaru]]. As per Hindu legend, once a devout devotee of Shiva who was also the priest in the temple could not return to the temple on time as he was out to [[Varanasi|Kashi]] on a pilgrimage. On account of the delay, the priest prayed to Shiva for his inability to perform the days worship practices. When he returned the next day to the temple, people were astonished as they realized that Shiva descended in the form of the priest the previous day. It is place where Appar, the famous Saivite saint is believed to have obtained the vision of [[Kailasa]]. [[Sundarar]] came to Thirukkandiyur in the opposite bank of river [[Cauvery]] to worship at [[Kandeeswarar Temple, Kandiyur|Kandeeswarar Temple]]. He could not cross the river on account of floods and he prayed to Shiva. It is believed that on account of his worship, the river paved the way onto the temple. The temple is mentioned as Loga Mahadevi Iswaram based on the inscriptions recorded from ARE 219 & 222 of 1894.<ref name=ASI>{{cite book|title=Middle Chola temples Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (AD. 985-1070)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/62202.pdf|pages=89–91|isbn=978-9060236079}}</ref>

As per another legend, [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]](the divine bull of lord Shiva), the founder of Tirukailaya monastic dynasty, was born at this place to sage Salandha. The sage left the child in the temple. It is believed that Shiva performed ablution with Ambika's breast milk on the child, foam from Nandhi's mouth, nectar from Surya Pushakarni, Amrita pushkarani and Saiva theertham (the three water bodies). Since the child received from five different water sources, the presiding deity came to be known as Aiyarappar.<ref name="dinamalar"/><ref name=Thevaram/> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the northern banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=44|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

==Location==
The temple is located in [[Tiruvaiyaru]], a [[panchayat town]] in [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is situated on the banks of the river Kaveri, 13 km from [[Thanjavur]], Thiruvaiyaru has an old Shiva temple dedicated to Panchanatheeswar.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=80}}</ref> Though pilgrims flock to this temple throughout the year, Thiruvaiyaru is more renowned for its association with Saint [[Tyagaraja|Thyagaraja]], who, along with Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Sastri, comprises the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]].
Near the Shiva temple is the one-roomed house where [[Thyagaraja]] composed some of his greatest works. On the banks of the river is the samadhi of the saint composer and it is here that the greatest music festival in the country takes place annually.

==Architecture==
The temple, known as ''Dakshina Kailasam'' (Southern abode of Shiva), built in an area of approximately 60000 square meters, has five ''[[prakarams]]'' (closed precincts of a temple) and many ''mandapams'' (halls). The temple faces east and is entered via a seven-tiered pyramidal ''raja[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower). The presiding deity in the form of [[lingam]] is housed in the sanctum in square shape measuring {{convert|3.35|m|ft|abbr=on}} from inside and {{convert|5.97|m|ft|abbr=on}} from outside. The attached hall, the ''ardhamandapa'' measures the same width as the sanctum {{convert|3.35|m|ft|abbr=on}}, while its length is twice the sanctum, {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The ''ardhamandapa'' projects {{convert|7.16|m|ft|abbr=on}} towards the east. The ''Mukhamandapa'' has a square structure measuring {{convert|5.94|m|ft|abbr=on}}. There are five ''devakoshtas'' that cover the exterior walls of the sanctum. The images of [[Dakshinamurthy]] and [[Brahma]] are the only ones remaining out of the five. There are two large [[Dvarapala]], guardian deities on either side of the entrance of the ''ardhamandapa''.<ref name=ASI/>

The temple has also a shrine for Aatkondar or [[Kalantaka|Kalasamharamoorthy]]. A Homa Kund started by saint [[Adi Sankara]] can be found outside the shrine of Aatkonda. While the presiding deity of temple is named after the five rivers, there are five water bodies in the temple namely Surya Pushkarani, Ganga Theertham, Chandra Pushkarani, Palaru and Nandi Theertham. There are two shrines named Dakshina Kailasam and Uttara Kailasam. There is a Mukthi mandapam where Panchaksara japam is performed.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=28}}</ref>

==History==
Several inscriptions in the temple affiliates the temple to the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Pandya]]s, and other rulers. [[Karikala Chola]], [[Rajaraja]], [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]], and [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Devarayar]] are associated with Thiruvaiyaru. The temple has two distinct divisions called Uttarakailasam and Dakshinakailasam. Uttarakailasam was built by Rajaraja Cholan's queen in the late 10th century who also made several endowments. Dakshinakailasam was renovated by Rajendra Cholan's queen. Appar, one of the important Nayanmar, was closely associated with this shrine and dedicated one of the songs in ''Thevaram'' to this temple.<ref>East and west, Volumes 43-44.Instituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.</ref> There is an inscription (ARE 219 of 1894) dated to the 21st regnal year of [[Rajaraja I]] on the South wall of the temple indicating sale of land. Another inscription recorded during the 22nd year indicating a gift of 96 sheep for the perpetual lighting of the temple. An inscription during the 24th year of the king indicate various types of jewelry gifted to the presiding and processional deities. An inscription (ARE 215 of 1894) on the east wall of the ''mandapa'' indicated gift of eight pots of silver by Vimaladitta, the son-in-law of Rajaraja. A record of gift of land during fourth regnal year of [[Rajendra I]] is found in ARE 216 of 1894. The other major inscription during the thirty second year of Rajadhiraja I indicates the victories of the ruler against three Pandya rulers namely Manabharan, Vira Pandya and Sundara Pandya.<ref name=ASI/>

[[File:Aiyarappar temple (14).jpg|600px|center|thumb|Panoramic view of the temple]]

==Saptha Stanam==
{{main|Saptha Stana Temples}}
[[File:Aiyarappar temple (48).jpg|250px|thumb|left|The decorated palanquin used during the festival]]

{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:275"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC;text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|left]] '''Sapthastanam''' [[File:Hinduism symbol.png|25px|Om symbol|right]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | The seven important temples in and around [[Thiruvaiyaru]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Temple'''||style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"|'''Location'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Aiyarappar temple||[[Thiruvaiyaru]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Apathsahayar Temple, Thirupazhanam|Apathsahayar Temple]] ||Thirupazhanam
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai|Odhanavaneswarar Temple]]||[[Tiruchotruturai]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Vedapuriswarar Temple, Thiruvedhikudi|Vedapuriswarar Temple]] ||[[Thiruvedhikudi]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Kandeeswarar Temple]] ||[[Kandiyur|Thirukkandiyur]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Pushpavananathar Temple, Tiruppoonturutti|Puvananathar Temple]] ||Thirupanturuthi
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Neyyadiappar Temple, Tillaistanam|Neyyadiappar Temple]] ||[[Tillaistanam]]
|-
|}
The divine bull [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] was born in this temple and became the mount of lord Shiva.The divine wedding of Nandi and Suyasayambikai was held at [[Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswami Temple|Thirumazhapadi Vaidyanathaswamy temple]] in [[Ariyalur]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This is celebrated as Saptha Stanam festival which includes seven Shiva temples of the region. The ''sapthasthanam'' festival is conducted at [[Tiruvaiyaru]] during April every year. As per Hindu legend, it is the wedding festival of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandikeswara]], the sacred bull of Shiva on the Punarpoosa star during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Panguni''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)|page=1601|publisher=Government Press|volume=10|issue=2|year=1999|editor-last=B. S. |editor-first=Baliga}}</ref> The festival deity of Aiyarappar temple of Thiruvaiyaru is carried in a decorated glass palanquin along with the images of Nandikeswara and Suyasayambikai to the temples in Thirupazhanam, Thiruchottruthurai, Thiruvedhikudi, Thirukandiyur and Thirupoonthurthi. Each of the festival deities of the respective temples mounted in glass palanquins accompany Aiyarppar on the way to the final destiny, Thillaistanam. There is a grand display of fireworks in Cauvery riverbed outside Thillaistanam temple. The seven palanquins are carried to Aiyarappar temple in Thiruvaiyyaru. Hundreds of people witness the convergence of seven glass palanquins carrying principal deities of respective temples from seven places at Tiruvaiyaru. The devotees perform ''Poochorithal'' (flower festival) in which a doll offers flowers to the principal deities in the palanquins. After the ''Poochorithal'', the palanquins leave for their respective temples.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sapthasthanam-festival-begins/article26904458.ece|title='Sapthasthanam' festival begins|date=21 April 2019|work=The Hindu|accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref>[[#Venkataraman|Venkatraman]] 2019, p. 205</ref>

==Worship practices==
[[File:Aiyarappar temple (54).jpg|250px|right|Paintings in the second precinct|thumb]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Aiyarappar and Dharmasamvardhini. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Mahashivaratri during February - March is the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Aiyarappar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=677|year=2019|accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
[[File:Aiyarappar temple (49).jpg|250px|thumb|Shrines within the temple]]
[[Tiruvaiyaru|Thiruvayyaru]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Thiruvidaimarudur|Thiruvidaimaruthur]], [[Thiruvenkadu]], Chayavanam and [[Srivanchiyam]] are considered equivalents of [[Varanasi|Kasi]]. Like in Kasi, where the city is centered around [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], the temples in these towns along the banks of river [[Cauvery]], namely Aiyarappar Koil in Thiruvaiyaru, [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar temple]] in [[Thiruvidaimarudur]], [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswamy temple]] in [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Sayavanam Chayavaneswarar Temple|Chayavaneswarar temple]] in Sayavanam, [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple|Swetharanyeswarar temple]] in [[Thiruvenkadu]], [[Vanchinadha Swamy Temple|Srivanchinadhaswamy Koil]] in [[Srivanchiyam]] are the centerpieces of the towns.<ref>[[#Venkatraman|Venkatraman]] 2019, p. 172</ref>

[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Aiyarappar in ten padigams in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|First Tirumurai]]'' and second Tirumuari. [[Appar]], a contemporary of Sambandar, also venerated Aiyarappar in 12 padigams in ''Tevaram'', compiled in the Fourth, fifth and sixth Tirumurai. [[Sundarar]], the 8th century [[Nayanmar]] revered Aiyarppar in seven padigams, which is compiled in Seventh Tirumuari.<ref name=Thevaram>{{cite web|title=Aiyaru|publisher=Dharumapuram Adheenam|url=http://thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=49|date=25 April 2020}}</ref> As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the 52nd in the list of temples in the northern banks of Cauvery.<ref name="appar">{{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0188.pdf|title=Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-516)|accessdate=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |publisher=projectmadurai.org|pages=33–34}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory: A Wide Angle Exposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&q=aiyarappar+temple&pg=PT172|page=182|first=Sekar|last=Venkatraman|isbn=9781645876250|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|ref=Venkatraman}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Bahadur Khan (Mughal general)

2026-04-12T09:38:08Z

VirginiaOxenham: added a pg

{{Short description|Mughal noble and general (died 1697)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahadur Khan Kokaltash بهادرخان کوکلتاش
| title = {{unbulleted list|[[Baghatur|Bahadur]]|[[Khan (title)|Khan]]|[[Nawab]]}}
| image = Portrait of Khan Dauran Bahadur Nusrat Jang.jpg
| image_size = 320
| caption = Portrait of Bahadur Khan by Murad {{c.}} 1640
| succession = [[Subahdar]] of [[Deccan]]
| reign = January 1673 – August 1677 {{small|(4.5 years)}}
| reign-type = 1st [[Governorship]]
| predecessor = [[Prince Muazzam]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = [[Diler Khan]]
| birth_name = Bahadur Khan
| birth_date = Early-17th Century
| birth_place = [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = 23 November 1697
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Mughal Empire]] {{small|(present day [[Pakistan]])}}
| burial_date = {{Small|23–24 November 1697}}
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Bahadur Khan Kokaltash]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| issue = Muhammad Muhsin Himmat Khan Sipahdar Khan Nasiri Khan Muzaffar Khan Abul Fatah
| full name = Birth name: Bahadur Khan Full name: Bahadur Khan Kokaltash bin Mir Abul-Mali [[Fosterage|Foster-name]]: Bahadur Khan Koka Name with titles: Nawab Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jung Kokaltash
| era name = '''[[Mughal Era]]'''
| era dates = '''[[17th Century|17th–Centuries]]'''
| father = Sayyid-e Khafi" Mir Abu’l-Ma'ali
| occupation = [[General]] [[Governor]] [[Statesman]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])
| succession1 =
| reign-type1 = 2nd Governorship
| reign1 = 1 March 1680 – 1683 {{small|(3 years)}}
| predecessor1 = [[Prince Muazzam]]
| successor1 = [[Safi Khan]]
| reg-type1 = [[Mughal Emperor|Padishah]]
| regent1 = [[Alamgir I]]
| succession2 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Lahore]]
| reign-type2 = [[Governorship]]
| reign2 = 11 April 1691 – midd of 1693 {{small|(2 years)}}
| reg-type2 = [[Mughal Emperor|Padishah]]
| regent2 = [[Alamgir I]]
| succession3 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Khandesh]]
| reign-type3 = [[Governorship]]
| reign3 = 1678/79/80 – April 1691
| reg-type3 = [[Mughal Emperor|Padishah]]
| regent3 = [[Alamgir I]]
| succession4 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]]
| reign-type4 = [[Governorship]]
| reign4 = 1668–1670
| cor-type4 = [[Mughal Emperor|Padishah]]
| coronation4 = [[Aurangzeb]]
| predecessor4 = Mahabat Khan II
| successor4 = [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
|embed=yes
|allegiance=[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]][[Mughal Empire]]
|branch=[[Nawab]]
|serviceyears=1650s–1691 (in war)
|battles = {{hidden||{{Tree list}}[[Mughal-Maratha wars]]
**Battle of Salher (1672)
**[[Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)]]
**[[Battle of Kalyan|Battle of Kalyan (1682–1683)]]
**[[Siege of Ramsej|Siege of Ramsej (1682–1688)]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Bahadur Khan Kokaltash''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|بهادرخان کوکلتاش}}}}; died 23 November 1697) was a [[foster-brother]] to the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]<ref name="Sothebys">{{Cite web |title=(#205) Khan Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jang Kukaltash and his father Mir Abu'l-Ma'ali, by Hunhar, Mughal, circa 1675-80 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/art-imperial-india-l14502/lot.205.html |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Sothebys.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=ma>{{Citation |title=Maasir I Alamgiri of Muhammad Saqi Musta'idd Khan/part 3 |date=2009-12-31 |work=Maasir I Alamgiri of Muhammad Saqi Musta'idd Khan |pages=440–632 |url=https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463215309-003 |access-date=2025-06-03 |place=Piscataway, NJ, USA |publisher=Gorgias Press|doi=10.31826/9781463215309-003 |isbn=978-1-4632-1530-9 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the [[Subahdar]] of [[Lahore]], [[Burhanpur]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Aurangzeb had two foster-brothers, the other being [[Fidai Khan Koka]], of which Bahadur Khan was Aurangzeb's favourite.<ref name="Sothebys"/><ref name=ma/> Bahadur was the Senior General of the [[Mughal Empire]] and a closer companion to the emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name=ma/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsIgAAAAMAAJ&q=salher+battle |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1981 |publisher=Sterling |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the military commanders of the Mughals who assisted in the defeat of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] in one major battle,<ref>{{Cite book |date=2007 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volumes 1–3 |first=Tony|last=Jacques |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=2015-06-26 }}</ref> and won three major battles in his involvement in the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1993-09-16 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521268837.012 |journal=The Marathas 1600–1818 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521268837.012|title=The New Cambridge History of India |isbn=9780521268837 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shortt |first=Adam |date=May 1923 |title=The Development of the British Empire. By Howard Robinson. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1922. Pp. xiii, 475.) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1944128 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=330–331 |doi=10.2307/1944128 |jstor=1944128 |s2cid=151917720 |issn=0003-0554|hdl=2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t2x35c45d |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Tomb of Bahadur Khan|His tomb]] is located in [[Lahore]], in present-day [[Pakistan]]. His father Mir Abu’l-Ma'ali was given the title of Sayyid-e-Khafi" by [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name=ma/><ref name="Sothebys"/><ref name=rb>{{Cite journal |last=Burn |first=R. |date=April 1938 |title=Aurangzeb and his Times. By Zahiruddin Faruki. 8½ × 5¼, pp. xv + 596. Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons and Co., 1935. Rs. 8.8. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00088122 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=303–304 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00088122 |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=so>{{Cite journal |title=12.3.7 History of India: The Tīmūrids: Aurangzeb |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2772-7696_splo_com_10212037 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Storey Online|doi=10.1163/2772-7696_splo_com_10212037 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Roy |first=Malini |title=Historical Portraits of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb 'Alamgir I (r.1658–1707) |date=2016-11-15 |work=Art Trade and Culture |pages=233–239 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.5076274.25 |access-date=2025-06-03 |publisher=Gingko |doi=10.2307/jj.5076274.25 |isbn=978-1-914983-23-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Bahadur Khan Kokaltash, full name Nawab Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jung Kokaltash, was the [[Mughal Governor]], noble and [[Commanding officer|Military Commander]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. He is first mentioned in historical records as a senior military general and foster brother of Aurangzeb.<ref name="Sothebys"/> Later, he was appointed as the Subahdar of [[Burhanpur]], which is a city in central India, holding this position from an unknown date until 1691.<ref name=gfh>{{Cite journal |last1=Hourani |first1=George F. |last2=Manucci |first2=Niccolao |last3=Irvine |first3=William |date=October 1971 |title=Storia do Mogor, or Mogul India, 1653-1708 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/598527 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=533 |doi=10.2307/598527 |jstor=598527 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=rb/><ref name=ma2>{{Citation |title=Maasir I Alamgiri of Muhammad Saqi Musta'idd Khan/part 1 |date=2009-12-31 |work=Maasir I Alamgiri of Muhammad Saqi Musta'idd Khan |pages=1–209 |url=https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463215309-001 |access-date=2025-06-03 |place=Piscataway, NJ, USA |publisher=Gorgias Press|doi=10.31826/9781463215309-001 |isbn=978-1-4632-1530-9 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Sothebys"/>

As Subahdar of Deccan for long years, he fought against [[Maratha Empire|marathas]] in many battles, with one of first battles mentioned in February 1672 CE. During the war against marathas at the Battle of Salher, he was a military commander. In this battle which was a result of Mughal attempt to retake the fort of Salher, Moropant Peshwa, Prataprao Gurjar, Anandrao, Suryaji Kakde and others led the Maratha army. Marathas prevailed in this bloody open battle. Bahadur Khan and Diler Khan failed to retake Salher. This war highly lifted of Maratha army. Bahadur Khan built a fort for his garrison at Pedgaon at the bank of Bheema. This fort was sacked and plundered by the Marathas, Bahadur being lured in a pursuit by a smaller Maratha force. Returning from his failed chase Bahadur found his camp polished off. Shivaji once again fooled Bahadur by proposing vassal status to Aurangzeb (via Bahadur) and asking mansab for Sambhaji. This time was utilised by Shivaji to concentrate his forces for the Ponda and subsequent south campaign. Bahadur was ultimately recalled by Aurangzeb and replaced by Diler Khan. Many years later, he become Subedar of Burhanpur. When Bahadur khan Kokaltash was going to Aurangabad for his nephew's wedding with a girl from the royal family of [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], he took a force of 3,000 armies with him for the wedding and left Burhanpur with an army of 5,000 under his Deputy-Commander [[Kakar Khan]]. The Maratha ruler [[Sambhaji]] got that news then he decided to further bifurcate the force at Burhanpur by feigning a move to attack [[Surat]], forcing the Mughals at Burhanpur to send reinforcement to Surat, the marathas successfully [[Sacking of Burhanpur (1681)|sacked the city]]. Bahadur Khan got angry and wanted to get revenge on Marathas, on 3 April 1680 Marathas ruler [[Shivaji]] died, in April–May 1680, [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] Aurangzeb campaign against marathas for [[27 year war|27 years war]] between Mughal-Marathas. then Bahadur Khan involved and he fight a [[Battle of Kalyan]] in 1682 to 1683, Subedar Bahadur Khan defeated the Maratha army and took over [[Kalyan]]. The Maratha ruler Sambhaji attempted a counter offensive, but failed and they were repulsed by Mughal forces. he expanded his conquest in Kalyan, then the year (1682 – 1688) Bahadur Khan [[Siege of Ramsej|Siege at Ramsej]] at six years war Mughals annexed Ramsej Fort. and he involved the Mughal-Maratha war for ten and half years then Aurangzeb dissolved him as Burhanpur Subedar and sent him for Subedari of [[Lahore]] in present-day Pakistan he appoint as governor post for (11 April 1691 – Mid of 1693) Aurangzeb dismissed him from this office. four years later, Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Khan Kokaltash died on 23 November 1697 in [[Lahore]] and he was buried in his tomb named [[Tomb of Bahadur Khan]].<ref name=ma2/><ref name="Sothebys"/><ref name=so/><ref name=gfh/>

He had six known sons. His oldest son, Muhammad Muhsin had died in battle. His other sons were Himmat Khan, Sipahdar Khan, Muzaffar Khan, Nasiri Khan and Abul Fatah. Himmat Khan served as a general against the Marathas, while Sipahdar Khan was the governor of Allahabad in 1707. Nasiri Khan died as a madman, while Abul Fatah, Bahadur Khan's youngest son, died in affliction during Muhammad Shah's reign. <ref>Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi; Beveridge, H. & Baini Prashad (translators) (1941/1952). *Maʾāṣir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi*, Vol. 1. Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 813. </ref>
== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1697 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal Subahdars]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Lahore]]

Praveen Khandelwal

2026-04-11T19:53:33Z

VirginiaOxenham: added new entry

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Praveen Khandelwal
| image = Praveen Khandelwal.jpg
| alt = Praveen Khandelwal
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1960}}
| birth_place = Delhi
| education = Law Graduate (L.L.B.)
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| successor1 = Incumbent
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]
| relatives = [[Satish Khandelwal]] (uncle)
}}

'''Praveen Khandelwal''' (born 1960) is a Delhi-based businessman and politician from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was a member of the [[Parliament of India]] who has represented [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha Chunav Result 2024: चांदनी चौक से प्रवीण खंडेलवाल जीते, कांग्रेस के जेपी अग्रवाल को हराया - Delhi Election Result check Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha chunav Result 2024 BJP Praveen Khandelwal won from Chandni Chowk Seat |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-chandni-chowk-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-check-bjp-vs-aap-congress-alliance-winner-loser-and-latest-update-23731051.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> in [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Indian Parliament]] and is the founder and secretary-general of the Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-10|title="Amazon Go Back": Meet the Indian merchant waging war on Jeff Bezos|url=https://restofworld.org/2021/amazon-india-praveen-khandelwal/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Rest of World|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kapur|first=Manavi|title=The Delhi trader behind Modi government's snub to Jeff Bezos|url=https://qz.com/india/1796638/the-man-behind-modis-snub-to-amazons-jeff-bezos-in-india/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Quartz|date=5 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected as an MP candidate from Chandni Chowk seat and won by a margin of 80,000 votes defeating Congress leader J.P Aggarwal from [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha Constituency]]. The constituency has large number of businesses and traders. During campaigning, he promised to remain available for people and hold janta darbar on the road.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Education ==
Khandelwal did his law graduation (LLB) from [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-10|title=Praveen Khandelwal|url=https://www.globalsmefinanceforum.org/Africa-2018/speaker/praveen-khandelwal|access-date=2021-12-02|website=Africa SME Finance Forum 2018|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2017, Khandelwal was nominated to be a part of the government’s GST panel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-05|title=CAIT Secretary General Praveen Khandelwal nominated for GST Panel|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/cait-secretary-general-praveen-khandelwal-nominated-for-gst-panel/920519/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-05 |title=CAIT Secy General Praveen Khandelwal nominated for GST Panel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/cait-secy-general-praveen-khandelwal-nominated-for-gst-panel/articleshow/61521974.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 5 July 2021, Khandelwal was confirmed to be a member of Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) as a Central Government panel's advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandan Nilekani, others to advise Centre on Open Network for Digital Commerce to end digital monopoly|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/nandan-nilekani-others-to-advise-centre-on-open-network-for-digital-commerce-to-end-digital-monopoly-300510-2021-07-05|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Business Today|date=5 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-05|title=Nilekani named to ONDC panel|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/nilekani-named-to-ondc-panel/article35157613.ece|access-date=2021-10-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Khandelwal launched a phase 2 campaign titled "''Indian Goods - Our Pride''" boycotting of Chinese goods across the country, aiming to achieve a reduction in imports of Chinese manufactured goods by 1 lakh crore (13 billion USD) by December 2021.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} On 15 August 2021, Independence Day of India, Khandelwal launched a new e-commerce portal ''Bharat-e-market'' to compete with incumbents Amazon India and Walmart-backed Flipkart.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=India's offline traders are challenging Flipkart and Amazon head-on|url=https://kr-asia.com/indias-offline-traders-are-taking-on-flipkart-and-amazon-head-on|access-date=2021-08-29|website=KrASIA|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandelwal, Praveen}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology

2026-04-09T23:08:11Z

VirginiaOxenham:

{{Short description|Indian research award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology
| image =
| alt =
| awarded_for = Research in [[interdisciplinarity|science]] in [[India]]
| presenter = [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] [[Government of India]]
| location = [[Vigyan Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]]
| year = 1958
| year2 = 2022
| website = [http://ssbprize.gov.in/ Bhatnagar Prize website]
}}
The '''Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology''' ('''SSB''') was a [[Lists of science and technology awards|science award]] in [[India]] given annually by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) for notable and outstanding research, [[Applied science|applied]] or [[Fundamental science|fundamental]], in [[biology]], [[chemistry]], [[environmental science]], [[engineering]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], and [[physics]]. The prize recognized outstanding Indian work (according to the view of CSIR awarding committee) in [[science]] and [[technology]]. It was the highest,<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/33-named-for-country-s-highest-science-honour-101723053639698.html}} </ref> most prestigious and coveted prize given in the area of [[Interdisciplinarity|multidisciplinary science]] in India.<ref name="SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR AWARD FOR GENOMICS AND MOLECULAR WORK IN PULSES">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icrisat.org/shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-for-genomics-and-molecular-work-in-pulses/ |title=SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR AWARD FOR GENOMICS AND MOLECULAR WORK IN PULSES |date=27 September 2016 |publisher=ICRISAT |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527093021/http://www.icrisat.org/shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-for-genomics-and-molecular-work-in-pulses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=10 scientists nominated for Bhatnagar Awards|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000927/ina27012.html|access-date=17 August 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 September 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030421021338/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000927/ina27012.html|archive-date=21 April 2003}}</ref> The award was named after the founder Director of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=../../../Heads/career/awards.htm |title=From the awarding body Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) |access-date=2008-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210163924/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Utilities/Frames/career/main_page.asp?a=topframe.htm&b=leftcon.htm&c=..%2F..%2F..%2FHeads%2Fcareer%2Fawards.htm |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> It was first awarded in 1958.

In 2024, the Government of India continued the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology with the ''Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar'' called the '''[https://awards.gov.in/Home/Awardpedia Vigyan Yuva - Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]'''. While the prize money and lifetime monthly fellowship were removed, the award's stature has been elevated to align with India's prestigious Padma awards, which also do not include a monetary component. The ''Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar'' has been designed to bring the same level of respect and honor to scientific achievements as the Padma awards do for other fields.

Recipients of the Vigyan Yuva - Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award are honored with a national ceremony held at [https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=152042&ModuleId=3 Rashtrapati Bhavan], where the awards are presented by the President of India in the presence of the Minister of Science and top officials from India's leading scientific institutions. This [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7Q5kxnG4FA&t=25s format] ensures that the awardees receive the same recognition, respect, and dignity as [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Padma award]] recipients, reflecting the government's continued commitment to honoring significant contributions to science and technology in India.

Any citizen of India engaged in research in any field of science and technology up to the age of 45 years was eligible for the prize. The prize was awarded on the basis of contributions made through work done in India only during the five years preceding the year of the prize.

== Nomination and selection ==

Names of candidates were proposed by a member of the governing body of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), Vice-Chancellors of universities or institutes of national importance, and deans of different faculties of science and former awardees. Selection was made by the Advisory Committee constituted each year and necessarily consists of at least six experts including at least one former Bhatnagar Awardee in the respective discipline. At least 2/3 agreement of the members was required for selection. If two nominees were unanimously recommended in the same field because of equal merit, both are awarded.<ref name="csir">{{cite web |author=CSIR |title=Regulations Governing the Award of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize For Science and Technology |url=http://csirhrdg.nic.in/ssb.htm |access-date=2013-06-14 |work=csirhrdg.nic.in |publisher=Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402051159/http://csirhrdg.nic.in/ssb.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Prizes ==
The prize was divided into seven disciplines, namely:
* Biological sciences
* Chemical sciences
* Earth, atmosphere, ocean and planetary sciences
* Engineering sciences
* Mathematical sciences
* Medical sciences
* Physical sciences

Each discipline could have multiple winners (maximum two individuals).<ref>{{cite web |agency= Press Trust of India|title=11 scientists selected for Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize-2012 |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/11-scientists-selected-for-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize-2012-112092600384_1.html|date= 26 September 2012 |work= Business Standard| publisher= Business Standard Ltd.|access-date= 2013-06-14}}</ref> Up until 2007, the prize money was {{INRConvert|2|l|abbr=on}} and was raised to {{INRConvert|5|l|abbr=on}} in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |author= PIB|title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards 2009 announced |url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52848|date= 26 September 2009 |work= pib.nic.in| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date= 2013-06-14}}</ref>

== Recipients ==
* [[List of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients]]

==Presentation==

The names of the recipients were traditionally declared by the Director General on every 26 September, which is the CSIR Foundation Day.<ref>{{cite news|title=CSIR selects 10 scientists for prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CSIR-selects-10-scientists-for-prestigious-Shanti-Swarup-Bhatnagar-award/articleshow/43549450.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2014-09-26}}</ref> The prize was distributed by the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The awardee was bound to give a lecture in the area of the award, generally outside his/her city of work.<ref name=csir/>

== See also ==

* [[Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar]]
* [[Vigyan Ratna Award]]
* [[List of general science and technology awards]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|ssbprize.gov.in}}
* [http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx Full list of Awardees] – Official website
* [http://www.csir.res.in Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]

{{Navboxes
| title = List of awardees
| list =
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology| ]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Indian science and technology awards]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1958]]

Kuppam

2026-03-28T17:47:53Z

VirginiaOxenham: cleanup

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Needs to comply with [[WP:NOTDIRECTORY]]|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuppam
| native_name =
| other_name = Kangundi Kuppam
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Sri KuppamSubrahmanyaswamy Temple.jpg
| nickname = KPM (KPN)
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.75|N|78.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittoor District|Chittoor]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kuppam
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Council
| governing_body = Kuppam Area Development Authority
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Chittoor Chittoor|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2823_PART_B_DCHB_CHKR.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=4 November 2015|pages=19–21, 58}} {{dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 3.10
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 667
| population_total = 21963
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517425
| area_code = +91–08570
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = AP-39 and AP-03
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Kuppam''' is a town in [[Chittoor district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located 125 kilometres from the district headquarters [[Chittoor]],115.8 kilometers south-east of [[Bangalore]], the capital city of [[Karnataka]], and 243 kilometers west of [[Chennai]], the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the headquarters of Kuppam mandal in the [[Kuppam Revenue Division]]. The name "Kuppam" means a meeting place or confluence.

== Climate ==
Kuppam's climate is classified as tropical. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall. This location is classified as Aw by Köppen and Geiger. The average annual temperature is 22.3 °C in Kuppam. The rainfall here averages 680 mm. Precipitation is the lowest in February, with an average of 2 mm. In October, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 151 mm. At an average temperature of 28.0 °C, May is the hottest month of the year. At 18.0 °C on average, December is the coldest month of the year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/andhra-pradesh/kuppam-1012459/|title=Kuppam climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Kuppam weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

== Kuppam Area Development Authority (KADA) ==

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gad.ap.gov.in/notifications/notices/kada-revival-of-kuppam-area-development-authority-for-overall-economic-growth-in-kada-region-orders-issued}}</ref> Project Chairman :- Chittoor District Collector and Magistrate

Project Director :- Vikas Marmat IAS

<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/cm-revives-kuppam-area-development-authority-aims-for-model-constituency-1809584|title= CM Revives Kuppam Area Development Authority, Aims for Model Constituency|date= 10 July 2024}}</ref> [[Kuppam Area Development Authority]] with headquarters at Kuppam. It covers four mandals – Kuppam, Gudupalle, Santhipuram and Ramakuppam along with Kuppam municipality which forms part of Kuppam Revenue Division. It is meant for the overall economic growth, development, achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and zero poverty in the KADA region

The State government also reorganised the administrative structure of KADA to ensure a single line system for better coordination among various functionaries for an integrated approach. As such, it has re-designated the Special officer post as Project Director, KADA who will be directly responsible for planning and implementing all government programmes. The PD will review all the programmes and directly report to the Collector who shall be the Chairman of KADA.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Kuppam had a [[population]] of 21,963. The total population constitute, 11,091 males and 10,872 females - a [[sex ratio]] of 980 females per 1000 males. 2,551 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 1,340 are boys and 1,211 are girls. The average [[literacy rate]] stands at 83.62% with 16,232 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=5 September 2014|page=43|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kuppam based on 2011 Census<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 53.73 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value2 = 35.14 |color2 = royalblue
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 7.13 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Kannada]] |value4 = 3.51 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.49 |color5 = grey
|thumb = right
}}

=== Languages ===
[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the official and most widely spoken language of the place. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is second widely spoken among the natives. People can understand Kannada as it is located very near to Karnataka. Most people of Kuppam are trilingual.

==Industry==

Kuppam is known for its [[granite]] [[Quarry|quarries]] and factories. A granite variety, Kuppam Green,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stonecontact.com/kuppam-green-granite/s6344|title=Kuppam Green Granite - Green Granite - StoneContact.com|website=www.stonecontact.com|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref> is named after the town as this variety is abundantly found in this area and exported to foreign countries on demand.

Kuppam has the presence of [[Hydro Extruded Solutions|hydro Extrusion India Pvt Ltd]]. Hydro is a major aluminium extrusions company headquartered in [[Oslo]], Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogroup.com/en/hydro-extrusion-india-ltd/|title=hydro Extrusion India Private Ltd|work=hydrogroup.com}}</ref> This has now been acquired by Hindalco Industries Ltd (Aditya Birla Group Company).

==Transport==
[[File:Kuppam_Railway_Station.png|alt=|left|thumb|300x350px|Railway Station, Kuppam]]
Kuppam is well connected by both Roadways (NH42) and Railways.<ref name=":0" /> Bus services are provided by state corporations [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] (Andhra Pradesh),
[[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] (Tamil Nadu) And Karnataka State Transport Corporation ([https://m.ksrtc.in KSRTC]).

[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] to [[Bangalore City railway station|K.S.R Bengaluru]] railway line passes through Kuppam (KPN) and it is the only one big railway station in the route belonging to Andhra Pradesh. Kuppam Railway Station comes under Bangalore Division, [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways]] (SWR).

As Kuppam Railway Station (KPN) is located exactly at the middle of Bangarapet railway junction and Jolarpettai railway junction, it is well connected to Chennai, Vijawada, Coimbatore, Tirupati, Mysuru, Mumbai, Patna and Bengaluru via train. An exclusive train service is provided for working people between Kuppam and K.S.R Bengaluru Everyday. There is upcoming [[Kuppam International Airport|Kuppam Airport]]. Its very well connected.

In 2024, Sri Chandrababu Naidu has announced seven new airports which are at Kuppam, [[Dagadarthi]], Tuni-Annavaram*, [[Nagarjuna Sagar]], [[Ongole]], [[Srikakulam]] and [[Tadepalligudem]] in addition to the [[Bhogapuram Airport]] in between Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam.

==Politics==
[[File:Kuppam constituency mandals AfterDivision.jpg|thumb|139x139px|Kuppam constituency mandals|alt=]]
Kuppam is an assembly constituency (comprising [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]], [[Gudupalle mandal|Gudipalle]], [[Santhipuram mandal|Shanthipuram]], [[Ramakuppam]] mandals) in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. There are 1,61,872 registered voters in Kuppam constituency as of 1999. [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] (current Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh) is the current Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Kuppam.

==Education==

{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| image1 = PES Medical College.jpg
| caption1 = PES Medical College
|
| image2 = Dravidian_University_Entrance,_Kuppam.png
| caption2 = Dravidian University Entrance
| total_width =
| alt1 =
}}
'''Schools'''

Primary and secondary education in Kuppam is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the boards of education, such as the [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] (SSLC), [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE). Schools in Kuppam are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government).

'''Medical College '''

[[P.E.S. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]] was established in 2001 and offers Diploma, Under Graduation and Post Graduation courses in the field of Medicine.

'''University'''

[[Dravidian University]] was established in 1997 and offers different Under Graduation, Post Graduation and Research programs.

'''Engineering and Technology'''

Kuppam Engineering College<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kec.ac.in/|title=KUPPAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE|website=www.kec.ac.in|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> was established in 2001 and offers different Under Graduation, Post Graduation and Research programs related to Engineering, Business Administration and Technology.

'''[[Agastya International Foundation]]'''

It has a "Campus Creativity Lab" located on a 172-acre campus in Kuppam, which houses science and art centers that includes an astronomy center and planetarium, center for creative teaching, an innovation hub, a science model-making center, the [[Ramanujan Math Park]], an open-air ecology lab and many more. The campus receives over 650 children every day and also trains teachers from seven states in India.

== Culture ==
[[File:Tirupati_Gangamma_Jatara_-_Kuppam.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Tirupati Gangamma Jatara 2019, Kuppam]]
[[File:Kuppam_Sri_Subrahmanya_Swamy.jpg|thumb|Aadi Krithika at Kuppam Sri Subrahmanyaswamy Devasthanam]]
"[[Sri Tirupati Gangamma Jathara Kuppam]]" is one of the most important and oldest festivals of Kuppam dedicated to the Hindu Goddess Gangamma Devi. It is celebrated annually, over a period of nine days in the month of May. The history of the festival dates back to over a couple of centuries. Local legend has it that Lord Venkateswara was upset with his sister Gangamma for devouring corpses at the burial ground. In order to stop his sister from doing so, the Lord chopped off Gangamma's cheek, which is believed to have fallen in
[[File:Gudivanka_Subramanyaswamy_Temple.png|thumb|Devotees on Aadi Krithika - Gudivanka]]
Kuppam and surrounding areas like Tirupati, Chittoor, Punganur, Vaniyambadi and Gudiyattam. To mark this event, the annual jatara is celebrated in Kuppam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/more-than-two-lakh-devotees-throng-kuppam-ganga-jatara/article27200074.ece|title=More than two lakh devotees throng Kuppam Ganga Jatara|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-05-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
"Peddapuli Gangamma Jatara" is one of the important and the oldest festivals of Kuppam dedicated to the Hindu Goddess Peddapuli Gangamma Devi. "Aadi Krithika" is one of the important and the oldest festivals of Kuppam dedicated to the Tamil Hindu God Subrahmanyaswamy in the month of July or August (Aadi month - Tamil calendar). Other [[Festivals in India|popular festivals]] in Kuppam are [[Ugadi]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Deepawali]] and [[Christmas]].
[[File:Kuppam Palace.png|thumb|Kuppam Palace]]

== Notable people from Kuppam ==
Notable people from Kuppam include:
* [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
* [[V. Nagayya]]
* [[Adyar K. Lakshman]]
* [[B. R. Panthulu]]

== See also ==
*[[List of census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Chittoor district}}

[[Category:Census towns in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Chittoor district]]

Mohamed Azeem

2026-03-14T19:13:34Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up!

{{Short description|Indian television actor (born 1990)}}
{{Distinguish|Muhammad Azeem}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohamed Azeem
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Azeem in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|12|15|df=yes}}.
| birth_place = [[Nagercoil]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref>{{Cite web|title= Azeem Tamil Actor|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/bigg-boss/14455/season-premiere/1260118495|language=en}}</ref>
| other_names = Azeem
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2012{{dash}}present
| known_for = ''[[Priyamanaval]]'' ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' ''[[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 6]]''
| height =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Syed Zoya|2018|2021|end=div}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Mohamed Azeem''' (born 15 December 1990)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azeem biography|date=28 March 2022 |url=https://behindtalkies.com/azeem/|language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Azeem''' is an Indian reality television actor who predominantly acts in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television serials. He debuted in his first soap opera in 2012 called ''[[Maya (2012 TV series)|Maya]]'' alongside actress [[Vani Bhojan]]. He later also appeared in various different serials in many television networks. He also appeared in serials such as ''[[Priyamanaval]]'', ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' and ''[[Kadaikutty Singam (TV series)|Kadaikutty Singam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pagal Nilavu Serial actor Azeem divorced by mutual consent, requests privacy|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/pagal-nilavu-serial-actor-azeem-divorced-by-mutual-consent-requests-privacy/31715/|access-date=2022-10-08|website=thenewscrunch.com|date=2 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Azeem Disappointed Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal|url=https://time.news/actor-azeem-disappointed-sun-kudumbam-viruthugal/|access-date=2022-10-08|website=time.news|date=27 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He is also the winner of ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]'' in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6 Grand Finale Highlights: TV actor Azeem is season 6's winner|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-grand-finale-live-updates-bigg-boss-tamil-season-6-winner-news-azeem-shivin-vikraman/liveblog/97224418.cms|access-date=2023-01-23|website=[[Times of India]]|date=22 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Penbugs |date=2023-01-22 |title=Bigg Boss 6 Finale winner- Azeem |url=https://penbugs.com/22-01-2023-bigg-boss-tamil-6-grand-finale-vijay-tv-show/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Penbugs |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today |date=2023-01-22 |title=Azeem lifts Bigg Boss Tamil Season 6 trophy, wins Rs 50 lakh and a new car|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/azeem-lifts-bigg-boss-tamil-season-6-trophy-wins-rs-50-lakh-and-a-new-car-kamal-haasan-vikraman-shivin-2325007-2023-01-23|access-date=2023-01-22 |website=India Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Azeem started his career as an anchor in Sun Music in 2011, and later forayed as an actor in the serial ''[[Maya (2012 TV series)|Maya]]'' which aired on [[Jaya TV]] in 2012, he played the lead and the role as Ashwin alongside actress [[Vani Bhojan]] who was also the main lead in the serial. In 2013 he later shifted his career towards [[Star Vijay]] and played a crucial supporting role in the popular serial ''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]'' playing the role of Charan. He was praised for his acting skills in the serial and later went on to feature in other serials such as ''[[Priyamanaval]]'', ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'', ''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal (TV series)|Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]'' and ''[[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohamed Azeem replaces Arun in 'Poove Unakkaga'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mohamed-azeem-replaces-arun-in-poove-unakkaga/articleshow/83334387.cms|access-date=2022-10-08|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=8 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammed Azeem replaces Muralie Krishnan in Niram Maaratha Pookal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mohammed-azeem-replaces-muralie-krishnan-in-niram-maaratha-pookal/articleshow/73250024.cms|access-date=2022-10-08|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=14 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohamed Azeem denies entering Bigg Boss Tamil 4 as a wildcard contestant|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mohamed-azeem-denies-entering-bigg-boss-tamil-4-as-a-wildcard-contestant/articleshow/79677157.cms|access-date=2022-10-08|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=11 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Azeem won the title in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]'' which aired on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6 winner: Azeem lifts the trophy; wins a prize money of Rs 50 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-winner-azeem-lifts-the-trophy-wins-a-prize-money-of-rs-50-lakh/photostory/97232606.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2023-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-winner-azeem-lifts-the-trophy-wins-a-prize-money-of-rs-50-lakh/photostory/97232606.cms |archive-date=2023-03-15 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2018, Azeem married his girlfriend Syed Zoya in [[Chennai]], however in 2021 the couple decided to separate and call off their relationship and later got divorced.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Shivani's co-star Azeem gets divorced!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-shivanis-co-star-azeem-gets-divorced/articleshow/80644566.cms|access-date=2022-10-08|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=2 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Actor Azeem opens up about marriage with Shivani Narayanan|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-shivani-narayanan-marraige-rumours-with-actor-azeem-clarification-tamil-news-280907|access-date=2022-10-08|website=India Glitz|date=21 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2012-2013
|''[[Maya (2012 TV series)|Maya]]''
|Ashwin
|[[Jaya TV]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/9171/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Jaya-TV-New-serial-Maya!.htm| title= Jaya TV new Serial Maya| publisher=[[Dinamalar]]| date=29 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|2012-2013
|''[[Pirivom Santhippom (season 2)|Pirivom Santhippom Season 2]]''
|Karthi
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|-
|2013-2016
|''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]''
|Charan
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|-
|2015-2017
|''[[Priyamanaval]]''
|Prabhakaran Krishnan
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Replaced by Karthick Vasudevan
|
|-
|2017-2019
|''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''
|Arjun
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|-
|2018-2019
|''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One Fun Unlimited]]''
|Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|5th Runner Up
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Kadaikutty Singam (TV series)|Kadaikutty Singam]]''
|Maruthu
|[[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|-
|2019-2020
|''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal (TV series)|Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]''
|Ramkrishnan
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|Replacement of Murali Krishnan
|
|-
|2021-2022
|''[[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]]''
|Kathiravan Shivanarayanan
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Replacement of Arun
|
|-
| 2022–2023|| ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 6]]''
| Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]|| Winner ||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6 winner: Azeem lifts the trophy; wins a prize money of Rs 50 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-winner-azeem-lifts-the-trophy-wins-a-prize-money-of-rs-50-lakh/photostory/97232606.cms|access-date=2023-01-23|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Show
! Role
|-
|2017|| [[Vijay Television Awards|3rd Annual Vijay Television Awards]] || Favorite On-Screen Pair (With [[Shivani Narayanan]]) || {{Nom}} || rowspan="3" | ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' || rowspan="3" | Arjun
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2018|| rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Television Awards|4th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]|| Best & Favorite Budding Pair (With Shivani Narayanan) || {{Won}}
|-
| Favorite Male Actor || {{Nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10625353/ Mohamed Azeem] on [[IMDb]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Raju Jeyamohan]]|
title= [[Bigg Boss Tamil]] Winner |
years= (Series 6) 2022-2023 |
after= [[Archana Ravichandran]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azeem, Mohamed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) winners]]

Latasana Devi

2026-03-14T17:47:21Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up!

{{Short description|Indian Manipuri dancer (born 1967}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Artist
| image =
| birth_name = Latasana Devi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1967|04|01}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
|occupation =Dancer
|style = [[Manipuri dance]]
|awards =[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2023)
}}
'''Latasana Devi''' is a [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri dancer]], choreographer, and dance teacher from [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2023 for her contribution to Manipuri dance.

==Biography==
Latasana Devi was born on 1 April 1967 in Imphal, Manipur.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=LATASANA DEVI |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741077376_Latasana%20Devi.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=2025-06-26 |archive-date=2025-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528222356/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741077376_Latasana%20Devi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> She began learning Manipuri dance at the age of eight and received her early training at the Manipuri Dance Academy in Imphal under the guidance of Guneshwari Devi.<ref name="NCPA">{{cite web |title=NCPA Mumbai Dance Season 2023 |url=https://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/ncpa-mumbai-dance-season-2023-2/ |website=NCPA |access-date=2025-06-26 |archive-date=2025-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426144207/https://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/ncpa-mumbai-dance-season-2023-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1980, she began intensive training under dancers like Padma Shri-winner [[Darshana Jhaveri]], [[Guru Bipin Singh]] and Kalavati Devi of Kolkata.<ref name="NCPA"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Motherland calling: New NCPA dance performance reflects Manipur’s civic war |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/motherland-calling-23342264 |work=Mid-day |date=31 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=26 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406003700/https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/motherland-calling-23342264 |url-status=live }}</ref> Well versed in dance, martial arts, music and drumming, she studied various aspects of Manipuri dance like Kartal Cholom (dance with cymbals) from Oja Chobhal Singh, Nada Seishak (vocal training) from Oja Lakpati Singh and Pung Cholom (drum dance) from Oja Birmangal Singh.<ref name="NCPA"/>

Latasana Devi also completed [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Political Science from SNDT University, Mumbai.<ref name="Palem">{{cite web |title=Palem |url=https://bangaloreinternationalcentre.org/event/palem/ |website=Bangalore International Centre}}</ref>

==Career==
Latasana Devi has performed in major dance festivals in India and abroad including [[Khajuraho Dance Festival]], Banaras Ganga Festival, [[Nishagandhi Dance Festival]] and [[Soorya Festival]].<ref name="SNA"/> Other than various venues across India, she has toured to countries like USA, Mexico, Indonesia and Italy for solo performances.<ref name="SNA"/> In 1994, she was awarded a Junior Fellowship from the Department of Culture, Government of India, to conduct research in the field of classical Manipuri dance.<ref name="NCPA"/> She is a top-grade artist and an empanelled artist of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="SNA"/> She has also danced at international venues including the [[BRICS]] and BRIMTEC summits.<ref name="Palem"/>

She has choreographed productions like Nachom, Ishano and Madhur Raas in association with the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] (NCPA), Mumbai.<ref name="Palem"/>

Latasana Devi founded the Kaina Foundation to raise awareness and promote traditional art forms of Manipur.<ref name="Palem"/>

==Awards and honors==
Latasana Devi has received numerous awards and titles including the Sringarmani award in 1985, Guru adhan title conferred by the Tamil Sangam, Mumbai in 2016, and Tarang Ratna title by the Takshashila Nrityakala Mandir, Thane in 2018.<ref name="SNA"/> She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 2023 for her contribution to Manipuri dance.<ref name="SNA"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Latasana}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category: living people]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Manipuri dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Manipur]]

List of colleges affiliated to the Cochin University of Science and Technology

2026-03-13T10:18:11Z

VirginiaOxenham: New

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
[[Cochin University of Science and Technology|Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT)]] is a [[government]] owned [[autonomous]] [[university]] in [[Kochi]] ([[Cochin]]), [[Kerala]], [[India]]. CUSAT is academically structured into 9 faculties: engineering, environmental studies, humanities, law, marine sciences, medical sciences and technology, science, social sciences and technology. It has 27 departments offering graduate and post graduate programmes as well as research in different disciplines like engineering, science, technology, humanities, law and management. Various centres for specialised areas is established by the university aiming multi-disciplinary interaction. Apart from these there are many government and non-government institutions affiliated with CUSAT.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cusat Academics|url=http://www.cusat.ac.in/erp5/web_site_module/cusat/02Academic|accessdate=2012-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110072355/http://www.cusat.ac.in/erp5/web_site_module/cusat/02Academic|archive-date=10 January 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Recognised Institutions==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | District
! scope="col" | Code
! scope="col" | Established
! scope="col" | Management
! scope="col" | Source

|-
|| 1 || CUCE Kuttanad || [[Alappuzha]] || -
|| 1999 || [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|CUSAT]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cusat.ac.in|title=Cochin University of Science and Technology|accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|| 2 ||[[Government Medical College, Ernakulam]]||[[Ernakulam]] || CMC
|| 1999 || [[CAPE (Co-operative Academy of Professional Education)]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cmccochin.org/|title=Welcome to Government Medical College, Ernakulam|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|| 3 || [[Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training|CIFNET]] || [[Ernakulam]] || -
|| 1963 || [[Government of India]] ||<ref name="CIFNET">[https://archive.today/20130108084202/http://www.cifnet.nic.in/ Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training website] </ref>
|-
|| 4 || Conspi Academy of Management Studies, Plankalamukku || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || -
|| 2004 || [[Private university|Private Self-financing]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camstvm.org/cams.html |title=CAMS || Conspi Academy of Management Studies |access-date=2012-12-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203112323/http://www.camstvm.org/cams.html |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 5 || Southern Naval Command Headquarters || [[Ernakulam]] || -
|| 2004 || [[Indian Navy]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cusat.ac.in/erp5/web_site_module/cusat/02Academic/06Recognised_Institutions |title=Web Page - Recognised Institutions | ERP5 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019020619/http://www.cusat.ac.in/erp5/web_site_module/cusat/02Academic/06Recognised_Institutions |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 6 || ER & DCI Institute of Technology || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || -
|| 2001 || [[Department of Information Technology]]||<ref name="erdciit">{{cite web |url=http://www.erdciit.ac.in/home.jsp |title='*Welcome to ER&DCI-Institute; of Technology, Trivandrum*' |accessdate=2012-12-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325040710/http://www.erdciit.ac.in/home.jsp |archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 7 || IIITM || [[Thiruvananthapuram]] || -
|| 2000 || [[Government of Kerala]] ||<ref name="erdciit" />
|-
|| 8 || Bhavan's Royal Institute of Management || [[Ernakulam]] || -
|| 2002 ||[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust|Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan]]||<ref>[http://www.brim.ac.in Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust website]</ref>
|-
|| 9 || College of Engineering Thalassery || [[Kannur]] || -
|| 2020 ||[[CAPE (Co-operative Academy of Professional Education)]]||<ref>[https://www.cethalassery.ac.in/ College of Engineering Thalassery website]</ref>
|-
|}

==Research Centres==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | District
! scope="col" | Established
! scope="col" | Management
! scope="col" | Source
|-
|| 1 || [[Central Institute of Fisheries Technology|CIFT]] || [[Ernakulam]]
|| 1957 || [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cift.res.in/|title=under-maintance|website=www.cift.res.in|accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|| 2 || [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies|NCESS]]|| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|| 1978 || [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cess.res.in/ |title=Centre for Earth Science Studies |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228105316/http://cess.res.in/ |archive-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|| 4 || [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|CMFRI]] || [[Ernakulam]]
|| 1947 || [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmfri.org.in/|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=www.cmfri.org.in|accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|| 5 || MPEDA || [[Ernakulam]]
|| 1972 || [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Department of Commerce, Government of India]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpeda.com/ |title=Welcome to MPEDA |accessdate=2006-11-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121084458/http://www.mpeda.com/ |archivedate=21 November 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|| 6 || [[Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory|NPOL]] || [[Ernakulam]]
|| 1958 || [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/npol.html |title=Naval Research Board |website=www.nrbdrdo.res.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105041717/http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/npol.html |archive-date=2010-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/NPOL/English/index.jsp?pg=homebody.jsp |title=DRDO |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518013218/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/NPOL/English/index.jsp?pg=homebody.jsp |archive-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|| 7 || [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|NIO]] || [[Ernakulam]]
|| 1960 || [[CSIR India|CSIR]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nio.org/ |title=National Institute of Oceanography(NIO) - HOME |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140517/http://www.nio.org/ |archive-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|| 8 || [[Rubber Board|RRII)]] || [[Kottayam]]
|| 1955 || [[Rubber Board]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rubberboard.org.in/rubberresearchinstitute.asp |title=R U B B e R R e S e a R C H I N S T I T U T e O F I N D I A |website=www.rubberboard.org.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021114223110/http://rubberboard.org.in/RubberResearchInstitute.asp |archive-date=2002-11-14}}</ref>
|-
|| 9 || [[Kerala Forest Research Institute |KSCSTE KFRI]] || [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|| 1975 || [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kfri.res.in/|title=Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI)|website=www.kfri.res.in|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|| 10 || [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre(VSSC)]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|| 1963|| [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/|title=VSSC|website=www.vssc.gov.in|accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|| 11 || [[National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology|National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST)]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|| 1975 || [[CSIR India|CSIR]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3rrlt.csir.res.in/english/ |title=CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) |accessdate=2013-01-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103020623/http://w3rrlt.csir.res.in/english/ |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 12 || Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA) || [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|| 1990 || [[Government of Kerala]] ||<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030124011726/http://www.kilaonline.org/ Kerala Institute of Local Administration] </ref>
|-
|| 13 || Cochin Base of Fishery survey of India || [[Ernakulam]]
|| 1957 || Fishery survey of India ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fsi.gov.in/ob2.htm | title=Fishery survey of India Porbandar Base of Phone }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fsi.gov.in/LATEST-WB-SITE/fsi-main-pg-frm.htm|title = Welcome to Fishery Survey of India - Home Page}}</ref>
|-
|| 14 || Central Coir Research Institute || [[Alappuzha]]
|| 1953 || [[Coir Board of India]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccriindia.org/|title=Central Coir Research Institute|website=www.ccriindia.org|accessdate=23 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|| 15 || Integrated Fisheries Project || [[Ernakulam]]
|| 1972 || [[Government of India]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ifpkochi.nic.in/history.htm |title=INTEGRATED FISHERIES PROJECT - (History) |website=ifpkochi.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010429201105/http://ifpkochi.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=2001-04-29}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cee-kerala.org/index.php/keam/keam2012/prospectus-2012 KEAM 2012 prospectus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130116000721/http://ihrd.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=31&Itemid=50 Engineering Colleges under IHRD]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625072144/http://www.kerala-colleges.com/Engineering-College/Engineering-Colleges-Index.asp Engineering Colleges in Kerala]
* [http://www.capekerala.org/ Engineering Colleges under CAPE]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019020619/http://www.cusat.ac.in/erp5/web_site_module/cusat/02Academic/06Recognised_Institutions Recognised Institutions under CUSAT]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105225022/http://www.cusat.ac.in/erp5/web_site_module/cusat/02Academic/Research_Institutions Research Centres affiliated to CUSAT]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cochin}}
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kochi]]
[[Category:Lists of colleges affiliated to universities in India]]
[[Category:Kochi-related lists]]
[[Category:Cochin University of Science and Technology|Affiliates]]

Kunku

2026-03-07T07:04:11Z

VirginiaOxenham: basic fixed lead for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|1937 Indian film by V. Shantaram}}
{{about|the film|the 2009 TV series|Kunku (TV series)|the powder sacred in Hinduism|Kumkum}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kunku
| image = Kunku poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Shantaram]]
| producer = [[Prabhat Film Company]]
| writer = [[Narayan Hari Apte]] (novel & screenplay) Munshi Aziz (dialogue)
| music = [[Keshavrao Bhole]]
| cinematography = [[V. Avadhoot]]
| starring = [[Shanta Apte]], [[Keshavrao Date]], [[Raja Nene]], [[Vimala Vasishta]], [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]], [[Master Chhotu]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1937}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = [[British Raj]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Hindi]]
}}
[[File:Duniya Na Mane, 1937.webm|thumb|''Duniya Na Mane'' (Hindi version)]]
[[File:Kunku - 1937 - Marathi.webm|thumb|''Kunku'' (Marathi version)]]
'''''Kunku''''' (Marathi title)<ref>{{cite book |title=Third World film making and the West|last=Armes|first=Roy|year=1987|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-05690-6|pages=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&q=Ayodhyecha+Raja+1932&pg=PA112 }}</ref><ref name="prabhat"/> is a 1937 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language classic social drama film directed by [[V. Shantaram]], and based on the novel, ''Na Patnari Goshta'' by [[Narayan Hari Apte]], who also wrote film's screenplay.<ref>[http://nfaipune.nic.in/duniya_na_mane.htm Duniya Na Mane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929100136/http://nfaipune.nic.in/duniya_na_mane.htm |date=29 September 2008 }} [[National Film Archive of India]]</ref> The film was simultaneously shot and released in Hindi as '''''Duniya Na Maane'''''.

The film went on to become both a critical and commercial success, and was shown at the [[Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name="prabhat">[http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm Films] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722170023/http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm |date=22 July 2012 }} ''[[Prabhat Film Company]]''.</ref> The film is now hailed for "its daring attack on the treatment of women in Indian society." and depiction of [[child marriage]].<ref>[http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/contemporary/india-arthouse.html India's Art House Cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122162218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/contemporary/india-arthouse.html |date=22 November 2009 }} by Lalit Mohan Joshi, ''[[British Film Institute]]''.</ref>

For film's lead actress, Shanta Apte, it was third most memorable performance in a row, after Shantaram's previous classics, ''[[Amrit Manthan (film)|Amrit Manthan]]'' (1934) and ''[[Amar Jyoti]]'' (1936). Besides other songs, she also sang a full-fledged English song in the film: "A Psalm of Life", written by [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] (1807–1882).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://passionforcinema.com/find-of-the-week-hinglish-song/ |title='Hinglish' Song |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015234718/http://passionforcinema.com/find-of-the-week-hinglish-song/ |archive-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Rec/rec.music.indian.misc/2006-01/msg00748.html 'A Psalm of Life' text]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|2wqhfKNMPTs|Duniya Na Mane-In The World's (Longfellow poem by Shanta Apte)}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[File:Duniya Na Mane (Hindi) 1937.jpg|thumb|200px|''Duniya Na Mane'' (Hindi)]]
A young woman, Nirmala (Shanta Apte), known affectionately as Neera, is orphaned and comes to live in the house of her maternal uncle. His wife, a very good lady, urges her husband to do his duty and arrange for Nirmala to marry a suitable young man. The uncle finally brings a family to meet his niece, consisting of a handsome young man, his much younger brother, his middle aged father and his widowed aunt (father's sister). The meeting is cordial, and a few days later, Nirmala's uncle comes home with the news that the boy's family have agreed to the match. On the day of the wedding, while Nirmala sits inside a room like a demure bride, her aunt is at the gate to receive the groom with [[aarti]]. She is horrified and faints when she discovers that the elderly father is the groom! When she recovers, her husband tells her sternly not to make a scene but to ensure that Nirmala goes quietly with her husband, the much older widower, Kaka Saheb ([[Keshavrao Date]]).

The story is based on a novel by Shri. [[Narayan Hari Apte]]. It reminds us instinctively of the story of Sharada, a play by Deval which had long been a classic of Marathi theatre.
Neera, a young girl, is married off to an old widower by her foster-parents, an uncle and his orthodox wife. The deal is obviously motivated by considerations of money. The shock of the marriage is too much for the girl, but she bravely tries to accommodate herself in the house. The widower deceives himself into believing that he is still not old enough to have lost his manhood. His college-going son tries to flirt with his young stepmother, while a widowed daughter of his sympathises with her in her woe. The marriage does not work. Some cheer is added to Neera's life through the company of a teenage girl belonging to the household. However, when the old man fully realises the implications of his action, he commits suicide, leaving the girl he has married against her will to go her own way.

==Music==
The songs are from the lead actress Shanta Apte even sung. [[Shantaram Athavale]] wrote the lyrics to the music of [[Keshavrao Bhole]]. The English text of the song in the world's broad field of battle ... Be not like dumb, driven cattle is a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

==Cast==
[[File:Kunku 1937.jpg|thumb|220px|A scene from the film. Apte is seen in the centre.]]
* [[Shanta Apte]] as Nirmala
* [[Keshavrao Date|K. Date]] as Kakasaheb
* [[Raja Nene]] as Jugat
* [[Vimala Vasishta]] as the Aunt
* [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]] as Sushila
* [[Master Chhotu]]

Shanta Apte ... Nirmala
Keshavrao Date Keshavrao Date ... Keshavlal Pleader
Vimala Vasishta Vimala Vasishta ... Chachi (as Vimalabai Vasistha)
Shakuntala Paranjpye Shakuntala Paranjpye ... Sushila
Vasanti Vasanti ... Shanta
Raja Nene Raja Nene ... Jugal
Gauri Gauri ... Mami
Chhotu Chhotu ... Mama
Rest of cast listed alphabetically:
Karmarkar Karmarkar

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willemen: Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, S. 272

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kunku (1937)}}
*{{IMDb title|0028815|Duniya Na Mane}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIGyN1K3T7g Full movie on YouTube]
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2735wl_duniya-na-mane_tv Full movie on Dailymotion]
* [http://hindi-films-songs.com/duniyanamane.html Songs from ''Duniya Na Mane'' 1937 and screenshots]

{{V. Shantaram}}

[[Category:1937 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Shantaram]]
[[Category:1937 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Prabhat Film Company films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1937 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:1937 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1930s Marathi-language films]]

Namak Haraam (2015 film)

2026-03-04T04:37:31Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Namak Haraam
| image = Namak Haraam (2015 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = R. Nagaraj Peenya
| writer = Malavalli Saikrishna (dialogues)
| screenplay = R. Nagaraj Peenya
| story = R. Nagaraj Peenya
| based_on = 
| producer = Vijay Anand Kumar
| starring = Krishna Mahesh [[Rapid Rashmi]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Nanda Kumar
| editing = Suresh D. H.
| music = Satheesh Aaryan
| studio = Nihal Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|9|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Namak Haraam''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by R. Nagaraj Peenya and starring Krishna Mahesh and [[Rapid Rashmi]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Krishna Mahesh as Jaggi
*[[Rapid Rashmi]] as Rashmi
*Rajendra Karanth as Kadu Krishna
*Rockline Sudhakar
*Gaurish Akki as Rowdy
*Yathiraj
*Sharan Kabbur
*Danny Kuttappa
*Kamal
*Pallakki Radhakrishna
*Malavalli Saikrishna
}}

== Production ==
The film, which marked the debut [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]'s brother Mahesh, began production in the first half of 2014 with the ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' taking place without disclosing who the heroine is.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/Apr/21/i-want-to-stand-on-my-own-feet-mahesh-602890.html|title=I Want to Stand on My Own Feet: Mahesh|date=21 April 2014|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="D">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/entertainment-sandalwood/article/rashmi-radio-jockey-big-screen|title=Rashmi: From Radio Jockey to the Big screen|date=2014-05-09|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=2018-01-29|language=en}}</ref> RJ [[Rapid Rashmi]] of Big FM, who was speculated to play the heroine, was confirmed by the makers to be a part of the film.<ref name="D"/><ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/namak-haraam-film-audio-launched-in-bangalore/articleshow/44790715.cms?from=mdr|title=Namak Haraam film audio launched in Bangalore|date=14 October 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615123006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/namak-haraam-film-audio-launched-in-bangalore/articleshow/44790715.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rj-rashmi-ramakrishna-aka-rapid-rashmi-makes-sandalwood-debut-2122989|title=RJ Rashmi Ramakrishna aka 'Rapid Rashmi' makes Sandalwood debut|website=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=2024-01-25|archive-date=2023-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311092602/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rj-rashmi-ramakrishna-aka-rapid-rashmi-makes-sandalwood-debut-2122989|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahesh was supposed to make his debut with ''Boundary'' (2013), but the film never released despite almost the shooting was almost finished.<ref name="N"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/boundary-shoot-progresses/articleshow/19947733.cms?from=mdr|title=Boundary shoot progresses|date=8 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Anjali |last=Muthanna|access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref> The director and producer of ''[[Padhe Padhe]]'' (2013) collaborated again for this film.<ref name="I">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ganesh-brother-mahesh-debut-kannada-news-141762.html |title=Ganesh brother Mahesh debut | work = Indiaglitz | date= 9 September 2015 | access-date=2024-01-25 |archive-date=2018-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714021257/https://www.indiaglitz.com/ganesh-brother-mahesh-debut-kannada-news-141762.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To prepare for the role, Mahesh watched ''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]'' (1995), ''[[Kariya (film)|Kariya]]'' (2003) and ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E2%80%93%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF-%E2%80%98%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%99-1877033|title='Namak Haram' of Nettaru Gulabi|language=kn|work=[[Prajavani]]|date=10 September 2015|access-date= 26 January 2024}}</ref> The film was shot in fifty days.<ref name="I"/> Mahesh was credited as Krishna Mahesh for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/is-ganeshs-brother-mahesh-inspired-by-krishna-ajai-rao/articleshow/39404701.cms?from=mdr|title=Is Ganesh's brother Mahesh inspired by Krishna Ajai Rao?|date=1 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002002320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Is-Ganeshs-brother-Mahesh-inspired-by-Krishna-Ajai-Rao/articleshow/39404701.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The film finished shooting and was ready for release in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2014/dec/05/namakharam-set-to-release-242442.html|title='ನಮಕ್‍ ಹರಾಮ್' ಮೊದಲ ಪ್ರತಿ ಸಿದ್ಧ|language=kn|work=[[Kannada Prabha]]|first=Lingaraj|last=Badiger|date=5 December 2014 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Namak Haraam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Satheesh Aaryan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:16
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| chronology = Satheesh Aaryan
| prev_title = [[Aakramana]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = Sarkaar
| next_year = 2016
| misc =
}}
The music was composed by Satheesh Aaryan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Namak Haraam Songs: Namak Haraam MP3 Kannada Songs by Satheesh Aaryan Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/namak-haraam-kannada |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=25 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The audio launch took place in Bangalore.<ref name="A"/>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manaseko Hegigaa
| length1 = 3:51
| lyrics1 = Gurunath Bhoragi
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title2 = Benda Kaalurina Pantaru
| length2 = 4:29
| lyrics2 = R. Nagarah Peenya
| extra2 = Rushi Kumara Swamiji, Malavalli Saikrishna
| title3 = Nannodige Neenu
| length3 = 4:10
| lyrics3 = Vigneshwara Vishwa
| extra3 = [[Avinash Chebbi]]
| title4 = Laangu Machchugala
| length4 = 4:10
| lyrics4 = Santhu
| extra4 = Fayaz Khan
| title5 = Hudugirgu Hudugarigu
| length5 = 3:36
| lyrics5 = Suni, Nagesh Prasanna
| extra5 = Divya Ramachandra
| total_length = 20:16
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 11 September 2015 alongside ''[[Kendasampige]]'', ''[[Geetha Bangle Store]]'', ''141 - I Love You'' and ''Billa''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/five-for-friday-telugu-news-141952|title=Five for Friday|date=11 September 2015|work=Indiaglitz| access-date=2024-01-26}}</ref>

A critic from ''Chitratara'' rated the film 3 {{Fraction|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "In ''Namak Haram'' we see such flying and slashing ‘long’ but sensibilities of ''[[Padhe Padhe]]'' director Nagaraj Peenya is not missing. He has not given anything beyond the boundary. He has attempted at a mass entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=6979&ptype=Reviews&title=%60Namak+Haram%60+%EF%BF%BD+SINCERE+EFFORT|title=Kannada Movie / Cinema News- 'Namak Haram' SINCERE EFFORT |date= 12 September 2015|website=chitratara.com| access-date=2024-01-26}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13282282}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

Ustadon Ke Ustad (1963 film)

2026-03-04T03:58:36Z

VirginiaOxenham: adjust details based on references and updated info

{{short description|1963 film by Brij Sadanah}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Ustadon Ke Ustad
| image = Ustadon Ke Ustad (1963).jpg
| director = [[Brij]]
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]]
| music = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
| released = {{Film date|1963}}
}}
'''''Ustadon Ke Ustad''''' ({{translation|The expert among all experts}}) is 1963 [[Hindi-language|Hindi]] film starring [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]] in the lead roles. The film was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]'' (1965), in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Monagallaku Monagadu]]'' (1966) and in [[Kannada]] as ''Bhale Bhaskar'' (1971).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. |title=Monagaallaku Monagaadu (1966) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/monagaallaku-monagaadu-1966/article24053250.ece |accessdate=31 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 June 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Plot==
An impoverished engineer, Pradeep Kumar, "Dipak", falls in love with a wealthy woman. He eventually gets suspected to be a bank robber. Whilst in the police cell, he is met with dacoit "Mangal Singh", a known thief, who helps to plan their escape from a dodgy window to hand Dipak to a violent gang for Rs5000. However, Dipak explains after his escape to Mangal, that he is in trouble with the police and a vindictive gang of thieves who are trying to kill him because he had identified Helen, the dancing queen who stole a massive amount of cash in a briefcase. Eventually, Dipak makes Mangal unhappy, and diverted his mind as his greed for more money increases for an additional Rs 20,000 more to return him to the leader of the gang. The plan fails. Ashok Kumar follows them to a hiding place where Dipak is locked up by Mangal Singh. Ashok Kumar unlocks the door from outside and enters reluctantly as he identified Mangal approaching the hideout. Despite escaping the violent thief "Mangal Singh", Dipak is left in a dilemma and holds a brief discussion with Johnny Walker, "Babu" - the classic comedian in Hindi Films of the 60s, 70s and Early 80s. Dipak decides to make one more escape with attempted suicide near the waterfall, but just as soon, his lover locates his hideout. The story takes a twist as Ashok Kumar, who everyone thought was a police officer, betrays the trust of Dipak. Mangal, who is befriended by a persuading Dipak's girlfriend, becomes her brother. Mangal, who came to cash in by collecting Dipak, suddenly supports a newly found sister with a rakhi tied on his wrist. There is a funny act, where a qawali mehfil is disturbed by two runaways who fear getting caught by a handful of chasing policeman. The situation becomes volatile in the grand scheme of uncertainty and betrayal experienced by those close to Mangal. Ashok Kumar fixes an appointment for Dipak to meet at 8:00 PM somewhere and mistrusts all concerned parties. Helen is killed as the gang leader manipulates things to meet up with Dipak and Mangal, who wanted Rs50k to hand Dipak to the gang. Ashok Kumar declares his identity after Mangal rejects the cash, stating that the serial numbers are those from a robbery of Rs500k earlier, when Dipak was arrested. Mangal is indeed the real police officer, and both Dipak and he gets caught in a difficult situation in a cave. At that moment, Johnny Walker "Babu" comes to rescue his colleagues with a fireball explosive. Everyone runs to save their lives only to be caught by police outside the cave. Johnny Walker declares that the fireball was indeed an expired Diwali cracker, with no threat to lives. Ashok Kumar flees to escape with Dipak's girlfriend at gunpoint. Both leave hurriedly in a boat as Dipak manages to get in the boat and fights off Ashok Kumar, breaking the steering wheel. The boat goes astray as Ashok Kumar tries to tell the couple to escape for their lives, and the boat explodes, hitting a small island on the sea at a fast speed, killing Ashok Kumar. Dipak weds his girlfriend, and the story has a happy ending.

==Cast==
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Saaya
*[[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Dinesh
*[[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]] as Nita
*[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Babu
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Rita
*[[Sheikh Mukhtar]] as Mangal Singh
*[[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Jeevan
*[[Rajan Haksar]] as Police Inspector

==Soundtrack==
[[Asad Bhopali]] wrote the lyrics and [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] gave the music for the movie.
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Sau Baar Janam Lenge"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Haseenon Se To Bas"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Maine Kaha Tha Aana Sunday Ko"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Mere Dil Ko Jiski Talash Thi, Maine Woh Sitamgar Pa Liya"
| Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Milte Hi Nazar Tumse Hum Ho Gaye Deewane"
| Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle, [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| "Raat Chup Hai, Chandni Madhosh Hai"
| Asha Bhosle, Ravi
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0158314}}

[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]
[[Category:1960s action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Brij Sadanah]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]

Benkiya Bale

2026-03-03T22:12:42Z

VirginiaOxenham: small cleaned up lead per sources and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Benkiya Bale
| image = Benkiya Bale.jpg
| caption = [[Lobby card]]
| director = [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Benkiya Bale''|[[T. R. Subba Rao]]}}<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1204367776304910336|user=NFAIOfficial|title=#Adaptation A lobby card for #Kannada film Benkiya Bale (1983), starring #AnantNag and #Lakshmi in the leading rol… |date=10 December 2019}}</ref>
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
| producer = Ramesh Richy Ramarathnam Sharadamba Shashi Prakash
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Sri Manthralaya Art Combines
| released = {{Film date|1983}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Benkiya Bale''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಬೆಂಕಿಯ ಬಲೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Fire Trap}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by the [[Dorai–Bhagavan]] duo. It is based on the novel of the same name by [[T. R. Subba Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/editorial/tarasu-kannada-films-novelist-nagarahavu-hamsageetha-chandanada-gombe-chandavalliya-thota-akashmika-nrupatunga|title=Meet the man who was the inspiration behind great Kannada films|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526185843/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/amp/editorial/tarasu-kannada-films-novelist-nagarahavu-hamsageetha-chandanada-gombe-chandavalliya-thota-akashmika-nrupatunga|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://totalkannada.com/products/books/novels-tha-ra-su/benkiya-bale |title=Benkiya Bale|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113181238/http://totalkannada.com/products/books/novels-tha-ra-su/benkiya-bale |work=Total Kannada |date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww.marymartin.com/web/selectedIndex?mEntry=40757 |title=Benkiya Bale : A Social Novel |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113145451/http://ww.marymartin.com/web/selectedIndex?mEntry=40757 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film stars [[Anant Nag]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] and [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]].

== Cast ==
* [[Anant Nag]] Narasimha Murthy
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] Rukku/Rukmini
* [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* [[Vajramuni]]
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
* [[Dinesh]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[Musuri Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Mysore Lokesh]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/album/K0000339.html |title=Benkiya Bale songs |access-date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=13 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113203349/http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/album/K0000339.html |url-status=live }}</ref> All the songs composed for the film were received extremely well and considered evergreen songs. Rajan-Nagendra reused the tune of ''Olida Jeeva'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=6sSjEDsXUjtKwdKr&v=n5HxewSgNaU&feature=youtu.be | title=Olida Jeeva Video Song [HD] | Benkiya Bale Kannada Movie | Anant Nag, Lakshmi | Kannada Old Songs | website=[[YouTube]] | date=14 February 2023 }}</ref> for the 1986 Telugu movie ''[[Rendu Rella Aaru]]'' as ''Viraha Veena''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=8_W2WjRFN2QjwM_L&v=OuZkfvKK3fs&feature=youtu.be |title=Rendu Rellu Aaru Movie Song | Viraha Veena | Chandr Mohan | Rajini | Red Chille Video Movie Songs |website=[[YouTube]] |date=6 March 2023 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629113422/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=8_W2WjRFN2QjwM_L&v=OuZkfvKK3fs&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref> That song is based on Hamsanandi raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/do-you-remember-these-rajan-nagendra-melodies-903157-1687890#6|title=Do you remember these Rajan-Nagendra melodies?|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627154208/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/do-you-remember-these-rajan-nagendra-melodies-903157-1687890#6|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nanagagi Banda
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| music1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Ninna Naguvu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| music2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Olida Jeeva
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| music3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Bisiladarenu Maleyadarenu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| music4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Bisiladarenu Maleyadarenu
| extra5 = S. Janaki
| music5 =
| length5 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1402420}}

{{Dorai–Bhagavan}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1983 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dorai–Bhagavan]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)

2026-03-03T20:46:43Z

VirginiaOxenham: added data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pedda Manushulu
| image = Pedda Manushulu movie poster 1.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. V. Reddy]]
| producer = K. V. Reddy
| writer = K. V. Reddy [[D. V. Narasa Raju]] D. B. G. Tilak
| narrator =
| starring = Jandhyala Gaurinatha Sastri [[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] [[Sriranjani Jr.]] [[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] A.V.Subba Rao Ramachandra Kasyapa
| music = [[Ogirala Ramchandra Rao]] Addepalli Rama Rao
| cinematography = B. N. Konda Reddy
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]]
| studio = [[Vauhini Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1954|03|11}}
| runtime = 191 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Pedda Manushulu''''' ({{Translation|Gentlemen}} or {{Translation|Respectable People}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film produced and directed by [[K. V. Reddy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2007 |title=Nostalgia: Peddamanushulu (1954) |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/peddamanushulu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422100203/http://www.cinegoer.com/peddamanushulu.htm |archive-date=22 April 2009 |access-date=27 August 2009 |website=CineGoer.com}}</ref> It stars Jandhyala Gaurinatha Sastry, [[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]], [[Sriranjani Jr.]] in prominent roles. The film portrays corruption among so called respectable persons of the society. It was loosely based on ''[[The Pillars of Society]],'' a 1877 play by famous [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] [[playwright]] [[Henrik Ibsen]].<ref name=":1" />

''Pedda Manushulu'' was commercially successful.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It was the first Telugu film to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|National Film Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2012 |title=Star Profiles : Colossal Visionary of films - K V Reddy |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/kvreddy_profile.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120080236/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/kvreddy_profile.php |archive-date=2013-01-20 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> The film proved K. V. Reddy's capability in directing not only fantasy and mythological films, but also social dramas.<ref name=":1" /> The film became a trendsetter for many later films with a similar theme. It showed that those who are considered ''Pedda Manushulu'' by the society are corrupt. After the film's release, the term ''Pedda Manushulu'' had negative connotations in Telugu culture for a long time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==
* Jandhyala Gaurinatha Sastry as Dharma Rao
* [[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] as Ramadasu
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as 'Tikka' Sankarayya
* [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]] as Siddhanti
* [[Chadalavada (actor)|Chadalavada]] as Avataram
* A. V. Subbarao as Nagoji
* Ramachandra Kasyapa as Prabhakar
* [[Sriranjani Jr.]] as Padma
* C. Hemalatha as Seetamma
* Seshamamba as Ganga Bai
* Rama Rao Venkata Vajjhala

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After the success of ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'', [[Nagi Reddi]] asked [[K. V. Reddy]] to make another fantasy film for [[Vijaya Productions]]. But, after directing two [[Historical drama|historical]] films (''[[Bhakta Potana|Bhakta Pothana]], [[Yogi Vemana (film)|Yogi Vemana]]'') and two [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] films (''[[Gunasundari Katha]], Pathala Bhairavi'' ), K. V. Reddy wanted to make a [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film this time. As [[B. N. Reddy]] and K. V. Reddy previously agreed to alternately direct films for [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini]], K. V. Reddy planned to make his next film on Vauhini Productions banner.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=పులగం |first=చిన్నారాయణ |date=2014-03-10 |title=చిన్న బుద్ధుల 'పెద్ద మనుషుల' పై సినిమా చురకత్త |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/cinema-sword-upon-pedda-munushulu-movie-112091 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

K. V. Reddy was interested in [[western literature]] and films. ''[[The Pillars of Society]],'' a 1877 play by famous Norwegian [[playwright]] [[Henrik Ibsen]] attracted him. He wanted to direct a film based on the play. He collaborated with [[D. V. Narasa Raju|D. V. Narasaraju]] and D. B. G. Tilak and prepared the script. Only two characters from the play were retained and rest of the story was newly developed by the writers.<ref name=":1" />

=== Casting ===
Narasaraju felt that the role of Dharma Rao was tailor-made for [[V. Nagayya]], but he and K. V. Reddy had an ego hassle regarding the dates of ''[[Yogi Vemana (film)|Yogi Vemana]]'' (1947), so Jandhyala Gowrinatha Sastry was cast in that role. He had earlier done a minor role as Sreenadha in K. V. Reddy's ''[[Bhakta Potana]]'' (1943).<ref name=":0" /> [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], who was famous for his comic roles, was cast as 'Tikka Sankarayya' in a serious role. Ramachandra Kasyapa, junior to Narasaraju in college was cast for the role of Prabhakar.<ref name=":1" />

[[Kosaraju (poet)|Kosaraju Raghavayya]] wrote lyrics for three songs in the film. Kosaraju had a smashing debut with ''[[Raithu Bidda]]'' (1939) and procured the title 'Kavi Ratna', after which he went back to a quiet life as a farmer. Narasaraju wished him to come back and write, to which Kosaraju was hesitant. He finally wrote the extremely difficult satirical numbers in flat one week and went back to his home.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Music==
Music was composed by [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao|Ogirala Ramchandra Rao]] and Addepalli Rama Rao.<ref name=":0" /> The film featured a total of nine songs. Lyrics were penned by Vutukuri Satyanarayana Rao, [[Kosaraju (poet)|Kosaraju]] and N. Raghava Rao.<ref name=":1" /> While [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] and Varma were the playback singers.
* "Nandamaya Guruda Nandamaya Ananda Deviki Nandamaya" (Singer: Ghantasala)
* "Siva Siva Moortivi Gananatha" (Singer: Ghantasala)

==Awards==
'''[[National Film Awards]]'''

* [[2nd National Film Awards]] (1954) - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]<ref name="2ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/2nd_nff_1955.pdf|title=2nd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0266844|Peddamanushulu}}
{{Kadiri Venkata Reddy}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:1954 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Reddy]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Addepalli Rama Rao]]

Bad Salsa

2026-03-02T22:13:39Z

VirginiaOxenham: starting basic pg added tags

{{Short description|Indian salsa dancing duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bad Salsa
| image = File:Bad Salsa.jpg
| caption = Bad Salsa in 2019
| origin = [[India]]
| genre = [[Salsa dance|salsa]]
| years_active = 2012–present
| label =
| website =
| current_members = '''Sonali Majumdar''' '''Maroju Samanth'''
| past_members =
}}
'''Bad Salsa''' are an Indian [[Salsa dance|salsa]] dancing duo that gained fame after winning the [[India's Got Talent season 4|fourth season]] of ''[[India's Got Talent]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/buzztop/buzztop-local/story/indias-got-talent-salsa-dancers-maraju-sumanth-sonali-majumdar-india-today-122448-2012-11-25 |title=India's Got Talent Season 4 found its winners in two little salsa dancers |last=Sivastava|first=Priyanka|date= November 25, 2012|website=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media India Limited]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

==Members==

Both members of Bad Salsa have trained at The Bivash Academy of Dance in [[Kolkata]] where the two met and started competing in national dance competitions in India under the name Bad Salsa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/sumanth-maroju-and-sonali-majumdar-of-bad-salsa-impressed-judges-and-audience-on-americas-got-talent/article31747997.ece |title=Sumanth Maroju and Sonali Majumdar are anything but bad at Salsa|last=M. Borah|first=Prabalika|date= June 4, 2020|website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

===Sonali Majumdar===
'''Sonali Majumdar''' is an Indian salsa dancer who started her career at the age of seven by participating in the fourth season of [[India's Got Talent]] alongside her partner Sumanth Maroju.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2012/indias-got-talent-winners-sumanth-sonali-101407.html |title=Exclusive: Sumanth, Sonali win India's Got Talent Season 4|last=Nambiar|first=Smitha|date= November 23, 2012|website=[[Filmibeat]] |publisher=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

Majumdar hails from a farmer's family originally from [[Bagdah, North 24 Parganas|Bagdah]], a village in the Indian province of [[West Bengal]] near the border with [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://matpal.com/2013/07/sonali-majumdar-biography.html|title=Sonali Majumdar Biography|date= 2013|website=Matpal |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

===Sumanth Maroju===

'''Sumanth Maroju''' is an Indian salsa dancer who started his career at the age of thirteen by taking part in the fourth season of [[India's Got Talent]] alongside his partner Sonali Majumdar.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/we-want-to-put-our-indian-style-of-dance-on-the-world-map-bad-salsa-160312.html|title=We want to put our Indian style of dance on the map|last=Kamdar|first=Shraddha|date= June 10, 2020|website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

Maroju is originally from [[Bhubaneswar]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. His father is a railway employee and his mother is a housewife.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/indian-dancing-duo-on-americas-got-talent-630710 |title= Indian dancing duo on America's Got Talent|last=Kalyanaam|first=Rajeshwari|date= June 29, 2020|website=[[The Hans India]] |publisher=[[HMTV|Hyderabad Media House]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==

Bad Salsa rose to prominence after competing in season 4 of ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' on [[Colors TV]] and winning the competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://colors.in.com/in/indias-got-talent/news-indias-got-talent-crowns-bivash-academy-of-dance-as-winners-377.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501160730/http://colors.in.com/in/indias-got-talent/news-indias-got-talent-crowns-bivash-academy-of-dance-as-winners-377.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2013|title=India's Got Talent crowns Bivash Academy of Dance as winners|date= December 6, 2012|website=[[Colors TV]]|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref> After this, the duo participated in many national and international dance competitions.

The duo then participated in the [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6|sixth season]] of ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' on Colors TV and finished in third place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-sonali-and-sumanth-s-top-5-performances-1886458|title=Jhalak Dikhla Jaa: Sonali and Sumanth's top 5 performances |date= September 19, 2013|website=[[DNA India]]|publisher=[[Essel Group]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref> Bad Salsa also competed in the Indian dance reality television series ''[[Dance Champions]]'' on [[Star Plus]] in 2017, finishing at tenth place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://talentrecap.com/10-facts-about-bad-salsa-the-energetic-indian-dance-act-on-agt/|title=10 Facts about Bad Salsa: The Energetic Indian Dance Act on AGT |last=Agate|first=Samantha|date= June 11, 2020|website=Talent Recap|publisher=[[Fremantle Media]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

Internationally, the duo has also participated in [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]]'s ''[[Britain's Got Talent: The Champions]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/06/02/susan-boyle-finally-confirmed-britains-got-talent-champions-emotional-finale-return-9776401/ |title=Susan Boyle finally confirmed for Britain's Got Talent: The Champions | Metro News |date=2 June 2019 |publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://heatworld.com/entertainment/tv-movies/simon-cowell-bgt-champions-announcement/ |title=Simon Cowell announces BRAND NEW Britain's Got Talent: The Champions😲 |publisher=[[Heat (magazine)|Heat]] |date=2019-02-15 |access-date=2019-06-03}}</ref> and the [[America's Got Talent season 15|fifteenth season]] of [[NBC]]'s ''[[America's Got Talent]]'' where they emerged as a finalist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/viral-videos-trending/bad-salsa-duo-wows-all-at-latest-edition-of-americas-got-talent-6431567/|title=Watch: Dancing Duo 'Bad Salsa' from India wow all at America's Got Talent audition |date= May 31, 2020|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |access-date=July 15, 2020 }}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/badsalsagroup/ Bad Salsa] on [[Facebook]]
*[https://www.instagram.com/badsalsagroup/ Bad Salsa] on [[Instagram]]

{{America's Got Talent}}

[[Category:Dance duos]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Reality show winners]]
[[Category:Indian dance groups]]
[[Category:America's Got Talent contestants]]

Trombay Thermal Power Station

2026-02-21T05:38:18Z

VirginiaOxenham: slightly enhance content per sources also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Coal-based thermal power plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{one source|date=April 2015}}
{{primary sources|date=April 2015}}
}}{{Infobox power station
| name = Trombay Thermal Power Station
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| country = India
| location = [[Maharashtra]]
| commissioned = 1984
| owner = [[Tata Power]]
}}
'''Trombay Thermal Power Station''' is a coal-based thermal power plant located at [[Trombay]] near [[Mumbai]] in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. Opened in 1984, the power plant is owned by [[Tata Power]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatapower.com/services/power-projects.aspx|title=Tata Power :: Services :: Power Projects & Related Services|publisher=|accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Its tallest chimney belongs with a height of 274.32 metres (900 ft) to the tallest chimneys in India.

The station is considered to be one of the key sources of air pollution in Mumbai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-11-24 |title=Leak reveals Amazon’s hidden data centres' impact on emissions |url=https://www.source-material.org/amazon-data-centres-emissions-energy-mumbai-india-coal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105201926/https://www.source-material.org/amazon-data-centres-emissions-energy-mumbai-india-coal/ |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=SourceMaterial |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Capacity==
It has an installed capacity of '''1430 MW'''. It has following generating units:

* 62.5 MW + 62.5 MW + 62.5 MW + 150 MW Oil (unit 1 to unit 4).
* 500 MW Coal (unit 5).
* 500 MW running on oil (unit 6).
* 180 MW Gas based (unit 7)
* 250 MW Coal (unit 8).

The first 4 units and unit 6 have been decommissioned and are no more functional.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of Maharashtra}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tata Power]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Shalini Vadnikatti

2026-02-11T07:17:08Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up A Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalini Vadnikatti
| image =
| caption =
| years_active = 2015–present
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Shalini Vadnikatti''' is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.

== Career ==
She made her Kannada debut with ''[[Plus (film)|Plus]]'' (2015). While working in a Tamil television series, Vadnikatti was able to get a role in ''[[Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan]]'' that same year. Vadnikatti went on to star in several Kannada films including ''Rajaru'' (2017) and ''Mr Perfect'' (2017).<ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/dec/07/perfection-lies-in-getting-into-the-skin-of-a-character-shalini-vadnikatti-on-mr-perfect-1720600.html |title=Perfection lies in getting into the skin of a character: Shalini Vadnikatti on Mr Perfect |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019034049/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/dec/07/perfection-lies-in-getting-into-the-skin-of-a-character-shalini-vadnikatti-on-mr-perfect-1720600.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="B">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/637218/i-prefer-learn-job.html |title=I prefer to learn on the job |date=10 October 2017 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608151936/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/637218/i-prefer-learn-job.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="C">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/641852/making-right-choices.html |title=Making the right choices |date=9 November 2017 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608151931/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/641852/making-right-choices.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her Telugu debut with ''[[Eureka (2020 film)|Eureka]]'' (2020), a college drama.<ref name="D" />

== Filmography ==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Plus (film)|Plus]]'' || Nidhi || [[Kannada]] || Debut film||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="A"/>
|-
| ''[[Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan]]'' || Pooja || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Tamil Debut ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="A"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017||''Rajaru''||
|rowspan="2"|Kannada
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="B" />
|-
| ''Mr Perfect'' || Sirisha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="C" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Eureka (2020 film)|Eureka]]'' || Jahnavi || rowspan="4"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Telugu Debut ||style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="D">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eureka/movie-review/74609630.cms |title=Eureka Movie Review: A fresh college drama with minor flaws! |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430073859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eureka/movie-review/74609630.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krishna and His Leela]]'' || Radha || || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krishna-and-his-leela-first-look-triple-romance/articleshow/72476393.cms |title='Krishna And His Leela' First Look: Triple Romance! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 December 2019 |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408091612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/krishna-and-his-leela-first-look-triple-romance/articleshow/72476393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhanumathi & Ramakrishna]]''
|Nimisha Boppana "Nimmi"
|
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=6 July 2020 |title=Bhanumathi Ramakrishna: Light-hearted and breezy entertainer |url=https://telanganatoday.com/bhanumathi-ramakrishna-light-hearted-and-breezy-entertainer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803153844/https://telanganatoday.com/bhanumathi-ramakrishna-light-hearted-and-breezy-entertainer |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[28 Degree Celsius]]''
|Anjali
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naveen Chandra and Shalini Vadnikatti's 28C teaser is super intriguing! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandra-and-shalini-vadnikattis-28c-teaser-is-super-intriguing/articleshow/69072804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502034050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandra-and-shalini-vadnikattis-28c-teaser-is-super-intriguing/articleshow/69072804.cms |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Network
! Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
| Contestant
|Kannada
|ETV Kannada
|Sketch comedy show<ref>{{cite web |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Sruthi-Hariharan-Ananth-Nag-on-Majaa-Talkies/articleshow/48557253.cms |title=Sruthi Hariharan, Ananth Nag on Majaa Talkies |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602202006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Sruthi-Hariharan-Ananth-Nag-on-Majaa-Talkies/articleshow/48557253.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Nenu Mee Kalyan''|| Geetha || Telugu || YouTube || web debut
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7626231}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadnikatti, Shalini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mahesh Murthy

2026-02-08T12:04:03Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up!

{{short description|Indian marketer, entrepreneur and investor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Murthy
| image = Mahesh Murthy.jpg
| alt = Mahesh Murthy
| caption = Mahesh Murthy in February 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|09|11}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Marketer]]|[[entrepreneur]]|[[investor]]}}
| notable_works = Columns in ''[[WSJ]]'',<ref name="wsj">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-ICMB-140|title=Mahesh Murthy: Founder, Pinstorm and Managing Partner, Seedfund|first=Durga|last=Raghunath|date=15 December 2009|website=[[WSJ]]}}</ref> ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/doityourself-web-advertising-12225-2007-05-17 | title=Do-it-yourself web advertising | date=17 May 2007 }}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
}}

'''Mahesh Murthy''' (born 11 September 1965) is an Indian [[marketer]], [[entrepreneur]], and [[investor]].<ref name="wsj"/> He is the founder of the digital agency [[Pinstorm]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mahesh+Murthy%22&so=rel |title=National Law School of India Review |publisher=Student Advocate Committee |year=2017 |location=India |pages=121–135 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mahesh Murthy was born and raised in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family. His father served in the [[Indian Army]] and retired as a [[colonel]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/35-and-burnt-out-retire-and-re-retire/articleshow/1833476.cms|title=35 and burnt-out? Retire and re-retire|first=Viren|last=Naidu|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Murthty was accepted into [[Osmania University]] to study chemical engineering, from where he dropped out at the age of 17.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/26inter.htm|title=Murthy: From college dropout to big entrepreneur|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="businsider">{{cite web|last1=Dubey|first1=Tanya|title=Mahesh Murthy's Unique Art of Survival- From Being a Vacuum Salesman to an Ace Investor|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Exclusive-Mahesh-Murthys-Unique-Art-of-Survival-From-Being-a-Vacuum-Salesman-to-an-Ace-Investor/articleshow/58177182.cms|work=Business Insider|accessdate=17 October 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
After leaving college, he worked as a [[vacuum cleaner]] salesman for [[Eureka Forbes]] and subsequently founded his first company, a cleaning service called Vaclean.<ref name="wsj"/><ref name="rediff"/>

He worked for the advertising agency [[FCB (advertising agency)|FCB]] (then FCB/Ulka) and [[Grey Global Group|Grey Advertising]] (then Trikaya Grey) in India, where he won multiple advertising awards for his work on HCL, Network and other clients.<ref name="wsj"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQATnk9yyMwC&q=mahesh+murthy+trikaya+grey&pg=PT74|title=The Dum Dum Bullet|last=Goyal|first=Sandeep|date=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179915837|pages=67–68|via=Google Books}}</ref>

He then moved to [[Ogilvy & Mather]], Hong Kong as a creative head for clients across Asia.<ref name="wsj"/><ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIhTAAAAYAAJ&q=cks+mahesh+murthy+yahoo|title=Communication Arts: Advertising annual|date=1995|publisher=Coyne & Blanchard|edition=96|page=210|via=Google Books}}</ref> While at Hong Kong, in 1993, he wrote and directed a set of six films for MTV with [[Shashanka Ghosh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafians.com/eminent/Shashanka_Ghosh.htm|title=Eminent Bafians|website=Bafians|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> for which they won the New Directors Showcase award at the [[Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity|Cannes Lions]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/25-years-saatchi-saatchi-new-directors-showcase/1352932|title=25 years of Saatchi & Saatchi New Directors' Showcase|website=Campaign|author=Andy Gulliman|date=24 June 2015|access-date=3 November 2017}} - {{Cite web|url=http://saatchi.com/en-in/new-directors-showcase/new-directors-showcase-years/|title=New Directors' Showcase 1994|publisher=Saatchi & Saatchi|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

He then moved to [[USWeb|CKS Partners]] in Portland as Creative Director and General Manager,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/28/business/people.html|title=People|first=Stuart|last=Elliott|newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 August 1997}}</ref> where he worked on the first graphical UI for [[Yahoo!]], and later led the work on the web design as well as advertising for [[Amazon.com]]'s "Earth's Biggest Bookstore" campaign.<ref name="wsj"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GhLAQAAIAAJ&q=%22mahesh+murthy%22+ogilvy+hongkong|title=Communication Arts|date=September 1995|publisher=Coyne & Blanchard|page=129|volume=37|via=Google Books}}</ref>

He then went moved from advertising to e-commerce, as vice president of marketing for iCat,<ref name="wsj"/><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Speed: The E-Commerce Mantra|url=https://www.wired.com/1998/04/speed-the-e-commerce-mantra/|magazine=WIRED|author=Heather McCabe|date=29 April 1998}}</ref> the Seattle-based publisher of e-commerce software that was acquired by [[Intel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Intel To Acquire iCat|url=https://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/1998/Cn113098.htm|publisher=Intel|date=30 November 1998}}</ref>

Murthy then was hired from the US and returned to India to run the rival to MTV, an Indian music television channel called [[Channel V]].<ref name="wsj"/><ref name="rediff"/> He acted as the General Manager for India and also helped create and launch its community youth site, vIndia.com.<ref name="wsj"/><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=channel+v+gm+mahesh+murthy&pg=PA46-IA4|title=A Radical Refocus Aims At The Upscale Youth Market|magazine=Billboard|author=Myay Bhushan|page=46|date=7 August 1999|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In 2000, Murthy founded an angel fund, Passionfund, which funded companies such as Compassbox, Tulleeho, WebDunia, Geodesic and EBSDirect.<ref name="wsj"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/mahesh-murthys-unique-art-of-survival-from-being-a-vacuum-salesman-to-an-ace-investor/articleshow/58177182.cms|title=Exclusive: Mahesh Murthy's Unique Art of Survival- From Being a Vacuum Salesman to an Ace Investor|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

Murthy wrote columns for ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'' and ''[[BusinessWorld]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/doityourself-web-advertising-12225-2007-05-17|title=Do-it-yourself web advertising|date=17 May 2007|website=Business Today}}</ref> He also wrote columns in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name="wsj"/> Mahesh was an entrepreneur-in-residence at global business school [[INSEAD]], where he taught [[entrepreneurship]].

In 2004, he founded the digital marketing firm Pinstorm.<ref name="wsj"/><ref name="khaleej">{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/mahesh-murthy-maverick-marketeer|title=Mahesh Murthy: Maverick Marketeer|first=Shivani|last=Mohan|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-ICMB-129|title=What's a Good Startup in These Times: Mahesh Murthy|first=Mahesh|last=Murthy|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=8 February 2010|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref> Pinstorm is headquartered in [[Mumbai]] with offices in [[Amsterdam]] and [[Kathmandu]].<ref name="khaleej"/> Pinstorm was among the world's first advertising firms to implement pay-for-performance advertising.<ref name="khaleej"/>

In 2006, he co-founded the early-stage venture capital fund Seedfund which funded and advised companies including [[RedBus]], CarWale, SabKaDentist, Chumbak and [[Sportskeeda]].<ref name="wsj"/><ref name="outlook">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/enterprise/trend/its-not-about-the-money-2533|title=It's not about the money |website=Outlook Business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-52870320101112|title=Mahesh Murthy on Carwale exit, internet businesses|date=12 November 2010|website=Reuters}}</ref> Seedfund was awarded "India's best VC fund" at the Venture Intelligence awards for its first fund in 2009 and also for its second fund in 2013.<ref name="outlook"/>

He was chosen as a "[[LinkedIn|LinkedIn Power Profile]]" for India in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/linkedin-releases-list-of-most-viewed-profiles-in-india-524968.html|title=LinkedIn releases list of most viewed profiles in India|date=4 December 2012|website=News18}}</ref> He was also chosen as a "Top Writer" by [[Quora]] in 2014.

In 2014, his firm Pinstorm did work for the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-bjp-aap-congress-and-their-candidates-are-using-social-media-to-woo-voters/articleshow/33299451.cms | title=How BJP, AAP, Congress and their candidates are using social media to woo voters | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Goyal | first1=Malini }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/04/10/how-big-data-have-changed-india-elections.html | title=How big data has changed India elections | website=[[CNBC]] | date=10 April 2014 }}</ref> Subsequently, there was a sudden spate of sexual harassment allegations against him, filed before the National Commission of Women, an organisation managed by the ruling party in India. Mahesh denied all allegations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.factordaily.com/ncw-rape-complaint-mahesh-murthy/ | title=Complaint before NCW against Mahesh Murthy alleges rape; new harassment cases emerge | date=March 2018 }}</ref> The Mumbai Police registered a case against him, which was subsequently quashed by the Mumbai High Court.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bombay-hc-quashes-sexual-harassment-proceedings-against-mahesh-murthy-6001380/ | title=Bombay HC quashes sexual harassment proceedings against Mahesh Murthy | date=17 September 2019 }}</ref>

Mahesh also opposed the [[Facebook Free Basics]] plan in India for free browsing offered to poor people only on sites approved by [[Facebook]], which he termed "digital colonization".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/what-facebook-is-hiding-about-activist-resistance-to-free-basics|title=What Facebook is Hiding About Free Basics|first=Mahesh|last=Murthy|date=29 December 2015|website=TheQuint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/tech/facebooks-rebuttal-to-mahesh-murthy-on-free-basics-with-replies|title=Facebook's Rebuttal to Mahesh Murthy on Free Basics, with Replies|website=The Wire}}</ref> He helped drive a strong ground-up movement that eventually led to India's telecom regulator, [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) outlawing it and Facebook dropping its plans – not just in India, but elsewhere as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/trai-s-says-no-to-content-based-differential-tariff-offers-supports-net-neutrality-story-1pOAI14aHvXYRu3AQNzMjP.html|title=TRAI says no to Facebook's Free Basics, supports net neutrality|date=8 February 2016|website=HT Tech}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/27/facebook-free-basics-developing-markets|title='It's digital colonialism': how Facebook's free internet service has failed its users|date=27 July 2017|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Mahesh has recently announced his investments in the new space ecosystem. In 2017, he invested in Exseed Space, later renamed [[Satellize]], a company that created history by launching India's first-ever private satellite to space, on board [[SpaceX]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/features/race-for-space-startups-take-to-the-sky-with-satellites-rocket-engine/bringing-down-the-cost-of-the-satellites/slideshow/77517420.cms|title=Race for space: Startups take to the sky with satellites, rocket engine - Up, up and away!|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Exseed Space has since launched on [[ISRO]]'s PSLV as well and was chosen by ISRO as one of the companies chosen to assemble, integrate and test its large, 2,000 kilogram and greater satellites.<ref name="thewire">{{cite web | url=https://science.thewire.in/aerospace/spaceshare-satellize-isro-pslv-ps4/ | title=SpaceShare, a New Indian Project to Democratise Access to Space – the Wire Science }}</ref> Exseed Space has been part of the team that helped a consortium build [[GSAT-30]], [[GSAT-31]] and [[EOS-04|RISAT 1A]], which launched in 2021.<ref name="thewire"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Indian venture capitalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]

Institute for Financial Management and Research

2026-02-06T16:15:55Z

VirginiaOxenham: minor improved references further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Private business school located at Sri City in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = IFMR Graduate School of Business
| type = [[Private school#India|Private]] [[business school]]
| image = [[File:IFMR_GSB_Logo.png|200px|IFMR Logo]]
| motto =
| established = {{Start date and age|1970}}
| affiliation = University Grants Commission (UGC)
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Nirmala Rao
| dean = Dr. Lakshmi Kumar
| city = [[Sricity|Sri City]]
| coor = {{coord|13.551884|79.995392|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban Residential
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://krea.edu.in/ifmrgsb/}}
}}
[[File:IFMR Sri City.JPG|thumb]]
'''IFMR''' - Graduate School of Business at Krea University is a [[Private school#India|private]] [[business school]] located at [[Sricity|Sri City]], in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]], about 70 km from Chennai. IFMR offered a 2-year [[PGDM]] program which is accredited by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] till 2016. Currently, it offers a 2-year [[MBA]] program. It is an approved institution by the [[University of Madras]] for pursuing a Ph.D. degree in Finance, Economics and Management.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pgdmadmissions.ifmr.ac.in/about-us |title=About Us | IFMR |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231840/http://pgdmadmissions.ifmr.ac.in/about-us |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Programs ==
'''MBA:'''
The [[MBA]] program is a two-year full-time program with six trimesters and two months of summer internship. The program was launched in the year 2000 and currently offers core specializations in [[Finance|Finance and Accounting]], [[Marketing]], [[Human resources|Human Resource]] and [[Operations management|Operations]]. The other specializations offered in this program are [[Quantitative finance|Quantitative Finance]], [[Economics]], [[Data science|Data Science & Information Systems]], and [[Strategy|Strategy Management]]. The sanctioned annual intake is 240 students for this program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifmr.ac.in/programs/pgdm/|title=MBA — IFMR|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=19 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119121136/http://www.ifmr.ac.in/programs/pgdm/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Executive Programs:'''
IFMR provides executive programs viz. consulting, certificate as well as fully customized training programs and management development programs, and has to date trained over 15,000 middle and senior managers across various functional disciplines from [[government]], [[banking]], [[Public sector|public]] and [[private sector]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MDP at IFMR GSB {{!}} Management Development program in India|url=https://krea.edu.in/ifmrgsb/management-development-programme/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Premier & Leading B-School of India {{!}}Best MBA in Finance{{!}} Data Science|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''PhD:'''
IFMR offers PhD programs in affiliation with the [[University of Madras]] and [[IIT Madras]]. Disciplines offered include [[Economics]], [[Finance]] & [[Accounting]], [[Human resource management|HR]] & [[Organizational behavior|OB]], [[Strategic management|Strategy]] and [[Operations Management]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifmr.ac.in/programs/phd/|title=PHD — IFMR|publisher=|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228012615/http://www.ifmr.ac.in/programs/phd/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:IFMR Main Block.JPG|thumb|Main Block]]



== Accreditation ==
IFMR GSB is accredited by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] and the university has been a member of [http://www.amdisa.org/saqs/accreditation.html SAQS] (South Asian Quality System) since December 2017 for a period of five years. SAQS is run by AMDISA (Association of Management Development Institutes in South Asia).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings & Accreditation|url=https://krea.edu.in/ifmrgsb/rankings-accreditation/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=Premier & Leading B-School of India {{!}}Best MBA in Finance{{!}} Data Science|language=en-US}}</ref> The college has received recognition from the [[CFA Institute]] (USA) which allows meritorious students to get scholarship opportunities for the program.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Tirupati district|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Business schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Madras]]
[[Category:Financial management organizations]]

Godari Gattu

2026-02-05T22:25:17Z

VirginiaOxenham: Made A Data

{{Short description|2024 song by Bheems Ceciroleo, Bhaskarabhatla, Ramana Gogula and Madhu Priya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Godari Gattu
| type = single
| cover = Godari Gattu.jpg
| caption =
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] and [[Bhaskarabhatla]] featuring [[Ramana Gogula]] and [[Madhu Priya]]
| album = [[Sankranthiki Vasthunam (soundtrack)|Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]
| language = Telugu
| released = 3 December 2024
| recorded = 2024
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}}
| length = 4:10
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| lyricist = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| producer = Bheems Ceciroleo
| tracks = # '''"Godari Gattu"'''
# "Meenu"
# "Blockbuster Pongal"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=Apj9ISyXr_s|title="Godari Gattu"}}
}}
}}

"'''Godari Gattu'''" (also known as "'''Godari Gattu Meedha'''") is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song, composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], with lyrics written by [[Bhaskarabhatla]], and recorded by [[Ramana Gogula]] and [[Madhu Priya]] for the [[Sankranthiki Vasthunam (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2025 Indian film ''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-27 |title=Venkatesh, Meenakshi Chaudhary, Aishwarya Rajesh's Film 'Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' First Song 'Godari Gattu' Set For Release |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/venkatesh-meenakshi-chaudhary-aishwarya-rajeshs-film-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-first-song-godari-gattu-set-for-release-article-115736271 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 3 December 2024 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the first single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-11-27 |title=First single 'Godari Gattu,' from Venkatesh starrer Sankranthiki Vasthunam to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/27/first-single-godari-gattu-from-venkatesh-starrer-sankranthiki-vasthunam-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The full video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 9 February 2025 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankranthiki Vasthunam: 'గోదారిగట్టు మీద రామచిలకవే'.. ఫుల్‌ వీడియో వచ్చేసింది |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/godari-gattu-full-video-song-release-from-sankranthiki-vasthunam/2/64972 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2025-02-09 |title=మరోసారి స్టెప్పులేసేయండి: 'గోదారిగట్టు మీద రామచిలకవే' ఫుల్ వీడియో సాంగ్ వచ్చేసింది |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-godari-gattu-full-video-song-released |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te}}</ref>

The vocals by Ramana Gogula and Madhu Priya made the song successful and peaked at number two on the [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raja |date=2024-12-03 |title=వెంకీ, ఐశ్వర్యల 'గోదారి గట్టు మీద' పాటొచ్చింది... చాలా రోజులకి ఒక మంచి పాట విన్న ఫీలింగ్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/godari-gattu-song-beautiful-melody-from-venkatesh-aishwarya-rajesh-starring-sankranthiki-vasthunam-released-189244 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref> The film's success at the [[box office]] is also attributed to the popularity of the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-01-14 |title='Sankranthiki Vasthunam' movie review: Anil Ravipudi and Venkatesh's film delivers mindless laughs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sankranthiki-vasthunam-movie-review-anil-ravipudi-and-venkateshs-film-delivers-mindless-laughs/article69098376.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160509/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sankranthiki-vasthunam-movie-review-anil-ravipudi-and-venkateshs-film-delivers-mindless-laughs/article69098376.ece |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background and composition ==
The song marked the comeback of singer [[Ramana Gogula]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-13 |title=18 ఏళ్ల తర్వాత హిట్‌ కాంబో - స్పెషల్ అప్డేట్ ఇచ్చిన అనిల్‌ రావిపూడి |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/venkatesh-ramana-gogula-collabarated-after-18-years-for-anil-ravipudi-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-telugu-news-ten24111305304 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127092210/https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/venkatesh-ramana-gogula-collabarated-after-18-years-for-anil-ravipudi-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-telugu-news-ten24111305304 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref> who had previously worked with Venkatesh eighteen years ago in [[Lakshmi (2006 film)|''Lakshmi'']] (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-11-14 |title=Ramana Gogula to lend his voice for the first single of 'Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/ramana-gogula-to-lend-his-voice-for-the-first-single-of-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-921715 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Madhu Priya]] was hired as the female singer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-12-17 |title=I can fill the void in current Telugu film music: Ramana Gogula |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/17/i-can-fill-the-void-in-current-telugu-film-music-ramana-gogula |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Bhaskarabhatla]] had written the lyrics, making it a romantic melody.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Hari Prasad |title=Godari Gattu Meeda Song Lyrics: గోదారి గట్టు మీద రామ సిలకవే సాంగ్ లిరిక్స్ ఇవే.. రొమాంటిక్ మూడ్‌లో ఉన్నప్పుడు పాడుకోండి |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/godari-gattu-meeda-song-lyrics-sankranthi-ki-vasthunam-movie-songs-venkatesh-aishwarya-rajesh-121735834099210.html |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video is a direct clip from the scenes in ''[[Sankranthiki Vasthunam]]''. The scenes feature [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as a couple dancing together.<ref name="telugucinema.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Sankranthiki Vasthunnam's Godari Gattu: Couple's romance |url=https://telugucinema.com/videos/sankranthiki-vasthunnams-godari-gattu-couples-romance |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> Dance sequences were choreographed by Bhanu Master.

== Commercial performance ==
Following the release in December 2024, the song received positive reception due to the vocals by Ramana Gogula and Madhu Priya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Sankranthiki Vasthunnam review: Venkatesh, Ravipudi deliver a generic but fun film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sankranthiki-vasthunnam-review-venkatesh-ravipudi-deliver-a-generic-but-fun-film-2664483-2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-12-28 |title='Sankranti Ki Vastunnam' trends on Social Media |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sankranti-ki-vastunnam-trends-on-social-media |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-12-03 |title=Venkatesh, Aishwarya Rajesh spark chemistry in first single of 'Sankranthiki Vasthunnam' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/venkatesh-aishwarya-rajesh-spark-chemistry-in-first-single-of-sankranthiki-vasthunnam-926700 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It garnered more than 50 million (5 crore) views within three weeks, one of the best for Telugu songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-28 |title='Godari Gattu' garners fastest 50 million views |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/godari-gattu-garners-fastest-50-million-views |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> It later had more than 340 million (34 crore) views combined, on YouTube.<ref name="telugucinema.com"/> It debuted at nineteen on the [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2024-12-21/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> and peaked at number two.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2025-04-26/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Godari Gattu Lyrical|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8s6qxQJKgk |work=[[YouTube]] | date=3 December 2024|access-date=21 May 2025 |language=en }}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] {{spaced ndash}} Composer
* [[Bhaskarabhatla]] {{spaced ndash}} Lyricist
* [[Ramana Gogula]] {{spaced ndash}} Vocals
* [[Madhu Priya]] {{spaced ndash}} Vocals
* Bhanu Master {{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Kalyan Chakravarthy {{spaced ndash}} Rhythm
* Vaidhhy Vr {{spaced ndash}} Keyboards and Additional Rhythm
* Vikas Badisa {{spaced ndash}} Keyboards
* Suman Jeeva {{spaced ndash}} Keyboards
* Yugandar Gattu {{spaced ndash}} Flue
* Sandilya Pisapati {{spaced ndash}} Violin
* Malya Kandukuri {{spaced ndash}} Music Production Manager
* Mastan Vali {{spaced ndash}} Chief Session Recording Engineer
* Shalem Kumar {{spaced ndash}} Sound Engineer
* J Vinay Kumar {{spaced ndash}} Mix engineer
* [[Shadab Rayeen]] {{spaced ndash}} Mastering engineer
* Suresh Kumar Taddi {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
{{div col end}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Peelings"
! scope="col" | Chart (2024{{Ndash}}2025)
! scope="col" | Peak position
|-
! scope="row" | [[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0" />
| 2
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=GODARI GATTU MEEDHA |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/ramana-gogula-madhupriya-godari-gattu-meedha/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>
| 31
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=Apj9ISyXr_s|title=''Godari Gattu'' (full video version)}}
* {{YouTube|id=L8s6qxQJKgk|title=''Godari Gattu'' (lyrical)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]

Manisha Kayande

2026-02-05T04:36:15Z

VirginiaOxenham: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Dr. Manisha Kayande
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Marathi
| honorific-suffix =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| image =
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Sunil Tatkare]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|nationality = Indian
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| residence = [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = Politician
| website =
}}

'''Dr. Manisha Kayande''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Shiv Sena]] from [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/marathi/hwmarathi+in-epaper-hwmar/shivasenechya+do+manisha+kayande+yanna+vidhanaparishadesathi+umedavari-newsid-91644223|title=शिवसेनेच्या डॉ. मनीषा कायंदे यांना विधानपरिषदेसाठी उमेदवारी}}</ref> She is a member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Esw4tc3UDXuonPyZ3BhRgP/BJP-Shiv-Sena-get-majority-in-Maharashtra-legislative-counc.html|title=Shiv Sena's Anil Parab and Manisha Kayande have been elected to the council}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/council-emla-poll-bjp-gains-control-of-upper-house/article_226710|title=Shiv Sena's Manisha Kayande elected to the council}}</ref> Earlier, she was with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and was their losing candidate in the 2009 assembly elections for the [[Sion east jogeshwari Assembly constituency|Sion Koliwada]] seat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/2009-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2009}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2016: Appointed spokesperson of Shiv Sena<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.naidunia.com/maharashtra-shiv-senas-did-not-give-invitation-to-bjp-for-its-50-anniversary-759235|title=शिवसेना के स्वर्ण जयंती समारोह में भाजपा को न्योता नहीं}}</ref>
* 2018: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Council<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/mlc-polls-all-candidates-to-be-elected-unopposed/articleshow/64923975.cms|title=Manisha Kayande elected to the council}}</ref>
* 2024:Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Council<ref name="Seven Maharashtra MLCs sworn in, hours before EC announcement of Assembly polls">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=15 October 2024 |title=Seven Maharashtra MLCs sworn in, hours before EC announcement of Assembly polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/seven-maharashtra-mlcs-sworn-in-hours-before-ec-announcement-of-assembly-polls/article68755645.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124134405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/seven-maharashtra-mlcs-sworn-in-hours-before-ec-announcement-of-assembly-polls/article68755645.ece |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19981202100332/http://www.shivsena.org/ The Shivsena]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kayande, Manisha}}
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan

2026-01-30T16:54:39Z

VirginiaOxenham: created new post.

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam-language poet and journalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
| image = File:Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan.jpg
| caption = Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
| birth_date = 10 October 1925
| birth_place = Kadavanad, Ponnani, Kerala, India
| death_date = 19 August 1992 (aged 66)
| death_place = Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Poet
* Journalist
}}
| notable_works =
* ''Suprabhāthaṁ''
* ''Kalimuttam''
* ''Vazhimuthu''
| awards =
* 1978: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]]
* 1986: [[Odakkuzhal Award]]
* 1990: Changapuzha Award
}}

'''Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan''' (10 October 1925 – 19 August 1992) was a renowned 20th-century Malayalam-language poet, senior journalist, and a pivotal cultural organizer from Kerala, South India. His career was defined by a dual identity as both a respected literary figure and a distinguished editor for Kerala's most prominent newspapers. As a poet, he received the prestigious [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] in 1978 for his collection ''Suprabhāthaṁ'' (Suprabhatham). He also received the [[Odakkuzhal Award]] for ''Kalimuttam'' in 1986 and the Changapuzha Award for ''Vazhimuthu'' in 1990.

Beyond his creative work, Kuttikrishnan was an important figure in the formative mid-century literary movement known as the "Ponnani Kalari." He was a key associate and contemporary of Malayalam literary giants such as [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]], [[Uroob|P.C. Kuttikrishnan (Uroob)]], and [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]].<ref name="sahapedia_mgs1"/> His long career in journalism, holding senior editorial positions at ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' and ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'', provided him with a unique platform to influence cultural discourse. His legacy is actively preserved through his foundational administrative role in the Edasseri Smaraka Samithi (Edasseri Memorial Committee)<ref name="angelfire_ponnani"/> and through posthumous honors, including the 'Kadavanad Smrithi Poetry Award' established in his memory.<ref name="nie_award"/>

== Early life and formative years ==
Kuttikrishnan was born on 10 October 1925 in the village of Kadavanad, a coastal hamlet near the historic cultural and trade center of Ponnani in the Malabar region of Kerala. His parents were Arumukhan and Devaki and wife Yashodha. His formal education was completed entirely within the Ponnani locality. He attended Puthuponnani Mappila Elementary School, Ponnani BEM School, and A.V. Highschool, Ponnani. After completing his education, he moved to the nearby city of Kozhikode (Calicut), where he worked in the Grain Purchasing Office and later at Premier Hosiery Works.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/writer/kadavanad-kuttikrishnan |title=Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan |publisher=Nettv4u |access-date=November 19, 2025}}</ref>

== A distinguished career in Malayalam journalism ==
Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan's professional life was anchored in a long and influential career in Malayalam journalism. He began his career in the press of post-Independence Kozhikode, working for the ''Pourasakthi'' and ''Janavani'' newspapers. He was later appointed as an assistant editor at the ''Hind'' newspaper, also published from Kozhikode.

His career culminated in long-term tenures at two of Kerala's most prestigious media institutions: ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' and ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. He retired from ''Malayala Manorama'' in 1983 as a senior assistant editor. After retiring, he also had a brief stint as the manager of the newly opened Palakkad unit of Malayala Manorama.

His journalistic and literary lives were symbiotic. After his formal retirement, he immediately accepted a position as a member of the editorial committee of ''[[Bhashaposhini]]'', a highly respected [[literary magazine]] published by the ''Malayala Manorama'' group.

== Role in the Ponnani literary renaissance ==
Kuttikrishnan's most enduring impact was as a core participant and catalyst of the 20th-century Ponnani literary renaissance. He was an important figure in the "Ponnani Kalari," an informal but highly influential literary circle that flourished from the 1930s to the 1950s.<ref name="edasseri_photo"/>

=== The Ponnani Kalari ===
The "Ponnani Kalari" was not a formal institution but a "school of literature" defined by its intellectual ferment.<ref name="edasseri_bio"/> The group, consisting of poets, writers, and social reformers, met for passionate debates on literature, philosophy, and politics. Their meeting places were informal, such as the Krishna Panicker Reading Room<ref name="edasseri_bio" /> or the sandy banks of the Bharathapuzha river.<ref name="sahapedia_mgs1" />

Kuttikrishnan was an integral member of this group, whose other core figures included:
* [[Edasseri Govindan Nair]] (Poet and Playwright)<ref name="sahapedia_mgs1" />
* [[Uroob|P.C. Kuttikrishnan (Uroob)]] (Novelist and Short-Story Writer)<ref name="sahapedia_mgs1" />
* [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]] (Poet)<ref name="sahapedia_mgs1" />
* [[V. T. Bhattathiripad]] (Social Reformer and Dramatist)
* [[Kuttikrishna Marar]] (Literary Critic)<ref name="edasseri_photo" />
* N. Damodaran

=== Literary connections and mentor ===
As a professional journalist, Kuttikrishnan served as a vital link between the wider world and the Ponnani circle. The historian [[M. G. S. Narayanan]], who joined the group as a young man, credits his "exposure to contemporary politics and literary trends" to his contact with Kuttikrishnan, Edasseri, Uroob, and Akkitham.<ref name="sahapedia_mgs1" />

Kuttikrishnan's connection to this group is captured in his memoir-essay, "അറുപതു തികയുന്ന ഇടശ്ശേരി" (''Aṟupatu Thikayunna Iṭaśśēri'' / Edasseri at Sixty).<ref name="edasseri_essay"/> The article provides a first-hand account of the "Kalari's" activities, describing their impassioned debates and shared admiration for Edasseri's poetic philosophy—one "rooted in the earth" and focused on "human life" and "human stories."<ref name="edasseri_essay" />

For many years, he served as "Kuttettan" in the Bala Pankti (children’s section) of Mathrubhumi Weekly, becoming a major source of inspiration for young readers.
For two decades, he was also "Sankarachettan" for the Akhila Kerala Balajanasakhyam of Malayala Manorama, where he regularly interacted with children and conducted cultural programs and camps. He also served as the editor of the children’s magazine Balarama for an extended period.

=== The Ponnani Kendra Kala Samithi ===
As this informal circle grew, it gave rise to a more structured socio-cultural union. This organization was first established as the Malabar Kala Samithi in 1948, becoming the Ponnani Kendra Kala Samithi in 1949, and was highly active in promoting amateur drama.<ref name="scribd_awakening"/> Kuttikrishnan, along with V.T. Bhattathiripad, Edasseri, and Uroob, was a guiding associate and "patron" of this cultural union.

=== Role as preserver: The Edasseri Smaraka Samithi ===
Following the death of his mentor Edasseri Govindan Nair in 1974, a committee was formed to preserve his legacy.<ref name="edasseri_samithi"/> Kuttikrishnan was a key personality in this initiative.<ref name="edasseri_samithi" /> When the Edasseri Smaraka Samithi (Edasseri Memorial Committee) was formally registered on 30 October 1979, [[V. T. Bhattathiripad]] was named its first president, and Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan was appointed its first secretary.<ref name="angelfire_ponnani" /> In this active administrative role, Kuttikrishnan undertook the vital work of literary stewardship, cementing the legacy of his mentor and the Ponnani movement.

== Literary style ==
Kuttikrishnan's artistic philosophy is situated within the "Ponnani School." This movement served as a crucial bridge between the waning phase of Malayalam Romanticism and the advent of Modernism. Its key figures were defined by a progressive, humanist, and socially-aware sensibility. Edasseri was a "harbinger of the 'modern'";<ref name="sahapedia_mgs2"/> Uroob was a "progressive writer" and "humanist";<ref name="angelfire_ponnani" /> and Akkitham's 1952 poem ''Irupatham Nootandile Ithihasam'' (Epic of the Twentieth Century) was a landmark of new, conscientious poetry.<ref name="nie_akkitham"/> Kuttikrishnan's own writings, particularly his essay on Edasseri, champion a poetics focused on "human stories" and "life rooted in the earth," as opposed to more ethereal or ornamental forms.<ref name="edasseri_essay" />

== Bibliography ==
Comprehensive list compiled from library catalogs and other sources is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Published works of Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
! Title (Malayalam script)
! Title (ISO 15919 transliteration)
! Year
! Genre / notes
|-
| {{lang|ml|വയനാടിന്റെ ഓമന}}
| ''Vayanāḍinṟe Ōmana''
| 1962
| Poetry collection
|-
| {{lang|ml|വെട്ടും കിളയും ചെന്ന മൺ}}
| ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jM3hU1dxktG4xR8LZlKlyNtMFKkg08Cl/view?usp=sharing Vettum Kiḷayuṁ Chenna Maṇṇu]''
| 1963 / 1968
| Poetry collection
|-
| {{lang|ml|അറുപതു തികയുന്ന ഇടശ്ശേരി}}
| ''Aṟupatu Thikayunna Iṭaśśēri''
| 1966
| Essay / memoir
|-
| {{lang|ml|കാഴ്ച}}
| ''Kazhcha''
| 1975
| Poetry collection
|-
| {{lang|ml|സുപ്രഭാതം}}
| ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Faqa8bnKeVAIYPetj61m-wUdf7ucBT1K/view Suprabhāthaṁ]''
| 1977
| Poetry collection (winner, 1978 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award)
|-
| {{lang|ml|നാദ നൈവേദ്യം}}
| ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QcD1CdqBEZ8Hd6lodf9-gQNco6bK9nC2/view?usp=sharing Naadha Naivēdyaṁ]''
| 1979
| Poetry collection
|-
| {{lang|ml|വേദനയുടേ തോറ്റം}}
| ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xnGGokw1KHcBESWnI-rXgDrHwBMtWmV5/view?usp=sharing Vēdanayuḍe Thōṭṭaṁ]''
| 1981
| Poetry collection
|-
| {{lang|ml|കളിമുറ്റം}}
| ''Kaḷimuttaṁ''
| 1985
| Poetry collection (winner, 1986 Odakuzhal Award)
|-
| {{lang|ml|നമ്മുടെ പ്രിയപ്പെട്ട അക്കിത്തം}}
| ''Nammuḍe Priyappeṭṭa Akkitham''
| 1986
| Criticism / essay
|-
| {{lang|ml|വഴിമുത്ത്}}
| ''Vazhimuthu''
| 1988
| Poetry collection (winner, 1990 Changapuzha Award)
|-
| {{lang|ml|ഭൂമിപൂജ}}
| ''[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNbzn936FI83Czq3rg4hO2EiOTXPmXaw/view Bhumipooja]''
| 1991
| Poetry collection
|-
| {{lang|ml|കടവനാടിൻ്റെ ഓർമകൾ}}
| ''Kadvanadinte Ormakal''
| 2010
| Biography (published posthumously)
|}

== Awards and enduring legacy ==
Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan died on 19 August 1992, at the age of 66 at Calicut, Kerala. His contributions to Malayalam literature and culture are commemorated through his major awards and a "living legacy" that continues in his name.

=== 1978 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award and others===
Kuttikrishnan's most significant literary honor was the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]], which he received in 1978 for his poetry collection ''Suprabhāthaṁ'' (Suprabhatham). Some official award lists may carry a spelling variation, ''Siprabhatham''; however, textual and catalog sources confirm ''Suprabhāthaṁ'' (Auspicious Dawn) as the correct title. He also received the Odakuzhal Award for Kalimuttam in 1986 and the Changapuzha Award for Vazhimuthu in 1990.

<gallery mode="packed" perrow="2" heights="250px" caption="Award Ceremonies">
File:Receiving the Changapuzha Award from Justice Shankaran Nair, with Akkitham standing between them.jpg|Receiving the Changapuzha Award from Justice Shankaran Nair, alongside Akkitham.
File:Receiving the Odakuzhal Award from O. N. V. Kurup.jpg|Receiving the Odakuzhal Award from O. N. V. Kurup
</gallery>

=== Commemoration in Ponnani ===
[[File:Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan Kavimuttam Statue.jpg|thumb|right|Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan Kavimuttam Statue]]
Kuttikrishnan is permanently memorialized in his hometown of Ponnani at the Kavimuttam garden (Poet's Courtyard). This public space contains the statues of the three key figures of the Ponnani literary renaissance: Uroob (P.C. Kuttikrishnan), Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan, and Edasseri Govindan Nair.<ref name="thehindu_ponnani"/> His placement alongside Edasseri and Uroob affirms his position as part of the core triumvirate of the "Ponnani Kalari."

=== Living legacy: The Kadavanad Smrithi Poetry Award ===
Kuttikrishnan's legacy is most actively maintained by the Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan Memorial Committee.<ref name="nie_award" /> This committee presents the 'Kadavanad Smrithi Poetry Award' (Kadavanad Memorial Poetry Award) in his honor. The committee's stated aim is to "honour young talents in the literary field".<ref name="nie_award" /> This mission reflects the role Kuttikrishnan himself played: as a young man in the "Ponnani Kalari"<ref name="sahapedia_mgs2" /> and, later, as a senior journalist and editor shaping new literary trends.

=== Birth centenary ===
The birth centenary of Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan was observed in 2025. To mark the occasion, a major commemorative event was jointly organized by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and the Edasseri Kalapadasala on 16 November 2025 at the Edasseri Smaraka Mandiram in Ponnani. The event was inaugurated by poet [[O. V. Usha]] and presided over by Prof. [[K. V. Ramakrishnan]] (President, Edasseri Smaraka Samithi). C. P. Aboobacker (Secretary, Kerala Sahitya Akademi) delivered the welcome address. The programme included commemorative lectures on Kuttikrishnan's poetry and social interventions by Dr. K. P. Mohanan and P. P. Sreedharanunni. Kadavanad's daughter Arundhathi E. A. and Edasseri's son E. Madhavan shared personal reminiscences during the session 'Ormayile Kadavanad'.<ref>{{cite report |title=Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan Birth Centenary Programme Brochure |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi & Edasseri Kalapasala |date=16 November 2025 |location=Ponnani}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="sahapedia_mgs1">{{cite web |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/video/Irreverent-History:%20Kesavan%20Veluthat%20in%20Conversation%20with%20M.G.S.%20Narayanan/10751 |title=Irreverent History: Kesavan Veluthat in Conversation with M.G.S. Narayanan |website=Sahapedia |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="edasseri_photo">{{cite web |url=https://www.edasseri.org/photo_description.html |title=Mahakavi Edasseri Govindan Nair |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="sahapedia_mgs2">{{cite web |url=http://www.sahapedia.org/mgs-narayanan-conversation-kesavan-veluthat |title=M.G.S. Narayanan in Conversation with Kesavan Veluthat |website=Sahapedia |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="edasseri_bio">{{cite web |url=https://www.edasseri.org/biography.htm |title=Mahakavi Edasseri Govindan Nair |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="angelfire_ponnani">{{cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/country/ponnani/arts.html |title=Ponnani - The Cultural Potpourri of Malabar |website=Angelfire |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="edasseri_samithi">{{cite web |url=https://www.edasseri.org/english/edasseri_smaraka_samithi_ponani.htm |title=Edasseri Smaraka Samithi Ponani |website=Edasseri Govindan Nair |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="nie_award">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/Dec/03/poetry-award-for-aarambika-s-v-1906393.html |title=Poetry award for Aarambika S V |website=The New Indian Express |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="edasseri_essay">{{cite web |url=https://www.edasseri.org/Essays-EdasseriLiterature/ArupathuThikayunnaEdasseri-Kadavanadan.pdf |title=അറുപതു തികയുന്ന ഇടശ്ശേരി - കടവനാട് ... |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="scribd_awakening">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/presentation/879504855/Awakening-through-literature |title=Awakening Through Literature |website=scribd.com |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="nie_akkitham">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Oct/15/ultimate-power-of-love-malayalam-poet-akkitham-achuthan-namboodiripasses-away-at-94-2210518.html |title='Ultimate power of love': Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan Namboodiri passes away at 94 |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="thehindu_ponnani">{{cite web |last1=Naha |first1=Abdul Latheef |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/trying-to-strike-a-chord-with-cultural-ethos-of-ponnani/article68055660.ece |title=Trying to strike a chord with cultural ethos of Ponnani |website=The Hindu |date=12 April 2024 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Ponnani]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]]
[[Odakkuzhal Award]]

Mahakavi Kuvempu Road metro station

2026-01-28T22:17:32Z

VirginiaOxenham: Done!

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mahakavi Kuvempu Road
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Green}}
| other_name = Mahakavi Kuvempu Raste, Kuvempu Road, Kuvempu Raste
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Kuvempu Road metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Mahakavi Kuvempu Rd, Gayatrinagar, Bengaluru, [[Karnataka]] 560021
| coordinates = {{coord|12.998456|77.556951|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2014|March|1|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed
| code = KVPR
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = [[Punj Lloyd]] - Sembawang Infrastructure (India) [[Joint Venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Green |left=Rajajinagar |right=Srirampura|to-left=Madavara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Green Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Mahakavi Kuvempu Road''' (formerly known as '''Kuvempu Road''') is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. The station was constructed by [[Punj Lloyd]] - Sembawang Infrastructure (India) [[Joint Venture|JV]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Punj Lloyd to build 8 stations for Bangalore Metro|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/punj-lloyd-to-build-8-stations-for-bangalore-metro/article1049434.ece|accessdate=28 August 2015|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=16 April 2009}}</ref> and was opened to the public on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Peenya-Sampige-Road-Metro-Service-From-March-1/2014/02/25/article2076639.ece#.UzQN-aPDDIU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327204120/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Peenya-Sampige-Road-Metro-Service-From-March-1/2014/02/25/article2076639.ece#.UzQN-aPDDIU |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Peenya-Sampige Road Metro Service From March 1 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2014-02-25 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/this-one-feels-like-namma-metro-as-its-closer-home/article5740935.ece |title='This one feels like Namma Metro as it's closer home' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2014-03-01 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Mahakavi Kuvempu Road track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Green}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Rajajinagar}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Srirampura}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Silk Institute}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Srirampura}}
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Madavara}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Rajajinagar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==Entry/Exits==
There are 3 Entry/Exit points – A, B and C. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Namma Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bengaluru}}
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-12T16:57:41Z

VirginiaOxenham: Done!

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mandsaur
| map_image = Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha constituencies (Mandsaur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Mandsour Lok Sabha constituency within Madhya Pradesh
| established = 1952
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Sudhir Gupta]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = SudhirGupta.jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Jaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jaora]] [[Mandsaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur ]] [[Malhargarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malhargarh]] [[Suwasra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suwasra ]] [[Garoth (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garoth ]] [[Manasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manasa]] [[Neemuch (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Neemuch ]] [[Jawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jawad]]
}}

'''Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]] and [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]] districts and part of [[Ratlam district]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Mandsour Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|222
|[[Jaora Assembly constituency|Jaora]]
|[[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
|Rajendra Pandey
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|224
|[[Mandsaur Assembly constituency|Mandsour]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]]
|Vipin Jain
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|225
|[[Malhargarh Assembly constituency|Malhargarh]] (SC)
|Jagdish Devda
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|226
|[[Suwasra Assembly constituency|Suwasra]]
|Hardeepsing Dung
|-
|227
|[[Garoth Assembly constituency|Garoth]]
|[[Chandar Singh Sisodiya]]
|-
|228
|[[Manasa Assembly constituency|Manasa]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Neemuch district|Neemuch]]
|Anirudhh Maroo
|-
|229
|[[Neemuch Assembly constituency|Neemuch]]
|Dilip Singh Parihar
|-
|230
|[[Jawad Assembly constituency|Jawad]]
|Omprakash Sakhlecha
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Manakbhai Agrawal
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Umashankar Muljibhai Trivedi|Umashankar Trivedi]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Swatantra Singh Kothari
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Laxminarayan Pandey]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Bhanwarlal Nahata
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Balkavi Bairagi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Laxminarayan Pandey]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Meenakshi Natarajan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sudhir Gupta]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mandsaur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandsaur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/mandsaur-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 23 - MANDSOUR |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1223.htm |website=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Sudhir Gupta]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 9,45,761
|percentage= 65.98
|change=+4.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Dillip Singh Gurjar]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 4,45,106
|percentage= 31.05
|change=-3.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 11,162
|percentage = 0.81
|change = +0.12
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =5,00,655
|percentage =34.93
|change =+7.09
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =14,33,492
|percentage = 75.27
|change =-2.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandsaur|Mandsour]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sudhir Gupta]]
|votes = 8,47,786
|percentage = 61.85
|change = +1.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Meenakshi Natarajan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,71,052
|percentage = 34.37
|change = +0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prabhulal Meghwal
|votes = 9,703
|percentage =0.71
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 9,431
|percentage = 0.69
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,76,734
|percentage = 27.84
|change = +1.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,71,535
|percentage = 77.89
|change = +6.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandsaur|Mandsour]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sudhir Gupta]]
|votes = 6,98,335
|percentage = 60.13
|change = +15.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Meenakshi Natarajan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,94,686
|percentage = 33.99
|change = -14.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Paras Saklecha Dada
|votes =10,183
|percentage =0.88
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,568
|percentage =0.74
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,03,649
|percentage = 26.15
|change = +22.12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,61,599
|percentage = 71.41
|change = +15.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2009===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mandsaur|Mandsour]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Meenakshi Natarajan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,73,532
|percentage = 48.80
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate =Dr. Laxminarayan Pandey
|votes = 3,42,713
|percentage = 44.77
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,819
|percentage = 4.03
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,65,476
|percentage =55.83
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Mandsaur district]]
* [[Neemuch district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|24.07|75.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandsaur district]]
[[Category:Neemuch district]]

Reliance Communications

2026-01-05T23:38:32Z

VirginiaOxenham:

{{Short description|Defunct Indian telecommunications company}}
{{Distinguish|Jio}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reliance Communications Limited
| logo = [[File:Reliance_Communications_Logo.svg|250px]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl
| {{NSE|RCOM}}
| {{BSE|532712}}
}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE330H01018}}
| founder = [[Anil Ambani]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Bill Barney (co-CEO){{!}}Srinivasan Gopalan (CFO){{!}}Prakash Shenoy (Company Secretary)
| products = {{Bulleted_list
| [[Mobile telephony]]
| [[Internet service provider|Wireless internet]]
| [[Digital television]]
}}
| industry = [[Telecommunications]]
| fate = Bankruptcy ([[Mobile Telephony|Mobile Network Division]])
| services = {{Bulleted_list
| Internet services
| Network services
| Cloud networking
| Data center services
| Enterprise voice
| Cloud Telephony
| Collaboration services
| Wholesale voice
| Value added services (VAS)
}}
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INR|40.15 billion|link=yes}}<ref name="RCOM">{{cite web |url=https://rcom.co.in/download/conso-se-q1-19-20/ |title=Investor Relations – Financial Results |website=Reliance Communications |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927165412/https://www.rcom.co.in/download/conso-se-q1-19-20/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2019
| profit = {{loss}} {{INR|8.67 billion|link=yes}}
| profit_year = 2019
| members = 0<ref name="TRAI">{{Cite web |url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.37of2021.pdf |title=Press Release on Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st October, 2020 |website=trai.gov.in |date=20 February 2019 |access-date=5 September 2021 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824032427/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.37of2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (June 2021)
| num_employees = 3,038 including 1,819 permanent employees
| num_employees_year = 2018
| parent =
| owners =
| divisions = {{ubl
| [[Mobile Telephony|Mobile network]]
| [[Internet services|Internet]]
| [[Television]]
| [[Business|Enterprise]]
}}
| subsid = {{ubl
| [[Global Cloud Xchange]] [[Digicable]]
}}
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|2004|7|15}}
| defunct = {{End date and age|df=y|2018|5}}
| hq_location = [[DAKC]]
| hq_location_city = Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
| hq_location_country = India
}}
'''Reliance Communications Limited''' ('''RCOM''') was an Indian mobile network provider headquartered in [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] that offered voice and [[2G]] and [[3G]] and 4G data services.
In February 2019, the company filed for bankruptcy as it was unable to sell assets to repay its debt.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Danish |title=RCom goes to bankruptcy court to resolve debt burden |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/rcom-debt/rcom-goes-to-bankruptcy-court-to-resolve-debt-burden-idINKCN1PQ4WT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201185707/https://in.reuters.com/article/rcom-debt/rcom-goes-to-bankruptcy-court-to-resolve-debt-burden-idINKCN1PQ4WT |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=Reuters |date=1 February 2019}}</ref> It has an estimated debt of {{INRConvert|500|b|year=2019|lk=r}} against assets worth {{INRConvert|180|b|year=2019|lk=r}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ET Bureau |title=RCom to move NCLT to offload assets, repay debt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/anil-ambani-cant-find-a-fix-for-rcom-files-for-bankruptcy/articleshow/67798419.cms |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919143059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/anil-ambani-cant-find-a-fix-for-rcom-files-for-bankruptcy/articleshow/67798419.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of March 2020, the company reworked its strategy and continues to operate [[4G]] data services, fixed-line communications, data center services, and [[enterprise solutions]] as well as [[Subsea (technology)|subsea cable networks]] under the banner name, "[[Global Cloud Xchange]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalcloudxchange.com/ |title=GCX |website=Global Cloud Xchange |language=en |access-date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902124007/https://www.globalcloudxchange.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2025, the loan account of Reliance Communications was classified as Fraud by India's Largest Public Sector Bank - [[State Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Hellobanker |date=2025-07-02 |title=State Bank of India marks Reliance Communications loan as 'FRAUD'; Anil Ambani's name to be reported to RBI |url=https://hellobanker.in/state-bank-of-india-marks-reliance-communications-loan-as-fraud-anil-ambanis-name-to-be-reported-to-rbi/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=hellobanker.in |language=en-US |archive-date=11 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711030318/https://hellobanker.in/state-bank-of-india-marks-reliance-communications-loan-as-fraud-anil-ambanis-name-to-be-reported-to-rbi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Reliance Communications was founded in India on 15 July 2004 as Reliance Infocomm Limited<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/dec/27ril1.htm |title=Reliance set to revolutionise mobile services |publisher=Rediff |date=27 December 2002 |access-date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214205700/http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/dec/27ril1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> with the introduction of its nationwide [[CDMA2000]] service. It became Reliance Communications Limited in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=7372777 |title=Stocks |website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=16 August 2023 }}</ref> The company introduced its [[GSM]] service in 2008. It began using [[MIMO]] technology in 2011 to improve the quality of its 3G service, providing a data rate of up to 28 Mbit/s.<ref>[42 Mbps]</ref>

In the 2010 [[spectrum auction]], Reliance obtained licenses for 3G spectrum in three cities at a total licensing fee of {{INRConvert|58.64|b|year=2010}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/14/stories/2010121464882200.htm |title=RCom launches 3G services in 3 cities |date=14 December 2010 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=8 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217164602/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/14/stories/2010121464882200.htm |archive-date=17 December 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> The company reduced the price of its 3G service by 61 percent in May 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-25/telecom/31888985_1_rcom-s-3g-high-speed-internet-usage-rcom-s-group |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126081727/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-25/telecom/31888985_1_rcom-s-3g-high-speed-internet-usage-rcom-s-group |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=RCom slashes 3G tariff by 61% |date=25 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>

Reliance and [[Lenovo]] introduced their co-branded [[Android (operating system)|Android]] smartphones in India in 2013.<ref name="Lenovo">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rcom-partners-lenovo-to-launch-sub-rs-8000-smartphone/article23095401.ece |title=RCom partners Lenovo to launch sub-Rs 8,000 smartphone |date=31 January 2013 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528175822/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rcom-partners-lenovo-to-launch-sub-rs-8000-smartphone/article23095401.ece |archive-date=28 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The company ended its CDMA operations in 2016, and migrated its subscribers to its GSM and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] networks by September the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telecomtalk.info/reliance-cdma-4g-upgrade/151437 |title=RCom kicks off migration process; to upgrade CDMA subscribers to 4G LTE network |publisher=Telecom Talk |date=2 April 2016 |language=en-US |access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/earnings/article-reliance-communications-posts-nearly-6-rise-in-q1-profit-1458755 |title=Reliance Communications Posts Nearly 6% Rise in Q1 Profit |publisher=NDTV |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005740/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/earnings/article-reliance-communications-posts-nearly-6-rise-in-q1-profit-1458755 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Acquisition of MTS India and Digicable ===
On 1 July 2010, the board of Reliance Communications confirmed the acquisition of [[Digicable]] India's largest cable network in all-stock deal. The new entity was named Reliance Digicom, which integrated RCOM's [[DTH TV]], [[IPTV]] and retail broadband operations with [[Digicable]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=RCOM acquires Digicable in all-stock deal |date=1 July 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/RCOM-acquires-Digicable-in-all-stock-deal/articleshow/6115783.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008004201/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-01/india-business/28295073_1_digicable-telecom-tower-business-broadband |url-status=live |archive-date=8 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>

On 14 January 2016, Reliance Communications announced that it had acquired Sistema Shyam TeleServices Limited (SSTL, operating as MTS India) in an all-stock deal. SSTL received a 10 per cent stake in Reliance Communications after repaying its existing debt. Reliance Communications would assume responsibility for instalments that MTS owed the government for spectrum purchases, amounting to {{INRConvert|3.92|b|year=2016}} every year for 10 years. As a result of the deal, Reliance acquired MTS India's subscribers and SSTL's spectrum in the 850 MHz band.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/telecom/reliance-communications-acquires-sistemas-india-unit-in-all-stock-deal/story/225554.html |title=Reliance Communications acquires Sistema's MTS India in all-stock deal |publisher=Business Today |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911235500/http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/telecom/reliance-communications-acquires-sistemas-india-unit-in-all-stock-deal/story/225554.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

India's antitrust regulator, the [[Competition Commission of India]] (CCI) approved the merger in February 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/reliance-communications-gets-cci-approval-to-acquire-mts-805292 |title=Reliance Communications gets CCI approval to acquire MTS |publisher=NDTV |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) also cleared the deal. SSTL shareholders approved the merger on 18 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-03-18/news/71630719_1_shyam-group-sistema-shyam-teleservices-sstl-spokesperson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411000009/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-03-18/news/71630719_1_shyam-group-sistema-shyam-teleservices-sstl-spokesperson |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2016 |title=Sistema Shyam shareholders approve merger with Reliance Communications |work=The Economic Times |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> By mid-August, it was approved by tax authorities and the shareholders and creditors of Reliance and SSTL.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/dots-approval-for-sstl-rcom-merger-likely-in-q4-sistema/articleshow/53940858.cms |title=DoT's approval for SSTL-RCOM merger likely in Q4: Sistema |work=The Economic Times |access-date=6 September 2016 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906071926/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/dots-approval-for-sstl-rcom-merger-likely-in-q4-sistema/articleshow/53940858.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The merger was approved by the [[Rajasthan High Court]] on 30 September 2016<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=RCom gets Rajasthan HC approval for Sistema acquisition |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rcom-gets-rajasthan-hc-approval-for-sistema-acquisition-116093001087_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=1 October 2016 |date=30 September 2016 |archive-date=1 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001154834/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rcom-gets-rajasthan-hc-approval-for-sistema-acquisition-116093001087_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Bombay High Court on 7 October 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/reliance-communication-gets-bombay-hc-approval-for-sistema-acquisition/articleshow/54739451.cms |title=Reliance Communication gets Bombay HC approval for Sistema acquisition |work=The Economic Times |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-date=31 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231004257/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/reliance-communication-gets-bombay-hc-approval-for-sistema-acquisition/articleshow/54739451.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2017, Reliance laid off 600 employees in preparation for its mergers with MTS and Aircel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pink slips for 600 as Reliance Communications trims fat |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/pink-slips-for-600-as-reliance-communications-trims-fat/articleshow/58070911.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
The [[Department of Telecommunications]] gave the final approval for the merger on 20 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telecom department approves RCom-MTS merger |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/telecom-department-approves-rcom-mts-merger/61182496 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=18 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/rcom-sistema-shyam-merger-gets-dot-approval/articleshow/61187148.cms |title=RCom-Sistema Shyam merger gets DoT approval |date=23 October 2017 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=24 October 2017 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024040400/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/rcom-sistema-shyam-merger-gets-dot-approval/articleshow/61187148.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31 October 2017, Reliance Communications announced that the merger was complete.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Communications Completes Merger With MTS |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-reliance-communications-completes-merger-with-mts-1769486 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040646/http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-reliance-communications-completes-merger-with-mts-1769486 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Communications completes merger with MTS |url=http://zeenews.india.com/companies/reliance-communications-completes-merger-with-mts-2053315.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=18 November 2017 |language=en |date=31 October 2017 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108131849/http://zeenews.india.com/companies/reliance-communications-completes-merger-with-mts-2053315.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Attempted merger of wireless business with Aircel}}Attempted merger with Aircel ===
In September 2016, Reliance Communications announced Aircel had agreed to a merger.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/RCom-Aircel-announce-merger-create-fourth-largest-telco-in-India/articleshow/54331909.cms |title=RCom, Aircel announce merger; create fourth largest telco in India |work=The Times of India |date=14 September 2016 |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914233138/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/RCom-Aircel-announce-merger-create-fourth-largest-telco-in-India/articleshow/54331909.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/reliance-communications-aircel-announce-merger-in-largestever-consolidation-deal-in-indian-telecom-sector/article9107868.ece |title=RCom-Aircel merger a strong challenger to Idea Cellular |last=Pandey |first=Piyush |date=14 September 2016 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=14 September 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914153517/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/reliance-communications-aircel-announce-merger-in-largestever-consolidation-deal-in-indian-telecom-sector/article9107868.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The company announced on 15 March 2017 the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]], [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], and [[National Stock Exchange of India]] approved the merger.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Communications Gets SEBI, Exchanges Nod For Aircel Merger |url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-sebi-bse-nse-approve-rcom-aircel-deal-1669707 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Communications gets Sebi nod for merger with Aircel |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-comunications-gets-sebi-nod-for-merger-with-aircel-117031500312_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=20 March 2017 |date=15 March 2017 |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-date=17 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317221009/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-comunications-gets-sebi-nod-for-merger-with-aircel-117031500312_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RCom-Aircel merger gets SEBI nod |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rcomaircel-merger-gets-sebi-nod/article9584844.ece |work=Business Line |access-date=20 March 2017 |language=en |date=15 March 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315073453/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/rcomaircel-merger-gets-sebi-nod/article9584844.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The deal was approved by the CCI on 20 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCOM gets CCI approval for Aircel merger |url=http://www.india.com/news/agencies/rcom-gets-cci-approval-for-aircel-merger-1942342 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=India.com |access-date=20 March 2017 |language=en |date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730082457/http://www.india.com/news/agencies/rcom-gets-cci-approval-for-aircel-merger-1942342/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lead |first1=Telecom |title=RCOM-Aircel merger deal gets CCI approval |url=http://www.telecomlead.com/telecom-services/rcom-aircel-merger-deal-gets-cci-approval-75445 |website=Telecom Lead |access-date=20 March 2017 |date=20 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320100912/http://www.telecomlead.com/telecom-services/rcom-aircel-merger-deal-gets-cci-approval-75445 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aircel and Reliance shareholders approved the merger on 22 and 24 April 2017, respectively,<ref>{{cite web |title=Anil Ambani-driven RCom, Aircel shareholders approve merger – ET Telecom |url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/rcom-aircel-shareholders-approve-merger/58340487 |website=ETTelecom.com |access-date=5 May 2017 |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426112738/http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/rcom-aircel-shareholders-approve-merger/58340487 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was expected to be completed by mid-2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCom says Aircel merger to be completed by 2017 middle, MTS merger by March |url=https://telecomtalk.info/rcom-says-aircel-merger-to-be-completed-by-2017-middle-mts-merger-by-march/160647/ |website=Telecom Talk |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215200054/https://telecomtalk.info/rcom-says-aircel-merger-to-be-completed-by-2017-middle-mts-merger-by-march/160647/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, on 1 October, Reliance allowed the merger agreement to lapse.<ref>{{cite news |title=RCom abandons mobile business merger with rival Aircel |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1254e56e-a6c4-11e7-ab55-27219df83c97 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/1254e56e-a6c4-11e7-ab55-27219df83c97 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=Financial Times |access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref> The deal, which was expected to help the company repay {{INRConvert|250|b|year=2017}} of debt, was cancelled due to delays by entrenched competition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/rcom-calls-off-aircel-merger-blames-legal-uncertainties-policy-directives-for-delay/articleshow/60901981.cms |title=RCom calls off Aircel merger; blames legal uncertainties, policy directives for delay |last=Sengupta |first=Devina |date=2 October 2017 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003082745/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/rcom-calls-off-aircel-merger-blames-legal-uncertainties-policy-directives-for-delay/articleshow/60901981.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Reliance was looking at other options to meet their obligations under the SDR agreement and avoid insolvency proceedings by banks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/KFJtF12XeiAnLmVd0YPhyO/RCom-readies-for-fire-sale-of-its-assets-to-pare-debt-as-Ai.html |title=RCom readies for fire sale of its assets to pare debt, as Aircel merger fails |last=Raj |first=Amrit |date=3 October 2017 |work=Livemint |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003124608/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/KFJtF12XeiAnLmVd0YPhyO/RCom-readies-for-fire-sale-of-its-assets-to-pare-debt-as-Ai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the failed Aircel merger, the company announced to employees in the wireless and [[DTH tv|DTH]] businesses on 25 October 2017 that they would be redundant effective 30 November. On 29 December 2017, Reliance discontinued voice services in India and provided only 4G data service.

=== The Ericsson case ===
In 2013, RCom signed a multi-year managed services agreement (MSA) with [[Ericsson]] to manage services of wireline and wireless network of {{convert|100000|km}} of fiber and mobile infrastructure in 11 telecom circles in India. This arrangement was a smooth business relationship until 2016, post which RCom struggled to pay the dues. This has been seen as an effect of [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] that disrupted the Indian telecom industry with its aggressive pricing after its commercial launch in September 2016 that affected all leading telecom players.

By September 2017, Ericsson terminated the MSA and approached the [[National Company Law Tribunal|NCLT]] to recover dues of {{INRConvert|11|b|year=2017}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/business/2019/03/15/trouble-call.html |title=Trouble call |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328145120/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/business/2019/03/15/trouble-call.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By May 2018, the NCLT initiated insolvency proceedings even as RCom tried to sell spectrum and other assets. At the same time, RComm reached out to Ericsson and agreed to pay {{INRConvert|5.5|b|year=2018}} as a settlement with a personal guarantee from Anil Ambani on the condition of withdrawal of insolvency proceedings. The Supreme Court reviewed the matter in August 2018 and ordered RComm to pay up {{INRConvert|5.5|b|year=2018}} to Ericsson by 30 September. RCom failed to comply with the payment and sought an extension of 60 days to comply. Ericsson filed a contempt petition in [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]].

In February 2019, the Supreme Court has held [[Anil Ambani]] and three others guilty of contempt of court and directed them to make payments by 19 March. In the meantime, [[Mukesh Ambani]], the elder brother of Anil helped him with a bailout of {{INRConvert|4.63|b|year=2019}} which he paid just a day before the deadline on 18 March.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/a-timeline-of-reliance-communications-versus-ericsson-case-3661261.html |title=A timeline of Reliance Communications versus Ericsson case |website=Moneycontrol |date=18 March 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101433/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/a-timeline-of-reliance-communications-versus-ericsson-case-3661261.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Reliance Communications Limited has paid {{INRConvert|5.5|b|year=2019}} to Swedish multinational telecom and networking firm Ericsson a day before the Supreme Court’s deadline, the Anil Ambani-led company said in a statement.

=== Sale of the company's assets ===

During 2020, a consortium of companies bidded upwards of $200 Million USD to buy the assets of Reliance Communications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RCom lenders to meet Jan 2 to consider asset bids – ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/rcom-lenders-to-meet-jan-2-to-consider-asset-bids/73059345 |last=www.ETTelecom.com |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182847/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/rcom-lenders-to-meet-jan-2-to-consider-asset-bids/73059345 |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the consortium include NKV Krishna's White Lotus Group, Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Industries, Bharti Airtel, UV Asset Reconstruction (UVARCL) and US-based Varde Partners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel, Reliance, 3 others may submit bids for RCom assets on Monday |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/airtel-reliance-3-others-may-submit-bids-for-rcom-assets-on-monday/1773831/ |date=24 November 2019 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818021346/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/airtel-reliance-3-others-may-submit-bids-for-rcom-assets-on-monday/1773831/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2022, Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Jio won the bid and acquired the assets of Reliance Communications for Rs. 3720 crores.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official}}

{{Major telecommunications companies}}
{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

[[Category:2G spectrum case]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of India]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]
[[Category:Private equity portfolio companies]]
[[Category:Reliance Group subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Economy of Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Narottam Narayan

2025-12-26T19:23:07Z

VirginiaOxenham: Stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Narottam Narayan Sharma''' (born 1896, died 1986<ref name=gb/> or 1992<ref name=pg92/>) was an Indian artist from [[Nathdwara]].<ref name=pg/> He is especially famous for his images of [[Krishna]], which were popular throughout North India and were even more influential than the works of [[Raja Ravi Varma]].<ref name=hi2004/>

Several of his paintings of [[Krishna]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Sarasvati]], [[Ganesha]] and [[Shiva]] were published as posters by S. S. Brijbasi, a firm based in [[Karachi]] in pre-independence India (from 1918 until Partition), using [[chromolithography]],<ref name=gb/> and printed in [[Germany]].<ref name=pg89/>

[[File:MurliManohar.jpg|thumb|right|''Murli Manohar'', the most recognisable painting of Narottam Narayan and a best-selling image.]]
Narottam Narayan's paintings marked a conscious return to a more traditional style of representation, wherein realism was less paramount than the images' iconic nature and engagement with the viewers. An "example par excellence" is his painting ''Murli Manohar'' (1934), which is reputed to be the best-selling image in the history of the industry.<ref name=pg92/> Other famous paintings of his, mass-produced by S. S. Brijbasi, include ''Shree Satyanarain'' (of [[Vishnu|Satyanarayana]]),<ref name=pg98/> ''Kailash Pati Shankar'' (of [[Shiva]]),<ref name=pg94/> depictions of [[Maharana Pratap]] and [[Shivaji]], and images having to do with the independence struggle including portraits of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]], ''Mata ka Bandhan Mochan'', and, painted after Gandhi's death, ''Gandhiji ki swargyatra'' (Gandhi's ascent to heaven).<ref name=pg/>

His initial training was at [[Udaipur]]. He was an illustrious apprentice of [[Ghasiram Sharma|Ghasiram Hardev Sharma]] (1868–1930), who was himself trained at [[Jhalawar]].<ref name=gb/> It is likely that, as with Ravi Varma, Narottam Narayan's training may have been influenced by landscapes in German and Austrian prints and postcards, via collections at the princely courts at Udaipur and Jhalawar.<ref name=gb/> The Nathdwara painters played a part in the evolution of [[Mewar painting]].<ref name=pg83/>

Ghasiram was both chief painter and head of photography for the [[Shrinathji]] temple in Nathdwara. Narottam Narayan adopted a practice of combining painting and photography in his image-making process, possibly either using photographs as a model or overpainting them.<ref name=pg92/>

As with other artists of the Nathdwara school, his paintings are characterised by a photographic treatment of figures (especially faces), in the sense that he replicated the tones of [[black-and-white]] photography, such as giving a grey tinge to his ''Murli Manohar''. The goal was to make "the divine accessible to the devotees as an empathetic presence".<ref name=gb/>

When his painting was used in 1928 for the first printed reproduction of the Shrinathji image, the artists of Nathdwara boycotted him, as they were opposed to mass reproduction fearing that it would affect their earnings. Eventually, they realised that mass production would bring greater awareness, demand, income, and fame.<ref name=pg89/>

Narottam Narayan was also an early influence on [[B. G. Sharma]] (also from Nathdwara), who later broke away to evolve his own style.<ref name=pg/>

==References==
<references>


<ref name=pg83>Pinney, p. 83</ref>
<ref name=pg89>Pinney, p. 89</ref>
<ref name=pg92>Pinney, pp. 92–93</ref>
<ref name=pg94>Pinney, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&pg=PA94 p. 94]</ref>
<ref name=pg98>Pinney, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&pg=PA98 p. 98]</ref>
<ref name=pg>{{citation | year=2004 | title = 'Photos of the Gods': the printed image and political struggle in India | author1=Christopher Pinney | publisher=Reaktion Books | isbn=978-1-86189-184-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&q=narottam}}</ref>
<ref name=hi2004>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/mag/2004/06/20/stories/2004062000110200.htm | title='Dyed in the colour of Krishna' | first=Geeta | last=Doctor | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=20 June 2004 | accessdate=10 October 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
<ref name=gb>{{citation | year=2007 | title = Gods in the bazaar: the economies of Indian calendar art | author1=Kajri Jain | publisher=Duke University Press | isbn=978-0-8223-3926-7 | pages=135–138 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7LEXbIREjEC&dq=%22narottam+narayan%22&pg=PA138}}</ref>

</references>

==Further reading==
* {{citation | last=Lyons|first=Tryna | title=The Artists of Nathadwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan | publisher=Mapin (Ahmedabad) and Indiana University Press (Bloomington) | pages=1–360}}

==External links==
* [http://yessy.com/art/?view=375828 Murali Manohar] Oleograph, c. 1934

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Narottam}}
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Rajsamand district]]
[[Category:Painters from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

Stridhana

2025-12-20T08:10:46Z

VirginiaOxenham: adjusted article per sources

{{Short description|Concept in Hindu law}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
'''Stridhana''' is a term associated with property in [[Hindu law]]. Whether property is stridhan, or a woman’s estate, depends on the source from which it has been obtained. A woman has inalienable rights over stridhan, and she can claim the same even after separation from her husband.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |title=Women can claim stridhan even after separation from husband |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Womencan-claim-stridhan-even-after-separation-from-husband-Supreme-Court/articleshow/49872639.cms |website=www.timesofindia.com |accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref>

== Characteristics of stridhana ==

=== Under [[Hinduism|Hindu]] law ===
Properties acquired from the following sources by a [[Hindus|Hindu]] female constitute sridhan.<ref name="498a.org">{{cite web |last1=Sirothiya |first1=Vibha |title=Stridhan And Womans’ Estate Under Section 14 of Hindu Succession Act 1956 |url=http://www.498a.org/contents/general/streedhan.pdf |website=www.498a.org |accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="shareyouressays">{{cite web |title=What are the Salient Features of "Stridhan"? – Hindu Law |url=http://www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/what-are-the-salient-features-of-stridhan-hindu-law/117922 |website=www.shareyouressays.com |accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref>
* Gifts and bequests received from relations (The [[Dāyabhāga]] School however doesn’t recognize gifts of immovable property by her husband as stridhan)
*Gifts and bequests from non-relations/strangers
*Property acquired by self exertion, science and arts. (A woman may acquire property at any stage of her life by her own self exertion, such as by manual labor, employment, or by singing, dancing etc., or by any mechanical art. According to all schools of Hindu law, the property thus acquired during widowhood or maidenhood is her stridhan. The property thus acquired during [[coverture]] also constitutes her stridhan according to all schools other than the Mithila and Bengal Schools. During her husband’s lifetime, however, it is subject to his control.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}})
* Property purchased with the income of stridhan.
*Property purchased under a compromise.
*Property obtained by adverse possession.
*Property obtained in lieu of maintenance.
*Property received in inheritance.
*Property obtained on partition.

=== Under [[Vedas|Vedic]] culture ===
Stridhana, as defined by [[Yajnavalkya]] is:<ref>Mr. Mahendra Kumar Das, ''The Hindu Succession Act 1956'': 2016 ed.(OLR), 5-6.</ref><ref name="shodhaganga">{{cite web |title=EVOLUTION OF STRIDHANA |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/34319/9/09_chapter%202.pdf |website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |accessdate=11 July 2018}}</ref>

* Wealth received by the woman from her father, mother, husband or brother out of love and affection.
* Wealth given to the bride by her maternal uncle and relative etc. at the time of marriage in presence of [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/adhyagni nuptial fire].
* Wealth that is given by the husband at the time of second marriage to satisfy his previous wife.
* Wealth given to the bride by the cousins and relatives of her parents.
* Wealth given to the bride from the side of the bride-groom prior to marriage towards duty.
* Wealth given to the newly wedded bride at the time of her departure from her father's house.
* Wealth received by the bride in her matrimonial house after the marriage.
* Wealth given to the new daughter-in-law by the father-in-law or mother-in-law out of love and affection.
* Wealth received by a married or unmarried daughter in her parental house from her brother or parent.

Manu has prescribed six kinds of stridhana to the minimum extent. According to [[Manusmriti]], after the death of an issueless woman, her relatives are entitled to get her stridhan. If the marriage has been performed in the form of [[Hindu wedding#Eight forms of marriage|'''Brahma''', '''Daiva''', '''Gandharba''' or '''Prajapatya''']], the husband of the deceased issueless woman is entitled to get the stridhan, however, in case of [[Hindu wedding#Eight forms of marriage|'''Asura''', '''Rakhyasa''' and '''Paisacha''']] form of marriage, the stridhan of an issueless, deceased woman is taken by her father or mother.

== Hindu Succession Act ==
The [[Hindu Succession Act]] (Act No. 30 of 1956) resulted in many changes being made to both the ''[[Mitākṣarā]]'' and the ''[[Dāyabhāga]]'' systems regarding succession and partition.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaman.|first=Kane, Pandurang|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/174798384|title=History of Dharmaśāstra|date=1975|oclc=174798384}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian family law]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]

Kanchili

2025-11-24T06:00:19Z

VirginiaOxenham: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanchili
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.981|N|84.582|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Kanchili
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 532 290
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08947
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP30 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Srikakulam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ichchapuram]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kanchili''' is a village in [[Srikakulam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandal wise list of villages in Srikakulam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/srikakulam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208022139/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Srikakulam.pdf|archivedate=8 December 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

Kanchili mandal is bordered by [[Kaviti]] mandal to the north, [[Odisha]] state to the west and [[Sompeta]] mandal to the south and east.

==Demographics==
According to [[Indian census]], 2001, the demographic details of Kanchili mandal is as follows:<ref>[http://ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=13540 Kanchili mandal at Our Village India.org]</ref>
*Total Population: 59,845 in 13,796 Households
*Male Population: 28,930 and Female Population: 30,915
*Children Under 6-years of age: 8,369 (Boys - 4,322 and Girls - 4,047)
*Total Literates: 29,650

== Etymology ==

{{unreferenced section|date=March 2013}}
"Kanchili" village has acquired its name from the local village deity "Kanchamma" who is worshiped with devotion by the locals. The residents of Kanchili, as a matter of their social and moral responsibility, renovated the old temple of goddess 'Kanchamma'.

== Transport ==

It has a Railway station, it is named after a neighboring large mandal "[[Sompeta]]". Most of the trains passing through the Howrah - Chennai route halt here. This Railway station falls under [[East Coast Railway]]s. RAILWAY serves as a major transport of this village. NH-5 Passes through this village. *APSRTC runs a plenty of buses through this village connecting to many cities and villages.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Srikakulam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Srikakulam district]]

Varanasi–Lucknow line

2025-11-16T20:40:45Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up A Info First Draft

{{Short description|Railway line in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Varanasi–Ayodhya –Lucknow line वाराणसी-अयोध्या-लखनऊ रेल लाइन 
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Lucknow Charbagh Station Board.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Lucknow Charbagh, Varanasi–Ayodhya-Lucknow line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| start = [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Jn]]
| end = [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]]
| stations =

[[Jaunpur Junction]], [[Zafarabad Junction railway station|Zafarabad Junction]], [[Ayodhya Junction|Ayodhya Dham Junction]], [[Akbarpur Junction]], [[Barabanki Junction railway station|Barabanki Junction]]
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1872
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] for main line [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]] partially for branch line
| character =
| depot = Lucknow Junction, Ayodhya Dham Junction
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = via Jaunpur and Ayodhya {{convert|324|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Double broad gauge Sanctioned
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes completed in March 2022
| speed = up to 100 km/h
| elevation = Varanasi {{convert|82|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} Lucknow {{convert|123|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| website =
| map = {{Varanasi–Lucknow line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Varanasi–Ayodhya–Lucknow line''' (also known as Varanasi–Lucknow via Ayodhya main line) is a railway line connecting [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Jn]] and [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow Charbagh]], both in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The main line was subsequently extended to Bareilly, Moradabad and Saharanpur and the entire line was thought of as the "main line" of Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway. An important branch line, the Prayagraj–Ayodhya line, which meets the main line almost at right angles, is included here. The main line is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]], a portion of the branch line is under the jurisdiction of [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]].

==History==
The [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] opened the {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] line from Varanasi to Lucknow in 1872.<ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html|title = IR History: Early Days II (1870-1899) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=fibis>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Oudh_and_Rohilkhand_Railway |title = Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway| publisher=fibis | access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> The line was extended to Ayodhya as ‘Ayodhya Loop’.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | title = Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management Ebooks | access-date = 11 January 2014 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140111051716/http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | archive-date = 11 January 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The Curzon Bridge across the [[Ganges]] was opened in 1905 by the [[East Indian Railway Company]] and the {{track gauge|1676mm}}-wide {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Prayagraj–Ayodhya line was possibly opened the same year. It was operated by the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway.<ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/imotp.1908.17544|title = The Curzon Bridge at Prayagraj |journal = Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |date = January 1908 |volume = 174 |issue = 1908 |pages = 1–40 | publisher=ice virtual library |doi = 10.1680/imotp.1908.17544 | access-date = 11 January 2014|last1 = Gales |first1 = R. R. |url-access = subscription }}</ref>

The loop line of the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway from Benares through Ayodhya to Lucknow traverses the Jaunpur District from south to north, while the main line of the same railway crosses the south-west corner. A branch from Zafarabad to Phaphamau on the Ganges is under construction ib n 1905,{{clarify|date=January 2018}} which will give access to [[Prayagraj]]. Shahganj is connected with [[Azamgarh]], and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur city]] with [[Ghazipur]], by branches of the [[Bengal and North Western Railway]].

==Passenger movement==
[[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi]] and [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Lucknow]] on the main line, and [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] on a branch line are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Sheds, workshops and manufacturing facilities==
Lucknow diesel loco shed or Alambagh diesel shed is home to 160+ locomotives, including [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDM-3D, WDG-3A and [[WDG-4]] varieties. Charbagh locomotive workshops handle periodical overhaul jobs. Allahabad has an engineering workshop.<ref name=sheds>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref>

[[Banaras Locomotive Works]] at Varanasi initially assembled [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]] kits. Subsequently, with technology transfer from [[Electro-Motive Diesel|GM EMD]], it produces advanced diesel locomotives with high efficiency and low maintenance costs. It produces around 240 locomotives annually.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shop.html | title= Production Units & Workshops |work=Diesel Loco Works, Varanasi|publisher= IRFCA| access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref>

==Railway reorganisation==
Around 1872, the [[Indian Branch Railway Company]] was transformed into [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]].<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title = IR History: Early History (1832-1869) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oldmartiniansassociation.co.uk/documents/OudhandRohilkandRly.pdf | title = The . Railway | publisher = Old Martinian Association | access-date = 11 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130621225555/http://www.oldmartiniansassociation.co.uk/documents/OudhandRohilkandRly.pdf | archive-date = 21 June 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Indian_Branch_Railway |title = Indian Branch Railway | publisher= fibis| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway was merged with [[East Indian Railway Company]] in 1925.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History III : (1900-1947) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> dia took over the Bengal and North Western Railway and merged it with the Rohilkhand and Kumaon Railway to form the [[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]] in 1943.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Bengal_and_North-Western_Railway |title =Bengal and North Western Railway | publisher= fibis| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref>

In 1952, [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]] were formed. Eastern Railway was formed with a portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]], east of Mughalsarai and [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]. Northern Railway was formed with a portion of East Indian Railway Company west of Mughal Sarai, Jodhpur Railway, Bikaner Railway and Eastern Punjab Railway. North Eastern Railway was formed with Oudh and Tirhut Railway, Assam Railway and a portion of [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> East Central Railway was created in 1996–97.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |title = East Central Railway| publisher= ECR| access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> North Central Railway was formed in 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|title = North Central Railway| publisher= NCR| access-date = 11 January 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/varanasi-junction-bsb/334 Trains at Varanasi]
*
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/jaunpur-junction-jnu/1742]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/lucknow-charbagh-lko/336 Trains at Lucknow Charbagh]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varanasi-Lucknow line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1872]]
[[Category:Lucknow NR railway division|*]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Screenplay

2025-11-02T13:11:38Z

VirginiaOxenham: Done

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Screenplay
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best screenplay in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1962
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR Convert|100000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 61
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[G. D. Madgulkar]]
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = Shashikant Khandare
| website =
}}

The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Screenplay''' is an award, begun in 1962, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''1962'''
|[[G. D. Madgulkar]]
|''[[Prapanch]]''
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Madgulkar |first=Sumitr |title=Marathi Songs {{!}} G D Madgulkar {{!}} Gadima {{!}} ग. दि. माडगूळकर {{!}} गदिमा {{!}} मराठी गाणी {{!}} Gani {{!}} Geete {{!}} GeetRamayan |url=https://www.gadima.com/ |access-date= |website=www.gadima.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''1963'''
|[[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas|K. A. Abbas]]
|''Phakira''
|
|-
|'''1964'''
|[[G. D. Madgulkar]]
|''[[Pathlaag]]''
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|'''1965'''
|Shankar Patil
|''Vavtal''
|
|-
|'''1966'''
|[[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
|''[[Sadhi Mansa]]''
|
|-
|'''1967'''
|Ram Kelkar
|''Kaka Mala Vachva''
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|'''1968'''
|Madhusudan Kalelkar
|''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]''
|-
|'''1969'''
|Madhusudan Kalelkar
|''Apradh''
|-
|'''1970'''
|Ram Kelkar
|''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]''
|-
| '''1971'''
|S. N. Navre
|''Gharkul''
|-
|'''1972-73'''
|Madhusudan Kalelkar
|''Jawai Vikat Ghene Aahe''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhusudan Kalelkar |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213115949/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date= |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''1974'''
|[[Jagdish Khebudkar]]
|''Sugandhi Katta''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| '''1975'''
|Rajesh Mujumdar
|''[[Pandu Havaldar]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-11-07 |title=The man behind the villain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/the-man-behind-the-villain/articleshow/302761540.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| '''1976'''
|Shankar Patil
|''Choricha Mamla''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1977'''
|[[Anant Mane]]
| rowspan="2" |''Farari''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Shankar Patil
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1978'''
|[[G. D. Madgulkar]]
| rowspan="2" |''Devkinandan Gopala''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Vitthal Wagh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1979'''
|[[Anant Mane]]
| rowspan="2" |''Haldi Kunku''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Shankar Patil
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1980'''
|[[Madhav Shinde]]
| rowspan="2" |''Sansar''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=यशवंत दत्त (यशवंतसिंह महाडीक) – profiles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/profiles/yashwant-datta-yashwantsinha-mahadik/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Avinash Masurekar
|-
| '''1981'''
|[[Vijay Tendulkar]]
|''[[Umbartha]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-19 |title=Marathi playwright Vijay Tendulkar dies |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-dies/65528-19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203315/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marathi-playwright-vijay-tendulkar-dies/65528-19.html |archive-date=2013-12-27 |access-date= |work=IBNLive}}</ref>
|-
|'''1982'''
|G. R. Kamat
|''[[Shapit]]''
|
|-
|'''1983'''
|[[Vasant Sabnis]]
|''Raghu Maina''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|'''1984'''
|S. N. Navre
|''Hech Maze Maher''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|'''1985'''
|Yashwant Ranjankar
|''Ardhangi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|'''1986'''
|Shrinivas Bhanage
|''Tuzya Vachun Karmena''
|
|-
|'''1987'''
|[[Vasant Sabnis]]
|''[[Gammat Jammat]]''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''1988'''
|[[Vasant Sabnis]]
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| '''1989'''
|Purushottam Berde
|''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]''
|-
|'''1990'''
|Ramakant Kavthekar
|''Aaghat''
|-
| '''1991'''
|Prakash Berlekar
|''Vedh''
|-
| '''1992'''
|[[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande]]
|''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''1993'''
|Ujjwal Thengadi
|''Vazir''
|-
|'''1994'''
|[[Jabbar Patel]]
|''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''
|
|-
| '''1995'''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]]
|''[[Doghi]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Jaya Ganga, Mirch Masala, Party, Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''1996'''
|Vijay Kuwlekar
|''Rao Saheb''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| '''1997'''
|Pratap Gangavane
|''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''
|-
| '''1998'''
|S. N. Navre
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1999'''
|Ajit Dalvi
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bindhaast]]''
|-
|Prashant Dalvi
|-
|'''2000'''
|Dr. Chandrashekhar Phansalkar
|''[[Astitva]]''
|-
|'''2001'''
|[[Abhiram Bhadkamkar]]
|''[[Devki]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2002'''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]]
|''[[Vastupurush]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Bulletin: May 3rd |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}</ref>
|-
| '''2003'''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for an oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2004'''
|Bipin Nadkarni
|''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subodh Bhave (सुबोध भावे) - Marathi Actor, Director and Producer |url=https://subodhbhave.com/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=subodhbhave.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2005'''
|[[Mahesh Kothare]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Khabardar (film)|Khabardar]]''
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Abhiram Bhadkamkar]]
|-
| '''2006'''
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|''[[Matichya Chuli]]''
|-
| '''2007'''
|Girish Joshi
|''[[Kadachit]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2008'''
|Prasad Mirasdar
| rowspan="2" |''[[Made in China (2009 Indian film)|Made In China]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='जोगवा'साठी उपेंद्र लिमयेला राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/5492381.cms |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Santosh Kolhe
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2009'''
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mi Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy!]]''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Abhijeet Deshpande
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2010'''
|[[Ajinkya Deo]]
| rowspan="2" |''Jeta''
|-
|Amol Shedge
|-
| '''2011'''
|Sachin Darekar
|''[[Morya (film)|Morya]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''2012'''
|[[Ravi Jadhav]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Balak-Palak]]''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaksparsh Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|Ambar Hadap
|-
|Ganesh Pandit
|-
|'''2013'''
|[[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 51st Maharashtra State Film Awards |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/slide/imgid/40284194.cms}}</ref>
|-
|'''2014'''
|Shrikant Bojewar
|''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2015'''
|[[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Double Seat]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards 2016: Full Nominations List - Marathi Cineyug |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120402/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-date=2016-06-03 |access-date= |website=marathicineyug.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sameer Vidwans]]
|-
| '''2016'''
|Sanjay Krushnaji Patil
|''[[Dashakriya]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=State Award winning film Bandookya release date out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/state-award-winning-film-bandookya-release-date-out/articleshow/59367741.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| '''2017'''
|Sanjay Navgire
|''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=55th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Distribution Celebrated - Latest Photos {{!}} दिमाखात पार पडला ५५ वा महाराष्ट्र मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा - Watch Galleryimages Photos at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2018'''
|[[Shivaji Lotan Patil]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bhonga]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2019-06-22 |title=56th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Winners |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/awards/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners.php |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Nishant Dhapse
|-
|'''2019'''
|[[Vikram Phadnis]]
|''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pimple Saudagar resident receives best debut director award in 57th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Ceremony - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pimple-saudagar-resident-receives-best-debut-director-award-in-57th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-ceremony/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''2020'''
|Shantanu Rode
|''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''2021'''
|Rasika Aagashe
|''Ticha Shahar Hona''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2022'''
|[[Sachin Kundalkar]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=६० व्या व ६१ व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पारितोषिकांचे, तसेच चित्रपती व्ही.शांताराम व स्व.राज कपूर पुरस्कारांचे वितरण |url=https://mahasamvad.in/174491/ |website=Mahasamvad}}</ref>
|-
|Tejas Modak
|-
|'''2023'''
|Shashikant Khandare
|''Gypsy''
|}
==Multiple wins==

Individuals with two or more Best Screenplay awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Recipients
|-
|4
|{{Cslist|Shankar Patil}}
|-
| 3
| {{cslist|[[G. D. Madgulkar]]|[[Vasant Sabnis]]|Madhusudan Kalelkar}}
|-
| 2
| {{cslist|[[Anant Mane]]| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]| [[Sumitra Bhave]]| [[Vijay Tendulkar]]|[[Abhiram Bhadkamkar]]|S. N. Navre|Ram Kelkar|||||}}
|-
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Screenplay]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar

2025-10-24T07:37:31Z

VirginiaOxenham: page fix

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Tiruppur Angappa Ramalingam Chettiar
| honorific-suffix =
| image = T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar.jpg
| imagesize = 100px
| order1 = Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| term_start1 = 1951
| term_end1 = 1952
| monarch1 =
| primeminister1 = [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor1 = None
| successor1 = [[Parvathi Krishnan]]
| birth_date = 18 May 1881
| birth_place = [[Tiruppur]]
| death_date = 1952
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai]]
| profession = Politician
| spouse =
}}

'''Tiruppur Angappa Ramalingam Chettiar''' (18 May 1881 – 1952) was an Indian lawyer, politician, member of parliament and businessman from the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Early life==
Ramalingam was born to Tiruppur Angappa Chettiar and his wife Meenakshi Ammal at [[Tiruppur]] on 18 May 1881. Angappa Chettiar was a cotton [[merchant]] and banker. At a very early age, Ramalingam was sent to [[Coimbatore]] for [[schooling]]. He passed his matriculation with distinction and enrolled at [[Presidency College, Madras]] from where he graduated in law in 1904. Soon after his graduation, Ramalingam began to practice at the [[Madras High Court]] and served as the president of the Bar Council of [[Madras]].<ref name=A>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091701180300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103123813/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091701180300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=He led by example|date=17 September 2005}}</ref>

==Politics==
Ramalingam developed a keen interest in politics during his term as the president of the bar council. He served first as the Vice-President and then, the President of the district board of Coimbatore from 1913 onwards. He also served as the vice-chairman and Chairman of the Coimbatore municipality. In 1921, he became a member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]].<ref name=A/> In 1946, Ramalingam was elected a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from Coimbatore. He participated in the debates on federalism<ref name=B>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/166504/|title=Constituent Assembly Debate on 31 May 1949 |publisher=www.indiankanoon.org}}</ref> and language policy.<ref name=A/><ref name=C>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/constituent/vol4p6.pdf|title=Constituent Assembly of India Debates(Proceedings) Volume IV −21 July 1947 |publisher=}}</ref> In 1951, he was elected unopposed to the [[Lok Sabha]] from Coimbatore.

==Co-operative movement==
Ramalingam Chettiar was one of the pioneers of the co-operative movement in [[Madras Presidency]] and was associated with the movement since 1911. He started the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Federation and published a monthly called ''Kooturavu''. He established the Ramalingam Co-operative Training Institute in Coimbatore. He was instrumental in the formation of the Central Co-operative Bank, Urban Bank, Land Development Bank, co-operative milk union and co-operative printing press in Coimbatore.<ref name=D>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010658340300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214074009/http://hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010658340300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|title= Father of co-operative movement |date=6 January 2009}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Ramalingam died in 1952. The co-operative institute he established is still functioning at Coimbatore.<ref name=D/> After his death, his heirs established the T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar Trust in his memory. The trust runs a Higher Secondary School named after him. The trust also sponsors a number of scholarships and endowments in various educational institutions in Coimbatore.

==See also==

* [[T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramalingam, Chettiar}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cooperative organisers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Politicians from Coimbatore]]

Sector 78, Noida

2025-10-11T13:21:58Z

VirginiaOxenham: Put Up New Details W/ Infobox

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sector 78, Noida
| official_name = National Capital Region Territory
| settlement_type = City Area
| image_skyline =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5614|77.3847|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North India]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = Noida
| governing_body = Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 200
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201306
| area_code = 0120
| registration_plate = UP-16
}}
Sector 78, is a location close to the centre of [[Noida]] city in [[India]]. It is dominated by residential areas, interspersed by commercial areas in between. The landmark and spectacular [[Vedvan Park]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/work-to-begin-soon-on-30-crore-park-dedicated-to-indian-scriptures-saints/story-hkIulGKymsM93Rqm47YgLK.html|title=Work to begin soon on ₹30 crore park dedicated to Indian scriptures, saints|date=24 July 2020 }}</ref> a theme park with a laser and light and sound show, dedicated to Indian culture attracts tourists and people from far and near. [[Sector 78]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/10635/after-long-wait-sec-78-park-in-for-a-walking-track|title=After long wait, Sec 78 park in for a walking track}}</ref> Noida is a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of India.

== Geography ==
The sector is located in [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state India. It is about 20 kms. southeast of [[New Delhi]], {{convert|24|km|mi}} northwest of the district headquarters, [[Greater Noida]] and {{convert|455|km|mi|0}} northwest of the state capital, [[Lucknow]], 18 km from [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] of New Delhi. It is bound on the west and south-west by the [[Yamuna]] River, on the north and north-west by the city of [[Delhi]], on the north-east by the cities of [[Delhi]] and [[Ghaziabad, India]] and on the north-east, east and south-east by the [[Hindon River]]. Sector 78 falls under the catchment area of the [[Yamuna]] river and is located on land, adjoining the old river bed. It is famous for its modern and swish lifestyle.

== Education ==
Sector 78 houses The Manthan School, adjoining [[Mahagun Moderne Housing Society]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/noida-mahagun-moderne-apartments-50-bed-isolation-ward-oxygen-plant-covid19-patients-coronavirus-703285|title=Noida society begins 50-bed isolation ward with own oxygen plant|date=8 May 2021 }}</ref> and several tutorial institutes namely Unloq Minds Tutorials (Antriksh Golf View 2 Mart), Wisdom Cubes (Sunshine Helios), S.F.A.T Coaching (Sikka Kaima Galleria) and more.

== Economy ==
The sector houses two malls and several marts, viz. Mahagun Mart, Hyde Park Crowne, upcoming Windsor Court Shopping Mart, Antriksh Golf View 2 Shopping Mart, Sunshine Helios Shopping Mart, Sikka Kaima Galleria and Aditya Urban Casa Shopping Mart, in addition to in-premises shops in Antriksh Golf View 1. It houses branches of leading Indian banks like Axis Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, IndusInd Bank, Kotak Bank, Yes Bank and more.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== Transport ==
Sector 78 has good road connectivity. The [[Aqua Line Metro]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-aqua-line-of-metro-linking-noida-and-greater-noida-opens-for-public/324249|title=Aqua Line Of Metro Linking Noida And Greater Noida Opens For Public}}</ref> service connects Sector 52, Noida with Depot Station, Greater Noida. The sector is served by Sector 101 Metro Station. There are public buses connecting the sector with other sectors in Noida, in addition to on-hire three wheelers (auto rickshaws) and on-call cabs.

== See also ==
* [[Buddh International Circuit]]
* [[Greater Noida]]
* [[Gurgaon]]
* [[Noida]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Noida]]

Farhang-e-Asifiya

2025-09-02T15:45:21Z

VirginiaOxenham: Made Info

{{short description|Urdu dictionary}}

{{Use Pakistani English|date = March 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Farhaṅg-i Āṣafiyya
| image = Farhang e Asifiya Cover.jpg
| caption = Book cover
| author =
| editor = [[Syed Ahmad Dehlvi]]
| country = [[British India]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| orig_lang_code = ur
| title_orig = {{Nastaliq|فَرْہَن٘گِ آصَفِیَّہ}}
| genre = [[Dictionary]]
| publisher = [[Rifah-e-Aam Press]] ([[Lahore]])
| pub_date = January 1901 (1st edition)
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| website = {{URL|https://archive.org/details/FarhangAsifiya}}
}}

'''Farhang-e-Asifiya''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|فرہنگ آصفیہ}}|lit=The Dictionary of Asif}}) is an Urdu-to-Urdu dictionary compiled by [[Syed Ahmad Dehlvi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hakala |first1=Walter |title=Negotiating Languages: Urdu, Hindi, and the Definition of Modern South Asia. |date=2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780231178303 |pages=115}}</ref> It has more than 60,000 entries in four volumes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kHhAAAAMAAJ|title=Reference Sources in Modern Indian Languages: A Study on Oriya Language|last=Padhi|first=Pitambara|date=1994|publisher=Gayatridevi Publications|pages=26|language=en}}</ref> It was first published in January 1901 by the [[Rifah-e-Aam Press]] in [[Lahore]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/FarhangAsifiya/00514_Farhang_Asifiya_4/page/n2/ |title=Farhaṅg-i Āṣafiyya |date=January 1901 |publisher=[[Rifah-e-Aam Press|Rifāh-i {{Lhr}}Ām Press]] |editor-last=Saiyid Ahmad Dehlvi |editor-first= |editor-link=Syed Ahmad Dehlvi |edition=1st |volume=4 |location=[[Lahore]] |pages=1 |language=ur |script-title=ur:فَرْہَن٘گِ آصَفِیَّہ |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=farhang-e-asifiya |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/farhang-e-asifiya-volume-004-syed-ahmad-dehlvii-ebooks-1 |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
It was compiled from 1868 to 1898.<ref name=":1" /> This dictionary is believed to be the most comprehensive work of Urdu lexicon.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940|pages=1042|language=en}}</ref>

== Lexicography ==
There were Urdu dictionaries before this, but they described Urdu [[vocable (lexicography)|vocable]]s either in [[Persian language|Persian]] or in [[English language|English]] (because of the emergence of [[British Raj]]). These dictionaries contained mostly common words and idioms and had limited extent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farhang-e-Asifiya |trans-title=فرہنگِ آصفیہ |url=https://xn--mgbqf7g.com/%d9%81%d8%b1%db%81%d9%86%da%af/%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%aa |website=Urdu Gah}}</ref> This was the first Urdu-to-Urdu dictionary. During its compilation, Syed Dehlvi’s health worsened and he got into monetary issues. It was only completed with the support of the ruler of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Mahboob Ali Khan|Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]], after whom the dictionary was named.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794661|title=Farhang-i-Aasifiya: a dictionary reflecting cultural heritage|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=April 29, 2013|website=DAWN|access-date=March 12, 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dictionaries]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language non-fiction literature]]
[[Category:Urdu-language encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Urdu dictionaries]]
[[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad]]

{{dictionary-stub}}

Kasba, Purnia

2025-08-25T01:29:55Z

VirginiaOxenham: created new post.

{{Other uses|Kasba (disambiguation){{!}}Kasba}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kasba
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Satellite Town
| image_skyline = Kasba Railway Station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kasba Railway Station
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.8500|N|87.5500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Urban Agglomeration]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Purnia|Purnia Urban Agglomeration]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar parishad|City Council]]
| governing_body = Kasba Nagar Parishad
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 25522
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 854330
| registration_plate = BR-11
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kasba, Purnia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kasba''' is a satellite town of [[Purnia|Purnia city]] and part of [[Purnia|Purnia Urban Agglomeration]] in [[Purnia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kasba had a population of 25,522. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kasba has an average literacy rate of 49%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 41%. In Kasba, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Geographical location==

Situated in the North Eastern part of Bihar, Kasba lies between 87.5' Eastern Longitude and 25.8 Degree North Latitude. Covers 0.5% (30 km2) of the state's area. Kasba can be broadly divided into two physiographic units, the Plains and the Plateau. A land endowed with minerals, fertile green fields, peace fallboard force, vast market and a political system committed to industrial growth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pin Code: KASBA PURNIA, PURNIA, BIHAR, India, Pincode.net.in|url=https://pincode.net.in/BIHAR/PURNIA/K/KASBA_PURNIA|access-date=2021-07-09|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Road===
{{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} passes through Kasba. This National Highway connects Kasba to [[Purnia]], [[Siliguri]], [[Guwahati]], [[Kolkata]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Patna]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Porbandar]].

Another, State Highway starts from Kasba that direct connects it to [[Line Bazar Purnia|Line Bazar]](Medical hub of this region), [[Purnia Court railway station]] and [[Kosi Division]].

===Railways===
Kasba railway station lies on [[Jogbani-Katihar line]]. This station has direct trains for {{rws|Jogbani}}, {{rws|Purnia}} and {{rws|Katihar}}. Two Express trains pass through Kasba but don't stop here, only [[DEMU]] stops here. For long-distance trains, people have to go {{rws|Purnia}} and {{rws|Katihar}} for board on their train.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://kasba-purnia.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203183426/http://www.kasba-purnia.com/ |date=3 December 2012 }}

{{Purnia Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purnia district]]

Kaler (village)

2025-08-13T21:41:17Z

VirginiaOxenham: created a location.

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaler
| native_name = ਕਲੇਰ
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
|| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.714105|N|74.830620|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = Block
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151203
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
}}
'''Kaler''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaler · Punjab 151203, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kaler,+Punjab+151203/@30.7139945,74.8283131,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175633ade07af7:0xedfef1a9fcaabc68!8m2!3d30.7136532!4d74.8309741!16s/g/1th5gvh5?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQxNi4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Kaler · Punjab 151203, India |language=en}}</ref> As per the population census of 2011, the village has population of 1365 of which 735 are males and 630 were females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaler Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35563-kaler-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The geographical area of village is about 457 Hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaler (91) village in Faridkot taluka, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://vill.co.in/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-045002420/kaler-91-002420355630/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

K. V. Ramanadhan

2025-07-30T23:54:32Z

VirginiaOxenham: created a details.

{{Short description|Indian writer (1932–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = K. V. Ramanadhan
| honorific_suffix =
| image = K_V_Ramanathan.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|08|29}}
| birth_place = [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2023|04|10|1932|08|29}}
| death_place = [[Thrissur|Trichur]], [[Kerala]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, teacher
| language = Malayalam, English
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = [[Children's literature]]
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Appukuttanum Gopiyum'',|''Commander Gopi'',|''Aamayum Muyalum Orikkal Koodi'',|''Atbhutha Vanaranmar'',|''Atbhutha Nirali''}}
| spouse = K. K. Radha
| partner = 
| children = 2
| relatives =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] (1994)|[[List of Malayalam literary awards#C. G. Santhakumar Award|C. G. Santhakumar Award]] (2011)|[[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Malayalam|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] (2014)}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
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| signature_type =
| years_active =
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}}

'''K. V. Ramanadhan''' (29 August 1932 – 10 April 2023) was an Indian children's writer in [[Malayalam]]. He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] in 1994 for his work ''Atbhutha Nirali'', the [[List of Malayalam literary awards#C. G. Santhakumar Award|C. G. Santhakumar Award]] by the [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]] in 2011 and the [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Malayalam|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] in 2014 for his overall contribution to the field of children's literature.

==Life==
Ramanadhan was born in 1932 on Palace Road near the famous [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]] in [[Irinjalakuda]] in present-day [[Thrissur district|Trichur district]] of [[Kerala]] state, India. His mother was Kizhakkevalappil Kochukutti Amma and his father was Manammal Shankara Menon.<ref name=Profile/> He was educated at Irinjalakuda Sangameswaravilasam LP School, [[Ernakulam]] Govt Boys High School, [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Ernakulam Maharajas College]], and [[Thrissur|Trichur]] Govt Training College. From 1951 to 1987, he served as a teacher and headmaster at Irinjalakuda National High School.<ref name=Profile>{{Cite web |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=803 |title=കെ.വി. രാമനാഥൻ |language=ml |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415005202/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=803 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of his students during this period include oncologist [[V. P. Gangadharan]], [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] former chairman [[K. Radhakrishnan]], actor [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] and playback singer [[P. Jayachandran]].<ref name=Hindu/>

Ramanadhan died on 10 April 2023 at a private hospital in Trichur. He was survived by his wife K. K. Radha, retired principal, of Government Vocational Higher Secondary School, Irinjalakuda; and two daughters.<ref name=Mathrubhumi>{{Cite news |title=കെ.വി.രാമനാഥന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/k-v-ramanathan-passes-away-1.8468262 |language=ml |date=10 April 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Ramanadhan published his first story in 1949 in ''Deenabandhu'' newspaper's weekend edition.<ref name=Mathrubhumi/> He regularly contributed to several periodicals in the ensuing decades, kindling the imagination of an entire generation of children and instilling in them the power of dreams.<ref name=Hindu>{{Cite news |title=Tearful adieu to noted children's writer K.V. Ramanadhan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tearful-adieu-to-noted-childrens-writer-kv-ramanadhan/article66725465.ece |language= |date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413003126/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tearful-adieu-to-noted-childrens-writer-kv-ramanadhan/article66725465.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref> He also wrote for English magazines such as Shankar's ''Children's World'', ''[[The Hindu]]'''s ''Young World'', ''Young Expression'', ''Young Communicator'' and ''Children's Digest''.<ref name=Mathrubhumi/> His children's literature books ''Appukuttanum Gopiyum'' and ''Aamayum Muyalum Orikkal Koodi'' won awards from [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]].<ref name=Profile/> ''Atbhutha Vanaranmar'' won the Kairali Children's Booktrust Award and ''Atbhutha Nirali'' won the Bhima Smaraka Award and the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]].<ref name=Profile/> His other works include ''Commander Gopi'', ''Swarnathinte Chiri'', ''Munthirikkula'', ''Kannuneer Muthukal'', ''Visha Vriksham'', ''Mantrika Poocha'', ''Kuttikalude Sakunthalam'', ''Ajnatha Lokam'', ''Swarna Muthu'' (children's literature), ''Pravahangal'', ''Chuvanna Sandhya'' (novel) and ''Ragavum Thalavum'' (short story).<ref name=Profile/> Ramanadhan is also a recipient of the Samastha Kerala Sahithya Parishad Award for Short Story.<ref name=Profile/>

In 2024, the [[Irinjalakuda]] unit of Yuvakalasahithy instituted a literary award in memory of K. V. Ramanadhan. The first award was won by [[E. P. Sreekumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=കെ വി രാമനാഥന്‍ സാഹിത്യപുരസ്‌കാരം ഇ പി ശ്രീകുമാറിന് |url=https://www.dcbooks.com/kv-ramanathan-literary-award-to-ep-sreekumar.html |language=ml |date=2 April 2024 |archive-url= |archive-date= |publisher=[[DC Books]] |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

==Works==
; Children's literature
* ''Appukkuttanum Gopiyum''
* ''Mantrika Poocha''
* ''Kuttikalude Sakunthalam''
* ''Atbhutha Vanaranmar''
* ''Atbhutha Nirali''
* ''Adrisya Manushyan''
* ''Tagore Kathakal''
* ''Kuttikalkku Snehapurvam''
* ''Commander Gopi''
* ''Aamayum Muyalum Orikkal Koodi''
* ''Visha Vriksham''
* ''Swarnathinte Chiri''
* ''Kannuneer Muthukal''
* ''Kunjurumpum Kulakkozhiyum''

; Novel
* ''Pravahangal''
* ''Chuvanna Sandhya''

; Short story
* ''Ragavum Thalavum''
* ''Karmakandam''

; Others
* ''Malayala Bala Sahityam: Udbhavavum Valarchayum'' (Study)
* ''Ormayile Manimuzhakkam'' (Memoir)

==Awards==
* 1961: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] Award – ''Appukuttanum Gopiyum''<ref name=Mathrubhumi/>
* 1968: [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] Award – ''Aamayum Muyalum Orikkal Koodi''<ref name=Mathrubhumi/>
* 1987: Kairali Children's Booktrust Award – ''Atbhutha Vanaranmar''<ref name=Mathrubhumi/>
* 1992: Bhima Smaraka Award – ''Atbhutha Nirali''<ref name=Mathrubhumi/>
* 1994: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] – ''Atbhutha Nirali''<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Mal_Awards.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426134403/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Mal_Awards.htm |date=26 April 2013 }} (in Malayalam). [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</ref><ref>[http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 "Literary Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618062155/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |date=18 June 2012}}. [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</ref>
* 2011: [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]]'s [[List of Malayalam literary awards#C. G. Santhakumar Award|C. G. Santhakumar Award]] – Overall contribution<ref>[https://ksicl.org/%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%ae%e0%b4%97%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%b8%e0%b4%82%e0%b4%ad%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b5%e0%b4%a8-%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%b8%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%be%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%82/ "സമഗ്ര സംഭാവന പുരസ്കാരം"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115044833/https://ksicl.org/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82/ |date=15 January 2023}}. [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]]. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</ref>
* 2014: [[List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Malayalam|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] – Overall contribution<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanadhan, K. V.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Lallan Kumar Saraf

2025-07-28T13:09:56Z

VirginiaOxenham: improved article

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
'''Lallan Kumar Saraf''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] as nominated member from [[Janata Dal (United)]]. He is son of former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]], Lakhi Prasad Saraf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20140609-how-to-become-an-mlc-803939-2014-05-31|title=How to become an MLC|date=May 31, 2014|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/india/why-cant-you-be-sacked-hc-to-12-bihar-mlcs.html|title=Why can't you be sacked: HC to 12 Bihar MlCs|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-jdu-professional-cell-will-also-reach-every-booth-saraf-2875968.htm/|title=Patna News, पटना न्यूज़, पटना की खबरें|website=www.livehindustan.com|access-date=2020-04-10|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410182115/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/patna/story-jdu-professional-cell-will-also-reach-every-booth-saraf-2875968.htm/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraf, Lallan Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Suresh Krishna (businessman)

2025-07-23T13:19:55Z

VirginiaOxenham:

{{Short description|Indian industrialist (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Suresh Krishna
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Suresh Krishna Businessman.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1936|12|24}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras Presidency]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Science]] (chemistry) [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Literature]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College]], India [[University of Wisconsin]], U.S. [[University of Munich]], Germany
| occupation = Industrialist
| years_active =
| employer =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| height =
| title = Chairman
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| boards =
| spouse = Usha Krishna
| children = 3
| mother = [[Ambujam Krishna]]
| relatives = [[TVS family]] [[T V Sundram Iyengar]] (grandfather)
| awards = "Sir Jehangir Ghandy Medal for Industrial Peace", "Businessman of the Year 1995", JRD Tata Corporate Leadership Award
| honours = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Padma Shri]] (2006)
| website = {{website|http://www.sundram.com}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Suresh Krishna''', an Indian industrialist, is the Chairman of Sundram Fasteners Limited (SFL),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundram.com/investor.php|title=Investor {{!}} Sundram Fasteners|website=sundram.com|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> and the Chairman of the holding company, T V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.motorindiaonline.in/corporate/suresh-krishna-appointed-tvs-sons-chairman/|title=Motor India - TVS Chairman|work=Motor India Online}}</ref>

Suresh Krishna is the grandson of the founder of [[TVS Group]], late [[T. V. Sundaram Iyengar|Sri T V Sundram Iyengar]], and the eldest son of the late Sri T S Krishna.

==Career==
Currently, SFL has 27 factories including one each in China and the United Kingdom. SFL manufactures a variety of automotive products such as high tensile fasteners, cold extruded parts, sintered metal parts, power train components, radiator caps, wind energy components, hot forged parts, foundry parts, water pumps and oil pumps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundram.com/about-us.php|title=About Us {{!}} Part of the Legendary TVS Group of Companies Started in 1911|website=sundram.com|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

Under his leadership, SFL became the first Indian Engineering company to acquire ISO 9000 certification.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/01/12/stories/0612000d.htm| date=12 January 2000 | title=Quality matters for success|first= Sushila | last=Ravindranath |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 March 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is also the first engineering company in India to achieve Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) Excellence Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tpmclubindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=263|title=All India JIPM TPM Award Winners|website=tpmclubindia.org|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>
[[File:Suresh Krishna's communication Meeting at Factory.jpg|thumb|Suresh Krishna sharing his thoughts with employees. |alt=]]

==Net worth==
[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] lists his net worth as of April 2022 at $1.1 billion USD.<ref>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Suresh Krishna |website=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] - [[The World's Billionaires]]|date= |url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/suresh-krishna/?list=billionaires&sh=31a120dd5cd6|accessdate=August 19, 2022|archive-url=| archive-date=}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Suresh Krishna served as the President of the [[Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India]] from 1982 to 1984<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acma.in/Executive-Committee/Past-Presidents.htm|title=Past Presidents|website=acma.in|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> and as the President of the Confederation of Indian Industry from 1987 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cii.in/CII_Past_presidents.aspx|title=CII|website=cii.in|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

He has been board director of several TVS Group companies, as well as for the Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India, Tata Steel,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tatasteel.com/investors/annual-report-2008-09/html/board_of_directors_tatasteel.html|title=Tata Steel {{!}} 102nd Annual Report 2008 - 2009|website=tatasteel.com|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd, Institute for Financial Management & Research, etc.

He was appointed as a Director on the Central Board of the Reserve Bank of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/29/stories/06290006.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=RBI board reconstituted|date=2000-11-29|access-date=2019-03-04}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
The Government, Business and Industry bodies have recognized Suresh Krishna's contributions.

* 2006 - Padma Shri Award for his contribution to Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Trade%20and%20Industry&Place=Tamil%20Nadu |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
* 1997 - Qimpro Platinum Standard for being a role model for Quality Leadership for Corporate India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qimpro - Qimpro Awards - Business |url=https://www.qimpro.com/foundation/awards/business |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=qimpro.com}}</ref>
* 1998 - Juran Quality Medal by the Indian Merchants Chamber, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMC RBNQA |url=http://imcrbnqa.com/Juran-Winners.html |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=imcrbnqa.com}}</ref>
* 2000 - JRD Tata Corporate Leadership Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards AIMA Jrd Tata Corporate Leadership Award {{!}} AIMA |url=https://www.aima.in/conferences-events/awards/aima-jrd-tata-corporate-leadership-award.html |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=aima.in}}</ref>
* 2002 - The Asian Productivity Organization, Japan conferred the Nation Award (for India) on Suresh Krishna for his outstanding contribution towards productivity improvement in the country during the last five years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-01-12 |title=Quality matters for success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/01/12/stories/0612000d.htm |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* 2001 - Entrepreneur of the Year Award from Ernst & Young<ref>{{Cite web |title=E&Y Award |url=https://www.ey.com/in/en/about-us/entrepreneurship/entrepreneur-of-the-year/ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-program-hall-of-fame}}</ref>
* 2017 - Life Time Achievement Award by the Nanayam Vikatan for his contribution to Industry<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Naanayam Vikatan |date=2017-12-22 |title=#LiveUpdates தமிழகத்தில் சிறந்த தொழில்முனைவோர்களை கெளரவிக்கும் நாணயம் விகடன் பிசினஸ் ஸ்டார் அவார்ட்ஸ் - 2017 #NanayamAwards2017 {{!}} Nanayam Vikatan Business Star Awards 2017 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/111499-nanayam-vikatan-business-star-awards-2017.html |access-date=2019-03-04 |language=ta}}</ref>
* 2019 - Quality Ratna Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sundram Fasteners' Suresh Krishna conferred CII's 'Quality Ratna' award |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/sundram-fasteners-suresh-krishna-conferred-cii-quality-ratna-award-44754 |access-date=2019-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Shri Suresh Krishna, a well known entrepreneur, at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|Suresh Krishna receiving Padma Shri from President APJ Abdul Kalam at Rashtrapathi Bhavan on 29.3.2006|alt=]][[File:Quality Ratna Award.jpg|thumb|Suresh Krishna receiving India's First Quality Ratna Award]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Suresh}}
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Madurai]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Madras]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:TVS family]]

David Washbrook

2025-06-09T16:02:43Z

VirginiaOxenham:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|British historian (1948–2021)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = David Washbrook
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|04|25|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|01|24|1948|04|25|df=y}}
| occupation = Historian
| known_for = Socio-political and economic study of South India between 18th and 20th centuries
| notable_works = {{Plainlist|
* ''South India: Political Institutions and Political Change''
* ''The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency''
* ''Colonial India: A Social History''
}}
}}

'''David Anthony Washbrook''' (25 April 1948{{Spaced en dash}}24 January 2021) was a British historian and author who studied [[modern India]] with a specific focus on the socio-political and economic conditions of South India between the 18th and 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RIP David Washbrook: Historian, scholar, mentor par excellence|url=https://www.dailyo.in/voices/david-washbrook-cricket-historian-university-of-oxford-st-antony-s-college-mentor/story/1/34149.html|access-date=26 January 2021|website=www.dailyo.in|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164826/https://www.dailyo.in/voices/david-washbrook-cricket-historian-university-of-oxford-st-antony-s-college-mentor/story/1/34149.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Menon|first=Parvathi|date=21 April 2015|title=Historian Christopher Bayly dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/historian-christopher-bayly-dead/article7126900.ece|access-date=26 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131120708/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/historian-christopher-bayly-dead/article7126900.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the director of the Centre for Indian Studies and a member of the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the [[University of Oxford]] and later a research professor and fellow of [[South Asian history]] at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=History with a Political Edge|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/multimedia/archive/02244/Archive_Washbrook__2244912a.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131120706/https://www.thehinducentre.com/multimedia/archive/02244/Archive_Washbrook__2244912a.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2021|access-date=25 January 2021|website=The Hindu Centre}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=16 December 2014|title=History should be a ground of contestation: David Washbrook|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/History-should-be-a-ground-of-contestation-David-Washbrook/article10946444.ece|access-date=26 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126023454/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/History-should-be-a-ground-of-contestation-David-Washbrook/article10946444.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=David Washbrook|url=https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/people/david-washbrook|access-date=27 January 2021|website=www.orinst.ox.ac.uk|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125223206/https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/people/david-washbrook|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Washbrook was born on 25 April 1948 and was raised in a less-affluent part of [[South London]]. His mother was born in [[India]], and his father served [[India in World War II|there during World War II]].<ref name=Tribute-paid-trin/> His father died when he was young and he was raised by his mother.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Samita|title=David Washbrook, in memoriam|url=https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/news/david-washbrook-memoriam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129091910/https://www.hist.cam.ac.uk/news/david-washbrook-memoriam|archive-date=29 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-30|publisher=Faculty of History, University of Cambridge}}</ref>

Washbrook studied at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he completed his fellowship dissertation in 1971 and followed it up with a [[PhD]] in 1974.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Visiting Scholar Creates a Passage to India {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1986/10/30/visiting-scholar-creates-a-passage-to/|access-date=27 January 2021|website=www.thecrimson.com|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126160147/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1986/10/30/visiting-scholar-creates-a-passage-to/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Washbrook|first=D. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFKVPwAACAAJ|title=The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency 1870–1920|date=7 January 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05345-7|location=|pages=ix|language=en|access-date=26 January 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131120708/https://books.google.com/books?id=bFKVPwAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> He held a pre-research linguistic studentship (1969{{Spaced en dash}}1970) and the JRF research fellowship (1971{{en dash}}1975) from Trinity College, Cambridge, and also held the Hayter Studentship (1970{{en dash}}1971) as a grant from the UK's [[Department of Education and Science (UK)|Department of Education and Science]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> He was the director of the Centre for Indian Studies, a member of the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the [[University of Oxford]], as well as a research professor and fellow of [[South Asian history]] at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He was also a visiting professor at [[Harvard University]], teaching courses on [[South Asia]] and the making of modern India.<ref name=":4" />
== Career and research ==
Washbrook began his career with a specific research focus on the history of southern India between the 18th and 20th centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Chatterji|first1=Joya|last2=Parthasarathi|first2=Prasannan|date=1 March 2017|title=Introduction|journal=Modern Asian Studies|language=en|volume=51|issue=2|pages=227–234|doi=10.1017/S0026749X17000117|issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free}}</ref> His research centred on the localized provincial history of the region and built on colonial-bureaucratic records. His research also covered the socio-political and economic structures of [[South India]] of this period including social history of capitalism in the region.<ref name=":0" /> He was also an authority on the study of the [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name=":1" />

In the mid-1970s, he wrote two major works on the politics of South India during [[British Raj|British colonial rule]]. The first, ''South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940'' (1975), was co-written with historian Christopher Baker, and the second, ''Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency, 1870–1920'' (1976), built upon his doctoral thesis. These two books, amongst other works from [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]-based historians, led to a re-evaluation of politics in [[British India]].<ref name=":1" /> The emerging view was called '[[Cambridge School of historiography|Cambridge School]],' and was controversial for some of the ideas introduced.<ref name=":1" /> In these works and in other publications from this time, Washbrook drew attention to the economic conflict during the colonial era. He built on these themes in his paper ''<nowiki/>'Country Politics'<nowiki/>'' which was published in the academic journal ''[[Modern Asian Studies]]'' in 1973 and studied the political economy along [[Caste system in India|caste]] and class lines outlining the inherent inequalities.<ref name=":1" /> He would further develop these themes and topics in his essays including ''<nowiki/>'Land and labour in late eighteenth century South India: the golden age of the pariah,'<nowiki/>'' in which he explored colonial capitalism and laws with a focus on land and property rights.<ref name=":1" /> He continued work in this area with ''<nowiki/>'Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India''' where he used law as means to study colonialism and social change in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Washbrook|first=D. A.|date=1 July 1981|title=Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/law-state-and-agrarian-society-in-colonial-india/5D4CE6F07ABA6E5FF1D4FA9CAD72FE44#.YA98uEFg6_0.twitter|journal=Modern Asian Studies|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=649–721|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00008714|s2cid=145176900 |issn=1469-8099|via=|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126061937/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/abs/law-state-and-agrarian-society-in-colonial-india/5D4CE6F07ABA6E5FF1D4FA9CAD72FE44#.YA98uEFg6_0.twitter|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

From 1974 to 1992, Washbrook was a member of the History Department at the [[University of Warwick]]. Discussions with colleagues specialising in French, British, German, American and Russian history nurtured his, and his colleagues, developing global perspective. Despite being offered a chair after a year-long sojourn at Harvard, Washbrook returned to Warwick where he pioneered the teaching of India outside of specialist centres. After moving on, he remained a frequent visitor and member of the Global History and Culture Centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News in the Department of History – University of Warwick|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/news/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=warwick.ac.uk|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102135545/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/news/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Through the 1980s and 1990s, he continued developing his viewpoints in his essays, many of which would go on to serve as guides to the history of modern South Asia.<ref name=":1" /> He served as a guide to many historians and doctoral students during this time as they built on his ideas around studying the history of the region through a socio-political lens. He also drew from the integration between the ecology and agriculture of the region, making a distinction between 'wet' and 'dry' districts as means to study the local politics.<ref name=":1" /> During this period, he also shifted his focus to include the early 18th century, which was the first century of British colonial rule in India. Working with [[Christopher Bayly]] and [[Frank Perlin]], two other noted historians of this time, he brought a new energy to the study of this period, triggering many debates on the origins of British rule and the prevailing conditions including the pre-colonial Indian order. He argued that India had developed a form of capitalism during this period and "in a certain sense, colonialism was the logical outcome of South Asia’s own history of capitalist development."<ref name=":1" />

He observed that British colonial rule in the southern part of India had exposed the local elites to European ideas enabling cross-cultural dialogue and yielding net positive cultural outcomes, specifically calling out the Maratha court in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Scobie|first=Claire|date=21 August 2017|title=There's history between India and Britain|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/how-india-and-britain-changed-each-other/article19534213.ece|access-date=27 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013423/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/how-india-and-britain-changed-each-other/article19534213.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking about the role of the [[Princely state|princely states]] in the social development of the region, he considered their contributions had been relegated to the margins in modern Indian history despite leading the nation on education, social development, and public health investments and outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2017|title=David Wash-brook: History of princely states do not feature in the larger Indian narrative, says Cambridge professor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/history-of-princely-states-do-not-feature-in-the-larger-indian-narrative-says-cambridge-professor/articleshow/57212510.cms|access-date=27 January 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103211108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/history-of-princely-states-do-not-feature-in-the-larger-indian-narrative-says-cambridge-professor/articleshow/57212510.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Washbrook was a part of a group of over 180 historians who wrote in protest to the [[UK Home Office]] in July 2020, asking them to reverse the "misrepresentation of slavery" and glorification of the [[British Empire]] and colonial India in a book that immigrants had to study before passing the 'Life in UK' test for permanent residency in the UK and [[UK citizenship]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Revise official history on India, British empire urgently, historians tell UK|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/revise-official-history-on-india-british-empire-urgently-historians-tell-uk/story-YHke8kJgcS9D7yOpeutumM.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124033851/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/revise-official-history-on-india-british-empire-urgently-historians-tell-uk/story-YHke8kJgcS9D7yOpeutumM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The letter went on to state that the book had false and misleading information including claims of an orderly decolonization process, which the historians noted was "demonstrably false".<ref name=":6" />

== Death ==
Washbrook died on 24 January 2021. The cause for his death was not announced. He was aged 72.<ref name=Tribute-paid-trin>{{cite web |title=Tributes paid to Dr David Washbrook 1948–2021 |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/tributes-paid-to-dr-david-washbrook-1948-2021/ |publisher=Trinity College Cambridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129105918/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/tributes-paid-to-dr-david-washbrook-1948-2021/ |archive-date=29 January 2021 |date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterji |first1=Joya |title=Dr David Washbrook, 1948–2021 |url=https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/dr-david-washbrook-1948-2021/ |website=www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk |publisher=The Centre of South Asian Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202224824/https://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/dr-david-washbrook-1948-2021/ |archive-date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

== Published works ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Christopher John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHCwCwAAQBAJ |title=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change|last2=Washbrook|first2=D. A.|date=1975|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-02746-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Washbrook|first=D. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFKVPwAACAAJ |title=The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency 1870–1920|date=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05345-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Washbrook|first=David|date=2004|title=South India 1770-1840: The Colonial Transition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876680|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=38|issue=3|pages=479–516|doi=10.1017/S0026749X03001197|jstor=3876680|s2cid=146459049 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|last1=O'Hanlon|first1=Rosalind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fl6kQEACAAJ |title=Colonial India: A Social History|last2=Washbrook|first2=David|date=2005|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-0-340-52856-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Chatterji|first1=Joya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hCUAgAAQBAJ&q=David+Washbrook&pg=PT27|title=Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora|last2=Washbrook|first2=David|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-01832-9|language=en}}
* {{Citation|title=Postscript by Professor David Washbrook, Trinity College, University of Cambridge|date=2009|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-culture-and-the-indian-city/postscript-by-professor-david-washbrook-trinity-college-university-of-cambridge/A355BF7C9BA38E3120FD98F8772231F2|work=History, Culture and the Indian City|pages=251–259|editor-last=Chandavarkar|editor-first=Rajnayaran|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511642036.012|isbn=978-0-521-76871-9|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Washbrook|first=David|date=2010|title=The Maratha Brahmin model in south India: An afterword|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946461004700407|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=47|issue=4|pages=597–615|doi=10.1177/001946461004700407|s2cid=143539367|issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Washbrook|first=David|date=2019|title=Forms of citizenship in pre-modern South India|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2019.1603270|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=23|issue=3|pages=224–239|doi=10.1080/13621025.2019.1603270|s2cid=151009083|issn=1362-1025|url-access=subscription}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{ResearchGate|id=David-Washbrook}}
* [https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/tributes-paid-to-dr-david-washbrook-1948-2021/ Professors Anil Seal, Joya Chatterji and Boyd Hilton pay tribute to their fellow historian, Dr David Washbrook, who died on 24 January 2021.]

{{Authority Control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Washbrook, David}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:British historians]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Historians of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Historians of colonialism]]
[[Category:Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of history]]

Girdhari Ram Gonjhu

2025-05-01T05:49:40Z

VirginiaOxenham: Made Entry

{{Short description|Scholar of the Nagpuri language (1949–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 5 December 1949
| birth_place = Belwadag, [[Ranchi district]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Khunti district]], [[Jharkhand]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|04|15|1939|12|5}}
| death_place = [[Ranchi]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Professor, writer, scholar
| language = {{unbulleted list|[[Hindi]]|[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]}}
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = India
| education = M.A, B.Ed, LLB, PhD
| alma_mater =
| period = 1975 - 2019
| notableworks = {{unbulleted list|Jharkhand ki Sanskritik Virasat|Nagpuri ke Prachin Kavi|Jharkhand ke lokgeet|Jharkhand ke Badhya yantra|Sadani Nagpuri Vyakaran|Nagpuri Sabdkosh|Matrubhasha ki Bhumika
}}
| spouse = Smt. Saraswati Devi
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|Indranath Gonjhu (Father)| Smt. Lalmani Devi (Mother)}}
| awards = {{unbulleted list|[[Padma Shri]] (2022)|
Jharkhand Ratna}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| imagesize =
}}

'''Girdhari Ram Gonjhu''' (5 December 1949 – 15 April 2021) was a prominent scholar of the [[Nagpuri language]]. He was former chairman of the Tribal-Regional Language Department at [[Ranchi University]] in state of Jharkhand. He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution in the field of literature and education in the Jharkhand posthumously in 2022.<ref name ="indiannation">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiannation.in/padma-awards-know-about-girdhari-ram-gonjhu-of-jharkhand-posthumously-given-padma-shri-by-the-government-of-india/|title=Padma Awards: Know about Girdhari Ram Gonjhu of Jharkhand, posthumously given Padma Shri by the Government of India|website=indiannation|date=26 January 2022|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref name ="avenuemail">{{cite news|url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-litterateur-giridhari-ram-gonjhu-to-be-conferred-padma-shri-posthumously/?amp|title=Jharkhand Litterateur Giridhari Ram Gonjhu to be conferred Padma Shri posthumously|website=avenuemail|date=25 January 2022|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/nagpuri-writer-gonjhu-gets-padma-shri/articleshow/89126736.cms|title=Nagpuri writer Gonjhu gets Padma Shri|website=timesofindia|date=26 January 2022|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
Girdhari Ram Gonjhu was born in Belwadag in [[Khunti district]] in [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]) on 5 December 1949 to Indranath Gonjhu and Lalmani Devi. He completed M.A, B.Ed., LLB and PhD.<ref name="prabhatkhabar">{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/state/jharkhand/ranchi/dr-girdhari-ram-gonjhu-of-jharkhand-padma-shri-award-posthumously-remained-active-in-the-field-of-writing-smj|title=झारखंड के डॉ गिरधारी राम गौंझू को मरणोपरांत पद्मश्री सम्मान, लेखन के क्षेत्र में लगातार रहे सक्रिय|website=prabhatkhabar|date=25 January 2022|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news11.live/jharkhand-s-eminent-educationist-girdhari-ram-ganjhu-was-posthumously-awarded-padma-shri/jharkhand/news/15231.html|title=झारखंड के प्रख्यात शिक्षाविद गिरधारी राम गंझू को मरणोपरांत पद्म श्री|website=news11|date=26 January 2022|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> He married Saraswati Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-congratulations-to-the-family-members-of-girdhari-ram-gonjhu-5674271.amp.html|title=गिरधारी राम गोंझू के परिजनों को दी बधाई|website=livehindustan|date=27 January 2022|access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>

===Career===
Gonjhu started his teaching career as a professor at Parambir Albert Ekka Memorial College in Chainpur, Gumla in 1975. Then he was professor at Gossner College Ranchi in 1978. Then he was professor of Ranchi College and Ranchi University. He was head of the department of tribal and regional language department at Ranchi University. He had written more than 25 books including ''Jharkhand ki Sanskritik Virasat'', ''Nagpuri ke Prachin Kavi'', ''Jharkhand ke lokgeet'', ''Jharkhand ke Badhya yantra'', ''Sadani Nagpuri Vyakaran'', ''Nagpuri Sabdkosh'', ''Matrubhasha ki Bhumika'', ''Khukhda-Rugdi'', ''Ritu ke Rang Mandar ke Sang'', ''Mahabali Radhe Kar Balidan'', ''Jharkhand ka Amar Putra: Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh Munda'', ''Maharaja Madra Munda'' and ''Akhra Nindaye Gelak'' etc.<ref name ="indiannation"/><ref name="avenuemail"/><ref name="prabhatkhabar"/>

===Last days and Death===
He retired from [[Ranchi University]] and staying in Ranchi.
He died on 15 April 2021 due to breathing problems in RIMS, Ranchi.<ref name="prabhatkhabar"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindi.news18.com/amp/news/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-renowned-nagpuri-litterateur-dr-giridhari-ram-gaonjhu-passed-away-due-lack-treatment-cgnt-3559948.html|title=इलाज के अभाव में प्रख्यात नागपुरी साहित्यकार और रंगकर्मी डॉ. गिरधारी राम गौंझू का निधन|website=|date=16 April 2021|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>

==Awards==
He was awarded [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution in the field of literature and education in Jharkhand posthumously in 2022. Earlier he was awarded the "Jharkhand Ratna" award by the government of Jharkhand.<ref name ="indiannation"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonjhu, Girdhari Ram}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:People from Khunti district]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuri-language writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Jhunjhala

2025-04-06T12:05:44Z

VirginiaOxenham: created new page.

{{more citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Junjala
| official_name = Jhunjhala
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaur]]
| established_title = 
| population_total = 740
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 341024
| area_total_ha = 412.04
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jayal]]
}}

'''Junjala or Jhunjhala''' is a small village in [[Nagaur district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Jhunjhala has a total population of 740 peoples according to Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>
[[File:Junjala Gusain Temple.JPG|thumbnail|Gusain temple, Junjala]]

==Location==
Junjala is located at a distance of 30 km from [[Nagaur]] in the south direction on Nagaur - Merta Road. Nearest railway station is also Mundwa or Nagaur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gusai Tempal |url=http://www.pareeksamaj.com/vishesh/temple-tirth/gusai-tempal.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.pareeksamaj.com}}</ref>

==Fair==
[[File:Pond at Junjala village.jpg|thumb|Pond at Junjala village in the west.people consider its water sacred.]]
[[Gusainji Maharaj]] temple is situated at village. People come from [[Rajasthan]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and Uttar Pradesh. Fairs are organized here twice on chaitra sudi 1-2 and Ashwin sudi 1-2.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=rajasthaninformation |title=Gosai Baba Ka Mandir गोसाई बाबा का मंदिर - PuraniHistory |url=https://puranihistory.com/gosai-baba-ka-mandir/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-12 |title=जुंजाला मेले में उमड़े श्रद्धालु {{!}} shraddhaalu reached at the Junjala Fair in nagaur |url=https://www.patrika.com/nagaur-news/shraddhaalu-reached-at-the-junjala-fair-in-nagaur-1-3555297/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>[[File:Gusainji temple inside Junjala.jpg|thumb|Inside Gusainji temple, Junjala, Rajasthan, India.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}
{{Nagaur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nagaur district]]

{{Ajmerdivision-geo-stub}}

51 Medium Regiment (India)

2024-09-23T13:20:17Z

VirginiaOxenham: added a pg

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=51 Medium Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1961 – present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=51 Med Regt
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto= Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal (Everywhere with Honour and Glory) Farz-o-dileri
|colors= Red & Navy Blue
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=1 March – Raising Day
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
'''51 Medium Regiment''' is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].
== Formation==
The regiment was raised on 1 March 1961 in a field area at Harchura in [[Assam]] as '''51 Mountain Composite Regiment (Pack)'''. It was one of the few animal pack artillery units raised prior to the 1962 war, when the gravity of the threat posed by the Chinese started emerging. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Anyattuparmbil John Itty Cheria. The regiment had a headquarters battery, three mountain (pack) batteries with [[QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer|3.7 inch mountain howitzers]] and a mortar battery equipped with 120 mm mortars. Three batteries were of [[Dogras|Dogra]] troops and one of [[Sikhs]].<ref name="GJ">{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/golden-jubilee-of-51-medium-regt-01-mar-2011/ |title=APS Cover March 2011 -Golden Jubilee|date=2011-03-01|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Tribune">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140904/nation.htm|title=Gunners of 51 Mountain Regiment remember old times|date=2014-09-04|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref> The regiment shed its [[Packhorse|pack animals]] in 1966.<ref name="HT">{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/remembering-51-mountain-regiment/story-ITh2ZMYVxgvizuMOVDWZpK.html|title=Remembering 51 Mountain Regiment|date=2014-09-07|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref> After 25 years as a mountain regiment, the unit was converted to a field regiment and is currently a medium regiment. The regiment presently consists of 139, 140 and 141 medium batteries. Of the initial four batteries, 142 Mountain Battery was hived off and formed the nucleus of 182 Light Regiment (Pack) in September 1965 (presently [[1821 Light Regiment (India)|1821 Light Regiment]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://samsshopping.com/product/1821-light-regiment/|title=1821 Light Regiment-Indian Army Postal Cover|date=2015-09-15|accessdate=2024-01-02}}</ref>

==Operations==
The regiment has taken part in the following operations –
{{Expand list|date=January 2024}}
*[[Sino-Indian War]] – Soon after its formation, the regiment saw action in the [[Tawang]] Sector. Thought then still without its guns, it was deployed in an infantry role, used as reconnaissance and observation detachments and as [[Artillery observer|forward observers]] during the war.<ref name="Tribune"/><ref name="HT"/> Lieutenant A S Balasubramanian and four [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]] lost their lives during the war (when serving with [[22 Medium Regiment (India)|22 Mountain Regiment]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.honourpoint.in/profile/lieutenant-a-s-balasubramanian/|title= Lieutenant A S Balasubramanian|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiaofthepast.org/sites/indiaofthepast.org/files/pdf/1962war/kia1962list.pdf|title=Extract of MIA/KIA list – 1962|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref>

*During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], the unit was in the eastern sector and did not see action.<ref name="Tribune"/>
*[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]] – The regiment was equipped with [[75/24 Pack Howitzer|75/24 mountain guns]] and was part of 19 Artillery Brigade under [[19th Indian Infantry Division|19 Infantry Division]]. It was deployed along the [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]]-[[ Tangdhar, Jammu and Kashmir|Tangdhar]] axis in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and saw intense action.<ref name="Tribune"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit |title=Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971|date=1994|publisher= Spantech & Lancer|isbn=978-1897829554|page=43}}</ref> 141 Mountain Battery was part of the artillery support for the 104 Infantry Brigade offensive in [[Teetwal|Tithwal]] sub-sector to capture many strategic posts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203255/5/chapter%203.pdf|title=Anjan Mukherjee in Evolution of Indian Artillery and its Impact on India's Comprehensive Military Power, chapter II|access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref>
*[[Operation Brasstacks|Operation Trident]]
*Operation Falcon
*Operation Rhino – counter terrorist operations in [[Assam]]
*Operation Rakshak – counter terrorist operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
*[[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]]

==Gallantry awards==
The regiment has won the following gallantry awards<ref name="GJ"/> -
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*[[Shaurya Chakra]] – 1 (Major Gurmukh Singh Dhillon<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.csl_weekly.1985-03-16.O-0776-1985-0011-34493/|title=Gazette of India, No 11, page 301|date=1985-03-16|access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref>)
*[[Sena Medal]] – 4 (Major Jagtar Singh Virk<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1974.7/|title=Gazette of India, No 10, page 284|date=1974-03-09|access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref>)
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] – 1 (Colonel Rajesh Kumar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.2004.477|title=Gazette of India, No 17, page 382|date=2004-04-24|access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref>)
*[[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|Chief of Army Staff Commendation cards]] – 15
*[[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|Vice Chief of Army Staff Commendation cards]] – 1
*[[Commendation Card (Indian Army)|General Officer Commanding in Chief Commendation cards]] – 16

==Motto==
The motto of the regiment ''Farz-o-dileri'' was coined by the third commanding officer - Lieutenant Colonel AS Cheema.<ref name="GJ"/>
==Notable Officers==
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*Major General Kuldip Singh Bajwa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/gen-who-fought-three-wars-with-pakistan-passes-away-362163|title=Gen who fought three wars with Pakistan passes away|date=2017-02-10|access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1961]]
[[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]

Roman Catholics in India

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Chartered engineer (India)

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Malai laddu

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Bala, Prayagraj

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{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Bala''' is a village in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="EC Data">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2002/pollupd/ac/states/s24/acnstcand255.htm|title=State Elections 2002|accessdate=August 26, 2010|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=2002|author=Election Commission of India|work=List of Contesting Candidates|format=Text/HTML}}</ref>

==References==
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{{Prayagraj district}}
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[[Category:Villages in Prayagraj district]]

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