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Mizoram Secular Alliance

2026-05-07T09:33:49Z

VirgilioBrereton: Starting A Article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

'''Mizoram Secular Alliance''' (MSA), formerly known as '''Mizoram Secular Force''' (MSF) is a political alliance in [[Mizoram]]. It was launched ahead of the [[2004 Lok Sabha elections]]. MSA comprised [[Indian National Congress]], [[Mizoram People's Conference]] and [[Zoram Nationalist Party]].

{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Mizoram Secular Alliance
| abbreviation = MSA
| national_convener =
| no_of_members = 3 Parties
|foundation = 17 Aug 2023
|colorcode = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|chairman = {{Nowrap|[[C. Ngunlianchunga]]}}
|headquarters= [[Mizoram]]
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|1|hex=#00BFFF}}
|state_seats_name = [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats= {{Composition bar|1|40|hex=#00BFFF}}
|eci=|alliance=[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]|president=[[Lalsawta]]}}

In the 2004 elections, MSF had a joint candidate for the sole [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Laltluangliana Khiangte.<ref name="www.outlookindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mizo-opp-parties-form-alliance-to-field-common-candidate/208503 |title=Mizo opp parties form alliance, to field common candidate |newspaper=Outlook India |date=17 March 2004 |author= |accessdate= December 24, 2020}}</ref> Khiangte lost the seat with {{formatnum:159170}} votes (45.67% of the votes in the state).<ref name="www.hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mnf-bags-mizo-ls-seat/story-MJ7I4RFDAKbPZc36L3AsKP.html |title=MNF bags Mizo LS seat - india - Hindustan Times |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=14 May 2004 |author= |accessdate= December 24, 2020}}</ref> Khiangte won in 9 out of 40 assembly constituencies making up the Lok Sabha constituency.

In 2023, the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Zoram Nationalist Party]], and the [[Mizoram People's Conference]] joined hands to defeat the [[Mizo National Front]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|state elections]] in [[Next Indian general election|2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web Team |first=BS |date=21 August 2023 |title=Ahead of polls, Congress forms Mizoram Secular Alliance to take on BJP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/mizoram-elections/ahead-of-polls-congress-forms-mizoram-secular-alliance-to-take-on-bjp-123082100381_1.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Members==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|+
!No.
!Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Photo
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" ! |'''1.'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| [[Zodintluanga Ralte]]
| [[File:Zodintluanga_Ralte.jpg|50px]]
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Zoram Nationalist Party}};color:white"|'''2'''
|[[Zoram Nationalist Party]]
|
|
|H. Lalrinmawia
|
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}};color:white" |'''3'''
|[[Mizoram People's Conference|Mizoram Peoples Conference]]
|
|[[File:Bulb Election Symbol.svg|50px]]
|Vanlalruata
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Mizoram]]

{{India-party-stub}}

List of things named after Kempe Gowda I

2026-04-30T11:38:21Z

VirgilioBrereton:

[[File:Kempe Gowda statue, Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore (2022) cropped.jpg|thumb|108-foot tall statue of Kempegowda near [[Kempegowda International Airport]]]]
'''[[Kempe Gowda I]]''' (27 June 1510 – 1569) was a governor under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in [[History of India|early-modern India]]. He founded the city of [[Bengaluru]]. Places and institutions named after him include:

== Educational institutions ==

* [[Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* Kempegowda Institute of Physiotherapy<ref>{{cite web |title=Kempegowda Institute Of Physiotherapy |url=http://www.kimsphysiotherapy.org/about_us.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627190302/http://www.kimsphysiotherapy.org/about_us.htm |archive-date=27 June 2016 |access-date=2018-07-17 |publisher=Kimsphysiotherapy.org}}</ref>
* Kempegowda College of Nursing<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.kimsnursing.org/about_us.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604194244/http://www.kimsnursing.org/about_us.htm |archive-date=4 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=www.kimsnursing.org}}</ref>
* Kempegowda Residential PU College

== Public Infrastructure ==

=== Airports ===

* [[Kempegowda International Airport]], Bengaluru<ref>{{cite news |date=24 November 2013 |title=Bangalore International Airport Ltd will be Kempegowda International Airport from December 14 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-24/news/44412735_1_kempegowda-international-airport-december-14-bial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315113811/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-24/news/44412735_1_kempegowda-international-airport-december-14-bial |archive-date=15 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

=== Roads ===

* Kempegowda Road, Bengaluru<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2 August 2016 |title=Portion of K.G. Road caves in near Metro line |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Portion-of-K.G.-Road-caves-in-near-Metro-line/article14547586.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== Bus Stations ===

* [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], Bengaluru<ref name="Bangalore Mirror1">{{cite web|title=From lake to multi-modal transport hub, this station is truly Majestic|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/From-lake-to-multi-modal-transport-hub-this-station-is-truly-Majestic/articleshow/52047379.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=29 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Metro Stations ===

* [[Nadaprabhu Kempegowda station, Majestic|Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Metro Station]], [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)]], Bengaluru

=== Railway stations ===

* [[Kempegowda International Airport halt railway station]]

== Residential Areas ==

* Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Layout<ref>{{Cite web |last=Realtors |first=Shivom |date=2025-10-09 |title=All about Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Layout |url=https://bdasites.in/all-about-nadaprabhu-kempegowda-layout/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=BDAsites.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Monuments and memorials ==

* [[Statue of Prosperity]]
* [[Kempegowda Museum]]<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |date=8 April 2011 |title=Kempe Gowda Museum opens at last |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Bangalore/article1609509.ece |access-date=2013-03-03 |work=The Hindu |location=Bangalore}}</ref>

== Organisations ==

* Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Development Authority<ref name="history2">{{cite web |title=Remembering the city's founder |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bangalore/others/remembering-the-citys-founder/articleshow/59328742.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627014149/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bangalore/others/remembering-the-citys-founder/articleshow/59328742.cms |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |publisher=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Kempegowda Award]]<ref name="history2" />
== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:16th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]

Babarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-28T18:47:05Z

VirgilioBrereton:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Babarpur
| state = Delhi
| loksabha_cons = [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]]
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Gopal Rai]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| district = [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 67
}}

'''Babarpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India. Babarpur assembly constituency is a part of [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Naresh Gaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Vinay Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Naresh Gaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Gopal Rai]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Babarpur]]<ref name="Babarpur Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Babarpur Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/babarpur |accessdate=14 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214172522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/babarpur |archivedate=14 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Babarpur">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Babarpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0567.htm |access-date=23 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223055558/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0567.htm |archive-date=23 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Rai]]
|votes = 76192
|percentage = 53.20
|change = {{decrease}}6.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anil Vashishtha|votes=57,198|percentage=39.9|change={{Increase}}3.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mohammad Ishraque]]|votes=8,797|percentage=6.1|change={{Increase}}2.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the Above|votes=474|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,994|percentage=13.3|change={{decrease}}9.86}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,770|percentage=66.2|change={{Increase}}0.43}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2025" />

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Babarpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Rai]]
|votes = 84,776
|percentage = 59.39
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naresh Gaur]]
|votes = 51,714
|percentage = 36.23
|change = +4.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anveeksha Jain
|votes = 5,131
|percentage = 3.59
|change = -4.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 330
|percentage = 0.23
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharm Singh
|votes = 211
|percentage = 0.15
|change = -0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Zahid Ali
|votes = 150
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,062
|percentage = 23.16
|change = -4.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,42,872
|percentage = 65.77
|change = -1.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing = +0.25
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020" />

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Babarpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gopal Rai]]
|votes = 76,179
|percentage = 59.14
|change = +36.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naresh Gaur]]
|votes = 40,908
|percentage = 31.76
|change = +2.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Zakir Khan
|votes = 9,952
|percentage = 7.73
|change = -18.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Abdul Haq
|votes = 765
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -3.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 290
|percentage = 0.23
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,271
|percentage = 27.38
|change = +23.46
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,870
|percentage = 66.99
|change = +1.10
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +29.41
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015" />

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Babarpur]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=67 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Naresh Gaur]]
| votes = 34,180
| percentage = 29.73
| change = -5.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Zakir Khan
| votes = 29,673
| percentage = 25.81
| change = 2.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Gopal Rai]]
| votes = 25,723
| percentage = 22.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peace Party of India
| candidate = Furkhan
| votes = 10,017
| percentage = 8.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Sunil Vasisht
| votes = 5,924
| percentage = 5.15
| change = +4.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Bhure Khan
| votes = 5,019
| percentage = 4.37
| change = -26.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shagufta Rani
| votes = 2,744
| percentage = 2.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Absaar Ahmed
| votes = 794
| percentage = 0.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 460
| percentage = 0.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,507
| percentage = 3.92
| change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,14,978
| percentage = 65.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -5.37
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013" />

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Babarpur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Naresh Gaur
| votes = 31,954
| percentage = 35.10
| change = -4.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate =Hazi Dilshad Ali
| votes = 28,128
| percentage = 30.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anil Kumar Vashishth
| votes = 21,632
| percentage = 23.76
| change = -23.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kailash Chand Jain
| votes = 7,247
| percentage = 7.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Sher Nabi Chaman
| votes = 534
| percentage = 0.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Mohd Ahmed
| votes = 324
| percentage = 0.36
| change = -0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Agar Jan Party
| candidate = A K Aggarwal
| votes = 274
| percentage = 0.30
| change = -0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar Bhati
| votes = 272
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = S A Betab
| votes = 244
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Irfan
| votes = 161
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Abid Khan
| votes = 98
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Inamuddin
| votes = 88
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = United National Loktantrik Party
| candidate = Viqar Hashmi
| votes = 76
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,826
| percentage = 4.20
| change = -3.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 91,032
| percentage = 59.7
| change = +6.86
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = -4.52
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008" />

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Babarpur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Vinay Sharma|votes=25,630|percentage=47.52|change=+6.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Naresh Gaur|votes=21,371|percentage=39.62|change=-3.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=National Loktantrik Party|candidate=Mohd Said|votes=2,617|percentage=4.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Satya Narain Kaushik|votes=1,479|percentage=2.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Mohd Jafar|votes=703|percentage=1.30|change=-0.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Kadir|votes=684|percentage=1.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=S Zaki Haider|votes=374|percentage=0.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Agar Jan Party|candidate=Anil Kumar Sharma|votes=355|percentage=0.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Arvind Kumar Aggarwal|votes=263|percentage=0.49|change=-0.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Justice Party|candidate=Ahmad Ali Khan|votes=202|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Akhil Bharatiya Aman Committee|candidate=Surender Kumar|votes=94|percentage=0.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party|candidate=Nasreen Hamid|votes=83|percentage=0.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Navbharat Nirman Party|candidate=Deen Mohd|votes=79|percentage=0.15|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,259|percentage=7.90|change=+6.07}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=53,934|percentage=52.84|change=+2.45}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +6.39
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003" />

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Babarpur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Naresh Gaur
| votes = 22,606
| percentage = 42.96
| change = -10.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Abdul Hameed
| votes = 21,643
| percentage = 41.13
| change = +26.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Sunil Vashisht
| votes = 4,618
| percentage = 8.78
| change = +8.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Ali Sena
| candidate = M A Chand
| votes = 1,007
| percentage = 1.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Usha Yadav
| votes = 899
| percentage = 1.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Rakesh
| votes = 567
| percentage = 1.07
| change = +0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ram Karan Vishkarma
| votes = 538
| percentage = 1.02
| change = +0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Rasheed Ahmed
| votes = 233
| percentage = 0.44
| change = +7.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Unnatisheel Dal
| candidate = Mukesh
| votes = 166
| percentage = 0.32
| change = +0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal (Jai)
| candidate = Munni Begum
| votes = 132
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahender Kumar
| votes = 71
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kiran Tyagi
| votes = 45
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Uday Kaushik
| votes = 39
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hazi Abdul Saleem Khan
| votes = 35
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Haseen Ahmed
| votes = 21
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 967
| percentage = 1.83
| change = -36.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 52,615
| percentage = 50.39
| change = -15.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -10.36
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998" />

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Babarpur<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Naresh Gaur
| votes = 21,023
| percentage = 53.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bhopal Singh
| votes = 5,722
| percentage = 14.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rifaqt Ali
| votes = 4,251
| percentage = 10.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sunil Vashist
| votes = 3,241
| percentage = 8.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Ishwar Pal
| votes = 2,985
| percentage = 7.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Mangal Sain Gaur
| votes = 618
| percentage = 1.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = G S Kaushik
| votes = 413
| percentage = 1.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Om Dutt
| votes = 373
| percentage = 0.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Mukti Dal
| candidate = Vijender Kumar
| votes = 248
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Neera Tyagi
| votes = 149
| percentage = 0.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ravinder Malik
| votes = 120
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Pashupati Prasanna Ray
| votes = 77
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Parveen Kumar
| votes = 58
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Delhi Poorvanchal Party
| candidate = Madina B Rehman
| votes = 44
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naresh Kumar
| votes = 43
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Buta Ram Sharma
| votes = 28
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Unnatisheel Dal
| candidate = Surendra Tyagi
| votes = 22
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Mahesh Kumar
| votes = 10
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 15,301
| percentage = 38.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 39,425
| percentage = 65.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993" />

==See also==
* [[First Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Second Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.688|77.283|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:North East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation

2026-04-28T16:07:23Z

VirgilioBrereton:

{{Short description|Civic governing body in Bhavnagar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation
| house_type =
| logo = Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation logo.png
| foundation = {{start date and age|2004}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = TBA
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| seats = 52 corporators
| structure1 = Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (44)
'''Opposition'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (8)
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Bhavnagar Mahanagar Seva Sadan, [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.bmcgujarat.com/}}
| motto =
| last_election1 = [[2021 Gujarat local elections|2021]]
| next_election1 = 2026
| party1 = [[BJP]]
| term_length = 5 years
}}

'''Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing [[India]]n city of [[Bhavnagar]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==

Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="bh1">{{cite news |title=gandhinagar: Govt Sanctions 26cr For Water Supply Works {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/govt-sanctions-26cr-for-water-supply-works/articleshow/91996613.cms |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation has been categorised into 52 wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.<ref name="bh3">{{cite news |title=Bhavnagar Municipal Election Result 2021: BJP wins 44 of 52 seats, Congress 8 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhavnagar-local-body-election-results-2021-live-updates-news-1772004-2021-02-23 |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=India Today |date=23 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Kirtibala Danidhariya<ref name="bh2">{{cite news |title=Gujarat: President hands over 1,088 EWS houses in Bhavnagar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/president-hands-over-1088-ews-houses-in-bhavnagar-7597928/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=29 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner .

== Functions ==
Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="Bh9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="Bh10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Bh11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bh12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bh13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bmcgujarat.com/ Official Website]

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar]]

Bina Kak

2026-04-27T01:08:28Z

VirgilioBrereton: Creating.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Beena Kak
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| father =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Bharat Kak (Divorced)
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}
'''Bina Kak''' is an Indian [[politician]] and [[Bollywood]] actress.

==Early life==
Kak was born as Beena Bhasin, one of the six children of Dr. M.R. Bhasin, a government doctor. She has three brothers and two sisters. Her brothers are Dr. B.B. Bhasin, a doctor based in the UK,B.B. Bhasin, a retired [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, and Late Col. Indra Bhushan who died in 2004. Her sisters are Kusum Suri, a retired school teacher based in the United States, and [[Kamla Bhasin]], a writer and feminist activist.<ref>[http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/Bhasin.html Kamla Bhasin]</ref>

Kak graduated from Home Science College, [[Udaipur]] in 1978, and then took a [[Master's degree]] from The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. She then married Bharat Kak. He belonged to a Kashmiri family from Jodhpur that had received jaagir from the Jodhpur and Udaipur royal families. The family had migrated from Kashmir 300 years ago. It was an arranged marriage, initiated by her brother.

==Political career==
Kak's former husband, Bharat Kak, belongs to a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family settled in [[Rajasthan]]. His family, which hails originally from [[Kashmir]], has lived in [[Rani, Rajasthan]] (in [[Pali district]]) for more than two centuries and has long-standing connections to the [[Nehru family]], which was another Kashmiri Pandit family settled in [[Rajasthan]]: the Nehrus had lived in [[Khetri]], [[Rajasthan]], before [[Motilal Nehru]] moved to [[Allahabad]] in the late 1800s in order to practice law at the Allahabad High Court. After marrying Bharat Kak, Beena Kak entered politics in the early 1980s as a member of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].
In 1985, as part of [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s much-touted efforts to bring 'new blood' into politics and into the Congress party, Bina, educated in government schools who had spent her childhood in small villages of Kota district began at the grassroots level as a Congress worker. At the same time lending her mother-in-law, a hand in farming. To her goes the credit of being the first women entrepreneur who rose to be the (president of Youth Congress in Pali). She then became the Mahila Congress President of the district. Her work was noticed by the state leadership, mainly Vishnu Modi, and Gauri Punia. She also vigorously campaigned for Moolchand in 1983.

In 1985, Bina Kak was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the Sumerpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency) and served as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] up to 1990. In 1990 she lost by a mere 274 votes. But many experts are of the opinion that had she been allowed a recounting, she might have won. Bina Kak was reelected as a MLA in 1993 and again in 1998 from the Sumerpur constituency. She lost the election in 2003 only to make a comeback in 2008. In 2013, she lost her seat to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

Bina Kak served for a long period as Cabinet Minister in the Government of Rajasthan, holding at various times the portfolios of Woman & Child Development, Tourism, Art & Culture, Archeology and Printing & Stationery. She was also the Minister of State for Tourism and Cultural Affairs of [[Rajasthan]] from 1998 to 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council of Ministers |url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/Cabinet.htm |publisher=Rajasthan Assembly website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144421/http://rajassembly.nic.in/Cabinet.htm |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also the forest minister during the last Congress government up to 2013.

==Film career==
Kak is close to superstar [[Salman Khan]]'s family. Their brother-sister relationship far transcends the fallout of the court cases pending in the Jodhpur and Pali district courts against the actor for illegal hunting of endangered wild animals in 1998. After losing the assembly elections of 2003, her never say die spirit saw Kak take to acting, a long-held interest. Salman offered her a role in his 2005 film ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'', which was produced by Salman's brother [[Sohail Khan]] and directed by [[David Dhawan]]. In her Bollywood debut, Kak acted as the hot-headed mother of the hero Samir, played by [[Salman Khan]]. In 2008, she again appeared as Khan's mother in ''[[God Tussi Great Ho]],'' which once again was produced by [[Sohail Khan]]. She has acted in few other films such as, ''[[Nanhe Jaisalmer]],'' ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]],'' and ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love]] and [[Jaanisaar|Jaanisar]].''

==Personal life==
Bina Kak married Bharat Kak in the early 1980s. The couple has two children: a son, Ankur Kak, and a daughter, [[Amrita Kak|Amrita Jhunjhunwala]]. Ankur, the older of the two, is a trained chef and currently into real estate development in [[Jaipur]], the capital of [[Rajasthan]]. In 2009, he married Milan Rai, with whom he shares many interests.

Kak's daughter, [[Amrita Kak|Amrita Jhunjhunwala]], is a singer who has recorded several songs for Hindi films, most of them for films produced by or featuring Salman Khan and his family. These include the songs "Just Chill" (''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]''), "Tujhe Aksa Beach" (''[[God Tussi Great Ho]]''), "Love Me Love Me" (''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''), "Character Dheela" (''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'') and "Dhinka chika" (''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''), and "ummeed" ([[Dangerous Ishhq]]). On 29 May 2010, Amrita married Riju Jhunjhunwala, scion of a rich [[Marwari people|Marwadi]] business family and Managing Director of Rajasthan Spinning & Weaving Mills Ltd., which is owned by his family. In October 2012, the couple welcomed a boy.

Bina Kak and her husband, Bharat Kak, were estranged for many years and finally divorced. Bina courted controversy in her marital life which was laid to rest by divorce with mutual consent.

==Social activist==
Bina's ''"Umang"'' to reach out to the weak and needy was realized when she founded [http://www.umangindia.org/aboutus.php Umang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125091833/http://www.umangindia.org/aboutus.php |date=25 November 2018 }}, a center for children with special needs. Umang is an initiative that strives for an inclusive society that provides equal opportunity for all, by enhancing the quality of life of individuals with various disabilities. Umang reaches out to persons with cerebral palsy, autism, mental challenges and multiple disabilities.

==Environmentalist and writer==

A keen environmentalist, Bina Kak as forest minister in 2011 was instrumental in converting [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary|Kumbhalgarh sanctuary]] into a national park.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/kumbhalgarh-to-be-national-park/article2668760.ece |title=Kumbhalgarh sanctuary to be converted into national park}}</ref> In 2013, Bina played a key role in getting Mukandara Hills notified as third tiger reserve after Ranthambore and Sariska.

Bina Kak recently published a book namely Silent Sentinels of Ranthambore, an outcome of her passion for Nature and love of the wild and its small and big creatures.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/salman-khan-launches-bina-kaks-book-silent-sentinels-of-ranthambhore-4258499.html |title=Salman Khan launches Bina Kak's book Silent Sentinels Of Ranthambhore |work=Firstpost |access-date=7 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{BLP more footnotes needed|date=March 2011}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1916343}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144421/http://rajassembly.nic.in/Cabinet.htm Rajasthan Government - Council of Ministers]
* [https://archive.today/20130217233020/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=79&id=20030&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=66]
* [http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/AFFIDAVITS/S20/SE/121/BINAKAK/BINAKAK.htm Affidavit]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091207071715/http://www.jeetegakaun.in/rajasthan_elections_2008/assembly_constituencies/pali_district/sumerpur/congress/beena_kak.php Rajasthan Assembly election 2008 result]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100909010404/http://movies.indiainfo.com/features/salman-khan-2505.html Interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100909010404/http://movies.indiainfo.com/features/salman-khan-2505.html Interview]
* [http://www.umangindia.org Umang]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kak, Beena}}
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:People from Pali district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Women in Rajasthan politics]]
[[Category:Actresses from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Women state cabinet ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]

Yogi Bhajan

2026-04-23T18:03:30Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting new entry w/ infobox

{{short description|American Sikh yogi (1929–2004)}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yogi Bhajan
| image = Yogi_Bhajan_1985.jpg
| caption = In 1985
| birth_name = Harbhajan Singh Puri
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|08|26}}
| birth_place = Kot Harkarn, [[Gujranwala|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2004|10|6|1929|8|26}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Española, New Mexico]], United States}}
| spouse = Bibi Inderjit Kaur
| children = Ranbir Singh, Kulbir Singh, Kamaljit Kaur
| citizenship = {{Plainlist|
* India (1929–1976)
* United States (1976–2004)
}}
| education = Panjab University, New Delhi, India (Master of Economics, 1952), University for Humanistic Studies, Solana Beach, CA, USA (PhD, Psychology of Communication, 1980)
| organizations = Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO), Sikh Dharma International, Kundalini Research Institute, Siri Singh Sahib Corporation
| known_for = Alleged serial sexual assault and abuse, promoting [[Kundalini yoga]], Sikh missionary activities
| title = Yogi, Siri Singh Sahib, Bhai Sahib, Panth Rattan
| signature = Signature of Harbhajan Singh Khalsa.svg
}}

'''Yogi Bhajan''' (born '''Harbhajan Singh Puri''')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/yogibhajan |title=Biography |publisher=Sikhnet |access-date=January 2, 2011}}</ref> (August 26, 1929 – October 6, 2004), also known as '''Siri Singh Sahib''' to his followers, was an American entrepreneur, [[Modern yoga gurus|yoga guru]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Shearer |first=Alistair |title=The Story of Yoga: From Ancient India to the Modern West |title-link=The Story of Yoga |date=2020 |publisher=[[Hurst Publishers]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-78738-192-6 |page=210}}</ref> and putative spiritual teacher. He introduced his version of [[Kundalini yoga]] to the United States. He was the spiritual director of the [[3HO|3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization)]] foundation (and [[3HO#Business ventures|business ventures]]), with over 300 centers in 35 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095926837 |publisher=Oxford Reference |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> He was accused of sexual abuse by several dozen of his female followers; an investigation called the Olive Branch Report found the allegations most likely true.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stuart |first=Gwynedd |date=2020-07-15 |title=Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse |url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/yogi-bhajan/|access-date=2021-02-26 |website=[[Los Angeles (magazine)|Los Angeles Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-15 |title=A New Report Details Decades of Abuse at the Hands of Yogi Bhajan |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/abuse-in-kundalini-yoga/ |access-date=2021-02-26 |website=[[Yoga Journal]]}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa was born on August 26, 1929 into a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] family in Kot Harkarn, [[Gujranwala district]] in the [[Punjab (British India)|province of Punjab]] (now in Pakistan). His father, Dr. Kartar Singh Puri, served the [[British Raj]] as a medical doctor. His mother was named Harkrishan Kaur. His father was raised in the Sikh tradition and young Harbhajan was educated in a Catholic school run by nuns. Singh learned the fundamentals of [[Sikhism]] from his paternal grandfather, Sant Bhai Fateh Singh. Theirs was a well-to-do landlord family, owning most of their village in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]].<ref>Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa,''The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib'', Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa and Sat Kirpal Kaur Khalsam (editors), Los Angeles: Sikh Dharma, 1979, pp. 18-24.</ref>

Singh's schooling was interrupted in 1947 by the violent [[partition of India]], when he and his family fled to [[New Delhi]] as refugees. There, Harbhajan Singh attended Camp College – a hastily put together arrangement for thousands of refugee students – and was an active member of the Sikh Students Federation in Delhi.<ref>Shamsher Singh, "The Fruits of Inner Searching ''The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib'', Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa and Sat Kirpal Kaur Khalsam (editors), Los Angeles: [[Sikh Dharma]], 1979, pp. 44-46; Harbans Lal, "Celebrating the Life of Yogi Harbhajan Singh Ji", ''The Sikh Review'', October 2007, p. 52.</ref> Four years later, he graduated with a master's degree in economics.<ref>Shanti Kaur Khalsa, ''The History of Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere'', Espanola, New Mexico: Sikh Dharma, 1995, pp. 3–4; Gurcharn Singh Khalsa, ''The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib'', Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa and Sat Kirpal Kaur Khalsam (editors), Los Angeles: Sikh Dharma, 1979, pp. 34–35</ref>

In 1953, Singh entered the service of the Government of India. He served in the Revenue Department, where his duties took him all over India. Eventually, Harbhajan Singh was promoted to a customs inspector at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]].<ref>Gurcharn Singh Khalsa, p. 36</ref>

In his final years in India, he also learned from Baba Virsa Singh at Gobind Sadan Institute.<ref name="Deslippe-2012">{{cite journal |last=Deslippe |first=Philip |title=From Maharaj to Mahan Tantric: The Construction of Yogi Bhajan's Kundalini Yoga |date=2012 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271568190 |journal=Sikh Formations |access-date=March 2, 2021 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2012.745303|s2cid=144988035 }}</ref>

In 1968, Singh emigrated to [[Toronto]], Canada equipped with an endorsement from that country's High Commissioner to India, [[James George (diplomat)|James George]], who was also a student of his.<ref>Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa,''The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib'', Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa and Sat Kirpal Kaur Khalsam (editors), Los Angeles: Sikh Dharma, 1979, p. 33.</ref> Harbhajan Singh made a considerable impact in the predominantly Anglo-Saxon metropolis. In three months, he established classes at several [[YMCA]]s, co-founded a yoga centre, was interviewed for national press and television, and helped set in motion the creation of eastern Canada's first Sikh temple in time for [[Guru Nanak]]'s five hundredth birthday the following year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hampton |first=Edna |title=Yoga's Challenges and Promises |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=November 28, 1968 |page=W11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Edmonstone |first=Wayne |title=Sikhs open first temple in Toronto |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |date=August 25, 1969 |page=B5}}</ref>

=== Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization ===

{{Main|3HO}}

[[File:3HO Summer Solstice 1970.jpg|thumb|1970 gathering at Santa Clara Canyon, New Mexico]]

In 1969, Singh established the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] to further his missionary work. His brand of Sikhism appealed to the [[hippy|hippies]] who formed the bulk of his early converts. The Sikh practice of not cutting one's hair or beard was already accepted by the hippie culture. Singh encouraged [[vegetarian]]ism even though Sikhs are traditionally meat eaters. Singh called the hippie youth 'searching souls' who wanted to experience elevated states of awareness and wanted to feel they were contributing to a world of peace and social justice.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-10-09 |title=Yogi Bhajan, 75, 'Boss' of Worlds Spiritual and Capitalistic, Dies (Published 2004) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/09/us/yogi-bhajan-75-boss-of-worlds-spiritual-and-capitalistic-dies.html |access-date=2025-08-27 |language=en}}</ref> He offered them all these things with vigorous yoga, an embracing holistic vision, and an optimistic spirit of sublime destiny.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cowley |first1=Susan Cheever |first2=Martin |last2=Kasindorf |first3=Laurie |last3=Lisle |title=Sikhdom, U.S.A. |journal=[[Newsweek]] |date=April 21, 1975 |page=65}}</ref>
Interest in yoga increased worldwide at this time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |title=The Power of Yoga |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 15, 2001 |volume=157 |issue=16 |pages=54–63 |pmid=11330024 |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,999731,00.html}}</ref> To serve the changing times, Singh created the International Kundalini Yoga Teachers Association, dedicated to setting standards for teachers and the propagation of the teachings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ikyta.org/ikyta-history|title=IKYTA History | IKYTA - International Kundalini Yoga Teachers Association|website=Ikyta.org|access-date=December 15, 2021}}</ref>

In 1994, the 3HO Foundation joined the United Nations as a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, representing women's issues, promoting human rights, and providing education about alternative systems of medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.3ho.org/yogi-bhajan/about-yogi-bhajan/yogi-bhajans-biography|title=Yogi Bhajan's Biography|work=3HO - Happy, Healthy, Holy |date=December 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082829/https://www.3ho.org/yogi-bhajan/about-yogi-bhajan/yogi-bhajans-biography|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=January 2, 2017}}</ref>

=== Other activities ===

[[File:Harbhajan Singh Yogi with Sant Fateh Singh and Giani Mohinder Singh 1971.jpg|thumb|With [[Sant Fateh Singh]] 1971]]

Singh incorporated the storyline of the dawning new age into his teachings, a case of melding Western [[astrology]] with Sikh tradition. He proclaimed that "[[Guru Nanak]] was the Guru for the [[Age of Aquarius|Aquarian Age]]." It was, he declared, to be an age where people first experienced God, then believed, rather than the old way of believing and then being liberated by one's faith.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaur |first=Sardarni |title=Guru for the Aquarian Age: The Life and Teachings of Guru Nanak |publisher=Spiritual Community |location=San Rafael, California |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-913852-01-9 |oclc=1382622 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Piccalo |first1=Gina |title=A Yogi's Requiem |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-23-et-yogi23-story.html |access-date=4 March 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=23 October 2004}}</ref>

[[File:Harbhajan Singh Yogi with Swami A.C. Bhaktivedanta and Jain Muni Shushil Kumar San Francisco 1975.jpg|thumb|With [[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] and [[Sushil Kumar (Jain monk)]], San Francisco 1975]]
[[File:Yogi Bhajan and John Paul II.jpg|thumb|Meeting Pope [[John Paul II]] at the Vatican, 1984]]

In the summer of 1970, Singh participated in an informal "Holy Man Jam" at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] with [[Swami Satchidananda]] (another Eastern yogi who has been accused of sexual abuse of his students), [[Stephen Gaskin]] of The Farm in Tennessee, Zen Buddhist [[Jakusho Kwong]], and other local spiritual leaders. A few weeks later, he organized a gathering of spiritual teachers to engage and inspire the 200,000 attendees of the [[Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)|Atlanta International Pop Festival]] on the stage between the performances of the bands.<ref>{{cite book |first=Lisa |last=Law |title=Flashing on the Sixties |location=San Francisco |publisher=[[Chronicle Books]] |pages=102–107}}</ref>

When U.S. [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]] called drugs America's "Number one domestic problem", Singh launched a pilot program with two longtime heroin addicts in Washington, D.C., in 1972. The program attempted to treat heroin addiction through the practice of yoga and the consumption of [[garlic]] juice.<ref>{{cite news |last=Claiborne |first=William L. |title=Heroin Treatment: Garlic Juice, Yoga |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 22, 1972}}</ref>

In 1984 he started the [[Yogi Tea]] brand.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Douglas |title=Yogi Bhajan, 75, 'Boss' of Worlds Spiritual and Capitalistic, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/09/us/yogi-bhajan-75-boss-of-worlds-spiritual-and-capitalistic-dies.html |accessdate=17 October 2018 |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 9, 2004 }}</ref>

=== Death ===

[[File:Tom Udall and Bibiji.jpg|thumb|Congressman [[Tom Udall]] with Harbhajan Singh Khalsa's widow, "Bibiji"]]

Harbhajan Singh died of complications of heart failure at his home in [[Española, New Mexico|Española]], [[New Mexico]], on October 6, 2004, aged 75. He was survived by his wife, sons, daughter and five grandchildren.<ref name="Martin-2004">{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |title=Yogi Bhajan, 75, Worlds Spiritual and Capitalistic |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 9, 2004 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E2DB123BF93AA35753C1A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |access-date=September 18, 2008}}</ref> Obituaries appeared in ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=A Yogi's Requiem |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-23-et-yogi23-story.html |date=October 23, 2004 |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> the ''[[Times of India]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidinand |date=October 10, 2004 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/880032.cms |title=The Capitalist Yogi |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref name="Martin-2004" /> and ''[[Yoga Journal]]''.<ref>Phil Catalfo, "[http://www.yogajournal.com/article/philosophy/yogi-bhajan/ Luminaries: Yogi Bhajan]", ''[[Yoga Journal]]'', Jan/Feb 2005, p. 144 (republished 2007).</ref> Khalsa's passing was noted by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]], which closed its offices to commemorate his death.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041008/punjab1.htm
|title=SGPC condoles Yogi's death |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=October 7, 2004}}</ref>

The [[State of New Mexico]] honoured him by renaming State Highway 106 as the Yogi Bhajan Memorial Highway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/may/12yogi.htm |title=Highway named after Yogi Bhajan |work=Rediff.com |date=May 12, 2006 |access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref> The New Mexico Government flew its flags at half-mast for two days (Oct 7–8) in his honour after his death on Oct 6, and declared Oct 23 "Yogi Bhajan Memorial Day".<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituary |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=October 25, 2004}}</ref>

== Allegations of sexual abuse ==

{{see also|Sexual abuse by yoga gurus}}

In 2019, Yogi Bhajan's former secretary Pamela Saharah Dyson published the book ''Premka: White Bird in a Golden Cage: My Life with Yogi Bhajan'', reporting that she and other women had abusive<ref name="Lowe 2022"/> sexual relationships with Harbhajan Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dyson |first=Pamela |title=Premka: White Bird in a golden cage: my life with Yogi Bhajan |publisher=Eyes Wide Publishing |publication-place=Maui, Hawaii |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-578-62188-3 |oclc=1142816131 }}</ref><ref name="Lowe 2022">{{cite journal |last=Lowe |first=Scott |title=Review of Premka: White Bird in a Golden Cage. My Life with Yogi Bhajan, by Pamela Saharah Dyson, and: The Inner Circle—Book One: My Seventeen Years in the Cult of the American Sikhs by Peter Macdonald Blachly |journal=[[Nova Religio]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |year=2022 |pages=102-105 |via=[[Project Muse]] |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/869564}}</ref>

In March 2020, the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation commissioned An Olive Branch (AOB) to look into allegations of sexual abuse and rape of female followers and assistants. The AOB report, published in August, found that it was "more likely than not" that Yogi Bhajan raped three women, injured eight women during sex, engaged in nonconsensual touching of nine people, showed pornography to minors, used sexually offensive language, directed women to shave their pubic hair, and directed women to have sex with other women, that his followers' claims that he was celibate were inaccurate, and that he "employed a variety of methods to control his students including compartmentalization, quid pro quo, promises, threats, slander, phone calls, guarding, and/or telling women they were his wife."<ref name="An Olive Branch 2020">{{Cite web |title=2020-08-10 An Olive Branch Report to 3HO re YB Abuses.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h6W_UyinOeIThWJ3s0FS7o8egLKLWUYU/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>

The report acknowledged "the convictions of Yogi Bhajan's Supporters as accurate representations of their beliefs" rather than deliberate falsehoods.<ref name="An Olive Branch 2020"/> Soon after, other media published stories based on the report that considered the allegations to be true.<ref>* {{cite journal |first=Stacie |last=Stukin |title=Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse |journal=Los Angeles Magazine |date=July 15, 2020 |url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/yogi-bhajan/}}<br/>* {{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan 'more likely than not' raped his followers |journal=Asia Samachar |date=August 15, 2020 |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/15/33085/}}<br/>* {{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan's fall from grace. The 'sexual abuse' is just the just beginning |journal=Asia Samachar |date=August 20, 2020 |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2020/08/20/yogi-bhajans-fall-from-grace-the-sexual-abuse-is-just-the-just-beginning/}}<br/>* {{cite news |title=Legacy of Yogi Bhajan swirls in controversy years after his death |journal=Santa Fe New Mexican |date=November 14, 2020 |url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/legacy-of-yogi-bhajan-swirls-in-controversy-years-after-his-death/article_c2abc18a-fe91-11ea-80d7-735e51ee0008.html}}<br/>* {{cite journal |title=A New Report Details Decades of Abuse at the Hands of Yogi Bhajan |journal=Yoga Journal |date=August 15, 2020 |url=https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/abuse-in-kundalini-yoga/}}<br/>* {{cite news |title=Yogi Bhajan, yoga guru and founder of 3HO, 'more likely than not' sexually abused followers, says report |journal=Religion News Service |date=August 18, 2020 |url=https://religionnews.com/2020/08/18/yogi-bhajan-yoga-guru-and-founder-of-3ho-more-likely-than-not-sexually-abused-followers-says-report/}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Media coverage ===

In 1977, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' published a critical article, titled "Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism".<ref name="Wilde 1997"/> The article alleged that Gurucharan Singh Tohra, former President of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC), had stated that Harbhajan Singh is not the leader of Sikhism in the Western World as he claimed, and that Tohra had denied the SGPC had ever given Singh the title of Siri Singh Sahib.<ref name="Wilde 1997">{{cite magazine |last=Wilde |first=James |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915413,00.html |title=Religion: Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=September 5, 1997 |access-date=January 2, 2011}}</ref>

Harbhajan Singh is featured in books discussing the successes of Sikhs who migrated from India to the West, including Surjit Kaur's ''Among the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Surjit |last=Kaur |title=Among the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars |location=New Delhi |publisher=Lotus Collection |year=2003}}</ref> and Gurmukh Singh's ''The Global Indian: The Sikhs''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gurmukh |last=Singh |title=The Global Indian: The Sikhs |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rupi and Co. |year=2003}}</ref>

=== Scholars' views ===

Scholars including Verne A. Dusenbery and [[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]] have concurred that Harbhajan Singh's introduction of Sikh teachings into the West helped identify Sikhism as a world religion while at the same time creating a compelling counter-narrative to that which identified Sikhs solely as a race with a shared history in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dusenbery |first=Verne A. |year=1999 |chapter='Nation' or 'World Religion'?: Master Narratives of Sikh Identity |title=Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change |editor1=Pashaura Singh |editor2=N. Gerald Barrier |location=New Delhi |publisher=Manohar Publishers |pages=127-139}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |year=2013 |chapter=Re-imagining Sikhi ('Sikhness') in the Twenty-first Century: Toward a Paradigm Shift in Sikh Studies |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions |editor1=Pashaura Singh |editor2=Michael Hawley |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Takhar |first=Opinderjit Kaur |year=2005 |title=Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs |location=Aldershot, England |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |pages=172-177}}</ref>

Philip Deslippe, a historian of American religion, wrote a 2012 article "From Maharaj to Mahan Tantric: The Construction of Yogi Bhajan's Kundalini Yoga", using 3HO source archive material and news articles to reveal how Harbhajan Singh recreated his own story after his first trip back to India:<ref name="Deslippe-2012"/>

{{blockquote|I set out to answer the question "where did Kundalini Yoga as taught by Yogi Bhajan (KYATBYB) come from?" and not much else. I tried to support my findings with as much evidence as possible, and for that evidence to be as clear, specific, verifiable, and close to the source, such as interviews with first hand witnesses (Pamela being one of them), quotes from Yogi Bhajan, contemporary newspaper accounts, and exercises taken from manuals. I concluded that in the early years of 3HO, Yogi Bhajan was using the physical yoga of Swami [[Dhirendra Brahmachari]] and the persona and mantra of Baba Virsa Singh, and that the figure of Sant Hazara Singh only became prominent after the first trip to India in 1970-1971 when Yogi Bhajan had a falling out with Virsa Singh.|source=Philip Deslippe<ref name="Deslippe-2012"/>}}

=== Television ===

In 2024, [[HBO]] ran the series [[Breath of Fire (TV series)|''Breath of Fire'']], which talks about the mental and sexual abuse of Yogi Bhajan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/television/breath-of-fire-review-guru-jagat-katie-griggs-yoga-documentary-hbo-ddeaa94a|title='Breath of Fire' Review: A Sham Spiritual Leader on HBO |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=John |last=Anderson |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://decider.com/2024/10/23/breath-of-fire-hbo-review/ |title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Breath Of Fire' On HBO, About The Kundalini Yoga Industry And Its Controversial Young Leader|website=Decider |first=Joel |last=Keller |date=October 23, 2024 |access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |year=2014 |title=Cults: A Reference and Guide |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-54512-5 |pages=159–60|ref=none}}

== External links ==

{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://studentsofyogibhajan.com/ Students of Yogi Bhajan]

{{Modern yoga gurus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhajan, Yogi}}

[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Modern yoga gurus]]
[[Category:People from Española, New Mexico]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Your Honor (Indian TV series)

2026-04-23T12:05:17Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting new article with sources

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{hatgrp|
{{dist|Your Honour (Indian TV series){{!}}''Your Honour'' (Indian TV series)}}
{{for|other TV series with the same name|Your Honor (disambiguation)#Television}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| country = India
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]]
| released =
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| director = [[Eeshwar Nivas]]
| cinematography =
| location = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Hindi
* Punjabi
}}
| composer =
| image = Your Honor 2 poster.jpg
| theme_music_composer =
| writer =
| starring ={{plainlist|
*[[Jimmy Shergill]]
*Pulkit Makol
*[[Mita Vashisht]]
*[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
*[[Parul Gulati]]
}}
| creator =
| runtime = 30–40 minutes
| based_on = {{based on|''{{ill|Kvodo|he|כבודו}}''|Shlomo Mashiach and Ron Ninio}}
| genre = Crime triller
| caption =
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 22
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|06|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|11|19|df=y}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''{{ill|Kvodo|he|כבודו}}'' (2017–2019)
* ''[[Your Honor (American TV series)|Your Honor]]'' (2020–2023)
* ''[[Your Honor (2024 TV series)|Your Honor]]'' (2024)
}}
}}

'''''Your Honor''''' is an Indian [[Thriller film|thriller]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[streaming television]] series, directed by [[Eeshwar Nivas]], under the production house [[Applause Entertainment]]. The series stars [[Jimmy Shergill]], Pulkit Makol, [[Mita Vashisht]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] and [[Parul Gulati]] in the main roles. Despite its name being similar to the [[Your Honor (American TV series)|American adaptation]], the series is adaptated from [[Israeli television|Israeli TV series]] ''Kvodo'' ({{langx|he|כבודו}}).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Shalu |title=Jimmy Shergill, Varun Badola in Indian adaption of Israeli series Kvodo |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/jimmy-shergill-varun-badola-in-indian-adaption-of-israeli-series-kvodo-624503 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |date=2020-06-08}}</ref> The story follows a judge who lets go of his moralities, relationships and goes on to undermine ethics in order to save his son. The series was released on June 18, 2020, on the Indian [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform of [[SonyLIV]].

The second season of ''Your Honor'' was released on November 19, 2021. [[Gulshan Grover]] and [[Mahie Gill]] were the new major additions to the show.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Watch: Jimmy Sheirgill returns as the rule-bending judge in 'Your Honor' season 2 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1010468/watch-jimmy-sheirgill-returns-as-the-rule-bending-judge-in-your-honor-season-2 |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==Premise==

;Season 1

The story of the series revolves around Bishan Khosla and his son. Bishan's son Abeer gets caught in a hit and run case. The boy who is hit in this case by Abeer is the son of the city gangster. Bishan Khosla sacrifices relationships and subverts the law to save his son from a vengeful gangster. The series portrays how even the pinnacle of law breaks in order to save their family.<ref>{{cite web |title=Your Honor: 'रंगबाज' के बाद इस वेब सीरीज़ में नज़र आएंगे जिम्मी शेरगिल, निभा रहे हैं जज की भूमिका |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-sony-liv-upcoming-web-series-your-honor-starring-jimmy-shergill-see-trailer-20371693.html |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Your Honor review: Jimmy Sheirgill puts family before principles in this gripping crime drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/your-honor-review-jimmy-sheirgill-puts-family-before-principles-in-this-gripping-crime-drama/story-LLQDL5aAvh6Rz14XZr2NAK.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Pramit |last1=Chatterjee |title='Your Honor' Review: Jimmy Sheirgill Shines In This Poorly Scripted Crime-Drama |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/14871/your-honor-review-jimmy-sheirgill-shines-in-this-poorly-scripted-crime-drama |website=Mashable India |language=en-in |date=2020-06-17}}</ref>

;Season 2

After Judge Bishan Khosla shot Satnam Mudki, he finds himself in serious trouble, not only with the Mudki family but also the Tarn Taran mafia and Pandit gang that understands the importance of having a [[High court|High Court Judge]] in its pocket.<ref>{{cite news |title=Your Honor Season 2 teaser: Jimmy Sheirgill is back as the morally ambiguous judge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/your-honor-season-2-teaser-jimmy-sheirgill-7615133/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=9 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not worried about being typecast, love being called 'bad man': Gulshan Grover |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/not-worried-about-being-typecast-love-being-called-bad-man-gulshan-grover-1052046.html |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=18 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==

=== Main cast ===
* [[Jimmy Shergill]] as Bishan Khosla
* Pulkit Makol as Abeer Khosla
* [[Richa Pallod]] as Indu Samthar
* [[Mita Vashisht]] as Kiran Sekhon
* [[Varun Badola]] as Kaashi Samthar
* Kunj Anand as Harman Mudki

;Recurring (Season 1)
* [[Parul Gulati]] as Ruma Pathak
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Sheel Tandon, Khosla's Mother-in-law
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Pandit
* Parag Gupta as Guddan alias Shashi Tiwari
* Mahabir Bhullar as Satbir Singh Mudki
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Judge Punchhi
* Taniya Kalra as Amrita Singh, Sports teacher of Abeer's college

;Recurring (Season 2)
* [[Mahie Gill]] as Yashpreet
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Gurjot
* [[Zeishan Quadri]] as Jagda
* Bhumika Dube as Latika, Pandit's widow
* Gagan Deep Singh as Sub Inspector Mandeep, Sekhon's subordinate
* Akriti Singh as Mahi, Abeer's love interest
* Nazim Khan as Jailor Dalal
*[[Abhishek Bajaj]] as Aman

==Production==
In April 2021, Thirty six crew members, including Jimmy Sheirgill, were booked by the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] for violating [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 guidelines]]. Reportedly, the team was shooting at a school in [[Ludhiana]] during curfew hours.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=28 April 2021 |title=Ludhiana: Actor Jimmy Sheirgill, others booked for violating Covid norms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/actor-jimmy-sheirgill-director-e-niwas-booked-for-violating-covid-norms-in-ludhiana-7292407/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Ludhiana |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref>

==Release==
First season of the series premiered on 18 June 2020.

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#812f09|link1=1|episodes1=12|released1={{Start date|2018|06|18|df=yes}}}}{{Episode table|background=#812f09|overall=|season=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Fall Guy
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Protégé
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Few Loose Ends
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Alibi
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Any eye for an eye
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Sacrificial Lamb
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Cause and Effect
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Deeper Waters
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = The Downward Spiral
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = All Out in The Open
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = The Noose Tightens
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = The Last Straw
| DirectedBy = Eeshwar Nivas
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|06|18|df=y}}
}}
}}

==Reception==
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] from ''[[NDTV]]'' praised the performances of the cast stating "Mita Vashisht is brilliant. Varun Badola stands tall in the guise of a family man forced by circumstances to stoop low".<ref>{{cite web |title=Your Honor Review: Jimmy Sheirgill Powers Absorbing Drama |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/your-honor-review-jimmy-sheirgill-powers-absorbing-drama-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2248704 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Jyoti Kanyal from ''[[India Today]]'' expressed in her review on the series as a gripping tale of lies and manipulations.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2020 |first1=Jyoti |last1=Kanyal |title=Your Honor review: Jimmy Sheirgill manipulates law to save his family in the intriguing drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/your-honor-review-jimmy-sheirgill-manipulates-law-to-save-his-family-in-the-intriguing-drama-1691213-2020-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Arushi Jain from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' shared her first impressions on the series stating "The climax of every episode leaves you at the edge-of-your-seat, and the thrills keep coming as the episodes pass".<ref>{{cite web |title=Your Honor first impression: Jimmy Sheirgill-starrer is a decent watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/your-honor-jimmy-sheirgill-starrer-is-a-decent-web-series-6463435/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=2020-06-18}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' explained and stated how the series depicts that the family comes before law.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title='Your Honor' review: Family comes before the law in web series starring Jimmy Sheirgill |url=https://scroll.in/reel/964967/your-honor-review-family-comes-before-the-law-in-web-series-starring-jimmy-sheirgill |website=Scroll.in|date=18 June 2020 }}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated season 2 3.5/5 and stated "Your Honor will leave you at the point where you would want to know what will happen next. Most importantly, if you like the first season, this one is a perfect follow-up with some riveting performances."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Your Honor Season 2 Review : Riveting performances hold this gripping drama together |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/your-honor/your-honor-season-2/seasonreview/87661527.cms |access-date=2023-04-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Saibal Chatterjee from ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the second season, 3 stars out of 5 and stated "''Your Honor Season 2'' is the sort of web series that is easy to recommend - it is riveting all way."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Honor 2 Review: Jimmy Sheirgill Leads Web-Series That's Easy To Recommend |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/your-honor-2-review-jimmy-sheirgill-leads-web-series-thats-easy-to-recommend-3-stars-2616730 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12392470}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/your-honor-1700000198 Your Honor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621051849/https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/your-honor-1700000198 |date=21 June 2020 }} on [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Courtroom drama television series]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2020s legal television series]]
[[Category:International television series based on Israeli television series]]
[[Category:Works about corruption]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Television series about organized crime]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]

Ramesh Ranganathan

2026-04-23T05:07:46Z

VirgilioBrereton: adding new info

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Uttarakhand High Court, India}}
{{Distinguish|Romesh Ranganathan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramesh Ranganathan
| office = [[Chief Justice of Uttarakhand|10th Chief Justice]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Retd. Chief Justice
| honorific_suffix =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| term_start = 2 November 2018
| term_end = 27 July 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|07|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]]
| preceded = [[Rajeev Sharma (judge)|Rajeev Sharma]] {{small|(acting)}}
| succeeded = [[Ravi Malimath]] {{small|(acting)}}
| office2 = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Hyderabad High Court]]
| term_end2 = 1 November 2018
| term_start2 = 30 July 2016
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator2 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start3 = 26 May 2005
| term_end3 = 29 July 2016
| nominator3 = [[Ramesh Chandra Lahoti]]
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
}}
'''Justice Ramesh Ranganathan''' (born 28 July 1958) is a retired Indian [[judge]] and a former [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-hc-judge-elevated-as-uttarakhand-chief-justice/articleshow/66202876.cms |title=Hyderabad HC judge elevated as Uttarakhand Chief Justice - Times of India |date=14 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/oct/25/justice-ramesh-ranganathan-of-hyderabad-hc-appointed-chief-justice-of-uttarakhand-1889830.html |title=Justice Ramesh Ranganathan of Hyderabad HC appointed Chief Justice of Uttarakhand |date=25 October 2018 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref> He had earlier served as the [[Acting (law)|Acting Chief Justice]] of [[Hyderabad High Court]] and judge of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]. Following his retirement from the High Court, he was appointed as the chairperson of the Indian [[Appellate Tribunal for Electricity]] where he served from the year 2022 till 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JUSTICE RANGANATHAN APPOINTED APTEL CHAIRMAN {{!}} The Business Guardian - Newspaper - Read this story on Magzter.com |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/newspaper/The-Business-Guardian/JUSTICE-RANGANATHAN-APPOINTED-APTEL-CHAIRMAN |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.magzter.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court]]
*[[List of chief justices of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranganathan, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]

Jan Sipar Khan

2026-04-23T04:45:32Z

VirgilioBrereton: new new article

{{Short description|Governor of Mughal Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jan Sipar Khan
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = 5th [[Faujdar]] of [[Bidar]]
| term_start1 = 1681
| term_end1 = {{circa|1687}}
| parents = Sayyid Muhammad Sanzwari (father)
| office2 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Hyderabad Subah|Hyderabad]]
| term_start2 = {{circa|1689}}
| term_end2 = 1700
| birth_name = Mir Bahadur Dil
| birth_date =
| death_date = 1700
| issue =
| children = [[Rustam Dil Khan]]
| monarch = [[Aurangzeb]]
| monarch2 =
| monarch1 =
| office3 =
| monarch3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| honorific_prefix =
| battles = [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)]]
| relations = Mukhtar Khan (brother)
| succeeded1 = Rustam Dil Khan
| preceded1 = Qalandar Khan
| resting_place = [[Kali Masjid, Hyderabad|Kali Masjid]], [[Yaqutpura]], [[Hyderabad]]
| preceded2 = [[Ruhullah Khan]]
| succeeded2 = Rustam Dil Khan
| deputy2 = Rustam Dil Khan
| deputy1 = [[Rustam Dil Khan]]
}}
'''Mir Bahadur Dil''' (died 1700), known by the title '''Jan Sipar Khan''' ({{Literal translation|The Life-scattering Khan}}),{{Sfn|Richards|1976|p=244}} was a noble of the [[Mughal Empire]]. He was active during the reign of emperor [[Aurangzeb]], and held offices in the [[Deccan]] region of the empire. His most notable position was in the [[Subah|Mughal province]] of [[Hyderabad Subah]], where he served as its first permanent ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) for twelve years, dying in office.

== Origins ==
Jan Sipar Khan's original name was Mir Bahadur Dil. He was the third son of Sayyid Muhammad Sanzwari, a native of Iraq who had migrated to Mughal India in the 17th century (following a stint in the region of [[Khurasan]]). The latter joined the service of emperor [[Jahangir]], and later governed [[Delhi]] under the title Mukhtar Khan.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120605438 |pages=96–98}}</ref> Jan Sipar Khan also had a brother named Mukhtar Khan, who served as the third Mughal governor of the city of [[Bidar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xpQpOCtzAC |title=Bidar: its history and monuments |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=978-81-208-1071-6 |edition=1. Indian |location=Delhi |pages=16 & 202}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jan Sipar Khan received his title for fighting in the [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|Mughal war of succession]] in support of Aurangzeb.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}} In 1681, he was appointed the ''[[faujdar]]'' (governor) of Bidar under Aurangzeb, replacing a noble named Qalandar Khan. He was the fifth to serve that position since the [[Siege of Bidar|Mughal capture of the city]], and was assisted in governance by his son [[Rustam Dil Khan]]. Aurangzeb arrived in Bidar following the successful [[siege of Golconda]], and in 1687 deputed Jan Sipar Khan to escort the last king of [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]], [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], to be imprisoned in [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]]. Historian [[John F. Richards]] viewed this as indicative of the emperor's trust in Jan Sipar Khan, and theorizes that this may also have been a deliberate move to collect information from the fallen king. Jan Sipar Khan was subsequently promoted to the governorship of [[Hyderabad Subah]], the Mughal province formed from the annexation of the Golconda Sultanate, replacing the temporary governor [[Ruhullah Khan]]. His son Rustam Dil Khan took over his position as governor of Bidar.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}}<ref name=":0" />

=== Governor of Hyderabad ===
Jan Sipar Khan was the first permanent governor of Hyderabad Subah;{{Sfn|Richards|1976|p=250}} the previous occupants of the position, Ruhullah Khan and Muhammad Ibrahim, had been interim governors who served for mere months.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=55-57}}{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}} Jan Sipar Khan took up residence in the capital city of [[Hyderabad]] around 1689.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}}{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=81}}{{Sfn|Richards|1976|p=250}} His son Rustam Dil Khan served as his deputy; they split their duties such that Jan Sipar Khan resided in the capital while Rustam Dil Khan campaigned in the surrounding regions.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}} The governor's position in Hyderabad was initially weak, due to a wide series of revolts faced by the Mughal south, which meant that Jan Sipar Khan had limited military resources at this disposal. For example, in 1691 the province faced a [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] raid, during which Jan Sipar Khan barricaded himself in the [[Golconda fort]] while surrounding villages were looted. Following 1692 however, Maratha raids eased as the focus of the [[Mughal-Maratha War|Mughal-Maratha war]] shifted to [[Gingee|Jinji]], which ushured in a period of relative peace. The latter part of his tenure resultantly was more secure.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=110-111}} From 1695, Jan Sipar Khan also held a dual position as ''faujdar'' of [[Kaulas Fort|Kaulas]], a district and town in Hyderabad Subah that lay west of the capital; this was one of the largest ''[[pargana]]s'' (district) in the province.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=81,95,98}}

== Death ==
Jan Sipar Khan died in 1700, having governed Hyderabad for a period of twelve years.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=78-79}} He was succeeded in the governorship by Rustam Dil Khan.{{Sfn|Richards|1976|p=250}} At the time of his death, he held a rank of 3500 ''zat'' and 2700 ''sowar.{{Sfn|Richards|1975|p=81}}'' He is buried in the [[Kali Masjid, Hyderabad|Kali Masjid]], a mosque in [[Yaqutpura]], Hyderabad, alongside his son Rustam Dil Khan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |url=https://archnet.org/authorities/2736/publications/12049 |title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India |publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture & MIT Libraries |year=2009 |pages=54}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

== Bibliography ==

* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=Mughal Administration in Golconda |year=1975 |place=Oxford [England] |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-821561-4 |oclc=2932290}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J.F |date=1976 |title=The Imperial Crisis in the Deccan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053981 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=250 |doi=10.2307/2053981 |jstor=2053981 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}

== External links ==
*[[hdl:1721.3/29553|Graves of Jan Sipar Khan, Rustam Dil Khan - MIT Libraries Dome]]

[[Category:Subahdars of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:1700 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Bidar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Guruchand Thakur

2026-04-22T00:12:07Z

VirgilioBrereton: new data

{{Short description|Indian reformer}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| native_name = {{small|{{native name|bn| গুরুচাঁদ ঠাকুর}}}}
| name = Guruchand Thakur
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{circa|13 March 1846}}
| birth_place = Orakandi Village, [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1936|09|27|1846|03|13}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Upliftment of [[Namasudra]] Community(Then known as [[Chandalas|Chandals]])
| occupation = Social and religious reformer
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
}}
'''Guruchand Thakur (গুরুচাঁদ ঠাকুর)''' (also known as ''Sri Sri Guruchand Thakur'') (1846-1937) was an Indian reformer who worked for the upliftment of the untouchable peoples in the Indian society.<ref name=guru1>{{cite journal |title=The other Side of Bengal Renaissance: Guru Chand Thakur and the Question of Mass Education|year = 2008|doi = 10.1177/0974354520080104|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0974354520080104?journalCode=voda|access-date=27 August 2021|last1 = Mukherjee|first1 = Pritam|journal = Voice of Dalit|volume = 1|pages = 47–56|s2cid = 164807258|url-access = subscription}}</ref> He led the Matua sect of Hindus after the death of his father [[Harichand Thakur]]. Under his strong leadership, the Matua section achieved a major organizational push and started the Namasudra protest movement (also known as the ''Matua Movement'' or ''Namashudra Movement'') in 1872.<ref name=biswas>{{cite journal |jstor=44156603|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156603|access-date=27 August 2021|last1=Biswas|first1=Manosanta|title=De-Sanskritization and Social Mobilization: An Alternative Socio-Religious Movement of 'Matua'-Namasudras of Bengal|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=2015|volume=76|pages=368–375}}</ref> He established many schools for the upliftment of the Dalit community. He preached the abolition of caste inequality, gender equality via performing secular duties. ''Matua Movement'' is one of the first Dalit uprisings in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=anand>{{cite book|title=Dalits:Past, Present and Future|first=Anand| last=Teltumbde|date=17 April 2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781000061451|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2DdDwAAQBAJ&dq=guruchand+thakur+death+date&pg=PT44|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=akbiswas>{{cite web |title=Bengal's unsung Namasudra movement|date=29 November 2016 |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/11/bengals-unsung-namasudra-movement/|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

==Life==
'''Guruchand Thakur''' was born in [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]. He was the son of [[Harichand Thakur]] (Father) and ''Shanti Devi'' (Mother). His father [[Harichand Thakur]] whose ancestors were traditional [[Vaishnavites]] ([[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] sect) from [[Rarh region|Rarhdesh]] (described in 'Sri Sri Harililamrita ") was a great social reformer and founder of Matua Community. He took his formal education in the house of Dasharath Biswas at Padmavila village when he was just seven years old. After completion of the education in Dasharath Biswas's house, he went to one of the devotees of [[Harichand Thakur]], named Golok Kirtaniya (resident of Molla Kandhi village), for further education. He completed three years of primary education in this way. Even he was interested to continue his study further, he was not able to take admission in any educational institute as there was no right for education for the lower cast people at that time. He was deeply hurt by this event. He came back to his native village Orakandhi and took admission to a Moktab for further continuation of his study. He studied Arabic and Persian languages for twelve years and also took religious education from his father. He married ''Satyavama Devi'' at the age of fourteen. He received education on domestic life, society, religion, politics, economics from his parents until the age of twenty. Finally, he devoted his life to the betterment of his Matua community following the order of his parents.<ref name=educ>{{cite web|title=Historical Development of the Education of the Namasudras|url=http://www.ignited.in/File_upload/90571_44182567.pdf|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

==Social Reforms==
'''Guruchand Thakur''' along with his father [[Harichand Thakur]] played an important role in the Chandal or Namashudra movement of 1872-73. In this movement, Chandals protested against the oppression and exploitation of them by upper castes. In 1873, Chandals held a general strike and decided not to serve any higher caste people unless they got a dignified position in Hindu society. This is the first general strike (Dalit uprisings) officially recorded and recognized in the Indian subcontinent. Some historians also consider this movement as a social boycott of the higher castes.<ref name=akbiswas/> They also demanded the upliftment of their society through educational endeavors. However, upper caste peoples of that time were strongly against the education of lower-class people.{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |1997|p=20|ps=}}{{sfnp|Chatterji|2002|pp=191–194|ps=}}{{sfnp|Sarkar|2004|p=47|ps=}}{{sfnp|Bandyopādhyāẏa |2011|pp=34–35|ps=}}

He understood the importance of education through the experience of his own life. He realized that only education can uplift the downtrodden Dalit society, can bring the desired equality between different castes. Education is the primary condition for fulfilling the aim of building a classless and casteless society. At that time, people from the lower caste had no right for education. Being illiterate and lack of educational opportunities make these downtrodden sections unaware of their own rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=প্রতিবাদী গ্রামীণ জনতাই গড়ে তুলল মতুয়া ধর্ম |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/how-vaishnavite-hindus-also-known-as-matua-religion-was-formed-by-harichand-thakur-and-guruchand-thakur/cid/1516227 |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref> The Bengali intellectual class of that time was also bound by the rigidity of the caste system, despite their western education which teaches about humanism, enlightenment, and science.<ref name=akbiswas/> In this situation, he started the education movement among the downtrodden sections of Bengal society.The primary demand of this movement was ''Education for All''. His famous quote is "ছেলে মেয়ে দিতে শিক্ষা/প্রয়োজনে করো ভিক্ষা"( for giving education of boys and girls - begs if necessary). He told parents even to beg for the education of their children. This movement gradually became a social awakening movement (''liberation movement'') for these downtrodden societies.<ref name=educ/><ref name=guru1/>

In 1880, he first established a ''Pathsala'' in his native village Orakandi exclusively for the education of Namashudra children. According to [[Sekhar Bandyopadhyay]], this was the first step towards the spread of education among Dalits.<ref name=bandyopadhyay>{{cite book |title=Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal |first=Sekhar |last=Bandyopadhyay |publisher=SAGE |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-76199-849-5 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2SVIflbyHQC&pg=PA96}}</ref> In 1881, he became the president of the first assembly of Namashudras. After that first assembly meeting, religious persons started to establish schools instead of temples. Many village committees were established under his leadership for the promotion of education. These village committees also established many schools in their respective locality.<ref name=educ/> He also took help from an Australian missionary Dr. C.S. Mead for the social and educational development of these downtrodden societies.<ref name=educ/> With the help of Dr. C.S. Mead, he also tried to increase the awareness regarding basic needs like health check-ups, environmental awareness, etc. among the Namashudras. In 1907, he established a higher English medium school, named ''Dr. C.S. Mead School'', in his native village.

He also understood the importance of women's education. In the [[Vedic period]] of India, men and women had equal opportunities for education. However, this flow had stopped during the medieval period by the name of ''Pardah System''. ''Pardah System'' basically means women can not go in front of other men except their husbands without covering their faces. This system was most prevalent in upper-class society. Most of the women's of the lower class society had to go outside for daily earning; thus ''Pardah System'' did not exist in that society. However, education was just a dream for most of the girls of that time. Women's also had to suffer much in their family life due to lack of any education. He understood these problems of women and tried to find a solution through women's education. He realized that only educated women can balance their married life in a rational way and provide a healthy educational atmosphere to their children at home.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} He understood that only educated women can engage themselves in various avenues of social and economic development. He established many girl's schools for the spreading of women's education. Under his guidance, the ''Widow Remarriage'' system was also introduced in the ''Namashudra'' community in 1909.<ref name=educ/> He also instructed his followers to stand against the dowry system and not to take any dowry in marriage.<ref name=educ/>

In 1907, He submitted a memorandum to the Bengal government demanding the upper cast status for the lower class of Hindu Chandal society.<ref name=bandyopadhyay/> Starting from 1901, many Hindu cast sections sent representations to the Bengal government demanding a name change and a higher status. In 1911, the government turned down all these demands except two- one of these were of Chandals, who were renamed as Namashudra. People from the Chandal community started calling themselves Namashudra and profess to be Vaishnav.<ref name=akbiswas/>

He realized that political, economical, and moral standards had to be raised for the upliftment of the poor Namashudra community. He understood the necessity of government help for the upliftment of the Namashudra community. He requested to Bengal government for reservation for the Namashudras in the field of government jobs. By his serious effort, ''Reservation'' was introduced for Namashudras in the field of education, government employment, and representation in politics. In 1909, A list of 31 disadvantaged classes was prepared in the Bengal province and ''Reservation'' was extended to them for their economic and social upliftment. These disadvantaged classes are renamed together as a ''Scheduled Caste''. However, only Bengal province had this ''Reservation'' system; no other state in India had such a system. Later in 1919, ''Reservation'' was introduced in all other provinces of India under the Montague-Chemsford Act of 1919.<ref name=educ/>

==Legacy==
As of now, [[Matua Mahasangha]] is one of the leading organizations that is working for the upliftment of the Bengali Dalit community residing in India and Bangladesh.<ref name=mot>{{cite news |title=Matua Mahasangh leader Shantanu Thakur writes to PM Modi seeking action to safeguard the Matua community|newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/matua-mahasangh-leader-shantanu-thakur-writes-to-pm-modi-seeking-action-to-safeguard-the-matua-community/articleshow/85246003.cms|access-date=28 August 2021|last1=Nag |first1=Jayatri }}</ref> Matua section constitutes 15% of the overall population in the state of [[West Bengal]]. Recently, the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]] has established a university, named [[Harichand Guruchand University]], for the higher education of [[Matua Mahasangha|Matua]] community.<ref name=hgu>{{cite web |title=Mamata Banerjee announces new university for Matua community in Bengal|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=15 November 2018 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/mamata-banerjee-announces-new-university-matua-community-bengal-1502708444.html|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=hgu1>{{cite web |title=University, tourism projects for Matuas: Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee|date=16 November 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/university-tourism-projects-for-matuas-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-5448836/|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=hgu2>{{cite web |title=Mamata announces new university in name of Harichand, Guruchand|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/other/254880-mamata-announces-new-university-in-name-of-harichand-guruchand|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Harichand Thakur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
'''Bibliography'''
*{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omAPFtaweqIC |title=Caste, Protest and Identity in Colonial India: The Namasudras of Bengal, 1872–1947 |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first=Śekhara |year=1997 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-0-70070-626-6}}
*{{citation|title=Caste, protest and identity in colonial India: the Namasudras of Bengal, 1872–1947|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19807-596-7|location=New Delhi|oclc = 774901805}}
*{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNAQcoVqoMC|title=Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-52152-328-8}}
*{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqXqI-LRz0YC|title=Beyond Nationalist Frames: Relocating Postmodernism, Hindutva, History|last=Sarkar|first=Sumit|date=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-8-17824-086-2}}
{{refend}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mandal | first=Mahitosh |date=2022 | title=Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 | doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.367 | s2cid=249027627 |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96|doi-access=free }}

[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Matua people]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]

Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)

2026-04-21T12:04:06Z

VirgilioBrereton: Redirect article

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Irumbu Thirai
| image = Irumbu Thirai 1960 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| producer = S. S. Vasan
| story = Ganesh Subramaniyam along with Gemini Story Department
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]<br/>[[Vyjayanthimala]]<br/>[[B. Saroja Devi]]
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| cinematography = P. Elappa<br/>N. C. BalaKrishnan
| editing = M. Umanath
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| released = {{film date|1960|1|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''{{Lang|ta-latn|Irumbu Thirai}}''' ({{Translation|Iron Curtain}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced and directed by [[S. S. Vasan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Pandari Bai]] and [[Vasundhara Devi]] in supporting roles. A remake of Vasan's own [[Hindi]] film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Paigham]]}} (1959), it revolves around two brothers Manikam and Kondamuthu and their mill owner.

The soundtrack was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]. The editing was done by M. Umanath while the camera was handled by P. Elappa and N. C. Bala Krishna. The film was released on 14 January 1960 and ran more than 175 days in theatres.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2021}}
The story revolves around two brothers Manikam and Saravanan and their mill owner.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Manickavasagam (alias) Manickam
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Jayanthi
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Malathi
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Parvathi
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Saravanan
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Mohanarangam
* [[Vasundhara Devi]] as Jayanthi's mother
* Radha Bai as Malathi's mother
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Kottamuthu
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] as Gundu Pillai
* Vanaja as Challi
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Judge
* [[C. R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] as Circle Inspector
* [[Javar Seetharaman]] as Lawyer
* Mukherji as Inspector
* Seetalakshmi as Sheela
* G. V. Sharma as Jeevan
* Pushpamala as Kamala
* Master Gopi as Bhola
* Karupaiah as Kundan
* S. R. Janaki as Saravanan and Manickam's mother
* Pattusamy as Sleuth
* Azhwar Kuppusami as Prosecutor
* Kannan as Factory Laber's}}

== Production ==
In 1959, [[S. S. Vasan]], the proprietor of [[Gemini Studios]], began working on a film built around capital-labour relations.<ref name="finger" /> The film, which was the Tamil remake of his own [[Hindi]] film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Paigham]]}},<ref name="sriramv" /> was untitled, and the creative team of Gemini could not come up with a convincing title. Vasan invited his employees to suggest a title for the under-production film, and he received an abundance of entries; one office boy submitted as many as 2500 entries. After examining one by one, Vasan chose the title {{Lang|ta-latn|Irumbu Thirai}} ({{translation|Iron Curtain}}). He also hosted a reception to honour the boy who suggested the title and rewarded him with some prize money.<ref name="finger" /> Besides producing, Vasan also directed the film.<ref name="kamadenu" />

The female cast of {{Lang|hi-latn|Paigham}} – [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] and [[Pandari Bai]] – returned to star in {{Lang|ta-latn|Irumbu Thirai}},<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1959 |title=Gemini's ''Paigham'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5gcAQAAMAAJ&q=PAIGHAM |magazine=Thought |publisher=Siddhartha Publications |page=156 |volume=11}}</ref><ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> while [[Sivaji Ganesan]] reprised the role originally played by [[Dilip Kumar]]. It was a "coup of sorts" for Vasan to cast Ganesan since the latter had earlier been rejected by the former for a role in ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1948), an incident which created a permanent rift between them.<ref name="sriramv" />{{sfn|Guy|1997|p=282}} Vyjayanthimala's mother [[Vasundhara Devi]] played her screen mother as well, having done the same in {{Lang|hi-latn|Paigham}}.<ref name="sriramv" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradeep |first=K. |date=2 November 2011 |title=Dance and Vyjayantimala |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dance-and-vyjayantimala/article2591559.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318014547/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/dance-and-vyjayantimala/article2591559.ece |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=24 November 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The final length of the film was 18396 feet.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Themes ==
{{Lang|ta-latn|Irumbu Thirai}} focuses on capital-labour relations,<ref name="finger" /> and the conditions of working-class people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=1 May 2017 |title=Punnapra Vayalar: 1968 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/punnapra-vayalar-1968/article18346031.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180928060516/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/punnapra-vayalar-1968/article18346031.ece |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]]. The album had [[Kothamangalam Subbu]], [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] as the lyricists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=191 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The song "Nenjil Kudiyirukkum" is set in the [[carnatic raga]] known as [[Shanmukhapriya]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – Sacred Shanmukhapriya |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2418290.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102204446/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2418290.ece |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=24 November 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while the classical-themed "Enna Seidhaalum" is set in [[Kharaharapriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Anil |author-link=Anil Srinivasan |date=24 July 2015 |title=How Carnatic music has enriched – and been enriched by – movie scores |url=https://scroll.in/article/743532/how-carnatic-music-has-enriched-and-been-enriched-by-movie-scores |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170920154030/https://scroll.in/article/743532/how-carnatic-music-has-enriched-and-been-enriched-by-movie-scores |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=13 April 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Kingly Kharaharapriya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-kingly-kharaharapriya/article3310742.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180928165416/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-kingly-kharaharapriya/article3310742.ece |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Nenjil Kudiyirukkum" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Leela || rowspan=4| Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram || 03:57
|-
| "Aasai Konda Nenju Rendu" || P. Leela || 04:27
|-
| "Manidharai Manidhar Sari Nigar Samamaai" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan || 02:40
|-
| "Kaiyile Vaanginen Paiyile Podalai" || rowspan=2|Thiruchi Loganathan ||03:00
|-
| "Erai Piditthavanum English Padichavanum" || rowspan=5|Kothamangalam Subbu || 03:19
|-
| "Nandri Ketta Manitharukku" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan || 03:22
|-
| "Dabba Dabba Dabba" || S. C. Krishnan ||
|-
| "Padipirkum Oru Kumbidu" || P. Leela & Jikki || 02:47
|-
| "Nikkatuma Pogatuma" || Thiruchi Loganathan & K. Jamuna Rani ||
|-
| "Enna Seidhaalum" || (Radha) Jayalakshmi || Papanasam Sivan || 02:52
|}

== Release and reception ==
{{Lang|ta-latn|Irumbu Thirai}} was released on 14 January 1960.<ref name="kamadenu" /> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote {{clarify|date=March 2023}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=24 January 1960 |title=இரும்புத்திரை |url=https://ibb.co/NCD982G |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302043744/https://ibb.co/NCD982G |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=14–15 |language=ta}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, running for over 175 days in theatres and thereby becoming [[silver jubilee]] film.{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|p=241}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170329085911/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=29 March 2017 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Thinnai |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="finger">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 May 2003 |title=With a finger on people's pulse |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211192149/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301510600.htm |archive-date=11 February 2012 |access-date=24 November 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="sriramv">{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=V. |author-link=V. Sriram |date=1 May 2018 |title=Paigham and Irumbu Thirai – #MayDay Special |url=https://sriramv.wordpress.com/2018/05/01/paigham-and-irumbu-thirai-mayday-special/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180927113547/https://sriramv.wordpress.com/2018/05/01/paigham-and-irumbu-thirai-mayday-special/ |archive-date=27 September 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1960 – இரும்புத் திரை – ஜெமினி பிலிம்ஸ் – பைகாம்(இ) |trans-title=1960 – Irumbu Thirai – Gemini Films – Paigham(hi) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails6.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180927105453/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails6.asp |archive-date=27 September 2018 |access-date=28 September 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2018 |title=இரும்புத்திரை - இது சிவாஜி படம் |trans-title=Irumbu Thirai – This is a Sivaji film |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/2504-sivajiyin-irumbuthirai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726103905/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/2504-sivajiyin-irumbuthirai.html |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=27 September 2018 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link1=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |oclc=1049072979}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{S. S. Vasan}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Vasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kothamangalam Subbu]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about labor relations]]
[[Category:Films about the labor movement]]
[[Category:Films about social class]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Palakurthi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:32Z

VirgilioBrereton: adding new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palakurthi
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (100-Palakurthi highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Palakurthi Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Mamidala Yashaswini Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
| electors = 2,00,775
| incumbent_image = Yashaswini Reddy.jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 100
| loksabha_cons = [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
}}

'''Palakurthi Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. It is part of [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency was created mainly from Chennur Assembly constituency during the reorganization before the 2009 election. The constituency spans across three districts: [[Warangal]] Rural, [[Jangaon]] and [[Mahabubabad]].

[[Mamidala Yashaswini Reddy]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Palakurthi]]
| rowspan=3|[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
|-
| [[Devaruppula]]
|-
| [[Kodakandla]]
|-
| [[Raiparthy]]
| [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|-
| [[Thorrur, Warangal|Thorrur]]
| rowspan=2|[[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
|-
| [[Peddavangara]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|S. Venkata Krishna Prasad Rao
| {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Nemarugommula Yethiraja Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Nemarugommula Vimala Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kundoor Madhusudhan Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="5"| Nemarugommula Yethiraja Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Nemarugommula Sudhakar Rao
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Dugyala Srinivasa Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Mamidala Yashaswini Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Elections==

===Assembly election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Palakurthi]]<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Palakurthi">{{cite news |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Palakurthi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29100.htm |access-date=3 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203145853/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29100.htm |archive-date=3 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Mamidala Yashaswini Reddy
|votes= 1,26,848
|percentage= 57.62
|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]|votes=79,214|percentage=35.98|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Madavapeddi Venkat Reddy|votes=4,146|percentage=1.88|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Lega Rammohan Reddy|votes=2,982|percentage=1.35|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,743|percentage=1.25|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=47,634|percentage=21.64|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,20,195|percentage=87.51|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakurthi<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060147/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=100 Palakurthi Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]
|votes=117,504
|percentage=59.19
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Janga Ragava Reddy
|votes=64,451
|percentage=32.47
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|votes=1,078
|percentage=0.54
|change=}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=53,053
|percentage=26.72
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,98,519
|percentage=89.01
|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakurthi<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060147/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=100 Palakurthi Results]}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]|votes=57,799|percentage=32.99|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dugyala Shrinivas Rao|votes=53,486|percentage=30.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Dr. N. Sudhakar Rao|votes=52,253|percentage=29.83|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ekalavya Chintha|votes=3,195|percentage=1.82|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dr. Lakavath Lakshminarayana Naik|votes=3,129|percentage=1.79|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Gola Gangarao|votes=1,485|percentage=0.85|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,103|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=4,313|percentage=2.46|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,75,198|percentage=85.20|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Palakurthi}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Errabelli Dayakar Rao]]|votes=65,280|percentage=41.63|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dugyala Shrinivas Rao|votes=62,617|percentage=39.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Nemurugommula Praveen Rao|votes=6,740|percentage=4.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,663|percentage=2.3|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Telugu Desam Party}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.66|79.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Mehal Kalan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:28Z

VirgilioBrereton: Starting New Pg...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mehal Kalan
| map_image = 104-Mehal Kalan.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| constituency_no = 104
| established = 2006
| district = [[Barnala district|Barnala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| mla = [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| electors = {{formatnum:161,387}} (in 2022)<ref name="Punjab Election 2022" /> {{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Mehal Kalan''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Barnala district|Barnala]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. Kulwant Singh Pandori<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members|url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/192|access-date=2021-06-04|website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref> of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of this constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Harchand Kaur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Mehal Kalan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
|votes = {{formatnum:53714}}
|percentage = 46.52
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Gurjant Singh Kattu
|votes = {{formatnum:23367}}
|percentage = 20.24
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harchand Kaur<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:17545}}
|percentage = 15.2
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chamkaur Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:10394}}
|percentage = 9.0
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:805}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30347}}
|percentage =26.28
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:115462}}
|percentage = 71.54
|change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:161387}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Mehal Kalan<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 57551
|percentage = 46.12
|change = +46.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Ajit Singh Shant
|votes = 30487
|percentage = 24.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harchand kaur
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 25,688
|percentage = 20.59
|change = -24.13%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Makhan Singh
|votes = 4922
|percentage = 3.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gobind Singh
|votes = 3183
|percentage = 2.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI
|candidate = Khusia Singh
|votes = 1177
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Gurmail Singh
|votes = 892
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Darbara Singh
|votes = 341
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Gurmit Singh
|votes = 306
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BMUP
|candidate = Sarabjit Singh
|votes = 236
|percentage = 0.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 924
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 27,064
|percentage = 21.53
|change = +14.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 125707
|percentage = 80.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 155500
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +35.13
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: Mehal Kalan<ref name="ECI 2012">{{cite web |title=2012 Punjab election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3455-punjab-2012/ |publisher=ECI |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Harchand Kaur
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 50188
|percentage = 44.72
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gobind Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 42797
|percentage = 38.13
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raj
|party = PPOP
|votes = 8820
|percentage = 7.86
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Atma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7030
|percentage = 6.26
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amarjit
|party = SAD(M)
|votes = 2247
|percentage = 2.00
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7391
|percentage = 6.59
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 112232
|percentage = 80.82
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 138869
|change = New
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = New
|swing = N/A
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Barnala district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{Barnala district}}
{{coord|30.53|75.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Barnala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2006]]

SC Delhi

2026-04-19T16:01:25Z

VirgilioBrereton: adding post

{{Short description|Association football club in India}}
{{Distinguish|Delhi FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Sporting Club Delhi
| image = SC Delhi logo.svg
| upright = 0.5
| fullname = Sporting Club Delhi
| nickname = The Phoenix
| short name = SCD
| founded = {{ubl|{{start date and age|df=y|2019|8|27}} (as ''Hyderabad FC'')|{{Start date and age|2025|10|6|df=yes}} (rebranded as ''SC Delhi'')}}
| dissolved =
| stadium= [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br/>[[Ambedkar Stadium]]<br/>(tentative)
| capacity = 60,254<br/>30,000
| owntitle = Owners
| owner = B.C. Jindal Group<br/>(''Jindal Football Pvt. Ltd.'')
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Tomasz Tchórz]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| season = [[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
| position =
| website = {{URL|https://scdelhi.in/}}
| current = 2025–26 SC Delhi season
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = A80000
| body1 = DB0000
| rightarm1 = A80000
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 000000
| body2 = 4D4D4D
| rightarm2 = 000000
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = 000000
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
}}

'''Sporting Club Delhi''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[New Delhi]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top flight of [[Football in India|Indian football]]. It was formerly based in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] as ''Hyderabad FC'' and played their home matches at the [[G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], [[Gachibowli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/hyderabad-defeats-aizawl-fc-2-0-in-hero-super-cup-2023-1.8464932|title=Hyderabad defeats Aizawl FC 2–1 in Hero Super Cup 2023|date=9 April 2023|access-date=9 April 2023|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi Sports|location=Kozhikode|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141248/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/hyderabad-defeats-aizawl-fc-2-0-in-hero-super-cup-2023-1.8464932}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/football-hyderabad-fc-vs-aizawl-fc-live-streaming-nizams-look-to-open-super-cup-2023-campaign-on-high-against-aizawl-fc-check-preview-team-news-predicted-xi-follow-live/|title=Hyderabad FC vs Aizawl FC HIGHLIGHTS: Joel Chianese, Joao Victor on TARGET, Nizams kick off campaign with narow [sic] 2–1 win over Aizawl FC – Check Highlights|date=9 April 2023|access-date=9 April 2023|website=insidesport.com|publisher=Inside Sport India|first=Triyasha|last=Chatterjee|location=Kozhikode|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141720/https://www.insidesport.in/football-hyderabad-fc-vs-aizawl-fc-live-streaming-nizams-look-to-open-super-cup-2023-campaign-on-high-against-aizawl-fc-check-preview-team-news-predicted-xi-follow-live/}}</ref> It was founded on 27 August 2019, and began their first professional season from [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]. Ahead the [[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26 ISL]] the club rebranded as ''Sporting Club Delhi'', and relocated to its base in New Delhi. The club is owned and operated by Delhi based B.C. Jindal Group.

On 16 June 2020, German club [[Borussia Dortmund]] entered a grassroots development partnership with Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Borussia Dortmund signs partnership with Hyderabad FC |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/borussia-dortmund-hyderabad-fc-india-partnership-grassroots-football-12106 |website=Bundesliga.com |access-date=9 April 2023 |date=16 June 2020}}</ref> They played their inaugural match on 25 October 2019, suffering a 0–5 defeat to [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]. The club completed their first season in the ISL in the 10th place, failing to qualify for the [[2020 Indian Super League playoffs|playoffs]]. The club won their first and only ISL title in the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 ISL season]], defeating [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] 3–1 on penalties in the [[2022 Indian Super League final|final]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad FC beat Kerala Blasters on penalties to win maiden ISL title |url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4628362/hyderabad-fc-beat-kerala-blasters-on-penalties-to-win-maiden-isl-title |website=ESPN |access-date=9 April 2023 |date=20 March 2022}}</ref>

==History==
===Formation ===
In February 2019, it was reported that [[Indian Super League]] side ''[[FC Pune City]]'' were struggling financially and that their owners were looking to sell the club.<ref name="February2019">{{cite news |last1=Cyriac |first1=Biju Babu |title=FC Pune City stares at uncertain future |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-pune-city-stares-at-uncertain-future/articleshow/68073513.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/fc-pune-city-stares-at-uncertain-future/articleshow/68073513.cms|archive-date=8 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The club reportedly were behind on paying players and had also attempted to discuss merging with local rivals [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]].<ref name="February2019"/> After the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2018–19]] season, Pune City released all their players and participated in the [[2019 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]] using academy players.<ref>{{cite news |title=FC Pune City to be disbanded |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/fc-pune-city-to-be-disbanded |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702015149/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/fc-pune-city-to-be-disbanded#bypass-sw |archive-date=2 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 August 2019, it was reported that Pune City had disbanded and that the former [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] Varun Tripuraneni had bought a majority stake in the club.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aga |first1=Oumar |title=FC Pune City over and out; club to re-branded, renamed and moved to Hyderabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/fc-pune-city-over-and-out-club-to-re-branded-renamed-and-moved-to-hyderabad/story-P9iQHl0GBcJtTUvjoXTpkI.html |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101003210/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/fc-pune-city-over-and-out-club-to-re-branded-renamed-and-moved-to-hyderabad/story-P9iQHl0GBcJtTUvjoXTpkI.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Neither then Pune City CEO Gaurav Modwel or Tripuraneni confirmed the reports. However, the next day, on 27 August 2019, it was announced that ''Hyderabad FC'' would replace Pune City for the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]] season, with Tripuraneni and businessman Vijay Madduri buying the ownership rights to the team.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad FC replace struggling FC Pune City as new ISL franchise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-replace-struggling-fc-pune-city-as-new-isl-franchise/articleshow/70862303.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025002110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-replace-struggling-fc-pune-city-as-new-isl-franchise/articleshow/70862303.cms |archive-date=25 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The club's branding and first kits were then revealed prior to their first season on 29 September 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subrahmanyam |first1=V. V. |title=Hyderabad FC launches jersey ahead of ISL 2019-20 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-launches-jersey-isl-phil-brown/article29548568.ece |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031145840/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-launches-jersey-isl-phil-brown/article29548568.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 September 2024, Jindal Football Pvt. Ltd., under the ambit of the BC Jindal Group, announced the acquisition of the sporting license of the club.<ref name="Jindal owner"/> In October 2025, the club announced shifting its base from Hyderabad to New Delhi. The club is also rebranded as ''Sporting Club Delhi''.<ref name="rebrand"/> The rebranded club played its first match in the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]].<ref name="phoenix crest">{{cite news |title=Sporting Club Delhi launched, to make debut in Super Cup after being rebranded from Hyderabad FC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sporting-club-delhi-launched-to-make-debut-in-super-cup-after-being-rebranded-from-hyderabad-fc-10314849/ |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

=== As Hyderabad ===
==== Inaugural season ====

On 29 August 2019, it was announced that [[Phil Brown (footballer, born 1959)|Phil Brown]], the last head coach of [[FC Pune City|Pune City]], would be the first head coach for Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mergulhao |first1=Marcus |title=Former Hull City manager Brown to coach Hyderabad FC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/former-hull-city-manager-brown-to-coach-hyderabad-fc/articleshow/70886982.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/former-hull-city-manager-brown-to-coach-hyderabad-fc/articleshow/70886982.cms |archive-date=1 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In late September, just before the start of the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]] season, it was revealed that Hyderabad had signed almost every player from Pune City's final squad.<ref name="MK">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ritabrata |title=ISL 2019-20: Hyderabad FC set to sign English defender Matthew Kilgallon |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-sign-matthew-kilgallon/cng3h6g959q118j64xhrdlcg9 |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=Goal.com |date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103224735/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-sign-matthew-kilgallon/cng3h6g959q118j64xhrdlcg9 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The club played their first ever match on 25 October 2019 against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]]. They were defeated 0–5 in a match which Brown described as "not our usual standards".<ref name="G1">{{cite news |title=ISL 2019-20: Phil Brown - More pressure at Hyderabad FC compared to Pune City |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/isl-2019-20-phil-brown-feeling-more-pressure-at-hyderabad-fc/1ntmvukzgu5w01pknqrt58h844 |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=Goal.com |date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031044445/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/isl-2019-20-phil-brown-feeling-more-pressure-at-hyderabad-fc/1ntmvukzgu5w01pknqrt58h844 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hyderabad then succumbed to defeat again in their second match against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]. [[Marcelinho Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] scored the first goal for the club's history but could not prevent his side's 1–3 defeat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamshedpur FC 3–1 Hyderabad FC |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/10/29/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/hyderabad/3154677/ |website=Soccerway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121000233/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/10/29/india/indian-super-league/jamshedpur/hyderabad/3154677/ |archive-date=21 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The club finally earned their first victory in their third match on 2 November 2019 against the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]. This was also Hyderabad's first home match. Goals from [[Marko Stanković]] and Marcelinho helped Hyderabad to a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad FC 2–1 Kerala Blasters FC |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/11/02/india/indian-super-league/hyderabad/kerala-blasters/3154681/ |website=Soccerway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019043201/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/11/02/india/indian-super-league/hyderabad/kerala-blasters/3154681/ |archive-date=19 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 January 2020, with the club in last place in the table, with just one victory and two draws from 12 matches, Brown and the club decided to part ways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad FC and coach Phil Brown part ways |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-and-coach-phil-brown-part-ways/article30542455.ece |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031042715/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-and-coach-phil-brown-part-ways/article30542455.ece |archive-date=31 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Former [[India national football team|India]] international [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] took over as caretaker for one match before assistant coach [[Xavier Gurri López]] became interim coach for the rest of the season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha up for the challenge, Hyderabad playing for pride |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/odisha-up-for-the-challenge-hyderabad-playing-for-pride/1olmejqrb8n031gmk0b16sv58b |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=Goal.com |date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704001225/https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/odisha-up-for-the-challenge-hyderabad-playing-for-pride/1olmejqrb8n031gmk0b16sv58b |archive-date=4 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gurri"/> The club finished their season with a 5–1 victory over [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] on 20 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=NorthEast United FC 1–5 Hyderabad FC |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/20/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/hyderabad/3154754/ |website=Soccerway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020014152/https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/20/india/indian-super-league/northeast-united/hyderabad/3154754/ |archive-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, the club finished the season in last place and failed to qualify for the [[2020 Indian Super League playoffs|ISL playoffs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ISL, Hyderabad FC season review: Injuries, underwhelming performances make it a debut to forget |url=https://scroll.in/field/954540/isl-hyderabad-fc-season-review-injuries-underwhelming-performances-make-it-a-debut-to-forget |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=Scroll.in |date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230011423/https://scroll.in/field/954540/isl-hyderabad-fc-season-review-injuries-underwhelming-performances-make-it-a-debut-to-forget |archive-date=30 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====2020–21 season====
Ahead of the [[2020–21 Indian Super League]] season, Hyderabad appointed [[Manolo Márquez]] as their head coach<ref name="marquez">{{cite news|last=|first=|title=It's a big challenge for me, says newly-appointed Hyderabad FC coach Marquez|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/its-a-big-challenge-for-me-says-newly-appointed-hyderabad-fc-coach-marquez/articleshow/77851451.cms|access-date=31 August 2020|website=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713024039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/its-a-big-challenge-for-me-says-newly-appointed-hyderabad-fc-coach-marquez/articleshow/77851451.cms |archive-date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> after [[Albert Roca]] mutually parted ways with the club when he was approached by [[FC Barcelona]] to become their fitness coach.<ref name="roca2">{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Roca parts ways with Hyderabad FC, joins Koeman at Barcelona|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/albert-roca-hyderabad-fc-contract-termination-barcelona-fitness-coach-ronald-koeman-indian-super-league-isl-indian-football/article32474156.ece|access-date=28 March 2021|website=Sportstar|date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930064750/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/albert-roca-hyderabad-fc-contract-termination-barcelona-fitness-coach-ronald-koeman-indian-super-league-isl-indian-football/article32474156.ece |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hyderabad FC began their second competitive season on 23 November with a win against [[Odisha FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/odisha-v-hyderabad/report/6xrqju6a35oxv7fse7yu7inf8|title=Odisha 0-1 Hyderabad: Aridane Santana spot-kick separates the teams|website=Goal.com|access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713024614/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/odisha-v-hyderabad/report/6xrqju6a35oxv7fse7yu7inf8 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> After struggling early in the season, the team made a decent comeback, as they had an unbeaten run which lasted for 12 matches. They managed to get 29 points from 20 games, which includes six wins, three losses and eleven draws. Their last game against [[FC Goa]] became crucial for them as they needed a win to qualify into the playoffs. After having a goalless draw against Goa, Hyderabad narrowly missed the play-offs as they finished 5th in the league table.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-interviews/isl-2020-21-news-hyderabad-fc-coach-manolo-marquez-season-assessment-bio-bubble-local-talent-hfc-indian-football-news/article33980899.ece|title=ISL 2020-21: It was a very satisfying season for all of us at Hyderabad FC, says coach Marquez|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|date=3 March 2021 |access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220037/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-interviews/isl-2020-21-news-hyderabad-fc-coach-manolo-marquez-season-assessment-bio-bubble-local-talent-hfc-indian-football-news/article33980899.ece |archive-date=10 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/photoessay/isl-2020-21-match-109-fc-goa-hyderabad-fc-settle-for-goalless-draw/2629|title=ISL 2020-21, Match 109: FC Goa, Hyderabad FC Settle For Goalless Draw|website=Outlook India|access-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161203/https://www.outlookindia.com/photos/photoessay/isl-2020-21-match-109-fc-goa-hyderabad-fc-settle-for-goalless-draw/2629 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2021–22 season ====
In their third season of the [[Indian Super League]], Hyderabad FC won their maiden cup title on March 20, 2022 in Margao, Goa. They beat [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] 3-1 on penalties after the match finished 1-1 after extra time.

Hyderabad FC goalkeeper Laxmikant Kattimani saved four penalties in the shootout, including one that was retaken after being saved initially.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=Hyderabad FC crowned ISL champions after beating Kerala Blasters on penalties |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-hyderabad-fc-clinch-maiden-title-beat-kerala-blasters-on-penalties-101647796223714.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==== 2022–23 season ====
In their fourth season of the [[Indian Super League]], Hyderabad FC finished 2nd in the table to directly qualify for the Semi-Final and avoiding Knockout match.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-14 |title=ISL: Hyderabad FC beat ATK Mohun Bagan 1-0, secure second spot |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-hyderabad-fc-beat-atk-mohun-bagan-1-0-to-finish-second/articleshow/97925940.cms |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They went on to lose to [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|ATK Mohun Bagan]] in a 2 legged semifinal.

==== 2023–24 season ====
Ahead of the [[2023–24 Indian Super League]] season, Hyderabad appointed [[Conor Nestor]] as their first team coach who will become their head coach once he acquires his [[UEFA coaching licences|UEFA Pro License]], after [[Manolo Márquez]] mutually parted ways with the club. Until then, [[Thangboi Singto]] will act as the head coach and [[Shameel Chembakath]] will act as his assistant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Hyderabad FC announce new Leadership Group |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2023/announcement/hyderabad-fc-announce-new-leadership-group/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=HyderabadFC.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The club also confirmed the departures of [[Odei Onaindia]], [[Borja Herrera]], [[Akash Mishra]], [[Joel Chianese]], [[Halicharan Narzary]] and [[Javier Siverio]]. Afterwards, [[Jonathan Moya]], [[Joe Knowles]], [[Petteri Pennanen]] and [[Felipe Amorim]] became the high profile incomings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/news/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=HyderabadFC.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 3 May 2023, [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] were confirmed [[2023–24 AFC Cup]] preliminary round slot after a 3–1 win via penalties over Hyderabad FC. In their 3rd appearance in the [[Durand Cup]] group stages, they finished second in group E, behind [[Chennaiyin FC]], and above [[Delhi FC]] and [[Nepal Army F.C.|Tribhuvan Army]]. They beat Tribhuvan Army 3–0, lost to Chennaiyin 1-3 and drew with Delhi FC 1-1 in their campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad FC Fixtures Results - Indian Super League |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/first-team/fixtures-results/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=HyderabadFC.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref> They finished 5th out of the six 2nd placed teams and hence, couldn't qualify for the [[2023 Durand Cup|knockout stage]].<ref>{{Citation |title=2023 Durand Cup |date=2023-09-03 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Durand_Cup&oldid=1173574378 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-09-03 |language=en}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=December 2025}}

=== As Sporting Delhi ===
====2025–26 season====
After the [[2025 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]], and prior to the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] on 6 October 2025, the club annoucned it would be relocated to [[New Delhi]], the home of their owners. They will be branded as ''Sporting Club Delhi''.

On 15 February 2026, Sporting Club Delhi played its first [[Indian Super League]] match against [[Bengaluru FC]], which they lost 2-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru FC vs Sporting Club Delhi, Season 2026 ISL live scores and result |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/%7B%7Bgamecode%7D%7D |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Crest==
=== Previous brand logo ===
[[File:Hyderabad_Football_Club.svg|70px|thumb|right|Former club crest (2019–2025)]]
The team colours and logo for Hyderabad were unveiled on 21 September 2019.<ref name="Logo">{{cite news |title=New ISL franchise Hyderabad Football Club unveils logo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/new-isl-franchise-hyderabad-football-club-unveils-logo/articleshow/71237101.cms |access-date=2 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025071037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/new-isl-franchise-hyderabad-football-club-unveils-logo/articleshow/71237101.cms |archive-date=25 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The club colours were yellow and black. According to the club, the logo was titled "Reliving Hyderabad's Football Legacy" and was meant to represent [[Hyderabad]] and the city's heritage.<ref name="Logo"/> The logo featured the minarets from the [[Charminar]] in the city and [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamonds.<ref name="IS"/> According to Hyderabad co-owner Vijay Madduri, the logo was "inspired from the city's history". Madduri hoped that HFC would be "a great boost for the sport in the region" and could give "a boost to the legacy that is already present in the city's history and roots."<ref name="IS">{{cite news |title=ISL: New franchisee Hyderabad Football Club unveils logo' |url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-new-franchisee-hyderabad-football-club-unveils-log/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |publisher=Inside Sport |date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101220625/https://www.insidesport.co/isl-new-franchisee-hyderabad-football-club-unveils-log/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rebranded crest ===
[[File:Phoenix-Fabelwesen.jpg|180px|thumb|An 18th century artist's depiction of [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] rising from fire.]]
As Hyderabad FC rebranded to Sporting Club Delhi, the club launched its crest on 18 October 2025. The new logo consists of a stylized [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]], a mythical bird that rises from the flames. Dhruv Sood, the club's CEO, said that the new identity will highlight "[[Delhi]] rising from the ashes in the absence of professional football in the city and the region."<ref name="Sporting Delhi1"/> He also added, "With this move, the capital city, which once had a thriving football culture and stood at the heart of Indian football, will return to the top-tier of Indian football leagues with its own club."<ref name="phoenix crest"/>

===Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Principal sponsor
!Back sponsor
!Chest sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|{{nowrap|2019–20}}
|Reyaur<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing the much-awaited official jersey of the HydFCOfficial|url=https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1178315239944622080|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Twitter|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626120148/https://twitter.com/reyaursports/status/1178315239944622080 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|Jai Raj Steel
|Penna Cement
|
|-
|2020–21
|T10 Sports
| Andslite<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-03|title=Andslite becomes Principal sponsor of Hyderabad FC in ISL 2020-21|url=https://bizbehindsports.com/2020/12/03/andslite-becomes-principal-sponsor-of-hyderabad-fc-in-isl-2020-21/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Biz Behind Sports|language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603061045/https://bizbehindsports.com/2020/12/03/andslite-becomes-principal-sponsor-of-hyderabad-fc-in-isl-2020-21/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Polyhose<ref>{{Cite web|author=InsideSport Desk|date=2020-11-23|title=ISL 2020-21: Hyderabad FC announce Polyhose as their official partner for the 2020-21 season|url=https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2020-21-hyderabad-fc-announce-polyhose-as-their-official-partner-for-the-2020-21-season/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=InsideSport|language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603172542/https://www.insidesport.co/isl-2020-21-hyderabad-fc-announce-polyhose-as-their-official-partner-for-the-2020-21-season/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Vijay Sales]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=Hyderabad FC announce Vijay Sales as Associate Sponsor|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-announce-vijay-sales-as-associate-sponsor/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=HyderabadFC.co.in|language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603120154/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2020/announcement/hyderabad-fc-announce-vijay-sales-as-associate-sponsor/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| The Good Sport Company<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=ISL 2020/21 Sponsors Watch: Hyderabad FC|url=https://sportsmintmedia.com/isl-2020-21-sponsors-watch-hyderabad-fc/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603051358/https://sportsmintmedia.com/isl-2020-21-sponsors-watch-hyderabad-fc/|archive-date=3 June 2021|access-date=2021-05-29|website=SportsMint Media|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021–22
|rowspan="4" |[[Hummel International|Hummel]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-01|title=Hyderabad FC signs kit deal with hummel|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/announcement/hyderabad-fc-signs-kit-deal-with-hummel/|access-date=2021-07-01|website=HyderabadFC.co.in|language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710220335/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2021/announcement/hyderabad-fc-signs-kit-deal-with-hummel/ |archive-date=10 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Dafabet|DafaNews]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-27|title=Dafanews signs a deal with Hyderabad FC as Principal Sponsor|url=https://in.dafanews.com/football/dafanews-signs-a-deal-with-hyderabad-fc-as-principal-sponsor-37947.html|access-date=2021-10-27|website=HyderabadFC.co.in|language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108063114/https://in.dafanews.com/football/dafanews-signs-a-deal-with-hyderabad-fc-as-principal-sponsor-37947.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Hello Eggs
|-
|2022–23
|rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|[[Stake.com|Stake News]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-20|title=Hyderabad FC announce Stake News as Principal Sponsor for 2022-23 season|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2022/announcement/hyderabad-fc-announce-stake-news-as-principal-sponsor-for-2022-23-season/|access-date=2022-08-21|website=hyderabadfc.co.in|language=en-US}}</ref>}}
| Spartek
|rowspan="2" |Pallavi Schools
|-
|2023–24
|colspan="2" |
|-
|2024–25
|
|Jindal
|[[Continental Hospitals]]
|
|-
|2025–26
|SIX5SIX
|[[Sompo Japan|Universal Sompo General Insurance]]
|
|
|[[NIIT]]
|}

==Stadium==
[[File:Ambedkar stadium in delhi at morning.jpg|thumb|Ambedkar Stadium in [[New Delhi]], probable home of Sporting Delhi.]]
The club played their home matches as Hyderabad FC at the [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], located in the Hyderabad suburb of [[Gachibowli]].<ref name="TT">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Nidheesh |title=GMC Balayogi Stadium in good shape for new ISL season |url=https://telanganatoday.com/gmc-balayogi-stadium-in-good-shape-for-new-isl-season |access-date=2 July 2020 |publisher=[[Telangana Today]] |date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210713015755/https://archive.telanganatoday.com/gmc-balayogi-stadium-in-good-shape-for-new-isl-season |url-status=live }}</ref> As the club rebranded as Sporting Club Delhi, it changed its base to [[New Delhi]]. It is exploring the option of sharing [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] with [[Punjab FC]] for the [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26 season]] along with making [[Ambedkar Stadium]] as their home ground in the long run.<ref name="Sporting Delhi1">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Neeladri |title=Hyderabad FC rebranded as Sporting Club Delhi; Tomas Tchorz set to be new coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/hyderabad-fc-new-name-sporting-club-delhi-bc-jindal-group-tomas-tchorz-kerala-blasters-coach-super-cup/article70179109.ece |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

==Supporters==
In a very short period of time the club, as Hyderabad FC, managed to get local support from the city fans. In their first home match against [[Kerala Blasters]], more than 14,000 people came to support the club which they won by 2-1. ''Deccan Legion'' was active fan group of Hyderabad FC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 12th Men- How Hyderabad FC And Deccan Legion Are Reviving The Lost Glory Of Football In Hyderabad|url=https://iftwc.com/hyderabad-fc-and-deccan-legion-reviving-the-glory-of-hyd/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=IFTWC - Indian Football Team for World Cup|date=2 October 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125041055/https://iftwc.com/hyderabad-fc-and-deccan-legion-reviving-the-glory-of-hyd/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, as time passed by the local support reduced, even after the club performed and crowned as the [[Indian Super League]] cup winners in [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 season]]. The crowd support declined so much that the average attendance fell short to mere 7,195 in the [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24 season]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdev |first=Chetan |date=2024-01-12 |title=Unpacking the empty seats: Analyzing the Indian Super League's attendance woes |url=https://medium.com/@chtnsachdev/unpacking-the-empty-seats-analyzing-the-indian-super-leagues-attendance-woes-15e38f612202 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

==Ownership==
The founding owners of Hyderabad FC were Vijay Madduri and Varun Tripuraneni. Madduri, then the chief executive officer of the [[Hyderabad]]-based company Incessant Technologies, said that he was looking forward to his "significant role in developing football in the state, reviving its past glory".<ref name="owners">{{cite news |last1=Easwar |first1=Nisanth V |title=ISL: Varun Tripuraneni, Vijay Madduri announce Hyderabad Football Club |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-varun-tripuraneni-vijay-madduri/9wn8uujp4tpv140r8t7pmzxsn |access-date=2 July 2020 |publisher=Goal.com |date=27 August 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703121201/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-varun-tripuraneni-vijay-madduri/9wn8uujp4tpv140r8t7pmzxsn |url-status=live }}</ref> Tripuraneni is the former CEO of the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]], another [[Indian Super League]] side. In August 2019, it was announced that Hyderabad would replace a financially struggled [[Pune City]] for the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]] season, with Tripuraneni and Madduri buying the ownership rights of the disbanded club.<ref name="February2019"/><ref name="The Times of India"/> During the club's announcement, Tripuraneni said "It is a proud moment for me, to be co-owner of Hyderabad FC. Hyderabad is a city with great football culture. I look forward to working with key stakeholders and building a strong foundation for the club, which will eventually contribute to society and do the city proud. Our immediate task is to prepare for the new season".<ref name="owners"/>

In October 2019, the club announced prominent [[Telugu language|Telugu]] actor [[Rana Daggubati]] as a new stakeholder in the club, became a co-owner along with Madduri and Tripuraneni.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subrahmanyam |first1=V. V. |title=ISL 2019-20: Film star Rana Daggubati new stakeholder of Hyderabad FC |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-rana-daggubati-stakeholder-kamaljit-singh-indian-super-league/article29789759.ece |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204141649/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2019-20-hyderabad-fc-rana-daggubati-stakeholder-kamaljit-singh-indian-super-league/article29789759.ece |archive-date=4 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> After acquiring ownership, Daggubati stated "Hyderabad has a great legacy with the sport. This team, therefore, is a chance to rekindle that legacy."<ref name="Rana">{{cite news |title=Rana Daggubati joins Hyderabad FC as co-owner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/rana-daggubati-joins-hyderabad-fc-as-co-owner/articleshow/71745491.cms |access-date=2 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518105755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/rana-daggubati-joins-hyderabad-fc-as-co-owner/articleshow/71745491.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 September 2024, Jindal Football Pvt. Ltd. under the ambit of the Delhi based B.C. Jindal Group, announced the acquisition of the sporting license of the club. This acquisition marks the BC Jindal Group’s first venture into the Indian sports ecosystem.<ref name="Jindal owner">{{cite web |title=BC Jindal Group Acquires Hyderabad Football Club |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2024/announcement/bc-jindal-group-acquires-hyderabad-football-club/ |publisher=Hyderabad FC |access-date=18 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808044803/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2024/announcement/bc-jindal-group-acquires-hyderabad-football-club/ |archive-date=8 August 2025 |date=2 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2025, the club announced shifting its base from Hyderabad to New Delhi. The club is also rebranded as ''Sporting Club Delhi''.<ref name="rebrand">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad FC now Sporting Club Delhi: Everything to know about ISL's capital return |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/hyderabad-fc-sporting-club-delhi-rebranding-isl-return-capital-jindal-group-2799348-2025-10-07 |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=7 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011181244/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/hyderabad-fc-sporting-club-delhi-rebranding-isl-return-capital-jindal-group-2799348-2025-10-07 |archive-date=11 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{updated|7 February 2026}}<ref>{{cite web
| title = Squad
| url = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1536-hyderabad-fc-profile/squad
| publisher = [[Indian Super League]]
| access-date = 15 January 2022
| archive-date = 23 January 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220123203546/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1536-hyderabad-fc-profile/squad
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/squad/ |title=Hyderabad FC Squad Details |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=hyderabadfc.co.in |publisher=Hyderabad Football Club}}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{fs player|other=|no=1|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=[[Karanjit Singh]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=3|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Mohammed Rafi}}
{{fs player|other=|no=4|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Alex Saji]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=6|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Ashutosh Mehta]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=7|pos=FW|nat=SER|name=Matija Babović}}
{{fs player|other=|no=8|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Ayush Adhikari]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=9|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Alan Saji}}
{{fs player|other=|no=10|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Ramhlunchhunga]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=11|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Joseph Sunny]]}}
{{fs player|no=13|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=[[Lamgoulen Hangshing]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=15|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Clarence Fernandes}}
{{fs player|other=|no=16|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Kharon Subba}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=19|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Augustine Lalrochana]]}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|other=|no=20|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=[[Nora Fernandes]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=22|pos=MF|nat=GHA|name=Ebenezer Amoh}}
{{fs player|other=|no=23|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Mohammed Aimen]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=24|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Mohammed Azhar]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=25|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Yanglem Sanatomba Singh}}
{{fs player|other=|no=27|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Sourav K.|Sourav K]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=28|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=29|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=[[Devendra Murgaonkar]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=31|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=[[Vishal Yadav]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=33|pos=DF|nat=BRA|name=[[Rafael Ribeiro (footballer)|Rafael Ribeiro]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=41|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Manoj Mohammed]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=42|pos=MF|nat=GHA|name=[[Abdul Halik Hudu]]}}
{{fs player|other=|no=99|pos=FW|nat=IND|name=Yohann Victor Britto}}
{{Fs end}}

=== Out on loan ===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs end}}

===Former players===
{{main|List of SC Delhi players}}

===Reserves===
{{main|SC Delhi Reserves and Academy}}

==Personnel==
===Final technical staff===
''{{As of|2025|10|18}}''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#8B0000; color:#ffbd2e; text-align:center;"| Position
! style="background:#8B0000; color:#ffbd2e; text-align:center;"| Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Tomasz Tchórz]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Suraj Pillai
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Luis Mario Aguiar
|-
|Head of analysis
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shrivatsa Joglekar
|-
|Strength & conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pushpendra Singh Kushwaha
|-
|Kit manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prashant Naidu
|}

==Records and statistics==
===Head coaches record===
{{updated|12 March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Phil Brown (footballer, born 1959)|Phil Brown]]
|align=left|{{ENG}}
|align=left|29 August 2019<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mergulhao |first1=Marcus |title=Former Hull City manager Brown to coach Hyderabad FC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/former-hull-city-manager-brown-to-coach-hyderabad-fc/articleshow/70886982.cms |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/former-hull-city-manager-brown-to-coach-hyderabad-fc/articleshow/70886982.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|align=left|11 January 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=ISL: Hyderabad FC and coach Phil Brown part ways |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-and-coach-phil-brown-part-ways/article30542455.ece |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702161613/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/hyderabad-fc-and-coach-phil-brown-part-ways/article30542455.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{WDL|12|1|2|9|for=12|against=29}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] ''(caretaker)''
| align="left" |{{IND}}
|align=left|11 January 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha up for the challenge, Hyderabad playing for pride |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/odisha-up-for-the-challenge-hyderabad-playing-for-pride/1olmejqrb8n031gmk0b16sv58b |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Goal.com |date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704001225/https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/odisha-up-for-the-challenge-hyderabad-playing-for-pride/1olmejqrb8n031gmk0b16sv58b |url-status=live }}</ref>
|align=left|24 January 2020<ref name="Gurri">{{cite news |last1=Noronha |first1=Anselm |title=Hyderabad FC's Javier Gurri Lopez: Players are enjoying training |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/hyderabad-fc-interim-javier-lopez-players-enjoying-training/d03ficr1fm971bgcdtwvf2k8m |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Goal.com |date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031203143/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/hyderabad-fc-interim-javier-lopez-players-enjoying-training/d03ficr1fm971bgcdtwvf2k8m |archive-date=31 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{WDL|1|0|1|0|for=1|against=2}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Xavier Gurri López]] ''(interim)''
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|24 January 2020<ref name="Gurri"/>
|align=left|1 June 2020<ref name="Roca">{{cite news |title=ISL - Hyderabad FC appoint Albert Roca as head coach |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/indian-super-league/story/4031894/isl-hyderabad-fc-appoint-albert-roca-as-head-coach |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=ESPN |date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112135450/https://www.espn.com/soccer/indian-super-league/story/4031894/isl-hyderabad-fc-appoint-albert-roca-as-head-coach |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{WDL|5|1|2|2|for=8|against=8}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Albert Roca]]
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|1 June 2020<ref name="Roca"/>
|align=left|29 August 2020<ref name="roca">{{cite news |title=Albert Roca leaves Hyderabad to join Koeman's staff at Barcelona |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/albert-roca-leaves-hyderabad-to-join-koeman-s-staff-at-barcelona/story-iRSa5QoF8qNv8kvxfubTPK.html |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104649/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/albert-roca-leaves-hyderabad-to-join-koeman-s-staff-at-barcelona/story-iRSa5QoF8qNv8kvxfubTPK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Manolo Márquez]]
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|31 August 2020<ref name="Manuel">{{cite news |title=Manuel Marquez appointed as new head coach of Hyderabad FC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/manuel-marquez-hyderabad-fc-head-coach-appointment-6577521/ |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142617/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/manuel-marquez-hyderabad-fc-head-coach-appointment-6577521/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|align=left|31 May 2023<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2023/announcement/hyderabad-fc-announce-new-leadership-group/ |title=Hyderabad FC announce new Leadership Group |date=7 July 2023 |publisher=Hyderabad FC |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116171150/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2023/announcement/hyderabad-fc-announce-new-leadership-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{WDL|57|27|18|12|for=95|against=53}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Thangboi Singto]]
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|7 July 2023<ref name=":0" />
|align=left|18 December 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2024/announcement/hyderabad-fcs-head-coach-thangboi-singto-departs/ | title=Hyderabad FC's Head Coach Thangboi Singto departs | date=18 December 2024 }}</ref>
{{WDL|30|2|6|22|for=19|against=59}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Shameel Chembakath]]
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|18 December 2024<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/thangboi-singto-hyderabad-fc-mutual-consent-isl-2024-standings-eighth-loss-manager-news/article69003563.ece | title=ISL 2024-25: Hyderabad FC head coach Thangboi Singto leaves by mutual consent | date=19 December 2024 }}</ref>
|align=left|31 May 2025
{{WDL|13|2|5|6|for=15|against=27}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Tomasz Tchórz]]
|align=left|{{POL}}
|align=left|18 October 2025<ref name="Sporting Delhi1"/>
|align=left|''present''
{{WDL|3|0|1|2|for=3|against=9}}
|}

===Team records ===
{{updated|31 December 2022}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

==== Most appearances ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Rank
! scope="col"| Player
! scope="col"| Appearances<ref name="WF"/>
|-
|align=center|1 || {{flagicon|IND}} Jongte||align=center|74
|-
|align=center|2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Poojary]] ||align=center|64
|-
|align=center|3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akash Mishra]] ||align=center|57
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|4 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]] ||align=center|54
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João Victor]] ||align=center|54
|-
|align=center|6 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Laxmikant Kattimani]] ||align=center|51
|-
|align=center|7 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Asish Rai]] ||align=center|48
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|8 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Tavora]] ||align=center|45
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Joel Chianese]] ||align=center|45
|-
|align=center|10 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Halicharan Narzary]] ||align=center|43
|}

{{Col-2}}

==== Most goals ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Rank
! scope="col"| Player
! scope="col"| Goals<ref name="WF">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad FC Stats |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/team_performance/hyderabad-fc/ind-indian-super-league-2019-2020/nach-toren/ |website=worldfootball.net |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702214044/https://www.worldfootball.net/team_performance/hyderabad-fc/ind-indian-super-league-2019-2020/nach-toren/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|align=center|1 || {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]] ||align=center|28
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|2 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javier Siverio]] ||align=center|12
|-
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João Victor]] ||align=center|12
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|4 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]] ||align=center|10
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Joel Chianese]] ||align=center|10
|-
|align=center|6 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Halicharan Narzary]] ||align=center|9
|-
|align=center|7 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho Leite Pereira|Marcelinho]] ||align=center|7
|-
|rowspan=2 align=center|8 || {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bobô (footballer, born 1985)|Bobô]] ||align=center|5
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Yasir]] ||align=center|5
|}
{{Col-end}}

== eSports ==
=== Roster ===

{{Esports roster header
| team = SC Delhi eSports
| game = FIFA
}}

{{Esports player | handle = Aadizema | first = Aditya | last = | nat = IND}}
{{Esports player | handle = D33KAYPLAYS | first = Darvesh | last = Khera | nat = IND}}

{{Esports roster footer
| head_coach = Liviu
| asst_coach = Mic
| otherlegend =
| roster_url =
| transaction_date = 19 November 2021
}}

== Honours ==
* '''[[Indian Super League]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]] (as ''Hyderabad FC'')

== Club's affiliated history ==

Since rebranding as SC Delhi, the club is not affiliated to any other club. The following clubs are with which ''Hyderabad'' was affiliated to:

* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Borussia Dortmund]] (2020–2025)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Borussia Dortmund and Hyderabad announce multi-year partnership {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/borussia-dortmund-hyderabad-fc-isl-partnership/1gp94fqxdx3oq19yhyotyo0tgh|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215458/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/borussia-dortmund-hyderabad-fc-isl-partnership/1gp94fqxdx3oq19yhyotyo0tgh|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-16|title=Black and Yellow! Hyderabad FC Enter into Multi-year Partnership with Borussia Dortmund|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/black-and-yellow-hyderabad-fc-enter-into-multi-year-partnership-with-borussia-dortmund-2792597.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=news18.com|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214831/https://www.news18.com/news/football/black-and-yellow-hyderabad-fc-enter-into-multi-year-partnership-with-borussia-dortmund-2792597.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Football: ISL and I-League clubs and their tie-ups with foreign clubs|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124094432/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/indian-football-isl-i-league-clubs-tie-ups-foreign-clubs/1pw2yk8hdfo6oz5draur8lrex#h77q76xqpgqh1hawjr8gud77t|date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|title=FEATUREDISL and I-League Clubs, Their Tie-ups With Foreign Sides|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 January 2022|website=footballexpress.in|publisher=Football Express|first=Manas Ranjan|last=Pandab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117005759/https://footballexpress.in/isl-and-i-league-clubs-their-tie-ups-with-foreign-sides/|archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marbella FC]] (2020–2025)<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Oct 29, 2020|title=Hyderabad FC, Spanish club Marbella FC announce strategic tie-up {{!}} Football News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-spanish-club-marbella-fc-announce-strategic-tie-up/articleshow/78934381.cms|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602225612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-spanish-club-marbella-fc-announce-strategic-tie-up/articleshow/78934381.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[SC Delhi Reserves and Academy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
* {{official website|https://scdelhi.in/}}
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/1536-hyderabad-fc-profile Hyderabad FC] at the [[Indian Super League]] official website
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/13371 Hyderabad FC] at the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] official website

{{SC Delhi}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Delhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SC Delhi}}
[[Category:Hyderabad FC]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Delhi]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2019]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2025]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Sport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Football clubs in New Delhi]]

Aditya Yadav

2026-04-18T19:54:23Z

VirgilioBrereton: new a data

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aditya Yadav
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Sanghmitra Maurya]]
| successor =
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|06|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| relations = [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] (uncle)<br/>[[Akhilesh Yadav]] (cousin)<br/>[[Dharmendra Yadav]] (cousin)<br/>[[Dimple Yadav]] (sister-in-law)
| spouse = {{marriage|Rajlaxmi Singh Yadav|2016}}
| profession = [[Politician]]
| parents = [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]] (father)
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5802?from=members
}}

'''Aditya "Ankur" Yadav''' (born 12 June 1988; {{IPA|hi|aːd̪ɪt̪jə jaːd̪əʋ}}) is an Indian [[politician]] and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0415.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> He is affiliated with the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/badaun-badaun-lok-sabha-result-2024-samjwadi-party-aditya-yadav-won-seat-23732253.html|title=Badaun Lok Sabha Result 2024; बीजेपी से बदायूं लोकसभा सीट छीनकर शिवपाल के बेटे आदित्य यादव ने रचा इतिहास - Badaun Lok Sabha Result 2024 Samjwadi Party Aditya Yadav Won Seat|website=Jagran}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he won from [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency]] seat by defeating Durvijay Singh Shakya (BJP) by a margin of 35,067 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-badaun-lok-sabha-results-2024-winner-counting-trend-lead-durvijay-singh-shakya-bjp-aditya-yadav-samajwadi-party-muslim-khan-bsp-10147401.amp.html|title=Badaun Results 2024 : बदायूं में भी सपा का कब्जा, शिवपाल के बेटे आदित्य 35067 वोटों से चुनाव जीते, भाजपा के दुर्विजय शाक्य हारे|date=June 4, 2024|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=June 5, 2024|archive-date=June 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604052407/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-badaun-lok-sabha-results-2024-winner-counting-trend-lead-durvijay-singh-shakya-bjp-aditya-yadav-samajwadi-party-muslim-khan-bsp-10147401.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/badaun-loksabha-seat-result-aditya-yadav-shivpal-yadav-bjp-candidate-durvijay-singh-shakya-lclr-1957064-2024-06-04|title=Badaun Chunav Result Live: बदायूं सीट पर सपा के आदित्य यादव 3000 वोट से आगे, BJP के दुर्विजय शाक्य पीछे|date=June 4, 2024|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/budaun/sp-snatched-badaun-and-aonla-seats-from-bjp-aditya-yadav-will-go-to-parliament-from-badaun-badaun-news-c-123-1-sbly1002-119900-2024-06-05|title=Budaun News: सपा ने भाजपा से छीनी बदायूं और आंवला सीट, बदायूं से आदित्य यादव जाएंगे संसद|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/badaun-election-results-2024-uttar-pradesh-badaun-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-durvijay-singh-shakya-bjp-aditya-yadav-sp-muslim-khan-bsp/articleshow/110664639.cms|title=Badaun election results 2024 live updates: SP's Aditya Yadav won with over 5 lakh votes|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Badaun Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014- 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Badaun Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014- 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/badaun |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701073212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/badaun |archive-date=1 July 2025 |access-date=1 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yadav was born in 1988 to Sarla Yadav and [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/photo-gallery-who-is-aditya-yadav-shivpal-singh-yadav-son-to-contest-badaun-lok-sabha-election-2024-know-biography-family-an/2187948|title=कौन हैं राजघराने की बेटी से शादी करने वाले आदित्‍य यादव, जिसने बढ़ा दी अखिलेश की टेंशन|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/badaun/know-who-is-aditya-yadav-son-of-shivpal-yadav-samajwadi-party-preparing-for-badaun-loksabha-seat/articleshow/109184720.cms|title=राजघराने में शादी, IFFCO बोर्ड डायरेक्टर.. बदायूं से लोकसभा की तैयारी में लगे शिवपाल के बेटे आदित्य यादव को जानिए|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

He did his schooling from [[La Martinière College, Lucknow]] and attended [[University of Lucknow]] for B.B.A. and Master of Tourism Administration degrees which he completed in 2012 and 2014 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Yadav(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- BADAUN(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3490 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yadav was married to Rajlaxmi Singh Yadav on 10 March 2016.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/up-luck-shivpal-yadav-son-aditya-lives-in-crore-mansion-with-wife-5620282-pho.html|title=पौने दो करोड़ के बंगले में रहता है शिवपाल यादव का बेटा, WIFE भी है रॉयल|date=June 12, 2017|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Educational organizations ==
He is part of management committee of two private schools and three private colleges, these include S.S. Memorial Senior Secondary Public School, Saifai; Sughar Singh Memorial Shiksha Niketan Inter College, Saifai; S.S. Memorial Mahavidyalaya, Takha; [[S.S. Memorial Educational Academy, Saifai]] and S.S. Memorial College of Pharmacy, Saifai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.S. Memorial Senior Secondary Public School |url=https://ssmemorialsaifai.com/leadership |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=ssmemorialsaifai.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Aditya}}
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Yadav family (Uttar Pradesh)]]

List of institutions of higher education in Maharashtra

2026-04-16T16:04:48Z

VirgilioBrereton: Starting A Stub...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Cleanup|reason=The article is in mixed table-list form. It should be converted to either complete table or complete list form, sorted by a column-name preferably|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

In [[Maharashtra]], there is one central university, twenty three state universities and twenty-one deemed universities.
[[File:Rajabai under Const.jpg|thumb|right|The main building of [[University of Mumbai]], established 1856, the oldest university in Maharashtra; the photo is from the
1870s.|alt=File photo of University of Mumbai. Rajabai Clock Tower is seen shrouded in scaffolding.]]
[[File:University of Pune, Pune.jpg|thumb|right|The main building of the [[University of Pune]], established in 1948.|alt=refer to caption.]]

==Universities==

===Central University===
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Wardha]].<ref name=Central>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Consolidated%20list%20of%20Central%20Universities%20as%20on%2029.06.2017.pdf|title=List of Central Universities as on 29.06.2017|date=29 June 2017|access-date=1 July 2017|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]}}</ref>

===State Universities===

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:76%"
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Establishment
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialisation
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]
| [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
| 1958
| General
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bamu.net/history.htm |title=Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad |work=bamu.net |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823104300/http://www.bamu.net/history.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|1963
|Technical Education
|
|-
| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]]
| [[Lonere]],
Dist-[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| 1989
| Technology
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dbatu.ac.in/ |title=.:. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere .:. |work=dbatu.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]]
| [[Dapoli]],
Dist-[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
| 1972
| Agriculture
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dbskkv.org/aboutus.html |title=Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli (Agricultural University) |work=dbskkv.org |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118054022/http://www.dbskkv.org/aboutus.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gondwana University]]
|[[Gadchiroli]]
| 2011
| General
|
|-
|[[Kavikulguru Kalidas Sanskrit University]]
|[[Ramtek]],
[[Nagpur District]]
| 1997
|[[Sanskrit]]
|
|-
|[[Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University]]
|[[Nagpur]]
| 2000
|[[Veterinary]], [[Fishery sciences|Fishery]], [[Dairy]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mafsu.in/ |title=Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University (MAFSU), Nagpur |work=mafsu.in|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|[[Nashik]]
| 2000
|[[Healthcare science|Healthcare]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muhsnashik.com/ |title=Maharashtra University of Health Sciences |work=muhsnashik.com |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902012451/http://www.muhsnashik.com/ |archive-date=2 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]]
|[[Rahuri]],
[[Ahmednagar district|Ahilyanagar]]
| 1968
| Agriculture
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpkv.mah.nic.in/INTRODUCTION.HTM |title=Introduction |work=mpkv.mah.nic.in |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903031352/http://mpkv.mah.nic.in/INTRODUCTION.HTM |archive-date=3 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|[[North Maharashtra University|
Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University]]
|[[Jalgaon]]
| 1991
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nmu.ac.in/profile/aspx/profile.aspx |title=profile |work=nmu.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[North Maharashtra University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902061027/http://www.nmu.ac.in/profile/aspx/profile.aspx |archive-date=2 September 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]]
| [[Akola]]
| 1969
| Agriculture
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdkv.ac.in/AboutUniv.php|title=Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola|work=pdkv.ac.in|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823060612/http://www.pdkv.ac.in/AboutUniv.php|archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
| [[Nagpur]]
| 1923
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nagpuruniversity.org/links/aboutus.htm |title=Nagpur University |work=nagpuruniversity.org |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]
| [[Amravati]]
| 1983
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgbau.ac.in/aboutus.asp |title=Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University |work=sgbau.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714235225/http://www.sgbau.ac.in/AboutUs.asp |archive-date=14 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|[[Pune]]
| 1949
| General
|<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unipune.ac.in/university_files/about_university.htm |title=About University of Pune |work=unipune.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shivaji University]]
| [[Kolhapur]]
| 1962
| General
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unishivaji.ac.in/uniprof.htm|title=Welcome to Shivaji University, Kolhapur|work=unishivaji.ac.in|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Shivaji University]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808070635/http://www.unishivaji.ac.in/uniprof.htm|archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1916
<small>(1951<sup>{{Dagger}}</sup>)</small>
| Women's only
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sndtwomensuniversity.in/index.php/university |title=About University |work=sndtwomensuniversity.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Solapur University|Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Solapur University]]
| [[Solapur]]
| 2004
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://su.digitaluniversity.ac/Content.aspx?ID=7 |title=Solapur University |work=su.digitaluniversity.ac |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Solapur University]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]]
| [[Nanded]]
| 1995
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://srtmun.ac.in/Aboutsrtmun.aspx |title=About SRT |work=srtmun.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[University of Mumbai]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1857
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mu.ac.in/About%20University.html |title=About University |work=mu.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[University of Mumbai]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023203430/http://mu.ac.in/About%20University.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University]]
| [[Parbhani]]
| 1972
| Agriculture
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mkv2.mah.nic.in/doe/maufrgen.html |title=Marathwada Agricultural University |work=mkv2.mah.nic.in |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Marathwada Agricultural University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210052825/http://mkv2.mah.nic.in/doe/maufrgen.html |archive-date=10 February 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University]]
| [[Nashik]]
| 1990
| [[Distance education]]
| <ref name="ycmou.com lms">{{cite web |url= http://www.ycmou.com/lms/ |title=Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University |work=ycmou.com |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University]]}}</ref>
|-
|MIT Vishwaprayag University
|[[Solapur]]
|2020
|General
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Vishwaprayag University {{!}} Top universities in India {{!}} MITVPU Solapur |url=https://www.mitvpu.ac.in/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=MITVPU |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}
<small><sup>{{Dagger}}</sup> granted university / State university status</small>
| <ref name="ycmou.com lms" />

====National Law Universities====

{| class="wikitable collapsible plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:76%"
! scope="col" style="width: 50%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" |Estd
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" |Specialisation
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 25%;" class="unsortable"|Website
|-
|| [[Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai]]
| align = center | [[Mumbai]]
| align = center | 2015
| align = center | [[Law]]
| align = center | [[Government]]
|| {{URL|http://nlumumbai.edu.in/}}
|-
|| [[Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur]]
| align = center | [[Nagpur]]
| align = center | 2016
| align = center | [[Law]]
| align = center | [[Government]]
|| {{URL|https://nlunagpur.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad]]
| align = center | [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
| align = center | 2017
| align = center | [[Law]]
| align = center | [[Government]]
|| {{URL|http://mnlua.in/}}
|-
|}

===Deemed Universities===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:80%"
! scope="col" |University
! scope="col" |Location
! scope="col" |Estd
! scope="col" |Specialisation
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Sources
|-
| [[Bharati Vidyapeeth]]
| [[Pune]]
| 1964 <small>(1996)</small>
| General
| <ref name="History, BVDU">{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatividyapeeth.edu/About-Us/History/default.aspx |title=History, BVDU |work=bharatividyapeeth.edu |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Bharati Vidyapeeth]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824102853/http://www.bharatividyapeeth.edu/About-Us/History/default.aspx |archive-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/bharatividyaeeth.html |title= Listing of Bharati Vidyapeeth as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120212184358/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/bharatividyaeeth.html |archive-date= 12 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1961 <small>(1989)</small>
| [[Fisheries science]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.icar.org.in/node/2941 |title=The Central Institute of Fisheries Education celebrated Golden Jubilee Year on 6 June 2011 | Indian Council of Agricultural Research |work=icar.org.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Central Institute of Fisheries Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/fishrieseducation.html |title= Listing of Central Institute of Fisheries Education as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208042806/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/fishrieseducation.html |archive-date= 8 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Chinmaya Mission|Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth]]
|[[Mumbai]]
| 2017
| Indic Studies
|<ref>{{Cite web| title=Notification | date=2017-01-16 | url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/Notification16012017.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030902/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/Notification16012017.pdf | archive-date=2017-10-01}}</ref>
|-
| D. Y. Patil Education Society
| [[Kolhapur]]
| 1987 <small>(2005)</small>
| [[Medicine]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dypatilunikop.org/university.htm |title=D.Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur |work=dypatilunikop.org |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=D. Y. Patil Education Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630044827/http://dypatilunikop.org/university.htm |archive-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/dypatileducationsociety.html |title= Listing of D.Y.Patil Education Society as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208042801/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/dypatileducationsociety.html |archive-date= 8 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
| [[Wardha]]
| 1950 <small>(2005)</small>
| [[Medical science]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dmimsu.edu.in/?page=aboutUs |title= Welcome to Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Science University, Nagpur |work=dmimsu.edu.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/dmims.html |title= Listing of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120422115624/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/dmims.html |archive-date= 22 April 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]]
| [[Pune]]
| 1821 <small>(1990)</small>
| [[Archeology]], [[linguistics]]
| <ref name="Deccan College » Brief History">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccancollegepune.ac.in/history.asp |title=Deccan College » Brief History |work=deccancollegepune.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917052929/http://www.deccancollegepune.ac.in/history.asp |archive-date=17 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/deccancollegepune.html |title= Listing of Deccan College Post Graduate & Research Centre as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120212104058/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/deccancollegepune.html |archive-date= 12 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]]
| [[Pune]]
| 1952 <small>(2000)</small>
| Arms technology
| <ref name="diat.ac.in">{{cite web |url= http://www.diat.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=64 |title=History :: About DIAT :: Defense Institute of Advanced Technology |work=diat.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/armament.html |title= Listing of Defence Institute of Advanced Technology as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120109060827/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/armament.html |archive-date= 9 January 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune|Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth]]
| [[Pune]]
| 1996 <small>(2003)</small>
| [[Medical science]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpu.edu.in/UniversityProfile.aspx |title=University Profile |work=dpu.edu.in |access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322135135/http://www.dpu.edu.in/UniversityProfile.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/dypatiluniversity.html |title= Listing of Dr. D.Y.Patil Vidyapeeth as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120212103616/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/dypatiluniversity.html |archive-date= 12 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]
| [[Pune]]
| 1930 <small>(1993)</small>
| [[Economics]]
| <ref name="gipe.ac.in">{{cite web |url= http://www.gipe.ac.in/index.html |title=Welcome to GIPE – Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics |work=gipe.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/gipe.html |title= Listing of Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120307030721/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/gipe.html |archive-date= 7 March 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2005
| [[Science]], [[Technology]]
| <ref name=Homi>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/homibaba.html |title= Listing of Homi Bhabha National Institute as deemed university |work=ugc.ac.in |access-date=13 September 2011|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref><ref name="Homi Bhabha National Institute">{{cite web|url=http://www.hbni.ac.in/AboutHBNI/22Background.htm|title=Homi Bhabha National Institute – Background|work=hbni.ac.in|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Homi Bhabha National Institute]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002154029/http://www.hbni.ac.in/AboutHBNI/22Background.htm|archive-date=2 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1987 <small>(1995)</small>
| Economics
| <ref name="About Us">{{cite web |url= http://www.igidr.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8&Itemid=20 |title=About Us |work=igidr.ac.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/indiragandhiinstitute.html |title= Listing of Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208042921/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/indiragandhiinstitute.html |archive-date= 8 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1933 <small>(2008)</small>
| [[Chemical engineering]]
| <ref name="Welcome to ICT Mumbai">{{cite web |url= http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?pageID=1&linkid=3 |title=Welcome to ICT Mumbai |work=ictmumbai.edu.in |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Institute of Chemical Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/ict.html |title= Listing of Institute of Chemical Technology as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120110121257/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/ict.html |archive-date= 10 January 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[International Institute for Population Sciences]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1956 <small>(1985)</small>
| [[Population studies]]
| <ref name="iipsindia.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.iipsindia.org/about.htm |title=International Institute for Population Sciences |work=iipsindia.org |access-date=30 August 2011 |publisher=[[International Institute for Population Sciences]] |archive-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828055914/http://www.iipsindia.org/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/iipsindia.html |title= Listing of International Institute for Population Sciences as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208042916/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/iipsindia.html |archive-date= 8 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
| [[Satara (city)|Satara]]
| 1982 <small>(2005)</small>
| [[Medical science]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kimsuniversity.in/kimsu.html|title=.:Krishna Institute Of Medical Sciences University :.|work=kimsuniversity.in|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902084810/http://www.kimsuniversity.in/kimsu.html|archive-date=2 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/kimsuniversity.html |title= Listing of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208042821/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/kimsuniversity.html |archive-date= 8 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| MGM Institute of Health Sciences
| [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 1982 <small>(2006)</small>
| [[Healthcare science|Healthcare]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mgmuhs.com/about-us.htm |title=MGM University of Health Sciences |work=mgmuhs.com |access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=MGM Institute of Health Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/mgmuhs.html |title= Listing of MGM Institute of Health Sciences as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120307030902/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/mgmuhs.html |archive-date= 7 March 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[SVKM's NMIMS]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1981 <small>(2003)</small>
| General
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://nmims.edu/about-nmims/ |title=About NMIMS | Narsee Monjee Institute of Management studies |work=nmims.edu |access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=[[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715044319/http://nmims.edu/about-nmims/ |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/nmims.html |title= Listing of Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208043109/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/nmims.html |archive-date= 8 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nmims.edu/about-nmims/facts-history/schools |title=NMIMS |work=nmims.edu |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=[[Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140117145659/http://nmims.edu/about-nmims/facts-history/schools |archive-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences
| [[Ahmednagar]]
| 1976 <small>(2003)</small>
| [[Medical science]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravara.com/profile.html|title=About profile of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences – Deemed University|work=pravara.com|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804082358/http://www.pravara.com/profile.html|archive-date=4 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/pravarainstitutemedicalscience.html |title= Listing of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120307030912/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/pravarainstitutemedicalscience.html |archive-date= 7 March 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Symbiosis International (Deemed University)]]
| [[Pune]]
| 1971 <small>(2002)</small>
| General
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://siu.edu.in/Symbiosis_International_University/symbiosis.php|title=Symbiosis International University|work=siu.edu.in|access-date=13 March 2012|publisher=[[Symbiosis International University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212121613/http://siu.edu.in/Symbiosis_International_University/symbiosis.php|archive-date=12 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/siu.html |title= Listing of Symbiosis International University as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120229135456/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/siu.html |archive-date= 29 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1945 <small>(2002)</small>
| [[Pure research]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2012/about/about.htm |title=GS2011 - About TIFR |work=univ.tifr.res.in |access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225184335/http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2012/about/about.htm |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/tifr.html |title= Listing of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120307030812/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/tifr.html |archive-date= 7 March 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1936 <small>(1964)</small>
| [[Social sciences]]
| <ref name="tiss.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.tiss.edu/TopMenuBar/about-tiss/history|title=History – Tata Institute of Social Sciences|work=tiss.edu|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902033651/http://www.tiss.edu/TopMenuBar/about-tiss/history|archive-date=2 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/tiss.html |title= Listing of Tata Institute of Social Sciences as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120214174051/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/tiss.html |archive-date= 14 February 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tilak Maharashtra University]]
| [[Pune]]
| 1921 (1987)
| General
| <ref name="Tilak Maharastra Vidyapeeth">{{cite web|url=http://www.tmv.edu.in/aboutus.asp|title=Tilak Maharastra Vidyapeeth|work=tmv.edu.in|access-date=30 August 2011|publisher=Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth|archive-date=4 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904133421/http://www.tmv.edu.in/aboutus.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/tmv.html |title= Listing of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth as deemed university |work= ugc.ac.in |access-date= 13 March 2012 |publisher= [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120108100434/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/tmv.html |archive-date= 8 January 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Private Universities===
[[Private university#India|Private universities]] are approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges.<ref>{{cite web|title=Private Universities|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privatuniversity.aspx|access-date=5 October 2017|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|work=ugc.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814013617/https://www.ugc.ac.in/privatuniversity.aspx|archive-date=14 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Private>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated%20List%20Private%20Universities%20as%20on%2029.06.2017.pdf |title=State-wise List of Private Universities as on 29.06.2017 |work=ugc.ac.in |date=29 June 2017|access-date=5 October 2017 |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref>
* [[Pillai University]]
* [[Universal Ai University]], [[Karjat]]
* DY Patil Agriculture and Technical University Talsande Kolhapur (First State private agriculture University in Maharashtra).

===Central Government===
* Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]]
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur]]
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Pune]]
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune]]
* [[National Fire Service College|National Fire Service College, Nagpur]]<ref name="nfscnagpur.nic.in">[http://nfscnagpur.nic.in/ National Fire Service College, Nagpur]</ref>
* [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology Aurangabad|National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar]]
* [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering|Indian Institute of Management, Mumbai]]
* [[National Power Training Institute|National Power Training Institute, Nagpur]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Nagpur|Indian Institute of Management, Nagpur]]
* [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology|Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur]]
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur]]
* Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, [[Chandrapur]]

===Government of Maharashtra===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Government of Maharashtra]]'s Engineering Colleges
|-
|-
! College !! Location !! Type !! Autonomy Status!! Affiliation !! Estd || Website
|-
|| [[College of Engineering, Pune]]
|| [[Pune]]
|| Government
|| University
|| [[COEP Technological University]]
|| 1854
|| {{URL|https://www.coeptech.ac.in}}
|-
|| [[Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad]]
|| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|| Government
|| Autonomous
|| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]
|| 1960
|| {{URL|http://GECA.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government College of Engineering, Karad]]
|| [[Karad]]
|| Government
|| Autonomous
|| [[Shivaji University]]
|| 1960
|| {{URL|http://gcekarad.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government College of Engineering, Amravati]]
|| [[Amravati]]
|| Government
|| Autonomous
|| [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]
|| 1964
|| {{URL|http://gcoea.ac.in}}
|-
|| [[Government College of Engineering, Jalgaon]]
|| [[Jalgaon]]
|| Government
|| Autonomous
|| [[North Maharashtra University]]
|| 1996
|| {{URL|http://gcoej.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government College of Engineering, Chandrapur]]
|| [[Chandrapur]]
|| Government
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Gondwana University]]
|| 1996
|| {{URL|http://gcoec.ac.in}}
|-
|| Government College of Engineering and Research, Avasari
|| Avasari (Khurd),
[[Pune district|Pune]] district
|| Government
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
|| 2009
|| {{URL|http://gcoeara.ac.in}}
|-
|| Government College of Engineering, Nagpur
|| [[Nagpur]]
|| Government
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
|| 2016
||{{URL|http://gcoen.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government College of Engineering, Yavatmal]]
|| [[Yavatmal]]
|| Government
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]]
|| 2018
||{{URL|http://gcoey.ac.in/}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Government of Maharashtra]]'s-Aided Engineering Colleges
|-
|-
! College !! Location !! Type !! Autonomy Status!! Affiliation !! Estd ||Website
|-
|| [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| Government-Aided
|| Autonomous
|| [[University of Mumbai]]
|| 1887
|| {{URL|http://vjti.ac.in}}
|-
|| [[Walchand College of Engineering]]
|| [[Sangli]]
|| Government-Aided
|| Autonomous
|| [[Shivaji University|Shivaji University, Kolhapur ]]
|| 1947
|| {{URL|http://walchandsangli.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
|| [[Nanded]]
|| Government-Aided
|| Autonomous
|| [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University]]
|| 1981
|| {{URL|http://sggs.ac.in}}
|-
|| [[Sardar Patel College of Engineering]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| Government-Aided
|| Autonomous
|| [[University of Mumbai]]
|| 1995
|| {{URL|http://spit.ac.in}}
|-
|}

===University managed===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! College !! Location !! Type !! Autonomy Status!! Affiliation/University Department of !! Estd || Website
|-
|| [[Laxminarayan Institute of Technology]]
|| [[Nagpur]]
|| State University Department
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University]]
|| 1942
|| {{URL|http://litnagpur.in/}}
|-
|| University Department of
[[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]
|| [[Amravati]]
|| State University Department
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]
|| 1993
|| {{URL|https://sgbau.ac.in/}}
|-
|| University Institute of Chemical Technology,
[[North Maharashtra University]]
|| [[Jalgaon]]
|| State University Department
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[North Maharashtra University]]
|| 1994
|| {{URL|http://nmu.ac.in/udct/}}
|-
|| University Department of Chemical Technology, Aurangabad
|| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|| State University Department
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]
|| 1998
|| {{URL|http://bamu.ac.in/}}
|-
|| Department of Technology,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur
|| [[Kolhapur]]
|| State University Department
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[Shivaji University|Shivaji University, Kolhapur ]]
|| 2006
|| {{URL|http://apps.unishivaji.ac.in/}}
|-
|H.P.T Arts and R.Y.K. Science College
|Nashik
|State University Department
|Non-Autonomous
|Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
|1924
|[https://hptrykcollege.com/ hptrykcollege]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! College !! Location !! Type !! Autonomy Status!! Affiliation/Managed by University !! Estd || Website
|-
|| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]]
|| [[Lonere]],
Dist-[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|| State University Managed
|| Autonomous
|| [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University]]
|| 1989
|| {{URL|https://dbatu.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Usha Mittal Institute of Technology]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| State University Managed (Un-Aided)
|| Non-Autonomous
|| [[SNDT Women's University]]
|| 1997
|| {{URL|http://umit.ac.in/}}
|-
|}

===Deemed University (State funded)===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! University !! Location !! Type !! Autonomy Status !! Estd || Website
|-
|| [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| State funded - Deemed University
|| Autonomous
|| 1933
|| {{URL|http://ictmumbai.edu.in}}
|-
|}

==Medical==

===Central government===
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur]]

===State government===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! College !! Location !! Affiliation !! Estd || Website
|-
|[[Armed Forces Medical College (India)]] || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] || 1948 || {{URL|http://afmc.nic.in/}}
|-
|[[B. J. Medical College]] || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] || 1946 || {{URL|http://bjmcpune.org/}}
|-
| Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences || [[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] || 1985 || {{URL|http://bombayhospital.com}}
|-
|[[Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College]]
||[[Nanded]]
||[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1988
||{{URL|http://drscgmcnanded.com/}}
|-
|[[Dr. V. M. Government Medical College|Dr. Vaishampayan Memorial Medical College]]
|| [[Solapur]] || [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] || 1963 || {{URL|http://vmgmc-hsolapur.org/}}
|-
| ESI-PGIMSR
(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science & Research)
|| [[Andheri|Andheri(E)]], [[Mumbai]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2011
|| {{URL|http://esipgimsrandherimumbai.gov.in/}}
|-
| ESI-PGIMSR
(Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science & Research)
|| [[Parel]], [[Mumbai]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2011
|| {{URL|http://esipgimsrmgmhparelmumbai.gov.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government Medical College (Nagpur)|Government Medical College]]
|| [[Nagpur]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1947
|| {{URL|http://gmcnagpur.gov.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government Medical College (Aurangabad)|Government Medical College]]
|| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1956
|| {{URL|http://gmcaurangabad.com/}}
|-
|| [[Government Medical College, Miraj|Government Medical College]]
|| [[Miraj]],
[[Sangli District|Dist-Sangli]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1962
|| {{URL|http://gmcmiraj.co.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government Medical College (Akola)|Government Medical College]]
|| [[Akola]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2002
|| {{URL|http://gmcakola.in/}}
|-
|| [[Government Medical College (Latur)|Government Medical College]]
|| [[Latur]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2002
|| {{URL|http://www.gmclatur.org/}}
|-
|| [[Government Medical College, Chandrapur|Government Medical College]]
|| [[Chandrapur]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2015
|| {{URL|http://gmcchandrapur.org/}}
|-
|| Government Medical College
|| [[Gondia]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2016
|| {{URL|http://gmcgondia.in/}}
|-
|| [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1845
|| {{URL|http://gmcjjh.org/}}
|-
|| [[Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur|Indira Gandhi Government Medical College]]
|| [[Nagpur]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1968
|| {{URL|http://iggmc.org/}}
|-
|| [[Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1964
|| {{URL|http://ltmgh.com/}}
|-
|| [[R.C.S.M. Govt Medical College and CPR Hospital, Kolhapur]]
|| [[Kolhapur]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2000
|| {{URL|http://rcsmgmc.ac.in/}}
|-
|| [[Rajiv Gandhi Medical College]]
|| [[Thane]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1992
|| -
|-
|| [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1926
|| {{URL|http://kem.edu/}}
|-
||[[Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College, Dhule]]
||[[Dhule]]
||[[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1989
||{{URL|http://sbhgmc.org/}}
|-
|| [[Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College]]
|| [[Yavatmal]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 2000
|| {{URL|http://vngmcytl.org/}}
|-
|| [[Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College]]
|| [[Ambajogai]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1975
|| {{URL|http://srtrmca.org/}}
|-
||[[Tata Memorial Centre]]
||[[Mumbai]]
||[[Homi Bhabha National Institute]]
|| 1941
||{{URL|http://tmc.gov.in/}}
|-
|| [[Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai|Topiwala National Medical College]]
|| [[Mumbai]]
|| [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
|| 1964
|| {{URL|http://tnmcnair.com/}}
|-
|}

==Agriculture==

* [[Central Institute for Cotton Research|Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur]]
* [[National Research Centre for Citrus|National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur]]
* [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth|Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola]]
* [[Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth|Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani]]

==Armed force academies==

===Sainik School===
* [[Sainik School, Satara]]
*[[Sainik School, Chandrapur]]

===Tri-service Institutes===
* [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla]]

===Indian Army===
*[[Army Institute of Technology]]
*[[Army Law College]]
* [[College of Military Engineering, Pune]]
*[[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]]

===Medical Personnel===
* [[Armed Forces Medical College (India)|Armed Forces Medical College]]

== Other institutions ==
* [[National School of Leadership]]

==See also==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Goa]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Maharashtra| M]]

Prithvi Raj Yarra

2026-04-15T11:08:36Z

VirgilioBrereton: adding a stub

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1998)}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Prithvi Raj Yarra
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|2|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Duggirala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[Fast Bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| year1 = 2017–present
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2019
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 6
| runs1 = 28
| bat avg1 = 9.33
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 12
| deliveries1 = 1,036
| wickets1 = 21
| bowl avg1 = 24.38
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/56
| catches/stumpings1 = 4/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 1
| runs2 = 0
| bat avg2 = –
| 100s/50s2 = –
| top score2 = 0*
| deliveries2 = 60
| wickets2 = 2
| bowl avg2 = 32.50
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/65
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 3
| runs3 = 3
| bat avg3 = –
| 100s/50s3 = –
| top score3 = 3*
| deliveries3 = 53
| wickets3 = 4
| bowl avg3 = 21.25
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/28
| catches/stumpings3 = 0/–
| date = 26 April 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1121579.html ESPNcricinfo
|club3=[[Gujarat Titans]]|year3=2026}}
'''Prithvi Raj Yarra''' (born 20 February 1998) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] as a left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] bowler.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1121579.html |title=Prithvi Raj |accessdate=6 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Career ==
Yarra made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]] on 6 October 2017.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118618.html |title=Group C, Ranji Trophy at Chennai, Oct 6-9 2017 |accessdate=6 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In July 2018, he was named in the squad for India Red for the [[2018–19 Duleep Trophy]].<ref name="Duleep18">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24173214/sanju-samson-picked-india-passing-yo-yo-test |title=Samson picked for India A after passing Yo-Yo test |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 July 2018 |accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Andhra in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 15 October 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1158652.html |title=4th Quarter final, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Bengaluru, Oct 15 2018 |accessdate=15 October 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In December 2018, he was bought by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]] for the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom |title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Who got whom |work=The Times of India |accessdate=18 December 2018}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Andhra in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 28 February 2019.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157176.html |title=Group A, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Krishna, Feb 28 2019 |accessdate=28 February 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In October 2019, he was named in [[India B cricket team|India B]]'s squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref> He was released by the Kolkata Knight Riders ahead of the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28087425/where-do-eight-franchises-stand-2020-auction |title=Where do the eight franchises stand before the 2020 auction? |work=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=15 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1121579}}

{{Gujarat Titans squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Prithvi}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Andhra cricketers]]
[[Category:India Red cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1998-stub}}

Climate change in Asia

2026-04-06T05:39:42Z

VirgilioBrereton: Added New Info With Sources.

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:2022 Pakistan Floods - August 27, 2021 vs. August 27, 2022 in Sindh.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|The [[2022 South Asian floods]], including in [[2022 Pakistan floods|Pakistan]] (pictured), are an example of a climate change impact.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How melting glaciers contributed to floods in Pakistan |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1120952641/how-melting-glaciers-caused-by-climate-change-led-to-to-floods-in-pakistan |access-date=2022-09-09 |archive-date=2022-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909114854/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1120952641/how-melting-glaciers-caused-by-climate-change-led-to-to-floods-in-pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Pakistan not to blame for climate crisis-fuelled flooding, says PM Shehbaz Sharif |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/30/pakistan-monsoon-on-steroids-flooding-warning-antonio-guterres |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908170625/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/30/pakistan-monsoon-on-steroids-flooding-warning-antonio-guterres |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[Climate change]] is particularly important in [[Asia]], as the continent accounts for the majority of the human population. Warming since the 20th century is increasing the threat of [[heatwave]]s across the entire continent.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} Heatwaves lead to increased mortality, and the demand for [[air conditioning]] is rapidly accelerating as the result. By 2080, around 1 billion people in the cities of [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] are expected to experience around a month of extreme heat every year.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1460}} The [[effects of climate change on the water cycle|impacts on water cycle]] are more complicated: already arid regions, primarily located in [[West Asia]] and [[Central Asia]], will see more [[drought]]s, while areas of [[East Asia|East]], Southeast and South Asia which are already wet due to the [[monsoon]]s will experience more flooding.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">{{cite book |author1=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |chapter=Asia |date=2023 |pages=1457–1580 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|1459}}

The waters around Asia are subjected to the same [[effects of climate change on oceans|impacts]] as elsewhere, such as the increased warming and [[ocean acidification]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} There are many [[coral reef]]s in the region, and they are highly vulnerable to climate change,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} to the point practically all of them will be lost if the warming exceeds {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}}.<ref name="ArmstrongMcKay2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Armstrong McKay |first1=David|last2=Abrams |first2=Jesse |last3=Winkelmann |first3=Ricarda |last4=Sakschewski |first4=Boris |last5=Loriani |first5=Sina |last6=Fetzer |first6=Ingo|last7=Cornell|first7=Sarah |last8=Rockström |first8=Johan |last9=Staal |first9=Arie |last10=Lenton |first10=Timothy |date=9 September 2022 |title=Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6611 |article-number=eabn7950 |doi=10.1126/science.abn7950 |pmid=36074831 |hdl=10871/131584 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ArmstrongMcKayExplainer">{{Cite web |last=Armstrong McKay |first=David |date=9 September 2022 |title=Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer |url=https://climatetippingpoints.info/2022/09/09/climate-tipping-points-reassessment-explainer/ |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=climatetippingpoints.info |language=en}}</ref> Asia's distinctive [[mangrove]] ecosystems are also highly vulnerable to [[sea level rise]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} Asia also has more countries with large coastal populations than any other continent, which would cause large economic impacts from sea level rise.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} Water supplies in the [[Hindu Kush]] region will become more unstable as its enormous [[glacier]]s, known as the "Asian water towers", gradually melt.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} These changes to water cycle also affect vector-borne disease distribution, with malaria and dengue fever expected to become more prominent in the tropical and subtropical regions.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} [[Food security]] will become more uneven, and South Asian countries could experience significant impacts from global food price volatility.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1494}}
[[File:Kang_2018_NCP_irrigation_RCPs.png|thumb|Climate change is expected to exacerbate [[heat stress]] over at the [[North China Plain]], which is particularly vulnerable as widespread [[irrigation]] results in very moist air. There is a risk that agricultural labourers will be physically unable to work outdoors on hot summer days at the end of the century, particularly under the scenario of greatest emissions and warming.<ref name="Kang2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Suchul |last2=Eltahir |first2=Elfatih A. B. |date=31 July 2018 |title=North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3528 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-38906-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=37402712 |pmc=10319847 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.3528K }}</ref>]]
Historical emissions from Asia are lower than those from Europe and North America. However, China has been the single largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the 21st century, while India is the third-largest. As a whole, Asia currently accounts for 36% of world's primary [[energy]] consumption, which is expected to increase to 48% by 2050. By 2040, it is also expected to account for 80% of the world's [[coal]] and 26% of the world's [[natural gas]] consumption.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1468}} While the [[United States]] remains the world's largest [[oil]] consumer, by 2050 it is projected to move to third place, behind China and India.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}} While nearly half of the world's new [[renewable energy]] capacity is built in Asia,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}} this is not yet sufficient in order to meet the goals of the [[Paris Agreement]]. They imply that the renewables would account for 35% of total energy consumption in Asia by 2030.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1471}}

[[Climate change adaptation]] is already a reality for many Asian countries, with a wide range of strategies attempted across the continent.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1534}} Important examples include the growing implementation of [[climate-smart agriculture]] in certain countries or the "[[sponge city]]" planning principles in China.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1534}} While some countries have drawn up extensive frameworks such as the Bangladesh Delta Plan or Japan's Climate Adaptation Act,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508|1513}} others still rely on localized actions that are not effectively scaled up.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1534}}

== Greenhouse gas emissions ==
{{See also|Greenhouse gas emissions by China|Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey}}
[[Image:Hazesmoke Gangeticbasin.jpg|thumb|Thick haze and smoke along the Ganges River in northern India]]
Historical emissions from Asia are lower than those from Europe and North America. However, China has been the single largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the 21st century, while India is the 3rd-largest, [[Russia]] is 4th, while [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]] rank 5th and 7th.<ref name="ucsusa.org">{{Cite web |title=Each Country's Share of {{as written|CO|2}} Emissions {{!}} Union of Concerned Scientists |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015184639/https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions |archive-date=2019-10-15 |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=www.ucsusa.org |language=en}}</ref> Around 70% of India's energy comes from [[fossil fuel]]s, while this figure reaches 80-90% in China, Japan and the Republic of Korea.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1471}} As a whole, Asia currently accounts for 36% of world's primary [[energy]] consumption, which is expected to increase to 48% by 2050. By 2040, it is also expected to account for 80% of the world's [[coal]] and 26% of the world's [[natural gas]] consumption.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1468}} While the [[United States]] remains the world's largest [[oil]] consumer, by 2050 it is projected to move to third place, behind China and India.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}}

After 2040, Asia would likely account for over half of the world's electricity consumption, and around 40% will likely be generated from coal burning.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}} Asia is expected to import more oil and gas in the future than it does now, and would likely account for 80% of the global energy market in 2050.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}} In particular, there are 11 developing countries in Asia which have a large energy consumption yet also lack [[energy security]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}}

== Impacts ==
=== Warming ===
[[File:Chai 2022 CMIP6 Asia LT trends.png|thumb|By 1975, land temperatures across Asia have already increased since the preindustrial period. Under the low-emission scenario, they will remain similar to present, but will increase substantially with greater emissions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chai |first1=Yuanfang |last2=Yue |first2=Yao |last3=Slater |first3=Louise J. |last4=Yin |first4=Jiabo |last5=Borthwick |first5=Alistair G. L. |last6=Chen |first6=Tiexi |last7=Wang |first7=Guojie |date=15 July 2022 |title=Constrained CMIP6 projections indicate less warming and a slower increase in water availability across Asia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=4124 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-31782-7 |doi-access=free|pmid=35840591 |pmc=9287300 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4124C |hdl=10026.1/19448 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>]]
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Koppen-Geiger Map Central Asia present.svg
| caption1 = [[Köppen climate classification]] map for Central Asia for 1980–2016
| image2 = Koppen-Geiger Map Central Asia future.svg
| caption2 = 2071–2100 map under [[Representative Concentration Pathway|the worst climate change scenario]]. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely.<ref name="HausfatherPeters2020">{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schuur2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Schuur |first1=Edward A.G. |last2=Abbott |first2=Benjamin W. |last3=Commane |first3=Roisin |last4=Ernakovich |first4=Jessica |last5=Euskirchen |first5=Eugenie |last6=Hugelius |first6=Gustaf |last7=Grosse |first7=Guido |last8=Jones |first8=Miriam |last9=Koven |first9=Charlie |last10=Leshyk |first10=Victor |last11=Lawrence |first11=David |last12=Loranty |first12=Michael M. |last13=Mauritz |first13=Marguerite |last14=Olefeldt |first14=David |last15=Natali |first15=Susan |last16=Rodenhizer |first16=Heidi |last17=Salmon |first17=Verity |last18=Schädel |first18=Christina |last19=Strauss |first19=Jens |last20=Treat |first20=Claire |last21=Turetsky |first21=Merritt |year=2022 |title=Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=47 |pages=343–371 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 |quote="Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement..." |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ARER...47..343S }}</ref><ref name="Phiddian2022">{{Cite web |last=Phiddian |first=Ellen |date=5 April 2022 |title=Explainer: IPCC Scenarios |url=https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |website=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]] |access-date=30 September 2023 |quote="The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
Starting from the 20th century, there has been clear warming across the entire continent. The frequency of cold days and nights decreased, which had also lowered the need for [[heating]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1463|1470}} Yet, the demand for [[air conditioning]] had increased far more as the frequency of hot days and warm nights had also grown, which had also increased the strain on [[power grid]]s.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1460|1463|1470}} Hot temperature extremes appear to have increased the most in [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[West Asia]], while [[heatwave]]s in [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]] are becoming longer, more frequent and more severe.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}}

In 2016 and 2018, Asia has already experienced extreme heat that would have been statistically impossible without climate change.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} [[New Delhi]] broke an all-time record when it reached {{cvt|48|C|F}} in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2018 Was Sixth Warmest Year in India's Recorded History: IMD|url=https://thewire.in/environment/2018-was-sixth-warmest-year-in-indias-recorded-history-imd|access-date=2020-10-30|website=The Wire|archive-date=2020-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102154520/https://thewire.in/environment/2018-was-sixth-warmest-year-in-indias-recorded-history-imd|url-status=live}}</ref> North Asia has the coldest climate due to its proximity to the [[Arctic]], but it also experiences greater relative warming due to what is known as the [[arctic amplification]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} This has led to [[permafrost]] thaw, which acts as a [[climate change feedback]] and also places large quantities of infrastructure at risk of collapse.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1500}}

All of these trends are expected to continue in the future. There will be greater frequency of extreme heatwaves across the continent and heat stress would become more persistent across South Asia. Under the mid-range [[climate change scenario]], parts of West and South Asia would reach "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century, and this would also occur in parts of East Asia under the high-emission scenario.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} Growing [[urbanization]] in Asia would also subject more people to the [[urban heat island]] effect:<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} for instance, [[Hyderabad]] will likely be the hottest city in the world at the end of the century, with an average annual temperature around {{cvt|30|C|F}}.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1498}} Yet, many rural people are agricultural workers, who are some of the most vulnerable to increasing heat.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1468}} The demand for air conditioning would continue to increase and managing it would become more challenging for the energy infrastructures, which are often already prone to [[power outage|blackout]]s in many countries on the continent.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}} In the Southeast Asia, heat-related deaths under a high-warming scenario could increase by 12.7% by 2100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508}}

=== Water availability ===
{{See also|Effects of climate change on the water cycle}}
[[File:Guo 2023 Asia IVT projections.jpg|thumb|Greater warming increases the amount of moisture in the atmosphere over Asia, which directly leads to extreme precipitation. Probability of 20-year, 50-year and 100-year extremes consistently increases with warming across Asia - up to a 7-fold average increase for 100-year extremes under {{convert|3|C-change|F-change}} of warming.<ref name="Guo2023" />]]
[[Precipitation]] trends are more complex than temperature trends. While climate change is generally expected to increase precipitation due to greater [[evaporation]] from the [[ocean]]s, the large increase in anthropogenic [[sulfate]] aerosols during most of the 20th century (sometimes described as [[global dimming]]) has had an opposite impact, as sulfates cause [[cloud]]s to retain water for longer before rainfall occurs.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11">{{cite journal |last1=Seneviratne |first1=S.I. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Adnan |first3=M. |last4=Badi |first4=W. |last5=Dereczynski |first5=C. |last6=Di Luca |first6=A. |last7=Ghosh |first7=S. |last8=Iskandar |first8=I. |last9=Kossin |first9=J. |last10=Lewis |first10=S. |last11=Otto |first11=F. |last12=Pinto |first12=I. |last13=Satoh |first13=M. |last14=Vicente-Serrano |first14=S. M. |last15=Wehner |first15=M. |year=2021 |editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Piran |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Connors |editor4-first=S.L. |editor5-last=Péan |editor5-first=C. |editor6-last=Berger |editor6-first=S. |editor7-last=Caud |editor7-first=N. |editor8-last=Chen |editor8-first=Y. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor9-first=L. |title=Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |volume=2021 |pages=1513–1766 |bibcode=2021AGUFM.U13B..05K |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.007 |last16=Zhou |first16=B.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=Chongxing |last2=Wang |first2=Minghuai |last3=Rosenfeld |first3=Daniel |last4=Zhu |first4=Yannian |last5=Liu |first5=Jihu |last6=Chen |first6=Baojun |title=Strong Precipitation Suppression by Aerosols in Marine Low Clouds |journal=Geophysical Research Letters | date=18 March 2020 |doi=10.1029/2019GL086207 |volume=47 |issue=7 |article-number=e2019GL086207 |doi-access = free |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4786207F |hdl=2027.42/154630 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Rainfall associated with the [[Monsoon of South Asia]]<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} and [[East Asian Monsoon]] had decreased by the end of the 20th century, and this is likely associated with aerosol pollution:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Wei-Kuo |last2=Chen |first2=Jen-Ping |last3=Li |first3=Zhanqing |last4=Wang |first4=Chien |last5=Zhang |first5=Chidong |date=17 April 2012 |title=Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=50 |issue=2 |article-number=2011RG000369 |doi=10.1029/2011RG000369 |bibcode=2012RvGeo..50.2001T |hdl=2060/20120011727 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> there is already evidence of monsoon recovery when the aerosol concentrations decline.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fadnavis |first1=Suvarna |last2=Sabin |first2=T. P. |last3=Rap |first3=Alexandru |last4=Müller |first4=Rolf |last5=Kubin |first5=Anne |last6=Heinold |first6=Bernd |date=16 July 2021 |title=The impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on the Indian summer monsoon |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=16 |issue=7 |page=4054 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac109c |bibcode=2021ERL....16g4054F |doi-access=free }}</ref> Because some clouds from South and East Asia go on to Central Asia, they could increase rainfall there with the same moisture they did not shed during the monsoon, and some evidence supports that.<ref name="Xie2022">{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1= Xiaoning |last2=Myhre |first2=Gunnar |last3=Shindell |first3=Drew |last4=Faluvegi |first4=Gregory |last5=Takemura |first5=Toshihiko |last6=Voulgarakis |first6=Apostolos |last7=Shi |first7=Zhengguo |last8=Li |first8=Xinzhou |last9=Xie |first9=Xiaoxun |last10=Liu |first10=Heng |last11=Liu |first11=Xiaodong |last12=Liu |first12=Yangang |date=27 December 2022 |title=Anthropogenic sulfate aerosol pollution in South and East Asia induces increased summer precipitation over arid Central Asia |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |volume=3 |issue= 1 |page= 328 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s43247-022-00660-x |pmid= 36588543 |pmc= 9792934 |bibcode= 2022ComEE...3..328X }}</ref>

However, this effect isn't very strong, as the overall rainfall in West and Central Asia had decreased, while [[drought]] likelihood had increased. The frequency and intensity of [[dust storm]]s had increased in this region as well, although this is partly caused by poor [[land use]] practices.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} At the same time, ''heavy'' precipitation events (defined as 400 mm or more in a day) had increased in South, Southeast and East Asia during the 21st century.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} Over a third of the cities in Asia, with a combined population of around 932 million, are considered at high risk of flooding.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1532}}

[[File:HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png|thumb|left|Observed glacier mass loss in the [[Hindu Kush]] [[Himalayas]] region since the 20th century<ref name=":HKH2019Cryo" />]]

Future warming is expected to substantially increase annual precipitation across most of the continent. Monsoon regions would experience more heavy and even ''intense'' precipitation (defined as 50mm or more in an hour), making floods substantially more frequent.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} 100-year extremes in vapor transport (directly related to extreme precipitation) would become 2.6 times more frequent under {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}} of global warming, yet 3.9 and 7.5 times more frequent under {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}} and {{convert|3|C-change|F-change}}.<ref name="Guo2023">{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Lianyi |last2=Shi |first2=Yi |last3=Zhao |first3=Yang |date=1 August 2023 |title=Future Projections of Extreme Integrated Water Vapor Transport and Population Exposure Over the Asian Monsoon Region |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=8 |article-number=e2023EF003583 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003583 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103583G }}</ref> While there has been no significant change in [[tropical cyclone]] (TC) frequency in Asia since the 1950s,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} category 4-5 TCs are likely to become more frequent under high warming and generate more rainfall.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1466}}

On the contrary, drought frequency is expected to increase in the West and Central Asia.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} Even in the regions where precipitation increases, plants' water losses to [[evapotranspiration]] may increase even more, which could still increase the overall agricultural drought frequency.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Daeha |last2=Ha |first2=Kyung-Ja |author-link2=Kyung-Ja Ha |last3=Yeo |first3=Ji-Hye |date=8 May 2021 |title=New Drought Projections Over East Asia Using Evapotranspiration Deficits From the CMIP6 Warming Scenarios |journal=Earth's Future |volume=9 |issue=6 |article-number=e2020EF001697 |bibcode=2021EaFut...901697K |doi=10.1029/2020EF001697|doi-access=free }}</ref> Across the continent, drought conditions would on average increase by between 5% to 20% by 2100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} Around 2050, populations living in the [[Amu Darya]], [[Ganges]] and [[Indus]] may be faced with severe water scarcity due to both climate and socioeconomic reasons.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1486}}

Glaciers in the Hindu Kush region feed the water basin of over 220 million people.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1487}} In the [[Indus River]] basin alone, they contribute to up to 60% of irrigation outside of the monsoon season.<ref name="Biemans2019">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Biemans H, Siderius C, Lutz AF, Nepal S, Ahmad B, Hassan T, von Bloh W, Wijngaard RR, Wester P, Shrestha AB, Immerzeel WW | display-authors = 6 |date=July 2019 |title=Importance of snow and glacier meltwater for agriculture on the Indo-Gangetic Plain |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=594–601 |doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0305-3 | bibcode = 2019NatSu...2..594B | hdl = 1874/385008 | url = https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/102562/ |hdl-access=free }}</ref> These glaciers have already experienced melting in the 21st century, and it would continue in the future, as up to two-thirds of glacier ice may melt by 2100 under high warming.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1487}} While glacier water supply would likely increase until 2050, it would be permanently diminished afterwards.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1486}} Although the increases in monsoon strength may offset these losses, agriculture in the region would still become more reliant on it than ever before, while [[hydropower]] generation would become less predictable and reliable.<ref name=":HKH2019Climate">{{Cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Raghavan |last2=Shrestha |first2=Arun Bhakta |last3=Ren |first3=Guoyu |last4=Rajbhandari |first4=Rupak |last5=Saeed |first5=Sajjad |last6=Sanjay |first6=Jayanarayanan |last7=Syed |first7=Md. Abu. |last8=Vellore |first8=Ramesh |last9=Xu |first9=Ying |last10=You |first10=Qinglong |last11=Ren |first11=Yuyu |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=5 January 2019 |chapter=Unravelling Climate Change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid Warming in the Mountains and Increasing Extremes |pages=57–97 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 }}</ref><ref name=":HKH2019Cryo">{{Cite book |last1=Bolch |first1=Tobias |last2=Shea |first2=Joseph M. |last3=Liu |first3=Shiyin |last4=Azam |first4=Farooq M. |last5=Gao |first5=Yang |last6=Gruber |first6=Stephan |last7=Immerzeel |first7=Walter W. |last8=Kulkarni |first8=Anil |last9=Li |first9=Huilin |last10=Tahir |first10=Adnan A. |last11=Zhang |first11=Guoqing |last12=Zhang |first12=Yinsheng |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=5 January 2019 |chapter=Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region |pages=209–255 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7 |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 }}</ref><ref name=":HKH2019Water">{{Cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Christopher A. |last2=Zhang |first2=Fan |last3=Mukherji |first3=Aditi |last4=Immerzeel |first4=Walter |last5=Mustafa |first5=Daanish |last6=Bharati |first6=Luna |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=5 January 2019 |chapter=Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya |pages=257–299 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8 |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 }}</ref>

=== Sea level rise ===
[[File:20091011松川浦.jpg|thumb|Matsukawaura [[Lagoon]], located in [[Fukushima Prefecture]] of Honshu Island]]
Between 1901 and 2018, average global [[sea level]] rose by {{cvt|15|–|25|cm|in|frac=2}}, an average of {{convert|1|-|2|mm|abbr=on}} per year.<ref name="SROCC_SPM_20190925">{{cite book |author1=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] |title=The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate |chapter=Summary for Policymakers |date=2022 |pages=3–36 |doi=10.1017/9781009157964.001 |isbn=978-1-009-15796-4 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/01_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf }}</ref> This rate accelerated to {{convert|4.62|mm|abbr=on}}/yr for the decade 2013–2022.<ref name=WMO_20230421>{{cite web |title=WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-annual-report-highlights-continuous-advance-of-climate-change |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |date=21 April 2023 |quote=Press Release Number: 21042023 }}</ref> While the rate of sea level rise in Asia is usually similar to the global average, it has been around 10% faster in the [[Indo-Pacific]] region since the 1990s.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> Future sea level rise on Japan's [[Honshu Island]] would be up to 25 cm faster than the global average under RCP8.5, the intense climate change scenario.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />

Asia has the largest population at risk from sea level. As of 2022, some 63 million people in [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia]] were already at risk from a [[100-year flood]]. This is largely due to inadequate coastal protection in many countries. This will get much worse in the future. [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]] alone account for 70% of people exposed to sea level rise during the 21st century.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McLeman|first=Robert|date=2018|title=Migration and displacement risks due to mean sea-level rise|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|volume=74|issue=3|pages=148–154|doi=10.1080/00963402.2018.1461951 |bibcode=2018BuAtS..74c.148M }}</ref> This is due to the dense population on the region's coasts. 2019 research indicated that globally, 150 million will be under the water line during high tide and 300 million will live in zones with flooding every year. By the year 2100, those numbers differ sharply depending on the emission scenario. In a low emission scenario, 140 million will be under water during high tide and 280 million will have flooding each year. In high emission scenario, the numbers reach up to 540 million and 640 million, respectively. Large parts of [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Mumbai]], [[Shanghai]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Basra]] could be inundated.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulp|first1=Scott A.|last2=Strauss|first2=Benjamin H.|date=29 October 2019|title=New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|page=4844|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4844K|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z|pmc=6820795|pmid=31664024|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rosane|first1=Olivia|date=October 30, 2019|title=300 Million People Worldwide Could Suffer Yearly Flooding by 2050|agency=Ecowatch|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/sea-level-rise-predictions-2641159739.html|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209224048/https://www.ecowatch.com/sea-level-rise-predictions-2641159739.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Amos|first1=Jonathan|date=30 October 2019|title=Climate change: Sea level rise to affect 'three times more people'|agency=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50236882|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=6 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106151232/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50236882|url-status=live}}</ref> These figures are, on average, triple that of past estimates, and the increases are even larger for certain Asian countries.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Old estimate !! New estimate
|-
| China || 29 || 93
|-
| Bangladesh || 5 || 42
|-
| India || 5 || 36
|-
| Vietnam || 9 || 31
|-
| Indonesia || 5 || 23
|-
| Thailand || 1 || 12
|}

Modeling results predict that Asia will suffer direct economic damages of US$167.6 billion at 0.47 meters of sea level rise. This rises to US$272.3 billion at 1.12 meters and US$338.1 billion at 1.75 meters. There is an additional indirect impact of US$8.5, 24 or 15 billion from population displacement at those levels. China, India, the [[Republic of Korea]], Japan, Indonesia and [[Russia]] experience the largest economic losses.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> Nations like Bangladesh, Vietnam and China with extensive rice production on the coast are already seeing adverse impacts from saltwater intrusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/pub/EIre0047_en.asp|title=Potential Impacts of Sea-Level Rise on Populations and Agriculture|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2018-10-21|archive-date=2020-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418035608/http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/pub/eire0047_en.asp}}</ref><ref name="Aggarwal_Lal">{{cite web|vauthors=Aggarwal D, Lal M |title=Vulnerability of the Indian coastline to sea level rise |work=SURVAS (Flood Hazard Research Centre) |url=http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk/pdfs/3dikshas.pdf |publisher=[[Middlesex University]] |access-date=2007-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042024/http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk/pdfs/3dikshas.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-01 }}</ref> High-emission RCP8.5 scenario would see the loss of at least one third of Japanese beaches and 57–72% of Thai beaches.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />

Sea level rise in Bangladesh may force the relocation of up to one third of power plants by 2030. A similar proportion would have to deal with increased salinity of their cooling water. Recent search indicates that by 2050 sea-level rise will displace 0.9-2.1 million people. This would require the creation of about 594,000 new jobs and 197,000 housing units in the areas receiving the displaced persons. It would also be necessary to supply an additional 783 billion [[calorie]]s worth of food.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> Another paper in 2021 estimated that sea-level rise would displace 816,000 people by 2050. This would increase to 1.3 million when indirect effects are taken into account.<ref name="DeLellis2021">{{cite journal |last1=De Lellis |first1=Pietro |last2=Marín |first2=Manuel Ruiz |last3=Porfiri |first3=Maurizio |date=29 March 2021 |title=Modeling Human Migration Under Environmental Change: A Case Study of the Effect of Sea Level Rise in Bangladesh |journal=Earth's Future |volume=9 |issue=4 |article-number=e2020EF001931 |doi=10.1029/2020EF001931 |bibcode=2021EaFut...901931D |hdl=10317/13078 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Both studies assume that most displaced people would travel to the other areas of Bangladesh. They try to estimate population changes in different places.
[[File:Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2, 2010 Bangladesh (13873798283).jpg|thumb|upright=2|2010 estimates of population exposure to sea level rise in Bangladesh]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Net Variations in the Population Due to Sea Level Rise in 2050 in Selected Districts.<ref name="DeLellis2021" />
!|District
!|Net flux (Davis et al., 2018)
!|Net flux (De Lellis et al., 2021)
!|Rank (Davis et al., 2018)<ref group="T2">Refers to the magnitude of population change relative to the other districts.</ref>
!|Rank (De Lellis et al., 2021)
|-
|[[Dhaka]] || 207,373 || −34, 060 || 1 || 11
|-
|[[Narayanganj]] || −95,003 || −126,694 || 2 || 1
|-
|[[Shariatpur]] || −80,916 || −124,444 || 3 || 3
|-
|[[Barisal]] || −80,669 || −64,252 || 4 || 6
|-
|[[Munshiganj]] || −77,916 || −124,598 || 5 || 2
|-
|[[Madaripur]] || 61,791 || −937 || 6 || 60
|-
|[[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] || −37,711 || −70,998 || 7 || 4
|-
|[[Jhalakati]] || 35,546 || 9,198 || 8 || 36
|-
|[[Satkhira]] || −32,287 || −19,603 || 9 || 23
|-
|[[Khulna]] || −28,148 || −9,982 || 10 || 33
|-
|[[Cox's Bazar]] || −25,680 || −16,366 || 11 || 24
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagherat]] || 24,860 || 12,263 || 12 || 28
|}
{{reflist|group=T2}}

By 2030, major Indian cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Cuttack]] and [[Kochi]] are expected to end up with much of their territory below the tide level.<ref>{{cite news |title=These Indian Cities Could Be Underwater in Less Than 9 Years Due to Climate Change |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/these-indian-cities-could-be-underwater-in-less-than-9-years-due-to-climate-change-4401983.html |access-date=12 November 2021 |agency=News18 |date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112124611/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/these-indian-cities-could-be-underwater-in-less-than-9-years-due-to-climate-change-4401983.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Mumbai alone, failing to adapt to this would result in damages of US$112–162 billion by 2050, which would nearly triple by 2070.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> Thus, the authorities are carrying out adaptation projects like the [[Coastal Road (Mumbai)|Mumbai Coastal Road]], even at the likely expense of local coastal ecosystems and fishing livelihoods.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> Out of the 20 coastal cities expected to see the highest flood losses by 2050, 13 are in Asia. Nine of these are the so-called [[sinking cities]], where [[subsidence]] (typically caused by unsustainable [[groundwater]] extraction in the past) would compound sea level rise.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erkens |first1=G. |last2=Bucx |first2=T. |last3=Dam |first3=R. |last4=De Lange |first4=G. |last5=Lambert |first5=J. |title=Sinking coastal cities |journal=Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences |date=2015 |volume=372 |pages=189–198 |doi=10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015PIAHS.372..189E }}</ref> These are [[Bangkok]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Jakarta]], [[Kolkata]], [[Nagoya]], [[Tianjin]], [[Xiamen]] and [[Zhanjiang]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />

By 2050, Guangzhou would see 0.2 meters of sea level rise and estimated annual economic losses of US$254 million – the highest in the world. One estimate calculates that in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou under RCP8.5 would reach about US$331 billion by 2050, US$660 billion by 2070 and US$1.4 trillion by 2100. The impact of high-end [[ice sheet]] instability would increase these figures to about US$420 billion, US$840 billion and US$1.8 trillion respectively.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> In [[Shanghai]], coastal inundation amounts to about 0.03% of local [[GDP]]. But this would increase to 0.8% by 2100 even under the "moderate" [[Representative Concentration Pathway|RCP4.5]] scenario in the absence of adaptation.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> The city of Jakarta is [[Flooding in Jakarta|sinking]] so much (up to {{cvt|28|cm|in|frac=2}} per year between 1982 and 2010 in some areas<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abidin |first1=Hasanuddin Z. |last2=Andreas |first2=Heri |last3=Gumilar |first3=Irwan |last4=Fukuda |first4=Yoichi |last5=Pohan |first5=Yusuf E. |last6=Deguchi |first6=T. |title=Land subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its relation with urban development |journal=Natural Hazards |date=11 June 2011 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=1753–1771 |doi=10.1007/s11069-011-9866-9 |bibcode=2011NatHa..59.1753A }}</ref>) that in 2019, the government had committed to relocate the [[capital of Indonesia]] to another city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/03/seas-rise-indonesia-is-moving-its-capital-city-other-cities-should-take-note/|title=As seas rise, Indonesia is moving its capital city. Other cities should take note.|last=Englander|first=John|date=3 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref>



=== Natural environment ===
{{See also|Effects of climate change on biomes}}
[[File:Choi 2021 Hallasan fir.png|thumb|The distribution of the Korean fir in its core habitat, Mount [[Hallasan]], will decline under the {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}} local warming relative to the present.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Sei-Woong |last2=Kong |first2=Woo-Seok |last3=Hwang |first3=Ga-Young |last4=Koo |first4=Kyung Ah |date=10 August 2021 |title=Trends in the effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in the Republic of Korea |journal=Journal of Ecology and Environment |volume=45 |article-number=13 |doi=10.1186/s41610-021-00188-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]
Multiple [[biomes]] in Asia have already experienced visible shifts in response to climate change. These include changes in growing season length, [[habitat]] losses (particularly of the [[amphibian]] species<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1473}}) or greater [[invasive species]] frequency.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1476}} Many animal species have been observed to move into warming areas to the north.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1473}} In Siberia, [[tundra]] extent shrinks as it is gradually replaced by boreal forest ([[taiga]]).<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1472}} At the same time, wildfires have also become more severe in Siberia, although this is partly connected to increased pressure from [[mineral exploration]] and illegal [[logging]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1474}} Greater warming has also generally made it easier for trees to move into the previously unsuitable mountain areas, and this trend is expected to continue in the future.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1472}} This could also result in existing mountain ecosystems, such as the Korean fir forests, getting replaced by more temperate ones.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1475}}

Some freshwater fish species will lose parts of their range.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1477}} Many marine and coastal [[ecosystem]]s at risk of irreversible loss after just of warming. Notable examples include coastal [[seagrass meadow]]s, which are deteriorating at the rate of 7%/year, and the [[mangrove]] forests, 42% of which are in Asia.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1480}} By 2018, over 60% of Asia's past mangrove extent and 40% of coral reefs had already been lost.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1482}} At the same tide, "golden tide" blooms of [[Sargassum horneri]] might become more frequent.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1481}}

In the [[South China Sea]] alone, there are nearly 600 coral species, and they have been severely impacted by climate change and other human activities.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1478}} In general, the remaining coral reefs will experience irreversible losses soon after {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}} of warming.<ref name="ArmstrongMcKay2022" /><ref name="ArmstrongMcKayExplainer" /> That Coral Triangle is considered one of the 12 "priority" ecosystems in Asia, and research shows that they could lose up to 26% of their species under {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}}, and up to 56% under {{convert|4.5|C-change|F-change}} warming.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1476}}

{{multiple image
| total_width = 320
| perrow = 2
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Acropora latistella (Table coral).jpg
| image2 = Nembrotha kubaryana.jpg
| image3 = Reef manta at Manta Alley.JPG
| image4 = Green-sea-turtle.jpg
| image5 = Christmas tree worms.jpg
| image6 = Parrotfish turquoisse.jpg
| footer = Some of the species in the Coral Triangle region. Clockwise from the left: Table coral ''[[Acropora|Acropora latistella]]'', [[sea slug]] ''[[Nembrotha kubaryana]]'', [[Mobula]] ray, [[green sea turtle]], [[Christmas tree worm]]s (''Spirobranchus giganteus'') and a [[Parrotfish]]
| footer_align = center
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Percentage of species at risk of disappearing from certain regions by 2080s<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1476}}
! Region !! {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}} !! {{convert|4.5|C-change|F-change}}
|-
| [[Altai-Sayan region|Altai-Sayan]] || 18.6 || 37
|-
| [[Amur]] || 14.2 || 35.6
|-
| [[Borneo]] || 17.6 || 36.8
|-
| [[Coral Triangle]] || 19.2 || 41.8
|-
| Eastern [[Himalayas]] || 12.2 || 29
|-
| Greater [[Black Sea]] || 26.2 || 56
|-
| [[Lake Baikal]] || 22.8 || 49.5
|-
| [[Mekong River]] || 26.4 || 55.2
|-
| [[New Guinea]] || 19.8 || 41.2
|-
| [[Sumatra]] || 16.8 || 37
|-
| [[Western Ghats]] || 18.8 || 41.67
|-
| [[Yangtze River]] || 20 || 42.6
|}

=== Agriculture, economy and society ===
[[File:Cheung 2023 fishery projections.png|thumb|Under the highest-emission scenario, many Asian countries would see substantial reductions in seafood available from their [[exclusive economic zone]]s by 2050.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheung |first1=William W. L. |last2=Maire |first2=Eva |last3=Oyinlola |first3=Muhammed A. |last4=Robinson |first4=James P. W. |last5=Graham |first5=Nicholas A. J. |last6=Lam |first6=Vicky W. Y. |last7=MacNeil |first7=M. Aaron |last8=Hicks |first8=Christina C. |date=30 October 2023 |title=Climate change exacerbates nutrient disparities from seafood |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1242–1249 |doi=10.1038/s41558-023-01822-1 |doi-access=free|pmid=37927330 |pmc=10624626 |bibcode=2023NatCC..13.1242C }}</ref> ]]
In 2019, Asia as a whole was estimated to have 400 million people living in [[extreme poverty]] (below 1.9$/day), and 1.2 billion below 3.2$/day.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1468}} It also accounts for two-thirds of the world's agricultural production<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1490}} and nearly three-quarters of the fisheries and aquaculture output.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1491}} In India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, around 56%, 43% and 50% of the population work in agriculture, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|author=UNDP|title=India and Climate Change Impacts|url=http://www.undp.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=466|access-date=2010-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317175942/http://www.undp.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=466|archive-date=2011-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh {{!}} FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/asiapacific/perspectives/agricultural-statistics/global-strategy/results-in-the-region/bangladesh/en/#:~:text=Close%20to%2050%20percent%20of,land%20dedicated%20to%20growing%20crops.|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.fao.org|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205021403/http://www.fao.org/asiapacific/perspectives/agricultural-statistics/global-strategy/results-in-the-region/bangladesh/en/#:~:text=Close%20to%2050%20percent%20of,land%20dedicated%20to%20growing%20crops.|url-status=live}}</ref> Even so, 11.4% of Asia's population (515 million people) were undernourished in 2017, which is the largest fraction in the world.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508}} While total food production to date had been increasing, climate risks to agriculture and food security are expected to accelerate after {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}} is exceeded.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1490}}

These risks will be regionally uneven, as food security is expected to improve in some countries or even country sub-regions, while declining in others.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1494}} For instance, coral reefs support 1.5 million fishers in the [[Indian Ocean]] and 3.35 million in the Southeast Asia, yet they are highly vulnerable to even low-emission climate change.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1479}} Southeast Asia may lose around 30% of its aquaculture area and 10-20% of production by 2050-2070.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1491}} Major agricultural pests such as [[Colorado potato beetle]] and [[Ixodes ricinus]] have been able to expand their range,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1473}} and other expansions, such as those of [[locust]]s and the [[golden apple snail]] are expected in the future.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1475|1493}} [[Livestock]] production in the South Asia region and the country of [[Mongolia]] is highly vulnerable to climate change.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1493}} Global food price spikes and market volatility threaten to affect sociopolitical stability.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1494}}

[[File:Kotz 2024 RCP divergence Asia.png|thumb|left|[[Economic impacts of climate change]] under high emissions (orange) are estimated to be greater compared to low emissions (blue) after around 2050 (dashed lines) at 1% [[statistical significance]] in Middle East, South, Southeast and East Asia, no statistical difference found for Central Asia/Russia region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kotz |first1=Maximilian |last2=Levermann |first2=Anders |last3=Wenz |first3=Leonie |title=The economic commitment of climate change |journal=Nature |date=17 April 2024 |volume=628 |issue=8008 |pages=551–557 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0 |pmid=38632481 |pmc=11023931 |bibcode=2024Natur.628..551K }}</ref>]]

In the absence of intervention, malaria incidence could nearly double by 2050 in northern China, and over 100 million people are likely to become exposed to malaria in the near future. [[Infectious diarrhoea]] mortality and [[dengue fever]] incidence in South Asia is likely to increase as well.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508}} Under the high-emission scenario, 40 million people in South Asia (nearly 2% of the population) may be driven to internal migration by 2050 due to climate change.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1469}} Some research suggests that South Asia would lose 2% of its [[GDP]] to climate change by 2050, while these losses would approach 9% by the end of the century under the most intense climate change scenario.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1468}}

In the 2017 edition of [[Germanwatch]]'s ''Climate Risk Index'', Bangladesh and Pakistan ranked sixth and seventh respectively as the countries most affected by climate change in the period from 1996 to 2015, while India ranked fourth among the list of countries most affected by climate change in 2015.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kreft|first1=Sönke|url=https://germanwatch.org/en/download/16411.pdf|title=Global Climate Risk Index 2017|last2=David Eckstein|first2=David|last3=Melchior|first3=Inga|date=November 2016|publisher=Germanwatch e.V.|isbn=978-3-943704-49-5|location=Bonn|access-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925181000/https://germanwatch.org/en/download/16411.pdf|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> India is estimated to have the world's highest [[social cost of carbon]] - meaning that it experiences the greatest impact from [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |title=New study finds incredibly high carbon pollution costs – especially for the US and India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/oct/01/new-study-finds-incredibly-high-carbon-pollution-costs-especially-for-the-us-and-india |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 October 2018 |access-date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505095643/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/oct/01/new-study-finds-incredibly-high-carbon-pollution-costs-especially-for-the-us-and-india |url-status=live }}</ref> Other estimates describe Bangladesh as the country most likely to be the worst-affected.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayers|first1=Jessica|last2=Huq|first2=Saleemul|last3=Wright|first3=Helena|last4=Faisal|first4=Arif M.|last5=Hussain|first5=Syed Tanveer|date=2014-10-02|title=Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development in Bangladesh|journal=Climate and Development|volume=6|issue=4|pages=293–305|doi=10.1080/17565529.2014.977761 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2014CliDe...6..293A }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ifpridp01281.pdf|title=Agriculture and Adaptation in Bangladesh: Current and Projected Impacts of Climate Change|date=2013|publisher=IFPRI|access-date=26 November 2020|vauthors=Thomas TS, Mainuddin K, Chiang C, Rahman A, Haque A, Islam N, Quasem S, Sun Y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Md. Nazrul |last2=Van Amstel |first2=Andre |title=Bangladesh I: Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries |series=Springer Climate |date=2018 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-26357-1 |bibcode=2018bicc.book.....I |isbn=978-3-319-26355-7 }}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref>

== Mitigation ==
[[File:Bird's eye view of installation works at PV Arrays.png|thumb|[[Dau Tieng Solar Power Project]], a [[solar power]] farm in [[Tân Châu district, Tây Ninh|Tân Châu]], [[Vietnam]]]]
Nearly half of the world's new [[renewable energy]] capacity is built in Asia.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}} India is known to have a large potential for [[solar power]] generation which is currently largely unfulfilled.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1472}} [[Nuclear power]] is also expected to become increasingly prominent in Asia. In particular, nuclear power generation in China will likely be equivalent to that of the [[OECD]] countries in 2040. Significant growth is also expected in India and Russia.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1470}}

Asian countries have also undertaken various mitigation commitments. For instance, India has, as of 2019, promised to cut its emissions intensity (emissions per unit of GDP) by 33-35% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Padmanabhan|first=Vishnu|date=2019-09-01|title=The four big climate challenges for India|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-four-big-climate-challenges-for-india-1567354297958.html|access-date=2019-10-08|website=livemint.com|language=en|archive-date=2019-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008105551/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-four-big-climate-challenges-for-india-1567354297958.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, these efforts are not currently sufficient in order to reach the goals of the [[Paris Agreement]]. The most likely way to fulfil them on the continental scale would be to have the renewables account for 35% of total energy consumption in Asia by 2030.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1471}}

== Adaptation ==
[[File:Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Maldives, at the launch of the Climate Vulnerability Monitor.jpg|thumb|Maldives President [[Mohamed Nasheed]] at the launch of the [[Climate Vulnerability Monitor]] in 2009]]
Across Asia, countries and stakeholders are already undertaking a range of adaptation actions. For instance, the [[National Diet]] of Japan had passed an official Climate Change Adaptation Act in 2018,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508}} while Bangladesh has drawn up an extensive Bangladesh Delta Plan which covers all future development in the context of climate adaptation and would be funded by 2.5% of the annual GDP.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1513}} Regional forums such as the Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaption Information Platform (AP-PLAT) also exist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Launch of the Asia-Pacific Climate Change Adaptation Information Platform|url=https://www.unenvironment.org/events/conference/launch-asia-pacific-climate-change-adaptation-information-platform}}</ref> In China, the so-called [[sponge city|sponge cities]] are designed to increase the area of [[Urban green space|green space]]s and [[permeable paving]]s to help deal with [[flash flood]]s from precipitation extremes.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1504}}

At the same time, many adaptation measures are still limited to preparatory steps.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1459}} In India, city, district and state governments have been creating Heat Action Plans, but as of 2023, most of them remain unfunded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Aditya Valiathan |date=28 March 2023 |title=Guest post: The gaps in India's 'heat action plans' |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-gaps-in-indias-heat-action-plans/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=[[Carbon Brief]] |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417095504/https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-gaps-in-indias-heat-action-plans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bangladesh Delta Plan was also reported to be falling short of most of its initial targets as of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/delta-plan-falls-behind-targets-onset-128500|title=Delta Plan falls behind targets at the onset|date=September 5, 2020|website=The Business Standard}}</ref> Association of Southeast Asian Nations ([[ASEAN]]) – Brunei, [[Climate change in Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Climate change in Indonesia|Indonesia]], Laos, [[Climate change in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Climate change in Myanmar|Myanmar]], [[Climate change in the Philippines|the Philippines]], [[Climate change in Singapore|Singapore]], [[Climate change in Thailand|Thailand]], and [[Climate change in Vietnam|Vietnam]] – are among the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change in the world, but their climate mitigation efforts have been described as not commensurate with the climate risks faced.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Sagbakken |first2=Haakon Fossum |last3=Chan |first3=Hoy-Yen |last4=Merdekawati |first4=Monika |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Utama |first6=Nuki Agya |last7=Vakulchuk |first7=Roman |title=The ASEAN climate and energy paradox |journal=Energy and Climate Change |date=December 2021 |volume=2 |article-number=100019 |doi=10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 |hdl=11250/2734506 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Numerous changes have taken place in the agriculture sector in an effort to adapt to climate change - ranging from interventions like [[irrigation]] to a set of practices known as [[climate-smart agriculture]].<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1495}} However, other interventions such as an increase in agricultural [[insurance]] coverage are also necessary.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1497}} Natural environment can be helped to adapt to climate change by increasing the extent of [[protected area]]s and providing [[habitat corridor]]s to facilitate the dispersal of vulnerable species.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1478}} [[Mangrove restoration]] programs exist and tend to be effective.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1483}}

== By region ==
=== Central Asia ===

* [[Climate change in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Climate change in Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Climate change in Tajikistan]]
* [[Climate change in Turkmenistan]]
* [[Climate change in Uzbekistan]]

=== East Asia ===

* [[Climate change in China]]
* [[Climate change in Japan]]
* [[Climate change in North Korea]]
* [[Climate change in South Korea]]
* [[Climate change in Mongolia]]
* [[Climate change in Taiwan]]

=== North Asia ===
* [[Climate change in Russia]]

=== Southeast Asia ===

* [[Climate change in Cambodia]]
* [[Climate change in Indonesia]]
* [[Climate change in Malaysia]]
* [[Climate change in Myanmar]]
* [[Climate change in Singapore]]
* [[Climate change in the Philippines]]
* [[Climate change in Thailand]]
* [[Climate change in Vietnam]]

=== South Asia ===

* [[Climate change in Afghanistan]]
* [[Climate change in Bangladesh]]
* [[Environmental issues in Bhutan#Climate change|Climate change in Bhutan]]
* [[Climate change in India]]
* [[Climate change in the Maldives]]
* [[Climate change in Nepal]]
* [[Climate change in Pakistan]]
* [[Climate change in Sri Lanka]]

=== West Asia ===

{{Further|Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa}}
* [[Climate change in Armenia]]
* [[Climate change in Azerbaijan]]
* [[Climate change in Cyprus]]
* [[Climate change in Georgia (country)]]
* [[Climate change in Iran]]
* [[Climate change in Iraq]]
* [[Climate change in Israel]]
* [[Climate change in Jordan]]
* [[Climate change in Turkey]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Climate change regions|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Climate change in Asia| ]]
[[Category:Climate change by continent|Asia]]

Dasarathi Gomango

2026-04-04T15:52:53Z

VirgilioBrereton: Post.

{{Short description|Indian politician from Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dasarathi Gomango
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| predecessor = Basanti Mallick
| constituency = [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1971|03|2}}
| parents =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(March 2026-Present)}}
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(till 2026)}}
| occupation = [[Agriculture|Cultivation]], [[Social Work]]
| alma_mater =
| image = Dasarathi Gomango.jpg
}}
'''Dasarathi Gomango''' (born 2 March 1971) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]] and a member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dasarathi Gomango|url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=1473}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dasarathi Gomango wins from Mohana|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/odisha/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-mohana-constituency-result-3009760|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dasarathi Gomango |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php%3Fcandidate_id%3D4758|website=My Neta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomango, Dasarathi}}

[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}

Bawa Harkrishan Singh

2026-03-28T03:50:30Z

VirgilioBrereton: new new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
'''Bawa Harkrishan Singh''' (26 July 1892 – 20 August 1978) was a politician from Punjab and freedom fighter.
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bawa Harkrishan Singh
| image = Bawa Harkrishan Singh.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| birth_date = 26 July 1892
| birth_place = [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = 20 August 1978
| death_place = [[New Delhi]]
| office = President of [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]<ref>[https://sgpcamritsar.org/sgpc-presidents.php SGPC former Presidents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424060022/https://sgpcamritsar.org/sgpc-presidents.php |date=2021-04-24 }}. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</ref>
| term = 21 May 1955 – 7 July 1955
| predecessor = [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]]
| successor = [[Gian Singh Rarewala]]
| caption = Bawa Harkrishan Singh in 1956 at Rashtrapati Bhavan
}}

==Early life==
Singh was born at Dera Ismail Khan on, the son of Bawa Dasaundha Singh. After taking his master's degree in English literature from [[Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]], in 1912, he joined the [[Khalsa College, Amritsar|Khalsa College]] at [[Amritsar]], as a lecturer in English. Later, he had a long spell at Khalsa College, Gujranwala, where he remained Principal for many years.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

Singh was among the pioneers of the [[Sikh]]'s [[Gurdwara Reform Movement]] of the 1920s. He attended the divan of the Khalsa Baradan in [[Jallianwala Bagh]], Amritsar, on 12 October 1920, and accompanied the group to the [[Harimandir Sahib]] and the [[Akal Takht]], which event ushered in the movement for Panthic control of the Sikh's sacred shrines. He was a member of the 9 member provisional committee appointed by the Amritsar deputy commissioner for the management of the [[Gurdwara]]s. The Sikhs formed on 15 November 1920 their own 175 member [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref>[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=1549&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=0 Akali Lehar de Mahan Neta] (Punjabi). Book by [[Partap Singh|Partap Singh, Giani]] 1976.</ref>

==Later life==
'''Before Independence'''

Singh took an active part in the Guru ka Bagh agitation of 1922.<ref>[https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/social-institutions-and-movements/sikh-reformist-movements/guru-ka-bagh-morcha/ Guru ka Bagh morcha]. ''www.thesikhencyclopedia.com''. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</ref> During the Akali campaign demanding the restoration of the deposed Sikh Maharaja of [[Nabha State]] to his throne, both the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] were outlawed by government. Three Professors of the Khalsa College, Bawa Harkishan Singh, Professor Teja Singh and Professor Nirarijan Singh were taken into custody on 13 October 1923. Professor Teja Singh was released on medical grounds. Professor Nirarijan Singh because of his basic objection to the aims of the movement. Bawa Harkishan Singh served a longer term in jail and was released only when an overall settlement was arrived at with the government. [[Mehtab Singh, Sardar Bahadur]], a senior leader of the agitation, offered to implement the provisions of the [[Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925]] as proposed by government. So did some other leaders, among them Bawa Harkishan Singh. The hardliners such as [[Teja Singh Samundri]] and Master [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh)]] who refused to accept the terms suffered further detention. In March 1927 when all detainees were set free the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee set up a forum to formulate the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]], i.e. code of conduct for the Sikhs. Bawa Harkishan Singh was one of the members of the committee.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The Sikh Gurdwaras Act provided for democratic elections to the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. This gave birth to factionalism. Singh not only kept himself aloof from these internal acrimonious wranglings but also worked for amity among the groups. He along with some other Sikh leaders formed a society, Gur Sevak Sabha, for this purpose in December 1933. After several months of protracted talks and arguments, the Sabha managed to bring round certain contestants from the Shiromani Akali Dal and the Central Akali Dal to agree on a common list of candidates for the 1936 shrine elections prepared by Sant Vasakha Singh and Sant Javala Singh. The unity so achieved however proved short lived.<ref>Harkishan Singh, "Statement" (unpublished), Oral History Cell, Punjabi University.</ref>

==After Independence==
Singh himself had no political ambitions nor had he ever sought any official position. He was of a shy and retiring nature. However, during the [[Punjabi Suba movement]], he was coopted a member of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee and, after the arrest of Master Tara Singh on 10 May 1955, elected its president. The morcha or agitation continued with the [[Jatha]]s or bands of volunteers daily shouting the banned "Punjabi Suba Zindabad" (long live the Punjabi state) slogan and courting arrest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX|title= Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920-70)|website=[[Panjab Digital Library]]|access-date=2021-04-28}}</ref> In spite of the restraint shown by the Akalis, police raided the Darbar Sahib complex on 4 July 1955, burst tear gas shells on pilgrims and made many arrests. The morcha continued until the ban on sloganeering was withdrawn on 12 July 1955. Master Tara Singh on release resumed the presidency and Bawa Harkishan Singh again became an unencumbered intellectual committed solely to the Panthic. He remained till the end the adviser and counsellor of the Sikh Panth. At all crucial moments and on all crucial issues, his advice was sought. He never hankered after power or position. Positions of honour and dignity came to him unasked. In 1960, he was nominated a member of the prestigious Punjabi University Commission, but he did not take part in any of the meetings of the commission. He was totally indifferent to fame and exhibition.<ref>Niranjan Singh, Principal, Jivan Yatra Master Tara Singh. Amritsar</ref>

Earlier in 1955, he had been called upon to assist a very important Sikh committee in its political negotiations with the Government of India. He was named among the six Sikhs to conduct the talks with the nominees of the government. He kept himself aloof from all active transactions, although he stayed put in Delhi for all those days in Sardar [[Hukum Singh]]'s residence to make himself available for advice and consultation. The committee on the government side was led by the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru himself, but Bawa Harkishan Singh did not attend any of its sittings. He was of a unique calibre among the Sikhs of his time.<ref>Dilgeer, U.S., Shiromani Akali Dal. Chandigarh, 1980</ref>

Singh died on 20 August 1978 at the Military Hospital, Delhi Cantt.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bawa Harkrishan}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dera Ismail Khan District]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Khalsa College, Amritsar]]

Rammstein

2026-03-25T14:38:35Z

VirgilioBrereton: improved article

{{Short description|German metal band}}
{{About|the band|their untitled album that is also considered self-titled|Untitled Rammstein album|other uses|Ramstein (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rammstein
| image = Rammstein at Wacken Open Air 2013 06.jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Rammstein performing at [[Wacken Open Air]] in August 2013; upper level (left to right): [[Oliver Riedel]], [[Christoph Schneider]], and [[Christian Lorenz]]; lower level (left to right): [[Paul Landers]], [[Till Lindemann]], and [[Richard Kruspe]]
| origin = [[Berlin]], Germany
| genre = {{flatlist|
* {{Lang|de|[[Neue Deutsche Härte]]|italic=no}}
* [[industrial metal]]
}}
| years_active = 1994–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Universal Music Group|Universal]]
* [[Motor Music|Motor]]
* [[Slash Records|Slash]]
}}
| spinoff_of = {{flatlist|
* [[Feeling B]]
* [[First Arsch]]
* Die Firma
}}
| website = {{URL|rammstein.de}}
| module = [[File:Rammstein.svg|250px|class=skin-invert]]
| current_members = * [[Till Lindemann]]
* [[Paul Landers]]
* [[Christoph Schneider]]
* [[Christian Lorenz]]
* [[Richard Kruspe]]
* [[Oliver Riedel]]
}}

'''Rammstein''' ({{IPA|de|ˈʁamʃtaɪn|}}, {{lit}} "ramming stone") is a German {{Lang|de|[[Neue Deutsche Härte]]|italic=no}} band formed in [[Berlin]] in 1994. The band's lineup—consisting of lead vocalist [[Till Lindemann]], lead guitarist [[Richard Kruspe]], rhythm guitarist [[Paul Landers]], bassist [[Oliver Riedel]], drummer [[Christoph Schneider]], and keyboardist [[Christian Lorenz|Christian "Flake" Lorenz]]—has remained unchanged throughout their history, along with their approach to songwriting, which consists of Lindemann writing and singing the lyrics over instrumental pieces the rest of the band has completed beforehand. Prior to their formation, some members were associated with the [[punk rock]] acts [[Feeling B]] and [[First Arsch]].

After winning a local contest, Rammstein was able to record [[Demo (music)|demos]] and send them to different record labels, eventually signing with [[Motor Music]]. Working with producer [[Jacob Hellner]], they released their debut album ''[[Herzeleid]]'' in 1995. Though the album initially sold poorly, the band gained popularity through their live performances and the album eventually reached No. 6 in Germany. Their second album, ''[[Sehnsucht (Rammstein album)|Sehnsucht]]'', was released in 1997 and debuted at No. 1 in Germany, resulting in a worldwide tour lasting nearly four years and spawning the successful singles "[[Engel (song)|Engel]]" and "[[Du hast]]" and the live album ''[[Live aus Berlin]]'' (1999). Following the tour, Rammstein signed with major label [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]] and released ''[[Mutter (album)|Mutter]]'' in 2001. Six singles were released from the album, all charting in countries throughout Europe. The lead single, "[[Sonne (Rammstein song)|Sonne]]", reached No. 2 in Germany. Rammstein released ''[[Reise, Reise]]'' in 2004 and had two more singles reach No. 2 in Germany: "[[Mein Teil]]" and "[[Amerika (song)|Amerika]]"; the former song reached No. 1 in Spain, becoming their first No. 1 single.

Their fifth album, ''[[Rosenrot]]'', was released in 2005, and the lead single, "[[Benzin]]", reached No. 6 in Germany. Their second live album, ''[[Völkerball]]'', was released in 2006. The band released their sixth album, ''[[Liebe ist für alle da]]'', in 2009, with its lead single, "[[Pussy (Rammstein song)|Pussy]]", becoming their first No. 1 hit in Germany despite having a controversial music video that featured [[hardcore pornography]]. The band then entered a recording hiatus and toured for several years, releasing the ''[[Made in Germany 1995–2011|Made in Germany]]'' greatest hits album as well as the ''[[Rammstein in Amerika]]'' and ''[[Rammstein: Paris|Paris]]'' live albums. After a decade without new music, Rammstein returned in 2019 with the song "[[Deutschland (song)|Deutschland]]", which became their second No. 1 hit in Germany. Their [[Untitled Rammstein album|untitled seventh studio album]] was released in May 2019 and reached No. 1 in 14 countries. While sheltering during [[COVID-19 pandemic in Germany|COVID-19]] [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdown]]s, the band spontaneously wrote and recorded their eighth studio album, ''[[Zeit (Rammstein album)|Zeit]]'', which was released in April 2022.

Rammstein was one of the first bands to emerge within the {{Lang|de|Neue Deutsche Härte|italic=no}} genre, with their debut album leading the music press to coin the term, and their style of music has generally had a positive reception from music critics. Commercially, the band has been very successful, earning many No. 1 albums as well as gold and platinum certifications in countries around the world. Their grand live performances, which often feature [[pyrotechnics]], have contributed to the growth in their popularity. Despite success, the band has been subject to some controversies, with their overall image having been criticized; for instance, the song "[[Ich tu dir weh]]" forced its parent album ''Liebe ist für alle da'' to be placed on the "index" maintained by the German [[Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons|Federal Review Board for Media Harmful to Minors]] and re-released in Germany with the song removed due to its sexually explicit lyrics.

The staff of ''[[Loudwire]]'' named them the 30th-best metal band of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Loudwire StaffLoudwire |date=2016-07-20 |title=Top 50 Metal Bands of All Time |url=https://loudwire.com/top-metal-bands-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Loudwire |language=en}}</ref>

==History==

===Founding and ''Herzeleid'' (1989–1996)===
{{Main|Herzeleid{{!}}''Herzeleid''}}

[[File:Rammstein logos joined.svg|thumb|Rammstein have used their logo since the release of ''[[Mutter (album)|Mutter]]'' in 2001 and their typeface since the start of their discography. A red version is used for their Youtube channel.]]

{{quote box|width=23em|"I don't want to be another KISS, where people talk about makeup and stuff like that and no one talks about the music."|salign=right|source=—Richard Kruspe<ref name=liberal>{{cite web|last1=Kruspe|first1=Richard Z.|title=Rammstein Guitarist: "I Don't Want to be Another KISS."|url=http://www.metalsucks.net/2018/12/18/rammstein-guitarist-i-dont-want-to-be-another-kiss/|website=[[MetalSucks]]|date=18 December 2018|access-date=7 July 2019}}</ref>}}

In 1989, [[East German]] guitarist [[Richard Kruspe]] escaped to [[West Berlin]] and started the band Orgasm Death Gimmick. At that time, he was heavily influenced by US music, especially of hard rock band [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]. After the [[Berlin Wall]] came down, he moved back home to [[Schwerin]], where [[Till Lindemann]] worked as a [[basket weaving|basket-weaver]] and played drums in the band [[First Arsch]] (loosely translated as "First Arse" or "First Ass"). At this time, Kruspe lived with [[Oliver Riedel]] of [[The Inchtabokatables]] and [[Christoph Schneider]] of Die Firma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rammstein World - History of Rammstein |url=https://www.rammsteinworld.com/en/rammstein/history? |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.rammsteinworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Millspublished |first=Matt |date=2022-05-14 |title=These are all the bands Rammstein were in before Rammstein |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/rammstein-bands-before-famous-die-arsch-feeling-b |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Louder |language=en}}</ref>

In 1992, Kruspe made his first trip to the United States with Till Lindemann and Oliver "Ollie" Riedel. He realized that he did not want to make US music and concentrated on creating a unique German sound. Kruspe, Riedel and Schneider started working together on a new project in 1993. Finding it difficult to write both music and lyrics, Kruspe persuaded Lindemann, whom he had overheard singing while he was working, to join the fledgling group.<ref name=":0" />

The band co-existed with the members' previous projects for about a year and a half. Members would invest the money raised with Feeling B shows in new project. They recorded their first songs in a building that had been [[Squatting|squatted]] by Feeling B frontman [[Aljoscha Rompe]].<ref name="MHfeature"/> A contest was held in Berlin for amateur bands in 1994, the winner of which would receive access to a professional recording studio<ref name="MHfeature"/> for a whole week. Kruspe, Riedel, Schneider, and Lindemann entered and won the contest with a 4-track demo tape with demo versions of songs from ''Herzeleid'', written in English. This sparked Paul Landers' attention, who wanted in on the project upon hearing their demo. To complete their sound, Rammstein attempted to recruit [[Christian Lorenz|Christian "Flake" Lorenz]], who had played with Landers in [[Feeling B]]. Though initially hesitant, Lorenz eventually agreed to join the band.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everleypublished |first=Dave |date=2019-07-04 |title=Rammstein: The birth of a legend |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/rammstein-the-birth-of-a-legend |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Louder |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rammstein |url=https://www.ukfestivalguides.com/artists/rammstein/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.ukfestivalguides.com}}</ref>

Up to that point, the band was called Tempelprayers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rammstein: Sons of East German punk – DW – 07/26/2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/rammstein-sons-of-east-german-punk/a-49746002 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> The name Rammstein comes from an early idea of Schneider, Flake and Paul. They called themselves ''Rammstein-Flugschau'' (Rammstein Airshow)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pilz|first1=Michael|title=Rammstein oder der Triumph des Brüllens|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/pop/article115889518/Rammstein-oder-der-Triumph-des-Bruellens.html|access-date=27 June 2015|work=[[Die Welt]]|date=5 May 2013}}</ref> after the 1988 [[Ramstein air show disaster]]. They had that name already written inside their [[Robur (truck)|Robur LO]] during their time in Feeling B. Guitarist [[Paul Landers]] said the spelling of Ramstein with the extra "m" was a mistake.<ref>{{cite book|title=Feeling B. Mix mir einen Drink |publisher=Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf |first1=Ronald|last1=Galenza|first2=Heinz |last2=Havemeister |year= 2002|page=262 |isbn= 3-89602-418-3|location=Berlin}}</ref> After the band became popular, the band members denied the connection to the air show disaster and said that their name was inspired by the giant doorstop-type devices found on old gates, called Rammsteine.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK8EQqH1IM8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/MK8EQqH1IM8| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Rammstein – Who are they? (Full interview with English subtitles)|date=30 August 2012|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The extra "m" in the band's name makes it translate literally as "ramming stone".<ref name="MHfeature">{{cite web |last1=Everley |first1=Dave |title=Rammstein: The birth of a legend |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/rammstein-the-birth-of-a-legend |website=[[Metal Hammer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |access-date=8 January 2021 |date=4 July 2019}}</ref> In a 2019 feature, ''[[Metal Hammer]]'' explained that the band was named after one of their earliest songs, "Ramstein", written after the air show disaster at the American airbase in Ramstein. According to the band, people started to refer to them as "the band with the 'Ramstein song'" and later as the "Ramstein band".<ref name="MHfeature"/> Before agreeing on the name "Rammstein", the band also had other names in mind: Milch (milk), Erde (earth) or Mutter (mother).<ref>{{cite book|title=Feeling B. Mix mir einen Drink |publisher=Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf |first1=Ronald|last1=Galenza|first2=Heinz |last2=Havemeister |year= 2002|page=377 |isbn= 3-89602-418-3|location=Berlin}}</ref>

Later, Rammstein was signed by [[Motor Music]].<ref name="MHfeature"/> Rammstein began to record their first studio album, ''[[Herzeleid]]'', in March 1995 with producer [[Jacob Hellner]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rammstein.com/_Voelkerball/Band/Timeline/T1995/ |title= Rammstein :: Band :: Timeline |access-date= 21 June 2008 |publisher= Rammstein.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080613205805/http://www.rammstein.com/_Voelkerball/Band/Timeline/T1995/ |archive-date= 13 June 2008}}</ref> They released their first single "[[Du riechst so gut]]" that August and released the album in September. Throughout October, the newly minted band gathered their first few significant waves of fans while opening 15 shows across Germany for [[Project Pitchfork]].<ref name="peek-a-boo-2016">{{cite web |last1=Coldheart |first1=Stef |title=Project Pitchfork: Great bands can be really great bastards |url=http://www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be/en/interviews/project-pitchfork-2016/ |website=Peek-a-boo Music Magazine |accessdate=8 October 2024 |date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="RT1995feature">{{cite web |title=Project Pitchfork Tour 1995
|url=https://www.rammstein.de/en/history/projectpitchforktour1995/ |website=rammstein.de |access-date=8 October 2024 |date=14 October 1995}}</ref> Later in that November, they opened two shows for [[Clawfinger]] in Warsaw and Prague.<ref name="MHfeature"/><ref name="RT1995CFfeature">{{cite web |title=Clawfinger Tour 1995
|url=https://www.rammstein.de/en/history/clawfingertour1995/ |website=rammstein.de |access-date=8 October 2024 |date=27 November 1995}}</ref> In December, they headlined a 17-show tour of Germany which helped expand the fanbase they had initially established while opening for Project Pitchfork and Clawfinger. This helped to boost the band's popularity and establish them as a credible live act. They went on several tours throughout early 1996, releasing their second single titled "[[Seemann (Rammstein song)|Seemann]]" on 8 January. On 27 March 1996, Rammstein performed on [[MTV]]'s ''Hanging Out'' in London, their first performance in the UK. Their first major boost in popularity outside Germany came when [[Nine Inch Nails]] frontman [[Trent Reznor]] chose two Rammstein songs, "Heirate mich" and "[[Rammstein (song)|Rammstein]]", during his work as music director for the [[David Lynch]] 1997 film ''[[Lost Highway (film)|Lost Highway]]''.<ref name="MHfeature"/> The soundtrack for the film was released in the U.S. in late 1996 and later throughout Europe in April 1997. In the middle of 1996, they headlined one tour of their own in small, sold-out venues.<ref name="MHfeature"/> Rammstein went on to tour through Germany, Austria, and Switzerland from September to October 1996, performing an anniversary concert on 27 September called "100 years of Rammstein". Guests to the concert included [[Moby]], [[Bobo (singer)|Bobo]], and the Berlin Session Orchestra, while Berlin director Gert Hof was responsible for the light show.

===''Sehnsucht'' and ''Live aus Berlin'' (1996–2000)===
{{Main|Sehnsucht (Rammstein album){{!}}''Sehnsucht'' (Rammstein album)|Live aus Berlin{{!}}''Live aus Berlin''}}

Rammstein started recording ''[[Sehnsucht (Rammstein album)|Sehnsucht]]'' in November 1996 at the Temple Studios in Malta.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rammstein.com/_Voelkerball/Band/Timeline/T1996/ |title= Rammstein :: Band :: Timeline |access-date= 21 June 2008 |publisher= Rammstein.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080613205810/http://www.rammstein.com/_Voelkerball/Band/Timeline/T1996/ |archive-date= 13 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=mandevm |date=2016-08-24 |title=Rammstein: Sehnsucht |url=https://musicalphabet.com/2016/08/24/on-august-25-1997/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=musicalphabet |language=en}}</ref> The album was again produced by [[Jacob Hellner]]. "[[Engel (song)|Engel]]", the first single from the album, was released on 1 April 1997 and reached gold status in Germany on 23 May. This prompted the release of a fan edition of the single, named ''Engel – Fan Edition''. This contained two previously unreleased songs, "Feuerräder" and "Wilder Wein". Release of the second single from the album ''Sehnsucht'' was "[[Du hast]]", which hit the German single charts in August 1997 at No. 5. Rammstein then continued touring in the summer while ''Sehnsucht'' was released on 22 August 1997. The album reached No. 1 in Germany after two weeks in the charts. Simultaneously, ''Herzeleid'' and both ''Sehnsucht'' singles ("Du hast" and "Engel") were in the Top 20 of the German charts. Rammstein continued to headline sold-out shows throughout Europe in September and October.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On this day, 26 years ago, Rammstein released Engel! |url=https://www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be/en/news/2023/on-this-day-26-years-ago-rammstein-released-engel/? |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rammstein Biography, Discography, Chart History |url=https://top40-charts.com/artist.php?aid=986& |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Top40-Charts.com |language=en}}</ref> On 5 December 1997, they embarked on their first tour of the United States as the opening act for [[KMFDM]]. In July 1998, the band released a cover of the song "[[Stripped (song)|Stripped]]", originally released by Depeche Mode in early 1986; it was included on the tribute album ''[[For the Masses]]'', the Rammstein version obtained moderate success in Germany and Austria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rammstein explain the controversy surrounding Depeche Mode cover ‘Stripped’ in interview |url=https://www.rawmusictv.com/article/amp/2019/After-22-years-Rammstein-explain-the-controversy-surrounding-Depeche-Mode-cover-Stripped-in-new-interview |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=RawMusicTV |language=en}}</ref>

On 22–23 August 1998, Rammstein played to over 17,000 fans at the Wuhlheide in Berlin, the biggest show the band had played there up to that date. Supporting acts were [[Danzig (band)|Danzig]], [[Nina Hagen]], [[Joachim Witt]] and [[Alaska (singer)|Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rammstein.de/en/rammstein |title= History-Rammstein |access-date= 26 March 2015 |publisher= Rammstein.de |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150327020900/http://www.rammstein.de/en/rammstein |archive-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> The show was professionally filmed, intended to be released on their upcoming [[Live album|live]] DVD, ''[[Live aus Berlin]]''. Rammstein embarked on a live tour with [[Korn]], [[Ice Cube]], [[Orgy (band)|Orgy]] and [[Limp Bizkit]] called the [[Family Values Tour]] in September through to late October 1998. Continuing their success in the US, ''Sehnsucht'' received Gold record status there on 2 November. The band was nominated at the [[MTV European Music Awards]] for ''Best Rock Act'' and performed "Du hast" live on 12 November that year.

Rammstein had further success in 1999, starting in February with a nomination for [[Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance|Best Metal Performance]] at the [[41st Annual Grammy Awards]]. A year after it was filmed, the ''Live aus Berlin'' concert was released on CD on 30 August 1999, with a limited edition double CD also available. Two weeks after it was released, ''Live aus Berlin'' went to No. 2 in the German Album Charts. On 13 September and 26 November 1999, the video and DVD versions of the concert were released respectively. Further popularity ensued when "[[Du hast]]" was included in ''[[The Matrix: Music from the Motion Picture]]''.

===''Mutter'' (2000–2002)===
{{Main|Mutter (album){{!}}''Mutter'' (album)}}

Rammstein's album ''[[Mutter (album)|Mutter]]'' was recorded in the south of France in May and June 2000, and mixed in [[Stockholm]] in October of that year. During December 2000, Rammstein released an MP3 version of "[[Links 2-3-4]]" as a teaser for their new album. 2001 was a busy year for Rammstein, as the band needed to finish off the Sehnsucht Tour ending in January and February with the band playing the [[Big Day Out]] festival in Australia and New Zealand and some concerts in Japan. January also heralded the shooting of the video for their upcoming single, "[[Sonne (Rammstein song)|Sonne]]", recorded in [[Potsdam]] at Babelsberger Filmstudios from 13 to 15 January 2001. The video was released on 29 January 2001. The single for "Sonne" was released on 12 February 2001 in Europe, featuring an instrumental version of the song, two remixes by [[Clawfinger]] and the song "Adios" from the upcoming album.

''Mutter'' was released on 2 April 2001, sparking another Rammstein tour through Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. On 14 May, the second single from the album, "Links 2 3 4", was released, along with a video of the single on 18 May. After a tour throughout Europe in June, the band then toured the U.S., Canada and Mexico from June to August 2001. "[[Ich will]]", the third single from the album, was released on 10 September 2001 and a Tour edition of the ''Mutter'' album (the cover of which is red)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gidipi.com/Mutter-Limited-Tour-Edition-2001-2-CD_30.html |title=Mutter Limited Tour Edition 2001 – 2 CD – Rammstein | Download Rapidshare Megaupload Hotfile Music |publisher=gidipi |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401172220/http://www.gidipi.com/Mutter-Limited-Tour-Edition-2001-2-CD_30.html |archive-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> was released, featuring alternative artwork and live versions of "Ich will", "Links 2 3 4", "Sonne" and "Spieluhr".

From 8 to 12 January 2002, Rammstein traveled to Prague to participate in a minor scene for the film ''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]''. The band is seen in the opening scene, performing their song "[[Feuer frei!]]" in a concert. "Feuer frei!" was released across Europe as the first single from the ''XXX'' soundtrack on 14 October 2002. Rammstein released two remixes of the song. Furthermore, the single's track listing included "Du hast" and "Bück dich" cover versions by [[Battery (hardcore punk band)|Battery]]. The video for the single was edited by [[Rob Cohen]] and contains part of Rammstein's performance at the beginning of the film and part snippets from the film itself.

===''Reise, Reise'', ''Rosenrot'', and ''Völkerball'' (2003–2006)===
{{Main|Reise, Reise{{!}}''Reise, Reise''|Rosenrot{{!}}''Rosenrot''|Völkerball{{!}}''Völkerball''}}

Rammstein recorded ''[[Reise, Reise]]'' (meaning "journey, journey", or as a command "travel, travel", but [[Reveille#Germany|also an archaic Reveille]]) at the El Cortijo studio in southern Spain in November and December 2003; it was mixed at Toytown studio in Stockholm, Sweden in April and May 2004. The first single from the album was "[[Mein Teil]]", released on 26 July. The video was shot in the Arena, in the Treptow district of Berlin. Outdoor shooting took place at the Deutsche Oper (Opera House) [[Berlin U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] station on Bismarckstrasse. The director was Zoran Bihac, who also filmed the "Links 2 3 4" video. The video for the second single, "[[Amerika (song)|Amerika]]", was filmed on 6 and 7 August 2004 in the ruins of the former cement works in [[Rüdersdorf]], near Berlin, under the direction of Jörn Heitmann (who also directed the "Ich Will" music video, among others). The space suits for the Moon scenes were borrowed from Hollywood and 240 tons of ash were needed to create the Moon landscape. The video premiered on 20 August, while the single was released on 13 September.
[[File:Rammstein&Apocalyptica.jpg|thumb|left|Rammstein performing along with Finnish act [[Apocalyptica]] in 2005]]
''Reise, Reise'' was released on 27 September 2004 and went straight into top 10 charts throughout Europe. According to the ''Billboard'' charts, Rammstein were at that stage the most successful [[German language|German-language]] band of all time. Rammstein toured Germany through November and some of December 2004, releasing the single "[[Ohne dich]]" on 22 November. In February 2005, Rammstein toured Europe again. By 28 February, Rammstein had played 21 concerts in front of more than 200,000 spectators in ten countries. It was on this tour that the band was faced with several lawsuits resulting from severe fire breathing accidents involving audience members. "[[Keine Lust]]" the fourth single from ''Reise, Reise'', was released on 28 February 2005. From 27 May to 30 July 2005, Rammstein played music festivals across Europe. Footage from these concerts can be seen on Rammstein's live DVD ''[[Völkerball]]'', released in November 2006.

In August 2005, Rammstein revealed that the follow-up album to ''Reise, Reise'' would be called ''[[Rosenrot]]''. Their first single from the album, "[[Benzin]]", was released on 5 October, with its video premiere on 16 September. ''Rosenrot'' was released worldwide on 28 October. Directly following the release, the album continued the success of its predecessor, ''Reise, Reise'', placing on top 10 charts in 20 countries. 16 December 2005 marked the release of the title track on ''Rosenrot''. The video for "[[Mann gegen Mann]]" was released on 6 February 2006, with the single being released on 3 March. On 19 February 2006, Rammstein had an asteroid named after them, [[110393 Rammstein]].<ref>{{cite web|title=110393 Rammstein, 2001 TC8|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=110393+Rammstein#content|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>

On 17 November, the first Rammstein Live DVD since ''[[Live aus Berlin]]'' from 1998 was released. ''[[Völkerball]]'' shows concert performances by the band in England, France, Japan and Russia. The Special Edition is extended by a second DVD, which contains the documentaries "Anaconda in the net" by [[Mathilde Bonnefoy]] and the "Making of the album Reise, Reise" by the band's guitarist [[Paul Landers]]. The limited edition was released as a large black-and-white photo-book with photos by Frederic Batier, who had accompanied the band through their recent tours. The photo-book edition contains two DVDs and two live albums.

===''Liebe ist für alle da'' (2007–2011)===
{{Main|Liebe ist für alle da{{!}}''Liebe ist für alle da''}}

[[File:RichardZK.JPG|thumb|Rammstein performing at the Gold Coast [[Big Day Out]] in 2011]]
The band took a hiatus in 2006 and began work again in 2007. The recording process reportedly took two years. In July 2009, the title track "Liebe ist für alle da" [[Music leak|leaked]] onto the internet, along with promotional materials. This led [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]] to take action against certain fan sites.<ref>"[http://www.alt-uk.net/2009/07/20/new-rammstein-song-liebe-ist-fur-alle-da-leaked/ New Rammstein Song 'Liebe Ist Fur Alle Da' Leaked]". Alt-UK, 20 July 2009.</ref><ref>"[http://herzeleid.com/ What's going on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211115955/http://herzeleid.com/ |date=11 February 2005}}". Herzeleid.com. Retrieved 10 August 2009.</ref> It was confirmed in August 2009 that the new album would have 11 tracks,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/blog/lang/en/ |title=Rammstein Official Website News Confirms 11 Tracks |access-date=15 August 2009 |archive-date=16 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816210455/http://www.rammstein.de/blog/lang/en/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> and mixing of the album – which was taking place in [[Stockholm]] – had been completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/blog/lang/en/ |title=Rammstein Official Website News Confirms Mixing Has Finished |access-date=15 August 2009 |archive-date=16 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816210455/http://www.rammstein.de/blog/lang/en/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 1 September 2009, it was confirmed on the band's website that "[[Pussy (Rammstein song)|Pussy]]" would be the first single from the album. On the same day, The Gauntlet posted a promotional video for it. The video also confirmed the album title, ''[[Liebe ist für alle da]]''. Later, the title was confirmed again in an interview with Paul Landers for RockOne magazine. The music video for "Pussy" was released on 16 September 2009, at 20:30 GMT, released especially for the adult website Visit-x.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visit-x.net/rammstein |title=Rammstein presents Pussy |access-date=16 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124164141/http://www.visit-x.net/rammstein |archive-date=24 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The video contains graphic scenes of male and female nudity as well as women engaging in sexual acts with the band members, although the actual sex scenes were performed by body doubles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.20min.ch/unterhaltung/sounds/story/28765113 |title=Rammstein: "Wir hatten keinen Sex" |website=[[20 Minuten]]|date=14 October 2009}}</ref> The women featured in the video are German pornographic stars.<ref name="Hustler">{{cite web |title=Rammstein |work=Hustler Magazine |url=http://www.hustlermagazine.com/features/band-interviews/rammstein |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015329/http://www.hustlermagazine.com/features/band-interviews/rammstein |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2010}}</ref> [[Metal Hammer]] released an edited version of the video onto their website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/the-rammstein-video-described-for-those-at-work/|title=Metal Hammer Work Safe 'Pussy' synopsis The Rammstein video described for those at work|access-date=8 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925211502/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/the-rammstein-video-described-for-those-at-work/|archive-date=25 September 2010}}</ref>

"[[Ich tu dir weh]]" was confirmed as the second single from the album by Landers and Lorenz in an interview for Radio Eins. Although censorship of the song in Germany prohibits any advertisement, broadcast or public display, the video to "Ich tu dir weh" was released on 21 December 2009 on the adult website Visit-x, just like the video to "Pussy", after advertisement on the band's official German website; it depicts the band on stage in a similar configuration as on their 2009/10 tour. Any references to the video on the official website have since been deleted. In Europe, the single was released on 15 January 2010, and in the U.S. on 19 January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rammstein-austria.com |title=Die Rammsteinseite Nr.1 |publisher=Rammstein Austria |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Like the video "Pussy," this video was also directed by [[Jonas Åkerlund]]. On 23 April 2010, Rammstein released their video "[[Haifisch]]" on the band's [[Myspace|MySpace]] page. Unlike the video for "Ich tu dir weh", it contains more of a narrative rather than a performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/rammstein-haifisch-video-released/ |title=Rammstein: 'Haifisch' Video Released |date=23 April 2010 |publisher=blabbermouth.net |access-date=8 September 2010}}</ref> The single was released during May and June 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/307/18972/Rammstein-tracklisting-for-Haifisch-single-revealed.html |title=Rammstein tracklisting for Haifisch single revealed |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-date=7 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507015846/http://www.thegauntlet.com/article/307/18972/Rammstein-tracklisting-for-Haifisch-single-revealed.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Rammstein Live at Madison Square Garden.jpg|thumb|left|Rammstein playing "[[Engel (song)|Engel]]" in [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City, December 2010]]
On 8 November 2009, Rammstein began the first leg of the [[Liebe ist für alle da Tour]] in Lisbon, Portugal. As part of their European summer tour, Rammstein performed at the [[Rock am Ring and Rock im Park|2010 Rock AM Ring Festival]] on 4–6 June 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/rammstein-confirmed-for-rock-am-ring/ |title=Rammstein confirmed for Rock am Ring |publisher=Metalhammer.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610173043/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/rammstein-confirmed-for-rock-am-ring/ |archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> They also headlined several shows across Europe on the [[Sonisphere Festival]], including their first ever outdoor UK performance at [[Knebworth Park]], performing the day before [[Iron Maiden]]. On Sunday 18 July 2010, Rammstein played in front of more than 130,000 people in [[Quebec City]] on the [[Plains of Abraham]] as the closing show for the [[Festival d'été de Québec]]. It was their first North American appearance in nine years. The band announced that their last tour dates of 2010 were to be in the Americas. After several South American dates, the band returned to the United States for a single show at the famous [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City – their first US show in over ten years. The tickets sold out in a very short time (under 20 minutes).

They also performed at [[Bell Centre]] in Montreal, Canada on 9 December. This concert sold out within the first hour of tickets going on sale, indicating a high demand to see Rammstein in North America. The band then played at Big Day Out 2011 from 21 January to 6 February in New Zealand and Australia. The band also visited South Africa for the first time in early 2011 and played two sold-out concerts in Cape Town and Johannesburg respectively, indicating another territory eager for the opportunity to enjoy the band live. On 16 February 2011, Rammstein announced that, after the massive success of their sold out [[Madison Square Garden]] show on 11 December 2010, they would be touring North America after ten years.

Rammstein played in New Jersey (East Rutherford) [[Izod Center]], Montreal [[Bell Centre]], Toronto [[Air Canada Centre]], Chicago [[Allstate Arena]], Edmonton [[Rexall Place]], Seattle [[Tacoma Dome]], San Francisco (Oakland) [[Oracle Arena]], Los Angeles [[The Forum (Inglewood)|The Forum]], and Las Vegas [[Thomas and Mack Center]], Mexico City's [[Palacio de los Deportes]], Guadalajara's [[Arena VFG]], and Monterrey's Auditorio Banamex to a total of six US dates, three Canadian dates, and four Mexican dates. Tickets went on sale 25 and 26 February to great response, with many shows completely selling out, making this tour a complete success. On 20 April 2011, the band also won the [[Revolver (magazine)|Revolver Golden God Award]] for Best Live Band, their first US award.

===''Made in Germany'', video releases, and side projects (2011–2017)===
{{Main|Made in Germany 1995–2011{{!}}''Made in Germany 1995–2011''|Rammstein in Amerika{{!}}''Rammstein in Amerika''|Rammstein: Paris{{!}}''Rammstein: Paris''}}

[[File:Rammstein2012.jpg|thumb|Rammstein performing in 2012]]
Rammstein released a greatest hits album titled ''[[Made in Germany 1995–2011]]'' on 2 December 2011. It contains one previously unreleased track, "[[Mein Land]]" which was released as a single on 11 November 2011 with another track, "Vergiss uns nicht", that was released at a later date. The compilation is available in three editions: The standard edition; this includes a CD with normal songs from their back catalog. Special edition; has the same CD from the standard edition and an extra CD with Rammstein songs that have been remixed by different artists such as [[Scooter (band)|Scooter]]. Finally, the super deluxe edition; has the two previously mentioned CDs and three DVDs with interviews and the making of videos from different music videos. The video for the song "[[Mein Land]]" was filmed on 23 May 2011 at Sycamore Beach in Malibu, California. It premiered on the band's official website on 11 November 2011. A full European tour in support of ''Made in Germany'' began in November 2011 and spanned all the way to May 2012. It included a North American tour that began on 20 April 2012 in Sunrise, Florida and ended on 25 May 2012 in Houston, Texas that visited 21 cities throughout the US and Canada. The Swedish industrial band [[Deathstars]] supported the band during the first two legs of the European tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/ankundigung-nord-amerika-tour-2012-en-announcement-north-american-tour-2012 |title=Ankündigung: Nord Amerika Tour 2012 |publisher=Rammstein.de |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145641/http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/ankundigung-nord-amerika-tour-2012-en-announcement-north-american-tour-2012/ |archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> DJ [[Joe Letz]] from Combichrist and Emigrate was the opening act for the North American Tour.

Rammstein, minus [[Till Lindemann]], performed "[[The Beautiful People (Marilyn Manson song)|The Beautiful People]]" with [[Marilyn Manson]] at the [[Echo Awards]] on 22 March 2012. On 21 September 2012, it was announced that Rammstein would be headlining [[Download Festival]] 2013, along with [[Iron Maiden]] and [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]. Twelve additional festival performances for summer 2013 were announced the same day, including [[Wacken Open Air]] festival and [[Rock Werchter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/rammstein-bestatigen-festivals-2013/ |title=Rammstein confirm festivals in 2013!? |publisher=Rammstein.de |access-date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126010030/http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/rammstein-bestatigen-festivals-2013/ |archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Rammstein announced new tour dates starting for spring 2013 in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/rammstein-bestatigt-weitere-shows-2013/ |title=Rammstein confirms additional shows for 2013! |publisher=Rammstein.de |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119162348/http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/rammstein-bestatigt-weitere-shows-2013/ |archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> including a 2-day return to [[Kindl-Bühne Wuhlheide]], the location of their first (official) live DVD, ''[[Live Aus Berlin]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/rammstein-live-in-berlin-2013/ |title= Rammstein live in Berlin 2013! |publisher=Rammstein.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204141222/http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/rammstein-live-in-berlin-2013/ |archive-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> On 22 November 2012, Rammstein announced via [[Facebook]] that they will be releasing a video collection featuring all music videos entitled ''Videos 1995–2012'', plus two unreleased music videos for "[[Mein Herz Brennt]]", originally featured on the album ''Mutter''. The first video premiered on the band's [[Vimeo]], while the second premiered on a promotional website. Both videos were directed by Zoran Bihac.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/videopremiere-mein-herz-brennt-explicit-version/ |title=Video Premiere 'Mein Herz brennt' (Explicit Version) |publisher=Rammstein.de |access-date=13 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602042059/http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/videopremiere-mein-herz-brennt-explicit-version/ |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> The first was released on 7 December 2012, and featured the newly recorded piano version of "Mein Herz Brennt". A single of the song was released on the same day, which included an edited version of the original and a new song titled 'Gib Mir Deine Augen' as a b-side.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.affenknecht.com/mein-herz-brennt-singlevideoclip-finally-confirmed/ |title=Mein Herz Brennt Single/videoclip Finally Confirmed |publisher=En.affenknecht.com |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117232637/http://en.affenknecht.com/mein-herz-brennt-singlevideoclip-finally-confirmed/ |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The explicit version's video leaked onto the internet on 11 December 2012 but was officially released on 14 December, in conjunction with the video collection DVD.<ref>{{cite web|title=Single: "Mein Herz Brennt" + Video Collection|url=http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/single-mein-herz-brennt-videokollektion/|publisher=Rammstein.de|access-date=22 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213230121/http://www.rammstein.de/en/news/single-mein-herz-brennt-videokollektion/|archive-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>

In July 2013, guitarist [[Paul Landers]] revealed in an interview the possibility of a Rammstein documentary and a live DVD. He indicated that the band may "start thinking" about a new album in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuDet_-Vieilles-Charrues.-Rammstein-pret-a-enflammer-Carhaix_6346-2212170_actu.Htm |title=Vieilles Charrues. Rammstein prêt à enflammer Carhaix |language=fr |publisher=Ouest-france.fr |date=15 October 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> In September 2014, band co-founder [[Richard Kruspe]] (then working with his side band, [[Emigrate (band)|Emigrate]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rammstein Guitarist's Emigrate: More 'Silent So Long' Album Details Revealed|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/rammstein-guitarists-emigrate-more-silent-so-long-album-details-revealed/|website=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|access-date=13 September 2014|date=28 August 2014}}</ref>) said the band was preparing some more live DVDs and that they were taking some time off from the studio. The band would meet again in 2015 to decide if the time was right to return to the studio.<ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Kruspe on the future of Rammstein|url=http://metalhammer.teamrock.com/videos/2014-09-11/richard-kruspe-on-the-future-of-rammstein|website=[[Metal Hammer]]|publisher=Team Rock|access-date=13 September 2014|date=11 September 2014}}</ref> In May 2015, Lindemann confirmed in an interview with MusikUniverse that Rammstein would start pre-production on a possible new album in September of that year, and that production would most likely go on until 2017.<ref>{{cite interview |title=Lindemann – Interview 2015 – (Till and Peter) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1oLtEpNf90 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013734/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1oLtEpNf90| archive-date=4 September 2015|date=14 May 2015 |website=Musikuniverse.mu}}</ref> According to [[Peter Tägtgren]] – who works with frontman Till Lindemann on their side-project [[Lindemann (band)|Lindemann]] – Till would be regrouping with his Rammstein bandmates later in 2015 to start pre-production on a new full-length album, which normally takes two years to be released.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Barkan|first1=Jonathan|title=[Interview] Peter Tägtgren on Lindemann: "It's A Party Album"|url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3346752/interview-peter-tagtgren-lindemann-party-album/|website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|access-date=24 June 2015|date=27 May 2015}}</ref>

In early August 2015, Rammstein released a trailer for an upcoming project, titled "In Amerika".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.kerrang.com/34424/rammstein-tease-mysterious-amerika-release/ |title=Rammstein Tease Mysterious In Amerika Release |magazine=Kerrang! |date=6 August 2015 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> On 15 August, the band announced ''[[Rammstein in Amerika]]'', a video release that includes a 2010 concert at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City and a documentary made from archived footage recorded during the band's career.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rammstein-announce-in-amerika-documentary-concert-film-20150815 |title=Rammstein Announce 'In Amerika' Documentary, Concert Film |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=15 August 2015 |access-date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415104010/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/rammstein-announce-in-amerika-documentary-concert-film-20150815 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rammstein played several festivals in Europe and North America during 2016,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.de/waldbuehnen-premiere-rammstein-treten-im-juli-zweimal-in-berlin-auf-1006143/ |title=Waldbühnen-Premiere: Rammstein treten im Juli zweimal in Berlin auf |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> and in November announced plans to perform at a similar string of European festivals in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antimusic.com/news/16/November/23Rammstein_Announce_2017_Tour_Dates.shtml |title=Rammstein Announce 2017 Tour Dates |publisher=Antimusic.com |date=23 November 2016 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> On 18 January 2017 Rammstein announced a new live video release titled ''Paris'', a recording of a March 2012 concert that took place at [[AccorHotels Arena|Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/rammstein-to-release-paris-dvd-blu-ray-first-trailer-available/ |title=Rammstein To Release 'Paris' DVD, Blu-Ray; First Trailer Available |work=Blabbermouth.net |date=18 January 2017 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> It premiered on 23 March in selected cinemas,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/rammstein-paris-documentary-getting-theatrical-release/ |title=Rammstein's 'Paris' Documentary Getting Theatrical Release |work=Blabbermouth.net |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> and was released worldwide on DVD/Blu-ray and CD on 19 May 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://loudwire.com/rammstein-paris-concert-film-album/ |title=Rammstein to Unleash 'Rammstein: Paris' Concert Film + Album on May 19 |magazine=Loudwire |date=24 March 2017 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>

===Untitled seventh album and ''Zeit'' (2017–present)===
{{Main|Untitled Rammstein album|Zeit (Rammstein album){{!}}''Zeit'' (Rammstein album)}}

In an interview in March 2017, Richard Kruspe said that Rammstein had about 35 new songs that were close to completion, though the release date of the band's seventh studio album was still an open question.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://loudwire.com/rammstein-35-songs-almost-finished-next-album/ |title=Rammstein Have '35 Songs Almost Finished' In Preparation For Next Album |magazine=Loudwire |date=27 March 2017 |access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> In May, Rammstein started touring once again. Also in May, it was revealed that [[Sky van Hoff]] would be working with the band on their next album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyvanhoff.com/2017/05/10/rammstein/|title=Rammstein – Sky Van Hoff|website=Skyvanhoff.com|access-date=29 May 2017|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523114250/http://skyvanhoff.com/2017/05/10/rammstein/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 18 June 2018, it was announced via StubHub's ticketing website that Rammstein would play songs at their Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, show from their forthcoming album, then set for release late in 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://loudwire.com/report-rammstein-new-album-2018/|title=Rammstein To Release New Album In 2018|magazine=[[Loudwire]]|access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> On 17 September 2018, the band announced through Facebook that they were "almost done" recording the album, as they were recording orchestra and choirs in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/Rammstein/posts/10156300235537713?__xts__[0]=68.ARDGve-QJHh_O2QWgdsnVsplJwXnE0APRbyP4ai6v7pEQvtcoBcO8sZkHwx7LwUY_6r3zVJVTlujOx0PgkbatwZRWb-2DfZOIQ6rBOailj9ME83bLxnR-nO5ZC3WHMwGG4HAsiexocARtO1tXgjfiX4hrse2hXqWcYf8hjNbVCc_iicsjWyo3ls&__tn__=-R/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/22330837712/10156300235537713 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Almost done! Orchestra and choir recordings in Minsk for album No. 7!|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=17 September 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 2 January 2019, guitarist Richard Kruspe announced that the recording of the album wrapped in November 2018 and that the record would be released in April 2019, along with five music videos.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/rammstein-will-release-five-music-videos-from-the-new-album/|title=Rammstein Will Release Five Music Videos From The New Album|date=2 January 2019 |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Scene in blue light during Rammstein concert in Luzhniki.jpg|thumb|left|Rammstein performing in Moscow's [[Luzhniki Stadium]] on 29 July 2019]]

Rammstein released the first single from their seventh album, "[[Deutschland (song)|Deutschland]]", on 28 March 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.Rammstein.com|title=Deutschland|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> and announced the release date of their [[Untitled Rammstein album|untitled seventh studio album]], 17 May 2019. Rammstein also revealed the album cover which consisted of a single, unlit match which fans say represents their love of fire and simplicity.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rawmusictv.com/article/amp/2019/What-does-Rammsteins-new-Matchstick-album-artwork-actually-mean-and-symbolise | title = What does Rammstein's new 'Matchstick' album artwork actually mean and symbolise | date = 26 April 2019 | access-date = 26 April 2019 | df = mdy-all}}</ref> On 26 April 2019, Rammstein released the second single from the new album, "[[Radio (Rammstein song)|Radio]]". Shortly after its release, the album reached No. 1 in fourteen countries.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8513708/universal-music-germany-rammstein-untitled-album |title=Universal Music Germany Salutes Rammstein as Band's First Studio Album in Decade Sets Records |last=Spahr |first=Wolfgang |date=30 May 2019 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> On 28 May 2019, Rammstein released their third single and music video from the album, this time for "[[Ausländer (Rammstein song)|Ausländer]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wallofsoundau.com/2019/05/29/rammstein-unleash-auslander-music-video/|title=Rammstein unleash 'Ausländer' Music Video|date=28 May 2019|website=Wall Of Sound|language=en-US|access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> The band embarked on their [[Rammstein Stadium Tour|Stadium Tour]] to support the album, beginning in May 2019. They were due to play shows in Europe and North America in 2020, but were forced to postpone them due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] impacting the two continents. The dates first were rescheduled for 2021<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2020 |title=Europe stadium tour rescheduled to 2021 |url=http://rammstein.de/en/europe-stadium-tour-rescheduled-to-2021 |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=rammstein.de |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520125510/http://rammstein.de/en/europe-stadium-tour-rescheduled-to-2021/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 July 2020 |title=North America stadium tour rescheduled to 2021 |url=http://rammstein.de/en/north-america-stadium-tour-rescheduled-to-2021/ |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=rammstein.de |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717190029/http://rammstein.de/en/north-america-stadium-tour-rescheduled-to-2021/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> and, in March 2021, again rescheduled to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe stadium tour postponed again to 2022 |url=http://rammstein.de/en/news/europe-stadium-tour-postponed-again-to-2022 |date=24 March 2021 |website=rammstein.de |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North America stadium tour rescheduled to 2022 |url=http://rammstein.de/en/news/north-america-stadium-tour-rescheduled-to-2022-two-new-shows-announced |date=24 May 2021 |website=rammstein.de |language=en}}</ref>

During the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced the band to remain sheltered during a lockdown in Germany, the band returned to writing music, which Christoph Schneider confirmed in a German podcast.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Spencer |date=15 June 2020 |title=Rammstein Working on New Songs While in Lockdown |url=https://consequence.net/2020/06/rammstein-working-new-songs-lockdown/ |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> It was reported in September 2020 that they had returned to La Fabrique Studios in France, where they recorded their untitled seventh album, to record new music, potentially for a new album.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hadusek |first=Jon |date=15 September 2020 |title=Rammstein Are in Studio Recording New Music: Report |url=https://consequence.net/2020/09/rammstein-recording-in-studio/ |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> On 25 September, the 25th anniversary of their debut album ''Herzeleid'', they announced a remastered anniversary edition for the album, for release on 4 December. The release was made available both digitally and physically, as a CD housed in a digipak as well as a double heavyweight, colored vinyl.<ref>{{cite web |last=Childers |first=Chad |date=25 September 2020 |title=Rammstein announce 25th anniversary edition of 'Herzeleid' debut album |url=https://loudwire.com/rammstein-25th-anniversary-edition-herzeleid-debut-album/ |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=[[Loudwire]]}}</ref>

In February 2021, Flake Lorenz confirmed to Motor Music that the band had finished recording an eighth studio album. Lorenz stated that the recording sessions were unplanned and that the quarantine caused by the pandemic allowed for "less distraction" and "more time to think of new things".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Spencer |date=28 February 2021 |title=Rammstein Recorded a New Album They "Hadn't Planned On" During Lockdown |url=https://consequence.net/2021/02/rammstein-recorded-new-album-during-lockdown/ |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> In October 2021, a song from the album was premiered on the [[International Space Station]] to French astronaut [[Thomas Pesquet]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Alex |date=28 October 2021 |title=Rammstein premiere new song to astronaut onboard International Space Station |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rammstein-premiere-new-song-astronaut-international-space-station-3081140 |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> According to composer [[Sven Helbig]], who worked on the album, the album's release had been delayed due to the [[2021–2023 global supply chain crisis]], which impacted the album's physical releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hadusek |first=Jon |date=16 February 2022 |title=Rammstein's New Album Might Be Delayed Due to Paper Shortage |url=https://consequence.net/2022/02/rammstein-new-album-paper-shortage/ |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence]]}}</ref> Richard Kruspe affirmed in an interview that Rammstein's eighth studio album would be released in the first half of 2022, prior to the slated resumption of their Stadium Tour that had been postponed to 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Arusa |date=14 November 2021 |title=Rammstein's new album will arrive ahead of their 2022 world tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/rammstein-announce-new-album-will-arrive-ahead-of-2022-world-tour-3095245 |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref>

Rammstein began teasing the first single from their eighth studio album on 8 March 2022, posting clips to their social media accounts with the hashtag "#ZEITkommt".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewry |first=Fraser |date=8 March 2022 |title=Rammstein launch spooky underwater video teaser – more coming Friday |url=https://www.loudersound.com/news/rammstein-launch-spooky-underwater-video-teaser-more-coming-friday |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=[[Louder Sound]]}}</ref> On 10 March, they formally announced the album, titled ''[[Zeit (Rammstein album)|Zeit]]'', revealing its release date of 29 April 2022. The release of the title track as the [[Zeit (Rammstein song)|album's lead single]], along with its music video, coincided with the announcement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruskell |first=Nick |date=10 March 2022 |title=Rammstein announce new album Zeit, drop title-track |url=https://www.kerrang.com/rammstein-announce-new-album-zeit-drop-title-track |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=[[Kerrang!]]}}</ref> The second single from ''Zeit'', "[[Zick Zack]]", was released on 7 April with its accompanying music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kerrang.com/watch-the-video-for-rammsteins-new-single-zick-zack|first=Emily|last=Carter|work=[[Kerrang!]]|date=7 April 2022|access-date=8 April 2022|title=Watch the video for Rammstein's new single Zick Zack}}</ref> The third single from ''Zeit'', "[[Angst (Rammstein song)|Angst]]", was released on 29 April with its accompanying music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metalsucks.net/2022/04/29/rammstein-release-surreal-politically-loaded-music-video-for-angst/|work=[[MetalSucks]]|date=29 April 2022|title=Rammstein Release Surreal, Politically-Loaded Music Video for "Angst"|first=Emperor|last=Rhombus|access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> On 25 November 2022 Rammstein released the music video for the song "Adieu" on their official YouTube channel.<ref>{{YouTube|id=skl6N3zGv-s|title="Rammstein – Adieu (Official Video)"}}</ref> On June 9, 2023, the band released a remastered anniversary edition to their “Sehnsucht” album, released back in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=Rammstein set to release remastered anniversary edition of 1997 album 'Sehnsucht' |url=https://www.side-line.com/rammstein-set-to-release-remastered-anniversary-edition-of-1997-album-sehnsucht/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.side-line.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Their stadium tour came to an end in Gelsenkirchen on July 31st, 2024, where it began over five years previously. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rammstein.de/de/news/nach-der-tour-2024/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=www.rammstein.de}}</ref>

==Musical style and lyrics==
{{quote box
| width = 23em|By comparison, American heavy metal bands seem clumsy, childish, and anemic.
| salign = right
| source = —Claire Berlinski on Rammstein<ref name=rammsteinreception>{{cite web|last1=BERLINSKI|first1=Claire.|title=RAMMSTEIN'S RAGE|url=https://www.berlinski.com/2016/09/12/rammsteins-rage/|website=Berlinski.com|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027105605/https://www.berlinski.com/2016/09/12/rammsteins-rage/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Rammstein - 01.jpg|thumb|Rammstein's song "[[Mein Teil]]" is based on the [[Armin Meiwes]] cannibalism case. Live performances of the song feature Lindemann cooking Lorenz in a large pot (''pictured'').]]

''[[The Denver Post]]'' wrote that "[Rammstein] proved that they not only synthesized the {{Lang|de|[[Neue Deutsche Härte]]|italic=no}} genre, but that they successfully made it an art."<ref>{{cite web |last=Thieme |first=Billy |date=21 May 2012 |title=Rammstein at Denver Coliseum, 5/20/12 (photos and review) |url=https://theknow.denverpost.com/2012/05/21/rammstein-denver-colliseum-photos-review/50152/|access-date=18 April 2018 |work=[[The Denver Post]]}}</ref> Pioneers of the genre, Rammstein's style blended "[[alternative metal|alt-metal]], groove and [[electronica]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/rammstein-german-band-film-metal-paris-seventh-studio-album-interview-live-shows-a7868951.html |title=Rammstein interview: 'It's close to unbearable harmony in this band at the moment' |work=[[The Independent]] |last=Dedman |first=Remfry |date=31 July 2017 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote, "Ostensibly the world's biggest [[industrial metal]] band, Rammstein sound like a mixture of [[Laibach]]'s situationist anthems, [[Front 242]]'s '[[electronic body music]]', German drinking songs, [[opera]] [and] [[T. Rex (band)|T Rex]]-like riffs".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/02/rammstein-review |title=Rammstein – review |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=13 July 2015 |author=Simpson, Dave}}</ref> ''[[Loudwire]]'' wrote that the band's "jawdropping, pyro-filled live shows have become as much a part of their identity as their gothy, distortion-saturated melodic electro-metal".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://loudwire.com/rammstein-made-in-germany-1995-2011-album-review/ |title=Rammstein, 'Made in Germany 1995–2011′ – Album Review |work=[[Loudwire]] |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=13 July 2015 |author=Wiederhorn, Jon}}</ref> ''[[IGN]]'' said that "The band alternates repetitive metal power chords and atmospheric tones for a mind-numbing blend of metal and [[electronic music]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/03/28/rammstein-rosenrot |title=Rammstein – Rosenrot |website=[[IGN]] |date=28 March 2006 |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> Rammstein were also described as a [[gothic metal]] band who are "[[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]] meets '[[Sprockets (Saturday Night Live)|Sprockets]]'".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklyvolcano.com/walkie-talkie-blog/2011/05/REVIEW-Rammstein-at-the-Tacoma-Dome/ |title=Review: Rammstein at the Tacoma Dome |work=[[Weekly Volcano]] |last=Jasmin |first=Ernest A. |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053551/http://www.weeklyvolcano.com/walkie-talkie-blog/2011/05/REVIEW-Rammstein-at-the-Tacoma-Dome/ |archive-date=19 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''The Bulletin'' wrote that "Rammstein crank out the kind of [[symphonic metal]] you'd expect from a country that boasts [[Wagner]] among its favourite sons."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bulletin |issue=6272–6280 |publisher=J. Haynes and J.F. Archibald |year=2001 |page=89 |quote="Best-known for their freaked-out live shows, which feature simulated sex and enough flames to interest the fire brigade, Rammstein crank out the kind of symphonic metal you'd expect from a country that boasts Wagner among its favourite sons."}}</ref> ''[[AllMusic]]'' described the band's music as blending "industrial noise, grinding metal guitars, and operatic vocals".<ref name="Allmusic.com-sehnsucht" /> ''[[PopMatters]]'' said that Rammstein was "mistakenly lumped in with the [[nu-metal]] fad that was going on at the same time" as the band's debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/rammstein-rosenrot/ |title=Rammstein – Rosenrot |work=[[PopMatters]] |date=2 June 2006 |access-date=13 July 2015 |author=Begrand, Adrien}}</ref>

Rammstein was traditionally inspired by bands such as the Slovenian group ''[[Laibach]]'', known for its provocative songs, often citing political symbols of the far-right<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Peter |title=Frühsport bei Tiffany |journal=Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung |date=2010 |issue=50 |page=27}}</ref> and whose music style also combines different genres, or the German rock band [[Oomph!]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Biografie der Band Oomph! |url=https://www.laut.de/Oomph! |website=laut.de |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> However, the band members do not see a real connection to ''Laibach'' – apart from the similarity in vocal style which Flake Lorenz admitted in a ''[[VIVA (German TV channel)|Viva]]'' interview from 1997. In the same interview Richard Kruspe said: "For me, ''Laibach'' is a very, very intellectual story. Rammstein is much more emotional for me – in the beginning. And I can't do anything with that intellect that ''Laibach'' uses."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK8EQqH1IM8&t=1552s ''Viva Jam: Rammstein''], Folge 176, 1997; retrieved via youtube.com 26 February 2017.</ref>

Unlike many bands from Berlin in the early 1990s, Rammstein did not want to imitate American or English bands. Flake Lorenz said in an interview: "We found the style by knowing exactly what we didn't want. And we just didn't want to do American funky music or punk or anything we can't do. We realized that we can only do this music that we also play. And it's just very simple, dull, monotone."<ref name="ZDF">Interview on ZDF with Rammstein from 199?, from ''Live aus Berlin'' (1999).</ref>

Rammstein's style has received positive feedback from critics. New Zealand's ''[[The Southland Times|Southland Times]]'' (17 December 1999) suggested that Till Lindemann's "booming, sub-sonic voice" would send "the peasants fleeing into their barns and bolting their doors", while ''[[The New York Times]]'' (9 January 2005) commented that on the stage, "Mr. Lindemann gave off an air of such brute masculinity and barely contained violence that it seemed that he could have reached into the crowd, snatched up a fan, and bitten off his head". [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] of [[AllMusic]] commented that "their blend of industrial noise, grinding metal guitars, and operatic vocals is staggeringly powerful".<ref name="Allmusic.com-sehnsucht">{{cite web |title=SEHNSUCHT – Rammstein |author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |website=[[AllMusic]] |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/sehnsucht-mw0000031603 |access-date=10 July 2006}}</ref> "We just push boundaries", said Till Lindemann in an interview with rock magazine ''[[Kerrang!]]'', "We cannot help it if people don't like those boundaries being pushed".

Nearly all of Rammstein's songs are in German. Educated in East German schools, the members were all taught Russian as a second language rather than English. In 2019, Flake commented: "I saw a lot of East German bands that sung in very bad English to people who didn't understand English – it was absolutely stupid. But if you really want to tell your emotions, you have to speak in your mother tongue."<ref name="MHfeature"/> Songs they have recorded entirely or partly in English include: a cover of [[Depeche Mode]]'s 1986 song "[[Stripped (song)|Stripped]]" and English renditions of "[[Engel (song)|Engel]]", "[[Du hast]]", and "[[Amerika (song)|Amerika]]". The original version of "Amerika" as well as "Stirb nicht vor mir (Don't Die Before I Do)" and "Pussy" also contain some lyrics in English. The song "[[Moskau (Rammstein song)|Moskau]]" ("Moscow") contains a chorus in Russian, and Till Lindemann has an unofficial song called "[[Shtil (Calm)|Schtiel]]" (cover of song "Штиль" / "Shtil" by Russian popular heavy metal band [[Aria (band)|Aria]]) entirely in Russian.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title =''Sunday Herald Sun'', Melbourne, Australia |newspaper= Sunday Herald Sun}}</ref> "[[Te quiero puta]]!" is entirely in Spanish, "Frühling in Paris" has a chorus in French, "Zeig dich" contains lyrics in Latin performed by a choir and "Ausländer" has lyrics in English, French, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. Oliver Riedel commented that "[the] German language suits heavy metal music. French might be the language of love, but German is the language of anger".<ref name="auto"/> In an interview with [[Ultimate Guitar]], when asked whether Rammstein would ever create an original song entirely in English, Till Lindemann stated that they might not, because "It's like asking [[the Buddha]] to kill a pig or something".<ref name="Ultimate Guitar">{{cite web |title=Till Lindemann: 'Rammstein Will Never Write a Song in English, It's Like Asking Buddha to Kill a Pig' |url=http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/news/general_music_news/till_lindemann_rammstein_will_never_write_a_song_in_english_its_like_asking_buddha_to_kill_a_pig.html |access-date=22 July 2015 |website=[[Ultimate Guitar]] |publisher=}}</ref>

The band's lyrics, as sung by Till Lindemann, are an essential element of their music, and shape the perception by fans and a wider public. Among other things that are seen as controversial, Rammstein also refers to classical German literature, e.g. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's famous poems ''[[Der Erlkönig]]'' (1778) and ''[[Heidenröslein|Das Heidenröslein]]'' (1771) for the songs "Dalai Lama" and "Rosenrot", respectively.<ref>''Lüke'', Lüke, Martina. "Modern Classics: Reflections on Rammstein in the German Class". Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German 41:1 (Spring 2008): 15–23.</ref> Several of their songs are related to controversial and taboo subjects such as [[sadomasochism]] ("Weisses Fleisch", "[[Bück dich]]", "Rein raus" and "[[Ich tu dir weh]]"), [[homosexuality]] ([[Mann gegen Mann]]), [[intersex]]uality ("Zwitter"), [[incest]] ("Laichzeit", "Tier", "Spiel mit mir" and "Wiener Blut"), [[pedophilia]] ("Weisses Fleisch", "Tier", "Halleluja" and "Hallomann"), [[necrophilia]] ("Heirate mich"), [[zoophilia]] ("Laichzeit"), [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] ("Mein Teil"), [[pyromania]] ("[[Benzin]]" and "Hilf mir"), [[religion]] ("[[Asche zu Asche]]", "Engel", "Bestrafe mich" and "Zeig dich") and [[sexual violence]] ("Wollt ihr das Bett in Flammen sehen", "Rein raus" "Stein um Stein" and "Liebe ist für alle da"). Also several of their songs are allegedly inspired by real-life events. These songs include "Rammstein" ([[Ramstein air show disaster]]), "Mein Teil" ([[Armin Meiwes|The Meiwes Case]]), "Wiener Blut" ([[Fritzl case]]) and "Donaukinder" ([[2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill]]). Their fourth album, ''Reise, Reise'', is loosely inspired by the crash of [[Japan Air Lines Flight 123]].<ref name="Metal Hammer">{{Cite magazine |last=Daly |first=Joe |date=1 May 2019 |title=Rammstein – The Ultimate Celebration – Bang Bangers! |magazine=[[Metal Hammer|Metal Hammer UK]] |page=55}}</ref> The band have also occasionally delved into politics with their lyrics. "Amerika" is a critique of the cultural and political imperialism of the United States all over the world. The lyrics of the song "[[Deutschland (song)|Deutschland]]" contain the lines "Deutschland! / Meine Liebe / kann ich dir nicht geben" (Germany! / My love / [is what] I cannot give you), which conveys the band's inability to have unquestioned patriotic feelings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=genius.com |title=Rammstein – DEUTSCHLAND (English Translation) |url=https://genius.com/16826344 |website=Genius.com |access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref>

==Live performances==
[[File:Rammstein Nottingham.jpg|thumb|left|Rammstein are known for their frequent use of [[pyrotechnics]] during live performances.]]

Since their early years,<ref name="MHfeature"/> Rammstein are particularly known for their over-the-top live performances, making such extensive use of [[pyrotechnics]] that fans eventually coined the motto, "Other bands play, Rammstein burns!" (a play on [[Manowar (band)|Manowar]]'s song "Kings of Metal", which states that "other bands play, Manowar kill"). Following an accident in Berlin on 27 September 1996, in which some burning decorative parts of the stage collapsed,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://rammstein-europe.com/main.php?sekce=till-lindemann&l=en |title= Till Lindemann Biography |access-date= 10 May 2007 |publisher= Rammstein-Europe.com |archive-date= 1 July 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070701191646/http://www.rammstein-europe.com/main.php?sekce=till-lindemann&l=en |url-status= dead}}</ref> the band started using professionals to handle the pyrotechnics. Lindemann subsequently qualified as a licensed pyrotechnician, and often spends entire songs engulfed in flames. He has suffered multiple burns on his ears, head, and arms.

The band's stage costumes are also known for being outlandish. During the Reise, Reise Tour, they wore [[lederhosen]], [[corset]]s, and military-inspired uniforms with [[stahlhelm|German steel helmets]]; during the Mutter Tour, the group kept to the themes of the album artwork and descended onto the stage from a giant [[uterus]] while wearing diapers. During the ''Völkerball'' concert, among others, Lindemann changed costumes between songs and dressed accordingly for each. For example, for the song "Mein Teil", he was dressed as a blood-soaked chef; in "Reise, Reise", he dressed as a sailor. The rest of the band each wore their own preferred costume, but none quite as bizarre as Till's. The band's flair for costumes is evident in their music videos as well as their live shows. In the "Keine Lust" video, all members except Lorenz are dressed in fat suits. In the "Amerika" video, all members of the band wear astronaut costumes.

Since the Mutter Tour in 2001, Rammstein have worked with stage designer Roy Bennett, who helped the band in developing the look of the stages. With the Ahoi Tour in 2004/2005, the band began using a two-level stage, with half the band playing the lower level and the other half on the upper level. At this tour, the upper level rose over 2 meters above the stage floor and had an oval entrance just beneath the drums. At both sides of the upper level, a special lift made it possible for the band members to access both stage levels.

[[File:Till-Lindemann.jpg|thumb|[[Till Lindemann]] performing "[[Rammstein (song)|Rammstein]]", during which he wears dual arm-mounted flamethrowers]]

On the [[Liebe ist für alle da Tour]] in 2009, the new stage still had a two-level design. This time, however, the upper level only had about half the height as on the previous tour. Stage entrance was possible by a hydraulic ramp in the middle of the stage floor. At each end of the upper level, stairs were placed in order to gain access to both levels. This tour included not only the extensive use of pyrotechnics, but also a massive lighting show, such as the band's logo lit up as big lamps on four enormous collapsible towers, forming the industrial backdrop of the set and being capable of different lighting effects.

During the arena shows of the [[Made in Germany 1995-2011 Tour]], the stage was slightly altered with new set pieces such as a large industrial fan as well as new backdrops. The most noticeable addition was a long catwalk, connecting the main stage to a smaller stage in the middle of the audience. During the 2013 festival leg of the tour, the bridge and smaller stage were omitted. For the 2016 Festival Tour, the band kept the stage itself mostly unchanged, though had the entire lighting rig changed completely. According to Kruspe, the onstage antics are meant to get people's attention and have fun at the same time; Rammstein's motto, according to Schneider, is "do your own thing and overdo it".

Kruspe said of the stage show in July 1999, "You have to understand that 99 per cent of the people don't understand the lyrics, so you have to come up with something to keep the drama in the show. We have to do something. We like to have a show; we like to play with fire. We do have a sense of humour. We do laugh about it; we have fun [...] but we're not [[Spinal Tap (band)|Spinal Tap]]. We take the music and the lyrics seriously. It's a combination of humour, theatre, and our [[East German]] culture, you know?"<ref>{{cite news |title=The Grand Rapids Press |date= 22 July 1999 |newspaper= Grand Rapids Press}}</ref>

Their antics have also garnered controversy. During the American [[Family Values Tour]] 1998, alongside acts such as rapper [[Ice Cube]], [[Korn]], and [[Limp Bizkit]], the band was arrested for [[public indecency]]. In one of their more infamous moments, Lindemann engaged in simulated [[sodomy]] with Lorenz during their performance of "Bück dich" in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]. They were subsequently arrested, fined $25 and spent one night in jail.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kratina |first=Al |title=Concert review: Rammstein |url=https://montrealgazette.com/Concert+review+Rammstein/3959185/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213202756/http://www.montrealgazette.com/Concert%2Breview%2BRammstein/3959185/story.html |archive-date=13 December 2010 |newspaper=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |location=Montreal |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Steffen|first=Chris|title=Behind the Scenes: Rammstein Live|url=https://www.spin.com/2010/12/behind-scenes-rammstein-live/|access-date=22 December 2010|newspaper=Spin|date=8 December 2010}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Imagery===
''The New York Times'' described Rammstein's music as a "powerful strain of brutally intense rock... bringing gale-force music and spectacular theatrics together".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=184439 |title= NYTimes Movies |access-date= 10 April 2007 |work=The New York Times |first=Manohla |last=Dargis}}{{Dead link|date=December 2012}}</ref> The members have not been shy about courting controversy and have periodically attracted condemnation from [[morality]] campaigners. Till and Flake's stage act earned them a night in jail in June 1999 after a liquid-ejecting [[dildo]] was used in a concert in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]. Back home in Germany, the band faced repeated accusations of fascist sympathies because of the dark and sometimes [[Militarism|militaristic]] imagery of their videos and concerts, including the use of excerpts from the film ''[[Olympia (1938 film)|Olympia]]'' by [[Leni Riefenstahl]] in the video for their cover of Depeche Mode's song "Stripped". [[MTV Germany]] studied the lyrics, talked to the band and came away satisfied that Rammstein are apolitical; Peter Ruppert, then head of Music Programming at MTV Germany, stated that the band "aren't in any way connected with any right-wing activities".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helnwein.com/news/update/artikel_3108.html |title=German Band's Fierce Songs Taking US by Storm (Press) |publisher=Helnwein.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906200325/http://www.helnwein.com/news/update/artikel_3108.html |archive-date=6 September 2008}}</ref>

Their cover of their debut album ''Herzeleid'', released in Germany in 1995, showed the band members bare-chested in a style that resembled [[Strength Through Joy]] in the eyes of some critics, who accused the band of trying to sell themselves as "poster boys for the [[Master Race]]".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://herzeleid.com/en/faq/band |title= Herzeleid.com (FAQ) |access-date= 10 April 2007 |publisher= Herzeleid.com |archive-date= 7 December 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140305/http://herzeleid.com/en/faq/band |url-status= dead}}</ref> Rammstein have vehemently denied this and said they want nothing to do with politics or supremacy of any kind. Lorenz, annoyed by the claim, has remarked it is just a photo, and should be understood as such. ''Herzeleid'' has since been given a different cover in North America, depicting the band members' faces.

The video of "[[Deutschland (song)|Deutschland]]", released in 2019, sparked further controversy, as it portrays black German actress [[Ruby Commey]] appearing as [[Germania (personification)|Germania]], which has been described as "a calculated affront to German nationalists".<ref name="bloomberg-germania">{{cite news |last1=Bershidsky |first1=Leonid |title=What Has Rammstein Revealed About Germany's Soul? |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-04-02/rammstein-rock-video-sparks-debate-over-german-national-identity |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519042220/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-04-02/rammstein-rock-video-sparks-debate-over-german-national-identity |archive-date=19 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The video also portrays the band members both as Nazi concentration camp executioners and as Jewish prisoners, sparking the complaints of [[Holocaust survivors|Holocaust survivor]] groups; however, others defended the video and the song lyrics, which have been interpreted as "express[ing] a love/hate relationship with Germany".<ref name="metalsucks-deutschland">{{cite web |last1=Rosemberg |first1=Axl |title=Let's Talk About Rammstein's Controversial "Deutschland" Vide |url=https://www.metalsucks.net/2019/03/29/lets-talk-about-rammsteins-deutschland-video/ |website=Metal Sucks |date=29 March 2019 |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>

===Relation to violent events===
Rammstein were cited in relation to the [[Columbine High School massacre]] in 1999, when a photo of [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold|Eric Harris]] wearing a Rammstein T-shirt in the 11th grade was revealed.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://acolumbinesite.com/eric/pics/ericramm11th.jpg|title= Eric Harris wearing a Rammstein T-shirt |website= Acolumbinesite.com}}</ref> There was no evidence to correlate the band and the massacre. In response to the shooting, the band issued a statement:

{{blockquote|text=The members of Rammstein express their condolences and sympathy to all affected by the recent tragic events in Denver. They wish to make it clear that they have no lyrical content or political beliefs that could have possibly influenced such behaviour. Additionally, members of Rammstein have children of their own, in whom they continually strive to instill healthy and non-violent values.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://herzeleid.com/en/faq/misc|title= Did Rammstein's music cause Columbine?|website= Herzeleid.com|access-date= 4 December 2014|archive-date= 4 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080404201742/http://herzeleid.com/en/faq/misc|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1427256/kmfdm-rammstein-speak-out-about-columbine.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209222140/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1427256/kmfdm-rammstein-speak-out-about-columbine.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 February 2012|title=KMFDM And Rammstein Speak Out About Columbine|publisher=MTV News}}</ref>}}

Coincidentally, on 10 September 2001 the single and video clip of "Ich will" ("I Want") was released, which portrays the band as bank robbers who want to get a message across and receiving a [[Goldene Kamera]] (Golden Camera) award, a German version of the Emmy award, for their "actions". In the United States, the video clip was broadcast only late at night after [[September 11 attacks|the attacks of 11 September 2001]], although many media officials and politicians requested the video to be pulled from broadcast completely.

Following the conclusion of the [[Beslan school hostage crisis]] in Russia in September 2004, the Russian authorities claimed that the terrorists had "listened to German hard rock group Rammstein on personal stereos during the siege to keep themselves edgy and fired up".<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=3601635|title= Beslan hostage-takers were all addicts says top Russian official|date= 18 October 2004}}</ref> The claim has not been independently confirmed.

Band members said this about the issue:

{{Blockquote|text=There's been a lot of talk about that, but if there are radical feelings in people anything can wake them – a painting, a picture, whatever. It's just a coincidence that it happened to be our music. It's important to think about what caused them to make their decisions, how they became animals, not their taste in music. Whenever something like this happens it's like 'Okay, let's blame the artist'. Such bullshit.|author=Till Lindemann}}

{{Blockquote|text=Our music is made to release aggression, and people listening to it are also needed to do that, but it's not our fault. Should we stop making hard music because bad people might like it?|author=Christoph Schneider}}

Pekka-Eric Auvinen, the perpetrator of the [[Jokela school shooting]] in November 2007, also included Rammstein in one of his favorite bands. However, he noted that the music among other things was not to blame for his decisions.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://oddculture.com/the-pekka-eric-auvinen-manifesto/ |title= The Pekka Eric Auvinen Manifesto|date= 7 November 2007 |website=Oddculture.com}}</ref>

[[Elliot Rodger]], the perpetrator of the [[2014 Isla Vista killings|Isla Vista killings]] in May 2014, was also a fan of Rammstein according to his YouTube records. On a lyric video of [[Mein Herz brennt]], Rodger wrote: "[G]reat song to listen to while daydreaming about being a powerful ruler". Even though Rodger wrote in his manifesto that he wished to become a dictator and punish all the people who rejected him, there was no direct link found between the band's music and the killing spree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1173808-elliot-rodger-manifesto.html/ |title=My Twisted World: The Story of Elliot Rodger|date= 23 May 2014 |website=Documentcloud.org}}</ref> Santa Barbara police later confirmed that Rodger's main motivations were sexual and social rejection.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/26/justice/california-elliot-rodger-timeline/ |title= Timeline to 'Retribution': Isla Vista attacks planned over year |date= 27 May 2014|publisher= CNN|first= Alan|last= Duke}}</ref>

The [[Trollhättan school attack]] perpetrator, Anton Lundin Pettersson, used a manipulated version of the band's logo that added [[Coat of arms of Germany#Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany's eagle]] on his Facebook page.

===Videos===
In October 2004, the video for "[[Mein Teil]]" ("My part") caused controversy in Germany when it was released. It takes a darkly comic view of the [[Armin Meiwes]] cannibalism case, showing a [[Cross dressing|cross-dressed]] [[Christoph Schneider|Schneider]] holding the other five band members on a leash and rolling around in mud.

The band's own views of its image are sanguine; Landers has said: "We like being on the fringes of bad taste".<ref>{{cite news|last= Smyth|first= David|date= 10 February 2012|title= Flame and glory: Rammstein set to light up London|url= https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/music/flame-and-glory-rammstein-set-to-light-up-london-7441820.html|newspaper= [[London Evening Standard]]|access-date= 21 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150121093526/http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/music/flame-and-glory-rammstein-set-to-light-up-london-7441820.html|archive-date= 21 January 2015|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Christian "Flake" Lorenz comments: "The controversy is fun, like stealing forbidden fruit. But it serves a purpose. We like audiences to grapple with our music, and people have become more receptive".<ref>{{cite news |last= Haider|first= Arwa|date= 29 January 2005|title= Shock'n'roll Circus |url= https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/germany/berlin/shocknroll-circus-959rmrkw3h9 |newspaper= [[The Times]]|access-date= 26 March 2015}}</ref>

The video for "Pussy" was released September 2009. It features hardcore pornographic scenes of [[nudity]] along with women engaging in sexual activity with body doubles of the band members.<ref>{{cite magazine |title= Rammstein's Pussy Released in Mucky Vid |magazine= The Quietus |date= 17 September 2009 |url= http://mp-3.net.ua/mysik/rock/930-rammstein-pussy.html |access-date= 17 September 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Placement on the ''Index''===
On 5 November 2009, their sixth studio album ''[[Liebe ist für alle da]]'' was placed on the ''Index'' of the [[Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons]] (''Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien'', or ''BPjM''), making it illegal in Germany to make the album accessible to minors or display it where it can be seen by people underage, effectively banning it from stores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Rammstein/|title=Rammstein|website=Facebook.com|access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://schnittberichte.com/news.php?ID=1693 |title=Report |publisher=Schnittberichte.com}}</ref> According to the official statement of the BPjM, the depiction of lead guitarist Richard Kruspe holding a woman wearing only a mask over his knee and lifting his hand to strike her behind has given cause for offense, as well as the lyrics to "Ich tu dir weh" (meaning "I hurt you") which supposedly promoted dangerous [[BDSM]] techniques. Furthermore, the advisory board took into consideration the alleged promotion of unprotected sexual intercourse in the lyrics to "Pussy".

The band, as well as several members of the German press, reacted with astonishment to the decision. Keyboardist Christian Lorenz expressed surprise at the advisory board's "parochial sense of art" and regretted their apparent inability to detect irony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/469/493812/text/ |title=Liebe ist nicht für alle da |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |access-date=12 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112125016/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/469/493812/text/ |archive-date=12 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laut.de/vorlaut/news/2009/11/11/23636/index.htm |title=Rammstein-Zensur: Mit Fleischgewehren auf Spatzen |publisher=Laut.de |access-date=8 September 2010|language=de}}</ref> On 16 November 2009, a stripped-down version of ''Liebe ist für alle da'' was released. As of 31 May 2010, the administrative court in Cologne had decided to suspend the inclusion into the ''Index'' (case 22 L 1899/09). The German department deleted the record from the ''Index'' on 1 June (Decision No. A 117/10). On 9 June, the band announced that the original version of the album was available in their shop and that the single "Ich tu dir weh" would soon be released in Germany. In October 2011, the album was judged not harmful to minors and deleted from the ''Index''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/urteil-zum-rammstein-album-liebe-ist-doch-fuer-alle-da-1.1172929 |title=Liebe ist doch für alle da |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=25 October 2011 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Rammstein filed a lawsuit against the German state claiming €66,000 in compensation for damages that had allegedly resulted from the indexing, chiefly the destruction or withholding of 85,000 copies of the album that the band says would have otherwise sold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rammstein sues Germany over indexed album |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=5 April 2016 |access-date=27 September 2016 |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur|dpa]] |url=http://dw.com/p/1IPZl}}</ref>

===Concert misconduct allegations===
In May 2023, a woman claimed that her drink was spiked (drugged) during a Rammstein concert in Lithuania and was selected for an aftershow party, during which she was ushered into a small room underneath the stage for lead singer Till Lindemann. After making herself unavailable for sex, she claimed Lindemann reacted angrily and left. While emphasising that she was never assaulted, she believed there to be an "organised system of funnelling girls."<ref name="bbc-08-06-2023">{{Cite news |date=8 June 2023 |title=Rammstein fan Shelby Lynn alleges she was groomed for sex |website=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-65843882 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> Although Vilnius prosecutors found no evidence of drugging, her story amplified the band's "Row Zero" practice, where young women would be pre-selected on social media by casting director Alena Makeeva to stand in an exclusive area closest to the stage dubbed Row Zero and attend pre-show and after-show parties, during which Lindemann would request to have sex with fans in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rammstein won't be investigated in Lithuania – DW – 06/26/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/rammstein-wont-be-investigated-in-lithuania/a-65991207 |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Further claims against Lindemann prompted an investigation by German police for sexual offences and the distribution of narcotics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schuetze |first=Christopher F. |date=15 June 2023 |title=German Police Investigate Rammstein Singer Over Sexual Assault Accusations |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/15/arts/music/rammstein-singer-sexual-assault-accusations.html |access-date=23 July 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In response, the band denied all claims of illegal behavior, fired Makeeva and halted the "Row Zero" afterparties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Exberliner |date=7 June 2023 |title=Rammstein allegations mean no more "Row Zero" at Berlin concerts |url=https://www.exberliner.com/english-news-berlin/rammstein-allegations-mean-no-more-row-zero-at-berlin-concerts/ |access-date=23 July 2023 |website=Exberliner |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2023 |title=Rammstein scandal: casting director fired amidst abuse accusations |url=https://www.msn.com/en-sg/entertainment/news/rammstein-scandal-casting-director-fired-amidst-abuse-accusations/ss-AA1ccDUp |access-date= |website=Msn.com}}</ref>

In view of the allegations, Rammstein's label [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] announced that it would be suspending all promotional activities for Rammstein's albums.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Halts Rammstein Marketing Amid Abuse Claims |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/universal-halts-rammstein-marketing-amid-abuse-claims-dd99192c?refsec=topics_afp-news |website=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |access-date=15 June 2023 |date=15 June 2023}}</ref> Universal also confirmed a press report that it had confidentially requested the German Music Industry Association [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|BVMI]] not to include the 25th anniversary re-release of ''Sehnsucht'' in the [[GfK Entertainment charts|official album charts]], regardless of its actual sales figures, and that the request had been authorized by the band itself.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rammstein will nicht in die Musikcharts|trans-title=Rammstein doesn't want to enter the charts |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/nach-lindemann-vorwuerfen-rammstein-will-nicht-in-die-musikcharts-18966021.html |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=de |date=16 June 2023 |last1=Theurer |first1=Marcus }}</ref> Various other companies including [[Kiepenheuer & Witsch]] and [[Rossmann (company)|Rossmann]] also halted joint ventures with the band.<ref>{{cite web |title=Der Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch beendet die Zusammenarbeit mit Till Lindemann |trans-title=Publishing house Kiepenheuer & Witsch ends cooperation with Till Lindemann |url=https://www.kiwi-verlag.de/magazin/news/der-verlag-kiepenheuer-witsch-beendet-die-zusammenarbeit-mit-till-lindemann |website=[[Kiepenheuer & Witsch]] |access-date=14 June 2023 |language=de |date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615201908/https://www.kiwi-verlag.de/magazin/news/der-verlag-kiepenheuer-witsch-beendet-die-zusammenarbeit-mit-till-lindemann |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nach Vorwürfen gegen Till Lindemann: Rossmann stellt Verkauf von Rammstein-Parfüms ein |trans-title=After allegations against Till Lindemann: Rossmann suspends sales of Rammstein perfumes |url=https://www.stern.de/lifestyle/leute/vorwuerfe-gegen-till-lindemann--rossmann-stellt-verkauf-von-rammstein-parfuems-ein-33531836.html |website=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]] |date=6 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rammstein: Radioeins lässt Sendung mit Flake ausfallen |trans-title=Rammstein: Radioeins cancels program with Flake |url=https://www.rollingstone.de/rammstein-keine-radioeins-sendung-mit-flake-heute-2599659/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=15 June 2023 |language=de |date=15 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/rammstein-plattenfirma-setzt-marketing-und-promotion-aktivitaeten-aus-a-a6731634-940b-4a62-90da-058667bf1694 | title=Rammstein: Plattenfirma setzt Marketing- und Promotion-Aktivitäten aus | newspaper=Der Spiegel | date=15 June 2023 }}</ref>

On 29 August, the German prosecutors announced that they dropped the case, saying that the investigations did not unearth any evidence of a crime.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.barrons.com/news/germany-drops-sex-assault-probe-into-rammstein-frontman-prosecutors-a3c69809 | title=German Prosecutors Drop Sex Assault Probe into Rammstein Frontman|website=Barrons.com}}</ref> The investigations were originally taken up because of complaints filed by unaffected third persons who were unable to identify any victim. While alleged victims sent sworn statements to journalists, none of those women filed a criminal complaint, and therefore the police were unable to contact and interview them. The journalists had also promised the alleged victims anonymity, and made use of their [[Source protection|legal right to keep their sources secret]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ermittlungen gegen Lindemann eingestellt |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/staatsanwaltschaft-lindemann-100.html |date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-12-21 |work=[[Tagesschau (German TV programme)]] |language=de}}</ref>

On 30 October, the Rammstein Instagram account announced in its story that Shelby Lynn could not prove in court that she had been given drugs, and was therefore prohibited from continuing to claim this.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/rammstein-pressemitteilung-30102025german-2/Rammstein%20Pressemitteilung30102025german1.jpg|format=JPG|title=Press release|website=Archive.org|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>

==Political views==
{{quote box
| width = 23em
| align = left|Rammstein fights with sarcasm and satire against the "bland americanization" of local cultures in "Amerika" by attacking US Cultural imperialism in the form of popular culture, food, fashion, and yes, even politics.
| salign = right
| source = — Jill E. Twark, Axel Hildebrandt on the song "Amerika"<ref name=rammsteinincage>{{cite book|title=Envisioning Social Justice in Contemporary German Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hOH9CAAAQBAJ&q=rammstein+amerika+political+imperialism&pg=PA100|access-date=6 October 2019|year=2015|author=Jill E. Twark, Axel Hildebrand| publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn = 9781571135698}}</ref>
}}

Early on, Rammstein were accused by media outlets in Germany of being [[neo-Nazi]]s due to their imagery. The band released the song "[[Links 2-3-4]]" (''Links'' being German for "left") in 2001 to affirm to the public that they reside on the [[Left-wing politics|left]] of the political spectrum. In a 2011 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone Germany]]'', when asked about Nazi accusations, Lindemann stated "We come from the East and we have grown up as [[Socialism|socialist]]s. We used to be either punks or Goths – we hate Nazis! And then suddenly there is such a far-fetched accusation. We are doing exactly the same thing today, but no one in America or in Mexico would even get the idea to come up with something like that. This only happens in Germany. Our reply to this animosity was 'Links 2-3-4', and with that we had made it clear where we stand politically."<ref name="RS DE interview">{{Cite magazine |date=4 January 2019 |title=Rammstein: Exklusives Interview mit Till Lindemann und Flake |url=https://www.rollingstone.de/rammstein-exklusives-interview-mit-till-lindemann-und-flake-lorenz-343190/ |access-date=1 March 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone Germany]] |language=German}}</ref> Regarding the song, Kruspe said: {{"'}}My heart beats on the left, two, three, four'. It's simple. If you want to put us in a political category, we're on the left side, and that's the reason we made the song".<ref>{{cite news |author= Serba, John |title= Operatic Vocals, Industrial Rhythms Mix For a Sound Distinctly ... German |newspaper= Grand Rapids Press |date= 22 July 2001 |page= B6}}</ref> The song's title refers to the refrain of the [[Communist Party of Germany|German Communist Party]] song ''[[Einheitsfrontlied]]'', written by [[Bertholt Brecht]]: "Drum links, zwei, drei! Drum links, zwei, drei! / Wo dein Platz, Genosse ist! / Reih dich ein, in die Arbeitereinheitsfront / Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/art/music/lyrics/de/die-einheitsfront.htm |title=Die Einheitsfront |publisher=Marxists Internet Archive |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> (Turn left, two, three! Turn left, two, three! / Here's the place, Comrade, for you! / So fall in with the Workers' [[united front]] / For you are a worker too.) Another key lyric expressing the band's allegiance to the left paraphrases the titles of newspaper columns published side by side for several years in the German newspaper ''[[Bild]]'': "Mein Herz schlägt links" ("My heart beats on the left") by [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] Party co-chair and former [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] chair [[Oskar Lafontaine]], and "Mein Herz schlägt auf dem rechten Fleck" ("My heart beats in the right place") by [[Peter Gauweiler]] of the conservative [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|Christian Social Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bild.de/politik/2008/oskar-lafontaine-zum-65-geburtstag-5824596.bild.html |title=Hier gratuliert der schwarze Peter dem roten Oskar |date=15 September 2008 |publisher=bild.de |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> Lorenz stated that the song was created to show the band could write a harsh, evil, military-sounding song without being [[Nazism|Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://herzeleid.com/en/press/2005-11_flake_chat_english |title= Herzeleid.com (Press) |access-date= 10 April 2007 |publisher= Herzeleid.com |archive-date= 16 February 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070216063348/http://herzeleid.com/en/press/2005-11_flake_chat_english |url-status= dead}}</ref>

The band also wrote the song "[[Amerika (song)|Amerika]]" as a critique of the worldwide cultural and political imperialism of the [[United States]]. In their book ''Envisioning Social Justice in Contemporary German Culture'', Jill E. Twark and Axel Hildebrandt found that the song's text and most of its video's images point toward a critique of America's cultural imperialism, political propaganda, and self-assumed role as global police force. The song responds critically to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|US invasion of Iraq]] in 2003. They also found that another song of theirs that is critical of the United States is "[[Mein Land]]", believing that it critiques American racism and nationalism.<ref name=rammsteinincage/>

During the Eastern European leg of their [[Europe Stadium Tour]], the band showed support for the [[LGBT]] community on several occasions. At a concert in [[Chorzów]], Poland on 24 July 2019, drummer Christoph Schneider surfed the crowd in a rubber boat, holding a [[Rainbow flag (LGBT)|rainbow flag]]. At their concert in Moscow five days later, guitarists Kruspe and Landers kissed onstage, while they embraced each other during a concert in [[Saint Petersburg]] on 2 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rammstein Protests Homophobia in Russia With On-Stage Kiss in Moscow |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/31/rammstein-protests-homophobia-in-russia-with-on-stage-kiss-in-moscow-a66650 |work=The Moscow Times |date=31 July 2019}}</ref> The band's support for gay rights was met with criticism from some Russian politicians. [[Vitaly Milonov]], a member of the [[State Duma]], called the band "idiots" and said: "If they think it possible to behave in such a way, they should also consider it possible to keep this garbage away from us."<ref>{{cite news |title=Wenn sie sich küssen wollen, sollen sie das in der Ukraine tun |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/panorama/russischer-duma-abgeordneter-ueber-rammstein-wenn-sie-sich-kuessen-wollen-sollen-sie-das-in-der-ukraine-tun/24871460.html |access-date=6 August 2019 |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |date=5 August 2019 |language=de|trans-title=If they want to kiss, they should do it in Ukraine}}</ref>

==Band members==
{{Quote box
| quoted = true
| salign = right
| width = 240px
| align = right
| quote = Rammstein follow their own rhythm. We never give a shit about the people who think we need to get a record out every two years and that's one of the reasons why we're still together with the same lineup. We take care of each other, and if somebody needs to take the time off or do something else, we listen.
| author = [[Richard Kruspe]]<ref name="Kruspe Revolver"/>
}}

Since forming in 1994, Rammstein have retained a constant line-up. Richard Kruspe had said in a ''[[Revolver (magazine)|Revolver Magazine]]'' interview that it is because of the band respecting each other's wishes to take a break, either for personal reasons or to focus on a side project.<ref name="Kruspe Revolver">{{cite journal|last1=Wiederhorn|first1=Jon|title=The Brutal Truth: Emigrate|journal=Revolver Magazine|year=2015|issue=119|page=41}}</ref> Members of the band have had side projects that they take part in during Rammstein's inactivity. Kruspe currently fronts the group [[Emigrate (band)|Emigrate]] while Till Lindemann began his project [[Lindemann (band)|Lindemann]] in 2015.

* [[Till Lindemann]] – lead vocals
* [[Richard Kruspe]] – lead guitar, backing vocals
* [[Paul Landers]] – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* [[Oliver Riedel]] – bass guitar
* [[Christoph Schneider]]{{efn|Schneider is credited as "Christoph Doom Schneider" on all Rammstein releases.}} – drums, percussion
* [[Christian Lorenz|Christian "Flake" Lorenz]]{{efn|Lorenz is commonly referred to as "Flake" and is credited as "Doktor Christian Lorenz" on all Rammstein releases.}} – keyboards, synthesizers
<br />
{{Gallery
|title=Gallery
|width=200 | height=180
|align=center
|File:Till Lindemann P.R.Brown.JPG
|Till Lindemann
|File:Richard Kruspe, one of the founding members of Rammstein.jpg
|Richard Kruspe
|File:Paul Landers 2011.jpg
|Paul Landers
|File:Oliver Riedel 2010 (cropped).jpg
|Oliver Riedel
|File:Christoph Schneider.jpeg
|Christoph Schneider
|File:RammsteinFlake.jpg
|Christian "Flake" Lorenz
}}

==Discography==
{{Main|Rammstein discography}}

'''Studio albums'''
* ''[[Herzeleid]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Sehnsucht (Rammstein album)|Sehnsucht]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mutter (album)|Mutter]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Reise, Reise]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Rosenrot]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Liebe ist für alle da]]'' (2009)
* [[Untitled Rammstein album|Untitled album]] (2019)
* ''[[Zeit (Rammstein album)|Zeit]]'' (2022)

==Tours==
* Club Tour (1994–1995)
* Herzeleid Tour (1995–1997)
* Sehnsucht Tour (1997–2001)
* [[Family Values Tour 1998]] (22 September 1998 – 31 October 1998)
* Mutter Tour (2001–2002)
* [[Pledge of Allegiance Tour]] (2001; in between the August–November dates of the Mutter Tour)
* Ahoi Tour (Reise, Reise Tour) (2004–2005)
* [[Liebe ist für alle da Tour]] (2009–2011)
* [[Made in Germany 1995–2011 (tour)|Made in Germany 1995–2011 Tour]] (2011–2013)
* Rammstein Tour 2016 (2016)
* Festival Tour (2017)
* [[Rammstein Stadium Tour]] (2019–2024)

==Awards and honours==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Rammstein}}

'''Grammy Awards'''
{{awards table}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards|1999]]
| "[[Du hast]]"
| rowspan="2"| [[Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance|Best Metal Performance]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[48th Annual Grammy Awards|2006]]
| "[[Mein Teil]]"
| {{Nominated}}
|}

== See also ==
* {{Portal inline|Rock music}}
* {{Portal inline|Germany}}
* [[Eisbrecher]]
* [[Megaherz]]

==Notes and references==
;Notes
{{Notelist}}

;References
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Barry Graves, Siegfried Schmidt-Joos, Bernward Halbscheffel: ''Das neue Rock-Lexikon''. Bd 1. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1998. {{ISBN|3-499-16352-7}}.
* Barry Graves, Siegfried Schmidt-Joos, Bernward Halbscheffel: ''Das neue Rock-Lexikon''. Bd 2. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1998. {{ISBN|3-499-16353-5}}.
* Rammstein: ''Rammstein – Liederbuch''. Hal Leonard Corporation, London 1999. {{ISBN|0-7119-7220-6}}.
* Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: ''Letzte Ausfahrt – Germania. Ein Phänomen namens neue deutsche Härte''. I.P. Verlag, Berlin 1999, {{ISBN|3-931624-12-9}}.
* Gert Hof: ''Rammstein''. Die Gestalten Verlag, Berlin 2001, {{ISBN|3-931126-32-3}}.
* Matthias Matthies: ''Rammstein – Deutschlandtour 2001''. Berlin 2002.
* Andreas Speit: ''Ästhetische Mobilmachung – Dark Wave, Neofolk und Industrial im Spannungsfeld rechter Ideologien''., Unrast 2001. {{ISBN|3-89771-804-9}}.
* Michele Bettendorf: ''Ursprung Punkszene. Oder Rammstein hätte es im Westen nie gegeben''. Books on Demand GmbH, 2002. {{ISBN|3-8311-4493-1}}.
* Till Lindemann und Gert Hof: ''Messer''. Eichborn, Frankfurt M 2002. {{ISBN|3-8218-0730-X}}.
* Michael Fuchs-Gamböck und Thorsten Schatz: ''Spiel mit dem Feuer – Das inoffizielle Rammstein-Buch''. Heel, Königswinter 2006. {{ISBN|3-89880-661-8}}.
* Frédéric Batier: ''Rammstein – Völkerball''. 2006. {{ISBN|3-8291-18694}}.
* Ulf Zander: [https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/4299/3789 ''Left, Right or Wrong? Rammstein Playing with Symbols of Sex, Violence and Dictatorship as a Test of Democracy'']. HumaNetten No. 52, 2024.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.rammstein.de/en/}}
* {{MusicBrainz artist|name=Rammstein|mbid=b2d122f9-eadb-4930-a196-8f221eeb0c66}}
* {{Discogs artist|artist=Rammstein|name=Rammstein}}
* {{Dm artist|id=3070}}
* {{DNB-Portal|5507628-2|NAME=Rammstein|TYP=Works by and about}}

{{Rammstein}}
{{MTV EMA for Best German Act}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rammstein| ]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Echo (music award) winners]]
[[Category:English-language German musical groups]]
[[Category:French-language German musical groups]]
[[Category:German heavy metal musical groups]]
[[Category:German industrial metal musical groups]]
[[Category:German industrial music groups]]
[[Category:German musical sextets]]
[[Category:German Neue Deutsche Härte music groups]]
[[Category:Kerrang! Awards winners]]
[[Category:MTV Europe Music Award winners]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1994]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Berlin]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]
[[Category:Republic Records artists]]
[[Category:Slash Records artists]]
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[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]

Tourism in Puducherry

2026-03-25T12:30:25Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting the info with sources - done

{{Short description|none}} 
{{primary sources|date=February 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}


[[File:WikiprojectIndiacities pondicherry.GIF|thumb|Map of India showing Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam]]

Pondicherry is the capital city of the '''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Union Territory of Puducherry]]''' and is one of the most popular tourist destinations in South India.

A French colony until 1954, this coastal town retains a number of colonial buildings, churches, statues, and systematic town planning, as well as urban architecture of the local Tamil style. As such the town has been dubbed "The Europe of India". The town struggles to preserve what little remains of the ambiance once created by this unique mix of cultural heritage.<ref>[http://www.intachpondicherry.org/English/home.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113132731/http://www.intachpondicherry.org/English/home.aspx|date=13 November 2012}}</ref> It nevertheless draws tourists from around the world and from across India. Recently after the advent of the internet and social media, Pondicherry has also become a popular weekend destination, which can be reached easily from the nearby cities such as [[Chennai]] and [[Bangalore]], principally because lower taxation on alcoholic beverages makes drinking in the Union Territory enclave much less expensive than in neighboring states.<ref>Times of India: "India gets its high from whiskey" [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024025105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-25/india/27988052_1_country-liquor-litres-highest-consumption 'India gets its high from whisky' - The Times of India].</ref>

Due to its coastal influence, this town offers vast watersports events and water based tourism such as Boathouse, Kayaking, etc. which is similar to the facilities available in [[Goa]]. The water activities mostly happen at the Puducherry estuary area and at the backwaters of Puducherry where Mangrove forests were grown which provides a pleasant environment for visitors.

The main tourist attractions in and around the city are listed below.

==Sri Aurobindo Ashram==
[[File:Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry.JPG|thumb|[[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], Pondicherry]]

The [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] is a well known spiritual ashram in [[India]], with devotees and seekers from India and all over the world flocking to it for spiritual salvation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tourism.pondicherry.gov.in/ashram&aurovile.html |title= The Official Website for Tourism Department-Government of puducherry|website=tourism.pondicherry.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310014047/http://tourism.pondicherry.gov.in/ashram%26aurovile.html |archive-date=10 March 2010}}</ref> Its spiritual tenets represent a synthesis of yoga and modern science. The Ashram was founded in 1926 by [[Sri Aurobindo Ghose]], an Indian freedom fighter, poet, philosopher, and yogi.<ref>Website of Sri Aurobindo Ashram [http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/saa/index.php The Sri Aurobindo Ashram].</ref>

[[Mirra Alfassa]] (also known as ‘The Mother’: French: ''La Mère'') was spiritual collaborator of Sri Aurobindo, who was born in Paris and was so inspired by his philosophy that she stayed on in Pondicherry.<ref>Website of Sri Aurobindo Ashram [http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/index.php The Mother].</ref> After 24 November 1926, when Sri Aurobindo retired into seclusion, she founded his ashram ([[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]), with a handful of disciples living around the Master. With Sri Aurobindo's full approval she became the spiritual guru of the community, a position she held until her death. The Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, which she had registered after Sri Aurobindo's death in 1950 continues to look after the institution. The idea of [[Auroville]] or the "City of Dawn" was conceived by ‘The Mother’.

It is open to the public daily between 8 a.m. and 12 noon and 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. Children below 3 years of age are not allowed into the ashram and photography is not allowed. Some of the Ashram's facilities like the Library and the Main Building (during collective meditation) can be accessed, only after obtaining a gate pass from the Bureau Central or some of the Ashram Guest Houses. It is located on 12, Rue De La Marine.

==Auroville==
[[File:Auroville puducherry.jpg|thumb|The [[Matrimandir]], a golden metallic sphere in the center of town]]

'''Auroville''' (City of Dawn: French: Cité de l'aube) is an experimental township which is situated 8 km north-west of Pondicherry in [[East Coast Road]] Bommayapalayam. It was founded in 1968 by [[Mirra Alfassa]] (also known as The Mother), the spiritual collaborator of [[Sri Aurobindo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auroville.org/av_brief.htm|title=Auroville in brief|work=auroville.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031191932/http://www.auroville.org/av_brief.htm|archive-date=31 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As per the Mother's vision and guidance Auroville was designed by the French architect [[Roger Anger]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auroville.org/thecity/matrimandir/mm_construction_70_91.htm|title=Construction phases|work=auroville.org}}</ref> Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of all countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities. The purpose of [[Auroville]] is to realize human unity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auroville.org/thecity/matrimandir/mm_conception.htm|title=Brief History of Matrimandir's Conception|work=auroville.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915235158/http://www.auroville.org/thecity/matrimandir/mm_conception.htm|archive-date=15 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the inauguration ceremony of Auroville on 28 February 1968, soil from 124 countries was placed in a lotus-shaped urn and mixed to symbolize universal oneness. The [[Government of India]] and [[UNESCO]] has endorsed the project.<ref>Official website of Auroville [http://www.auroville.org/av_brief.htm Auroville in brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031191932/http://www.auroville.org/av_brief.htm |date=31 October 2009 }}.</ref>

In the middle of the town is the [[Matrimandir]], which has been acclaimed as "an outstanding and original architectural achievement."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://auroville.totallyexplained.com/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |title=Archived |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717075634/http://auroville.totallyexplained.com/ |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2023}}</ref> It was conceived by Alfassa as "a symbol of Universal Mother".<ref>Official website of auroville Official website of Auroville [http://www.auroville.org/thecity/matrimandir/mm_conception.htm Matrimandir - Soul of the city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915235158/http://www.auroville.org/thecity/matrimandir/mm_conception.htm |date=15 September 2009 }}.</ref>

Although originally intended to house 50,000, the actual population today is 2,007 (1,553 adults and 454 minors), coming from 44 nationalities, 836 of whom are of Indian origin. The community is divided up into neighborhoods with [[English people|English]], [[Sanskrit]], [[French people|French]] and [[Tamil people|Tamil]] names like Aspiration, Arati, La Ferme, and Isaiambalam.
The residents are involved in agriculture, administration, commerce and handicrafts, alternative technology, education, healthcare and development projects, the latter including AuroRE Systems, an international award-winning unit involved in solar photovoltaic and thermal systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auroville.org/research/ren_energy/solar.htm|title=Energy from the Sun|work=auroville.org}}</ref>

==Monuments and statue==
Gandhi Statue is a four-meter statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] is surrounded by eight granite pillars, which were supposedly brought from Gingee, a fort some 70 km from Pondicherry.<ref name="sriaurobindosociety">The official website of Sriaurobindo society [http://www.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/subnav/pondy.htm Sri Aurobindo Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170401/http://www.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/subnav/pondy.htm |date=30 November 2009 }}.</ref>
Located across as an integral part of Pondicherry's colonial past. The 2.88 m tall statue of Dupleix stands at the southern end of the park. Even though Dupleix left Pondicherry in 1754, French recognition of his contribution came only in 1870, with the commissioning of two statues-one in Pondicherry and the other in France. It is situated in Goubert Avenue.
Another example of the French influence in Pondicherry is a marble statue of the heroic French damsel [[Joan of Arc]], which is located in front of the Church of Our Lady of the Angels. The statue is placed in the middle of a garden.statue was erected in 1923. It is situated at Dumas Street.<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/pondicherry/tourism/statue-of-joan-of-arc.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024105/http://www.mapsofindia.com/pondicherry/tourism/statue-of-joan-of-arc.html|date=4 June 2011}}</ref>

The [[French War Memorial]] on Goubert Avenue is reminder of those brave soldiers who laid down their lives, for their country during the [[First World War]].<ref name="aravind.org"/> It was built in 1971. Every year on 14 July ([[Bastille Day]]) the memorial is beautifully illuminated and homage is paid to those brave martyrs.

Aayi Mandapam (Park Monument) is a white monument built during the time of [[Napoleon III]], Emperor of the France. It is situated in center of [[Bharathi Park]]. The monument commemorates the provision of water to the French city during his reign. It was named after a lady courtesan called Ayi. She destroyed her own house to erect a water reservoir to supply water for the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whostory.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/aayi-mandapam-a-tale-of-a-king-and-a-prostitute/|title='Aayi Mandapam' – A tale of a King and a Prostitute|last=audrinlenin|date=11 February 2013}}</ref>

<gallery widths="154" heights="200" perrow="6" caption="Monuments and statues">
File:Puducherry Gandhi statue.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] statue, Pondicherry
File:PondicherryFrenchWarMemorial.jpg|[[French War Memorial]] in Pondicherry
File:War memorial of Puduchery Government.JPG|War memorial erected by the Puduchery Government on the [[Promenade Beach]]
File:Joseph Francois Dupleix.JPG|[[Joseph Francois Dupleix]]
File:Puducherry Park Monument.JPG|Park Monument (Aayi Mandapam) in the Government Park of Pondicherry
File:Puducherry Keezhur Monument Erected news.JPG|Puducherry Keezhur Monument
</gallery>

==Museums==
Pondicherry Museum has a gallery with sculptures and has the remains of archaeological findings from the [[Arikamedu]] Roman settlement. The museum also has a collection of rare bronzes and stone sculptures from the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Chola dynasty|Chola dynasties]] and artifacts excavated from Arikamedu (an ancient port just 7 km from city that had [[Indo-Roman trade relations|trade links]] with the [[Roman Empire]]). The Arikamedu Archeological Site has several old buildings, oldest port which are available and accessible for visitors and tourist.

Pudhuvai Museum is a non-governmental museum operating by a non-profit organization. It is adjacent to the Botanical Garden in Pondicherry. The museum was inaugurated on April 8, 2018, by Chevalier, Justice Dr. David Annusamy, Hundreds of visitors visit the museum, which is run with the help of the National Heritage Trust.
The Pudhuvai Museum, which is developing nationally and covers many disciplines, It has held several international exhibitions since its inception. This Museum appreciated by many great scholars, leaders, professors and many more, this museum is working to achieve a national museum status in the future. The gallery, which houses thousands of MAPS, is named after Indian cartographer Nine Singh Rawat. Currently, only 100 maps have been selected and displayed in this section. In this gallery engaged in an effort to preserve Maps of the past century

The [[Bharathidasan]] Museum, on No. 95 Perumal Koil Street, is the former house of the Pondicherry-born poet and playwright - [[Bharathidasan]] (1891–1960) (meaning "Disciple of Bharathi").<ref name="aravind.org">{{cite web|title=Puducherry (Pondicherry)|url=http://www.aravind.org/vanakkam/Puducherry.asp |access-date=26 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003004543/http://www.aravind.org/vanakkam/Puducherry.asp |archive-date=3 October 2009 }}</ref> Bharathidasan's poems compare with Bharathi's in literary achievement and poetic fervour. He also wrote scripts for films on issues such as Dravidian culture and the rights of women.

[[Ananda Ranga Pillai]] was the dubash of Dupleix, the governor of Pondicherry while it flourished under the French rule.<ref name="aravind.org"/> Pillai's compilation of diaries serve as a storehouse of information on the 18th century French India. His mansion, completed sometime in 1738, is one of the oldest surviving buildings on the west side - then known as "natives' quarters". Its architecture represents a fusion of French and Indian styles. This once lavishly furnished house offered glimpses into a bygone era and vanished lifestyle. However, today it has fallen upon hard times and retains very little of its former. Special permission is required to visit the mansion.

[[Subramanya Bharathi]] (1882–1921), commonly known as Bharathiyar, was a Tamil poet-patriot who arrived in Pondicherry in 1908, a fugitive from British India.<ref name="aravind.org"/> The French atmosphere brought out the best in Bharathi and some of his finest patriotic and romantic compositions were born here.<ref name=xing>Xing-Business Solutions [http://www.xing.com/net/indiatour/newsletters-archive-186328/group-newsletter-puducherry-erstwhile-pondicherry-13633089/ Group newsletter: Puducherry - erstwhile Pondicherry - | XING] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213903/http://www.xing.com/net/indiatour/newsletters-archive-186328/group-newsletter-puducherry-erstwhile-pondicherry-13633089/ |date=12 May 2014 }}.</ref> Bharathi's home also known as Bharathi Museum, on No. 20, Eswaran Dharamaraja Koil Street, is almost a place of pilgrimage today for the Tamil people.

Jawahar Toy Museum is located next to the old lighthouse on Goubert Avenue, the museum is open on all days except Monday. This museum has a collection of over 120 dolls, each one dressed in costumes from different Indian states. Also on display is a little "fairyland" with a tiny [[Ganesha]] watching over all the proceedings.

Children's Museum is located next to the Botanical Gardens, it has collections of snail shells from the Pondicherry region.

==Gardens and parks==

===Botanical Garden===
The Botanical Garden ({{langx|fr|Le Jardin Botanique}}) is located south of the New Bus Stand. The gate leading to the garden is reminiscent of French architecture and it stands out from its immediate surroundings because it is in the middle of the old Tamil town. The Botanical Gardens were laid out in 1826 in the ornate French style, with pruned trees, flower beds and gravel lined paths and fountains. Perrottet was largely responsible for transforming the place into a botanical garden in 1831. The French introduced many exotic plants from all over the world.
The gardens also have a musical fountain which is active over the weekends, with two shows in the evening.

===Oussudu Bird Sanctuary===
[[File:Microcarbo niger (Vieillot, 1817) (48917851913).jpg|thumb|[[Great egret]] in the [[Oussudu Bird Sanctuary]]]]

'''Ousteri Lake''' ({{langx|fr|Lac Oustéri}}) is located towards north at a distance of 10 km from Pondicherry town (Pondicherry– Villupuram road). The wetland covers an area of about 390 ha (lies in both Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry) with a wide range of aquatic species and is mainly a bird sanctuary. The vegetation ranges from small herbs to trees, which supports migratory avifauna as well as native birds during summer and winter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/AWC_statewise_count/Pondicherry.pdf |access-date=2023-05-25 |language=en |title=Pondicherry |website=www.bnhs.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706032620/http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/AWC_statewise_count/Pondicherry.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}</ref> The government of Pondicherry is proposing to set up an Ousteri National Park in the region acquiring lands from neighbouring villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yoomilee.wordpress.com/2008/02/16/the-destruction-of-ousteri-lake/ |title=The Destruction of Ousteri Lake « Essere |publisher=Yoomilee.wordpress.com |date= 16 February 2008|access-date=2013-01-02}}</ref>

===Bharathi Park===
The Government Park or [[Bharati Park]] ({{langx|fr|Le parc du gouvernement}}) is in the green centre of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government Park in Pondicherry|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pondicherry/tourism/government-park.html |access-date=7 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024121/http://www.mapsofindia.com/pondicherry/tourism/government-park.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref> The Aayi Mandapam is a famous monument which lies at the center of the Bharati Park. The Government Park in Pondicherry is aptly located in the central region of the old colonial town. The significance of this park is derived from the fact that it is surrounded by some of the most important government buildings like the Lt. Governor's Palace, the Legislative Assembly, Government Hospital, Ashram Dining Room, the Cercle de Pondichéry private club, and the old Hotel Qualité.

===Science Park===
'''Puducherry Science Centre & Planetarium''' (also known as Puducherry Science Park: French: Centre scientifique et planétarium de Pondichéry) located in [[Lawspet]]. The centre was designed, developed and set up by the [[National Council of Science Museums]].The Science Demonstration Corner has provision to conduct live demonstration and experiments to groups of visitors and students to excite them about science. The "Children's Corner" is a place where children can enjoy simple experiments with a variety of puzzles and science kits.

===National Fossil Wood Park===
A deposit of [[petrified wood]] is located nearby, at [[National Fossil Wood Park, Tiruvakkarai]] in the Puducherry Sandstone Formation. More than 200 fossilised tree trunks are spread over an area of 247 acres in 9 enclosures. This was first documented in 1781 by the European Naturalist M. Sonneret.

===Puducherry Canyon===
It is located near to National Fossil Wood Park. This canyon is made up of sand stones. It is one of the biggest submarine canyon which is located along the coromandel coast. It is estimated to formed 2 crore years ago due to water currents. The national institute of oceanography made a detailed documentation in 1965 regarding the existence of canyons in coromandel coast.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=https://drs.nio.res.in/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/5987/Bull_Natl_Inst_Sci_India_Pt-1_1968_38_457.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url=https://drs.nio.res.in/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/5987/Bull_Natl_Inst_Sci_India_Pt-1_1968_38_457.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=}}</ref> Government also constructed a geological park (Thiruvakkarai geo park) near the site.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-31 |title=Foundation stone laid for geological park in Thiruvakkarai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/foundation-stone-laid-for-geological-park-in-thiruvakkarai/article33712504.ece |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

<gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="4" caption="Gardens & Parks">
File:Botanical garden puducherry,india.JPG|Botanical garden
File:Childrens train botanical garden puducherry,india.JPG|Children's train botanical garden
File:Puducherry Government Park.JPG|Bharati Park (Government Park)
</gallery>

==Places of worship==

===Hindu Temples===
[[Manakula Vinayagar Temple|Sri Manakula Vinayagar Temple]] was in existence before the French came and settled in Pondicherry i.e. before 1666.<ref>Official website of Lonelyplanet [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/puducherry-pondicherry/sights/478960 478960 in Puducherry (Pondicherry), India - Lonely Planet].</ref> It has a golden spire and walls portraying forty different forms of Ganesha. The temple also has a smaller shrine dedicated to Lord Murugan, who is Ganesha's younger brother. Over 5000 devotees flock to this site every day. There is also a temple elephant, Lakshmi, who gives blessings to the devotees.

[[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Puducherry|Varadaraja Perumal Temple]] is located on M.G.Road, this is believed to be the oldest temple in town, dating back to 600 AD.<ref>sriaurobindosociety [http://www.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/subnav/pondy.htm Sri Aurobindo Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170401/http://www.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/subnav/pondy.htm |date=30 November 2009 }}.</ref> The temple built in the typical Dravidian style, complete with brightly coloured "gopuram" and sculpted pillars. This temple is dedicated to Vishnu. Legend has it, that the temple was originally built for the idols of [[Rama]], [[Sita]], [[Lakshman]] and [[Hanuman]], which were brought to the present site by fishermen, from the sea. The main deity here is Varadaraja perumal ([[Vishnu]]). Right behind that is a separate shrine for Narashima (who is also an avatar of Vishnu).

[[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Puducherry|Vedhapureeswarar Temple]] also known as the Eashwaran koil, is located on M.G.Road and is dedicated to [[Shiva]]. It has colourful "gopuram", adorned by the statues of gods and goddesses, like most temples in South India.

[[Vadukeeswarar temple|Sri Vadukeeswarar Temple]] (Thiruvandarkoil) is located in Thirubuvanai, a village in Pondicherry on the Puducherry - Villupuram route. It is one of the [[Paadal Petra Sthalam|Devara Paadal Petra Sthalams]] and it is constructed in a style that is similar to the Tanjore temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famous Temples To Visit In Pondicherry|url=https://www.dharisanam.com/temples-near/pondicherry|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Dharisanam|language=en}}</ref>

Kanniga Parameswari Temple, located on M.G.Road, is dedicated to the goddess Shakti and has a blend of both Tamil and French architecture. With its arched walls, ionic columns, stained glass windows and even some angel decorations, it is reminiscent of a French building. However, the inner ceiling supported by the more traditional granite pillars and the sanctum sanctoram, which has a typical Tamil design, highlights the more traditional Tamil features.
Kamatchiamman Temple is located on Bharathi Street, this temple is different from most other South Indian temples by virtue of its lack of colour and ornamentation. Its starkness is what makes it stand out from the rest. This dark rust coloured temple is dedicated to [[Durga]], the goddess of war.

[[Sri Ponniyamman Temple]] in Solai nagar it was in existence before the French came and settled in Pondicherry i.e. before 1760.

[[Sri senganiamman Temple]] in Solai nagar it was in existence before the French came and settled in Pondicherry i.e. before 1790.

===Churches===
{{main|List of churches in Puducherry}}
[[Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Pondicherry|Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]], situated on the south boulevard, is an oriental specimen of Gothic architecture. It contains rare stained glass panels depicting events from the life of Christ.<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">official website of Lonely Planet [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/puducherry-pondicherry/sights/478956 478956 in Puducherry (Pondicherry), India - Lonely Planet].</ref>
This church was supposed to have been erected in the 18th century by French Missionaries. Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus is a Catholic church and is a white-and-brown structure.<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/>

The [[Our Lady of Angels Church, Puducherry|Eglise de Notre Dame des Anges]] (The Church of Our Lady of Angels), in Rue Dumas, is notable for its masonry – which uses the finest of limestone mixed with white of the egg – making for a texture identical to that of white marble. It is modelled on the Basilica at Lourdes, in southern France. The imposing façade presents paired Doric columns below and ionic above. In front of the church is a statue of Our Lady with the infant Jesus in her arms. The interior design consists of eight barrel vaults and a central dome pierced with eight circular openings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/puducherry-pondicherry/sights/478944|title=Notre Dame des Anges|author=Lonely Planet|work=Lonely Planet}}</ref>

[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry|The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception]], on Cathedral Street, was first built in 1692. It took its present shape in 1791.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/tamil-nadu/puducherry-pondicherry/sights/478942|title=Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Cathedral|author=Lonely Planet|work=Lonely Planet}}</ref>

Church of Capuchins holds the distinction of being one of the first churches in Pondicherry. Though this church has lost its old charm; it is still revered and houses an orphanage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Church of the Capuchins, Pondicherry|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pondicherry/tourism/church-of-capuchins.html |access-date=7 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502155056/http://www.mapsofindia.com/pondicherry/tourism/church-of-capuchins.html |archive-date=2 May 2011 }}</ref>

[[St. Andrew's Church, Puducherry|St. Andrew's Church]] is one of the oldest churches in the town built during 1745.

The other famous churches include the Church of the Assumption, [[Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine, Villianur|Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine]], and Church of Our Lady of Good Health.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/subnav/pondy.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130170401/http://www.sriaurobindosociety.org.in/subnav/pondy.htm |archive-date=30 November 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="3" caption="Churches">
File:Puducherry Immaculate Conception Cathedral ArM.jpg|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry|The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception]]
File:Our Lady of Angels Church, Puducherry Front.JPG|The Eglise de Notre Dame des Anges (The Church of Our Lady of Angels)
File:Pondy 024.jpg|[[Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Pondicherry|Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]]
</gallery>

===Mosques===
Meeran mosque is the oldest mosque in Pondicherry, built over 350 years ago. It has the old gothic [[Islamic architecture]] in it. It was built by [[Arcot]] [[nawab]]. It has four lofty pillars below its dome, with Meerhath near it and Meember next to it. It also has the Kalima slab above the Meerhath, with clean blankets spread all over the hall. There is a bronze [[Kallasas]] in the top of the façade minaret and the graves of Meeran who built this mosque and Suubhi Errai Perrar Mullah's in it. The mosque hold prayer sessions every day.

Kuthbha (meaning preaching) mosque is the first mosque in Pondicherry. It is said that during the 17th century, as the mosque was in the white area, the French ordered it and the Islamic neighbourhood shifted to the southern end of the town. These streets were built facing [[Mecca]]. It has the daarga of [[Moulla Saiubum]]. This mosque has daily preaching and prayers with special prayers on Fridays. This is mostly frequented by [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking Muslims.

Kuthba Mosque was built as Mulla Mohammad Mosque. This mosque has a small pond with fishes, clean hall, and Ramjan fasting food cooking hall and Jenesha in it.

Next to Kuthba Mosque is Muhamadia Mosque. This is older than the Kuthba Mosque and frequented by [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking Muslims. This has a big praying hall, a small pond with fishes for doing [[ouzu]]{{typo help inline|date=October 2021}}, place for opening [[Ramadan|ramzan fasting]], a big garden with coconut trees on the backside and a building extension to house the preacher and for administrative works. This mosque has daily preaching and prayers with special prayers on Fridays. The Maulah Sahib Dargha is in between the two mosques.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
* [[Pondicherry (city)]]
* [[Promenade Beach]]
* [[Tourism in India]]

==Outline of tourism in India==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]
* [[List of national parks of India]]
* [[List of lakes of India]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in India]]
* [[List of beaches in India]]
* [[Incredible India]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]
* [[Medical tourism in India]]
* [[List of botanical gardens in India]]
* [[List of hill stations in India]]
* [[List of gates in India]]
* [[List of zoos in India]]
* [[List of protected areas of India]]
* [[List of aquaria in India]]
* [[List of forts in India]]
* [[List of forests in India]]
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[List of rock-cut temples in India]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
* [[List of rivers of India]]
* [[List of mountains in India]]
* [[List of ecoregions in India]]
* [[Coral reefs in India]]
* [[List of stadiums in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Puducherry}}

* [http://www.pondytourism.in Official website of Department of Tourism Pondicherry]
* [https://www.veerasresidency.com/beaches-in-pondicherry/ Beaches in Pondicherry]
*[http://www.bonjourpondicherry.in Puducherry's best information portal]
* [https://www.pondicherrymedia.com/tourism/ Pondicherry City Tourist Guide - Pondicherry Tourism & Travel Information]
*[http://tour2pondy.com/ Tour2pondy.com - Pondicherry Travel Guide]
*[https://puthuchery.com/ puthuchery - About Pondicherry with Tourism & Travel Information]

{{Tourism in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tourism In Pondicherry}}
[[Category:Tourism in Puducherry| ]]

Kaala (2018 film)

2026-03-25T05:54:59Z

VirgilioBrereton:

{{short description|2018 Indian Tamil-language action drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaala
| image = Kaala Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pa. Ranjith]]
| producer = [[Dhanush]]
| writer = Pa. Ranjith<br />Aadhavan Dheetchanya<br />Makizhnan B. M. (dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]] | [[Nana Patekar]] | [[Samuthirakani]] | [[Easwari Rao]] | [[Huma Qureshi]]| [[Pankaj Tripathi]] }}
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cinematography = [[Murali G.]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Wunderbar Films]]
| distributor = [[Lyca Productions]]<br/>[[AA Films]]{{small|(''North India'')}}
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2018|06|06|Malaysia|ref1=<ref name="Hans Malaysia">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2018-06-06/Rajinikanths-Kaala-Twitter-Review/387051 |title=Rajinikanth's Kaala Twitter Review |work=HansIndia |access-date=7 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141644/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2018-06-06/Rajinikanths-Kaala-Twitter-Review/387051 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |date=7 June 2018 }}</ref>|2018|06|07|India}}
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref name="BBFC Kaala">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kaala-film |title=KAALA - British Board of Film Classification |work=BBFC |access-date=30 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615182755/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kaala-film |archive-date=15 June 2018 }}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| budget = {{INR}}140 [[crore]]{{efn|''[[The Times of India]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title='Darbar' to 'Kabali': Reported budget of the last five films of Superstar Rajinikanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darbar-to-kabali-reported-budget-of-the-last-five-films-of-superstar-rajinikanth/photostory/79021168.cms?picid=79021281 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 November 2020 |access-date=13 October 2022 |quote=The film is produced by Rajinikanth's son-in-law and actor Dhanush, and it was made on a budget of Rs 140 crore. |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013053347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darbar-to-kabali-reported-budget-of-the-last-five-films-of-superstar-rajinikanth/photostory/79021168.cms?picid=79021281 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title= Rajinikanth's Kaala earns Rs 230 crore ahead of release |url= https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/rajinikanths-kaala-earns-rs-230-crore-ahead-of-release/story/278538.html |access-date= 4 July 2018 |work= Business Today |date= 6 June 2018 |archive-date= 7 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190107013128/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/rajinikanths-kaala-earns-rs-230-crore-ahead-of-release/story/278538.html |url-status= live }}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaala box office prediction: Rajinikanth starrer expected to earn Rs 25-30 crore on its opening day |date=7 June 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaala-box-office-prediction-rajinikanth-5207851/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013055334/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kaala-box-office-prediction-rajinikanth-5207851/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title='Kaala' ban in Karnataka: How much money will the makers lose? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaala-ban-karnataka-how-much-money-will-makers-lose-82484 |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060155/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaala-ban-karnataka-how-much-money-will-makers-lose-82484 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[DNA India]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaala box office: Rajinikanth film crosses Rs 100 crore mark worldwide in just 3 days |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kaala-box-office-rajinikanth-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-worldwide-in-just-3-days-2623858 |website=[[DNA India]] |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060401/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kaala-box-office-rajinikanth-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-worldwide-in-just-3-days-2623858 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[News 18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=HC Asks Karnataka Govt to Ensure Security for Theatres Screening Rajinikanth's Kaala, Kumaraswamy Sides With Boycott |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hc-asks-karnataka-govt-to-ensure-security-for-theatres-screening-rajinis-kaala-kumaraswamy-sides-with-boycott-1769797.html |website=[[News18]] |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013060544/https://www.news18.com/news/india/hc-asks-karnataka-govt-to-ensure-security-for-theatres-screening-rajinis-kaala-kumaraswamy-sides-with-boycott-1769797.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajinikanth's Kaala: Despite 20 crore loss, movie earns 230 crore before release |date=6 June 2018 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/060618/rajinikanths-kaala-20-crore-loss-movie-earn-230-crore-before-release.html |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=13 October 2022 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013054958/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/060618/rajinikanths-kaala-20-crore-loss-movie-earn-230-crore-before-release.html |url-status=live }}</ref> reported that the budget to be {{INR|140 crore}}.}}

| gross = {{INR}}159.6 crore{{efn|''Firstpost'' estimates the film worldwide gross to be {{INR|159.56 crore}} in 22 days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kaala surpasses Rs 150 Cr mark in 3 weeks: Rajinikanth becomes only south Indian hero with three 150 Cr grossers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaala-surpasses-rs-150-cr-mark-in-3-weeks-rajinikanth-becomes-only-south-indian-hero-with-three-150-cr-grossers-4639851.html|access-date=4 September 2018|work=Firstpost|date=1 July 2018|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509155902/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaala-surpasses-rs-150-cr-mark-in-3-weeks-rajinikanth-becomes-only-south-indian-hero-with-three-150-cr-grossers-4639851.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

'''''Kaala '''''(also marketed as '''''Kaala Karikalan'''''; {{translation|Black}}){{efn|The term Kaala is associated with [[Yama]], the Hindu God of death whose [[Yama (Hinduism)#Iconography|iconography]] depicts him in dark or black colour.}} is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed and co-written by [[Pa. Ranjith]] and produced by [[Wunderbar Films]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] in the titular role, alongside [[Nana Patekar]], [[Eswari Rao]], [[Huma Qureshi]] (in her Tamil debut)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=12 June 2018 |title=I made a brave decision to make my Tamil debut in Kaala: Huma Qureshi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Jun/12/i-made-a-brave-decision-to-make-my-tamil-debut-in-kaala-huma-qureshi-1827139.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>, [[Samuthirakani]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Anjali Patil]], [[K. Manikandan]], [[Dileepan]], [[Nitish Veera]], [[Sampath Raj]] and [[Ravi Kale]]. The film follows Karikalan "Kaala", the leader of [[Dharavi]], who tries to save his land from getting seized and his people from being evicted by Haridev "Hari Dhadha", a ruthless minister.

The film was officially announced in June 2016 under the tentative title ''Thalaivar 164''<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2017 |title=Rajinikanth’s Kaala Karikaalan: Dhanush announces Thalaivar 164 first look out today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-kaala-karikaalan-dhanush-announces-thalaivar-164-first-look-out-today-4673179/ |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>, as it is Rajinikanth's 164th film as the lead actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Kaala catapult Rajini to next level in his spiritual politics? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/will-kaala-catapult-rajinikanth-next-level-spiritual-politics.html |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=theweek.in}}</ref>, and the official title was announced in May 2017. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month. It was predominantly shot in [[Mumbai]]; however, due to a few difficulties, the team had to shoot at [[Chennai]] a few times, and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by mid-October. The film has music composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], cinematography handled by [[Murali G.]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].

''Kaala'' was scheduled to release on 27 April 2018 in theatres but was postponed due to the conflict between [[Nadigar Sangam]] and Digital Service Providers. The film premiered on 6 June 2018 in [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2018 |title=Kaala: India superstar Rajinikanth mixes swagger with politics |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44436048 |access-date=9 March 2026 |language=en-GB}}</ref>, with the worldwide release on the following day<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaala News: Latest Updates, Cast & Reviews |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/kaala/ |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>, coinciding the week of [[Eid al-Fitr]], to mixed reviews from critics who praised the cast performances, action sequences and soundtrack, but the screenwriting and pace received criticism. The film grossed {{INR|160 crore}} and was average at the [[box office]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rajinikanth's Kaala is not a flop, reports are wrong: Wunderbar Films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-s-kaala-is-not-a-flop-reports-are-wrong-wunderbar-films-1280469-2018-07-08 |access-date=3 August 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=8 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803112503/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-s-kaala-is-not-a-flop-reports-are-wrong-wunderbar-films-1280469-2018-07-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, ''Kaala'' was listed in the British Film Institute's ''[[Sight and Sound]]'' magazine's '25 Films of the 21st century,' making it the only Indian film to be included.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=20 June 2024 |title=Rajinikanth-Pa Ranjith's 'Kaala' becomes the only Indian title to be listed in BFI's 25 films of 21st century |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajinikanth-pa-ranjiths-kaala-becomes-the-only-indian-title-to-be-listed-in-bfis-25-films-of-21st-century/article68311136.ece |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Rajinikanth's Kaala listed among 25 Films of the Century by British Film Institute's Sight and Sound magazine |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanths-kaala-listed-among-25-films-of-the-century-by-british-film-institutes-sight-and-sound-magazine-9401935/ |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Mumbai]], the people who had migrated from southern [[Tamil Nadu]] are living as a poor people in the slum of [[Dharavi]]. However, a ruthless minister named Haridev "Hari Dada" Abhayankar repeatedly tries to evict the people of Dharavi and seize their land. Over the years, Hari, a former gangster, becomes an [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] and later [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]]. By 2015, Dharavi becomes the central spot of downtown Mumbai. Hari plans to clear the area to construct posh buildings using his construction company in the form of government schemes with the help of his party supporter Vishnu Bhai.

Karikaalan alias Kaala is the godfather of the Dharavi residents who oppose Hari's plans as he wants to protect the area and his people. Kaala's ex-love interest, Zareena, returns to her native Dharavi as a representative [[non-governmental organization|NGO]] that hopes to improve the living standards in Dharavi, where she is unaware of Hari's intentions. Despite many attempts by Hari's men, Kaala does not permit evacuation of the slum. Vishnu Bhai's men try to kill Kaala after Kaala visits Zareena. Vishnu Bhai kills the son of a Dharavi resident after the boy throws a stone at a poster of Hari. Kaala eventually kills Vishnu Bhai. The police arrest Kaala after his wedding anniversary party, where he is assaulted at the police station in front of Hari and State Minister and is released the next day. While returning home, Hari makes an assassination attempt on Kaala to take control of the area. However, the attempt goes awry, and Kaala's wife, Selvi, and his second son, Selvam, get killed. Kaala then decides to take revenge on Hari.

Hari threatens the people in Dharavi by creating problems, but Kaala encourages the people to protest against the government to give up the scheme. Kaala and his people campaign through social media, and within two weeks, the State government cancels Hari's "Clean Mumbai Initiative." Humiliated, Hari creates a curfew in Dharavi with the aid of [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Pankaj Patil. Along with some cops and Hari's right-hand man, Inspector Sunil, they raid the area. Kaala and his younger son, Lenin, daughter-in-law, Puyal, and his brother-in-law, Vaaliyappan, fight alongside him against Hari's henchmen and the police. The police believe Kaala is dead after henchmen set his chawl ablaze.

Pankaj gets arrested after a video taken by a reporter named Praveen during the curfew provides evidence that Hari brought the henchmen into Dharavi to create problems with the police's support. They inform the media, but the people of Dharavi deny the news of Kaala's death. Hari again enters Dharavi at a function for constructing a new building, where he begins to hallucinate Kaala's appearance among the crowd and behaves erratically. The people of Dharavi kill Hari in a riot, and the government again cancels the scheme. With Dharavi's success, many slums start to follow Kaala's way of protest to protect their neighbourhood irrespective of their illegal occupation of lands.

== Cast ==
The cast of the film has been listed below:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=7 June 2018 |title=Kaala Karikaalan Cast List {{!}} Kaala Karikaalan Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kaala-karikaalan/cast/ |access-date=14 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>{{colbegin}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Karikaalan "Kaala" Vengaiyan, from [[Tirunelveli]], the head of the [[Tamils|Tamil]] people of [[Dharavi]] who wants to protect the area and his people.
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Haridev "Hari Dhadha" Abhayankar, a ruthless minister who killed Kaala's father Vengaiyan.
* [[Eswari Rao]] as Selvi Karikaalan, Kaala's wife who gets killed in a car accident orchestrated by Hari Dhadha.
* [[Huma Qureshi]] as Zareena, Kaala's ex-girlfriend and a slum clearance builder from [[Africa]] who returns to Dharavi.
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Vaaliyappan, Selvi's brother.
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Charumathi (Puyal), Lenin's girlfriend and a member of 'Vizhithiru' group.
* [[K. Manikandan|Manikandan]] as Lenin, Kaala's youngest son and the founder of 'Vizhithiru' group who does not believe in his father's violent methods.
* [[Dileepan]] as Selvam, Kaala's second son and a main goon of Kaala but gets killed by goons organised by Hari Dhadha.
* [[Nitish Veera]] as Kathiravan, Kaala's eldest son who acts as a strong-man for his father's gang.
* Vikram as Kaala's third son
* [[Aruldoss]] as Mani, the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Dharavi.
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Sivaji Rao Gaekwad, a police constable.
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Maharashtra Minister
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Vishnu Bhai, a local MLA and Hari Dhadha's silent goon.
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Inspector Sunil, Hari Dhadha's henchman.
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as [[SI (India)|SI]] Pankaj Patil, a corrupt police official on Hari Dhadha's payroll.
* [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] as Kaala's daughter-in-law.
* [[Sakshi Agarwal]] as Kaala's daughter-in-law.
* Suganya as Kaala's daughter-in-law.
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Praveen, a TV reporter who supports Kaala and was responsible for carrying out Pankaj's arrest.
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Manu Constructions Builder
* Dopeadelicz as Dharavi resident
* Kanna as Beemji, a Dharavi resident
* "Nakkalites" Chella, a Dharavi resident
* [[Suryakanth (actor)|Suryakanth]] as MLA Candidate
* Vishalini as Devi
* [[Supergood Subramani]]
* Shan as Shan
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as a background dancer in song "Thanga Sela"{{colend}}

== Production ==

===Pre-production===
Following the commercial success of [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' (2016), Rajinikanth was reportedly signed for his next project backed by [[Dhanush]]'s [[Wunderbar Films]], collaborating with the actor for the first time. [[Vetrimaaran]] narrated a script to Dhanush, who set up a meeting for Vetrimaaran to discuss the script with Rajinikanth. The actor liked the script, but later turned down the offer as he felt the script was too political. Later, Rajinikanth approached [[Pa. Ranjith]] to work on a script for the former. After the actor and the producer were impressed with Ranjith's script, the latter was hired to helm the project.

=== Development ===
Dhanush announced that he had signed Rajinikanth and Ranjith to work on a new film for his production house, Wunderbar Films during late August 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=29 August 2016 |title=Rajinikanth-Pa.Ranjith combo under Dhanush's production soon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rajinikanth-Pa.Ranjith-combo-under-Dhanushs-production-soon/article15619095.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625123709/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Rajinikanth-Pa.Ranjith-combo-under-Dhanushs-production-soon/article15619095.ece |archive-date=25 June 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Refuting reports that the film would be a sequel to ''Kabali'', Dhanush announced that production would begin during mid-2017 following the completion of Rajinikanth's work for [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s science fiction film ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' (2018). In early May 2017, the producers received an open letter from Sundar Shekar Mishra, the foster son of gangster [[Haji Mastan]], threatening that the makers should not depict his father in negative light and if they did, they would face consequences.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rajinis-next-film-is-not-based-on-haji-masthan/article18453321.ece |title=Rajini's next film is not based on Haji Masthan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625123709/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rajinis-next-film-is-not-based-on-haji-masthan/article18453321.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In reply, Ranjith denied the film was a biopic of Haji Mastan and clarified that the film was based on fictional events, while revealing that Rajinikanth would play a man from [[Tirunelveli]] who escapes to Mumbai as a child and goes on to become a powerful don living in [[Dharavi]] slums.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-next-titled-kaala-karikaalan-dhanush-reveals-new-posters-see-photos-4672750/ |title=Rajinikanth film Kaala Karikaalan poster: Dhanush reveals first look of Thalaivar's gangster drama, see photos |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525124637/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-next-titled-kaala-karikaalan-dhanush-reveals-new-posters-see-photos-4672750/ |archive-date=25 May 2017|date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> The title of the film, ''Kaala'' was announced in late May 2017, with promotional posters carrying the film's first look released.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Superstar-Rajinikanth-s-next-titled-Kaala-imagegallery-Kollywood-rfzlxPicbiiej.html |title=Superstar Rajinikanth's next titled 'Kaala' |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=26 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525152633/http://www.sify.com/movies/superstar-rajinikanth-s-next-titled-kaala-imagegallery-kollywood-rfzlxPicbiiej.html |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaala Movie First Day First Show Celebrated by Superstar Fans at Kasi Theatre |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-first-day-first-show-celebrated-by-superstar-fans-at-kasi-theatre--kaala-fdfs-celebrations--fans-reaction9087/ |work=PakkaTv |date=7 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616172814/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-first-day-first-show-celebrated-by-superstar-fans-at-kasi-theatre--kaala-fdfs-celebrations--fans-reaction9087/ |archive-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaala Movie Public Opinion |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-public-opinion--kaala-movie-public-review--rajinikanth-nana-patekarpa-ranjith-dhansuh9088/ |work=PakkaTv |date=7 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140158/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-public-opinion--kaala-movie-public-review--rajinikanth-nana-patekarpa-ranjith-dhansuh9088/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaala Movie Review by Praveena |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-review-by-praveena--rajinis-answer-to-politics-rajini-nana-patekar-pa-ranjith-kaala-review9089/ |work=PakkaTv |date=7 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616172814/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-review-by-praveena--rajinis-answer-to-politics-rajini-nana-patekar-pa-ranjith-kaala-review9089/ |archive-date=16 June 2018 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Following the announcement of the film, Wunderbar Films sought to cast [[Vidya Balan]] in a leading role, but the actress turned down the offer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/we-will-know-in-a-while-vidya-on-working-with-rajinikanth/articleshow/57400160.cms |title=We will know in a while: Vidya on working with Rajinikanth |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 March 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625123709/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/we-will-know-in-a-while-vidya-on-working-with-rajinikanth/articleshow/57400160.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Actress [[Huma Qureshi]] was later added to the cast in early May 2017 to feature in a role opposite Rajinikanth.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/huma-qureshi-to-star-opposite-rajinikanth/article18465626.ece |title=Huma Qureshi to star opposite Rajinikanth |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625123709/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/huma-qureshi-to-star-opposite-rajinikanth/article18465626.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-what-huma-qureshi-has-to-say-on-starring-opposite-rajinikanth/articleshow/58801395.cms |title=Rajinikanth: Here's what Huma Qureshi has to say on starring opposite Rajinikanth! |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528071852/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-what-huma-qureshi-has-to-say-on-starring-opposite-rajinikanth/articleshow/58801395.cms |archive-date=28 May 2017}}</ref> Marathi actress [[Anjali Patil]] also announced that she would be playing an important role in the film through a post on her official [[Twitter]] account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/anjali-patil-in-rajnikanths-kaala/articleshow/58838549.cms |title=Rajnikanth: This Marathi actress will be paired with Rajinikanth |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529083300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/anjali-patil-in-rajnikanths-kaala/articleshow/58838549.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Several members of the technical crew of ''Kabali'' were retained for ''Kaala'', with [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] replacing [[Praveen K. L.]] as the film's editor during its pre-production stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/08/editor-praveen-kl-out-of-ranjiths-film-1602603.html |title=Editor Praveen KL out of Ranjith's film? |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=9 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625123709/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/08/editor-praveen-kl-out-of-ranjiths-film-1602603.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bollywood actor [[Nana Patekar]] has been signed to play a politician who is the antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290517/kaala-goes-on-floors.html |title=Kaala goes on floors |date=29 May 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529085848/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/290517/kaala-goes-on-floors.html |archive-date=29 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120617/nana-patekar-plays-a-politician.html |title=Nana Patekar plays a politician |date=12 June 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612065210/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120617/nana-patekar-plays-a-politician.html |archive-date=12 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150717/kaala-to-be-shot-in-chennai.html |title=Kaala to be shot in Chennai |date=15 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715033738/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150717/kaala-to-be-shot-in-chennai.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> For the role of Kaala's wife, [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] was considered before [[Easwari Rao]] was confirmed.<ref>{{cite news |title=I am too old for Vijay, too young for Rajinikanth: Kasthuri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/22/i-am-too-old-for-vijay-too-young-for-rajinikanth-kasthuri-1619372.html |access-date=12 August 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 June 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811215012/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/22/i-am-too-old-for-vijay-too-young-for-rajinikanth-kasthuri-1619372.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Dileepan (Tamil actor)|Dileepan]] of ''[[Vathikuchi]]'' fame is playing as one of the sons of Rajnikanth and Huma Qureshi is playing Zareena, Rajnikanth's ex-girlfriend.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050717/dileepan-plays-rajinikanths-son.html |title=Dileepan plays Rajinikanth's son |date=5 July 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704205509/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050717/dileepan-plays-rajinikanths-son.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thanga Sela – Video Song |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/cine-songs/thanga-sela--video-song--kaala-tamil--rajinikanth--pa-ranjith--santhosh-narayanan--dhanush9116/ |work=PakkaTv |date=11 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140630/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/cine-songs/thanga-sela--video-song--kaala-tamil--rajinikanth--pa-ranjith--santhosh-narayanan--dhanush9116/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 }}</ref> It was rumoured that [[Mammootty]] was signed in to play the role of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] in the film, but was proved to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mammootty as Ambedkar in Rajnikanth's Kaala?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-as-ambedkar-in-rajnikanths-kaala/articleshow/58927794.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703012101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-as-ambedkar-in-rajnikanths-kaala/articleshow/58927794.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=No clarity over inclusion of Mammootty in 'Kaala'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-clarity-over-inclusion-of-mammootty-in-kaala/articleshow/58998477.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224021754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-clarity-over-inclusion-of-mammootty-in-kaala/articleshow/58998477.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Dopeadelicz, a rap team from Dharavi, joined the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A rap team from Mumbai is now a part of Rajinikanth's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-rap-team-from-mumbai-is-now-a-part-of-rajinikanths-film/articleshow/60450001.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=12 May 2020 |last1=Sundar |first1=Mrinalini |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704211543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-rap-team-from-mumbai-is-now-a-part-of-rajinikanths-film/articleshow/60450001.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Shooting of this film started on 28 May 2017 at Mumbai and the lead actor [[Rajinikanth]] participated in this first schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-leaves-for-mumbai-to-shoot-for-kaala-4677319/ |title=Rajinikanth leaves for Mumbai to shoot for Kaala |date=28 May 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528053537/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-leaves-for-mumbai-to-shoot-for-kaala-4677319/ |archive-date=28 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rajinikanth-leaves-for-mumbai-to-shoot-for-kaala-2453080 |title=Rajinikanth leaves for Mumbai to shoot for 'Kaala' |date=27 May 2017 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=28 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527153833/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-rajinikanth-leaves-for-mumbai-to-shoot-for-kaala-2453080 |archive-date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/thalaivar-164-rajinikanth-pa-ranjith-huma-qureshi-dhanush-978863-2017-05-24 |title=Thalaivar 164: Rajinikanth heads to Mumbai for his next with Pa Ranjith : Celebrities, News |work=India Today |date=24 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525161006/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/thalaivar-164-rajinikanth-pa-ranjith-huma-qureshi-dhanush/1/961539.html |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280517/amid-talk-of-his-political-career-rajinikanth-arrives-in-mumbai-to-shoot-for-kaala.html |title=Amid talk on his political career, Rajinikanth arrives in Mumbai to shoot for Kaala |date=28 May 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528071233/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280517/amid-talk-of-his-political-career-rajinikanth-arrives-in-mumbai-to-shoot-for-kaala.html |archive-date=28 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/28/rajinikanths-kaala-karikaalan-starts-rolling-1609991.html |title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala Karikaalan' starts rolling |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528080628/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/28/rajinikanths-kaala-karikaalan-starts-rolling-1609991.html |archive-date=28 May 2017}}</ref> It was known that the film was shot at real locations in Mumbai, including Dharavi, CTS and [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lakshmi|first=V|date=30 May 2017|title=Rajinikanth shoots at real locations in Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajinikanth-shoots-at-real-locations-in-mumbai/articleshow/58896214.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=3 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603004248/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajinikanth-shoots-at-real-locations-in-mumbai/articleshow/58896214.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to heavy rains in Mumbai, Karthikraja, a student from Dharavi residing in Ganesh Mandir helped a lot in exploring Dharavi in all the fields and also made available all permissions that was a great help to the Production and Direction team from a student. The team had taken a break and erected a set at Chennai with Mumbai as its backdrop.

[[Anand Mahindra]], chairman and managing director of [[Mahindra Group]], was interested in the jeep which was used in the first look poster of this movie. He tweeted that he would love to acquire that jeep for his company's auto museum.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/anand-mahindra-wants-to-acquire-the-jeep-used-in-kaala-first-look-for-their-companys-auto-museum.html |title=Anand Mahindra wants to acquire the jeep used in Kaala first look for their company's auto museum |date=29 May 2017 |work=Behindwoods |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602095347/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/anand-mahindra-wants-to-acquire-the-jeep-used-in-kaala-first-look-for-their-companys-auto-museum.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mumbai]] schedule of the film, was completed on 29 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Kaala' Mumbai schedule to wrap up on Thursday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-mumbai-schedule-to-wrap-up-on-thursday/articleshow/59349733.cms|date=28 June 2017|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328070005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-mumbai-schedule-to-wrap-up-on-thursday/articleshow/59349733.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also known that the second schedule of the film has been affected due to a strike organised by [[Film Employees Federation of South India]], which has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Second schedule of Kaala to begin this month-end?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/second-schedule-of-kaala-to-begin-this-month-end/articleshow/59435921.cms|date=4 July 2017|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901054021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/second-schedule-of-kaala-to-begin-this-month-end/articleshow/59435921.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=FEFSI strike affects film shoots|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fefsi-strike-affects-film-shoots/articleshow/60322108.cms|date=1 September 2017|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fefsi-strike-affects-film-shoots/articleshow/60322108.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Dubbing ===
On 27 December 2017, [[Pa. Ranjith]] initiated the dubbing process with a formal pooja at Knack Studios in Chennai. Initially scheduled for December 2017, Rajinikanth's dubbing was postponed due to a six-day-long fan meet held from 26 to 31 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2018 |title=Rajinikanth starts dubbing for Pa Ranjith's Kaala; final cut to be ready by February, released locked for August |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-starts-dubbing-for-pa-ranjiths-kaala-final-cut-to-be-ready-by-february-released-locked-for-august-4313675.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2017 |title=Rajinikanth delayed dubbing for Kaala because of his fans? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/301217/rajinikanth-delayed-dubbing-for-kaala-because-of-his-fans.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Eventually, Rajinikanth commenced dubbing on 19 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2018 |title=Rajinikanth begins dubbing for gangster flick 'Kaala' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajinikanth-begins-dubbing-for-gangster-flick-kaala/articleshow/62591864.cms |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Patekar delivered his dialogues in Hindi, subsequently dubbed into Tamil. He explained, "Although dubbing is possible, the language isn't native, thus the expressions may not fully convey."<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Nana Patekar Shares 'Biggest Advantage' Of Being An Actor |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nana-patekar-shares-biggest-advantage-of-being-an-actor-news-320338 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> Patekar concluded his dubbing on 6 March 2018 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2018 |title=Rajinikanth's Kaala: Nana Patekar completes dubbing in Tamil and Hindi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nana-patekar-completes-dubbing-for-rajinikanth-kaala-1183116-2018-03-06 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2018 |title=Nana Patekar completes dubbing for Rajinikanth's Kaala |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/nana-patekar-completes-dubbing-for-rajinikanths-kaala.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Nana Patekar completes dubbing for Rajinikanth's Kaala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2018/Mar/06/nana-patekar-completes-dubbing-for-rajinikanths-kaala-1783075.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Kaala (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] in his second collaboration with actor [[Rajinikanth]] after ''[[Kabali]]'' and his fourth collaboration with director [[Pa. Ranjith]] after ''[[Attakathi]]'', '' [[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' and ''Kabali''. The soundtrack album consists of nine songs written by Kabilan, Umadevi, Arunraja Kamaraj, Arivu, Dopeadelicz, Logan and Roshan Jamrock. The audio launch event of Kaala took place on 9 May 2018, at [[YMCA College of Physical Education]], [[Chennai]] and the songs were simultaneously released on all streaming platforms.

== Release ==
There were many speculations regarding the release date of ''Kaala'',<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth's Kaala not to release for Pongal 2018|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-not-to-release-for-pongal-2018/articleshow/61356948.cms|date=31 October 2017|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-not-to-release-for-pongal-2018/articleshow/61356948.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which is known that the film is scheduled to release before ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'', another [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Will Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' release before '2.0'?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-rajinikanths-kaala-release-before-2-0/articleshow/62817696.cms|date=7 February 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902184924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-rajinikanths-kaala-release-before-2-0/articleshow/62817696.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2018, the film's producer Dhanush, announced that the film is scheduled to release on 27 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' to release on April 27, confirms Dhanush|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-to-release-on-april-27-confirms-dhanush/articleshow/62871396.cms|date=11 February 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101064249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-to-release-on-april-27-confirms-dhanush/articleshow/62871396.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth's Kaala to be out on April 27|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-to-be-out-on-april-27/articleshow/62871504.cms|date=13 February 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425235958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-to-be-out-on-april-27/articleshow/62871504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the film's release was postponed due to the standoff between [[Nadigar Sangam]] and Digital Service Providers, on the increase of [[Virtual Print Fee]] charges,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Is the release of 'Kaala' getting postponed?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-the-release-of-kaala-getting-postponed/articleshow/63555982.cms|date=31 March 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718183632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-the-release-of-kaala-getting-postponed/articleshow/63555982.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Uncertainty over Rajinikanth's Kaala's release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/uncertainty-over-rajinikanths-kaalas-release/articleshow/63581945.cms|last=Jayakrishnan|date=2 April 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815105853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/uncertainty-over-rajinikanths-kaalas-release/articleshow/63581945.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by the [[2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing|2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing issue]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth-starrer, 'Kaala' will be delayed?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajinikanth-starrer-kaala-will-be-delayed/articleshow/63398740.cms|last=Jayakrishnan|date=21 March 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajinikanth-starrer-kaala-will-be-delayed/articleshow/63398740.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was released on 7 June 2018,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=Papri|date=21 April 2018|title=It's confirmed! Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' to release on June 7|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-confirmed-rajinikanths-kaala-to-release-on-june-7/articleshow/63856630.cms|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815105852/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-confirmed-rajinikanths-kaala-to-release-on-june-7/articleshow/63856630.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] receiving a U/A certificate,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth's Kaala gets U/A certificate with 14 cuts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-gets-u/a-certificate-with-14-cuts/articleshow/63640434.cms|date=6 April 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-gets-u/a-certificate-with-14-cuts/articleshow/63640434.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with 14 cuts and a runtime of 166 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' runtime locked!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-runtime-locked/articleshow/64272614.cms|date=22 May 2018|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815105856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-runtime-locked/articleshow/64272614.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in more than 1,800 theatres in India.<ref name="Deccan Kaala release">{{Cite news |date=7 June 2018 |title=It's Kaala time at last! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070618/its-kaala-time-at-last.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615113916/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070618/its-kaala-time-at-last.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Kaala was released in more than 700 screens in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Govardhan|first=D|date=5 June 2018|title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' to open big in Tamil Nadu on Thursday despite hiccups|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-to-open-big-in-tamil-nadu-on-thursday-despite-hiccups-kaala-release-date/articleshow/64474189.cms|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110142722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-to-open-big-in-tamil-nadu-on-thursday-despite-hiccups-kaala-release-date/articleshow/64474189.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It recorded lowest advance bookings, a first time for a Rajinikanth starrer.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Kaala' records lowest advance booking for a Rajinikanth film|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/XyWSVx6Clv75biWjigapdI/Kaala-records-lowest-advance-booking-for-a-Rajinikanth-fil.html|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=6 June 2018|work=Livemint|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004905/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/XyWSVx6Clv75biWjigapdI/Kaala-records-lowest-advance-booking-for-a-Rajinikanth-fil.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Kaala'' is the first Indian film ever to be released in [[Saudi Arabia]], following the country lifting its ban on public theatres in December 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=7 June 2018 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' becomes first Indian film to release in Saudi Arabia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-becomes-first-indian-film-to-release-in-saudi-arabia/articleshow/64491924.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702033626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-becomes-first-indian-film-to-release-in-saudi-arabia/articleshow/64491924.cms |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=8 June 2018 |title='Kaala' Becomes First Indian Film to Be Released in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/kaala-becomes-first-indian-film-be-released-saudi-arabia-1118363 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609224542/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kaala-becomes-first-indian-film-be-released-saudi-arabia-1118363 |archive-date=9 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's title poster was launched on 24 May 2017.<ref name=":4" /> The first look posters featuring Rajinikanth, were released on 25 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Pratibha|last=Devasenapathy|date=25 May 2017|title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala Karikaalan' first look out: Dhanush reveals the poster|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-karikaalan-first-look-out-dhanush-reveals-the-poster/articleshow/58841099.cms|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824101249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-karikaalan-first-look-out-dhanush-reveals-the-poster/articleshow/58841099.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Kaala' first look: Rajinikanth's ferocious avatar will give you goosebumps|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-first-look-rajinikanths-ferocious-avatar-will-give-you-goosebumps/articleshow/58842841.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810165811/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-first-look-rajinikanths-ferocious-avatar-will-give-you-goosebumps/articleshow/58842841.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 December 2017, coinciding with Rajinikanth's 67th birthday, the makers unveiled a new poster from ''Kaala''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#Kaala New Poster|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/940288217630195714|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=11 December 2017|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104345/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/940288217630195714|url-status=live}}</ref>

The official Instagram page for Kaala was launched on 28 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Follow #Kaala on Instagram|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/968400849897644033|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=27 February 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104346/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/968400849897644033|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's official teaser was supposed to be released on 1 March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#Kaala Teaser from March 1st|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/967250612940255237|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=23 February 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> But the teaser was delayed, as in order to pay tribute to Jayendra Saraswati Shankaracharya, following his demise, and the teaser was uploaded on [[YouTube]], the same day midnight.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' teaser postponed to March 2, tweets Dhanush|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanths-kaala-teaser-postponed-to-march-2-tweets-dhanush/articleshow/63123664.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=17 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717020915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanths-kaala-teaser-postponed-to-march-2-tweets-dhanush/articleshow/63123664.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' teaser|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-teaser/articleshow/63134689.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304124806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-kaala-teaser/articleshow/63134689.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The teaser which released in Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu, got 14 million views, within its release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#KaalaTeaser crossed 14M YouTube Views & marching ahead steady!|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/969839876827836416|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=2 March 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>

The official merchandise of ''Kaala'' was launched by Cover It Up on 4 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shop the official merchandise of #Kaala here|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/992272005402542080|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=3 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> A new Hindi poster, of Kaala was released on 19 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Presenting a brand new Hindi poster of #Kaala. Movie Releasing on June 7th.|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/997702182043463681|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=18 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> A contest was announced by the makers, for their fans to dress up like Kaala, and take a picture of it, and post it on twitter using the hashtag #IamKaala, and tagging the, official account of production house, where the lucky winners, would get the official merchandise of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#IamKaala. Dress up like #Kaala, snap a picture and share it with us! Use hashtag #IAMKAALA & tag us! Lucky winners will get the Official merchandise of #Kaala.|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/998511219114893313|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=21 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> The makers released a new Twitter emoji for ''Kaala'', becoming the second South Indian film, to do so, after ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|title=#TheKingArrives on Twitter!!! #KAALA EMOJI, because our #KaalaKarikaalan has next level swag. Try it out|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1000964339849879552|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=27 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104345/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1000964339849879552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=After 'Mersal', Rajinikanth's 'Kaala' gets character emoji on Twitter|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-mersal-rajinikanths-kaala-gets-character-emoji-on-twitter/articleshow/64352676.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-mersal-rajinikanths-kaala-gets-character-emoji-on-twitter/articleshow/64352676.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The official trailer was released on 28 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here is the much anticipated #KaalaTrailer.|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1001100213820391429|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=28 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104349/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1001100213820391429|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers released a set making video of the Dharavi backdrop in Chennai on 1 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Making of #Kaala Sets @rajinikanth @beemji @dhanushkraja @vinod_offl #காலா #కాలా #कालाकरिकालन|number=1002452194501713920|date=1 June 2018|user=wunderbarfilms|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> The film's pre-release event took place at [[Novotel]] in [[Hyderabad]] on 4 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get ready for the MEGA #KaalaPreReleaseEvent Live from 7pm|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1003604693950423040|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=4 June 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=et|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104346/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1003604693950423040|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Kaala' pre-release event: Rajinikanth gets nostalgic with Telugu audience|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kaala-pre-release-event-rajinikanth-gets-nostalgic-with-telugu-audience/articleshow/64461426.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815105849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kaala-pre-release-event-rajinikanth-gets-nostalgic-with-telugu-audience/articleshow/64461426.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

After ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016), multiple brands join once again with Kaala,<ref>{{Cite web|title=After 'Kabali', multiple brands join hands with Rajinikanth's 'Kaala'!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/after-kabali-multiple-brands-join-hands-with-rajinikanth-s-kaala-news-tamil-sfbkNShfbjibj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501135928/http://www.sify.com/movies/after-kabali-multiple-brands-join-hands-with-rajinikanth-s-kaala-news-tamil-sfbkNShfbjibj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2018|date=1 May 2018|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> which includes [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=We are glad to announce that "@airtelindia" is our Official Telecom Partner for #Kaala.|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/992337601309757442|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=4 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323182353/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/992337601309757442|url-status=live}}</ref> [[5 Star (chocolate)|Cadbury 5 Star]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=We are glad to announce that "@Cadbury5Star" is one of our Official Brand Partner for #Kaala. @rajinikanth @beemji @dhanushkraja @Music_Santhosh @vinod_offl @humasqureshi @thondankani @LycaProductions @divomovies|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/990911909443469312|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=30 April 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104343/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/990911909443469312|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nippon Paint]] and [[Havells]]. Airtel announced exclusive caller pack, and a new Airtel sim card, imprinted with a still of Rajinikanth from the film.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=. @airtelindia rolls out #Kaala experience for Thalaivar fans. Exclusive Content and a Ticket Contest on Airtel TV app. Special Unlimited Calling Packs & SIM Pack with KAALA collectible calendar. Grab it Now!|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/999278977964359686|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=23 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104348/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/999278977964359686|url-status=live}}</ref> The company had also made essential requirements, to stream the audio launch and trailer,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Now, you can watch #Kaala official Trailer on Airtel TV. @airtelindia|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1001421307525787649|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=29 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323182412/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/1001421307525787649|url-status=live}}</ref> through the Airtel TV app,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch #KaalaAudioLaunch on Airtel TV app|url=https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/994871795596648451|last=Films|first=Wunderbar|date=11 May 2018|website=@wunderbarfilms|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709041259/https://twitter.com/wunderbarfilms/status/994871795596648451|url-status=live}}</ref> and also a ticket contest, was held for fans.<ref name=":5" /> Nippon Paint launched a new contest called "Shades of Kaala", through their official [[Facebook]] page, through which the fans can get couple passes and floppies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's time for Rajinikanth mania once again|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/it%27s-time-for-rajinikanth-mania-once-again-90372.html|website=Exchange4media|date=6 June 2018 |access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104343/https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/it%27s-time-for-rajinikanth-mania-once-again-90372.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Karuppu uzhaipin vannam," says Superstar in Kaala. And the statement can't be any truer. It's a color that defines strength, courage and hard work, and it demands respect. Everything that's applicable to the working class.|url=https://twitter.com/nipponindia/status/1005646348954169345?lang=en|last=India|first=Nippon Paint|date=9 June 2018|website=@nipponindia|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104344/https://twitter.com/nipponindia/status/1005646348954169345?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
K. Rajashekaran of GSR Vinmeen Creations filed a case claiming the title of this film against Pa Ranjith, Rajnikanth and Dhanush. His allegation was that he had registered the title ''Kaarikalan'' with the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kaala gets embroiled in plagiarism controversy|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-gets-embroiled-in-plagiarism-controversy/articleshow/58912184.cms|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823202931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-gets-embroiled-in-plagiarism-controversy/articleshow/58912184.cms|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajini's Kaala Title Controversy|work=Cine Josh|url=http://www.cinejosh.com/news/2/53809/rajini-kaala-title-controversy.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713041948/http://www.cinejosh.com/news/2/53809/rajini-kaala-title-controversy.html|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> In response, Wunderbar Films filed a counter-affidavit saying the story was written by Pa Ranjith and the title ''Kaala'' is registered by M/s Mini Studio, a sister concern of Wunderbar Films, with [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] on 24 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=Kaala plagiarism row: Director Ranjith has penned script, Rajinikanth tells court|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210717/director-ranjith-penned-kaala-says-rajinikanth.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721054822/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210717/director-ranjith-penned-kaala-says-rajinikanth.html|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

The film's release in [[Karnataka]] was banned by the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce after Rajinikanth made statements supporting Tamil Nadu's claims in the [[Kaveri River water dispute]] during the [[2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajinikanth-starrer 'Kaala' may not release in Karnataka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-starrer-kaala-may-not-release-in-karnataka/articleshow/64368118.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825115836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-starrer-kaala-may-not-release-in-karnataka/articleshow/64368118.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ban on 'Kaala' movie- Producers move Karnataka high court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ban-on-kaala-movie-producers-move-karnataka-high-court/articleshow/64452343.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|last1=Kumar|first1=P. Vasanth|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825115329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ban-on-kaala-movie-producers-move-karnataka-high-court/articleshow/64452343.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film distributor's office in Karnataka was vandalised by [[Kannada people|pro-Kannada]] activists as well.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Kaala' distributor's office attacked in Bengaluru|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-distributors-office-attacked-in-bengaluru/articleshow/64477455.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaala-distributors-office-attacked-in-bengaluru/articleshow/64477455.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was ultimately released in Karnataka, after an order by the [[Karnataka High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Violence looms ahead of Kaala release in Karnataka|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/violence-looms-ahead-of-kaala-release-in-karnataka/article24097959.ece|website=@businessline|date=6 June 2018|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721035913/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/violence-looms-ahead-of-kaala-release-in-karnataka/article24097959.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Kaala' to release in Karnataka after high court order|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/film-federation-seeks-steps-release-kaala-karnataka-673240.html|date=4 June 2018|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926084838/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/film-federation-seeks-steps-release-kaala-karnataka-673240.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Kaala'' later faced calls for banning in Norway and Switzerland after Rajinikanth labelled protestors of the [[Thoothukudi violence]] as "anti-social elements".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The latest news is Superstar fans are suffering from Kaala fever|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050618/the-latest-news-is-superstar-fans-are-suffering-from-kaala-fever.html|date=5 June 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410070436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050618/the-latest-news-is-superstar-fans-are-suffering-from-kaala-fever.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaala ban: governments should ensure that art isn't held hostage by politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/kaala-ban-governments-should-ensure-that-art-isn-t-held-hostage-by-politics/story-DSnW0BR2oHPoE0KE16ihiJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310053949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/kaala-ban-governments-should-ensure-that-art-isn-t-held-hostage-by-politics/story-DSnW0BR2oHPoE0KE16ihiJ.html |archive-date=10 March 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=24 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="Critics">{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/tamil-movies-kaala-box-office-update-rajinikanths-latest-offering-starts-picking-up-at-the-ticket-windows-3101544/|title=Rajinikanth's Kaala Witnesses an Upward Trend at the Box Office|date=9 June 2018|website=India.com|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306131904/https://www.india.com/entertainment/tamil-movies-kaala-box-office-update-rajinikanths-latest-offering-starts-picking-up-at-the-ticket-windows-3101544/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kaala-rajinikanth-box-office-worldwide-100-crores-report|title=Rajinikanth's Kaala Grosses More Than Rs 100 Crore Worldwide In Just 4 Days|date=11 June 2018|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815104349/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kaala-rajinikanth-box-office-worldwide-100-crores-report|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=57|count=14|average=6|ref=yes}}

''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and stated that Ranjith owes to his excellent technical crew for "helping him visualise and deliver this 51% Rajini-49% Ranjith movie".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaala/movie-review/64485990.cms |title=Kabali (aka) Kaala review |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609001828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaala/movie-review/64485990.cms |archive-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 and said that "Ranjith stays true to his objective. The traces of what we saw in ''Kabali'' have been fleshed out and beautifully embellished".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaala-review-rajinikanth-rating-5207473/ |title=Kaala review |date=9 June 2018 |access-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609030941/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaala-review-rajinikanth-rating-5207473/ |archive-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref> [[NDTV]] rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars and stated that Kaala is out and out a director's film with a strong political core. Rajinikanth, in a toned-down avatar, is a bonus.'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kaala-movie-review-rajinikanth-enough-said-3-stars-out-of-5-1864232 |title='Kaala Movie Review |date=8 June 2018 |access-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610221948/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kaala-movie-review-rajinikanth-enough-said-3-stars-out-of-5-1864232 |archive-date=10 June 2018 }}</ref> Meanwhile, ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticised the movie for its political elements and rated the film 2 out of 5, stating "an underwhelming film made for Rajinikanth, the politician. It’s difficult to think of ''Kaala'' as a film that was written for a star who claims to have had no political ambitions at the time. Now that he has become a politician, it’s Rajni the superstar that we long to see".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaala-review-an-underwhelming-film-made-for-rajinikanth-the-politician/article24101877.ece |title=Kabali review: The Hindu |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616172814/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaala-review-an-underwhelming-film-made-for-rajinikanth-the-politician/article24101877.ece |archive-date=16 June 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |last1=Menon |first1=Vishal }}</ref> The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave its ratings as 4 out of 5 for the movie, stating "Rajinikanth lends his voice to Pa Ranjith’s political viewpoint".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-review-a-near-perfect-pa-ranjith-film-starring-rajinikanth/story-h7aLJ3GGernKjbsIdcP8ON.html|title=Kaala Movie Review|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609065942/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/kaala-movie-review-a-near-perfect-pa-ranjith-film-starring-rajinikanth/story-h7aLJ3GGernKjbsIdcP8ON.html |date=9 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected {{INRConvert|112.2|c}} at the worldwide box office in the first weekend. The film collected {{INRConvert|39.5|c}} in the international box office. The film collected {{INRConvert|4.8|c}} in [[Telangana]], {{INRConvert|6.2|c}} in [[Andhra Pradesh]], {{INRConvert|44.8|c}} in [[Tamil Nadu]], {{INRConvert|8.3|c}} in [[Karnataka]], {{INRConvert|4|c}} in [[Kerala]], {{INRConvert|4.6|c}} in the Rest of India, {{INRConvert|72.7|c}} in [[India]], {{INRConvert|11|c}} in [[United States]], {{INRConvert|4.8|c}} in [[UAE]], {{INRConvert|2.3|c}} in [[Australia]]/[[New Zealand]], {{INRConvert|1.4|c}} in [[UK]] and the rest is estimated as {{INRConvert|20|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kaala-box-office-collections-pa-ranjith-and-rajinikanths-film-rakes-in-rs-112-2-cr-worldwide-in-its-first-weekend/articleshow/64556328.cms|title='Kaala' box office collections: Pa Ranjith and Rajinikanth's film rakes in Rs 112.2 Cr worldwide in its first weekend|website=The Times Of India|date=13 June 2018|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818134244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/kaala-box-office-collections-pa-ranjith-and-rajinikanths-film-rakes-in-rs-112-2-cr-worldwide-in-its-first-weekend/articleshow/64556328.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>''Kaala'' had a worldwide gross of {{INR|159.56 crore}} at the end of its theatrical run. It also collected {{INR|75.1 crore}} for its global distributors, who shelled out {{INR|165 crore}} on its theatrical rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaala-total-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-incurs-huge-losses-distributors-775706|title=Kaala total worldwide box office collection: Rajinikanth starrer incurs huge losses to distributors|website=International Business Times|date=22 July 2018|access-date=12 October 2019|archive-date=12 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012134617/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaala-total-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-incurs-huge-losses-distributors-775706|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="1" |16 December 2018
| rowspan="1" | Behindwoods Gold Medal
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Easwari Rao]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="1" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-winners-for-behindwoods-gold-medals-iconic-edition/gouri-kishan-best-debut-actor.html|title=List of Winners for BGM Iconic Edition|date=16 December 2018|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228035031/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/list-of-winners-for-behindwoods-gold-medals-iconic-edition/gouri-kishan-best-debut-actor.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" | 5 January 2019
| rowspan="5" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Easwari Rao]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2019-jan-09/ananda-vikatan-awards/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018.html|title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை|date=3 January 2019|access-date=3 January 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210250/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2019-jan-09/ananda-vikatan-awards/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Best Dialogue
| [[Pa. Ranjith]]<br />Makizhnan B. M.<br />Aadhavan Dheetchanya
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Stunt Director
| [[Dhilip Subbarayan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Villain — Male
| [[Nana Patekar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 16 August 2019
| rowspan="2" | [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| [[Easwari Rao]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |access-date=24 December 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| [[Samuthirakani]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Pooja |title=SIIMA 2019 FULL nominations list out! Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha Akkineni and others bag top honours |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922 |access-date=24 December 2019 |work=timesnownews.com |date=18 July 2019 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722163532/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-2019-full-nominations-list-out-vijay-sethupathi-samantha-akkineni-and-others-bag-top-honours/455922 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=6929642}}
{{Wunderbar Films}}
{{Pa. Ranjith}}
{{Lyca Productions}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action drama films]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pa. Ranjith]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Film censorship in Norway]]
[[Category:Urbanisation in India]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:2010s political action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 controversies]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Dewan of Mysore

2026-03-25T03:35:56Z

VirgilioBrereton: Stub.

{{Short description|Prime minister of the Kingdom of Mysore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Dewan
| body = the Kingdom of Mysore
| native_name = ದಿವಾನರು
| style = The Honourable [[Dewan Bahadur]]
| reports_to = [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| status = Abolished
| appointer = [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| termlength = 4 years or at the pleasure of the Maharaja
| precursor = Dalvoy
| abolished = 1950
| first = [[Purnaiah|K. Purnaiah]]
| last = [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar|Sir A.R. Mudaliar]]
| succession = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Mysore]]
| seat = [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| formation = 1782
}}

The '''dewan of Mysore''' (sometimes spelled '''diwan''') was the ''de facto'' chief executive officer of the Government of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] (now [[Government of Karnataka]]), ''ex officio'' chairman of the Dewan's Council (now [[Government of Karnataka#Cabinet|Cabinet]]), and the prime minister and royal adviser to the [[maharaja of Mysore]]. The role evolved in title and duties since the foundation of the fiefdom of Mysore in 1350 and its proper reformation into a kingdom in the following centuries until the kingdom's full abolishment in 1950. With the [[Republic Day (India)|constitution of India into a republic]] in 1950, the position was replaced by [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Mysore]] (later renamed Chief Minister of [[Karnataka]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The statesman's year-book : statistical and historical annual of the states of the world for the year 1957 |date=1957 |publisher=Macmillan |others=S. H. Steinberg, Palgrave Connect |isbn=978-0-230-27086-2 |edition=94th annual publication, rev. after official returns |location=London |pages=186 |oclc=609408233}}</ref>

From offering minor political advice to the monarch as ''amatya'' ([[Sanskrit]] for minister) like in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] to later acting as a major military chieftain as ''dalvoy''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dallapiccola |first=A. L. |date=July 1997 |title=Mysore royal Dasara. By Swami Sivapriyananda, photographs by Gajendra Singh Auwa pp. 160, 137 col. illus. New Delhi, Abhinav Publications, 1995. Rs 1800. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300009044 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=306–307 |doi=10.1017/s1356186300009044 |s2cid=162104644 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ([[Kannada]] for military chief) like in other [[South India|southern]] kingdoms to being the head of the government as ''[[dewan]]'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]/[[Urdu]] for accountant or chief adviser) like in the [[Ottoman Empire]], the role has transmuted in powers over time.

From being handpicked by the monarch to being elected through popular suffrage, the mode of appointment and appointer also changed.{{Mysore Kingdom series}}

== Formation and abolishment ==

=== Dalvoy ===
Until the mid-18th century, the role of the monarch's adviser was known as dalvoy, also spelled as dalavay or dalvi, under the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Wadiyars]]. The word dalvoy is a vernacular form of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''dalapati'' (commander-in-chief).

Owing to the deposition of Maharaja [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II]] by his own dalvoy [[Hyder Ali]] and his assumption as the supreme leader in 1761, until after Ali's son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] was briefly in that position, the role of dalvoy became abandoned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sivramkrishna |first=Sashi |title=The curse of Talakad : resituating and recontextualizing a legend in history |date=2005 |publisher=Rupa & Co |isbn=81-291-0836-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=42 |oclc=63164586}}</ref>
=== Dewan ===
After Ali's death in 1782, Tipu assumed absolute over Mysore and officially created the office of the Dewan of Mysore when he made his longtime childhood friend and his father's aide [[Purnaiah|K. Purnaiah]] his adviser and a military strategist. Tipu considerably de-recognised the maharajas and the role of dewan was gradually ever more codified into government. The role as dewan became so popular under Tipu that later on, [[Princely state|Princely India]] created the role and the title in their governments, such as Dewan of Kashmir, [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Travancore]], [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Baroda State|Baroda]], [[Diwan of Indore|Indore]], ''etc''.

After Tipu's death in 1799, [[British Raj|British India]] installed [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] as the maharaja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SARMAH |first=DIPAK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o7ODwAAQBAJ |title=FORESTRY IN INDIA DURING BRITISH ERA: KARNATAKA CASE-STUDY |date=2020-02-05 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64783-681-8 |language=en |chapter=4}}</ref> The Wadiyars continued appointing to the role of dewan after resumption of power, starting with Purnaiah himself being continued.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Moti Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwEhAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Modern India |date=1970 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |pages=261 |language=en}}</ref> Under the maharajas, it became one of the most venerable, esteemed, and celebrated leadership roles in princely India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=H S Gururaja |title=My Life, My Profession |date=2014 |publisher=Lulu Publishing Services |isbn=978-1-4834-1065-4 |location=S.l. |oclc=1152239695}}</ref>

=== Chief minister ===
In 1950, after the accession of the Kingdom of Mysore into the Republic of India, all titles and positions ascribed to the kingdom were abolished, including that of the dewan. It was replaced by Chief Minister of Mysore State, now renamed Chief Minister of Karnataka.<ref name=":0" />

The role as dewan remained active in Mysore through one sultan and four maharajas. There have been a total of 24 dewans and two acting dewans. Most dewans during the latter years were civil servants in the [[Indian Civil Service|Indian Imperial Service]] or Mysore Police Service.

== Dewans ==
{{Further|List of Dewans of Mysore}}
The first Dewan of Mysore was K. Purnaiah selected by Tipu, who served almost three decades from 1782 to 1811 and two rulers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Others |first=Muzaffar H. Syed & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |date=2022-02-20 |publisher=K. K. Publications |pages=352 |language=en}}</ref> The last dewan was [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar|A. R. Mudaliar]] under Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]], who served from 1946 to 1949. Other popular dewans of Mysore include [[C. V. Rungacharlu]], [[K. Seshadri Iyer]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Office |first=Great Britain India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VD46AQAAMAAJ |title=East India [Progress and Condition] Statement Exhibiting the Moral and Material Progress and Condition of India |date=1913 |language=en}}</ref> [[M. Visvesvaraya]], [[M. Kantharaj Urs]], and [[Mirza Ismail]].<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Purniya, Chief Minister of Mysore.tif|alt=|K. Purnaiah, the first dewan of Mysore
File:C. V. Rungacharlu.jpg|alt=|C. V. Rungacharlu, the 14th dewan of Mysore, who was instrumental in the Rendition of Mysore Act<ref>{{Cite book |last=D'Souza |first=Radha |title=Interstate disputes over Krishna waters : law, science and imperialism |date=2006 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-2910-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=147 |oclc=71801074}}</ref>
File:K.Sheshadri Iyer Statue, Cubbon Park, Bangalore.JPG|alt=|A statue of K Sheshadri Iyer in Bangalore. He was the 15th dewan of Mysore and was instrumental in Bangalore's public infrastructure development<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=Arun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtxxDAAAQBAJ |title=Seen & Unseen Bangalore |date=2016-06-20 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-86073-18-1 |language=en}}</ref>
File:Mokshagundam Visvesvaraiah 1960 stamp of India.jpg|alt=|M Visvesvaraya's centenary postage stamp. He was the 19th dewan of Mysore and was key to making Mysore a modern state<ref>{{Cite news |year=1917 |title=In the Public Eye |volume=35 |pages=68–76 |work=The Hindustan Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OpAAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>
File:Diwan Sir Mirza Ismail.jpg|alt=|[[Mirza Ismail]], the 22nd dewan of Mysore, mentored by Dewan [[M. Visvesvaraya]]. He was a close confidant of Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]] and helped thrive industries
File:Ramaswamy Mudaliar.jpg|alt=|[[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]], the 24th and last dewan of Mysore
</gallery>Many of the dewans are associated with several industrial, financial, public infrastructure, and educational initiatives undertaken during their terms. These initiatives include almost all works assigned by the king or undertaken by the dewans themselves. This includes activities like setting up and maintaining industries like dams for irrigation like hydroelectric power plants on the [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] and the [[Jog Falls]] in 1902, [[Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant]] in 1923, [[Krishna Raja Sagara]] in 1924, [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] in 1940, Mysore Lamps, Mysore Chemical and Fertilisers Factory, Mysore Paper Mills, [[Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited]], among others. [[Bangalore]] was the first city in [[India]] to get electric streetlights in 1905 under [[P. N. Krishnamurti]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bengaluru, Bangalore, Bengaluru : imaginations and their times |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE |others=Narendar Pani, Sindhu Radhakrishna, Kishor G. Bhat |isbn=978-81-321-0543-5 |location=Los Angeles |pages=117 |oclc=646068509}}</ref> The [[State Bank of Mysore]] was established in 1913 at M. Visvesvaraya's initiative.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=V. S. Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cvnUHRN-m4C |title=Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya: His Life and Work |date=1973 |publisher=Geetha Book House |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Diwans of Mysore|List of dewans of Mysore]]
* [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka]]
* [[List of Diwans of Travancore|List of dewans of Travancore]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|List of dewans of Hyderabad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mysore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dewans of Mysore| ]]

Mulug Assembly constituency

2026-03-18T05:26:24Z

VirgilioBrereton:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mulug
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (109-Mulug highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Mulug Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Dansari Anasuya (Seethakka)]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = 1,92,765
| incumbent_image = Danasari-Anasuya-Seethakka Garu.png
| constituency_no = 109
}}
'''Mulug Assembly constituency''' is an ST reserved constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. It is part of [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

It is the largest constituency in the state in terms of land size, characterized by its extensive forest cover and rural population, approximately 3,819 square kilometres. It has the highest share of rural population in the state, with approximately 96% of its residents living in rural areas.

[[Dansari Anasuya (Sithakka)|Dansari Anasuya (Seethakka)]] of [[Indian National Congress]] is currently representing the constituency. [[Azmeera Chandulal]], former Minister of [[List of cabinet ministers of Telangana|Tourism and Tribal Welfare of Telangana]], represented the constituency from 2014 to 2018.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!District
|-
| [[Mulug, Warangal|Mulug]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|-
| [[Venkatapur]]
|-
| [[Govindaraopet]]
|-
| [[Tadvai]]
|-
| [[Eturnagaram]]
|-
| [[Mangapet]]
|-
|[[Mulugu|Mulug]]
|-
| [[Kothaguda]]
|[[Mahabubabad district]]
|-
| [[Gangaram (Mahabubabad District)]]
| [[Mahabubabad district]]

|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|G. Hanumanth Rao
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|S. Rajeswar Rao
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Musinepalli Krishnaiah ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" |Santosh Chakravarthy ||{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=3|
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] ||rowspan="2" |Porika Jagan Naik
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Azmeera Chandulal|Azmeera Chandu Lal]]||{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] ||Porika Jagan Naik ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[Azmeera Chandulal]]|| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|-
| 1996★ || Cherpa Bhojarao
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|rowspan="2" |Podem Veeraiah
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Dansari Anasuya (Seethakka)]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Azmeera Chandulal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2|[[Seethakka|Dansari Anasuya (Seethakka)]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}
★by-election

== Election results ==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Mulug}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Seethakka | Anasuya Dansari (Seetakka)]]|votes= 1,02,267|percentage= 54.52|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Bade Nagajyothi]]|votes=68,567|percentage=36.55|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Azmeera Prahlad Naik|votes=5,388|percentage=2.87|change=}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India Marxist-Leninist|candidate= Sammakka Vajja|votes= 1538|percentage= 1.02|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Maddila Venkateshwarlu|votes=3,709|percentage=1.98|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Bangari Naresh|votes=483|percentage=0.002|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Gondwana Dandkaranya Party|candidate=Vajja Jyothi Basu|votes=190|percentage=0.0001|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bhukya Jampanna|votes=1,347|percentage= 1.05|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,937|percentage=1.03|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=33,700|percentage=17.97|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,87,583|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mulug<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135324/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=109 Mulug Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Seethakka|Anasuya Dansari (Seetakka)]] |votes=88,971 |percentage=52.71 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Azmeera Chandulal]]|votes=66,300|percentage=39.28 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Borra Laxminarayana|votes=3,348|percentage=1.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=3,249|percentage=1.92|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=22,671|percentage=13.43|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,68,780|percentage=82.75|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mulug<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135324/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=109 Mulug Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Azmeera Chandulal]]|votes=58,325 |percentage=38.16 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Podem Veeraiah|votes=41,926|percentage=27.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Seethakka|Anasuya Dansari (Seetakka)]]|votes=39,441 |percentage=25.81 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Digini Sammaiah|votes=2,415|percentage=1.58 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Lokini Sampath|votes=2,214|percentage=1.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,882|percentage=1.23|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=16,399|percentage=10.73|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,52,834|percentage=77.81|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mulug<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135324/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=109 Mulug Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Seethakka|Anasuya Dansari (Seetakka)]]|percentage=47.73|votes=64,285|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Podem Veeraiah|votes=45,510|percentage=33.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=K Jayaram|votes=10,471|percentage=7.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ajmira Krishnaveni|votes=3,714|percentage=2.76|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=18,775|percentage=13.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,34,674|percentage=76.03|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mulug<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135324/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=109 Mulug Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Podem Veeraiah]]
| votes = 55,687
| percentage = 47.05%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Seethakka|Anasuya Dansari (Seetakka)]]
| votes = 41,107
| percentage = 34.72%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Porika Jagan Naik
| votes = 11,216
| percentage = 9.47%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Others
| votes = 10,359
| percentage = 8.75%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,594
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,18,383
| percentage = %%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mulug<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135324/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=109 Mulug Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Podem Veeraiah]]
| votes = 60,166
| percentage = 54.03%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Azmeera Chandulal]]
| votes = 45,611
| percentage = 40.96%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Others
| candidate = Others
| votes = 5,589
| percentage = 5.02%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,555
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,11,366
| percentage = 71.19%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.19|79.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Mulugu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

Mithila State Movement

2026-03-15T14:50:42Z

VirgilioBrereton: Starting New Article...

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Movement for proposed separate Mithila state in India}}
'''Mithila State Movement''' is a movement advocating a separate [[Mithila (proposed Indian state)|Mithila]] state in [[India]].

== History ==
In 1902 AD, [[George Abraham Grierson]], an official of the [[British Raj|British Government]], prepared a map of Mithila by conducting a language-based survey in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=तीन सौ वर्ष पुरानी है मिथिला राज्य की अवधारणा - null |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/araria-9300932.html |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In 1921, Maharaja Rameshwar Singh of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]] raised the demand for a separate state of Mithila based on the concept of creating “a series of self-governing provinces and principalities federated by one central government.” <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=The Maithili movement |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article24200882.ece |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> In 1936, [[Odisha]] was separated from Bihar, but the demand of a separate Mithila state remained ignored. After the independence of India, the movement for the demand of separate Mithila state got further momentum by a number of political parties and their leaders.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Mithilesh Kumar |title=Maithili Language and the Movement, Part–II |date=2018-04-12 |work=Language Politics and Public Sphere in North India |pages=167–251 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32339/chapter/268585181 |access-date=2026-02-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780199479344.003.0005 |isbn=978-0-19-947934-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== 1990 - 2000 ===
In the March month of the year 1996, the [[Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti]] initiated a mass contact campaign in the favour for separation of Mithila state from the state of Bihar in India. Similarly, in the July month of the year, the ''Mithilanchal Vikash Congress'' demanded for formation of an ''autonomous development council'' for the Mithila region in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumāra |first=Braja Bihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Small_States_Syndrome_in_India.html?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC#v=snippet&q=Mithila%20Rajya%20Sangharsh%20Samiti&f=false |title=Small States Syndrome in India |date=1998 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-691-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000 - 2026 ===
In the year 2015, the then BJP's MP [[Kirti Azad]] demanded a separate Mithila state for Maithili speaking people, at the Parliament of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2015-07-19 |title=Kirti Azad demands a separate Mithila state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kirti-jha-azad-seperate-mithila-state-cricket-283221-2015-07-19 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Related organisations ==
The main role of Mithila State Movement is being done by 'Antarrashtriya Maithili Parishad', 'Mithila Rajya Nirman Sena', 'Sanyukta Mithila Rajya Sangharsh Samiti' '[[Mithila Student Union]]' and The Pro Maithils.<ref>{{Cite web |title=विशेष : मिथिला राज्य क्यों ? - Live Aaryaavart (लाईव आर्यावर्त) |url=https://www.liveaaryaavart.com/2014/01/mithila-rajya-kyon.html?m=1 |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.liveaaryaavart.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मैथिली परिषद ने मिथिला राज्य निर्माण को लेकर की बैठक |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/purnea-purnia-news-22749565.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-14 |title=Demonstration planned in Delhi for separate Mithila state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/demonstration-planned-in-delhi-for-separate-mithila-state/story-awHWAfJ7iY0G8yhNegTzJM.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Industrial ruins in Mithila ==
{{Main|Industrial ruins in Mithila region}}
In the earlier period, [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] was full of industrial estates. There were many industries in the region in regime of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]] Kingdom. These industries were flourishing the economy of the region. After the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]], the rule of [[Raj Darbhanga|Darbhanga Raj]] Kingdom ended and then the industrial estates of the region started gradually closing due to the negligence of the central government as well as state government of [[Bihar]]. The region was full of many sugar mills, cotton mills, paper industries, chocolate factories and many more agricultural industries. In the last three decades,{{clarify|Which decades?|date=September 2022}} due to the castism politics in [[Bihar]] by the leaders there, the agenda of industrial development got neglected and gradually industries got closed. Nowadays these industrial estates have become ruins. This led to the migrations of labours and human resources from the area to the [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan]] cities of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मधुबनी: पृथक मिथिला राज्य से ही मिथिलांचल का विकास संभव |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-madhubani-development-of-mithilanchal-is-possible-only-from-separate-mithila-state-22364286.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The sugar mills of [[Sakri, Madhubani|Sakari]], Lohat, Raiyam and [[Samastipur]] was very famous in the country. [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] was the bowl of sugar in India three decades ago. [[Hayaghat Assembly constituency|Hayaghat]] was famous for Ashok Paper Industry and similarly [[Pandaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaul]] was famous for Cotton mills. Purnea, Saharsa, Katihar, Muzaffarpur and, Darbhanga was famous for Jute industries since 1794 up to 1990.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Mithila Map.jpg|thumb|Proposed Map of Mithila State showing the districts of the proposed state.]]

== Tourism in Mithila ==
[[File:Janaki kund, Sitamarhi, Bihar.jpg|thumb|Janaki Kund, Birthplace of Sita, Parauna Dham, Sitamarhi, Mithila]]{{Main|Tourism in Mithila}}

[[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] is the part of [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]] and ancient Indian philosophy. {{citation needed|date=August 2022}}[[File:Ruins of Rajnagar Madhubani district.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Rajnagar Kingdom in Mithila]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

[[Category:History of social movements]]
[[Category:Regionalism in India]]
[[Category:History of the Mithila region]]

Syeda Naseem Chishti

2026-03-15T09:20:32Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting new entry from scratch

{{orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syeda Naseem Chishti
| birth_name = Syeda Naseem Fatima Chishti
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1947}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], United Provinces, India
| occupation = Litterateur, poet, novelist, lyricist and satirist
| known_for = Literature
| awards = [[National Communal Harmony Award]]
}}
'''Begum Syeda Naseem Fatima Chishti''' (born 1947) is an Indian writer, poet, novelist and satirist. She has published various articles in different magazines and broadcasts on [[All India Radio]]. Her articles are mostly based on National Integration Non-violence, Peace and Harmony. She received the [[National Communal Harmony Award]] from the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: The Week's Images |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/04wk1.htm |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/AKASHVANI/0nX4DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=syeda+naseem+chishti&pg=PA10&printsec=frontcover |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXV, No.7 (8 FEBRUARY, 1970 ) |date=1970-02-08 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>

Her lyrics on patriotism and harmony were set to music for the [[Doordarshan]] program "''Apna Yeh Chaman''," which aired for two years. She has received several awards and has actively promoted communal harmony and national integration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BEGUM SYEDA NASEEM CHISHTI SELECTED FOR COMMUNAL HARMONY AWARD, 2002 |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rjan2003/25012003/r250120032.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Literary works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Cishtī |first=Sayyidah Nasīm |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8/-WXY2lr1pPgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=syeda+naseem+chishti&dq=syeda+naseem+chishti&printsec=frontcover |title=تعاقب: ناول |date=1995 |publisher=ايجوکيشنل پبلشنگ هاؤس، |isbn=978-81-86232-23-1 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cishtī |first=Sayyidah Nasīm |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%92_%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1/Yw0MAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=syeda+naseem+chishti&dq=syeda+naseem+chishti&printsec=frontcover |title=شام بے سحر: مجموعه كلام |date=1998 |publisher=Educational Publishing House |isbn=978-81-86232-59-0 |language=ur}}
* Chishti, S. & Hardayaal, D. (1999). ''[https://rekhta.org/ebooks/bat-nikalti-hai-bat-mein-syeda-naseem-chishti-ebooks Bat Nikalti Hai Bat Mein]'', Educational Publishing House, Delhi. Delhi, India.

== Awards ==
Chishti received the National Communal Harmony Award by the [[Government of India]], in 2002 for her contributions to promoting national integration and communal amity, along with a cash prize of ₹1 lakh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL COMMUNAL HARMONY AWARD - Mha |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/ComHarmAwd.pdf |website=mha.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Vishwa |date=2012-06-19 |title=Nominations for National Communal Harmony Awards 2012 open till June 30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nominations-for-national-communal-harmony-awards-2012-open-till-june-30/articleshow/14264872.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030126/nation.htm |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syeda-naseem-chishti/profile Syeda Naseem Chishti] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishti, Syeda Naseem}}
[[Category:People from Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Indian women satirists]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Indian satirical poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Dilwar Khan (soldier)

2026-03-13T12:43:17Z

VirgilioBrereton: New

{{Short description|Indian Army soldier and Kirti Chakra awardee}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Naik (military rank)| Naik]]
| name = Dilwar Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Kirti Chakra| KC]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = March, 1996
| birth_place = [[Una District]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = 23 July 2024
| death_place = [[Lolab Valley]], [[Kupwara district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = [[Indian Army]]
| servicenumber = 15240290F
| serviceyears = 2014-2024
| rank = [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
| unit = [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]<br>[[Rashtriya Rifles| 28 RR]]
| battles = Counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Kirti Chakra]] (Posthumous)
}}
}}

'''Dilwar Khan''', [[Kirti Chakra|KC]] was a soldier of the [[Indian Army]] who served in the [[Rashtriya Rifles|28 Rashtriya Rifles]], a counter-insurgency unit deployed in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was posthumously awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]], India's second-highest peacetime gallantry award, for his bravery during an anti-terrorist operation in [[Kupwara district]] in July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=कहानी दिलवर खान की: 'भारी गोलीबारी के बीच आतंकी पर झपट्टा मारा और...', अब मरणोपरांत मिला कीर्ति चक्र |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/who-was-naik-dilwar-khan-got-kirti-chakra-himachal-pradesh-ann-2870522 |work=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naik Dilwar Khan, KC |url=https://honourpoint.in/profile/naik-dilwar-khan-kc/ |website=Honourpoint}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Khan born in March, 1996 and was from Gharwasda village in Bangana tehsil of [[Una district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Shri Karamdeen and Smt Bholan Bibi were his parents. He joined the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] in [[Indian Army]] on 20th December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Himachal soldier killed in an encounter in Kashmir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/himachal-soldier-killed-in-an-encounter-in-kashmir-9474243/ |work=Indian Express}}</ref>

==Military service==
Dilwar Khan served in the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He was later deployed with the [[Rashtriya Rifles|28 Rashtriya Rifles]], which conducts counter-insurgency operations in the Kashmir Valley.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bravery honoured: Naik Dilwar Khan, Cap Deepak Singh,Corporal Vikky Pahade awarded Posthumous Gallantry Medals |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bravery-honoured-naik-dilwar-khan-cap-deepak-singhcorporal-vikky-pahade-awarded-posthumous-gallantry-medals-1503390682.html |work=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kirti Chakra for Naik Dilwar Khan: Martyred fighting terror in Kupwara |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/newsmo/video/kirti-chakra-for-naik-dilwar-khan-martyred-fighting-terror-in-kupwara-2729889-2025-05-24 |work=India Today}}</ref>

==Kupwara operation==
On 23 July 2024, Naik Dilwar Khan was part of an ambush team conducting a counter-terrorism operation in the dense forests of [[Lolab Valley]] in [[Kupwara district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kirti Chakra for Major, slain Naik for J&K anti-terror ops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kirti-chakra-for-major-slain-naik-for-jk-anti-terror-ops/articleshow/117564402.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref> During the operation, the team encountered heavily armed militants.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Who are the 2025 Kirti Chakra & Shaurya Chakra awardees? Stories of bravery in Manipur & Kashmir |url=https://theprint.in/india/who-are-the-2025-kirti-chakra-shaurya-chakra-awardees-stories-of-bravery-in-manipur-kashmir/2463705/ |work=The Print}}</ref> One of the militants approached close to the ambush position. Despite intense firing, Khan moved forward to engage the militant at close range.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Una soldier killed in Kupwara operation cremated with state honours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/una-soldier-killed-in-kupwara-operation-cremated-with-state-honours-101721939734610.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> During the encounter he sustained serious injuries but continued the fight and successfully neutralised the terrorist before succumbing to his injuries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Army Naik killed during encounter in Kupwara forests |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-naik-killed-kupwara-encounter-9450000/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 July 2024}}</ref>

==Kirti Chakra==
For displaying exceptional courage and devotion to duty beyond the call of duty, Naik Dilwar Khan was posthumously awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]] on the eve of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two Kirti Chakras, 14 Shaurya Chakras among 93 Gallantry Awards to Armed Forces, CAPF personnel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kirti-chakras-shaurya-chakras-among-93-gallantry-awards-to-armed-forces-capf-personnel/article69140967.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 January 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=श्रीवास्तव |first1=निमिषा |title=शहीद बेटे नायक दिलवर खान के सम्मान में मां ने स्वीकार किया कीर्ति चक्र, आंखों में आंसू देख... |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/shaheed-nayak-dilwar-khan-awarded-kirti-chakra-from-president-droupadi-murmu-mother-emotional-video-2949385 |access-date=12 March 2026 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=23 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gallantry Awards approved by the President of India |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1990000 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kirti Chakra]]
* [[Rashtriya Rifles]]
* [[Indian Army]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kirti Chakra]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]

Femina George

2026-03-12T01:53:01Z

VirgilioBrereton: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian model (born 1997)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Femina George
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|10|26}} 
| birth_place = Saudi Arabia 
| image =
| caption =
| alma_mater = Rajagiri College of Management and Applied Sciences
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2021–present
| notable_works = ''Minnal Murali''
}}

'''Femina George''' is an Indian model and [[Malayalam movie]] actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title='മസിൽ പെയിൻ ഉണ്ട്, എന്നാലും സൂപ്പറാണ് ഈ രണ്ടര മണിക്കൂർ കയാക്കിങ്...' : ഫെമിന ജോർജ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2025/07/18/kayaking-maravanthuruthu-femina-george.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=‘മസിൽ പെയിൻ ഉണ്ട്, എന്നാലും സൂപ്പറാണ് ഈ രണ്ടര മണിക്കൂർ കയാക്കിങ്...’ : ഫെമിന ജോർജ് |language=ml}}</ref> She made her feature film debut in the 2021 Netflix superhero film ''[[Minnal Murali]]'', playing the role of "Bruce Lee" Biji, a travel agent and karate instructor.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title=Biji says thank you to all, 'Minnal Murali' actress pens heartfelt note |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/movie-latest-news-0595f1f7 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='മിന്നല്‍ മുരളി' നായികയുടെ ഗ്ലാമര്‍ മേക്കോവർ; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/03/14/femina-george-glamour-makeover.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=‘മിന്നല്‍ മുരളി’ നായികയുടെ ഗ്ലാമര്‍ മേക്കോവർ; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |language=ml}}</ref>

== Career ==
George graduated from Rajagiri College of Management and Applied Sciences, Kakkanad.<ref name="Rajagiri">{{cite web |title=Rajagiri College Alumna Femina George in Minnal Murali |url=https://rajagiricollege.edu.in/alumni-stories/femina-george-minnal-murali/ |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Rajagiri College of Management and Applied Sciences }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

She began her career with [[Basil Joseph]]’s film [[Minnal Murali]] (2021), in which she played the role of "Bruce Lee" Biji.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> Her performance drew attention for portraying a karate-practicing travel agent who helps the protagonist.<ref name="Wire">{{cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title='Bruce Lee Biji': The Superwoman Who Doesn't Need Superpowers |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/livewire/bruce-lee-biji-femina-george-minnal-murali-netflix/ |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=The Wire (LiveWire)}}</ref>

Following her debut, she appeared in several Malayalam films, including ''[[Theeppori Benny]]'' (2023) and ''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]'' (2023).<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Theeppori Benny Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/theepporibenny/movie-review/103883163.cms |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Sesham">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Sesham Mike-il Fathima cast and crew |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/sesham-mike-il-fathima/movieshow/103990000.cms |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഫാത്തിമയുടെ മനഃസ്സാക്ഷി സൂക്ഷിപ്പുകാരി: ഫെമിന ജോർജ് അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/11/23/exclusive-chat-with-femina-george.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=ഫാത്തിമയുടെ മനഃസ്സാക്ഷി സൂക്ഷിപ്പുകാരി: ഫെമിന ജോർജ് അഭിമുഖം |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Her portrayal of Bruce Lee Biji in ''Minnal Murali'' received positive critical attention. Commentators highlighted the character as a rare example of a female supporting role depicted with martial arts skills and independence in Malayalam cinema.<ref name="Wire" /> The Malayalam daily ''Mathrubhumi'' reported on her popularity after the film’s release, including her own reflections on the unexpected audience response.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

== Awards and nominations ==

* Nominated – [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for Best Debutant Actress (Malayalam), for ''Minnal Murali'' (2021).<ref name="SIIMA">{{cite news |date=19 August 2022 |title=SIIMA 2021 nominations: Allu Arjun's Pushpa, Dhanush's Karnan, Tovino Thomas' Minnal Murali lead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-2021-nominations-allu-arjun-pushpa-dhanush-karnan-tovino-thomas-minnal-murali-lead-8095126/ |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''
|"Bruce Lee" Biji
|Feature film debut; released on Netflix.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />
|-
|2023
|''[[Theeppori Benny]]''
|Ponnila<ref name="TOI" />
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
|Ramya Aavani<ref name="Sesham" />
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|13084564}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, Femina}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Avatara Purusha (1989 film)

2026-03-05T18:35:37Z

VirgilioBrereton: new stub

{{Ref improve|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Avatara Purusha
|image =
|director = Raj Kishor
|producer = N. Venkatesh<br>H. Ramamurthy<br>B. Vijaykumar<br> P. Krishnananda Prabhu
|writer = N. T. Jayarama Reddy
|starring = [[Ambareesh]]<br>[[Sumalatha]]
|music = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijayanand]]
|cinematography = N. K. Sathish
|editing = Bhaskar
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1989|04|24|df=yes}}<ref >{{cite web | title=Avatara Purusha| website=Moviebuff.com| url=https://www.moviebuff.com/avatara-purusha | access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref>
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Kannada
}}
'''''Avatara Purusha''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Kannada]]-language action thriller film, which stars [[Ambareesh]] and [[Sumalatha]] in the leading roles.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ambareesh]] as Ajay
*[[Sumalatha]] as Shanthi
*[[Jai Jagadish]]
*[[C. R. Simha]] as Jagadeesh Prasad
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]] as Dayanidhi
*[[Devaraj]] as Suresh
*[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Seetharamayya
*[[Dinesh]] buttler
*[[Lakshman]]
*Thimmayya
*[[P. Sai kumar]]
*[[Lohithaswa]] as Srinidhi
*[[M. V. Vasudeva Rao]]
*Parvathavani
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*Jyothi Bantwal
*[[Disco Shanti|Disco Shanthi]]
*Mysore Lokesh
*Shashikiran
*Shani Mahadevappa
*Srishailan
*Bharathish
*Vijay
*[[Shanthamma]]
*Shyamala
*Anitharani
*Sujatha
*Shobharani
*Uma
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]].
*"Kannugala Thereyo" - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*"Ee Raatri" - [[Manjula Gururaj]]
*"Saagarake Chandramana" - [[Vani Jairam]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*"Prema Hrudayada" - Manjula Gururaj, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*"Kulukutha Balakuve" - Vani Jairam, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam

== Release ==

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1289515}}

[[Category:1989 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:1989 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

One97 Communications

2026-03-04T08:49:00Z

VirgilioBrereton: adding details

{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = One97 Communications
| logo = One97 Communications logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| trade_name =
| former_name =
| type = Public
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Technology]]
| predecessor =
| founded = {{start date and age|2000}} in [[New Delhi]], India
| founder = [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]]
| defunct = 
| fate =
| successor = 
| hq_location = [[Noida]]
| hq_location_city = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]] (CEO)
| products = [[Paytm]] <br>[[Paytm Mall]]<br>[[Paytm Payments Bank]]<br>[[Paytm Payments Services]]<br>[[Paytm Money]]<br>[[Paytm Insurance]]<br>[[Paytm First Games]]<br>[[Paytm Smart Retail]]<br>[[Paytm Insider]]
| brands = [[Paytm]]
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|https://one97.com/}}
}}

'''One97 Communications Ltd.''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]], headquartered in [[Noida]]. It was founded in 2000 by [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etnownews.com/markets/paytm-q1-results-fy-2025-26-date-time-vijay-shekhar-sharmas-one97-communications-quarterly-earnings-schedule-details-article-152270567|title=Paytm Q1 Results FY 2025-26 date, time: Vijay Shekhar Sharma's One97 Communications' quarterly earnings schedule details|publisher=Times}}</ref> Through its subsidiaries and businesses, the company offers digital payment and financial services to consumers and merchants in India. It also provides mobile [[advertising]], [[marketing]] and [[payments]] for [[merchants]].

In 2021, the company became [[Public company|publicly listed]] after the largest ever initial public offering (IPO) in India's history. It was listed on Indian stock exchanges on 08 November 2021.

== History ==
One97 Communications Limited was founded in 2000 by [[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]] in [[New Delhi]]. The company is headquartered in [[Noida]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Shrutika |title=Vijay Shekhar Sharma: The 'no cash' champion |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/vKaVaFIZv8d2PGrt1G5L0H/Vijay-Shekhar-Sharma-The-no-cash-champion.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> It launched [[Paytm]] in 2009 as a digital payments platform to facilitate cashless payments.<ref name=businessindia>{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Lancelot |title=Flexing its technology muscle |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/paytm-super-app |publisher=[[Business India]] |date=23 August 2021}}</ref> It owns various businesses and subsidiaries – Paytm Payments Bank, Paytm Payments Gateway, Paytm Payout, Paytm Money, Paytm Insider, Paytm Insurance, Paytm Postpaid, Paytm for Business, Paytm Credit Cards, and Paytm First Games.<ref name=businessindia/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Saritha |title=One97's Paytm banks on the future of mobile wallets |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/work-in-progress/one97s-paytm-banks-on-the-future-of-mobile-wallets/41559/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

==Divisions==
===Paytm Money===
'''Paytm Money''' is an Indian wealth-technology platform and stock broker, operating as a division of One97 Communications, the parent company of [[Paytm]]. Headquartered in Delhi, it offers retail investors access to equities, derivatives, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), initial public offerings (IPOs), fixed income instruments, and retirement products.

Paytm Money was incorporated in 2017 as a wholly owned subsidiary of One97 Communications, and launched in 2018 with direct mutual fund investments.<ref name="BS2018">{{cite web |title=Paytm sets up investment and wealth management unit for its users |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-sets-up-investment-and-wealth-management-unit-for-its-users-118011000024_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> Between 2019 and 2021, the platform included stock broking, retirement products, and futures & options trading.<ref name="Franchise2018">{{cite web |title=Paytm To Launch Investor Dedicated mutual funds Buying App Paytm Money |url=https://www.franchiseindia.com/insights/en/article/paytm-to-launch-investor-dedicated-mutual-funds-buying-app-paytm-money.50760 |website=Franchise India |date=15 January 2018 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, the company introduced a bonds investment platform and reported profitability for FY 2022–23, citing brokerage income growth.<ref name="Inc42">{{cite web |title=Paytm Money In The Black, Posts INR 42.8 Cr Profit In FY23 |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/paytm-money-in-the-black-posts-inr-42-8-cr-profit-in-fy23/ |website=Inc42 |date=6 July 2023 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Entrackr">{{cite web |title=Paytm Money posts Rs 40 Cr profit in FY23, scale grows 2X |url=https://entrackr.com/2023/09/paytm-money-posts-rs-40-cr-profit-in-fy23-scale-grows-2x/ |website=Entrackr |date=18 September 2023 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Outlook2023">{{cite web |title=Paytm Q4FY23 Revenue Rises To ₹2,334 Cr, Operating Profit Jumps 3X QoQ To ₹101 Cr |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/magazine/business/story/paytm-q4fy23-revenue-rises-to-2334-cr-operating-profit-jumps-3x-qoq-to-101-cr-6764 |website=Outlook Business |date=6 May 2023 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

===Paytm Travel===
'''Paytm Travel''' is the online travel services division of One97 Communications, the parent company of [[Paytm]]. Headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, it provides booking solutions for flights, trains, buses and hotels, including Tatkal train tickets and international flights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm announces free cancellation for train tickets including Tatkal |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/tech/paytm-announces-free-cancellation-for-train-tickets-including-tatkal-tickets-details-827497 |work=The Hans India |date=17 September 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> The travel division is headed by Vikash Jalan as CEO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paytm Travel official website |url=https://tickets.paytm.com/ |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

Initially began with railway ticket booking with the [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation|IRCTC]], the company launched a travel marketplace, starting with bus ticket bookings in 2015 through aggregator partnerships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm launches bus ticket marketplace |url=https://www.pymnts.com/news/2015/paytm-launches-bus-ticket-marketplace/ |work=PYMNTS |date=July 2015 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IRCTC partners with Paytm to simplify train bookings |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/irctc-becomes-the-authorised-partner-of-paytm-to-simplify-train-travel/96969003 |work=ET TravelWorld |date=14 January 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm launches guaranteed seat assistance for train bookings |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/paytm-launches-guaranteed-seat-assistance-ensures-confirmed-seat-booking-on-trains-for-users/104826787 |work=ET TravelWorld |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

In 2019, Paytm acquired NightStay, a last-minute hotel booking platform, marking its entry into the hospitality segment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm forays into hotel booking with NightStay acquisition |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paytm-forays-into-hotel-booking-with-nighstay-acquisition-1548764249112.html |work=Mint |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Travel sees over 20,000 bus ticket bookings as migrants head back home |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/paytm-travel-sees-over-20000-bus-ticket-bookings-as-migrants-head-back-home-105315.html |work=Exchange4Media |date=16 May 2020 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

In 2024, Paytm announced partnerships with global aggregators including [[Skyscanner]], Google Flights, and Wego to expand international booking options.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm eyes expansion in travel, ties up with Skyscanner & Google Flights |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/paytm-eyes-expansion-in-travel-ties-up-with-skyscanner-google-flights-124062400541_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> By early 2025, Paytm partnered with Agoda to provide hotel booking options in India and overseas markets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm Travel, Agoda partner to offer hotel bookings across destinations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/paytm-travel-agoda-partner-to-offer-hotel-bookings-across-indian-global-destinations-on-paytm-app/articleshow/118108045.cms |work=Economic Times |date=10 February 2025 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

== Funding ==
In October 2011, One97 Communications received funding of $10 million from [[Sapphire Ventures]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abrar |first1=Peerzada |title=SAP invests $10m in Delhi-based One97 Communications |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/sap-invests-10m-in-delhi-based-one97-communications/articleshow/10311956.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 October 2011}}</ref> In January 2015, Ant Financial Services Group picked 25% stake in the company.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/ratan-tata-invests-in-paytm-joins-as-adviser/story-qKceLOORNLNYWfBsokqW4M.html|title=Ratan Tata invests in Paytm, joins as adviser|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In March 2015, Ratan Tata made a personal investment in One97 Communications's Paytm and joined as an adviser of the company.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> It received funding of $60 million from [[MediaTek]]'s investment funds Mountain Capital, which made the company's valuation at $4.8 billion in August 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Digbijay |title=Mediatek invests $60m in Paytm at $4.8bn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/deals/-ma/Mediatek-invests-60m-in-Paytm-at-4-8bn-valuation/articleshow/53921168.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

In May 2017, the company raised $1.4 billion from Japan's [[SoftBank Group]], which made its valuation jumped to over $8 billion.<ref name=softbank>{{cite news |last1=Chanchani |first1=Madhav |last2=Variyar |first2=Mugdha |title=Paytm raises $1.4 billion from Softbank, valuation jumps to over $8 billion |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/paytm-raises-1-4-billion-from-softbank-valuation-jumps-to-over-8-billion/articleshow/58733667.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 May 2017}}</ref> Paytm raised $300 million from Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway in September 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/paytm-raises-660-million/cid/1726660|title=Paytm raises $660 million|work=Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Purnell |first1=Newley |last2=Friedman |first2=Nicole |title=Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway Invests in India Mobile-Payments Firm |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/buffetts-berkshire-hathaway-eyes-india-mobile-payments-firm-1535372330 |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Berkshire Hathaway Invests in India's One97 Communications |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-27/warren-buffett-is-said-to-agree-on-backing-india-s-paytm |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=27 August 2018}}</ref> In November 2019, the company secured $1 billion in a Series G funding led by T Rowe Price and existing investors Ant Financial and [[SoftBank Vision Fund]]. [[Robert Citrone|Discovery Capital]] also participated in the round.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Aditi |title=Paytm gets $1 billion topup in latest financing round |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/paytm-gets-1-billion-topup-in-latest-financing-round/articleshow/72216174.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 November 2019}}</ref> Paytm raised Rs 9,000 crore ($1.4 billion) from SoftBank.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/paytm-raises-1-4-billion-from-softbank-valuation-jumps-to-over-8-billion/articleshow/58733667.cms|title=Paytm raises $1.4 billion from Softbank, valuation jumps to over $8 billion|work=Economic Times}}</ref>

== Acquisition ==
In December 2012, the company acquired MobiVite, a [[mobile marketing]] platform<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abrar |first1=Peerzada |title=One97 Communications acquires MobiVite to consolidate footing in mobile marketing space |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/one97-communications-acquires-mobivite-to-consolidate-footing-in-mobile-marketing-space/articleshow/17657921.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=18 December 2012}}</ref> followed by the acquisition of Plustx, a cross-messaging platform in August 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abrar |first1=Peerzada |title=One97 acquires local language messaging startup Plustxt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/one97-acquires-local-language-messaging-startup-plustxt/articleshow/21711557.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 August 2013}}</ref>

== IPO ==
One97 Communications was scheduled to launch its IPO In November 2010. However, it shelved the listing plans last moment, citing volatile market conditions.<ref name=ipo>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=John Satish |title=One97 Communications Defers IPO |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703766704576008831881108682 |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=9 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Modak |first1=Samie |title=One97 taps IPO market in new, bigger avatar 11 years after aborted attempt |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/one97-taps-ipo-market-in-new-bigger-avatar-11-years-after-aborted-attempt-121071601039_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=16 July 2021}}</ref> On 16 July 2021, the company filed draft prospectus for its IPO of up to ₹16,600 crore<ref>{{cite news |title=One97 Communications files DRHP for Rs 16,600 crore issue |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/paytm-ipo-one97-communications-files-drhp-for-rs-16600-crore-issue/videoshow/84471593.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 July 2021}}</ref> and various news outlets reported it to be India's largest Initial public offering ever.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Modak |first1=Samie |title=Paytm files for India's largest IPO, eyes $25 bn-$30 bn valuation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/paytm-files-for-india-s-largest-ipo-eyes-25-bn-30-bn-valuation-121071601614_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=27 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Malavika Makol |title=Paytm IPO, India's largest ever, seen as a 'high-risk' bet for investors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/paytm-ipo-indias-largest-ever-seen-as-a-high-risk-bet-for-investors/articleshow/87602767.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 November 2021}}</ref> It is listed on [[National Stock Exchange of India]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] since November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biggest IPO, biggest crash: Paytm tanks 27% on Day 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/biggest-ipo-biggest-crash-paytm-tanks-27-on-day-1/articleshow/87786849.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

The company's initial share sale aimed to raise ₹18,300 crore at a band of ₹2,080-2,150, valuing it at ₹1.39 trillion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sultana |first1=Nasrin |title=Paytm best bet to ride fintech, but valuations lofty |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/paytm-best-bet-to-ride-fintech-but-valuations-lofty-11636310708598.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=8 November 2021}}</ref> The company's IPO was subscribed 18% on the first day, having received bids for 8.742 million shares against the total issue size of 48.4 million shares.
<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm parent's IPO sees muted demand on day 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/paytm-parents-ipo-sees-muted-demand-on-day-1/articleshow/87595469.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=9 November 2021}}</ref> Its IPO was subscribed 48% on the second day<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm IPO subscribed 48% at the end of day 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/market/paytm-ipo-subscribed-48-per-cent-on-day-two-7615066/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=9 November 2021}}</ref> and it was fully subscribed on the final day of the issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm IPO fully subscribed on final day of issue. GMP, other key details here |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/paytm-ipo-gmp-subscription-status-other-details-should-you-subscribe-11636338477645.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Yashi |title=India's biggest public offer subscribed nearly 2 times |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/paytm-ipo-indias-biggest-public-offer-subscribed-nearly-2-times-11419042.htm |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=17 November 2021}}</ref> However, its shares fell 13% and 27% respectively on the days succeeding its listing<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Bloomberg|date=22 Nov 2021 |title=Paytm tumbles another 13% after first-day IPO flop - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/markets/sensex/paytm-tumbles-another-13-after-first-day-ipo-flop/articleshow/87852087.cms |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and has continued to slide sparking criticism on its valuation methodologies, inviting regulatory scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Paytm Flop Show, India Tightens IPO Valuation Scrutiny: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-paytm-flop-show-india-tightens-ipo-valuation-scrutiny-report-2817077 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Finances==
According to RedSeer, it has the largest payments platform in India with a gross merchant value of Rs 4,033 billion in the financial year 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dugal |first1=Ira |title=What Paytm's IPO Prospectus Tells Us About Its Business |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/what-paytms-ipo-prospectus-tells-us-about-its-business |publisher=[[BloombergQuint]] |date=16 July 2021}}</ref> According to its annual 2021 report, One97's revenue from operations dropped 14% to Rs 2,802 crore for FY 2021. However, losses narrowed to Rs 1,701 crore during this year, compared to Rs 2,942 crore loss reported in the fiscal year 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Digbijay |last2=Manikandan |first2=Ashwin |title=IPO-bound Paytm's revenue drops 14% in FY21, losses narrow to Rs 1,701 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/ipo-bound-paytm-sees-revenue-decline-by-14-losses-drop-to-rs-1701-crore-in-fy21/articleshow/83256611.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 June 2021}}</ref>

One97 Communications reduced losses by 28% to Rs 2,833 crore in the FY 2019-20. Its overall expenses were reduced by 20% in 2019-20 to Rs 5,861 crore compared to Rs 7,254 crore in 2019-18. Its revenue also declined 1% to Rs 3,350 crore in FY20.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paytm parent One97 in red for 7th year, but cuts losses |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/paytm-parent-one97-in-red-for-7th-year-straight-but-cuts-losses-to-rs-2833-cr-282548-2020-12-24 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=24 December 2020}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In August 2009, One97 Communications was awarded the Emerging Company of The Year at the 10th Annual Voice&Data Award 2009 for its contribution to the VAS space.<ref>{{cite news |title=Voice&Data Award 2009 bestows Bharti CEO Manoj Kohli with Telecom Person of the Year award |url=http://www.telecomtiger.com/fullstory.aspx?storyid=6841 |publisher=Telecom Tiger |date=8 August 2009}}</ref> That same year, it was also awarded the [[Deloitte Technology Fast 500|Deloitte Technology Fast50]] India award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deloitte Technology Fast 50 India 2009 |url=http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%20Assets/Documents/Winners_report_Technology_Fast_50_2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201190343/http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-India/Local%20Assets/Documents/Winners_report_Technology_Fast_50_2009.pdf |archivedate=1 February 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
In December 2010, One97 Communications won the Best Digital Innovation category for its 'TalktoMe' product at the [[Internet and Mobile Association of India]] (IAMAI) Digital Awards<ref>{{cite news |title=General Motors, One97 and ICICI Lombard win in first IAMAI India Digital awards |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/digital/29036_general-motors-one97-and-icici-lombard-win-in-first-iamai-india-digital-awards |publisher=Afaqs |date=9 December 2010}}</ref> It won Company of the Year at [[ET Now]]-[[IndiaMART]] Leaders of Tomorrow Awards 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders of Tomorrow Awards 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtWXDAarud0 |publisher=[[IndiaMART]] |date=11 April 2012}}</ref> In May 2011, One97's product Talk2Me was awarded the Best Innovative VAS Product at the ET Telecom Awards by [[The Economic Times]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Powered by One97, Airtel Talk2Me Awarded Best Innovative VAS Product |url=https://www.telecomlead.com/mobile-vas/powered-by-one97-airtel-talk2me-awarded-best-innovative-vas-product-227 |publisher=Telecomlead.com |date=9 May 2011}}</ref> One97 Communications was ranked #493 in the [[Deloitte Technology Fast 500]] Asia Pacific list in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tech|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Technology-Media-Telecommunications/dttl_DeloitteTF500AP2012WinnersReport_12062012%20(1).pdf |publisher=[[Deloitte]] |date=2012}}</ref> The company was awarded the [[VCCircle]] Annual Awards 2013 for the best PE/VC-backed Media & Communication Company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top PE/VC-backed Indian companies, investment banks, law firms honoured at VCCircle Annual Awards 2013 |url=https://www.vccircle.com/vc-backed-indian-companies-investment-banks-law-firms-honoured |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=9 April 2013}}</ref>

In March 2014, One97 was announced as the Most Innovative Company of the Year 2014 at the [[Business Standard]]'s Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=BS awards 2014: And the winners are … |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bs-awards-2014-and-the-winners-are-115032401039_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=24 March 2015}}</ref> In July 2015, it won [[NDTV]]'s Disruptive Digital Innovator Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winner of Disruptive Digital Innovator Award: One97 Communications Ltd. |url=https://sites.ndtv.com/digitizingindiaawards/video-details-page/winner-of-disruptive-digital-innovator-award-one97-communications-ltd-375649/ |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=18 July 2015}}</ref> The company was ranked #309 in the list of [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] Next 500 company for the year 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Next 500 |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/next-500/company/one97-communications?year=2017 |publisher=[[Fortune India]] |date=2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{URL|https://one97.com/|Official website}}
*[https://tickets.paytm.com/ Paytm Travel]

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:SoftBank portfolio companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Gazal (1964 film)

2026-03-04T03:55:31Z

VirgilioBrereton: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gazal
| image = Gazal 1964.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Ved-Madan
| producer = Ved-Madan
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Agha Jani Kashmiri]]<br>Majnu Lucknowi <small>(dialogue)</small>
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{plainlist| * [[Sunil Dutt]]
* [[Meena Kumari]]
* [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]<br>[[Sahir Ludhianvi]] <small>(lyrics)</small>
| cinematography = Jagdish Chadha
| editing = Prabhakar Gokhale
| studio = Natraj Productions 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1964}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Urdu
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gazal''''' is a 1964 Urdu romance musical film directed by Ved-Madan, starring [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]. The [[muslim social]] film is about the right of young generation to the marriage of their choice. It had music by [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]] with lyrics by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], featuring notable [[filmi-ghazal]]s such as "Rang Aur Noor Ki Baraat", performed by [[Mohammed Rafi]] and "Naghma O Sher Ki Saugaat", performed by [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref name=sare>{{cite web | title = GAZAL | work = Saregama.com | url = http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/music.jsp | accessdate = 2014-09-29 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140925225600/http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/music.jsp | archivedate = 25 September 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Bollywood Hungama movie|ghazal|Gazal}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in Agra, the film is the story of Ejaz ([[Sunil Dutt]]), who is editor of ''Inquilab''. When he listens to Naaz Ara Begum ([[Meena Kumari]]) sing, he falls deeply in love with her. However, he soon loses his job. Ejaz and Naaz manage to meet secretly, with help of Naaz's sister Kausar. This relationship has many people going angry, first Nawab Bakar Ali Khan ([[Prithviraj Kapoor]]) her father who wants Naaz to marry Akhtar Nawab ([[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]), her paternal cousin.

==Cast & Characters==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rowspan=1 |Character
! colspan="2" | Portrayed By
|-
|Ejaz
|[[Sunil Dutt]]
|-
|-
|Naaz Ara Begum
|[[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|-
|Akhtar Nawab
|[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]
|-
|-
|Dr. Nawab Mehmood Ali Khan
|[[Rajendra Nath]]
|-
|-
|Kausar Ara Begum
|[[Nazima]]
|-
|-
|Babuji
|[[Raj Mehra]]
|-
|-
|Courtesan (in song "Yun Bhi Hai")
|[[Minoo Mumtaz]]
|-
|-
|Mridula Rani
|Mrs. Bakar Ali Khan
|-
|-
|Ejaz's Mother
|Pratima Devi
|-
|-
|Ejaz's Dad
|Mohsin Abdullah
|-
|-
|Nawab Bakar Ali Khan
|[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
|}

==Music==
There are 3 songs with the same ''radif'': Kise Pesh Karoon — Naghma-o-Sher Ki Saugaat Kise Pesh Karoon (Lata), Ishq Ki Garmi-e-Jazbaat Kise Pesh Karoon (Rafi) and Rang Aur Noor Ki Baaraat Kise Pesh Karoon (Rafi). The first two are happy songs, while the last one is a sad song. The last stanzas of the first two songs are identical.

Songs List:-
# Naghma O Sher Ki Saugaat - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
# Ishq Ki Garmiye Jazbaat - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
# Unse Nazrein Mili - [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Minoo Purshottam]], Chorus
# Dil Khush Hai Aaj - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
# Mujhe Yeh Phool Na De - [[Suman Kalyanpur]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
# Ada Qatil Nazar Barke - [[Asha Bhosle]]
# Rang Aur Noor Ki Baraat - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
# Taj Tere Liye Ek Mazhar-e-Ulfat ... Mere Mehboob Kahin Aur - [[Mohammed Rafi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{YouTube|ZVG9D-bawRw|''Gazal'' at Zenga Movies official channel}}

[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Madan Mohan]]
[[Category:1964 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Despatch (film)

2026-03-02T04:04:33Z

VirgilioBrereton: Details

{{short description|2024 Indian film by Kanu Behl}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Despatch
| image = Despatch (film).jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Kanu Behl]]
| writer = Kanu Behl<br>Ishani Banerjee
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
* [[Shahana Goswami]]
}}
| cinematography = Siddharth Diwan
| editing = Samarth Dixit
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]]
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|11|21|IFFI|2024|12|13|df=y}}
}}
'''''Despatch''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama]] film directed by [[Kanu Behl]]. The film is produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] under [[RSVP Movies]] and it stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Shahana Goswami]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 November 2024|title=Despatch teaser: Manoj Bajpayee faces threats to 'pack up and go home' but stands firm, awaiting the 'story' to break|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/despatch-teaser-manoj-bajpayee-faces-threatens-to-pack-up-and-go-home-but-stands-firm-awaiting-the-story-to-break-9682869/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=22 November 2024|archive-date=23 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123020451/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/despatch-teaser-manoj-bajpayee-faces-threatens-to-pack-up-and-go-home-but-stands-firm-awaiting-the-story-to-break-9682869/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Despatch'' was released on 13 December 2024 on [[ZEE5]], and received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2024 |title=Despatch OTT release date: Here's when and where to watch Manoj Bajpayee's thriller drama|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/despatch-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-manoj-bajpayees-thriller-drama-watch-teaser/7a926a437d885|website=OTT Play}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 November 2024|title="It was a unique experience": Shahana Goswami on working with Kanu Behl, Manoj Bajpayee in 'Despatch'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/it-was-unique-experience-shahana-goswami-on-working-with-kanu-behl-manoj-bajpayee-in-despatch/articleshow/115547476.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 November 2024|archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122065947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/it-was-unique-experience-shahana-goswami-on-working-with-kanu-behl-manoj-bajpayee-in-despatch/articleshow/115547476.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was showcased as a special presentation at the [[International Film Festival of India]] and the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2024 |title=ZEE5 Originals 'Despatch' and 'Vikkatakavi' to screen at IFFI 2024|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/zee5-originals-despatch-and-vikkatakavi-to-screen-at-iffi-2024/ar-AA1ukD9M|website=Mid-Day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 November 2024|title=ZEE5s Manoj Bajpayee starrer Despatch and Telugu Series Vikkatakavi to premiere at IFFI 2024|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zee5s-manoj-bajpayee-starrer-despatch-telugu-series-vikkatakavi-premiere-iffi-2024/|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=22 November 2024|archive-date=17 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117023303/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zee5s-manoj-bajpayee-starrer-despatch-telugu-series-vikkatakavi-premiere-iffi-2024/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
As news shifts to the digital realm, seasoned crime journalist Joy finds himself teetering on the edge of obsolescence. Resolute in his pursuit to uncover the next major story while navigating the complexities of his personal life, Joy embarks on an unyielding journey through the depths of Mumbai, revealing its most shadowy secrets. While doing his journalism, he gets to know about a big secret putting his life in danger.

== Cast ==

* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Joy Bag
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as Shweta Bag
* Arrchita Agarwaal as Prerna Prakash
* Anand Alkunte as S.I Bhonsle
* Riju Bajaj as Tarun Khaitan
* Purnendu Bhattacharya as Mallick
* [[Prithvik Pratap]] as Jeethu Vishwas
* Veena Mehta as Joy's Mother
* [[Ajay Purkar]] as Prasad
* Purnima Rathod as Mrs. Verma
* [[Parvati Sehgal]] as Varsha Rajput
* [[Rii Sen|Rituparna Sen]] as Noori Rai (as Rii Sen)
* [[Mamik Singh]] as Silva
* [[Kabir Sadanand]] as Wadhwa

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The project began in 2016 after extensive research into crime journalism in particular and the Mumbai underworld.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanu Behl Talks About 'Despatch' and Unveiling the World of Journalism |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/kanu-behl-talks-about-despatch-and-unveiling-the-world-of-journalism |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> The film was directed by [[Kanu Behl]], known for his critically acclaimed works such as ''[[Titli (2014 film)|Titli]]'' and ''Agra''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-15 |title=It's a myth that people don't want to talk about sexuality, says Kanu Behl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-myth-that-people-dont-want-to-talk-about-sexuality-says-kanu-behl/articleshow/106019511.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-20 |title=Is Kanu Behl's film Despatch, starring Manoj Bajpayee, based on slain journalist J Dey's life? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/is-kanu-behls-film-despatch-starring-manoj-bajpayee-based-on-slain-journalist-j-deys-life/articleshow/114394266.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Behl also co-wrote the screenplay with Ishani Banerjee. [[Manoj Bajpayee]] was cast as a crime journalist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-29 |title=Cinema an opportunity to have a conversation: Kanu Behl on exploring power nexus in 'Despatch' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/cinema-an-opportunity-to-have-a-conversation-kanu-behl-on-exploring-power-nexus-in-despatch/articleshow/114733431.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The film was screened at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] and later at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in [[Goa]], where it received praise for its storytelling and performances. The official teaser of the film was released in November 2022 and the trailer came out on 3 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-03 |title='Despatch' trailer: Manoj Bajpayee's crime journalist ventures into troubled waters in this investigative thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/despatch-trailer-manoj-bajpayees-crime-journalist-ventures-into-troubled-waters-in-this-investigative-thriller/article68941968.ece |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204054213/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/despatch-trailer-manoj-bajpayees-crime-journalist-ventures-into-troubled-waters-in-this-investigative-thriller/article68941968.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed-to-negative reviews form critics.

Dhaval Roy of [[The Times of India|Times of India]] rated it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Despatch'' is effective in its depiction of crime journalism and explores the value of information that can save or end lives. Despite its pace and sombre vein, it’s a worthy one-time watch."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Despatch Review : Manoj Bajpayee anchors and shines in this slow but gritty thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/despatch/ottmoviereview/116184152.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Subhash K Jha of [[Times Now]] rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Despatch'' is a film that commands our uninterrupted attention and eventually, our respect for being what it is."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=Despatch Movie Review: Manoj Bajpayee's Year Ender Leaves Us With Much Food For Thought |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/despatch-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-year-ender-leaves-us-with-much-food-for-thought-review-116204325 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211074316/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/despatch-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-year-ender-leaves-us-with-much-food-for-thought-review-116204325 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15260176}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/despatch/0-0-1z5658028 Despatch] on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]

Bihari Rajput

2026-02-24T21:40:33Z

VirgilioBrereton: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| languages = [[Hindi]]{{•}}[[Magahi]]{{•}}[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]{{•}}[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Rajputs in Bihar''' are members of the [[Rajput]] community living in the eastern Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The Rajputs in Bihar are addressed by titles such as ‘''Babuaan''’<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brahman caste was addressed as 'Pandit Jee', a Rajput as 'Babu Saheb', and all the rest as 'Munshi Jee'. |first=Hira Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-9JEQAAQBAJ&dq=babu+saheb+rajput&pg=PR10 |title=Annihilation of Caste in India |date=2025 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-78705-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=In a flow just once he said that the poor used to walk before "Babu Saheb", a term used to refer to upper caste of Rajputs in Bihar. |first=Pramod Kumar Rai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iIqEAAAQBAJ&dq=babu+saheb&pg=PA100 |title=Politics of Bihar: Lalu Junction to Tejashwi Junction via Nitish |date=2021-04-18 |publisher=Blue Hill Publications |isbn=978-93-90788-22-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Closely affiliated to the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and set themselves up as adversaries to the Rajput Babu Sahebs, who are feudal owners of the local estates. |first=Ipshita Basu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhblEAAAQBAJ&dq=babu+rajput&pg=PA86 |title=Reclaiming Indigeneity and Democracy in India's Jharkhand |date=2004-02-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-888467-5 |language=en}}</ref> They traditionally formed part of the [[feudal]] elite in Bihari society.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xhBDwAAQBAJ&q=babu+saheb+rajput&pg=PT9 | title=Recasting Caste: From the Sacred to the Profane | publisher=SAGE Publishing India | access-date=17 December 2018 | author=Hira Singh | pages=4| isbn=9789351504030 | date=2014-03-04 }}</ref><ref name="Hart2019">{{cite book | author = Henry C. Hart | date = 4 March 2019 | title = Indira Gandhi's India | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-0-429-72607-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eCyNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT154}}</ref><ref name="BergerHeidemann2013">{{cite book | author=Carolyn Brown Heinz|editor1 = Peter Berger | editor2 = Frank Heidemann | date = 3 June 2013 | title = The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory | publisher = Routledge | pages = | isbn = 978-1-134-06118-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&pg=PT48|quote=The four dominant high caste groups (the forward castes)-Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha-together constitute about 12 percent of the population. These are the old elite, from whose numbers came the major zamindars and land owning castes. The so-called Backward castes consisting of about half the population of Bihar, were further classified soon after independence into Upper Backward and Lower Backward (Blair 1980). The upper backwards - Bania, Yadav, Kurmi and Koiri - constitute about 19 percent of the population, and now include most of the rising Kulak class of successful peasants who have acquired land, adopted improved agricultural technology, and become a powerful force in Bihar politics. This is true, above all, of the Yadavas. The lower backwards are shudra castes such as Barhi, Dhanuk, Kahar, Kumhar, Lohar, Mallah, Teli etc, about 32 percent of the population. The largest components of the scheduled castes(14 percent) are the Dusadh, Chamar, and Musahar, the Dalit groups who are in many parts of the statelocked in struggles for land and living wages and living wages with the rich peasants and landlords of the forward and upper backward castes}}</ref><ref name="Zarhani2018">{{cite book | author = Seyed Hossein Zarhani | date = 3 September 2018 | title = Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after Liberalization | publisher = Routledge | pages = 183, 210 | isbn = 978-1-351-25518-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_3tqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT183}}</ref> Rajputs were pressed with the [[Zamindari]] abolition and [[Bhoodan movement]] in post-independence India; along with other [[Forward caste|Forward castes]], they lost their significant position in Bihar's agrarian society, leading to the rise of [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBCs).

==History==
From 1200 CE, many Rajput groups moved eastwards towards the [[Indo-Gangetic plains|Eastern Gangetic plains]], forming their own chieftaincies.<ref name="Bayly1988">{{cite book |author=C. A. Bayly |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 |date=19 May 1988 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |pages=18–19}}</ref> These minor Rajput kingdoms were scattered across the Gangetic plains of modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].<ref name="Ramusack2004">{{cite book |author=Barbara N. Ramusack |title=The Indian Princes and their States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA14 |date=8 January 2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44908-3 |pages=14–15}}</ref> During this process, petty clashes with Native populations occurred and in some cases, alliances were formed.<ref name="Bayly1988" /> Among these Rajput chieftaincies were the zamindars of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]<ref name="Chatterjee1996">{{cite book |author=Kumkum Chatterjee |title=Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733–1820 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUeqQ2buQ80C&pg=PA35 |year=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10303-1 |pages=35–36}}</ref> and the [[Taluqdar|taluks]] of [[Awadh]].<ref name="Fox1971">{{cite book |author=Richard Gabriel Fox |title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC&pg=PA68 |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01807-5 |pages=68–69}}</ref>

The migration of Rajput clan chiefs into these parts of the [[Gangetic Plains]] also contributed to the agricultural appropriation of previously forested areas, especially in Southern Bihar.<ref name="Prakash2003">{{cite book |author=Gyan Prakash |title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC&pg=PA64 |date=30 October 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52658-6 |pages=64–66}}</ref> Some historians have linked this eastwards expansion with the onset of [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid invasion]] in the West.<ref name="Prakash2003" />

These groups included the [[Ujjainiya]] clan of [[Paramara dynasty|Parmar Rajputs]].<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=76–77 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya''|first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> [[Gajpati Ujjainia]] of the same clan was a chieftain and commander in the army of [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Surinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia |last2=Gaur |first2=I. D. |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> In the early 18the century, [[Kunwar Dhir]], a Rajput Zamindar of Bhojpur district rebelled and fought against the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizavī |first=Saiyada Najamula Razā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5RafkUBcvMC |title=Zamindars and Revenue Farmers of Eastern Uttar Pradesh: From Mughal to Colonial Rule |date=2004 |publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7975-053-7 |pages=76 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Middle Ages]], Rajput migrants to the region of Bihar founded the [[Gidhaur chieftaincy|Gidhaur Raj]], [[Deo Raj]], Namudag Raj and [[Kharagpur Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Gyan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFvks7lahoC |title=Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India |date=2003-10-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52658-6 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> In the same period, the Rajput [[Gandhavariya]] clan controlled a significant portion of North Bihar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108178/page/n159 | title=Mithila In The Age Of Vidyapati | publisher=Chaukhambha Orientalia | access-date=14 January 2019 | author=Radhakrishna Choudhary | date=1976 | pages= 131–132}}</ref> The [[Sonbarsa Raj]] also belonged to this clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhagwant Sahai |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283324 |title=The Journal Of The Bihar Puravid Parisad 1983 Vol. Vii And Viii |date=1984 |pages=414, 418}}</ref> What brought success to these Hindu princelings was the strong clan organisation upon which they rested.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Bayly | first=C.A. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 | title= Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770-1870 | date=2012 |pages=18| publisher=CUP Archive | isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 }}</ref>

From the 16th century, Rajput soldiers from the eastern regions of Bihar and [[Awadh]] were recruited as mercenaries for Rajputs in the west, particularly in the [[Malwa]] region.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism |editor1-first=Waltraud |editor1-last=Ernst |editor2-first=Biswamoy |editor2-last=Pati |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-134-11988-2 |first=Amar |last=Farooqui |chapter=The Subjugation of the Sindia State |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA57 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dirk H. A. Kolff|author-link=Dirk H. A. Kolff|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |year=1990|page=87 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ&q=military+history+of+india |title=Military History of India |pages=56–61|author=Jadunath Sarkar|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar|publisher=Orient Longmans(Original from the University of Virginia) |year=1960 |isbn=9780861251551 |access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Great Uprising of 1857]], a section of Rajputs participated under the leadership of [[Kunwar Singh]], who was the main leader of the revolution in Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ByTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 |title=Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1970|author=Thomas R. Metcalf|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|
isbn=978-1400876648|page=299|accessdate=28 May 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Koor Sing, 'The Rebel of Arrah,' and his attendants.jpg|thumb|[[Kunwar Singh|Veer Kunwar Singh]] and his attendants, Jagdishpur Raj]]

In the traditional agrarian society of Bihar in the [[Indian Independence movement|pre-independence period]], Rajputs were among the upper castes that controlled the agricultural production through ''[[Zamindar]]i'' rights. Some of the upper-castes were also recruited to the lower level of administration under the British rulers. Rajputs, a less-literate relative of other upper castes, played a limited role in public administration and were primarily property holders.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC&pg=PA12|title= Land and Society in India: Agrarian Relations in Colonial North Bihar|author=Bindeshwar Ram|publisher=Orient Blackswan|pages=12–13|year=1997|isbn=8125006435}}</ref> Between 1900 and 1920, it was noted that Rajputs formed a large portion of the population of some regions of southern Bihar.{{Clarify|reason=What is this sentence doing here, in the midst of literacy discussion?|date=June 2022}} In [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] region, where Rajputs were prominent, they took little or no interest in intellectual pursuits. The literacy rate of the region and of Bihar as a whole was also in precarious state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PX938QYfmsC&pg=PA11|title= Education and Social Changes in Bihar, 1900-1921: A Survey of Social History of Bihar from Lord Curzon to Noncooperation Movement|author= Shreedhar Narayan Pandey|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|year=1975|isbn=0842609865|pages=11–12|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=at what date?|date=June 2022}}

In post-independence India, pressed with the [[Zamindari]] abolition and [[Bhoodan movement]], Rajputs and other upper castes lost their prominence in the agrarian society of Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iy0cLkigiEC
|title=The Situated Politics of Belonging|author1=Nira Yuval-Davis|author2=Kalpana Kannabiran|author3=Ulrike Vieten
|publisher=SAGE|year=2006|
isbn=1412921015|page=131|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Samaddar2016">{{cite book | author = Ranabir Samaddar | date = 3 March 2016 | title = Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace | publisher = Routledge | pages = 168– | isbn = 978-1-317-12538-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168}}</ref>

Oliver Mendelsohn and [[Marika Vicziany]] said the "untouchables" who formed the bottom of society in Bihar have clashed{{Clarify|reason=Over what period exactly? Which years/decades/centuries? Or throughout history?|date=September 2025}} with communities, including [[Yadav]]s and [[Kurmi]]s in the middle segment, While Rajputs, [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Brahmin]]s in the upper segment of society. The authors have identified land control as the major characteristic of the opponents and not the caste identity. According to Mendelsohn and Vicziany, the exploiters of the untouchables doesn't have the same caste identity in all the region, and the conflicts were not restricted to Bihar.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mendelsohn |first1=Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC |title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India |last2=Vicziany |first2=Marika |date=1998-04-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55671-2 |pages=58 |language=en|quote=In the case of the castes which lie in the bottom stratum of Bihari society, particularly the Untouchables, they too are acting out of a class as well as a caste logic. So their enemies are far from constant in terms of caste identity: Untouchables have violently clashed with Kurmis and Yadavs from the middle stratum, and Bhumihars, Rajputs and Brahmins from the upper stratum. The key characteristic of their opponents has not been caste identity but rather land control: in the particular region where violent conflict has become endemic, Untouchables have tended to come into conflict with those castes which happen to control the land. Nor is this a merely Bihari phenomenon: throughout India there have been reports of Untouchables coming into conflict with newly rising peasant communities, rather than simply their traditional exploiters from upper castes.}}</ref> The Rajputs and Bhumihars and not the Brahmin and Kayastha being the major landowners among the upper castes is also supported by a study by sociologist Badri Narayan.<ref name="ChannaMencher2013">{{cite book |author=Badri Narayan| editor1 = Subhadra Mitra Channa | editor2 = Joan P. Mencher | date = 30 May 2013 | title = Life as a Dalit: Views from the Bottom on Caste in India | publisher = SAGE Publishing India | pages = 420| isbn = 9788132118022 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRdBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT420|quote=The so-called forward castes predominantly consist of the Brahman, Bhumihar, Rajput, and Kayastha communities. Among these, the Bhumihars and Rajputs are the dominant landowning castes who once ruled various parts of the state.}}</ref>
In [[Shahabad district]], some Rajput and Bhumihar landowners frequently raped lower-caste women, and by the 1930s, the [[Triveni Sangh]] gave the abused women a platform to express her frustration.<ref name="Damodaran1992">{{cite book | author = Vinita Damodaran | date = 1992 | title = Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism, and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935-1946 | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 75| isbn = 978-0-19-562979-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rNa1AAAAIAAJ|quote=The rape of lower-caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landowners was common in Shahabad where, by the 1930s, anger and resentment against the frequent violation of women were openly expressed on the platform of the Tribeni Sangh}}</ref>

In a survey conducted{{when|date=June 2022}} in a few villages in Bhojpur, rape of lower-caste women from [[Musahar]] and [[Chamar]] castes by Rajput and Bhumihar landlords was a major cause of anguish until the emergence of [[Naxalism]].<ref name="SharmaSinghKumar1994">{{cite book | author1 = Kaushal Kishore Sharma | author2 = Prabhakar Prasad Singh | author3 = Ranjan Kumar | date = 1994 | title = Peasant Struggles in Bihar, 1831-1992: Spontaneity to Organisation | publisher = Centre for Peasant Studies | pages = 247| isbn = 9788185078885 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBHAAAAMAAJ|quote=According to them, before the emergence of Naxalism on the scene and consequent resistance on the part of these hapless fellows, "rape of lower caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landlords used to cause so much anguish among the lower cates, who, owing to their hapless situation, could not dare oppose them. In their own words, "within the social constraints, the suppressed sexual hunger of the predominant castes often found unrestricted outlet among the poor, lower caste of Bhojpur-notably Chamars and Mushars.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPKpCQAAQBAJ |title=Maoist Insurgency and India's Internal Security Architecture |author1=E M Rammohun|author2=Amritpal Singh|author3=A K Agarwal |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year= 2012|isbn=978-9381411636|pages=18|accessdate=12 June 2022}} Consider the oppression of the lower castes in Bihar. In Bhojpur district of Bihar, the lower castes lived in utter poverty and were also subjected to social exploitation. Kalyan Mukherjee and Rajender Singh Yadav described that the oppression of the lower castes at the hands of the upper castes did not flow from numerical superiority, but rather from niches in the economic hierarchy apropos land ownership and the monopoly over labour. Further the culture of violence ensured that the Chamar or the Musahar never raise their heads in protest. Though begar was a thing of the past, the banihar worked often for nothing. Wearing a clean dhoti, remaining seated in the presence of the master, even on a cot outside his own hut, walking erect were taboo. When the evenings fell or in lonely stretches of field, the rape of his womenfolk by the landlord's lathieths and scions complete a picture of unbridled Bumihar, Rajput over lordship.</ref>

According to Fernando Franco, in parts of central Bihar, who describes the condition of women agricultural laborers; "Even as late as the 1970s, the rape of lower caste women by [some]Rajputs/Bhumihars[landlords] had almost become a tradition, an accepted social evil, a fate which many bore unquestioningly".<ref name="Franco2002">{{cite book | author = Fernando Franco | date = 2002 | title = Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh | publisher = Indian Social Institute | isbn = 9788187218463 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ|page=52}}</ref>

Ranabir Samaddar cited an example of an Anwa village in which upper-caste Rajputs practiced ''Dola Pratha''; newly wedded brides of [[Dalit]]s and landless labourers had to spend one night with the landlord before having sex with her husband.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNCGAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|title=State of Justice In India Issues of Social Justice|author=Ranabir Samaddar|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year= 2009|pages=46, 65|
isbn=978-8132104193|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> According to a report from Sonatola village in Bihar, in the neighbouring village Berath, some Dalit women said when lower-caste women rejected the landlord's proposal of sexual contact, it was common for the landlords to falsely implicate the male members of their families and their kin in criminal cases. Besides sexual assaults, the drawing of water from the village wells and walking on the pathways alongside the landlords in that village were forbidden for the lower castes.<ref name="UN">{{cite book |last=Kelkar |first=Govind |chapter=Women and Land Rights Movements |title=Case Studies on Strengthening Co-ordination Between Non-governmental Organizations and Government Agencies in Promoting Social Development |publisher=United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |year=1989 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-s9SIp1-OsC&pg=PA73 |at=Sec. "Kisan Sabha and Kisan Samiti: Peasant Movements and Women (India)", pp.  72–73}}</ref> By the 1960s, most of the prevalent feudal practices came to an end due to the activism of [[Kisan Sabha (1919-1922)|Kisan Sabha]]s, an organization led by middle-peasant castes who also campaigned for women rights and dignity, and allowed agricultural-labourer women to speak for themselves.<ref name="UN"/>{{rp|pages=72–73}}

Later, assertion of many left-wing organizations took place in Bihar, the most prominent among them being [[Maoist Communist Centre of India]] (MCC), which waged wars against the landlords for the cause of lower castes. In Bihar, the prime targets of this organisation were Rajputs, against whom most of the caste-inspired massacres were committed. The events at "Darmian" and [[Dalelchak-Bhagaura massacre|Dalelchak-Bhagaura]], among others, are considered caste-based violence perpetrated against Rajputs by MCC.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ6FHeJJszcC&pg=PA235 |title= Confessional Terror A Dateline to Death|author1=Bhawani Singh|author2=Vibhuti Singh Shekhawat|publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors|year=2007|
isbn=978-8179751756|page=235|accessdate=28 May 2022}}</ref>

In the 1990s, the accession of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] to the premiership of Bihar brought socio-economic changes in the state's feudal society. Under the leadership of [[Anand Mohan Singh]], a campaign against the [[Mandal Commission]] was undertaken in the state. The movement was also opposed to the rule of Lalu Prasad Yadav. [[Pappu Yadav]], an associate of Yadav and a [[Janta Dal]] leader, led a campaign of violence against the "Upper Castes".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qwd4I6Q5uMC&pg=PA52|title=Bihar in Flames|author1=S.K. Ghosh|author2=Srikanta Ghosh|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2000|isbn=8176481602|access-date=15 December 2020|pages=52–53}}</ref>

==Politics==
At the time of independence, Rajputs and other upper castes had a monopoly in the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and Bihar state politics. Over time, conflict within the upper-caste groups emerged in the INC, and Rajputs and Bhumihars became major challengers of the dominance of the [[Kayastha]] caste. This period saw the emergence of [[Bhumihar]]s as the most-significant caste group within the INC; to counter the Bhumihars, Rajputs allied with Kayasthas, leading to intense inter-caste conflicts at all level of politics in Bihar and rise of caste-based political patronage, crippling the state's politics in later years.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&q=sunlight+sena|title=Community Warriors State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar|publisher=Anthem Press India|author=Ashwani Kumar|year=2008|
isbn=978-1843317098|accessdate=23 June 2022|pages=60–61}}</ref>

According to Sanjay Kumar, before the 1990s, the dominance of the upper castes such as Rajputs, Brahmins, Bhumihars and Kayasthas in Bihari society, politics, the judiciary and bureaucracy prevented the implementation of land reforms in the state, which could have helped [[Scheduled Caste]]s and [[Backward caste]]s. In the post-Mandal phase, [[Kurmi]], [[Kushwaha|Koeri]] and [[Yadav]], the three backward castes who constitute the upper-[[Other Backward Class|OBC]] due to their advantageous position in the socio-economic sphere of agrarian society, became the new political elite of the state. One of the causes of this change was weakening of the INC in the state, which was long-dominated by upper castes. The rising ''[[Kulak]]s'' from the upper-OBC supported the [[Lok Dal]] political party for their emancipation and jostled with the erstwhile political elites, the upper castes. According to Sanjay Kumar, after a long, protracted struggle, the upper castes accepted the leadership of OBCs during this phase.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|title= Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|author= Sanjay Kumar|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2018|
isbn=978-9352805860|pages=27–28|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> <br />
In the recent decade, however, upper castes have returned to the power structure, holding prominent positions.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Upper-caste Polity|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-upper-caste-leaders-back-in-circulation-in-bihar/304876/amp|date=20 Aug 2021|publisher=Outlook}}</ref>

Some of the leaders of the community also played important roles in the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]-led government, which includes [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]], who conceptualised [[MNREGA]], the biggest anti-poverty scheme in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/face-behind-biggest-anti-poverty-scheme-how-rjd-sidelined-raghuvansh-prasad-amid-family-poll-game-2684857.html|title=Brain Behind The Biggest Anti-poverty Scheme, How RJD Sidelined Raghuvansh Prasad|editor=Sumit Pande|website=News18|accessdate=28 May 2022}}</ref> [[Radha Mohan Singh]] has been credited for the growth of the [[BJP]] in the state while being state chief from 2006 to 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/five-term-bjp-mp-radha-mohan-singh-finally-gets-his-reward/articleshow/35621831.cms |title=Radha Mohan Singh, East Champaran|website=Economic Times|date=26 May 2014}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
Rajputs of Bihar have been a socially dominant community, as they are fairly represented in the legislative assembly and legislative council of Bihar, despite risen hostility towards upper-castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/978687/bihar-polls-32-charts-reveal-caste-gender-religious-and-criminal-composition-of-the-new-assembly |title= Composition of Bihar assembly|website=Scroll.in|date= 18 November 2020|access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref> This community also has largest representation in [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Rajya Sabha]] MPs from Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-read-caste-based-details-of-nda-candidate-from-loksabha-seats-of-bihar-bramk-1789621.html |title= Members of Parliament from Bihar|website=News18|date= 23 March 2019|access-date=11 September 2022}}</ref>
According to a report of Institute of Human Development Studies, [[Brahmin]]s topped the average per-capita income with Rs 28,093; Rajputs have an average per-capita income of Rs 20,655, closely followed by middle-agrarian castes such as [[Kushwaha]]s and [[Kurmis]], who earned Rs 18,811 and Rs 17,835, respectively, as their average per-capita income. In contrast, Yadavs’ income is one of the lowest among OBCs at Rs 12,314, which is slightly less than the rest of the OBCs at Rs 12,617. Despite the political mobilisation of backward castes in the post-Mandal period, Rajputs are still among the high-income groups in Bihar. According to this report, the economic benefits of the [[Mandal Commission|Mandal politics]] have not reached castes of agrarian background, leading to their upward mobility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-elections-caste-obc-mandal-6929329/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122091426/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/bihar-elections-caste-obc-mandal-6929329/ |title=Lower castes in Bihar have got political power, not economic progress|editor1=[[Christophe Jaffrelot]]|editor2=Kalaiyarasan A|website=Indian Express|date=4 November 2020 |access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

==Kingdoms and chieftaincies founded by Rajputs in Bihar==
[[File:Sonbarsa Raj.JPG|thumb|The Palace of Sonbarsa Raj]]

* [[Sonbarsa Raj]] founded by [[Gandhavariya]] Rajputs in medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhagwant Sahai |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283324 |title=The Journal Of The Bihar Puravid Parisad 1983 Vol. Vii And Viii |date=1984 |pages=414, 418}}</ref>
* [[Kharagpur Raj]] founded in the 16th century by [[Kinwar]] Rajputs<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|pages=22–28}}</ref>
* [[Namudag|Namudag Raj]] founded in the 16th century by the [[Gaur (clan)|Gaur rajput]],<ref name="Ansari2019"/>
* [[Gidhaur chieftaincy]] founded in the 14th century by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] Rajputs<ref name="Ansari2019" />
* [[Jagdishpur estate|Jagdishpur Raj]] and [[Dumraon Raj]] founded by the [[Ujjainiya]] Rajputs<ref name="Ansari2019" />
* [[Deo Raj]] founded in the 15th century by Sisodia Rajputs in Bihar.<ref name="Prakash2003" />
* [[Ramgarh Raj]] in the [[Chhota Nagpur Plateau]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title=JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan) |date=2020-03-21 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-90101-16-0 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Notable people==

* [[Harihar Singh]] - 9th Chief Minister of Bihar<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Narain|first1=Jai Prakash|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfIdAAAAMAAJ|title=A Revolutionary's Quest: Selected Writings of Jayaprakash Narayan|last2=Narayan|first2=Jayaprakash|date=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561204-2|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kunwar Singh]] - Zamindar and Military commander who participated in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hartwell |first1=Nicole |title=Framing colonial war loot: The 'captured' spolia opima of Kunwar Singh |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |date=2021 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhab042 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Bhishma Narain Singh]] - he belongs to the [[Namudag|Namudag Raj]] and was former governor of the Assam.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}
* [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] - Indian nationalist statesman known as ''Bihar''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoP8AwAAQBAJ&q=anugrah+narayan+sinha+rajput&pg=PT192 | title=Agrarian Crisis in India: The Case of Bihar | publisher=University of Texas Press | date=2014 | access-date=6 January 2019 | author=F. Tomasson Jannuzi| isbn=9781477300145 }}</ref>
* [[Raja Narain Singh]] - Chieftain of the Seris and Kutumba estate in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] and participant in the [[1781 revolt in Bihar]]<ref name=Maharatna2012>{{cite journal | title=The Zamindars of Bihar: Their Resistance to Colonial Rule Between 1765-1781 | author= Paramita Maharatna | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 73|year=2012 | pages= 1435|jstor = 44156363}}</ref>
* [[Gajpati Ujjainia]] - Commander in the army of the [[Sur Empire]] under [[Sher Shah Suri]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ansari |first1=Tahir Hussain |title=A Political Biography of an Ujjainia Chief of Bhojpur: Raja Gajpati |journal=Karatoya |date=2014 |volume=7 |pages=40–48 |url=http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/3840}}</ref>
* [[K.B.N. Singh]] - Chief Justice of Patna and Madras High Court, served as an acting Governor of Bihar. From the illustrious Kulharia Raj family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-01-06 |title=B N Collegiate School has to live with dirt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/b-n-collegiate-school-has-to-live-with-dirt/articleshow/1952875399.cms |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Kamal Singh (politician)|Kamal Singh]] - Last Maharaja of Dumraon Raj([[Ujjainiya|Ujjainiya Rajput]]) and Member of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Kamal Singh, last surviving member of first Lok Sabha, passes away at 94 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/maharaja-kamal-singh-last-surviving-member-of-first-lok-sabha-passes-away-at-94 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]] - From the [[Gidhaur]] Royal family, Union Minister for several times.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jul 3, 2010 |title=Vasundhara visits Gidhaur, mourns Digvijay {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/vasundhara-visits-gidhaur-mourns-digvijay/articleshow/6122070.cms |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[:hi:कलक्टर सिंह 'केसरी'|Collectar Singh "Kesari"]] - Poet and novelist from erstwhile Shahabad district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=कलक्टर सिंह केसरी ने हिंदी में प्रकृति राग गायन को किया समृद्ध |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/kalakant-singh-kesari-has-richly-promoted-sanskrit-choral-singing-in-hindi-051541-2758387.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[R. K. Singh]] - Union minister of Power and Renewable energy from bhojpur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-03 |title=Who is Raj Kumar Singh? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-raj-kumar-singh/ |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arvind Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)|Malkhan Singh]] - Several times MLA from Jamshedpur.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Heavyweight ticket aspirants put JMM in a fix in Jamshedpur - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/heavyweight-ticket-aspirants-put-jmm-in-a-fix-in-jamshedpur/articleshow/68621505.cms |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=The Times of India|date=29 March 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Baharagora

2026-02-18T17:59:34Z

VirgilioBrereton: small changes

{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date= September 2020}}
{{about|the town in Jharkhand|1 its namesake community development block|Baharagora block|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baharagora
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.28|N|86.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 79
| population_total = 1132
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832101
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-6594
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 89.54%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baharagora]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baharagora''' is a town in the [[Baharagora block|Baharagora]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
Baharagora CD block was established in 1956.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=350| height=420| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page)<br/>M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Dhalbhumgarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2

|mark-coord2={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Baharagora | numbered2=R| mark-title2=Baharagora (R)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 

|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|35|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)

|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)

|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R)

|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)

|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)

|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000

|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000

|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365

|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365

|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000

|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000

|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000

|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18 =left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000

|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none

|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none

|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365

|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4

|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Baharagora is located at {{Coord|22.28|N|86.72|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Baharagora.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Baharagora]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|79|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The [[Subarnarekha River]] flows along its adjoining areas (approx at a distance of {{cvt|7|km|disp=sqbr}}).

It is situated on the south-east corner of Jharkhand. It is {{cvt|60|km}} from [[Kharagpur]], {{cvt|90|km}} from [[Jamshedpur]], {{cvt|50|km}} from Ghatshila, {{cvt|50|km}} from [[Baripada]] and {{cvt|200|km}} from Kolkata

Baharagora is the entry point of Jharkhand from the two states, namely [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], as it is located at the border, West Bengal is approx {{cvt|12|km}} and Odisha is approx {{cvt|7|km}} from there.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Baharagora.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 18 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The headquarters of [[Baharagora block|Baharagora]] CD block is located at Baharagora village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 119: Map of Baharagora CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Baharagora had a total population of 1,132, of which 571 (50%) were males and 561 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 128. The total number of literate persons in Baharagora was 899 (89.54% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 364876, Pages 320-321: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Baharagora block#Language and religion]])

Dialect spoken: Bahraagi<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Manish|date=April 2018|title=TAM Analysis of Baharagora Dialect|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324774471_TAM_Analysis_of_Baharagora_Dialect|access-date=6 September 2020|website=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Transport==
Baharagora is a very important hub for transport as [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway 6]]/[[AH46|Asian Highway 46]] passes through here and almost all the Transport Companies have their transit hub here. [[National Highway 18 (India)|National Highway 18]] connects [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH 6]] at Baharagora and [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH 2]] at [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]], [[Jharkhand]]. It is connected to [[Baripada]] in [[Odisha]] by [[National Highway 18 (India)|NH 18]].

The nearest railway stations are Chakulia {{cvt|30.6|km}}, Ghatsila {{cvt|47|km}}, Jhargram {{cvt|50|km}}, Kharagpur {{cvt|60|km}}, Tatanagar {{cvt|90|km}} & Kolkata (Howrah) {{cvt|189|km}}.

Nearest International Airport Kolkata, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport.

==Education==
===Schools===

* [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]], Balikuria
* [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]], Baharagora
* [[Kumardubi Darkhuli High School]], Kumardubi
* [[Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir]], Baharagora
* [[Saraswati Shishu Mandir]], Bankati (Mouda)

===Colleges===
* [[Baharagora College]], Baharagora

==Culture==
* [[Chitreshwer]] Shiv Mandir - {{cvt|12|km}}.

* Baharagora Krishi Mela.<ref>[http://www.baharagora.com/ baharagora.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224174607/http://www.baharagora.com/ |date=2014-02-24 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140224174607/http://www.baharagora.com/ baharagora.com]

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Villages in East Singhbhum district]]
{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Nut Boltu

2026-02-14T06:54:45Z

VirgilioBrereton: adding new pg

{{Third-party|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian animated TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nut Boltu title card.png
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Title card
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = Comedy
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 876 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 17-23 minutes
| company = Ssoftoons<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ssoftoons {{!}} Home |url=https://www.ssoftoons.com/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.ssoftoons.com}}</ref>
| budget =
| network = [[Sony Aath]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016||}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Nut Boltu''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] animated comedy television series. In 2016 the series began airing regularly on the [[Sony Aath]] television channel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nut Boltu |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/nut-boltu-1700000126 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=Sony LIV}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Nut Boltu'' series is based on the life and activities of two children named Nut and Boltu, who are around 10 years old. Nut is fat and Boltu is thin. Nut and Boltu are a bit mischievous, but stand by each other in good and bad times. They always volunteer to solve the problems of others, but because of their personality and unique thinking, they always get into some trouble. Finally their friendship, honesty and trust helps to solve all the problems.<ref>{{Citation |title=পেপে চোর {{!}} Nut Boltu {{!}} Bangla Cartoon {{!}} Episode - 819 | date=25 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftKNy1d0TIM |access-date=2024-02-25 |language=en}}</ref>

== Characters ==
* '''Nut''': The central character, a healthy and intelligent boy. His complexion is light brown. He wears pale green T-shirt, orange pants and brown shoes most of the time.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Nut Boltu (Bengali) - নাট বল্টু - Episode 1 - Paropkar | date=10 April 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlLFqG1cmmg |access-date=2024-02-25 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Boltu''': Nut's friend. The second central character with thin health, wears purple T-shirt and khaki pants.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Borobabu''': Gopi Daroga, Inspector of Dashpara Police Station.<ref name=":0" />
* '''S.P.''': Senior of Borobabu
* '''Havildar''': The only Constable of Dashpara Police Station and assists Borobabu.
*'''Rajani Babu''': Nut's father.<ref name=":0" />
*'''Nut's mother''': a strict and hard woman with a healthy figure, friend of Boltu's mother.
*'''Makhon Babu''': Boltu's father.<ref name=":0" />
*'''Boltu's mother''': Same as Nut's mother and her friend as well.
* '''Wrench''': Ratan Chacchari, the head of Nut and Boltu's rival party.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Wrench's mother''': The strict mother of Ratan Chacchari
* '''Hulo''': Wrench's assistant, member of Nut and Boltu's rival party. Mittir aunty's sister's son, studied at Dashpara 'N.B.' School from his aunt's house.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wa06V6afd-M |title=Nut Boltu (Bengali) - নাট বল্টু - Episode 33 - Meeao |date=2016-07-31 |last=Sony AATH |access-date=2024-05-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* '''Batali''': Wrench's assistant, member of Nut and Boltu's rival party. Mittir aunty's sister's son, studied at Dashpara 'N.B.' School from his aunt's house.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8q3UnCVjlNk |title=বাটালি উইল নট প্লে হোলি {{!}} Nut Boltu {{!}} Bangla Cartoon {{!}} Episode - 619 |date=2022-03-20 |last=Sony AATH |access-date=2024-05-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* '''Bheblai''': Wrench, Hulo and Batali's assistant, member of Nut and Boltu's rival party, studying with them at 'N.B.' School.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Chimti''': Nut and Boltu's friend (female), niece of Borobabu. Always wears green tops. <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqiWzNbda-g |title=ছিমটি'স এজিটেশন {{!}} Nut Boltu {{!}} Bangla Cartoon {{!}} Episode - 536 |date=2021-06-06 |last=Sony AATH |access-date=2024-05-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* '''Karali Dadu''': Retired lawyer.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Mittir Aunty''': Mrs. Mitra, aunt of Hulo and Batali.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Karmakarta''': President of Daspara Club.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Wife of Karmakarta''': A joly and music lover woman.
* '''Professor Babu''': A scientist who lives in Dashpara, helps Nut, Boltu, Chimti and Borobabu in need.
* '''Ranga Dadu''': Nut's mother's maternal uncle. Nut's distant grandfather.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Panchu Dadu''': Boltu's distant grandfather.
* '''Murilal''', '''Kanu''', '''Kakatua''', '''Cheala''': Robbers, who are caught because of Nut and Boltu's intelligence every time they steal or rob.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Gopal Bhar (Animated TV series)]]
* [[List of Indian animated television series]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10375762}}

[[Category:Indian animated television series]]
[[Category:Sony Aath original programming]]

Teotónio de Souza

2026-02-12T03:31:12Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting initial details with sources

{{short description|Portuguese historian, writer, editor (1947–2019)}}
{{No footnotes|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Teotónio de Souza
| image = Teotonio R de Souza.jpg
| caption = De Souza in 2009
| birth_name = Teotónio Rosário de Souza
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|2|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Moira, Goa|Moirá]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| occupation = Historian
| spouse = Elvira Correia de Souza
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|2|20|1947|2|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth]]
* [[University of Pune|University of Poona]]}}
| website =
| signature =
| parents =
}}

'''Teotónio Rosário de Souza''' (18 February 1947 – 20 February 2019) was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] historian and, as a [[Society of jesus|Jesuit]], a cofounder and first director of the [[Xavier Centre of Historical Research]] (XCHR), at [[Porvorim|Alto Porvorim]], [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite thesis
|last=Abreu
|first=Fr. Savio
|title=Contribution of Jesuits to higher education in Goa: historical background of higher education of the Jesuits
|date=2012
|publisher=GRISO-University of Navarra
|url=http://dadun.unav.edu/handle/10171/27918/
|isbn=978-84-8081-338-9
|pages=9–21
|archive-date=10 February 2015
|access-date=10 February 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210191823/http://dadun.unav.edu/handle/10171/27918/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Based in Portugal since 1995, de Souza was Head and chair, Department of History in the [[Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias]] from 1999 to 2014. He was also a fellow of the Portuguese Academy of History since 1983, and of the [[Lisbon Geographic Society|Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa]] since 2000.

==Early and personal life==
Of [[Goan Catholic]] origin, de Souza was born in the village of [[Moira, Goa|Moirá]] in the [[Bardes]] ''[[concelho]]'' of [[Portuguese Goa]]. He belonged to the fifth vangodd (clan) of the village and is the 12th generation descendant of Shantappa Kamat, a [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]] (GSB) who became Diogo de Souza after his conversion to Christianity in 1618.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tdesbio.html
|title=Dr. Teotónio de Souza: An Autobiography
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517122848/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tdesbio.html
|archive-date=17 May 2011
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

De Souza was educated mostly in Goa during Portuguese colonial rule. He belonged to the [[Goan]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] for twenty-six years. He left the [[catholic priesthood|priesthood]] in 1995, with [[Dispensation (canon law)|dispensation]] for [[Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)|laicisation]] from the [[Holy See]] so that he could marry a Portuguese woman named Elvira Correia de Souza.<ref name=":0" /> He was awarded Portuguese nationality in 1995 and was granted [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] (OCI) by the [[Government of India]] in 2007. On 20 February 2019, de Souza died in [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Well-known historian Teotonio dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/well-known-historian-teotonio-dies/articleshow/68087457.cms |access-date=21 February 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/dr-teotonio-de-souza-was-persistent-in-chasing-knowledge/|title=Dr Teotonio de Souza was persistent in chasing knowledge|date=22 February 2019|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref>

==Career==

===In history===
In 1979, de Souza wrote his [[PhD]] thesis, ''Medieval Goa: A Socio-Economic History.''<ref>
{{Cite thesis|last=de Souza|first=Teotónio|title=Medieval Goa: A Socio-Economic History|date=1979|degree=PhD|publisher=Concept Publ. Co.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200764375|language=en}}</ref> It challenged the view that Portuguese rule in South Asia resulted in overall prosperity in Goa in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. His work claimed that "Golden Goa" was an expression popularised by art historians, with reference to the [[baroque]] church architecture of the early centuries of the Portuguese rule.

De Souza was the author and editor of many books and research papers, in both [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[English language|English]]. His partial memoirs are penned in a book, titled ''Goa To Me''.<ref>{{Cite book
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C&q=medieval%2520goa&pg=PA9
|title = Goa to Me
|last = Souza
|first = Teotonio R. De
|date = 1994
|publisher = Concept Publishing Company
|isbn = 9788170225041
|language = en
|access-date = 2018-11-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160918130256/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9qBd8u0M0C&pg=PA9&dq=medieval+goa&lr=&ei=X_anSoDUNY3GNd-iwKAK&hl=pt-PT#v=onepage&q=medieval%2520goa&f=false
|archive-date = 18 September 2016
|url-status = live
}}</ref> His favourite area of research includes colonial and post-colonial themes, with particular reference to Portuguese in Asia. His authority in this field has at times been hijacked by people stealing his identity on the Internet. An article entitled "The Goa Inquisition", attributes its authorship to him, on a US-based website called ''Christianaggression,'' in 2005. It has since been cited by other communal sites.<ref>{{Cite mailing list
|url = http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg22724.html
|title = Re: [Goanet] Details of the Goa Inquisition or Hindutva cyber crimes?
|website = mail-archive.com
|language = en
|access-date = 2018-11-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155158/http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg22724.html
|archive-date = 2 April 2015
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
{{Better source needed
|reason = citation is the "Goanet forum", which is not an objective source regarding the nature of this dispute
|date=August 2015
}}

On his 60th birthday, de Souza was felicitated with a [[festschrift]] titled, ''Metahistory: History questioning History'', containing personal tributes and 43 research papers contributed by historians and social scientists from the world over.<ref name=":0">
{{Cite book
|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/9635462/Metahistory
|title=Metahistory: History questioning History
|last1=Borges
|first1=C.J.
|last2 = Pearson
|first2 = S.J.
|last3 = Pearson
|first3 = M.N.
|via=Scribd
|publisher=Nova Vega
|year=2007
|location=Lisboa
|language=en
|access-date=2018-11-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827084126/http://www.scribd.com/doc/9635462/Metahistory|archive-date=27 August 2013
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The Lusophone University of Lisbon awarded him its Gold Medal of Merit on the same occasion, in recognition of his research, teaching, and critical appreciation and promotion of [[Lusophony]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grupolusofona.pt/portal/page?_pageid=135,514781&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |title=1º Ciclo – História |access-date=9 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908230937/http://www.grupolusofona.pt/portal/page?_pageid=135,514781&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=8 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A firm believer in the power of web since the early 70s, and a defender of digitalization of historical sources, he founded, in partnership with the Goa-based journalist [[Frederick Noronha]], the ''Goa-Research-Net'' in 1997,<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/goa-research-net/info
|title= Goa Research Net on Yahoo! Groups
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810010319/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/goa-research-net/info
|archive-date=10 August 2016
|url-status=dead
|access-date=12 January 2017
}}</ref> initially hosted in the ''Goanet'' server, and since 2005 on [[Yahoo! Groups]]. It also has branches on [[Facebook]] and on [[Mendeley]], since May 2017.

Since November 2008, de Souza had continually been a columnist to the Goan daily ''Herald,'' in a section which sought to link Goa and Portugal, in the past. Since 2012, he had written [[Op-ed]] columns for ''The Goan Everyday.''<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.thegoan.net/Columnists/Unwinding-Culture
|title=Unwinding Culture
|date=2015-03-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319083947/http://www.thegoan.net/Columnists/Unwinding-Culture
|archive-date=2015-03-19
|url-status=dead
|access-date=2018-11-19
}}</ref> He also wrote for the ''Goan Observer ''<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://www.goanobserver.in/2016/11/05/karma-dharma-indian-democracy/
|title = KARMA, DHARMA AND INDIAN DEMOCRACY – Goan Observer
|last = de Souza
|first = Teotónio
|date = 2016-11-05
|website = Goan Observer
|language = en-US
|access-date = 2018-11-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224416/http://www.goanobserver.in/2016/11/05/karma-dharma-indian-democracy/
|archive-date = 18 November 2016
|url-status = live
}}</ref> and, since April 2018, ran a column for a Portuguese digital newspaper,'' Pátria ''.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://apatria.org/utilizador/teotoniosouza/?profiletab=posts
|title=Teotónio R. de Souza: Profile on Pátria
|language=pt-PT
|access-date=2018-11-19
}}</ref> Many of his writings are consulted online at [[Academia.edu]],<ref>{{Cite web
|url = https://grupolusofona.academia.edu/TeotonioRdeSouza
|title = Teotonio R. de Souza {{!}} ULHT – Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias – Academia.edu
|website = grupolusofona.academia.edu
|language = en
|access-date = 2018-11-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140523102853/http://grupolusofona.academia.edu/TeotonioRdeSouza
|archive-date = 23 May 2014
|url-status = live
}}</ref> [[Scribd]],<ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.scribd.com/people/documents/723742-teotonio-r-de-souza
|title=Teotónio de Souza {{!}} Scribd
|via=Scribd
|language=en
|access-date=2018-11-19
}}</ref> [[ResearchGate]],<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Teotonio_Souza
|title=Teotonio R. de Souza {{!}} M.A, (Philosophy, History), PhD (History) {{!}} Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon {{!}} ULHT {{!}} CPES – Centro de Pesquisa e Estudos Sociais
|website=ResearchGate
|language=en
|access-date=2018-11-19
}}</ref> and the ReCil Lusófona<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/browse?value=Souza%252C+Teot%25C3%25B3nio+R.+de&type=author
|title = Visualizar pelo Autor "Souza%2C Teot%C3%B3nio R. de"
|website = recil.grupolusofona.pt
|access-date = 2018-11-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141918/http://recil.grupolusofona.pt/browse?value=Souza%2C+Teot%C3%B3nio+R.+de&type=author
|archive-date = 12 June 2018
|url-status = live
}}</ref> – the online scientific repository of the [[Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias]], [[Lisboa Region|Lisboa]].

His book ''Goa: Outgrowing Postcolonialism – Historical Explorations (1961-2014),'' is a cultural-historical analysis of the evolution of Goa since its [[Annexation of Goa|annexation]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Goa outgrowing Postcolonialism: Historical Explorations|last=Souza|first=Teotonio R. de|date=2014-05-08|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=9781495346972|location=Lisboa|language=en}}</ref>

===Academic and research activities===
De Souza retired from October 2014 as Cathedratic professor of the [[Universidade Lusófona]], after representing, since 1996, the interests of History teaching and research on the Scientific and Pedagogic Councils, of the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Education and Administration of the Universidade Lusófona, as an ex-officio member. While acting as coordinator / Director of the MA and M.Phil. courses in History,<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://fcsh.ulusofona.pt:80/index.php/historia
|title=Apresentação do Curso de História
|date=2009-09-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217180811/http://fcsh.ulusofona.pt/index.php/historia
|archive-date=2009-12-17
|url-status=dead
|access-date=2018-11-19
}}</ref> he guided M.Phil. and PhD researchers in Political Science and Diplomatic Relations and directed a line of research related to "Colonial and Post-Colonial Societies", and Memories of CPES (Centro de Pesquisa e Estudos Sociais) of the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa.

He was Director-Editor of the Journal of ACSEL (Associação dos Cientistas Sociais do Espaço Lusófono)<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://revistas.ulusofona.pt/index.php/campussocial/issue/archive
|title = Edições Anteriores {{!}} Campus Social – Revista Lusófona de Ciências Sociais
|website = revistas.ulusofona.pt
|language = pt-PT
|access-date = 2018-11-19
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091208111110/http://revistas.ulusofona.pt/index.php/campussocial/issue/archive
|archive-date = 8 December 2009
|url-status = live
}}</ref> and continued to help as Chief-Editor of the Journal FLUXOS E RISCOS – Revista de Estudos Sociais, that published the research findings of CPES (Centre for Social Research and Studies). He was also a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Souza, Teotonio de}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Goa]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Former Jesuits]]
[[Category:20th-century Portuguese historians]]
[[Category:Portuguese male writers]]
[[Category:Portuguese people of Goan descent]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Portuguese writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Portuguese historians]]

Priyanath Mukhopadhyay

2026-01-31T13:28:08Z

VirgilioBrereton: adding new stub

{{Short description|Bengali writer & detective}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Priyanath Mukhopadhyay
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1855|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chuadanga]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|6|20|1855|6|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]
| occupation = Author<br>police [[inspector]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| notableworks = Darogar Daptar
| citizenship = India
}}
'''Priyanath Mukhopadhyay''' (4{{nbsp}}June 1855{{snd}}20{{nbsp}}June 1947)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Pinaki|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF3WegP2WzAC&q=Priyanath+Mukhopadhyay&pg=PA99|title=The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7625-849-4|pages=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=প্রিয়নাথ মুখোপাধ্যায় - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার|url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC|access-date=2021-05-22|website=bn.wikisource.org|language=bn}}</ref> was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] writer and police detective in Calcutta during the British era.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kannabiran |first1=Kalpana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaMGo6zqzNYC&dq=Priyanath+Mukhopadhyay&pg=PA42 |title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law: Colonialism, Criminology and Human Rights in India |last2=Singh |first2=Ranbir |date=2008-11-11 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3665-7 |language=en}}</ref> He is considered a pioneer in the field of mystery and detective fiction in [[Bengali literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/news-detail-646960|title='Detective fiction' back in vogue, courtesy Bengal cops|website=The Tribune|access-date=24 February 2020}}<br>- {{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/which-is-more-poisonous-scorpion-or-devil-s-trumpet-1.386839|title=কী করে খুন করি
|website=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn|access-date=24 February 2020}}<br>- {{Cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/onnoalo/article/1044775/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0|title=বঙ্গের গোয়েন্দা-চরিত্র|website=Prothom Alo|date=23 December 2016 |language=bn|access-date=24 February 2020}}<br>- {{Cite web|title=Calcutta noir|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LibY45l3PWg0B2DYI8SsCN/Calcutta-noir.html|last=Bag|first=Shamik|date=17 January 2015|website=Livemint|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Mukhopadhyay was born in [[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]], undivided [[Nadia district|Nadia]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. He was an inspector at [[Lalbazar]] Police Station in the detective department of the [[Calcutta Police]]. He worked in the department for 33 years, from 1878 to 1911. He was a detective of the [[Calcutta Police]]. The British Government gave him the title of [[Roybahadur]] (রায়বাহাদুর) for his excellent record in solving crimes in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/detective-dead-whodunnit/cid/1288901|title=Detective dead, whodunnit?|website=The Telegraph|location=India|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

In 1889, he began writing accounts of some of his cases in the journal ''Anusandhaan'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Shampa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNQkDwAAQBAJ&q=Priyanath+Mukhopadhyay&pg=PA29|title=Gender and Criminality in Bangla Crime Narratives: Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=978-1-137-51598-8|pages=29–30}}</ref> before moving in 1892 to ''Darogar Daptar'' (The Inspector's Files) devoted solely to his stories,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=One of India's earliest crime fiction stories was about a delicious scam involving books|author=Abhijit Gupta
|date=10 January 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/article/863960/one-of-indias-earliest-crime-fiction-stories-was-about-a-delicious-scam-involving-books|website=Scroll|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/various/2013/05/17/169240
|title=বাংলা সাহিত্যে গোয়েন্দা|website=Bangladesh Pratidin|date=17 May 2013 |language=bn|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> writing 206 stories<ref name=":0" /> over the next 11 years. Some detractors claim that many of his self-proclaimed experiences written in ''Darogar Daptar'' were actually stories heavily inspired by foreign authors like [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] and others.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024|reason=He did work in the Lalbazar, so it is highly likely that these were his personal experiences. There is no evidence that it were inspired by Sherlock Holmes.}}

He wrote his autobiography in 1911.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian mystery writers]]
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali detective fiction writers]]
[[Category:Police officers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:People from Chuadanga District]]

2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy

2026-01-17T05:48:01Z

VirgilioBrereton: new a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 21 December 2024
| todate = 18 January 2025
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]]
| host = {{Flag|India}}
| champions = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| count = 5
| runner up = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| participants = 38
| matches = 105
| attendance =
| player of the series = [[Karun Nair]] (Vidarbha)
| most runs = Karun Nair (779) (Vidarbha)
| most wickets = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] (20) (Punjab)
| website =
| previous_year = 2023–24
| previous_tournament = 2023–24 Vijay Hazare Trophy
| next_year = ''2025–26''
| next_tournament = 2025–26 Vijay Hazare Trophy
}}

The '''2024–25 Vijay Hazare Trophy''' was the 32nd edition of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], an annual [[List A cricket]] tournament in India. It was played from 21 December 2024 to 18 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130850/bcci-to-review-new-domestic-structure-for-upcoming-season|title=BCCI to review new domestic structure for upcoming season|work=[[Cricbuzz]]|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556116/bcci-announces-domestic-fixtures-for-home-season-2024-25 |title=BCCI announces domestic fixtures for home season 2024-25|work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/bcci-announce-indian-domestic-schedule-for-2024-25-full-list-of-tournaments-and-start-dates|title=BCCI announce Indian domestic schedule for 2024/25: Full list of tournaments and start dates|work=wisden|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] were the defending champions.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 December 2023 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy Final Highlights: RAJ 257 all out v HAR 287/8; Haryana edges Rajasthan to win its first VHT by 30 runs |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/vijay-hazare-final-live-score-2023-haryana-vs-rajasthan-vht-scorecard-har-v-raj-updates-highlights-streaming-info/article67644548.ece |website=[[Sportstar]]|date=16 December 2023 }}</ref>

In the final, [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] defeated [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] by 36 runs to win their fifth title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 January 2025 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy Final, Highlights, Vidarbha vs Karnataka: KAR seals 36-run win against VID to lift fifth title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/vijay-hazare-trophy-live-score-vidarbha-vs-karnataka-final-karun-nair-mayank-agarwal-updates-highlights-streaming-info/article69111902.ece |work=SportStar}}</ref>

==Standings==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-1445828/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
|show_tie=no
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|update=complete

|team_order=GUJ, HAR, JHA, UTT, GOA, ASS, ODI, MAN
|result1=QF
|result2=PQF

|win_JHA=4 |loss_JHA=3 |nr_JHA= |nrr_JHA=0.423
|win_GUJ=7 |loss_GUJ= |nr_GUJ= |nrr_GUJ=2.582
|win_UTT=3 |loss_UTT=4 |nr_UTT= |nrr_UTT=0.846
|win_GOA=3 |loss_GOA=4 |nr_GOA= |nrr_GOA=-0.676
|win_ASS=3 |loss_ASS=4 |nr_ASS= |nrr_ASS=-0.816
|win_HAR=6 |loss_HAR=1 |nr_HAR= |nrr_HAR=0.728
|win_ODI=2 |loss_ODI=5 |nr_ODI= |nrr_ODI=0.170
|win_MAN= |loss_MAN=7 |nr_MAN= |nrr_MAN=-2.952

|name_JHA=[[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|name_GUJ=[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
|name_UTT=[[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|name_GOA=[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
|name_ASS=[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
|name_HAR=[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
|name_ODI=[[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
|name_MAN=[[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
|status_text_R=Runners-up
}}
===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-1445828/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
|show_tie=no
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|update=complete

|team_order=MAH, RAJ, RAI, HIM, AND, SER, SIK, MEG

|result1=QF
|result2=PQF

|win_MAH=6 |loss_MAH=1 |nr_MAH= |nrr_MAH=1.736
|win_HIM=4 |loss_HIM=3 |nr_HIM= |nrr_HIM=0.649
|win_AND=4 |loss_AND=3 |nr_AND= |nrr_AND=1.115
|win_RAI=5 |loss_RAI=2 |nr_RAI= |nrr_RAI=0.856
|win_RAJ=5 |loss_RAJ=2 |nr_RAJ= |nrr_RAJ=0.349
|win_SER=2 |loss_SER=5 |nr_SER= |nrr_SER=-0.510
|win_SIK=2 |loss_SIK=5 |nr_SIK= |nrr_SIK=-1.395
|win_MEG= |loss_MEG=7 |nr_MEG= |nrr_MEG=-2.474

|name_MAH=[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|name_HIM=[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|name_AND=[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
|name_RAI=[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
|name_RAJ=[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|name_SER=[[Services cricket team|Services]]
|name_SIK=[[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]
|name_MEG=[[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
|status_text_R=Runners-up
}}
===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-1445828/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
|show_tie=no
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|update=complete

|team_order=KAR, PUN, MUM, HYD, PUD, SAU, NAG, ARU

|result1=QF
|result2=QF

|win_PUN=6 |loss_PUN=1 |nr_PUN= |nrr_PUN=2.401
|win_KAR=6 |loss_KAR=1 |nr_KAR= |nrr_KAR=1.393
|win_SAU=3 |loss_SAU=4 |nr_SAU= |nrr_SAU=0.570
|win_MUM=5 |loss_MUM=2 |nr_MUM= |nrr_MUM=2.114
|win_PUD=3 |loss_PUD=4 |nr_PUD= |nrr_PUD=-0.880
|win_HYD=4 |loss_HYD=3 |nr_HYD= |nrr_HYD=0.516
|win_NAG=1 |loss_NAG=6 |nr_NAG= |nrr_NAG=-0.690
|win_ARU= |loss_ARU=7 |nr_ARU= |nrr_ARU=-6.246
|name_PUN=[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_KAR=[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|name_SAU=[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|name_MUM=[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|name_PUD=[[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]]
|name_HYD=[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|name_NAG=[[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
|name_ARU=[[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
|status_text_R=Runners-up
}}
===Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-1445828/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
|show_tie=no
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|update=complete
|team_order=VID, TN, UP, CGR, CHD, JAK, MIZ

|result1=QF
|result2=PQF

|win_UP=3 |loss_UP=2 |nr_UP=1 |nrr_UP=0.338
|win_CGR=2 |loss_CGR=3 |nr_CGR=1 |nrr_CGR=-1.122
|win_VID=6 |loss_VID= |nr_VID= |nrr_VID=1.996
|win_CHD=2 |loss_CHD=3 |nr_CHD=1 |nrr_CHD=0.415
|win_JAK=1 |loss_JAK=4 |nr_JAK=1 |nrr_JAK=-0.560
|win_MIZ= |loss_MIZ=5 |nr_MIZ=1 |nrr_MIZ=-4.298
|win_TN=4 |loss_TN=1 |nr_TN=1 |nrr_TN=2.443

|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|name_CGR=[[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|name_VID=[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|name_CHD= [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|name_JAK=[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|name_MIZ=[[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
|status_text_R=Runners-up
}}
===Group E===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-1445828/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo]
|show_tie=no
|winpoints=4
|nrpoints=2
|update=complete

|team_order=BAR, BEN, MAP, DEL, KER, TRI, BIH

|result1=QF
|result2=PQF

|win_BAR=5|loss_BAR=1 |nr_BAR= |nrr_BAR=0.851
|win_BEN=4 |loss_BEN=1 |nr_BEN=1 |nrr_BEN=0.539
|win_DEL=3 |loss_DEL=3 |nr_DEL= |nrr_DEL=0.371
|win_MAP=3 |loss_MAP=2 |nr_MAP=1 |nrr_MAP=0.583
|win_TRI=1 |loss_TRI=4 |nr_TRI=1 |nrr_TRI=-1.894
|win_KER=2 |loss_KER=3 |nr_KER=1 |nrr_KER=0.652
|win_BIH=1 |loss_BIH=5 |nr_BIH= |nrr_BIH=-1.261

|name_BAR=[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|name_BEN=[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|name_DEL=[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|name_MAP=[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|name_TRI=[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
|name_KER=[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
|name_BIH=[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=#cfc|text_QF=Advanced to [[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-final]]
|col_PQF=#ffc|text_PQF=Advanced to [[#Preliminary quarter-finals|Preliminary quarter-final]]
|status_text_R=Runners-up
}}

==Knockout stage==
<onlyinclude>{{10TeamBracket
| RD1 = Preliminary quarter-finals
| RD2 = Quarter-finals
| RD3 = Semi-finals
| RD4 = Final

| team-width = auto
| score-width = auto

| RD1-seed1 = '''A2'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''
| RD1-score1 = {{nobr|'''298/9 (50)'''}}
| RD1-seed2 = E2
| RD1-team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD1-score2 = 226 (43.1)
| RD1-seed3 = '''B2'''
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]'''
| RD1-score3 = '''267 (47.3)'''
| RD1-seed4 = D2
| RD1-team4 = {{nobr|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]}}
| RD1-score4 = 248 (47.1)

| RD2-seed1 = '''A2'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''201/8 (44)'''
| RD2-seed2 = A1
| RD2-team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| RD2-score2 = 196 (45.2)
| RD2-seed3 = '''C1'''
| RD2-team3 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD2-score3 = '''281/8 (50)'''
| RD2-seed4 = E1
| RD2-team4 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| RD2-score4 = 276 (49.5)
| RD2-seed5 = B2
| RD2-team5 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| RD2-score5 = 291/8 (50)
| RD2-seed6 = '''D1'''
| RD2-team6 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD2-score6 = '''{{nobr|292/1 (43.3 overs)}}'''
| RD2-seed7 = '''B1'''
| RD2-team7 = '''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''
| RD2-score7 = '''275/6 (50)'''
| RD2-seed8 = C2
| RD2-team8 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| RD2-score8 = 205 (44.4)

| RD3-seed1 = A1
| RD3-team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| RD3-score1 = 237/9 (50)
| RD3-seed2 = '''C1'''
| RD3-team2 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD3-score2 = '''{{nowrap|238/5 (47.2)}}'''
| RD3-seed3 = '''D1'''
| RD3-team3 = '''[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]'''
| RD3-score3 = '''380/3 (50)'''
| RD3-seed4 = B1
| RD3-team4 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| RD3-score4 = 311/7 (50)

| RD4-seed1 = '''C1'''
| RD4-team1 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''
| RD4-score1 = {{nobr|'''348/6 (50 overs)'''}}
| RD4-seed2 = D1
| RD4-team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| RD4-score2 = 312 (48.2 overs)
}}</onlyinclude>

===Preliminary quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 09:00
| time = 9 January 2025
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| score1 = 267 (47.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhijeet Tomar]] 111 (125)
| wickets1 = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] 5/52 (9 overs)
| score2 = 248 (47.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] 65 (52)
| wickets2 = Aman Shekhawat 3/60 (8.1 overs)
| result = Rajasthan won by 19 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446234.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Abhijeet Tomar]] (Rajasthan)
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 09:00
| time = 9 January 2025
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| score1 = 298/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nishant Sindhu]] 64 (67)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/61 (10 overs)
| score2 = 226 (43.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abishek Porel]] 57 (78)
| wickets2 = Parth Vats 3/33 (8 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 72 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446235.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moti Bagh Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Vinod Seshan and Kannur Swaroopanand
| motm = Parth Vats (Haryana)
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 09:00
| time = 12 January 2025
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 196 (45.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hemang Patel]] 54 (62)
| wickets1 = Anuj Thakral 3/39 (10 overs)
| score2 = 201/8 (44 overs)
| runs2 = [[Himanshu Rana]] 66 (89)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 4/46 (10 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446238.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moti Bagh Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Vinod Seshan and Kannur Swaroopanand
| motm = Anuj Thakral (Haryana)
| toss = Haryana won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = Anuj Thakral (Haryana) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 09:00
| time = 12 January 2025
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 291/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Kartik Sharma 62 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Yash Thakur]] 4/39 (10 overs)
| score2 = 292/1 (43.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karun Nair]] 122[[not out|*]] (82)
| wickets2 = [[Kukna Ajay Singh]] 1/40 (6 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446239.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Saiyed Khalid]]
| motm = [[Dhruv Shorey]] (Vidarbha)
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 09:00
| time = 11 January 2025
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score1 = 275/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arshin Kulkarni]] 107 (137)
| wickets1 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 3/56 (9 overs)
| score2 = 205 (44.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 49 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 3/44 (8 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 70 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446236.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]]
| motm = [[Arshin Kulkarni]] (Maharashtra)
| toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Arshin Kulkarni]] (Maharashtra) made his List A debut and also scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in List A cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/arshin-kulkarni-makes-dream-debut-in-list-a-cricket-slams-hundred-on-maiden-vijay-hazare-trophy-outing-2025-01-11-970727 |title=Arshin Kulkarni makes dream debut in List A cricket, slams hundred on maiden Vijay Hazare trophy outing |work=IndiaTV News |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 09:00
| time = 11 January 2025
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score1 = 281/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 102 (99)
| wickets1 = [[Atit Sheth]] 3/41 (8 overs)
| score2 = 276 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shashwat Rawat]] 104 (126)
| wickets2 = [[Shreyas Gopal]] 2/38 (10 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446237.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moti Bagh Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] (Karnataka)
| toss = Baroda won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Shashwat Rawat]] (Baroda) scored his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in List A cricket.
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13:30
| time = 15 January 2025
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 237/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ankit Kumar]] 48 (52)
| wickets1 = Abhilash Shetty 4/34 (10 overs)
| score2 = 238/5 (47.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 86 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Nishant Sindhu]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446240.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Vinod Seshan and Kannur Swaroopanand
| motm = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] (Karnataka)
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] (Karnataka) scored his 2,000th run in List A cricket and became fastest in history to 2,000 List A runs in terms of innings (31).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com/news/devdutt-padikkal-becomes-fastest-in-history-to-2000-list-a-runs-1162025-1737016483871 |title=Devdutt Padikkal becomes fastest in history to 2000 List A runs |work=Cricket.com |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13:30
| time = 16 January 2025
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 380/3 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yash Rathod]] 116 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 2/80 (9 overs)
| score2 = 311/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arshin Kulkarni]] 90 (101)
| wickets2 = [[Darshan Nalkande]] 3/64 (10 overs)
| result = Vidarbha won by 69 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446241.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and [[Nitin Menon]]
| motm = [[Yash Rathod]] (Vidarbha)
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Karun Nair]] (Vidarbha) scored his 3,000th run in List A cricket.
}}

===Final===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13:30
| time = 18 January 2025
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 348/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Ravichandran Smaran 101 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Darshan Nalkande]] 2/67 (9 overs)
| score2 = 312 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dhruv Shorey]] 110 (111)
| wickets2 = [[Vasuki Koushik]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 36 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1446242.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kotambi Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = Ravichandran Smaran (Karnataka)
| toss = Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==See also==
* [[2024–25 Ranji Trophy]]
* [[2024–25 Duleep Trophy]]
* [[2024–25 Irani Cup]]
* [[2024–25 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2024-25-1445828 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2024–25}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2023-24}}
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2024]]
[[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}
{{award-stub}}

Vidyadhar Johrapurkar

2026-01-13T08:30:44Z

VirgilioBrereton: General cleanup and improvements

{{Excessive examples|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
'''Vidyadhar Pasusa Johrapurkar''', also spelled as '''Vidyadhar Pasusa Joharapurkar''' (born 1935), is a [[Sanskrit]]ist, [[social anthropologist]], and [[historian]] who specializes in [[Jainism]] and [[Jain philosophy]].

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Nagpur]], Johrapurkar completed his M.A. in 1956 and Ph.D. in 1959 from [[Nagpur University]].

Johrapurkar's early love for reading was inspired by his grandfather Nemasav's personal library. As a young man, he joined the [[Jain Svayamsevak Sangh]], which sparked his interest in social service. His close friend Shantikumar Killedar encouraged his study of Indian history and social anthropology.

==Career==
He worked as a Professor of Sanskrit in the Department of Education under the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]. Throughout his career, he taught Sanskrit at various government colleges, including those in [[Nagpur]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Jaora]], [[Mandala]], and [[Bhopal]]. He eventually retired as Professor and Head of the Department of Sanskrit at Government College, Keolari, District Seoni, Madhya Pradesh.

==Literary work==
Johrapurkar has published nearly 100 scholarly articles in well-known magazines like ''[[Sanmati]]'' and ''[[Anekanta]]''. He has also been interviewed by [[Nagpur Doordarshan]] and [[Radio Nagpur]].

One of his notable works, ''Bhattaraka-Sampradaya'', offers a detailed reconstruction of [[Digambar Jain]] monastic lineages through the study of [[List of Jain inscriptions|Jain inscriptions]].<ref>Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women, Padmanabh S. Jaini, University of California Press, 1991 p. 221</ref><ref>Jaina Community: A Social Survey, Volume 2 of Popular library of Indian sociology and social thought, Vilas Adinath Sangave, Popular Prakashan, 1980p. 428</ref><ref>Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies, Volumes 6-7 of World Sanskrit Conference 7, 1987, Leiden, Editors Colette Caillat, J. G. de Casparis, BRILL, 1991, p. 68</ref>

===List of publications===
* ''Yashastilaka - Hindi Kathasara'' (Abridged Hindi version of the [[Yashastilaka]])
* ''Tilakamanjari - Hindi Kathasara'' (Abridged Hindi version of Dhanapala's [[Tilakamanjari]])
* ''Bhattaraka Sampradaya'' (Research work on the historical and anthropological aspects of Digambara Jain [[Bhattaraka]]s, published by Jain Sanskriti Sanrakshak Sangh, Solapur, in 1958)
* ''Dharmamrta'' (Study of a 15th-century Marathi work on Jainism)
* ''Jina-Sagara Kavita'' (Compilation of 18th-century Marathi devotional poetry)
* ''Tirthavandanasamgraha'' (Collection of essays on Jain Tirthas, published by Jain Sanskriti Sanrakshak Sangh, Solapur, in 1965)
* ''Vishva-Tattva Prakasha by Bhavasena Traividya'' (Hindi translation of a 13th-century Sanskrit work, published by Jain Sanskriti Sanrakshak Sangh, Solapur, in 1964)
* ''Pramaprameya by Bhavasena Traividya'' (Hindi translation of a 13th-century Sanskrit work on formal logic)
* ''Jain Shilalekha Samgraha, Part 4'' (Compilation and critical study of Jain epigraphy, published by Bharatiya Jnanapitha, New Delhi)
* ''Jain Shilalekha Samgraha, Part 5'' (Compilation and critical study of Jain epigraphy, published by Bharatiya Jnanapitha, New Delhi)
* ''Kuvalayamala - Marathi Kathasara'' (Abridged Marathi version of the Prakrit classic [[Kuvalayamala]])
* ''Svayambhustotra'' (Marathi translation of Acarya Samantabhadra's [[Svayambhustotra]])
* ''Vira Shasana ke Prabhavaka Acarya - Purvardha'' (Historical research on early and medieval Jain monks, published by Bharatiya Jnanapitha, New Delhi, in 1975)
* ''Viveka Vilasa'' (Translation of a 15th-century Gujarati text)
* ''Bhagavan Mahavira'' (Short introduction in Hindi on Jina Mahavira)
* ''Bhagavan Mahavira'' (Short introduction in Marathi on Jina Mahavira)
* ''Pracina Marathi Kathapancaka'' (Adaptation of 17th and 18th-century Marathi short stories)
* ''Marathi Jain Sahitya'' (Published as part of ''Jain Sahitya Ka Brhad Itihasa'', Part 7, by Parshvanatha Vidyapitha, Varanasi)
* ''[[Bagherwal]] Jati Ka Itihasa'' (Historical study of the Bagherval Jain community, published by Akhil Bharatiya Digambara Jain Bagherval Sangh, Kota, in 2001)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au%3AJOHRAPURKAR {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405194913/http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:JOHRAPURKAR |date=5 April 2012 }}
* http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:JOHARAPURKAR {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405194929/http://connemara.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=au:JOHARAPURKAR |date=5 April 2012 }}
* https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL5275041A/Vidyadhar_P._Johrapurkar
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Tirthavandanasamgraha.html?id=20xIAAAAMAAJ
* https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoLg0R1jZIC&dq=vidyadhar+johrapurkar&pg=PA300
* https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL6845A/Vidyadhar_Pasusa_Joharapurkar
* http://www.jainworld.com/society/jainevents/Itihas%20Parishad.htm
* http://www.jainsamaj.org/magazines/ahimsatimesshow.php?id=184

{{Modern Jain writers}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johrapurkar, Vidyadhar}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Social anthropologists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Nagpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]

Darshan Kumar (politician)

2026-01-05T13:17:56Z

VirgilioBrereton: Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Lal Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Darshan Kumar''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from 2024, representing [[Basohli Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Basohli, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Darshan Kumar defeats INC's Ch. Lal Singh with 16034 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/basohli-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612942-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Election Result 2024: Darshan Kumar wins first seat for BJP from Basholi, defeats Cong's Chaudhary Lal Singh by over 16,000 votes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-election-result-2024-darshan-kumar-wins-first-seat-for-bjp-from-basholi-defeats-congs-chaudhary-lal-singh-by-over-16000-votes/3634022/ |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basoli">{{cite news |title=Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basoli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0865.htm |accessdate=8 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008190643/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0865.htm |archivedate=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basohli">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Basohli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0865.htm |accessdate=21 October 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||65.38%||[[Chaudhary Lal Singh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32.49%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||0.90%||[[Chaudhary Lal Singh]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||53.07%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||[[Basohli Assembly constituency|Basohli]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||15.46%||[[Chaudhary Lal Singh]]||{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}||38.44%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Darshan}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kathua district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

C. E. A. W. Oldham

2025-12-29T03:20:52Z

VirgilioBrereton: Creating

[[File:C_E_A_W_Oldham.jpg|thumb|c. 1907]]
'''Charles Evelyn Arbuthnot William Oldham''', CSI, FRGS or '''C. E. A. W. Oldham''' (15 September 1869 — 18 November 1949) was a British Indian civil servant, historian and scholar.

Oldham was born in Galway, son of geologist [[Charles Aemilius Oldham]] and was educated at Galway Grammar School and [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. He joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1885 and went to work in Bengal. He initially worked as an assistant magistrate and collector. In 1895 he became under secretary to government. He served as district officer of Gaya for five years and Munger for two years worked in the agricultural department from 1905. He was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind medal]], first class in 1902 for his services during the plague in Gaya. He was an expert on Magadhi, Maithili, and Bhojpuri and worked on local archaeology. After he retired in 1919 from service he served as an assistant editor for the ''[[Indian Antiquary]]'' and following the death of Sir [[Richard Carnac Temple|Richard Temple]] in 1931, he took over as editor. He edited notes on the travels of [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]] in Bhagalpur and Shahabad.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Walsh, E. H. C. |year=1950|title= Mr. C. E. A. W. Oldham, C.S.I., F.R.G.S. | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|volume= 82|issue=1–2 |pages= 102–103| doi=10.1017/s0035869x00103703 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldham, C. E. A. W.}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Scientists from County Galway]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish historians]]

Sudama Mandir Porbandar

2025-12-09T07:31:35Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting the stub more to come

{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Sudama Mandir|image=|alt=Sudama Mandir, Porbandar|caption=Sudama Mandir, a temple dedicated to Sudama|map_type=India Gujarat|map_caption=Location in Gujarat, India|coordinates={{Coord|21.6425|69.6097|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}|country=[[India]]|state=[[Gujarat]]|district=Porbandar|locale=[[Porbandar]]|deity=[[Sudama]]|architecture_style=Hindu temple architecture|creator=Bhavsinhji Maharaja (Renovation)|established=12th–13th century (original structure)|website=[https://www.gujarattourism.com/saurashtra/porbandar/sudama-mandir.html Official website]}}The '''Sudama Mandir''' is a prominent [[Hindu temple]] situated in [[Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is dedicated to [[Sudama]], the legendary childhood friend of [[Krishna]]. This temple is one of the few in India dedicated to a mortal figure rather than a deity, making it a unique and culturally significant site for visitors and devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Porbandar's Sudama Temple seeks revival amid Lok Sabha polls |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/porbandars-sudama-temple-seeks-revival-amid-lok-sabha-polls20240501215212/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracing Krishna's footsteps in Porbandar |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/tracing-krishna-s-footsteps-in-porbandar-1023659.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Architectural features ==
The temple showcases intricate carvings and vibrant icons on its walls and pillars. A notable highlight is the statue of Krishna embracing Sudama, which vividly depicts their bond of friendship. The temple's serene surroundings include lush greenery and a water body, creating a tranquil atmosphere for prayer and reflection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choubey |first=Neha |date=2024-08-16 |title=Celebrate Krishna Janmashtami 2024 at Sudama Temple: Where Krishna Met Sudama |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/celebrate-krishna-janmashtami-2024-at-sudama-temple-where-krishna-met-sudama-013315.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.nativeplanet.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Juthani |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fGTAAAAQBAJ |title=An Uncompromising Activist: Memoir of an Immigrant, Educator, and Grandmother |date=2013-08-05 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4759-9873-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Historical significance ==
Historically, Porbandar was known as "Sudamapuri," believed to be the birthplace of Sudama. The temple's origins date back to the 12th and 13th centuries, with significant renovations carried out by [[Bhavsinhji Madhavsinhji]] of Porbandar. These renovations transformed the small shrine into a magnificent temple, emphasizing the enduring cultural and spiritual importance of Sudama's story.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jugal Kishor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mio5DwAAQBAJ |title=Punya Bhoomi Bharat |date=1993 |publisher=[[Suruchi Prakashan|Suruchi Prakashan]] |isbn=978-93-81500-09-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=YAMEY |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AyLDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sudama+Mandir+Porbandar&pg=PA122 |title=TRAVELS THROUGH GUJARAT, DAMAN, AND DIU |date=2018-08-15 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-244-40798-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cultural importance ==
The story of Sudama, known for his humility and devotion, resonates deeply within Indian culture. His journey to meet Krishna during a time of hardship is seen as a testament to true friendship and faith. The temple attracts numerous devotees annually, who visit to pay homage to Sudama and seek blessings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-12-26 |title=IRCTC tour packages for Saurashtra, Gir, Dwarka, Somnath; Here are the full details |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/12/26/irctc-tour-packages-for-saurashtra-gir-dwarka-somnath-here-are-the-full-details/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paramāra |first=Thomasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNjVAAAAMAAJ&q=Sudama%20Mandir%20Porbandar |title=Temples of Gujarat Built During the Mughal Period |date=1996 |publisher=Thomas B. Parmar |language=en}}</ref>

== Visiting information ==
The Sudama Mandir is located at Sudamapuri, Bhatia Bazar Old, Porbandar, Gujarat 360575, and is easily accessible to visitors. A typical visit to the temple lasts about an hour, allowing ample time to appreciate its architecture and serene environment.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sudama%20Mandir%22%20Porbandar |title=India, a Tourist's Paradise: A Wonderful Land and a Wonderful People |date=1983 |publisher=Facet Books International |isbn=978-0-932377-00-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Krishna]]
* [[Dwarka]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Kallkkulam taluk

2025-12-06T09:18:10Z

VirgilioBrereton: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Kalkulam taluk]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Silene vagans

2025-12-01T05:42:25Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting a article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Silene
| species = vagans
| authority = [[Charles Baron Clarke|C.B.Clarke]]
}}

'''''Silene vagans''''' is a flowering plant in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Caryophyllaceae]]. The British botanist [[Charles Baron Clarke|C. B. Clarke]] originally described it in 1885.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silene vagans C.B.Clarke {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:158600-1 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dey |first=Santanu |last2=Moaakum |last3=Barbhuiya |first3=Hussain Ahmed |last4=Bendangtemsu |last5=Yimchunger |first5=Y. Limthure |last6=Phukan |first6=Mayur Mausoom |last7=Krishna |first7=Gopal |date=2024-08-13 |title=Recollection of Silene vagans C.B. Clarke (Caryophyllaceae) after a span of 138 years from Nagaland, India: its typification and threat assessment |url=https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.662.3.9 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=662 |issue=3 |pages=293–297 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.662.3.9 |issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Roopak |date=2024-08-16 |title=Silene vagans: Plant rediscovered after 138 years in Nagaland |url=http://eastmojo.com/nagaland/2024/08/16/silene-vagans-plant-rediscovered-after-138-years-in-nagaland/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q136956119}}

[[Category:Flora of India]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Silene|vagans]]

{{Caryophyllaceae-stub}}

Lakshmi Rebecca

2025-11-30T01:27:28Z

VirgilioBrereton: Starting Data...

{{Short description|Indian entertainer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Rebecca
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1981}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| website = http://redbangle.in/
| organization = Red Bangle
| alma mater = [[Sheffield Hallam University]]
}}
'''Lakshmi Rebecca''' is a talk show host,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130623/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/all-cuppa|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628040010/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130623/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/all-cuppa|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2013|title=All with a cuppa!|last=Sunder|first=Gautam |date=23 June 2013|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref> director, producer and former model.

Lakshmi founded Red Bangle, a film production house, in 2011. In the same year, she also launched an online talk show called [[The Lakshmi Rebecca Show]]. The show, which has received over 3 million views, features change makers in India.

Lakshmi recently launched a YouTube series titled India Ahead, a short film series featuring stories of progress from India.
She has a background in film making, social research, marketing and anchoring as well as a modelling.

== Red Bangle ==

Red Bangle makes advertising films, corporate videos, animated films, branded content for the web and documentary films among other video content.

== [[Chai with Lakshmi]] ==

Chai with Lakshmi is the first of its kind in India. An award-winning talk show with 125 episodes. It is in English and features a variety of social entrepreneurs and change makers in India.

== Early life ==
Originally from Hyderabad, Lakshmi Rebecca has spent a large part of her childhood in Chennai. She did her schooling at Holy Angels School, Chennai. She went on to attend [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris College]], which she discontinued midway to pursue missionary and social work.

In 2004, Lakshmi was one of the 16 finalist on the first season of modelling reality-show, [[Get Gorgeous]].

In 2007, Lakshmi earned an MSc in International Marketing from Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, UK. She also earned an ACIM qualification from the Chartered Institute of Marketing, UK.

Lakshmi later became a social researcher who contributed to documentary films for the [[BBC]], [[Discovery Channel|Discovery]] and [[Channel 4]], a marketer who undertook a considerable number of market research and consulting projects, and a model who walked the ramp for some of India's renowned designers and brands.

Between the years of 2008 and 2012, she taught marketing at [[Sheffield Hallam University|Sheffield Business School]], Oxford College of Marketing and at Christ University.

== Achievements ==

Lakshmi Rebecca's talk show Chai with Lakshmi recently became a WSA nominee, a UN initiated award for the best in global e-content. The show has also won the Manthan award, the Indi Blogger award and the Rotary BSE-SME award.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebecca, Lakshmi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

G. M. Banatwala

2025-11-21T20:48:46Z

VirgilioBrereton: minor edit

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gulam Mehmood Banatwalla
| image = G. M. Banatwala (Indian politician).jpg
| caption = G. M. Banatwalla
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|8|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] ([[British India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|6|25|1933|8|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = * Social worker
* Politician

| term_start1 = 1972
| term_end1 = 1977
| constituency1 = [[Umarkhadi Assembly constituency|Umarkhadi]], [[Maharashtra]]
| predecessor1 = Established
| successor1 = Abdulkadar Ibrahim Chorwadwala
| office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly | Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]], [[Kerala]]
| term_start2 = 1977
| term_end2 = 1989
| predecessor2 = M. K. Krishnan
| successor2 = [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
| constituency3 = [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]], [[Kerala]]
| term_start3 = 1996
| term_end3 = 1999
| predecessor3 = [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
| successor3 = [[E. Ahamed]]

| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| mother = Ayesha
| father = Haji Noor Mohamed
| spouse = Ayesha Banatwalla
| alma_mater = * [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]], [[Bombay]]
* S. T. College, Bombay
| education = [[Master of Commerce|MCom]]
}}

'''Gulam Mehmood Banatwalla''' (15 August 1933 – 25 June 2008), also spelled as '''Banatwala''', was an Indian politician and social worker from [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Banatwalla, Gulam Mehmood (Member BioProfile)|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=37&lastls=13|website=LokSabha (Official Website)}}</ref><ref name="G. M. Banatwala">{{cite news|date=22 July 2008|title=G. M. Banatwala: Indian Muslim Leader|work=[[The Times]]|location=London|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/g-m-banatwala-indian-muslim-leader-2s8h8gk6ssn}}</ref> Banatwalla, a "firebrand orator" and intellectual, was regarded as the pan-India face of the Indian Muslim community.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Press Trust of India|date=26 Jun 2008|title=Muslim League Chief Banatwala Dies|work=The Times of India|location=Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-League-chief-Banatwala-dies/articleshow/3165906.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2008|title=IUML Leader Banatwala Dead|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/313239|website=Arab News|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

Banatwalla was born in [[Bombay]], in then-[[British India]], to Haji Noor Mohamed and Ayesha in a Cutchi Memon family.<ref name=":0" /> He studied at [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] and S.T. College, Bombay.<ref name=":0" /> He married Ayesha in February 1960.<ref name=":0" />

He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in 1967 ([[Umarkhadi Assembly constituency|Umarkhadi]], [[Bombay]]).<ref name=":0" /> He later served seven terms in the [[Loksabha]], from [[Ponnani]] in [[Kerala]], between 1977 – 1989 and 1996 – 2004.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurudath|first=Anil|date=1 April 2019|title=A Glimmer of Hope for LDF to Breach IUML Fort Ponnani|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/31/ldf-looks-to-break-iuml-fort-ponnani-kerala-elections.html|website=Malayala Manorama (English)}}</ref> He also served as the national president of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] from 1993 to 2008.<ref name=":0" /> He was a member of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name=":0" />

Banatwalla never spoke [[Malayalam]] and addressed the people of Kerala in English.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kutty|first=K. Govindan|date=23 Feb 1998|title=G. M. Banatwala|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19980223-there-is-a-threat-to-secularism.-it-is-our-duty-to-foil-it-g.m.-banatwala-825749-1998-02-23|website=India Today}}</ref> Banatwalla, aged 74, died on 25 June 2008. He had no children.<ref name="G. M. Banatwala" /><ref name=":1" />

== Books by G. M. Banatwala ==

* ''Religion and Politics in India''

* ''Muslim League''

* ''Azadi Ke Bad'' (in Urdu)

Banatwala also contributed numerous articles in various journals both in English and Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=37&lastls=13|access-date=2021-04-10|website=164.100.47.194}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banatwala, G. M.}}
{{13th LS members from Kerala}}
{{12th LS members from Kerala}}
{{11th LS members from Kerala}}
{{10th LS members from Kerala}}

[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]

John Morris (anthropologist)

2025-11-16T21:49:18Z

VirgilioBrereton: added references

{{Short description|British mountaineer, anthropologist and journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
Major '''Charles John Morris''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} (1895 – 13 December 1980<ref name="MorrisSR">{{cite web|last = Gjerde|first = Arild|author2=Jeroen Heijmans |author3=Bill Mallon |author4=Hilary Evans |title = John Morris Bio, Stats, and Results|work = Olympics|publisher = Sports Reference.com|date = October 2017|url = https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/john-morris-2.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200418015843/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mo/john-morris-2.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2020-04-18|access-date = 2017-11-17}}</ref>) was a British mountaineer, [[anthropologist]] and journalist, and controller of [[BBC Radio]]'s [[Third Programme]].

== Life ==
Morris served in the army from 1915 to 1934. After serving in the trenches during the [[World War I|First World War]], he transferred to the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]'s [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]].<ref name="script">Transcript of ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' appearance, in BBC archives</ref> He took part in two attempts to climb [[Mount Everest]]; [[1922 British Mount Everest expedition|the first]] under General [[Charles Granville Bruce]] and climbing leader Lt-Col [[Edward Lisle Strutt]] in [[1922 British Mount Everest expedition|1922]], and the second in [[1936 British Mount Everest expedition|1936]] under [[Hugh Ruttledge]].<ref name="script" /> On the latter, his personal servant was [[Tenzing Norgay]], who made the first ascent of Mount Everest with [[Edmund Hillary]] in 1953. <ref name="script" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Norgay|first1=Tenzing|last2=Ullman|first2=James Ramsey |title=Man of Everest: The Autobiography of Tenzing|year=1955|publisher=George Harrap}}</ref>

Morris was a skilled photographer, his photographs of the indigenous people encountered on the expedition demonstrate a deep sympathy and connection with his subjects. His photographs are part of the 2024 [[National Trust]] exhibition ‘Other Everests: One Mountain, Many Worlds’. <ref> {{cite web
|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/lake-district/wray/events/3be5331b-4240-4d0c-aeb1-ebfde6e7f3d1
|access-date=7 July 2024 |title=Other Everests: One Mountain, Many Worlds }}</ref> Morris's language skills as a Gurkha officer enabled him to communicate with the people he was photographing. As time went on, Morris was increasingly critical of colonial attitudes towards race and the subject peoples of empire, informed by his experience as a gay man who had several long-term relationships with indigenous partners.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.othereverests.com/talks
|title=Encountering the Indigenous Body in the Himalayan Borderlands
|publisher=Other Everests |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>

He received an award from the [[Royal Geographical Society]] for his exploration of [[Chinese Turkistan]], while still in the army.<ref name="script" /> He retired from military service in the mid 1930s and taught English in Japan.<ref name="script" /> He was Professor of English Literature, [[Keio University]] and lecturer at Imperial and Bunrika Universities, [[Tokyo]] from 1938 and also adviser on the English language to Japan's Dept. of Foreign affairs.<ref>Morris, John. ''Traveller from Tokyo'', The Cresset Press, 1943, p.14 and ''passim''</ref> He was repatriated by the [[Diplomatic corps]] after Japan's entry into the [[World War II|Second World War]] and joined the BBC, running their [[Far East]] service.<ref name="script" />

Morris was head of the [[BBC]] Far Eastern Service 1943–1952, and controller for the BBC [[Third Programme]] 1952–1958.<ref>Orwell Remembered, p.171</ref> From February 1943 to October 1943 he worked in the same department as [[George Orwell]], at 200 [[Oxford Street]]. He wrote an article about Orwell, "Some are more equal than others", for ''[[New Writing|Penguin New Writing]]'' Number 40, September 1950 which was reprinted in ''Orwell Remembered'' with the title "That Curiously Crucified Expression":

{{Quote|George Orwell always reminded me of one of those figures on the front of [[Chartres Cathedral]] [-] my inability to enjoy his filthy cigarettes was symbolic; it represented other things which made any sort of intimacy between us quite impossible.}}

[[Stephen Spender]] described Morris in his ''Journals'' as:<ref>Two Wasted Years, Orwell, Collected Works, Secker & Warburg, 2001 p.36</ref>

{{Quote|A not very daring promoter of the cause of culture, cruelly teased by his friend [[E.M. Forster]], who referred to him as 'the pudding'.}}

He was made a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in the [[1957 New Year Honours]], and appeared as a castaway on the [[BBC Radio]] programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' on 16 February 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009y7x7 |title=Desert Island Discs - Castaway : John Morris |work=[[BBC Online]] |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=John |author-mask=2 |last2=Brook Northey |first2=W |title=The Gurkhas : their manners, customs, and country |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72740 |year=1928 |publisher=John Lane The Bodley Head }}
* {{cite book |last=Morris |first=John |author-mask=2 |title=Living with Lepchas |year=1938 }}
* {{cite book |last=Morris |first=John |author-mask=2 |title=Traveller from Tokyo |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175472 |year=1943 |publisher=The Cresset Press }}
* {{cite book |last=Morris |first=John |author-mask=2 |title=The Phoenix Cup |year=1947 |publisher=The Cresset Press }}
* {{cite journal |last=Morris |first=John |author-mask=2 |title=A Winter in Nepal |journal=The Geographical Journal |year=1963 |volume=129 |issue=4 |page=523 |doi=10.2307/1794694 |jstor=1794694 |bibcode=1963GeogJ.129..523G }}
* <ref>{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=John|title=Eating The Indian Air|publisher=Hamish Hamilton Ltd.|year=1968|isbn=0241016207|location=London}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Morris |first=John |author-mask=2 |title=The Gurkhas, an ethnology |year=1985 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Ruttledge|first=Hugh|title=Everest: The Unfinished Adventure|year=1937|publisher=Hodder and Staughton}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.olympiabookfair.com/antiquarian-books/d/an-extensive-archive-of-photograph-albums-maps-and-ephemera-relating-to-john-morris-the-1922and-1936-everest-expeditions/49619 archive of Morris ephemera]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morris, John}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British mountain climbers]]
[[Category:History of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Royal Leicestershire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:BBC Radio 3 controllers]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:London Regiment soldiers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Keio University]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in alpinism]]
[[Category:20th-century British male journalists]]

Tagore Theatre

2025-11-07T14:18:50Z

VirgilioBrereton: content update

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Coord|30|43|59|N|76|47|22|E|display=title}}
'''Tagore Theatre, Chandigarh''' is a center for cultural performances located in Sector 18, [[Chandigarh]].<ref>Renganathan, M., & Bhattacharya, A. (Eds.). (2020). Rabindranath Tagore’s Drama in the Perspective of Indian Theatre. Anthem Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvt9k5zq</ref> It was designed by architect [[Aditya Prakash (architect)|Aditya Prakash]], who was part of Chandigarh Capital Project Team, headed by [[Le Corbusier]]. Aditya Prakash was the principal of [[Chandigarh College of Architecture]]. [[Aditya Prakash (architect)|Aditya Prakash]] has also designed a few residences in the city, one of which is in the same sector and is called Kailash Bhavan.

==History==

Named after [[Rabindranath Tagore]], India's Nobel [[laureate]], Tagore Theatre, being the sole theatre in Chandigarh for a long time, had become an important hub of cultural activities for the citizens of Chandigarh. Now it has been converted into an auditorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://playsinchandigarh.in/tagore-theater/|title=Plays in Chandigarh, Tagore Theatre|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citywoofer.com/blog/the-story-of-tagore-theater-chandigarh/|title=The Story of Tagore Theater Chandigarh|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
==Design==

Tagore theater with its blank brick walled cuboid structure, embodied the straight-line, had, over the years become an integral part of Chandigarh's Cityscape.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-123707 Tagore Theatre] on Architexturez South Asia
* [https://tagoretheatrechd.org Tagore Theatre] Official website

[[Category:Theatres in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]

{{India-theat-struct-stub}}

Siege of Kampili

2025-11-04T16:31:07Z

VirgilioBrereton: starting a article and citations - done

{{Short description|Delhi Sultanate's conquest of Kampili}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = '''Siege of Kampili'''
| width = 270px
| caption =
| date = 1326–1327
| place = [[Hampi]], [[Karnataka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|20|04|N|76|27|44|E}}
| map_type = Karnataka#India
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Entire peninsula from [[Tapti River]] to [[Cape Comorin]] annexed by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]<ref name=":2"/>
| result = Tughlaq victory{{Bulleted list|Fall of [[Kampili kingdom]]}}
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|25px]] [[Delhi sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Kampili kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[File:Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|25px]] [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]<br>Malik Zada<br>Khwaja Jahan
| commander2 = [[Kampilideva]]{{KIA}}<br>[[Kumara Rama]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''siege of Kampili''' (1326–1327),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sōmaśēkharaśarma |first=Mallampalli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.) |date=1948 |publisher=Andhra University |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> was a major conflict during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], sparked by the rebellion of his cousin, Bahaudin Gurshasp, governor of Sagar. After being defeated by the Sultan’s forces, Bahaudin sought refuge with the king of Kampili, giving Tughlaq an excuse to attack the kingdom. The Imperial forces, led by Malik Zada, faced strong resistance and were defeated twice at [[Kummata Durga|Kummata]] by the [[Kampili kingdom|Kampili]] forces, who were supported by [[Reddy|Reddi]] nobles. This alliance led the Reddis to adopt the title "Gujjaritattuvibhāla" (the destroyer of Gujjara Cavalry). The siege was an important event in South Indian history, showcasing the struggle between the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Kampili kingdom]] for control of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].

==Background==
[[File:Muhammad bin Tughlaq on the throne - Indian Museum, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Muhammad bin Tughlaq seated on the throne. [[Indian Museum]], Kolkata]]
In 1325, Jauna Khan became the Delhi's sultan and assumed the name Muhammad bin Tughlaq.<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=1035}}</ref> In 1327, Bahaudin Gurshasp, Muhammad bin Tughluq's first cousin and governor of Sagar, rebelled against the king and aimed for the Delhi throne. He attacked loyal chiefs, forcing them to seek refuge in Mando. Tughauq sent his Gujarat forces to defeat Bahaudin, who, despite his initial success, lost the battle due to the defection of his officer, Khizr Bahrani. Bahaudin fled to Sagar, then moved his family and wealth to Kampila, seeking protection from the [[Kampilideva]], the Raya of Kampili. The shelter given to Bahaudin by its king offered Muhammad Tughlaq a fine excuse to declare war on Kampili.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=M .H. |title=THE HISTORY OF VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE VOL.1 |date=1956 |page=12 |publisher=Popular Prakashan, Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12385/page/n30/mode/1up}}</ref>

The siege of [[Kampili kingdom|Kampili]] was part of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]'s larger military campaigns in the [[Deccan]], aimed at consolidating control in the region. The conflict was characterized by intense fighting and strategic maneuvers as both sides sought to gain the upper hand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramanayya |first=N. Venkata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwS8LnpZZ14C |title=The Early Muslim Expansion in South India |date=1942 |publisher=University of Madras |pages=50–51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Luniya |first=Bhanwarlal Nathuram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Life and Culture in Medieval India |date=1978 |publisher=Kamal Prakashan |pages=470–471 |language=en}}</ref> Overall, the siege of the [[Kampili kingdom|Kampili]] under [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] was a significant episode in [[South India]]n history, shaping the power dynamics and influence in the [[Deccan]] region during the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kainikara |first=Dr Sanu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3LOEAAAQBAJ&q=kampili+kingdom+was+defeated |title=From Indus to Independence - A Trek Through Indian History: Vol VII Named for Victory : The Vijayanagar Empire |date=2020-08-01 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-89620-52-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=P. Sree Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Vijayanagar Empire |date=1992 |publisher=Prabhakar Publications |pages=12–13 |language=en}}</ref>

== Battles ==
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1309 A.D.) of Kampili Raya on rockface of Hemakuta hill in Hampi.JPG|thumb|Inscriptions of [[Kampilideva|Kampilideva Raya]], at Kampili]]
Under the command of Malik Zada, the forces of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] were dispatched by the Emperor to advance against the [[Kampili kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC |title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia |date=2000 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9 |pages=300–306, 321–322 |language=en}}</ref> The Imperial forces continued their pursuit of the rebels where they were defeated twice by the local Hindu forces. This may have been the occasion when the [[Reddy|Reddi]] nobles, in alliance with the king of Kampili, defeated the [[Gujarat]] Imperial forces and adopted the title "Gujjaratattuvibhala." Vema, along with his brothers and relatives, likely allied with the Kampili king in this conflict against their common adversary, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq]]. This event occurred in A.H. 727 (1326–27 CE).<ref name=":0" />

In the third expedition they laid a siege on the fort of Kummata. The sultanate's forces assaulted and captured one of the gates of the fort. Kampiladeva and his [[Mentorship|protege]], together with their families and retainers, escaped to [[Anegundi|Anegondi]]. Tughlaq successfully captured Kummata, pursued the fugitives, and surrounded Anegondi from all sides. The garrison had no way of escape, and as the days passed they faced starvation and death. Kampiladeva lost all hopes of victory. He sent away Bahauddin to seek asylum at the court of [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] ({{Reign|1292|1342}}), and prepared for the worst. The women sacrificed themselves committing [[Jauhar|''jauhar'']]. Kampilideva opened the gates of the citadel and fought [[melee]] where he and his followers were slain.<ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
The conquered region was put in charge of the Malik Naib. Ballala III fearing the loose of his kingdom avoided conflict and handed over Bahauddin to Muhammad bin Tughlaq.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|pp=1035–1036}}</ref> Thus practically the entire peninsula from [[Tapti River]] to [[Kanyakumari|Cape Comorin]] was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=1036}} "Thus practically the entire peninsula from [[Tapti River|Tapti]] to [[Kanyakumari|Cape Comorin]] passed into the hands of the Turks, and Muhammad bin Tughluq's transfer of his capital in 1327 from Delhi to [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri]]."</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Siege of Kangra Fort]]
* [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_India_The_Del.html?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |editor-last=Habib |editor-first=Mohammad |editor-link=Mohammad Habib |volume=V |language=en |editor-last2=Nizami |editor-first2=Khaliq Ahmad |editor-link2=K. A. Nizami}}
{{Refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege of Kampili}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1327]]