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Kollam Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T16:18:45Z

VirgilBugnion41:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kollam
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 124
| map_image = Chinnakada Skyline, Jul 2016.jpg
| map_caption = [[Chinnakkada]] in Kollam city
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,76,041 (2021)
| mla = [[Bindu Krishna]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#0073CF|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| state = Kerala
}}
'''Kollam Assembly constituency''' is a [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. It is one among the 11 assembly constituencies in [[Kollam district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/constitutencies.html |title=Constituencies in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Bindu Krishna]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Structure==
[[File:Mukesh during election campaign 2016b.jpg|right|thumb|Famous Malayalam cinema actor [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] was a elected member from Kollam Assembly constituency]]
Kollam Assembly constituency includes 19 wards of [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam City Corporation]] (Kureepuzha West, [[Kureepuzha]], Neeravil, [[Anchalumoodu]], [[Thrikkadavoor|Kadavoor]], [[Mathilil]], [[Thevally]], Vadakkumbhagam, [[Uliyakovil]] East, [[Kadappakada]], Koickal, [[Kallumthazham]], [[Mundakkal]], [[Pattathanam]], [[Kollam Cantonment|Cantonment]], Udayamarthandapuram, [[Thamarakkulam]], [[Pallithottam]] and Port Kollam) along with the neighbouring panchayaths of [[Panayam]] and [[Thrikkaruva]], as per the recent changes on Assembly constituency delimitations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://keralaassembly.org/election/Delimitation.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies and Their Extent – Kerala |publisher=Kerala Assembly |access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |title=Constituencies – Kollam District |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer – Kerala |access-date=2018-01-05 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801123818/http://ceo.kerala.gov.in/kollam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Major institutions==
[[File:Kollam district wise kerala assambly election 2016 constituency map.svg|right|thumb|Assembly constituencies in [[Kollam district]]]]
* Corporations: 1 ([[Kollam]])
* Panchayaths: 2 ([[Panayam]]; [[Thrikkaruva]])
* Railway stations: 1 ([[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]])
* Bus stations: 3 ([[Kollam KSRTC Bus Station]]; [[Andamukkam City Bus Stand]]; [[Tangasseri Bus Terminal]])
* Government hospitals: 2 (Govt. District Hospital, Kollam; Community Health Center in Thrikkadavoor)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dhs.kerala.gov.in/docs/orders/combined.pdf |title=Directorate of Health Services |pages=3, 8–9 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2019-01-30 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Regional Transport Office|RTOs]]: 1 (Kollam city)

==Electoral history==
===Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly===
{| style="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!Party
!Vote Margin
!Coalition
|----
|1951
|[[T. K. Divakaran]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|2,349
|Left<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |title=Election to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly-1951 and to the Madras Assembly Constituencies in the Malabar Area |page=37 |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2018-01-19 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021080302/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/8f8553b5-bcb5-4792-9271-9b6de83ba20b |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|----
|1954
|[[T. K. Divakaran]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|6,175
|Left<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1954/StatRep_TravCochin_1954.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1954 to the Legislative Assembly of Travancore-Cochin |page=37 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2018-01-19}}</ref>
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |C. Mohammed Ibrahimkutty
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|1957 – 1960<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1957-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1957 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960 – 1965<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1960-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1960 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
|3rd
|[[Henry Austin (Indian politician)|Henry Austin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1965 – 1967<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1965-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1965 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="2" |[[T. K. Divakaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1967 – 1970<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1967 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1970 – 1977<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1970-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1970 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|Thyagarajan
|1977 – 1980<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1977 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="2" |[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1980 – 1982<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1980 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1982 – 1984
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|[[Babu Divakaran]]
|1987 – 1991<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1987-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1987 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|Kadavoor Sivadasan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1991 – 1996<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1991-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1991 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| rowspan="2" |Babu Divakaran
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1996 – 2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1996-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 1996 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)}}
|2001 – 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 2001 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Gurudasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|2006 – 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 2006 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2011-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 2011 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
| rowspan="2" |[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
|2016 - 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 2016 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|2021 - 2026<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2021-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election - 2021 |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=2021-05-04}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kollam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = United Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = [[Bindu Krishna]]
|votes = 63,416
|percentage = 48.9
|change = {{increase}}5.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = S Jayamohan
|votes = 46586
|percentage = 35.92
|change = {{decrease}}8.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Democratic Alliance
|candidate = Dr. Prathap Kumar N
|votes = 18537
|percentage = 14.29
|change = {{increase}}3.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Adv. Sinu L R
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mylode Sudhan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 16,830
|percentage = 15%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,16,145
|percentage = 77.43%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}5.95
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,76,041 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kollam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M. Mukesh]]|votes=58,524|percentage=44.86|change={{decrease}}5.95|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bindu Krishna]]|votes=56,452|percentage=43.27|change={{increase}}8.08|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. Sunil|votes=14,252|percentage=10.93|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=750|percentage=0.58|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramanan|votes=290|percentage=0.22|change={{decrease}}0.11}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,072|percentage=1.59|change={{decrease}}12.03}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,30,451|percentage=74.10|change={{decrease}}0.82}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}5.95|}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,72,552 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kollam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M. Mukesh]]|votes=63,103|percentage=52.81|change={{increase}}2.05|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sooraj Ravi|votes=45,492|percentage=35.19|change={{decrease}}8.18|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=National Democratic Alliance|candidate=K. Sasikumar|votes=17,409|percentage=13.47|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Johnson Kandachira|votes=1,576|percentage=1.22|change={{increase}}0.20|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=889|percentage=0.69|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. Balakrishnan|votes=431|percentage=0.33|change={{decrease}}0.11}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Narayanan Nair|votes=209|percentage=0.16|change={{decrease}}0.01}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=S. Chandran|votes=174|percentage=0.13|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=17,611|percentage=13.62|change={{increase}}6.13}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,283|percentage=74.92|change={{increase}}3.87}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}2.05}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,60,475 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kollam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[P. K. Gurudasan]]|votes=57,986|percentage=50.86|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. C. Rajan|votes=49,446|percentage=43.37|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=G. Hari|votes=4,207|percentage=3.69|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. A. Shafi|votes=1,168|percentage=1.02|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mangad Thulaseedharan|votes=507|percentage=0.44|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sanu K.|votes=372|percentage=0.33|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. N. Narayanan Nair|votes=191|percentage=0.17|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. Mohanan|votes=141|percentage=0.12|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,540|percentage=7.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,14,018|percentage=71.05|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==Kerala Ministers from this constituency==
{| width="90%" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px #000000 solid; font-size: 0.9em; font-family: verdana"
! width="10%"; style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Tenure
! width="20%"; style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Politician
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Coalition
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Position
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Ministry
|----
|1955–56
|[[A. A. Rahim]]
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|Right
|Minister for Health, Agriculture and Industries
|[[Travancore-Cochin|Panampilly Ministry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://firstministry.kerala.gov.in/2017/04/04/shri-a-a-rahim/ |title=A.A Rahim – First Ministry |publisher=Government of Kerala |access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|----
|1967–69
|[[T. K. Divakaran]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|Left
|[[Kerala Public Works Department|Minister for Public Works]]
|[[Second E. M. S. Namboodiripad ministry]]<ref name="stateofkerala.in tk divakaran">{{cite web |url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/t_k_divakaran.php |title=Kerala Niyamasabha – T.K. Divakaran |publisher=StateofKerala.in |access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|----
|1970–76
|[[T. K. Divakaran]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|Right
|[[Kerala Public Works Department|Minister for Public Works]]
|[[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry]]<ref name="stateofkerala.in tk divakaran" />
|----
|1981–82
|[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|Minister for Labour
|[[Second K. Karunakaran ministry]]
|----
|1982–87
|[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP(S)]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|Minister for Labour & Excise
|[[Third K. Karunakaran ministry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m637.htm |title=Kadavoor Sivadasan |publisher=Niyamasabha.org |access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|----
|2001–06
|[[Babu Divakaran]]
|[[Kerala Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John)|RSP(B)]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|Minister for Labour
|[[Third A. K. Antony ministry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m055.htm |title=Babu Divakaran |publisher=Niyamasabha.org |access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|----
|2006–11
|[[P. K. Gurudasan]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]
|Minister for Labour
|[[V. S. Achuthanandan ministry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/p_k_gurudasan.php |title=P. K. Gurudasan |publisher=StateofKerala.in |access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{Elected members from Kollam assembly constituency |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Government of Kollam]]
[[Category:Politics of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kollam district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Travancore–Cochin]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Vidita Vaidya

2026-05-07T06:24:26Z

VirgilBugnion41: started a info

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vidita Vaidya
| image = Vidita Vaidya.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai [[Yale University]]
| doctoral_advisor = Professor Ronald Duman at [[Yale University]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
| children =
| field = [[Neuroscience]] with a focus on studying the neurocircuitry of emotion
| work_institution = [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai
| prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], 2015
National Bioscience Award for Career Development, 2012
Fellow, Indian National Science Academy
[[Infosys Prize]] in Life Sciences, 2022
| religion =
}}

'''Vidita Vaidya''' is an Indian neuroscientist and professor at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai. Her primary areas of research are neuroscience and molecular psychiatry.<ref name="TIFR" />

==Early life==
Vidita's parents, Dr. Rama Vaidya and Dr. Ashok Vaidya are clinician scientists, and her uncle Dr. Akhil Vaidya (a [[Malaria]] [[Parasitologist]]) were a big motivation for her to pursue a career in research, with a focus on Neuroscience. Her father was a clinical [[pharmacologist]], and her mother is an [[endocrinologist]]. She was also influenced by reading about the life and work of [[Jane Goodall]], during her teenage years.<ref name="AsiaSci">{{cite web |last1=Vaidya |first1=Vidita |title=Interview with AsianScientist |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2016/08/features/asias-rising-scientists-vidita-vaidya-tifr-india/ |website=Asian Scientist|date=29 August 2016 }}</ref>

==Education==
Vidita received her undergraduate degree from [[St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai in [[Life Sciences]] and [[Biochemistry]]. She obtained her doctoral degree in [[Neuroscience]] at [[Yale University]] with Professor Ronald Duman, whose mentorship shaped her research career. Her postdoctoral work was done at the [[Karolinska Institute]] in Sweden with Professor Ernest Arenas and at the [[University of Oxford]] in UK with Professor David Grahame-Smith.<ref name="TIFR">{{cite web|title=TIFR - Principal Investigator|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/vvlab/Principal_Investigator.html|access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vidita_Vaidya/info|title=Vidita A Vaidya - Info|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref>

==Career==
She joined the Department of Biological Sciences, [[TIFR]] at the age of 29, in March, 2000, as a principal investigator.<ref name="TLoS">{{Cite web|url=https://thelifeofscience.com/2016/05/30/vidita-vaidya-neuroscientist/|title=Vidita Vaidya Gets Into Your Head|last=TLoS|date=2016-05-30|website=The Life of Science|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> She has been a [[Wellcome Trust]] Overseas Senior Research Fellow and an associate of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] from 2000 to 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Associates|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/associates/former|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> Vidita studies the neurocircuits that regulate emotion and how they are influenced by life experiences, and antidepressants. She also investigates how changes in brain circuits form the basis of psychiatric disorders like depression and how early life experiences contribute to persistent alterations in behaviour. One of the focus areas of her research group is the role of the serotonin2A receptor both as a target of serotonergic psychedelics that exert powerful effects on mood-related behavior, and also in how it contributes to shaping the long-lasting consequences of early adversity.

Vidita's research has also been centered around the role of serotonin in shaping neurocircuits of emotion during critical periods of postnatal development and on the mechanism of action of fast acting antidepressant treatments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junoontheatre.wordpress.com/2015/04/26/the-social-brain-discoveries-and-shared-delights-with-prof-vidita-vaidya/|title=The Social Brain: Discoveries and Shared Delights with Prof. Vidita Vaidya|last=junoontheatre|date=2015-04-26|access-date=2017-02-04}}</ref> Her lab work is conducted on lab rats and mice. Vidita's particular field of interest lies in understanding how individuals develop vulnerability or resilience to stress-associated psychopathology.<ref name="TLoS"/>

== Achievements ==
Her work has garnered the 2015 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] for Science and Technology for Medical Sciences. She is also a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf|title=Awardees of N-BIOS for the year 2012|website=AWARDEES OF NATIONAL BIOSCIENCE AWARDS FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT|publisher=Department of Biotechnology, India|access-date=30 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> She received the Nature Award for Mentorship in Science, 2019, in the mid-career category.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dance |first1=Amber |title=What the best mentors do |journal=Nature |date=6 February 2020 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00351-7 |pmid=33542485 |s2cid=214423534 }}</ref> She received the [[Infosys Prize]] in [https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2022/vidita-vaidya.html Life-Sciences in 2022] for her fundamental contributions to understanding brain mechanisms that underlie mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, including signals engaged by the neurotransmitter serotonin in causing persistent changes in behavior induced by early life stress and the role of serotonin in energy regulation in brain cells.

==Awards==
She was awarded the National Bioscientist Award in 2012, the prestigious [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in 2015 in the medical sciences category<ref name="SSB 2015">{{cite web|title=List of recipients|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/WriteReadData/LatestUpdates/201509260219379867171ssb_awardees2015.pdf|website=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize (SSB) for Science and Technology 2015|publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> and is a Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]. She received the J.C. Bose Fellowship from SERB, Govt. of India in 2021 and the Infosys Prize in Life-Sciences in 2022 [https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2022/vidita-vaidya.html]. The following year, she became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

==Features in Books and Videos==
Vidita has been featured in Lilavathi's Daughters,<ref name="Lilavati">{{cite web|title=Women in Science IAS - Vidita|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/332-335.pdf|access-date=20 March 2014}}</ref> a compilation of biographical essays on Indian women scientists, and on "The Life in Science" blog.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vidita Vaidya gets into your head|url=https://thelifeofscience.com/2016/05/30/vidita-vaidya-neuroscientist/|work=The Life of Science|date=29 May 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> In 2015, she gave a TEDx talk at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] in which she spoke about how stress can change our neurological makeup.<ref name="TEDx" group="TEDx">{{cite web |last1=Vaidya |first1=Vidita |title=TEDx Talk |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2RBNvOILNE&w=560&h=315 |website=YouTube|date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> She has also been featured in TIFRs "Chai and Why".<ref name="chaiandwhy">{{cite web |last1=Vaidya |first1=Vidita |title=Molecules that modulate your mood |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mta1PI5bmgg |website=YouTube|date=19 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Publications==
Her site at [[TIFR]] hosts a complete list of her publications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/vvlab/Publications.html |title=Publications |publisher=Tifr.res.in |access-date=2014-03-24}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vidita's research career was supported by her late husband, Ajit Mahadevan, who worked in the area of impact investing. They have a daughter, Alina Vaidya Mahadevan. In her spare time, Vidita likes to travel, read, and dance.<ref name="AsiaSci" />

==See also==
*[[TIFR]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
;Reference group
{{reflist|group=TEDx}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidya, Vidita}}
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Karolinska Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Yale School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian women neuroscientists]]
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]

Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T16:31:47Z

VirgilBugnion41: started new data

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{about|an assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]] state|a neighbourhood in [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]]|Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 15
| map_image = Constitution-Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar.svg
| mla = M. R. Pallavi
| established = 2008
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2026
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| reservation = SC
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| electors = 181,621
}}
'''Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (SC)''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], India, formed after the constituency delimitation in 2008. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 15. The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Caste]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-15}}</ref> It is included in [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

Although it is named after the neighbourhood of [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar]], that area is not included in the constituency but rather in [[Kolathur Assembly constituency]]. Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency comprises:
* [[Perambur]] (part)
* [[Ayanavaram]]
* [[Otteri]]
* [[Pattalam, Chennai|Pattalam]]
* [[Pulianthope]]

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[V. Neelakandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=2|[[P. Sivakumar]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=15}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[M. R. Pallavi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.87}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Pallavi]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=69125|percentage=48.04|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. S. Ravichandran]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=46792|percentage=32.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Porkodi Armstrong|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=23304|percentage=16.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagadish Chandar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=2658|percentage=1.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=527|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 22333|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=143903|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =181621 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a015|access-date= 24 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,727 |percentage=61.61% |change=+16.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. L. Kalyani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,714 |percentage=20.14% |change=-22.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. R. Illavanji |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,921 |percentage=8.23% |change=+6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Obath |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=9,710 |percentage=7.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Sekar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,787 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,046 |percentage=0.79% |change=-1.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,013 |percentage=41.47% |change= 39.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=132,650 |percentage=60.46% |change= -3.01% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=184|percentage=0.14% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,399 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Sivakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,744 |percentage=45.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Neelakandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,422 |percentage=42.82% |change=-16.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suganthi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,702 |percentage=4.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,685 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Vanithamani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,056 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gowri |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,831 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pushparaj |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=925 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,322 |percentage=2.43% |change= -21.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=136,450 |percentage=63.47% |change= -4.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,976 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Neelakandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,887 |percentage=58.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. C. Natesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,546 |percentage=35.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Karunanidhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,561 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ajitha |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=756 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sakthivel |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=630 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,341 |percentage=23.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=123,807 |percentage=68.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,243 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/thiru-vi-ka-nagar.html

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|13.120|80.232|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Uday Express

2026-05-04T02:26:51Z

VirgilBugnion41: started new pg!

{{Short description|Series of Indian trains}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = UDAY Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| color = FFD700
| image =
| caption = 1st Train of Uday Express series
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] , [[Double Decker Express]]
| status = Active
| first = June 10, 2018
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| website = http://irctc.co.in
| class = CC, 2S
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| catering = {{Hlist|On-board café|Food vending machines}}
| observation = Large windows in all carriages
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|Information screens|Small dining area}}
| stock = [[LHB coach]] rake
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| speed = Avg: 62 km/h Max: 110 km/h
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
}}

'''UDAY Express''' or '''Utkrisht Double Decker Air Conditioned Yatri Express''' are completely [[Double-decker train|Double-Decker]] AC chair car trains designed by [[RDSO]]. The coaches of the train have an anti-graffiti vinyl wrapped exterior and have been given a bright color scheme of yellow, orange and pink - somewhat similar to that of the [[Tejas Express]]. The train service has been envisioned as a 'luxury' train service for business travelers. According to [[Indian Railways]], Uday Express will cater to the "busiest routes" and increase carrying capacity by 40%. These trains have a seating capacity of 120 per coach (50 for upper deck, 48 for lower deck and 22 on the ends) as compared to Shatabdis which can seat up to 78.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/humsafar-to-uday-with-4-new-trains-prabhu-offers-solutions-to-all/story-uv08doC75u4L5LnDBuddHO.html|title=Humsafar to Uday: With 4 new trains, Prabhu offers solutions to all|date=2016-02-25|website=www.hindustantimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uday-express-train-route-utkrisht-double-decker-air-conditioned-yatri-features-indian-railways/746933/|title=New train: Indian Railways UDAY Express from Coimbatore to Bengaluru soon; boasts of automatic food vending machines and LCD screens|date=2017-07-03|website=The Financial Express|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/1055768/uday-express-new-train-2018-indian-railways-utkrisht-double-decker-air-conditioned-yatri-images-features/|title=UDAY Express: Indian Railways’ new train for business travellers! Sneak-peek into interior; 15 stunning images|date=2018-02-07|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

The first service was launched on June 10, 2018 between [[Coimbatore Junction]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/uday-express-coimbatore-bengaluru-double-decker-train-to-run-from-june-10/decked-up/slideshow/64466541.cms|title=Uday Express: Coimbatore-Bengaluru double-decker train to run from June 10 - Decked up|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> and it also have halts at Krishnarajapuram, Kuppam, Salem Jn, Erode Jn, Tiruppur Jn, [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Jn]]

The second service was launched on September 26, 2019 between [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]] and [[Guntur]] and have 7 stops en route.

==Active services==
from 2018 till present time only 2 [[Uday Express]] services below they hauled by electrified locomotive [[WAP-7]] :

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:gold;" |Train no.
! style="background-color:gold;" |Train name
! style="background-color:gold;" |Distance
! style="background-color:gold;" |Frequency
! style="background-color:gold;" |Zone
|-
|-
|22665/22666
|[[KSR Bengaluru–Coimbatore Uday Express]]
|419 km
|Daily
|[[Southern Railway zone]]
|-
|22701/22702
|[[Visakhapatnam–Guntur Uday Express]]
|384 km
|5 days a week except Thu, Sun
|[[East Coast Railway zone]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Double-decker trains of India}}
{{Uday Express}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Uday Express trains|*]]

Kanhaiya (film)

2026-05-02T16:21:08Z

VirgilBugnion41: created first data w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}

'''''Kanhaiya''''' is a 1959 [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film produced by Sant Singh Pachhi and directed by [[Om Prakash]]. The film stars [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Nutan]] and [[Lalita Pawar]]. The music was by [[Shankar Jaikishan]]. "Ruk Ja O Jane Wali", "Yad Aayi Adhi Rat Ko" and "Mujhe Mere Hal Par Chod Do.." are three memorable Mukesh songs related to this movie. Of these popular songs, "Ruk Ja O Jane Wali" became famous for its filming as it was sung for a bottle of local alcohol, with which a shot of Nutan roaming is also inserted to create an illusion as if it were sung for her. Raj Kapoor portrays a village drunk who does not care until she comes looking for him.

{{Infobox film
| name = Kanhaiya
| image = Kanhaiya film.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Om Prakash]]
| producer = Sant Singh Pachhi
| writer = [[Jagdish Kanwal]] (dialogue) [[D. N. Madhok]] (dialogue) [[Om Prakash]] (story)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Nutan]] [[Lalita Pawar]] [[Madan Puri]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cinematography = G. Singh
| editing = Shyam Rajput
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1959|08|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
==Plot==
Shanno ([[Nutan]]) is devoted to [[Lord Krishna]], also known as Kanhaiya. Consequently, she often wanders off alone in the woods, dancing and singing to the flute notes of her Kanhaiya. She accidentally meets Kanhaiya ([[Raj Kapoor]]), the village drunk, and falls in his arms, assuming him to be her "Kanhaiya," the Lord [[Krishna]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Hameeduddin |title=The Kaleidoscope of Indian Cinema |date=1974 |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |location=New Delhi |page=131}}</ref> The gossip spreads that Kanhaiya and Shanno are having an affair, and in order to stay in the same village, they must get married. Shanno, still under the misconception regarding Kanhaiya, is thrilled and gives her consent. During the marriage, Shanno is shocked when she realises who "Kanhaiya" really is—the town drunk and idler who has taken advantage of her love for Lord Krishna and now insists on marrying her. What the [[Village Panchayat]] does when Shanno refuses to marry Kanhaiya, and how she is even ready to light herself on the funeral pyre to prove her piety, and how they cope when the village is swamped with plague, forms the basis for the rest of the story. At the end, Shanno realizes he really is Kanhaiya.

==Cast==
*[[Raj Kapoor]] ... Kanhaiya
*[[Nutan]] ... Shanno
*[[Lalita Pawar]] ... Ganga (Kanhaiya's mother)
*[[Leela Mishra]] ... Paro
*[[Raj Mehra]] ... Nathumal
*[[Madan Puri]] ... Mano
*[[Om Prakash]] ... Vaidji
*[[Nazir Kashmiri]] ... villager

==Music==
# "Mujhe Tum Se Kuchh Bhee Naa Chahiye" – [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
# "Ruk Jaa O Jaanevaali Ruk Jaa" – Mukesh
# "O More Saanwre Salone Piya, Tose Milne Ko Tarse Jiya" – [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
# "Ni Baliye Rut Hai Bahaar Ki, Kuchh Mat Puchho Kaise Bitin" – Lata Mangeshkar, Mukesh
# "O Kanhayyaa Aaj Aanaa Kvaab Men" – Lata Mangeshkar
# "Yaad Aayi Aadhi Raat Ko, Kal Raat Ki Tauba" – Mukesh
# "Saawan Aawan Keh Gaye Dil Mein Sama Ke Milne Na Aaye" – Lata Mangeshkar
# "Kahaan Hai Kahaan Hai Kanhaiya, Samjhe Na Pyar Mera" – Lata Mangeshkar

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|052960}}

[[Category:1959 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1959 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Thomas Schmertz

2026-04-25T18:55:46Z

VirgilBugnion41:

{{Short description|Governor of Dannemarksnagore from 1699 to 1702}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thomas Schmertz
| office = Governor of Dannemarksnagore
| order = 2nd
| monarch = [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]]
| predecessor = [[Andreas Andræ]]
| successor = [[Johan Joachim Michelsen]]
| term_start = January 1699
| term_end = 26 July 1702
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = Denmark–Norway
| death_date = {{circa|October 1708}}
| death_place = [[Tranquebar]], Danish India
| spouse = Elisabeth Søfrensen
| children = 1
}}'''Thomas Schmertz'''{{Efn|{{IPA|da|tɒmas ʃmɐɐ̯tt͡s}}}} ({{died in|{{c.|October 1708}}}}) was a Danish colonial official and [[governor of Dannemarksnagore]] from January 1699 to 26 July 1702.

Schmertz started as a trading assistant of the [[Danish East India Company]] in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]]. In 1698, he was sent to [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] together with [[Andreas Andræ]], negotiating the [[Dano-Mughal Treaty]], which ended the [[Dano-Mughal War]], and leased [[Dannemarksnagore]] to [[Danish India]]. Here, he served as governor from 1699 until he was recalled to Tranquebar in 1702 on the basis of fraud and misconduct. Consequently, Schmertz repatriated to Denmark–Norway in 1703, but returned to Tranquebar in 1706.

Schmertz died before October 1708 in Tranquebar.

== Career ==
Thomas Schmertz began his career in the [[Danish East India Company]] as a trading assistant in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}

=== Time in Bengal ===
{{Further|Dano-Mughal Treaty}}
At the end of 1698,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}} Schmertz was sent to [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] with [[Andreas Andræ]] to negotiate with the [[Mughal Empire]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|p=401|2025}} which had been at [[Dano-Mughal War|war with Danish India since 1642]].{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|pp=439, 448}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=14}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=10}} Here, they managed to conclude [[Dano-Mughal Treaty|a treaty]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}} establishing the Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] of [[Dannemarksnagore]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 106, 117}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}}{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|p=401|2025}} at the [[Hooghly River]]{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=19, 38, 106}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} in [[Gondalpara]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=38}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=459}} The factory was provisionally a local house, although a big fort with stone walls was erected the following year.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} When Andræ left Dannemarksnagore in January 1699,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 106}} Schmertz became the [[Opperhoofd|''opperhoved'']] of the colony.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=38, 106}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} At that time, the colony was not properly settled{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|p=403|2025}} and was only guarded by 30 men,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} although a couple of vessels regularly supplied the lodge with money and human resources from Tranquebar.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} During 1700,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} more warehouses and a tall [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] were erected in the colony,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=19}} and the number of Danish officials increased.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} However, the colony had few resources,{{Sfn|Aslanian|Subrahmanyam|2025|pp=403–404}} which were badly distributed among the Danish officials.{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} According to Indian historian Lalit Mohan Mitra, Schmertz was incompetent and did little to further Danish trade in the colony.{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}}

Subsequently, Schmertz{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} and two other assistants{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} were recalled to Tranquebar in 1702{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}}{{Sfn|Mitra|1952|p=15}} by the colony's [[privy council|Privy Council]] (''{{Langx|da|secrete råd|label=none}}'').{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}} Schmertz was accused of fraud and misconduct,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=24}} and on 26 July 1702, he resigned as [[governor of Dannemarksnagore]]{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}} in favor of [[Johan Joachim Michelsen]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=91}} being deemed responsible for fraudulently using a large amount of money in the colony; however, no evidence of this was found.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}

Consequently, Schmertz repatriated to Denmark–Norway in 1703, but returned to Tranquebar in 1706. However, he was disallowed from serving in the {{Abbr|D.E.I.C.|Danish East India Company}} and subsequently went to Bengal on board the vessel ''Gyldenløve'' to gather his [[Notes receivable|receivables]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}

Schmertz died before October 1708.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}

== Personal life ==
Schmertz was married to Elisabeth Søfrensen, who lived by selling beverages in Tranquebar while Schmertz was in Bengal. She continued this after Schmertz's death in 1708. Together, they had a girl, who was married to the priest of the [[Zion Church, Tharangambadi|Zion Church]], Jacob Clementin. Furthermore, Schmertz had a servant, Ramma, who was caught stealing [[Cheroot|cheroots]] in 1695, to which Schmertz was summoned at Tranquebar's courthouse on 17 January that year.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=106}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Axel Juel}}
* {{Annotated link|Jørgen Bjørn}}
* {{Annotated link|Mikkel Knudsen Crone}}

== Notes and citations ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, residenter, kommandanter og chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Chiefs |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – De Bengalske loger & Nikobarerne |publisher=Centralforlaget & Peter Hansens Forlag |year=1908 |volume=2 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark |language=da |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – The Bengali lodges & the Nicobar Islands |via=Danskernes Historie Online}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |date=2015 |title=The Danish East India Company’s War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |url=https://www.academia.edu/128756792/Uneasy_Partnership_A_Note_on_Armenian_Danish_Commercial_Collaboration_in_the_Indian_Ocean_ca_1700 |journal=[[Journal of Early Modern History]] |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] & [[Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]] |volume=19 |doi=10.1163/15700658-12342470 |issn=0022-4995 |eissn=1568-5209 |via=Academia}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Lalit Mohan |url=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/6/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.63290/2015.63290.A-Guide-To-Nalanda.pdf |title=The Danes in Bengal |publisher=Prabartak Publishers |year=September 1952 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata, India |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aslanian |first=Sebouh David |author-link=Sebouh David Aslanian |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |author-link2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |date=7 April 2025 |title=Uneasy Partnership |url=https://www.academia.edu/128756792/Uneasy_Partnership_A_Note_on_Armenian_Danish_Commercial_Collaboration_in_the_Indian_Ocean_ca_1700 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |publisher=Brill Publishers |volume=68 |issn=0022-4995 |eissn=1568-5209 |via=Academia}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmertz, Thomas}}

[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:1708 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Dannemarksnagore]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]

Pallavan Express

2026-04-24T03:13:53Z

VirgilBugnion41:

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Pallavan Superfast Express
| image = File:Pallavan SF Express Large Name Board.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Chennai Egmore - Karaikudi Pallavan Superfast Express At Chennai Egmore.
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| predecessor = Madras Egmore Madurai Pallavan Express
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1984|08|15}}
| last =
| successor = Karaikkudi Chennai Egmore Pallavan Superfast Express
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| start = {{rws|Karaikkudi Junction||Karaikkudi}} (KKDI)
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Chennai Egmore}} (MS)
| distance = {{convert|426|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 12605 / 12606
| line_used = [[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord line]]
| class = * 3 A/C Chair Car
* 13 Non A/C Chair Car
* 3 General Unreserved
* 1 EoG
* 1 Second Class Luggage Rake with Divyangjan compartment
* 1 Pantry (A/C Hot Buffet)
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Enlarged windows
| entertainment = Nil
| baggage = Available as overhead racks in all coaches, single dedicated 2 ton Luggage coach (for Baggage above 20 kgs)
| otherfacilities = Electricity outlet ports for charging, Food and Bottle holders, Foot rest and reclining seats.
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el = 25 kV, 50 Hz AC OHE railway traction.
| speed = {{convert|69|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| owners = Indian Railways
| maintenance = [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]] depot
| sharing = 12635/12636 [[Vaigai Superfast Express]]
| map = [[File:Pallavan Express (KKDI - MS) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state = hide
| depot = Madurai
}}

The 12605 / 12606 '''Pallavan Superfast Express'''{{efn|The train was named to commemorate the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas Kingdom]], who ruled over the parts that is the present Chennai and its surroundings.}} is an [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity express]] typed [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] service operated by the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. This service connects the cities of [[Chennai]] to [[Karaikudi]] via [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The rakes of this train was upgraded to brand new modern LHB rakes from 30 June 2019. This train is fondly called as '''Prince of Southern Railways.'''
[[File:Pallavan Express by kkpbalaji.jpg|thumb|YAM 1 LOCOMOTIVE COUPLED FOR MADRAS EGMORE TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI PALLAVAN EXPRESS]]
[[File:Pallavan SuperFast Express Large Name Board.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]

==History==
[[File:6286 YDM 4A LOCOMOTIVE DECORATION FOR INAUGURATION OF BOUND FOR MADRAS MADURAI PALLAVAN EXPRESS.jpg|thumb|6286 YDM 4A LOCOMOTIVE DECORATION FOR INAUGURATION OF MADRAS MADURAI PALLAVAN EXPRESS]]

This Express was introduced to run along with the [[Vaigai Express]] from [[Chennai]] to [[Madurai]] in [[Metre-gauge railway|Metre Gauge]] era. The express was initially introduced on 15 August 1984 between Chennai and Madurai as a daily day express service with remaining rakes of [[Vaigai Superfast Express]] in the name of Pallavan Express which is listed in the timetable then (as shown in the image).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glorious days of Vaigai Express! - David Pravin - Trip Report {{!}} IRFCA.org |url=https://www.irfca.org/members/trips/david-20030822-vaigai.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

[[File:1985 PALLAVAN EXPRESS TIMETABLE.jpg|thumb|Madras Egmore Madurai Pallavan Express Timetable (1985), Southern Railways]]

[[File:6287 YDM 4A LOCOMOTIVE BOUND FOR MADURAI MADRAS PALLAVAN EXPRESS.jpg|thumb|6287 YDM 4A LOCOMOTIVE BOUND FOR MADURAI MADRAS PALLAVAN EXPRESS]]

Both Pallavan and Vaigai Express took approximately 5 hours 40 minutes to cover 330 km on Chennai - Tiruchchirappalli Metre Gauge route<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Timetable Archive {{!}} IRFCA.org |url=https://www.irfca.org/timetables/index.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>'''.'''

From 1984 to 1986 115 DOWN Pallavan departed [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] at 05:35 and reached [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]] around 14:30 again 116 UP Pallavan departed from [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]] at 15:00 and reached [[Madras Egmore]] at 22:30. By that time it had only 4 stops [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Villupuram Junction]], [[Vriddhachalam Junction railway station|Vridhachalam Junction]], [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]] and [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul Junction.]]

[[File:Pallavan exp 05.jpg|thumb|6286 YDM 4A LOCOMOTIVE BOUND FOR MADRAS EGMORE TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI PALLAVAN EXPRESS]]

Then from 1986, Pallavan SuperFast Express was made to run till [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]] by Mr.B.Panchapakesan where it faced a '''slot change'''. It departed [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]] around 6:15 and reached [[Madras Egmore]] at 11:30 and departed [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Madras Egmore]] at 15:30 and reached [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]] at 20:45. It had 3 stops, [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Villupuram Junction]], [[Vriddhachalam Junction railway station|Vridhachalam Junction]] and [[Srirangam]].

Later, in 1998 this train got converted to Broad Gauge and stops were increased due to demand. Chengalpattu, Melmaruvathur, Ariyalur, Lalgudi stops were added in year 2000–2006.

And its rakes are shared with Vaigai Super Fast Express at Chennai Egmore remains same since 1986. Both Vaigai and Pallavan were the '''only SuperFast trains in Chennai - Tiruchchirappalli - Madurai section till 2000.'''

27 years later, it was extended till Karaikudi, effective from 1 September 2013. This express runs along with Vaigai Superfast serves as fastest public commutation mode between Chennai and Tiruchchirappalli/Karaikkudi apart from air.

==Schedule==
The Pallavan Express departs Karaikudi Junction at 05:40 AM then reaches [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]] at 06:50 AM, and will reach its final destination [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]] at 12:15 PM{{nbsp}}

And 12605 Pallavan Express departs Chennai Egmore at 03:40 PM then arrives [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]] around 08:40 PM and reaches Karaikkudi Junction at 10:30 PM{{nbsp}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-pallavan-superfast-express-12605/1221/779/3073 | title=12605/Pallavan SuperFast Express - Chennai Egmore to Karaikkudi SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

The train has one pantry car for providing continuous refreshment/food supply to passengers. Food fares are applicable and will be in good quality.

== Rakes ==
Coach Position of 12606 KKDI MS PALLAVAN SUPERFAST
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd700;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0000ff;"| 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0000ff;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0000ff;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffa500;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffd700;" | 20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffd700;" | 21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#804a00;" | 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| EOG || UR || C1 || C2 || C3 || D1 || D2 || D3 || D4 || D5 || D6 ||D7||PC|| D8|| D9 || D10 || D11 || D12 || D13 || UR || UR || SLR
|}

Initially when introduced between Chennai and Madurai YAM-1 was used to haul this train in MG.

[[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord line]] was electrified and from 2012, this train used AJJ/ED [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP4]]. Then [[WDP-3A]] take a turn to pull it

Currently it is regularly hauled by RPM or ED [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP7]] earlier was [[WAP-4]] and [[WDP-3A]]

The rakes are maintained at [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]].

==Developments==
Strong demands arising to operate this train from Tiruchchirappalli Junction like earlier days as this train has high patronage in Tiruchchirappalli suburbs.

There are also demands to extend this train from Karaikudi Junction to [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai Junction]] which is further 62 km away from Karaikudi junction along with a stoppages at Devakottai Road, Kallal and [[Sivaganga railway station|Sivaganga]].<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2019-06-26 |title=Karti Chidambaram for re-scheduling of some trains |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/karti-chidambaram-for-re-scheduling-of-some-trains/article28158570.ece |access-date=2022-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Incidents==
On 25 April 2018, Front wheels of WDP4D numbered 40405 which hauled 12606 UP Karaikkudi - Chennai [[Pallavan Superfast Express]] derailed while entering [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station]] at 6:27 am. It was reported due to rail fracture, no injures and casualties reported. Then train was moved further with the delay of three hours towards [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajaram |first=R. |date=2018-04-25 |title=Derailment of Pallavan Express at Tiruchi hits rail traffic |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/derailment-of-pallavan-express-at-tiruchi-hits-rail-traffic/article23673845.ece |access-date=2023-02-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cholan Express]]
* [[Vaigai Express]]
* [[Rockfort Express]]
* [[Mysore-Mayiladuthurai Express]]
* [[Pearl City Express]]
* [[Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express]]
* [[Tambaram–Nagercoil Antyodaya Express]]
* [[Chendur Express]]
* [[Tea Garden Express]]
* [[Pandian Express]]
* [[Ananthapuri Express]]
* [[Uzhavan Express]]
* [[Boat Mail Express]]
* [[Sethu Express]]
* [[Nilgiri Express]]
* [[Cheran Express]]
* [[Silambu Express]]
* [[Thamirabarani Express]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.srailway.com/ Southern Railway]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallavan Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1984]]

Sameer Shah

2026-04-22T16:20:15Z

VirgilBugnion41: started a details!

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Notability|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
'''Sameer Shah''' (sometimes known as Samir Shah{{citation needed|reason=Until replacemeent by the current article there was a redirect from {{noredirect}} Samir Shah but there seems little or no evidence anything supported that|date=January 2022}}) is an Indian actor best known for comedy shows.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/prasad-barve-replaces-sameer-shah-in-shrimaan-shrimati-phir-se/articleshow/63749786.cms|title=Prasad Barve replaces Sameer Shah in 'Shrimaan Shrimati Phir Se' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 April 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IexMention">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shriman-shrimati-return-on-sab-tv-meet-new-cast-5072906/|title=Shriman Shrimati set to return on SAB TV, here are all the deets|date=2018-02-21|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Shah's debut was in ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai'' and he has also appeared in ''[[Shrimaan Shrimati Phir Se]]'' and ''[[R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya]]''.<ref name="NETTV4U">{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actor/sameer-shah|title=Hindi Tv Actor Sameer Shah Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref>{{efn|name="ThereMayBeOthers"
|Other shows and films have been associated with an actor named ''Sameer Shah'' or ''Samir Shah'', these include: ''[[Mrs. Tendulkar]]''; ''[[Hasratein]]''; and ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]''. These may or may not refer to the subject of this article.
}} Of his role in ''R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya'' Shah was to say that "he loves playing this role that requires a lot of focus on grammar.", while noting his character Bakulesh has magical powers.<ref name="RQ1">{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|1286911181}} |title='Common' tales for you: After Hrs had a tête-à-tête with TV actors Atul Parchure, Vandana Pathak and Sameer Shah, who were in Indore on Tuesday to promote their comedy show RK Laxman Ki Duniya |newspaper=DNA |location=Mumbai |date=13 February 2013 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Sameer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Kafeel Khan

2026-04-12T04:03:41Z

VirgilBugnion41: created basic stub w/ refs

{{short description|Indian doctor and lecturer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Kasturba Medical College]], [[Manipal]], [[Karnataka]], India ([[MBBS]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] ([[paediatrics]]))
| employer = *Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences (till 2016)
*[[Baba Raghav Das Medical College]], Gorakhpur (2016-17)
| children = 1
}}

'''Kafeel Khan''' is an Indian doctor, author and former lecturer at the Department of Paediatrics, [[Baba Raghav Das Medical College]] (BRD Medical College), [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

== Biography ==
Khan was born in [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafeel Khan |url=https://www.panmacmillan.co.in/authordetails/Kafeel%20Khan/4476 |website=[[Pan Macmillan India]] |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref> He did his MBBS and MD (paediatrics) from KMC, Manipal, Karnataka. Khan has worked as an assistant professor in SMIMS, Gangtok (Sikkim). He got permanent commission on 8 August 2016 as a lecturer in BRD medical college.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Manoj |date=3 September 2020 |title=A Single Photograph Was All it Took to Dramatically Alter Dr Kafeel Khan's Life |url=https://thewire.in/rights/dr-kafeel-khan-release-gorakhpur-brd-medical-arrest |work=The Wire |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>

==BRD Medical College death cases controversy==
{{see also|2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths}}
It later emerged that a large number of deaths occurred after the hospital's oxygen supply was cut on 10 August, during which Khan was present at the scene, over non-payment of dues. Khan was hailed as a hero after media outlets reported that he had spent his money to buy oxygen cylinders after the piped supply had been cut, and worked overtime to remedy the situation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gorakhpur-hospital-tragedy-a-good-samaritan-who-responded-to-the-call-of-duty-in-desperate-times/story-vRsfbGKPjnW260w7UAtySN.html|title=Gorakhpur tragedy: How a doctor stepped up in desperate times to save lives|date=12 August 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Srawan |date=25 November 2017 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gorakhpur-tragedy-meet-dr-kafeel-khan-the-hero-who-saved-the-lives-of-countless-children-2528035/amp |title=Gorakhpur tragedy: Meet Dr Kafeel Khan, the hero who saved the lives of countless children |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

The [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP) government denied that any deaths had occurred due to oxygen shortage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/health/gorakhpur-deaths-adityanath-government-ignored-sos-on-oxygen-payments-for-months |title=Gorakhpur Deaths: Adityanath Government Ignored SOS on Oxygen Payments for Months |website=The Wire |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> On 13 August 2017, he was removed as the nodal officer in charge of the encephalitis ward on charges of dereliction of duty and carrying out private practice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gorakhpur-deaths-hailed-as-hero-dr-kafeel-khan-of-brd-hospital-removed-from-post/story-TDJ9kRXSFZfFkm9mMAI6zI.html|title=Gorakhpur deaths: Doctor who was hailed as 'hero' removed from BRD hospital post|date=13 August 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en}}</ref> A [[first information report]] (FIR) was registered against him and others after a written complaint by DG Medical Education, K. K. Gupta, under IPC sections 409, 308, 120B, 420, Prevention of Corruption Act, Section 8 of the IPC, Section 15 of the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956. On 2 September, Khan was arrested after a court issued a non-bailable warrant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gorakhpur-hospital-tragedy-dr-kafeel-khan-earlier-hailed-as-a-hero-arrested-1507521.html|title=Gorakhpur Hospital Tragedy: Dr Kafeel Khan, Earlier Hailed as a Hero, Arrested|work=News18|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> The resident doctors association of AIIMS condemned his arrest and said he was being made a scapegoat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kafeel-khan-gorakhpur-brd-medical-college-and-hospital-adityanath-encephalitis|title=Dr Kafeel Khan Sacked, AIIMS Doctors Say He was Made a 'Scapegoat'|work=The Quint|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>

While in prison, Khan wrote a 10-page letter, detailing his version of what transpired when the deaths at BRD Hospital occurred due to the oxygen supply being cut. He claimed that he called the head of department, the principal and acting principal of BRD, the district magistrate of Gorakhpur, the chief medical superintendent of Gorakhpur and BRD Medical College, and his other colleagues to inform them of the situation. He said that he also called local oxygen supplier agencies and begged them to immediately arrange for oxygen cylinders at BRD, and called nearby hospitals. He narrated that he went out to buy oxygen cylinders himself. He was able to scrape 250 cylinders together, paying for them himself and promising the suppliers that he would arrange for the rest of the payment soon. He carried some in his car and arranged with the [[deputy inspector general]] of police for a truck and manpower from the Armed Border Force to deliver the others. He wrote that his family had been harassed by the police. He also wrote that in an encounter with [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]], the latter had expressed anger at him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/health/kafeel-khan-prime-accused-in-gorakhpur-tragedy-asserts-innocence-in-letter|title=Kafeel Khan, Prime Accused in Gorakhpur Tragedy, Asserts Innocence in Letter|website=The Wire|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

While in prison, Khan's wife alleged that he was denied medical care. Two days after the allegation, on 19 April 2018, the police took him for a medical examination, which had been due a week earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gorakhpur-infant-deaths-jailed-dr-kafeel-khan-undergoes-medical-check-up-says-he-is-being-framed-2606587|title=Gorakhpur Infant deaths: Jailed Dr Kafeel Khan undergoes medical check-up, says he is being framed|date=19 April 2018|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2018, the [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA) released a statement in defence of Khan, saying that he had been framed. The secretary of the IMA blamed the state government officials and demanded a high level probe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/ima-comes-out-in-defence-of-dr-kafeel-khan-arrested-in-gorakhpur-hospital-traged/310831|title=IMA Comes Out In Defence Of Dr Kafeel Khan Arrested In Gorakhpur Hospital Tragedy Matter, calls it a conspiracy|date=10 April 2018|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> Over 200 health professionals and allied activists wrote a letter to Uttar Pradesh chief minister, Yogi Adityanath, demanding justice for Khan, his immediate release and the dropping of "false charges" against him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/health/allahabad-hc-grants-bail-to-gorakhpur-tragedy-doctor-kafeel-khan|title=Allahabad HC Grants Bail to Gorakhpur Tragedy Doctor Kafeel Khan|website=The Wire|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

On 19 April, while responding to an [[Right to Information Act, 2005|RTI]] query, the BRD administration admitted that it was facing shortage of oxygen cylinders on the night of 11 August 2018. It said that around six cylinders were bought from other hospitals and the then nodal officer Khan had arranged four oxygen cylinders on his own.<ref name=news18-14Aug18>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rti-response-reveals-gorakhpurs-brd-hospital-was-short-of-oxygen-dr-kafeel-helped-with-cylinders-1843613.html|title=RTI Response Reveals Gorakhpur's BRD Hospital was Short of Oxygen, Dr Kafeel Helped with Cylinders |date=14 August 2018 |editor1-first=Padmaja |editor1-last=Venkataraman |work=[[News18]] |access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

On 25 April, Khan was released on bail after 9 months of imprisonment. The court ruled that there was no evidence of medical negligence on his part.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/gorakhpur-infant-deaths-no-evidence-of-medical-negligence-against-dr-khan-says-allahabad-hc-5153523/|title=Gorakhpur infant deaths: No evidence of medical negligence against Dr Kafeel Khan, says Allahabad HC|date=27 April 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/allahabad-high-court-rules-out-negligence-charges-against-gorakhpur-doctor-kafeel-khan/article23682129.ece|title=Allahabad High Court rules out negligence charges against Gorakhpur doctor Kafeel Khan|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=26 April 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Khan insisted on calling the incident a massacre and blames the UP administration for it.<ref name=news18-14Aug18 /> On being subsequently interviewed, Khan claimed to be made a scapegoat of the Yogi Adityanath Government. Khan also regretted that despite their best collective efforts, he and his team could not save those 70 children from death.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 October 2019|title=Was made scapegoat by Yogi Adityanath govt: Dr Kafeel Khan terms Gorakhpur deaths man-made massacre|language=en|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gorakhpur-tragedy-scapegoat-yogi-adityanath-govt-dr-kafeel-khan-1604935-2019-09-30|access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref>

In July 2018, it was reported that Khan had gone bankrupt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/people-join-hands-to-collect-funds-for-dr-kafeel-khan-as-he-goes-bankrupt-without-a-job-350209.html|title=People Join Hands To Collect Funds For Dr Kafeel Khan As He Goes Bankrupt Without A Job|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en}}</ref> Khan said that, "People have stopped doing business with my brothers as they think it might upset Yogi ji. We still have properties worth crores but now we do not have buyers as nobody is willing to do business with my family".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/from-famous-paediatrician-to-bankrupt-how-crow-funding-is-helping-dr-kafeel-khan-stay-afloat-1840135.html|title=From Famous Paediatrician to Being Bankrupt: How Crowd Funding is Helping Dr Kafeel Khan Stay Afloat|work=News18|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

On 13 August 2018, Khan received a death threat on his mobile, on the same day that Delhi riots co-conspirator (as per admission from main accused, Tahir Hussain) and a student activist [[Umar Khalid]], was attacked by an unknown armed mob at an event in constitution club, Delhi Khan was also attending.<ref>{{cite news |title='It's Your Turn Now': Death Threat for Dr Kafeel Khan After Attempt to Shoot Umar |url=https://www.newsclick.in/its-your-turn-now-death-threat-dr-kafeel-khan-after-attempt-shoot-umar |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=NewsClick |date=14 August 2018}}</ref>

=== Attacks on Khan's family ===
On 10 June 2018, Khan's brother, Kashif Jameel, was shot by unidentified assailants who were on motorbikes. He received three bullet wounds on his right upper arm, neck and chin, but survived the attack. This was not the first time he was attacked. In 2014 also some people entered his house and aimed pistol at him. Apparently, he is involved in multiple land disputes. This incident however took place in the Humayunpur North area near JP Hospital, 500 metres from the [[Gorakhnath]] Temple, where the UP chief minister was staying that night.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-11278098.html|title=पिस्टल से फायरिंग के आरोपी की जमानत खारिज|website=m.jagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 2018|title=I am not going to bend: Kafeel Khan after attack on brother|language=en|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/i-am-not-going-bend-kafeel-khan-after-attack-brother-674386.html|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref> In the aftermath of the incident, Khan said he had apprehended a murder attempt on his family members. He alleged that the police caused a delay of a few hours in his brother receiving urgent medical care.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=11 June 2018|title=Kafeel Khan's brother shot at in Gorakhpur|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kafeel-khans-brother-shot-at/article24133149.ece|access-date=15 August 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He further accused [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) MP from [[Bansgaon]], [[Kamlesh Paswan]] and his three associates of carrying out the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=BJP MP behind attack on my brother, says Dr Kafeel Khan |date=18 June 2018 |agency=TNN |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/bjp-mp-behind-attack-on-my-brother-says-dr-kafeel-khan/articleshow/64627516.cms|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref>

On 24 February 2020, Khan's uncle, a property dealer, was shot dead in [[Gorakhpur]]. The [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] stated that the death was unconnected to Khan's case and appeared to be in relation to a property dispute.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 February 2020|title=Dr Kafeel Khan's maternal uncle shot dead in Gorakhpur|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-kafeel-khan-maternal-uncle-shot-dead-up-police-6282566/|access-date=19 July 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

=== Acquittal ===
On 27 September 2019, Khan was acquitted of all charges in relation to the [[2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths|2017 Gorakhpur Hospital deaths]].<ref>{{cite news|date=28 September 2019|title=Suspended doctor Kafeel Khan indulged in private practice: Report |language=en|work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/suspended-doctor-kafeel-indulged-in-pvt-practice-report/articleshow/71343635.cms|access-date=2 October 2019 |agency=TNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2019|title=2 yrs on, probe clears Dr Kafeel in death of kids due to lack of O2 |language=en|work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-yrs-on-probe-clears-dr-kafeel-in-death-of-kids-due-to-lack-of-o2/articleshow/71320791.cms |access-date=7 December 2020 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> According to the departmental inquiry report, "The allegations against the accused are insufficient ... Therefore it is submitted that the accused officer is not guilty".<ref>{{Cite news |title=2017 Gorakhpur child deaths: Probe clears Dr Kafeel Khan of medical negligence charges |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Sep/27/2017-gorakhpur-child-deaths-probe-clears-dr-kafeel-khan-of-medical-negligence-charges-2039887.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 September 2019 |access-date=4 July 2024 }}</ref>

The departmental inquiry suggested that Khan had, until 2016, engaged in private practice in addition to his work at the hospital, which was alleged to be a violation of service rules. However, no action has been taken against him for that.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=27 September 2019 |title=Gorakhpur infant deaths: departmental inquiry clears Dr. Kafeel Khan |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gorakhpur-infant-deaths-departmental-inquiry-clears-kafeel-khan/article29528392.ece |access-date=5 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2020 |title=Since BRD case 3 yrs ago, Kafeel Khan fighting charges, in and out of jail |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/since-brd-case-3-yrs-ago-kafeel-khan-fighting-charges-in-and-out-of-jail-6579500/ |access-date=5 September 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |first1=Maulshree |last1=Seth}}</ref>

== Medical aid during the Nipah virus outbreak ==
In March 2018, Khan volunteered to provide medical assistance during the outbreak of the [[Nipah virus]] in Kozkhikode district in Kerala. His offer of aid was accepted by the chief minister of Kerala, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2018|title=Nipah virus: Dr Kafeel Khan's offer welcomed|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/230518/nipah-virus-dr-kafeel-khans-offer-welcomed.html|access-date=19 July 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

== Re-arrest and release ==
Khan was arrested in Mumbai on 13 December 2019 by a special task force of the Uttar Pradesh police for offences under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act 1980]], in relation to a speech made by him at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in earlier that month during the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Citizenship Amendment Act]] protests in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Kafeel Khan Walks Out of Jail. Why Was He Detained for Speech that Allahabad HC Found Promoting Unity? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/why-was-dr-kafeel-khan-in-jail-for-9-months-for-a-speech-that-allahabad-hc-found-promoting-unity-2838637.html |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=News18 |date=2 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kafeel Khan arrested at Mumbai airport for 'instigating' students in Aligarh last month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kafeel-khan-mumbai-aligarh-speech-caa-nrc-6241978/ |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 January 2020}}</ref> The Uttar Pradesh Police filed a [[first information report]] (FIR) accusing Khan with committing an offence under Section 153A of the [[Indian Penal Code]], which relates to "Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony".<ref name=TheHindu-30Jan20>{{Cite news|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=30 January 2020|title=Uttar Pradesh Police arrest Gorakhpur doctor Kafeel Khan in Mumbai|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttar-pradesh-police-arrest-gorakhpur-doctor-kafeel-khan-in-mumbai/article30687232.ece|access-date=5 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Penal Code: Section 153A|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_5_23_00037_186045_1523266765688&sectionId=45894&sectionno=153A&orderno=164|access-date=5 September 2020|website=India Code}}</ref> The FIR alleged that Khan's speech amounted to a criminal offence because it "sowed the seeds of discord and disharmony" among students, and included disparaging remarks against [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]].
<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=Kafeel Khan arrested at Mumbai airport for 'instigating' students in Aligarh last month|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kafeel-khan-mumbai-aligarh-speech-caa-nrc-6241978/|access-date=19 July 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TheHindu-30Jan20 />

He was granted bail on 10 February 2020 by an Aligarh court, but was re-arrested on 13 February 2020 and charged with offences under the National Security Act, before his actual release from jail.<ref name=TimesIndia-6Jul20>{{Cite news |last=Jaiswal|first=Anuja|date=6 July 2020 |title=Paediatrician describes 'hellish' condition of barrack in a letter, Mathura jail administration says it is fake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/paediatrician-kafeel-khan-describes-hellish-condition-of-barrack-in-a-letter-jail-admin-says-it-is-fake/articleshow/76802990.cms|access-date=19 July 2020|work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The National Security Act allows [[preventive detention]] without trial for three-month periods, and on 12 May 2020, following the lapse of three months, his detention was extended for a second three-month period, until 12 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 July 2020|first=Anuja|last= Jaiswal|title=UP: Hearing on bail plea of Kafeel Khan deferred|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/up-hearing-on-bail-plea-of-kafeel-khan-deferred/articleshow/76985451.cms|access-date=19 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> District Magistrate Chandra Bhushan Singh stated that the charges under the National Security Act were on the basis of confidential intelligence that suggested that Khan might, in the future, cause a law and order situation, and that consequently the order of preventive detention was warranted.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2020|title=After bail for Kafeel, police slap NSA to keep him in custody|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kafeel-khan-nsa-custody-amu-hate-speech-6268890/|access-date=19 July 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

On 1 September 2020, he was released by the Allahabad High Court, and all charges under the NSA against him were dropped.<ref name=LiveLaw-1Sep20>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Akshita|date=1 September 2020|title=Breaking: NSA Charges Against Kafeel Khan Dropped; Allahabad HC Directs Immediate Release [Read Judgment]|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/breaking-nsa-charges-against-dr-kafeel-khan-dropped-allahabad-hc-directs-immediate-release-read-judgment-162223|access-date=1 September 2020|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref>

=== Prison conditions in the COVID-19 pandemic ===
On 19 March 2020, Khan wrote to the prime minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], offering to provide medical assistance during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]] pandemic in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awasthi |first1=Prashasti |title=UP's detained Dr Kafeel Khan wrote to PM to let him help India fighting coronavirus |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/ups-detained-dr-kafeel-khan-wrote-to-pm-to-let-him-help-india-fighting-coronavirus/article31179844.ece |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=Business Line |date=27 March 2020}}</ref> He was not permitted to do so because he was arrested under NSA for his inflammatory speeches in December 2019.

On 23 March 2020, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered all states and union territories in India to establish panels to consider the release of all convicts who have been jailed for offences for up to seven years, in order to decongest prisons in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rautray|first=Samanwaya|title=Coronavirus: SC directs states, UTs to set up panel to consider release of prisoners on parole|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-sc-directs-states-uts-to-set-up-panel-to-consider-release-of-prisoners-on-parole/articleshow/74771877.cms|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Khan was not among prisoners released under these circumstances because of [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] (NSA) charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noor |first1=Aliza |title=Amid Lockdown, NSA Charges on Dr Kafeel Khan Extended By 3 Months |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/amid-lockdown-nsa-charges-on-dr-kafeel-khan-extended-for-months-up-mathura-jail |access-date=3 November 2020 |work=TheQuint |date=12 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2020, a letter from Khan detailing conditions inside the Mathura Prison, where he is being detained, was published by several news outlets. His letter claimed that over 150 prisoners shared just one toilet facility, that the level of hygiene was insufficient, and that a number of prisoners were unwell, raising concerns about the spread of illness in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. Khan's brother, Adeel Khan, claimed to have received the handwritten letter on 1 July 2020; however, prison officials denied that Khan had written any such letter, and suggested that the letter was fake.<ref name=Tribune-6Jul20>{{Cite news |title='It is hell here, 150 inmates share one toilet', Gorakhpur doctor's letter from jail stirs controversy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/it-is-hell-here-150-inmates-share-one-toilet-gorakhpur-doctors-letter-from-jail-stirs-controversy-109286 |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=19 July 2020|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TimesIndia-6Jul20 /> In a later interview, he said that he had been denied food and water to the point that he ate grass from the ground, and that he was beaten until "my skin had peeled off in many places".<ref name="TNM"/>

=== Release and resumption of career ===
On 26 June 2020, a group of officials and experts in the United Nations called on the Indian government to release political prisoners who had been arrested for protesting India's Citizenship Amendment Act, including Khan.<ref name=OHCHR-26Jun20>{{Cite web|title=UN experts urge India to release protest leaders |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=26002&LangID=E| access-date=19 July 2020|work=United Nations Human Rights Council |date=26 June 2020}}</ref> The letter was signed by a number of [[United Nations special rapporteur|special rapporteurs]], including the special rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders, the special rapporteur on the protection and promotion of the right to freedom of speech and expression, and the members of the U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detentions.<ref name=OHCHR-26Jun20 />

On 1 September 2020, the [[Allahabad High Court]] ordered Khan to be released immediately, and dropped the charges under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act 1980]] against him.<ref name=LiveLaw-1Sep20/> The court observed that the speech for which Khan had been arrested did not disrupt the peace or promote hate or violent reactions; rather, the court found that the speech "gives a call for national integrity and unity among the citizens. The speech also deprecates any kind of violence."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Akshita|date=1 September 2020|title='Dr Kafeel Khan's Speech Does Not Promote Hatred Or Violence, It Gives A Call For National Integrity And Unity Among Citizens': Allahabad HC [Read Judgemnt]|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/dr-kafeel-khans-speech-does-not-promote-hatred-or-violence-it-gives-a-call-for-national-integrity-and-unity-among-citizens-allahabad-hc-read-judgemnt-162228|access-date=1 September 2020|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en}}</ref> The High Court noted that the evidence provided by the prosecution was insufficient to warrant charges under the National Security Act, and that Khan had been denied the opportunity to examine the evidence led against him. The court observed that this constituted a violation of Khan's constitutional rights, and accordingly set aside his detention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/allahabad-high-court-nulls-detention-order-against-dr-kafeel-khan-directs-his-release|title=[Breaking] "Not sustainable in law": Allahabad High Court sets aside NSA detention order against Dr Kafeel Khan, directs his release|first=Lydia Suzanne|last=Thomas|access-date=10 March 2021|work=Bar and Bench|date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

According to Khan, his time in prison had led him to read about topics outside medicine and increased his political activism. As of 2023, he works at a private hospital in Chennai as a paediatrician.<ref name="TNM"/>

== Further charges ==
In November 2023, Uttar Pardesh Police filed a case against Khan (and "four or five unidentified persons") for allegedly inciting people against government and creating hatred in society through his book, ''The Gorakhpur Hospital Tragedy: A Doctor's Memory of a Deadly Medical Crisis''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UP: Paediatrician Kafeel Khan booked for 'inciting people against government' through his book |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1060063/up-paediatrician-kafeel-khan-booked-for-inciting-people-against-government-through-his-book |work=Scroll.in |date=4 December 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> The complaint also mentioned that five unknown people were discussing Dr. Khan's book, removing the government and creating division in society.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |date=4 December 2023 |title=Former Gorakhpur paediatrician Kafeel Khan says his family, elderly mother fear renewed intimidation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-gorakhpur-paediatrician-kafeel-khan-says-his-family-elderly-mother-fear-renewed-intimidation/article67604081.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=5 December 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Publication==
Khan has written the ''Manipal Manual of Clinical Paediatrics'' for MBBS students.
Khan has also written several articles for news outlets and journals:
#{{citation |title=5 Ways to Counter the 'Triple Epidemic' |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/15/19583/5-Ways-to-Counter-the-Triple-Epidemic |work=The Citizen |date=5 November 2020 |first1=Kafeel |last1=Khan}}
#{{citation |title=COVID-19's Negative Impact on Mental Health Is a Shadow Pandemic |url=https://www.theleaflet.in/covid-19s-negative-impact-on-mental-health-is-a-shadow-andemic/?fbclid=IwAR09mp2_cehFkWS2RE7GZq07abaHQcwz8_nTBLjGOAlV3ph5IWIIYxmcbpE# |work=The Leaflet |date=7 December 2020 |first1=Kafeel |last1=Khan}}
#{{citation |title=Think Beyond Covid-19 As Pollution Is An Everlasting Pandemic |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-think-beyond-covid-19-as-pollution-is-an-everlasting-pandemic/365434 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=26 November 2020 |first1=Kafeel |last1=Khan}}
#{{citation |title=COVID-19 Pandemic has Shown India Why Healthcare Reforms are Imperative |url=https://www.theleaflet.in/covid-19-pandemic-has-shown-india-why-healthcare-reforms-are-imperative/# |work=The Leaflet |date=7 November 2020 |first1=Kafeel |last1=Khan}}

In 2021, his book, ''The Gorakhpur Hospital Tragedy: A Doctor's Memory of a Deadly Medical Crisis'' was released. Originally in English, the book was later translated into Malayalam, Hindi (at first being pulled by the publisher due to political pressure according to Khan), Urdu, Marathi and Tamil. He is currently working on a second book as of 2023.<ref name="TNM">{{cite web|access-date=4 September 2023|author=Bharathy Singaravel|title=Dr Kafeel Khan releases Tamil version of his book, says won't remain a mute spectator|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dr-kafeel-khan-releases-tamil-version-his-book-says-wont-remain-mute-spectator-181896|date=4 September 2023|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Family==
Khan's wife is a doctor who runs a private clinic. He also has a young daughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gorakhpurs-death-ward-doctor-held-his-past-back-to-haunt-him-4826015/|title=Gorakhpur deaths: Arrested ward doctor Kafeel Khan's past back to haunt him|date=4 September 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=15 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* In the 2023 film ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', the character played by [[Sanya Malhotra]], Dr. Eeram and her segment, was loosely based on Khan and the real-life incidents surrounding him.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanya Malhotra didn't know her segment was inspired by Gorakhpur incident during Jawan shoot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-didnt-know-her-segment-was-inspired-by-gorakhpur-incident-during-jawan-shoot-101694602331607.html |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Kafeel}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni]]
[[Category:Nationality missing]]

Bundi State

2026-04-09T06:08:25Z

VirgilBugnion41: Made new details

{{Short description|Princely state of India}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
| area_km2 = 5,750
| stat_pop1 = 216,722
| s1 = Republic of India
| footnotes = {{EB1911|wstitle=Bundi}}
| event_end = [[Instrument of accession|Accession]] in Dominion of India
| year_end = 1949
| year_start = 1241
| stat_year1 = 1931
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| today = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| motto = "धर्म के जीत हो, अधर्म का नाश हो" "Dharm ke jīt ho, adharm kā nāsh ho"
| englishmotto = ([[English language|English]]: Let righteousness prevail, iniquity perish)
| title_leader = [[Rai (title)|Rao]]/[[Maharao]]
| year_leader1 = 1554–1585
| leader1 = [[Rao Surjan Singh|Surjan Singh]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader2 = 1945–1949
| leader2 = [[Bahadur Singh Bundi|Bahadur Singh]] {{small|(last)}}
| capital = [[Bundi]]
| map_caption = Bundi State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]].
| image_map = Jhalawar-Tonk map.jpg
| image_coat = Bundi State Coat of Arms.png
| image_flag = Flag of Bundi.svg
| conventional_long_name = Bundi State
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
}}
[[File:Bundi-Garh Palace-20131015.jpg|thumb|270px|View of the Garh Palace in Bundi]]
[[File:Bundi-Garh Palace-Chitrasala GVN-20131015.jpg|thumb|270px|Garh Palace Chitrasala]]
[[File:11 Maharao Bhao Singh riding an elephant. Ca. 1675, Bundi, Ashmolean.jpg|thumb|270px|Maharao Bhao Singh riding an elephant. c. 1675]]
[[File:21 Maharao Umed Singh of Bundi, Bundi, circa 1770 Christie's.jpg|thumb|270px|Maharao Umed Singh of Bundi]]
[[File:A Maharahja in His Harem, the ruler seated on a dais supended from the chandelier above, frolicking with six courtesans, from Bundi.jpg|thumb|270px|The Maharaja in his harem]]
'''Bundi State,''' founded by Hada Rao Devda (ruler of the [[Hada Chauhan]] dynasty), was a [[princely state]] in India. The former state was located in modern-day [[Rajasthan]]. It was ruled by [[Hada Chauhan]] Rajputs.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_086.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 9, p. 80.]</ref>

The last ruler of Bundi State signed the accession to join the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1949.

==History==
[[File:The town and pass of Bundi (Rajputana).jpg|thumb|Watercolour painting of the town and pass of Bundi in Rajasthan, by an anonymous artist working in the British school, c. 1840.]]
[[File:Sukh Niwas Palace, Bundi, circa 1900.jpg|thumb|220px|Sukh Niwas Palace on the edge of the Jait Sagar tank at Bundi, c. 1900]]

===Medieval era===
The region was governed by Rao Deva, who took over Bundi in 1241, renaming the surrounding area as Haravati or Haroti. For the next two centuries, the Hadas of Bundi were the vassals of the Sisodias of Mewar and ruled by the title of [[Rao (title)|Rao]] until 1569, when Emperor [[Akbar]] conferred the title of Rao Raja upon [[Rao Surjan Singh]] after the surrender of Ranthambore Fort and his submission. In 1632, [[Rao Raja Chattar Sal]] became the ruler, he built the [[Keshav Rai Temple|temple of Keshav Rai Temple]] at [[Keshoraipatan]] and Chathra Mahal at [[Bundi]]. He became king of Bundi after his grandfather Rao Ratan Singh, as his father Gopinath died while Ratan Singh was still ruling. He saw service with the Mughal forces as head of his [[Hada Chauhan]] Rajput troop and was considered an integral part of Mughal army by [[Shahjahan]]. Rao Chattar Sal was trusted by [[Dara Shikoh]] with governorship of Delhi, a rare privilege for a [[Hindu]]. He remained loyal to Shahjahan and Dara Shikoh during the rebellion of [[Aurangzeb]] despite many temptations and even threats from Aurangzeb. Rao Chattar Sal died fighting as the head of his Hada Rajput troops<ref>{{cite book |author1=Crump, Vivien |author2=Toh, Irene |title=Rajasthan |location=London |publisher=Everyman Guides |year=1996 |isbn=1-85715-887-3 |page=291}}</ref> in the [[Battle of Samugarh]] in 1658 along with his youngest son Bharat Singh.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sodhi, Jiwan |title=A Study of Bundi School of Painting |location=India |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1999 |isbn=81-7017-347-7 |page=29}}</ref> Rao Bhao Singh (1658–1678) the eldest son of Chhattar Sal succeeded his father to the throne of Bundi. In 1707, [[Bahadur Shah I]] conferred the title of Maharao Raja upon Raja Budh Singh.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_087.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v.9, p. 80-81]</ref>

===British era===
[[File:View looking along a bazaar at Bundi taken by Gunpatrao Abajee Kale, c.1900..jpg|thumb|View looking along a bazaar at Bundi taken by Gunpatrao Abajee Kale, c.1900.]]
[[File:Palace and Fortress of Boondee.jpg|thumb|right|Palace and fortress at Bundi (1832)]]
In 1804 Rao Raja Bishan Singh (1773–1821) gave valuable assistance to Colonel Monson in his disastrous retreat before [[House of Holkar|Holkar]], in revenge for which the [[Maratha Empire]] and Pindaris continually ravaged his state and forced the kingdom to pay tribute up to 1817. Consequently, Bishan Singh made a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[East India Company]] on 10 February 1818, which brought him under its [[British protectorate|protection]]. was responsible for the creation of the pleasure palace of Sukh Niwas on the outskirts of Bundi.

Maharao Raja Ram Singh (1821–89) grew up to be a much-respected ruler who initiated economic and administrative reforms and established schools for the teaching of Sanskrit. On the throne for 68 years, he was described as "the most conservative prince in [a] conservative Rajputana."<ref name="Times 1927">The Times, 30 July 1927, page 12, Issue 44647.</ref> His rule was popular and beneficial; and though during the mutiny of 1857 his attitude was equivocal, he continued to enjoy the confidence of the British, being created G.C.S.I. and a counselor of the empire in 1877 and C.I.E. in 1878. He was succeeded by his adopted son [[Raghubir Singh of Bundi|Raghubir Singh]] (1889–1927), who was made a K.C.S.I. in 1897 and a G.C.I.E. in 1901. His reign was blighted by two disastrous famines. Despite his best efforts at alleviation, the population of his kingdom was reduced from some 258,000 to 171,000 by 1901 due to death and emigration.<ref name="Times 1927"/>

Maharao Bahadur Singh (1945–77) also supported the British and served in the Burma campaign, where he earned the Military Cross for his gallantry before succeeding to the throne. He was a guest at 1947 [[wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]].<ref>Royal Collection: Seating plan for the Ball Supper Room http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalwedding1947/object.asp?grouping=&exhibs=NONE&object=9000366&row=82&detail=magnify</ref>

===Accession to India===
At the time of the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the British abandoned their suzerainty over the princely states, which were left to decide whether to remain independent or to accede to the newly independent [[Dominion of India]] or to Pakistan. The ruler of the state of Bundi decided to [[Instrument of Accession|accede]] to India, which later became the Union of India. This brought the internal affairs of Bundi under the control of Delhi. Bundi's last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 7 April 1949.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India]</ref>

==Coat of arms==
The [[coat of arms]] of Bundi was a shield depicting a warrior emerging from flames, signifying the creation-legend of the ruling [[Chouhan]] clan of [[Rajputs]] which was supposedly created from fire. The shield is flanked by cows representing [[dharma]] or righteousness; it is crowned by a hand holding a [[Katar (dagger)|Katar]].<ref>''The Princely Armory.'' Publ. by The Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Calcutta. 1877</ref>

==Rulers==
The rulers of Bundi State belonged to [[Hada Chauhan]] dynasty of Rajputs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Bundi|title=Indian Princely States}}</ref>

===Rao Raja===
* 1554–1585: [[Rao Surjan Singh|Surjan Singh]]
* 1585–1608: Bhoj Singh
* 1608–1632: Ratan Singh
* 1632–1658: [[Rao Raja Chattar Sal|Chattar Sal Singh]]
* 1658–1682: Bhao Singh
* 1682–1696: Anirudh Singh
* 1696–1707: [[Budh Singh]] (b. 16.. – d. 1739)
===Maharao Raja===
* 1707–1730: [[Budh Singh]] (b. 16.. – d. 1739)
* 1730–1749: [[Dalel Singh (ruler)|Dalel Singh]]
* 1749–1770: Umaid Singh (1st time) (b. 1729 – d. 1804)
* 1770–1773: Ajit Singh (d. 1773)
* 1773–1804: Umaid Singh (2nd time) (s.a.)
* 1804 – 14 May 1821: Bishan Singh (b. 1773 – d. 1821)
* 14 May 1821 – 28 Mar 1889: [[Ram Singh Bundi|Ram Singh]] (b. 1811 – d. 1889) (from 1 Jan 1877, Sir Ram Singh)
* 28 Mar 1889 – 26 Jul 1927: [[Raghubir Singh Bundi|Raghubir Singh]] (b. 1869 – d. 1927)
(from 1 Jan 1894, Sir Raghubir Singh)
* 26 Jul 1927 – 23 Apr 1945: [[Ishwari Singh]] (b. 1893 – d. 1945) (from 11 May 1937, Sir Ishwari Singh)
* 23 Apr 1945 – 15 Aug 1949: [[Bahadur Singh Bundi|Bahadur Singh]] (b. 1920 – d. 1977)
===Titular===
* : [[Bahadur Singh Bundi|Bahadur Singh]]
=== Pretender ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign
!Succession
!Note
!Reference
|-
|[[Ranjit Singh of Bundi|Ranjit Singh]]
|1977–2010
|Son of [[Bahadur Singh of Bundi|Bahadur Singh]]
|Adopted by [[Bahadur Singh of Bundi|Bahadur Singh]] from Kapren
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=BUNDI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703190306/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |archive-date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref>
|-
|Brigadier Bhupesh Singh, SC, VSM
|2021–present
|Installed by a Paag committee of local Rajputs. His succession was opposed by the kinsmen of [[Ranjit Singh of Bundi|Ranjit Singh]].
| rowspan="2" |Both claim to be the twenty-sixth Maharao.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=Brigadier Bhupesh Singh crowned in Bundi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nsg-commander-brigadier-bhupesh-singh-hada-26th-king-bundi-1887028-2021-12-12 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-03 |title=Brigadier Bhupesh Singh is the new 'King' of Bundi |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/kota/bundi/news/brigadier-bhupesh-hada-declared-26th-maharao-of-bundi-129181825.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajasthan: Bundi Rajputs choose Brigadier Bhupesh Singh Hada as their ‘king’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bundi-rajputs-choose-brigadier-as-their-king/articleshow/88215695.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2021-12-13|access-date=2026-01-24|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-04-10 |title=Bundi's royal tangle sorted out with new Maharaja's coronation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/states/1503059169-1503059169.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vanshvardhan Singh]]
|2 April 2022–present
|[[Ishwari Singh]] had adopted [[Bahadur Singh of Bundi|Bahadur Singh]] and Kesri Singh, sons of Dhanurdhar Singh of Kapren. The former succeeded him as the Maharao Raja, and in turn, [[Bahadur Singh of Bundi|Bahadur]]’s son, [[Ranjit Singh of Bundi|Ranjit Singh]], followed him on the throne. Twelve years after the death of Ranjit Singh, [[Vanshvardhan Singh|Vanshvardhan]], a grandson of Kesri Singh, was chosen by the wider family and the former aristocracy to succeed him as the [[Maharao|Maharao Raja]], after a common Rajput, Bhupesh Singh, had been installed by local [[Rajput|Rajputs]].
[[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh|Jitendra Singh]], maternal grandson of [[Bahadur Singh of Bundi|Bahadur Singh]], and [[Brijraj Singh]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Kota state|Kotah]], both supported his succession.
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajasthan: 34-year-old Vanshvardhan Singh crowned the 26th Maharao Raja of Bundi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/34-yr-old-vanshvardhan-singh-crowned-the-26%3Csup%3Eth%3C/sup%3E-maharao-raja-of-bundi/articleshow/90616870.cms?utm_source=IndianRajputs.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=Indian-Rajputs-Articles|work=The Times of India|date=2022-04-03|access-date=2026-01-24|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}
==See also==

* [[Kota State]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Rajputana]]
* [[History of Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015904/http://omstamps.com/index.php?route=blog%2Farticle&article_id=20 Silver Rupee of Bundi]}}
*{{commonscat inline}}
{{Princely states of India}}

{{coord|25.44|N|75.64|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Bundi district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1342 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1342]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Bundi State]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]

Rajnath Singh

2026-03-18T03:21:22Z

VirgilBugnion41:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajnath Singh
| image = 2025 Rajnath Singh (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Official portrait, 2025
| office = 29th [[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]
| president = [[Ramnath Kovind]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 30 May 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| office2 = 30th [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
| president2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] Ramnath Kovind
| primeminister2 = Narendra Modi
| term_start2 = 26 May 2014
| term_end2 = 30 May 2019
| predecessor2 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| successor2 = [[Amit Shah]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2014
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[Lalji Tandon]]
| successor3 =
| constituency4 = [[Ghaziabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 16 May 2009
| term_end4 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor4 = ''Constituency established''
| successor4 = [[V. K. Singh]]
| office5 = 8th [[List of national presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|National President of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start5 = 24 January 2013
| term_end5 = 8 July 2014
| predecessor5 = [[Nitin Gadkari|Nitin Jairam Gadkari]]
| successor5 = Amit Shah
| term_start6 = 31 December 2005
| term_end6 = 19 December 2009
| predecessor6 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| successor6 = Nitin Jairam Gadkari
| office7 = 27th [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of Agriculture]]
| primeminister7 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start7 = 24 May 2003
| term_end7 = 22 May 2004
| predecessor7 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| successor7 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| office8 = 19th [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start8 = 28 October 2000
| term_end8 = 8 March 2002
| governor8 = [[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
| predecessor8 = [[Ram Prakash Gupta]]
| successor8 = [[President's rule]]
| office9 = 34th [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Union Minister of Surface Transport]]
| primeminister9 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term_start9 = 22 November 1999
| term_end9 = 27 October 2000
| predecessor9 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| successor9 = [[B. C. Khanduri]]
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency10 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start10 = 26 November 2002
| term_end10 = 25 November 2008
| predecessor10 = [[Balwant Singh Ramoowalia]]
| successor10 = [[Kusum Rai]]
| constituency11 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start11 = 3 April 1994
| term_end11 = 19 April 2001
| predecessor11 = [[Z. A. Ahmed]]
| successor11 = [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| office12 = 4th [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|National President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
| term_start12 = 1988
| term_end12 = 1990
| predecessor12 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| successor12 = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|07|10}}
| birth_place = [[Chandauli district|Bhabhaura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| nickname = Kadi Ninda
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Janata Party]] (1977–1980) [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (before 1977)
| spouse = {{marriage|Savitri Singh|1971}}
| children = 3 (including [[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]])
| alma_mater = [[Gorakhpur University]] ([[M.Sc.]], [[Physics]])
| website = {{Official URL}}
| education =
| residence = {{ubl|[[Akbar Road|17, Akbar Road]], [[New Delhi]]}}
| profession = {{hlist|Politician|lecturer}}
}}

'''Rajnath Singh''' ({{IPA|hi|ɾɑːd͡ʒnɑːt̪ʰ sɪŋɡʱ|audio=Rajnath Singh pronounciation.ogg}}; born 10 July 1951), is an Indian politician and lecturer who is serving as the 29th [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] since 2019 and as the [[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha|Deputy Leader of the House, Lok Sabha]] since 2014. He previously served as the 25th [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]] in the [[first Modi ministry]] from 2014 to 2019, making him the first person born after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] to hold the office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Rajnath Singh|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/Shri%20Rajnath%20Singh|access-date=18 February 2021|website=Ministry of Defence|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120001310/https://www.mod.gov.in/Shri%20Rajnath%20Singh|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2013|title=Rajnath Singh elected BJP president, vows to bring back party to power|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/rajnath-singh-bjp-president-vows-to-bring-back-party-to-power-7938.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702122249/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/rajnath-singh-bjp-president-vows-to-bring-back-party-to-power-7938.html|archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=18 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jain|first=B. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yv4WEAAAQBAJ|title=The Geopsychology Theory of International Relations in the 21st Century: Escaping the Ignorance Trap|date=15 February 2021|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4985-7360-3|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yv4WEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rajnath+Singh+under+Atal+bihari+vajpayee&pg=PA86 86]|language=en}}</ref> He was the [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|President]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from 2005 to 2009 and again from 2013 to 2014. Singh was a veteran leader of the [[BJP]] who started his career as a ''swayamsevak'' of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name="Meet the leaders">{{Cite news |title=Meet the men and women who will run India for the next 5 years – Ministry of utmost prowess |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/meet-the-men-and-women-who-will-run-india-for-the-next-5-years/rajnath-singh-defence-minister/slideshow/69594872.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021120215/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/meet-the-men-and-women-who-will-run-india-for-the-next-5-years/rajnath-singh-defence-minister/slideshow/69594872.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singh previously served as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] from 2000 to 2002 and a [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] for Road Transport and Highways in the [[Vajpayee Government]] from 1999 to 2000 and the minister of Agriculture from 2003 to 2004. He was the President of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] from 1988 to 1990. He was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Haidergarh (assembly constituency)|Haidergarh constituency]] twice, and held the office of [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /> He was a member of Lok Sabha from Lucknow since 2014 and Ghaziabad from 2009 to 2014. He was also a member of Rajya Sabha from 2002 to 2008 and from 1994 to 2001.

==Early life==
Rajnath Singh was born in Bhabhaura village of [[Chandauli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] to father Ram Badan Singh and mother Gujarati Devi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaushal |first1=Pradeep |title=Jaswant is sacked without show-cause notice, but Vasundhara could defy directive to resign |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-jaswant-is-sacked-without-showcause-notice-but-vasundhara-could-defy-directive-to-resign-/517003 |work=Indian Express |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225122658/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-jaswant-is-sacked-without-showcause-notice-but-vasundhara-could-defy-directive-to-resign-/517003/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Rajnath Singh |url=https://www.rajnathsingh.in/biography/ |website=rajnathsingh.in |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=25 July 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021120403/https://www.rajnathsingh.in/biography/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ujjwal Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeCGAwAAQBAJ&dq=rajnath+singh+rajput&pg=PA244|title=The State, Democracy and Anti-Terror Laws in India|date=11 January 2007|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-7829-955-6|language=en|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408100247/https://books.google.com/books?id=HeCGAwAAQBAJ&dq=rajnath+singh+rajput&pg=PA244|url-status=live}}</ref> He was born into a family of farmers. He received his primary education from a local school of his village and went on to secure a master's degree in physics, acquiring first division results from [[Gorakhpur University]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 April 2019|agency=PTI|title=Rajnath Singh's biography tracing 5 decades in politics to hit stands in May|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajnath-singh-biography-rajneeti-1498533-2019-04-10|work=India Today|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019125055/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajnath-singh-biography-rajneeti-1498533-2019-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref> From childhood he was inspired by the ideology of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2011|title=Shri Rajnath Singh|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/ShriRajnathSingh.pdf|access-date=14 August 2020|website=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125225805/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/ShriRajnathSingh.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He worked as a lecturer of Physics at K.B. Post-Graduate College [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Bio" /> He also has a brother, Jaipal Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 August 2015|title=Rajnath Singh celebrates Raksha Bandhan with children at his residence|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-celebrates-raksha-bandhan-with-children-at-his-residence/127212/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029151218/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-celebrates-raksha-bandhan-with-children-at-his-residence/127212/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early political career ==
=== Entry into politics ===
Singh had been associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] since 1964, at the age of 13 and remained connected with the organisation. He also became [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Shakha Karyavah]] (General Secretary) of [[Mirzapur]] in the year 1972.<ref name="Bio" /> After 2 years in the year 1974, he entered politics.<ref name="Rajnath Singh elections 2020">{{Cite news |title=Rajnath Singh: Rajnath Singh BJP from LUCKNOW in Lok Sabha Elections |website=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rajnath-singh/candidates/candidateid-11464.cms |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510190901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rajnath-singh/candidates/candidateid-11464.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1969 and 1971 he was the organizational secretary of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (the student wing of the RSS) in [[Gorakhpur]]. He became the general secretary of the RSS's [[Mirzapur]] branch in 1972.{{Sfnm|1a1=Chintamani|1y=2019|1pp=17-18|2a1=Singh|2y=2019|2pp=1-2}} In 1974, he was appointed secretary for the Mirzapur unit of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], predecessor of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="profile">{{cite news|title=Profile: Rajnath Singh |publisher=[[Zee News]] |url=http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=264537&sid=ARC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185718/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=264537&sid=ARC |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> In 1975, aged 24, Singh was appointed District President of the [[Jana Sangh]].

=== JP Movement and Emergency ===
In the 1970s, Singh was influenced by the [[JP Movement]] of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]. He was also arrested in the year 1975 during the state of [[National Emergency]] for associating with [[JP Movement]] and was detained for a time period of 2 years.<ref name="Did you know?">{{Cite news|title=Did you know⁠? India's Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has a master's degree in physics⁠ — and other interesting facts about his life|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/rajnath-singh-profile-interesting-facts-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-minister-of-defence/slidelist/76888231.cms|website=Business Insider|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831061351/https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/rajnath-singh-profile-interesting-facts-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-minister-of-defence/slidelist/76888231.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Entry into electoral politics ===
After being released from jail, Singh joined the [[Janata Party]] founded by [[Jayprakash Narayan]] and contested legislative assembly elections from Mirzapur in 1977. He successfully fought the election and was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mirzapur]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Wasn't given parole to meet ailing mother, could not perform last rites: Rajnath Singh recalls Emergency |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wasnt-given-parole-to-meet-ailing-mother-could-not-perform-last-rites-rajnath-singh-recalls-emergency/articleshow/109222741.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=ANI |date=12 April 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Rise within BJP ===
At that time he gained the popularity in [[State (politics)]] and then joined [[BJP]] in the year 1980 and was one of the initial members of the Party.{{Sfn|Chintamani|2019|p=35}} He became the State President of the BJP youth wing in 1984, the National general secretary in 1986 and the National President in 1988. He was also elected into the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]].<ref name="profile" />

== Early ministerial roles ==

=== Education Minister (1991–1992) ===
In 1991, when the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] formed its first government in Uttar Pradesh under chief minister [[Kalyan Singh]], he was appointed education minister of Uttar Pradesh. He held the education portfolio for a tenure of two years.<ref name="DDMod" /> Major highlights of his tenure as education minister included the controversial [[Anti-Copying Act, 1992]], which made copying a non-bailable offence,<ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web|last=Phadnis|first=Aditi|title=How Rajnath Singh rose through the ranks|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-rajnath-singh-rose-through-the-ranks/20130131.htm|access-date=17 February 2021|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302055743/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-rajnath-singh-rose-through-the-ranks/20130131.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> modernising science texts, and incorporating [[Indian mathematics#Vedic period|vedic mathematics]] into the [[curriculum]].<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-is-rajnath-singh-152326-2013-01-22 |title=Who is Rajnath Singh? |work=India Today |date=23 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810072147/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/who-is-rajnath-singh/1/247240.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Anti-Copying Act, 1992 ====
{{Main|Anti-Copying Act, 1992}}

Singh helped push the controversial Anti-Copying Act in response to perceived widespread cheating in schools and colleges in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Did you know?" /><ref name="MassCopy">{{Cite news|date=27 February 2017|title=PM Modi brings 'mass copying' issue into political discourse|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/pm-modi-brings-mass-copying-issue-into-political-discourse/story-dEKFZuqO5sDpa9ZAxEHzZM.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120130457/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/pm-modi-brings-mass-copying-issue-into-political-discourse/story-dEKFZuqO5sDpa9ZAxEHzZM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UP Govt to challenge order against Anti-copying Act|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/07up1.htm|website=rediff.com|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001734/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/07up1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> when [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] became the [[chief minister of Uttar Pradesh]], heading [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] in the year 1993 he repealed the Act.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 1994 |author=D. Gidwani |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav abolishes Anti-Copying Act in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940630-mulayam-singh-yadav-abolishes-anti-copying-act-in-uttar-pradesh-809307-1994-06-30 |website=India Today |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111144216/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940630-mulayam-singh-yadav-abolishes-anti-copying-act-in-uttar-pradesh-809307-1994-06-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How students 'copying' in exams became an issue for the BJP in the early 90s |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-students-copying-exams-became-issue-bjp-early-90s-25481 |work=The News Minute |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809161052/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-students-copying-exams-became-issue-bjp-early-90s-25481 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Modernising the education system ====
In 1991, Singh led a partial rewrite of history textbooks used in government schools and introduced [[vedic mathematics]] into the curriculum.<ref name=":1" /> Seen as loyal to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], a [[Hindu nationalist]] organisation, Singh's changes to state education policy were widely perceived to have been motivated by his RSS affiliation and ideological kinship with the organisation's leadership.{{Sfn|Singh|2019|p=2}} As minister, he also focused on promoting the usage of Indian languages instead of English in courses and instruction. At the same time, he stated his appreciation for knowledge of modern languages.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|title=Need to change present education system: Home Minister Rajnath Singh|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/need-to-change-present-education-system-home-minister-rajnath-singh/articleshow/45004996.cms?from=mdr|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408101748/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/need-to-change-present-education-system-home-minister-rajnath-singh/articleshow/45004996.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Union Transport Minister (1999–2000) ===
In April 1994, he was elected into the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper House of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]) and became involved with the Advisory Committee on Industry (1994–96), Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Agriculture, Business Advisory Committee, House Committee and the Committee on Human Resource Development.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2014|title=Rajnath Singh - from 'Physics lecturer' to 'Union Home Minister'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/rajnath-singh-home-minister-of-india-bjp-modi-government-latest-18798.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150650/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/rajnath-singh-home-minister-of-india-bjp-modi-government-latest-18798.html|archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=18 February 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> On 25 March 1997, he became the President of the BJP's Uttar Pradesh unit and in 1999 became the Union Cabinet Minister for Surface Transport.<ref name="profile" />

== Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (2000–02) ==
{{See also|Rajnath Singh ministry}}
In 2000, he became [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|chief minister]] of Uttar Pradesh and was twice elected as MLA from [[Haidergarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Haidergarh]] in 2001 and 2002.<ref name="rediff1" /> He was preceded by [[Ram Prakash Gupta]] and succeeded by [[Mayawati]] after 56 days of [[President's rule]].<ref>[[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]</ref> He was also the last chief minister of Undivided U.P. Contributing to his appointment as state minister were his prior experience as education minister and his [[grassroots]] support from his involvement in the anti-corruption [[JP Movement]] in the 1970's.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Moushumi Das|date=8 June 2019|title=Modi's one move showed Rajnath Singh's 44 years of politics can become ineffective in a day|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/modis-one-move-showed-rajnath-singhs-44-years-of-politics-can-become-ineffective-in-a-day/247444/|work=ThePrint|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022023613/https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/modis-one-move-showed-rajnath-singhs-44-years-of-politics-can-become-ineffective-in-a-day/247444/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=New Defence Minister: Rajnath Singh to be the new Defence Minister, Naik to be MoS|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-to-be-the-new-defence-minister-of-india/articleshow/69593474.cms|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127212417/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-to-be-the-new-defence-minister-of-india/articleshow/69593474.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> At that time there also many leaders in [[BJP]] from Uttar Pradesh, but very few had a strong support at the ground level.<ref>"The politics of Uttar Pradesh was like a Jungle trap"-''The Betrayal of Indian Democracy.''</ref> He was at that time very much close to [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and had a very clean image among the people of the State.<ref>{{Cite news|title="A Man With No Enemies": Rajnath Singh Appointed Cabinet Minister Again|url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/bjps-rajnath-singh-a-man-with-no-enemies-appointed-cabinet-minister-again-2045616|website=NDTV.com|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024183012/https://www.ndtv.com/people/bjps-rajnath-singh-a-man-with-no-enemies-appointed-cabinet-minister-again-2045616|url-status=live}}</ref> He also popular among [[Rajput]]s (Thakur), a significant community in the state,<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 March 2017|title=Modi accepts MLAs' choice Yogi Adityanath as U.P. CM|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/8799-modi-accepts-mlas-choice-yogi-adityanath-cm|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024202202/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/8799-modi-accepts-mlas-choice-yogi-adityanath-cm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Deep Caste Symbolism In Yogi Adityanath's Appointment As Uttar Pradesh CM|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/deep-caste-symbolism-in-yogi-adityanaths-appointment-as-uttar-pradesh-cm/298257|website=Outlook India|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023050026/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/deep-caste-symbolism-in-yogi-adityanaths-appointment-as-uttar-pradesh-cm/298257|url-status=live}}</ref> like [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]. Even unlike, [[L. K. Advani]] and [[Kalyan Singh]], he was not a leader of ''Firebrand Hindutva'' ideology and was a very soft-spoken person.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2021|title=Yogi Adityanath a better Uttar Pradesh CM than I was: Rajnath Singh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/yogi-a-better-cm-than-i-was-rajnath/articleshow/80319708.cms|access-date=17 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203154000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/yogi-a-better-cm-than-i-was-rajnath/articleshow/80319708.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Notable reforms as chief minister ===
As chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, he accused the [[Samajwadi Party]] of favouring certain communities for jobs. Singh had said that discrimination in job opportunities should end in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 2017|title=3 big reforms Rajnath Singh is capable of bringing in Uttar Pradesh if he's appointed the CM|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/3-big-reforms-rajnath-singh-is-capable-of-bringing-in-uttar-pradesh-if-hes-appointed-the-cm/590287/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024111002/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/3-big-reforms-rajnath-singh-is-capable-of-bringing-in-uttar-pradesh-if-hes-appointed-the-cm/590287/|url-status=live}}</ref> He tried to rationalise the reservation structure in government jobs by introducing the most Backward Classes among the OBC and SC, so that the reservation system could favour those at the bottom of society.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Moushumi Das|date=8 June 2019|title=Modi's one move showed Rajnath Singh's 44 years of politics can become ineffective in a day|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/modis-one-move-showed-rajnath-singhs-44-years-of-politics-can-become-ineffective-in-a-day/247444/|access-date=17 February 2021|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129061550/https://theprint.in/opinion/newsmaker-of-the-week/modis-one-move-showed-rajnath-singhs-44-years-of-politics-can-become-ineffective-in-a-day/247444/|url-status=live}}</ref>

When Singh took office as chief minister, Uttar Pradesh had the highest state crime rate in India. Singh thus made establishing law and order a key part of his policy.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tone up law and order, Home Minister Rajnath Singh tells UP government|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tone-up-law-and-order-home-minister-rajnath-singh-tells-up-government/articleshow/46155425.cms|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408101746/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tone-up-law-and-order-home-minister-rajnath-singh-tells-up-government/articleshow/46155425.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=A. N. I. Feeds |date=10 May 2018 |title=Good improvement in law and order in UP: Rajnath |url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/good-improvement-in-law-and-order-in-up-rajnath-3045660/ |website=India.com |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026154015/https://www.india.com/news/agencies/good-improvement-in-law-and-order-in-up-rajnath-3045660/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, after the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] a large portion of the Indian public saw the [[BJP]] as complicit in the riots, which undermined the image of Singh's party and contributed to the loss of his position..<ref>{{Cite news|last1=M|first1=Harsh|date=24 April 2019|title=One thing was distinctly rotten about 2002 Gujarat riots: use of rape as a form of terror|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/one-thing-was-distinctly-rotten-about-2002-gujarat-riots-use-of-rape-as-a-form-of-terror/225511/|website=ThePrint|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725223238/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/one-thing-was-distinctly-rotten-about-2002-gujarat-riots-use-of-rape-as-a-form-of-terror/225511/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Why 2002 Gujarat riots still matter|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2014/05/98891.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805191838/https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2014/05/98891.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 February 2001, Singh inaugurated the [[DND Flyway]] which connects Delhi to Noida.<ref name=":5">{{cite news |title='Noida jinx' to keep Akhilesh Yadav away from PM event |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/noida-jinx-to-keep-akhilesh-yadav-away-from-pm-event/articleshow/50372875.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=29 December 2015 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319181955/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/noida-jinx-to-keep-akhilesh-yadav-away-from-pm-event/articleshow/50372875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Resignation ===
In the year 2002, Singh resigned from the position of chief minister after a 2 year tenure because at that time, the state [[BJP]] Government held only a minority government. After his resignation, the state was under [[President's rule]] for 56 days, until the 14th Legislative Assembly appointed [[Mayawati]] to the position of chief minister for the 3rd time.<ref name="Rajnath Singh elections 2020" />

== Rise in national politics ==

=== Union Agriculture Minister (2003–04) ===
In 2003, Singh was appointed as the [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]] and subsequently for Food Processing in the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] Government led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and was faced with the difficult task of maintaining one of the most volatile areas of India's economy.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100100800.htm|title=Courage, Mr Rajnath Singh|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 June 2003|access-date=2 January 2007|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916234436/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100100800.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period he initiated a few epoch-making projects including the Kisan Call Centre and Farm Income Insurance Scheme.<ref name=":7">[http://wikimapia.org/16811689/Shri-Rajnath-Singh-MP-Loksabh-Ghaziabad-Ex-CM-Uattar-pardesh-1-30-Raj-Nagra "Shri Rajnath Singh, MP (Ghaziabad)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203359/http://wikimapia.org/16811689/Shri-Rajnath-Singh-MP-Loksabh-Ghaziabad-Ex-CM-Uattar-pardesh-1-30-Raj-Nagra |date=29 October 2013 }}. wikimapia.org</ref> He brought down interest rates on Agriculture loans and also established Farmer Commission and initiated Farms Income Insurance Scheme.<ref name="achieve">[http://www.rajnathsingh.in/achievements/ "Achievements"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521165627/http://www.rajnathsingh.in/achievements/ |date=21 May 2014 }}. rajnathsingh.in</ref>

=== National President of the BJP ===
==== First time (2005–2009) ====
[[File:191218-D-WA993-1773 (49238901581).jpg|thumb|Singh in Washington at a summit.|left]]
After the BJP lost power in the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]], it was forced to sit in the Opposition. After the resignation of prominent figure [[Lal Krishna Advani]] due to controversial statements over [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajnath Singh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/rajnath-singh|website=India Today|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029111926/https://www.indiatoday.in/rajnath-singh|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the murder of strategist [[Pramod Mahajan]], Singh sought to rebuild the party by focusing on the most basic [[Hindutva]] ideologies.<ref name="instinct">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Its-basic-instinct-for-Rajnath-Singh/articleshow/911268.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106043944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-23/india/27815843_1_rajnath-singh-uniform-civil-code-bjp-national-executive|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=It's basic instinct for Rajnath Singh|work=[[The Times of India]] | first1=Lopamudra|last1=Ghatak|date=23 December 2006}}</ref> He announced his position of "no compromise" in relation to the building of a [[Ram Janmabhoomi|Ram Temple]] in [[Ayodhya]] at any cost<ref name="instinct" /> and commended the rule of Vajpayee as Prime Minister, pointing towards all the developments the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] made for the ordinary people of India.<ref>[http://indianewsdiary.com/?p=8951 Rajnath Singh is new BJP President] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311070147/http://indianewsdiary.com/?p=8951 |date=11 March 2014 }}. indianewsdiary.com</ref> He also criticised the role of the English language in India, claiming that most of Indian population is unable to participate in Indian economy and cultural discourse due to extreme preferences shown to English at the expense of native languages.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-chief-claims-English-bad-for-India-triggers-outrage/articleshow/21178996.cms "BJP chief claims English bad for India, triggers outrage."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426153531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-chief-claims-English-bad-for-India-triggers-outrage/articleshow/21178996.cms |date=26 April 2023 }} ''The Times of India''. 20 July 2013</ref> Singh also suspended [[Jaswant Singh]] from the party for praising Jinnah and disrespecting the policies of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], which also led to a wave of controversies as Jaswant Singh was a very senior leader of the party.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|title=Jaswant is sacked without show-cause notice, but Vasundhara could defy directive to resign|newspaper=Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-jaswant-is-sacked-without-showcause-notice-but-vasundhara-could-defy-directive-to-resign-/517003|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225122658/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-jaswant-is-sacked-without-showcause-notice-but-vasundhara-could-defy-directive-to-resign-/517003/|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh had held many positions for the RSS and the BJP, including serving as the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] and the President of the BJP's [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|youth wing]]. He advocated a return to a [[Hindutva]] platform. Singh resigned after the NDA lost the [[2009 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2006|first=Lopamudra|last=Ghatak|title=It's basic instinct for Rajnath Singh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Its-basic-instinct-for-Rajnath-Singh/articleshow/911268.cms|access-date=13 October 2020|website=The Times of India|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003122503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Its-basic-instinct-for-Rajnath-Singh/articleshow/911268.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He became the BJP National President on 31 December 2005, a post he held till 19 December 2009. In May 2009, he was elected MP from Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Shri%20Rajnath%20Singh%20Biodata_English.pdf|title=Ministry of Home Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606031010/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Shri%20Rajnath%20Singh%20Biodata_English.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:A delegation from Kerala led by the Rajya Sabha MP, Shri A.K. Antony calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on August 30, 2018.JPG|thumb|A delegation of Rajnath Singh in [[Kerala]] with former [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence of India]], [[A. K. Antony]] and [[Alphons Kannanthanam]].]]

==== Second time (2013–2014) ====
On 24 January 2013, following the resignation of [[Nitin Gadkari]] due to corruption charges, Singh was re-elected as the BJP's National President.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajnath-steps-down-Gadkari-takes-over-as-BJP-president/articleshow/5356182.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025150732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/india/28067924_1_rajnath-singh-nitin-gadkari-bjp-president |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2012 |title=Rajnath steps down, Gadkari takes over as BJP president |date=19 December 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>

Singh was on record shortly after the law [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] was re-instated in 2013, claiming that his party is "unambiguously" in favour of the law, also claiming that "We will state (at an all-party meeting if it is called) that we support Section 377 because we believe that homosexuality is an unnatural act and cannot be supported."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/nation/story_17679913.jsp |title=BJP comes out, vows to oppose homosexuality|last=Rameshan|first=Radhika|date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216103934/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/nation/story_17679913.jsp|archive-date=16 December 2013|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Singh was elected president for his second term after Gadkari stepped down in 2013. Singh played a large role in the BJP's campaign for the [[2014 Indian general election]], including declaring [[Narendra Modi]] the party's Prime Ministerial candidate despite opposition from within the BJP. After the party's landslide victory, Singh resigned the party presidency to assume the position of Home Minister.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2014|title=Rajnath Singh – from 'Physics lecturer' to 'Union Home Minister'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/rajnath-singh-home-minister-of-india-bjp-modi-government-latest-18798.html|access-date=13 October 2020|website=www.indiatvnews.com|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150650/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/rajnath-singh-home-minister-of-india-bjp-modi-government-latest-18798.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He contested the 2014 Lok Sabha elections from [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]] constituency and was subsequently elected as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of the Parliament]].<ref name="the hindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rajnath-singh-surpasses-vajpayees-victory-margin-in-lucknow/article6021382.ece "Rajnath Singh surpasses Vajpayee's victory margin in Lucknow"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411061521/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rajnath-singh-surpasses-vajpayees-victory-margin-in-lucknow/article6021382.ece |date=11 April 2023 }}. ''The Hindu''. 18 May 2014</ref>

== Union Home Minister (2014–19) ==
[[File:Shri Raj Nath Singh taking charge as the Union Minister for Home Affairs, in New Delhi on May 29, 2014.jpg|alt=|thumb|Singh taking charge as the Union Minister for Home Affairs, in New Delhi on 29 May 2014.]]
[[File:Indian delegation led by the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh holding a bilateral meeting with Russian delegation led by the Minister for Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Mr. Vladimir Kolokolstsev, in Moscow.jpg|thumb|248x248px|Singh holding a bilateral meeting with Russian delegation led by the Minister for Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Kolokolstsev, in Moscow]]
He was appointed the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]] in the [[Narendra Modi]] [[First Modi ministry|government]] and was sworn in on 26 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/portfolios-of-the-union-council-of-ministers-2/|title=Portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers|website=pmindia.gov.in|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214014324/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/portfolios-of-the-union-council-of-ministers-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> At that time he was the former president of the party and was the one who named [[Narendra Modi]] as the Prime Minister Candidate for the party. After the win of the party in 2014 Lok Sabha Election he took over the position from [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] as the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)]] from the year 2014–2019. And he is also the Current Deputy Leader of Lok Sabha from the year 2019.{{Sfn|Singh|2019|p=2}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== JNU incident ===
He triggered controversy amid the protests over the police action at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), on 14 February 2016, claiming that the "JNU incident" was supported by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] chief Hafiz Saeed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajnath-singh-hafiz-saeed-let-jnu-protests-had-support-of-let-chief-hafiz-saeed-rajnath-singh/|title=Understand the reality... Lashkar chief Hafiz Saeed backed JNU incident: Home Minister Rajnath Singh|date=15 February 2016|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822100139/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajnath-singh-hafiz-saeed-let-jnu-protests-had-support-of-let-chief-hafiz-saeed-rajnath-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref> He gave the statement when there was an Anti-National speeches in the [[JNU Delhi]] over the anniversary of hanging of Kashmiri Separist [[Maqbool Bhat]] and [[Afzal Guru]] on 9 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2016|title=Afzal Guru: A martyr in JNU campus? Anti-India slogans raised, no arrests made|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jnu-afzal-guru-308204-2016-02-11|access-date=13 October 2020|website=India Today|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128053321/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jnu-afzal-guru-308204-2016-02-11|url-status=live}}</ref> After the statement there was also a vast protest against Singh and after the arrests of [[Umar Khalid]] and [[Kanhaiya Kumar]], he made meeting with many left leaders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2016|title=JNU row: Who said what on the issue|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/jnu-row-rajnath-singh-kiren-rijiju-kanhaiya-kumar-309004-2016-02-16|access-date=13 October 2020|website=India Today|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506012053/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/jnu-row-rajnath-singh-kiren-rijiju-kanhaiya-kumar-309004-2016-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=13 February 2016|title=Left leaders meet Rajnath Singh over JNU issue|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jnu-row-left-leaders-meet-rajanth-singh/article8233159.ece|access-date=13 October 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912063559/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jnu-row-left-leaders-meet-rajanth-singh/article8233159.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He also assured the citizens that what he said was right and he also people assurance of not tolerating the Anti-National Acts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2016|title=Rajnath links LeT's Hafiz Saeed to JNU protest, Oppn demands evidence|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rajnath-links-let-s-hafiz-saeed-to-jnu-event-oppn-demands-evidence/story-DqP2KjJ2HLBQN3kGcXWYPN.html|access-date=13 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329112804/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rajnath-links-let-s-hafiz-saeed-to-jnu-event-oppn-demands-evidence/story-DqP2KjJ2HLBQN3kGcXWYPN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh at that time also appointed an SIT for the investigation of the matter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Simply a hysterical farce: The 2016 JNU sedition row lingers lacking real evidence|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/jnu-sedition-row-kanhaiya-kumar-umar-khalid-congress-bjp-rajnath-singh/story/1/26622.html|access-date=13 October 2020|website=www.dailyo.in|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305014914/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/jnu-sedition-row-kanhaiya-kumar-umar-khalid-congress-bjp-rajnath-singh/story/1/26622.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2016, he claimed that infiltration from Pakistan declined by 52% in a period of two years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 May 2016|title=Narendra Modi's 56-inch chest not reduced an inch: Rajnath Singh|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280516/narendra-modi-s-56-inch-chest-not-reduced-an-inch-rajnath-singh.html|access-date=17 February 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304071322/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280516/narendra-modi-s-56-inch-chest-not-reduced-an-inch-rajnath-singh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bharat Ke Veer App ===
On 9 April 2017, he launched [[Bharat Ke Veer]] Web portal and Application with Bollywood actor [[Akshay Kumar]]. This was an initiative taken by him for the welfare of Martyrs' family.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160767|title=Shri Rajnath Singh inaugurates Web Portal 'Bharat ke Veer'|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411140014/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160767|url-status=live}}</ref> '''Bharat Ke Veer''' is a fund-raising initiative by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]] on behalf of members of the Indian paramilitary Forces.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Bharat Ke Veer' initiative pays off, people donate generously|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bharat-ke-veer-initiative-pays-off-people-donate-generously/articleshow/60109913.cms|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802133545/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bharat-ke-veer-initiative-pays-off-people-donate-generously/articleshow/60109913.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh himself praised the app and at that time was the first donor of the app.{{Sfn|Chintamani|2019|p=247}}

An official anthem was launched on 20 January 2018 for the cause '[[Bharat Ke Veer]]' by him along with film star [[Akshay Kumar]], and other ministers [[Kiren Rijiju]], [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir|Hansraj Ahir]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-rajnath-singh-unveil-official-anthem-of-bharat-ke-veer/articleshow/62581609.cms|title=Akshay Kumar, Rajnath Singh unveil official anthem of 'Bharat Ke Veer'|date=20 January 2018|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023315/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/akshay-kumar-rajnath-singh-unveil-official-anthem-of-bharat-ke-veer/articleshow/62581609.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Doklam matter ===
{{Main|2017 India China border standoff}}

[[File:The Urban Development Minister of Nepal, Shri Arjun Narsingh K.C. calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on December 19, 2016.jpg|thumb|Urban Development Minister of Nepal, [[Arjun Narasingha K.C.|Arjun Narsingh K.C.]] calling on the Singh, in New Delhi]]
[[Doklam]] is a disputed territory between [[Bhutan]] and China since the 1950s and when China unilaterally claimed Doklam as its own territory by trying to build a road in the disputed area, the Indian army stepped-in on behalf of Bhutan which created tensions between the Indian Army and Liberation Army of China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=12 August 2020|title=No progress made in India-China major general-level talks, all eyes now on diplomatic parleys|url=https://theprint.in/defence/no-progress-made-in-india-china-major-general-level-talks-all-eyes-now-on-diplomatic-parleys/479975/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924083014/https://theprint.in/defence/no-progress-made-in-india-china-major-general-level-talks-all-eyes-now-on-diplomatic-parleys/479975/|archive-date=24 September 2020|access-date=17 February 2021|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Over the matter Singh assured Public to solve the matter and he had talks with officials of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] over relations between the two countries. Though the matter was between the Bhutan and China, but when Bhutan sought help from India, then India also indulged in the matter. Singh and [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] also openely opposed the matter and came in the support of Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 September 2017|title=India-China dispute to be solved|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india-withdraws-troops-from-disputed-himalayan-region-defusing-tension-with-china/2017/08/28/b92fddb6-8bc7-11e7-a2b0-e68cbf0b1f19_story.html|access-date=29 September 2020|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|archive-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829011815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india-withdraws-troops-from-disputed-himalayan-region-defusing-tension-with-china/2017/08/28/b92fddb6-8bc7-11e7-a2b0-e68cbf0b1f19_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the tension solved at large extent.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2019|title=Both India and China exercising restraint in Doklam: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/both-india-and-china-exercising-restraint-in-doklam-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-2219749.html|website=Zee News|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121152532/https://zeenews.india.com/india/both-india-and-china-exercising-restraint-in-doklam-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-2219749.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Solution To Doklam Standoff Will Be Found Soon, Says Rajnath Singh|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/solution-to-doklam-standoff-will-be-found-soon-says-rajnath-singh/300589|magazine=Outlook India|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924014039/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/solution-to-doklam-standoff-will-be-found-soon-says-rajnath-singh/300589|url-status=live}}</ref> The main reason was also that Singh also threatened China to stop its import and start of Trade War.<ref name=":14" /> On 9 October 2017 China announced that it was ready to maintain peace at frontiers with India reacting to Indian [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] and Rajnath Singh visit to Nathu La.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2017|title=Ready to maintain peace with India: China on Sitharaman's visit to Nathu La|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ready-to-maintain-peace-at-frontiers-with-india-china-on-sitharaman-s-visit-to-nathu-la/story-EVdlopKMXl0rkre9mRlzqM.html|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015437/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ready-to-maintain-peace-at-frontiers-with-india-china-on-sitharaman-s-visit-to-nathu-la/story-EVdlopKMXl0rkre9mRlzqM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Commissioning of Bastariya Battalion ===
On 21 May 2018, he commissioned [[Bastariya Battalion]]. As Union Home Minister, Rajnath Singh attended the passing out parade of 241 Bastariya Battalion of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh on 21 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/first-ever-passing-out-parade-of-bastariya-battalion-held-in-chhattisgarh-1238057-2018-05-21|title=First ever graduation parade of 'Bastariya Battalion' held in Chhattisgarh|website=India Today|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806151058/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/first-ever-passing-out-parade-of-bastariya-battalion-held-in-chhattisgarh-1238057-2018-05-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Union Defence Minister (2019–present)==
[[File:Shri Rajnath Singh taking charge as the Union Minister for Defence, in New Delhi on June 01, 2019.jpg|thumb|Rajnath Singh taking charge as the Union Minister for Defence, in the presence of [[Shripad Naik]], Minister of State for Defence, in New Delhi on 1 June 2019.]]
[[File:Shri Rajnath Singh assumed charge as the Union Minister of Defence for the second consecutive term, in New Delhi on June 13, 2024.jpg|thumb|Rajnath Singh takes office as the Minister of Defense of India for the second consecutive term, in New Delhi on 13 June 2024.]]
Singh became the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence minister]] of India on 31 May 2019.<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602015648/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh was given [[Ministry of Defence (India)]] after [[Amit Shah]] was given the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]. As Union Defence Minister now, Singh has indicated a subtle shift in India's strategic vision. Among the challenges that the Defence Minister is expected to address are the ever-increasing requirements of India's forces, including increased budgetary requirements, especially in the light of an unstable neighbourhood.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|title=Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh In His 2.0 Avatar|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Union-Defence-Minister-Rajnath-Singh-In-His-2-0-Avatar/19-09-2019-176397|website=BW Businessworld|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005032002/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Union-Defence-Minister-Rajnath-Singh-In-His-2-0-Avatar/19-09-2019-176397/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:PM dedicates to the nation HAL Helicopter Factory at Tumakuru, Karnataka on February 06, 2023.jpg|thumb|Singh, along with Prime Minister Modi inaugurates Asia's largest helicopter manufacturing sector ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]]) at [[Tumkur]], in [[Karnataka]] in 2023.]]
After being Defence Minister he had focused mainly on increasing the [[defence budget]] of the nation and has focused on decreasing the import of [[weapon]]s from other nations and making the nation an arms exporter with an [[arms industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajnath Singh: Latest News & Videos, Photos about Rajnath Singh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Rajnath-Singh |website=The Economic Times |access-date=20 August 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814063937/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Rajnath-Singh |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=India to emerge as major defence exporter: Rajnath Singh – ET Government|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-emerge-as-major-defence-exporter-rajnath-singh/73117819|access-date=20 August 2020|website=ETGovernment.com|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022160602/https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-to-emerge-as-major-defence-exporter-rajnath-singh/73117819|url-status=live}}</ref> He also stated that:

{{Blockquote|text="India cannot put hand on hand in the issues of National Security. Now the time has come that India needs to emerge as major arms exporter."|author=Economic Times|title=Rajnath Singh<ref name=":11" />|source=}}

=== Rafale fighter plane ===
{{Main|Rafale deal}}

[[File:The Union Minister for Defence, Shri Rajnath Singh with the French Minister of Armed Forces, Ms. Florence Parly, in France on October 08, 2019.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Singh with the French Minister of Armed Forces, [[Florence Parly]]]]
[[Dassault Rafale]] is a fighter plane of French origin whose deal was signed by then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], [[Manohar Parrikar]] in 2016 to increase the strength of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=P |first1=Rajat |date=1 February 2012 |title=French jet Rafale bags $20bn IAF fighter order; India 'briefs' losing European countries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/French-jet-Rafale-bags-20bn-IAF-fighter-order-India-briefs-losing-European-countries/articleshow/11706551.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/French-jet-Rafale-bags-20bn-IAF-fighter-order-India-briefs-losing-European-countries/articleshow/11706551.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] had signed to buy 126 fighter jets costing $30 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sagar|first=Pradip R.|date=26 January 2014|title=dna exclusive: 100% price escalation on Rafale fighter aircraft to Rs 1.75 lakh crore likely to dent IAF's strike capability|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-exclusive-100-price-escalation-on-rafale-fighter-aircraft-to-rs-175-lakh-crore-likely-to-dent-iaf-s-strike-capability-1957107|website=DNA India|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012221224/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-exclusive-100-price-escalation-on-rafale-fighter-aircraft-to-rs-175-lakh-crore-likely-to-dent-iaf-s-strike-capability-1957107|url-status=live}}</ref>

The planes were received during his tenure as the [[Defence Minister of India]]. Though that was also a very controversial issue, Singh received and completed the deal after becoming [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], the [[Indian Air Force]] received its first [[Dassault Rafale]] on 8 October 2019 and he personally went to France to receive it.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=8 October 2019|title=Rajnath Singh receives first Rafale in France; delivery in May 2020|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-receives-first-rafale-fighter-jet-from-france/article29618964.ece|issn=0971-751X|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809171657/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-receives-first-rafale-fighter-jet-from-france/article29618964.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The first fleet of 5 fighter jets landed at [[Ambala Air Force Station]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=29 July 2020|title=India's Rafale lands in Ambala, Rajnath warns those who threaten territorial integrity|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-rafale-lands-in-ambala-rajnath-warns-those-who-threaten-territorial-integrity/470446/|website=ThePrint|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805110541/https://theprint.in/defence/indias-rafale-lands-in-ambala-rajnath-warns-those-who-threaten-territorial-integrity/470446/|url-status=live}}</ref>

India received the second fleet of [[Rafale]] jets on 29 July 2020. Singh said that "Those wanting to threaten India's territorial Integrity should be aware of India's new capability."<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 July 2020|title=Welcoming Rafale, Rajnath gives a veiled warning to China|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/while-welcoming-rafale-rajnath-gives-a-veiled-warning-to-china-11596024182626.html|website=Livemint|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519123828/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/while-welcoming-rafale-rajnath-gives-a-veiled-warning-to-china-11596024182626.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The further procurement of more 26 Rafales, with 22 single-seated and 4 double-seated was assigned on 28 April 2025 which remained were acquired shortly before the [[2025 India-Pakistan Aerial Skirmishes]] in the [[Operation Sindoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India and France sign Intergovernmental Agreement on 26 Rafale Jets for Indian Navy |url=https://in.ambafrance.org/India-and-France-sign-Intergovernmental-Agreement-on-26-Rafale-Jets-for-Indian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502225133/https://in.ambafrance.org/India-and-France-sign-Intergovernmental-Agreement-on-26-Rafale-Jets-for-Indian |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=La France en Inde / France in India |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Indo-China border tension ===
{{Main|2020 China–India skirmishes}}
{{Quote box
| title = Rajnath Singh on Galwan
| quote = China made transgression attempts on Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the western sector. This includes Kongka, Gogra, and the north bank of Pangong Lake. Our Army took necessary action against these attempts.
| source = Singh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/china-disrupted-traditional-patrolling-pattern-of-indian-troops-in-galwan-valley-causing-face-off-conditions-rajnath20200915162437/|title=Rajnath Singh reviews as of 15 September 2020|date=2020-09-15|publisher=ANI|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513231105/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/china-disrupted-traditional-patrolling-pattern-of-indian-troops-in-galwan-valley-causing-face-off-conditions-rajnath20200915162437/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 350px
}}[[File:Defence minister talk during 2020 standoff between India and China.jpg|thumb|Rajnath Singh talk during 2020 standoff between [[Government of India|Indian]] and [[Government of China|Chinese]] officials.|328x328px]]Since May 2020, there has been tension between the [[Security forces]] of India and China over the border region of [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 June 2020|title=A timeline: India-China's deadliest border clash since 1975 explained|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-timeline-india-china-s-deadliest-border-clash-since-1975-explained/story-9Ct6lHQKkRuXM5w2K5xmwO.html|access-date=17 February 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920143436/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-timeline-india-china-s-deadliest-border-clash-since-1975-explained/story-9Ct6lHQKkRuXM5w2K5xmwO.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This situation has seen tension increase as China has put pressure on India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lintner|first=Bertil|date=1 July 2020|title=China, India standoff more than a war over rocks|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/china-india-standoff-more-than-a-war-over-rocks/|website=Asia Times|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809181448/https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/china-india-standoff-more-than-a-war-over-rocks/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2020|title=India China news Highlights (June 22): Indian Army's 14 Corps Commander & Chinese counterpart hold meeting, says report|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/india-china-news-live-border-clash-today-chinese-soldiers-killed-galwan-ladakh-modi-rajnath-russia-china-cyber-attack/1999153/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811032109/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/india-china-news-live-border-clash-today-chinese-soldiers-killed-galwan-ladakh-modi-rajnath-russia-china-cyber-attack/1999153/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 June 2020|title=India now says 20 troops killed in China clash|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53061476|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152747/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53061476|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh met with officials of the [[Indian Army]] and also visited the [[Ladakh Range]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 May 2020|title=In 1st comment on Ladakh standoff, Rajnath Singh's pointed reference to Doklam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dialogue-with-china-is-on-says-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-on-ladakh-standoff/story-jIfRLjjGXvJMqVVOxuiCGK.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730031446/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dialogue-with-china-is-on-says-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-on-ladakh-standoff/story-jIfRLjjGXvJMqVVOxuiCGK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also met with the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (India)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] [[Bipin Rawat|General Bipin Rawat]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|CNS]] [[Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]] and [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|COAS]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane|General Manoj Mukund Naravane]] to discuss about the situation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India-China standoff: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh meets CDS, Army Chief to assess LAC situation in Ladakh|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-china-standoff-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-meets-cds-army-chief-to-assess-lac-situation-in-ladakh/613592|website=timesnownews.com|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717202720/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-china-standoff-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-meets-cds-army-chief-to-assess-lac-situation-in-ladakh/613592|url-status=live}}</ref> After the martyrdom of 20 Indian soldiers during the [[2020 China–India skirmishes]] in [[Galwan Valley]], Singh met with the Indian soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 June 2020|title=3 staggered clashes took place in Galwan Valley|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-staggered-clashes-took-place-in-galwan-valley/story-P1tT2X2fWaJu7smOHXEE0I.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-staggered-clashes-took-place-in-galwan-valley/story-P1tT2X2fWaJu7smOHXEE0I.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=19 July 2020|title=Galwan braves get a pat on the back from Rajnath Singh in Ladakh's Lukung|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/galwan-braves-get-a-pat-on-the-back-from-rajnath-singh-in-ladakh-s-lukung/story-aJZvEXH60604K37nfhutqK.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809033828/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/galwan-braves-get-a-pat-on-the-back-from-rajnath-singh-in-ladakh-s-lukung/story-aJZvEXH60604K37nfhutqK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajnath Singh personally conveyed appreciation to soldiers for displaying bravery in Galwan clash|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-personally-conveyed-appreciation-to-soldiers-for-displaying-bravery-in-galwan-clash/articleshow/77051882.cms?from=mdr|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705064814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-personally-conveyed-appreciation-to-soldiers-for-displaying-bravery-in-galwan-clash/articleshow/77051882.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> He also said that he can not guarantee to what extent the tension would go.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 July 2020|title=Can Not Guarantee to What Extent India, China Border Dispute Can be Resolved, Says Rajnath Singh|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/can-not-guarantee-to-what-extent-india-china-border-dispute-can-be-resolved-says-rajnath-singh-4087468/|website=India.com|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922151601/https://www.india.com/news/india/can-not-guarantee-to-what-extent-india-china-border-dispute-can-be-resolved-says-rajnath-singh-4087468/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the situation was handled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2020 |title=India-China border dispute at Galwan valley: Top developments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-standoff-top-developments-from-the-day/articleshow/76428511.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925165505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-china-standoff-top-developments-from-the-day/articleshow/76428511.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 June 2020|title=India-China border tensions Live: World wants to know who India's braves are, says PM Modi|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-china-galwan-valley-live-updates-army-pm-narendra-modi-chinese-army-ladakh-border-tensions-850184.html|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808161209/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-china-galwan-valley-live-updates-army-pm-narendra-modi-chinese-army-ladakh-border-tensions-850184.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Then again from the date of 30 August 2020, [[People's Liberation Army]] started the controversy of [[Ladakh]] area by putting a large number of troops over the controversial area and over this [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Yang Jiechi]] and [[People's Liberation Army]] General Wei stated that the matter was started by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=5 September 2020|title=India entirely responsible for current tensions, China's Defence Minister tells Rajnath Singh|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-entirely-responsible-for-current-tensions-chinas-defence-minister-tells-rajnath-singh/article32528872.ece|access-date=30 September 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919150147/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-entirely-responsible-for-current-tensions-chinas-defence-minister-tells-rajnath-singh/article32528872.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Chinese General [[Wei Fenghe]] and his Indian counterpart Singh held a talk, on 4 September in Moscow, on the sidelines of a [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2020|title=At SCO meet, Rajnath Singh tells China to restore status quo at LAC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-sco-meet-rajnath-singh-tells-china-to-restore-status-quo-at-lac/story-ylvhTnX21W0A9A8nEsFRRK.html|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=5 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905020157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-sco-meet-rajnath-singh-tells-china-to-restore-status-quo-at-lac/story-ylvhTnX21W0A9A8nEsFRRK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 September, the foreign affairs ministers of China and India met in Moscow. Five points were agreed upon in a joint statement, including new CBMs between the two countries. On 21 September, the sixth commander-level meeting took place at Chushul-Moldo BPM.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 September 2020|title=India, China to hold sixth Corps Commander-level talks today: Report|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-china-to-hold-sixth-corps-commander-level-talks-today-report-120092100190_1.html|access-date=30 September 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061122/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-china-to-hold-sixth-corps-commander-level-talks-today-report-120092100190_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian delegation consisted of Lt Gen Harinder Singh, Lt Gen P G K Menon, two major generals, four brigadiers and other officers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=22 September 2020|title=India and China stick to demands, current ground positions in Ladakh could become status quo|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-and-china-stick-to-demands-current-ground-positions-in-ladakh-could-become-status-quo/508449/|access-date=30 September 2020|website=ThePrint|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923020024/https://theprint.in/defence/india-and-china-stick-to-demands-current-ground-positions-in-ladakh-could-become-status-quo/508449/|url-status=live}}</ref> The chief of the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] was also a part of the delegation. During this meeting, for the first time, a Ministry of External Affairs representative from the Indian side was also present. Following the 14–hour talks, a joint statement was released, which included both sides have agreed to "stop sending more troops to the frontlines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China, India hold sixth round of commander-level talks – People's Daily Online|url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0923/c90000-9763522.html|access-date=30 September 2020|website=en.people.cn|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930120927/http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0923/c90000-9763522.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Must Continue Talks To Ensure Full Restoration Of Peace": Rajnath Singh To Chinese Counterpart|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-china-must-continue-talks-to-ensure-full-restoration-of-peace-rajnath-singh-to-chinese-counterpart-2290825|access-date=30 September 2020|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907225831/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-china-must-continue-talks-to-ensure-full-restoration-of-peace-rajnath-singh-to-chinese-counterpart-2290825|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the news of the situation became known, Singh assured citizens that the situation is under control and that there is nothing to be worried about. Singh also stated that fake news and rumours were being spread. He also admitted that the [[Chinese Army]] has tried to cross the [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=राजनाथ सिंह ने मान लिया, चीनी सैनिक लद्दाख में घुसे!|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/news/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-on-india-china-standoff-in-ladakh/|access-date=30 September 2020|website=LallanTop – News with most viral and Social Sharing Indian content on the web in Hindi|language=hi|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927123410/https://www.thelallantop.com/news/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-on-india-china-standoff-in-ladakh/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:SCO Defense Ministers meeting (2023).jpg|thumb|327x327px|Singh at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] defence ministers' meeting in New Delhi on 28 April 2023]]
On 28 April 2023, Chinese Defense Minister [[Li Shangfu]] met with Rajnath Singh as part of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] defence ministers' meeting in New Delhi, making it the first visit to India by a Chinese Defence Minister since the 2020 border skirmishes between Indian and Chinese troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65399808 |title=SCO: China defence minister in India amid border tensions |access-date=4 June 2023 |newspaper=BBC |date=28 April 2023 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125085613/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65399808 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 June 2025, he visited China to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation defence ministers' meeting in Qingdao, marking the first visit by a senior Indian minister to China since the 2020 border skirmishes and the first by an Indian Defence Minister in 12 years. During the meeting, Singh refused to sign the joint declaration, citing the document's failure to condemn the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]] in [[Kashmir]], which claimed 26 lives, and lack of alignment with India's stance against terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rajnaths-china-visit-for-sco-marks-new-phase-in-india-china-thaw-since-modi-xi-2024-meet-13900508.html|title=Rajnath's China visit for SCO marks new phase in India–China thaw since Modi-Xi 2024 meet|newspaper=Firstpost|first=Shreya|last=Mundhra|date=25 June 2025|access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-refuses-to-sign-sco-document-that-removed-pahalgam-and-had-balochistan-8764415|title=India Refuses To Sign SCO Document That Skipped Pahalgam, Had Balochistan|newspaper=NDTV|first=Shiv|last=Aroor|date=26 June 2025|access-date=27 June 2025}}</ref>

===Russia===
{{Seealso|India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:Defence Minister of Bharat Shri Rajnath Singh with President of The Russian Federation Mr. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin.jpg|thumb|Singh with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow on 10 December 2024]]
On 10 December 2024, Singh held talks with Russian Defence Minister [[Andrey Belousov]]. Singh reaffirmed India's commitment to strengthening defence ties with Russia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |date=10 December 2024 |title=Despite pressure, India consciously decided to deepen engagement with Russia: Rajnath Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/despite-pressure-india-consciously-decided-to-deepen-engagement-with-russia-rajnath/article68970362.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Agnipath Scheme ===
{{Main|Agnipath Scheme}}

The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] introduced a revolutionary army recruitment scheme called Agnipath (Agneepatha), for recruitment of soldiers under the rank of commissioned officers. The recruitment was pursued for all the three forces, and the selected candidates were termed as "''Agniveers''". This plan is a four-year termed enroll to candidates ageing between 18 - 24 of age.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2022 |title=Army recruitment rally under 'Agnipath' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/army-recruitment-rally-under-agnipath/article65726172.ece |access-date=5 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805072016/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/army-recruitment-rally-under-agnipath/article65726172.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Various protests and oppositions were held, against the scheme, questioning about the future of the candidates, procedure and other standards. Railways were set on fire and suffered losses in [[Bihar]], [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]];<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 June 2022 |title=Agnipath protests: Railways suffer losses over Rs 1,000 crore, highest in a decade |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/agnipath-protests-indian-railways-suffer-damages-thousand-crore-1965950-2022-06-23 |magazine=India Today |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805161814/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/agnipath-protests-indian-railways-suffer-damages-thousand-crore-1965950-2022-06-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> the opposition also called it as an [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] agenda based scheme. The Ministry called it a long pending reform, in the defence field to lower the average of the total military age.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Agnipath protests Highlights: Agnipath a long-pending reform, govt concessions pre-planned, says Defence Ministry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/agnipath-protests-live-updates-indian-army-7976434/ |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 June 2022 |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805161814/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/agnipath-protests-live-updates-indian-army-7976434/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Further the [[Delhi High Court]] also stated that it finds no reason to interfere in the process and the government has brought this "In national Interest" of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2023 |title='In national interest': HC upholds Agnipath validity |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-national-interest-hc-upholds-agnipath-validity/articleshow/98286708.cms |access-date=1 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228102920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-national-interest-hc-upholds-agnipath-validity/articleshow/98286708.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military exercises ===
{{Empty section|date=February 2021}} He virtually inaugurated the four-day Indo-Pacific Military Health Exchange (IPMHE) conference.

International military exercises known as {{ill|Vostok-2022|ru|Восток-2022}} were launched in Russia's Far East in September 2022, with countries including Russia, India and China taking part in it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explainers Explained: What does India's participation in Russia's military drills Vostok-2022 mean? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-what-does-indias-participation-in-russias-military-drills-vostok-2022-mean-11167031.html |work=Firstpost |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528235350/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-what-does-indias-participation-in-russias-military-drills-vostok-2022-mean-11167031.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 April 2023, Singh met with Russian Minister of Defence [[Sergei Shoigu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Russia agree to boost longstanding defence ties |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india-russia-reiterate-commitment-towards-defence-partnership-govt-statement-2023-04-28/ |work=Reuters |date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603214051/https://www.reuters.com/world/india-russia-reiterate-commitment-towards-defence-partnership-govt-statement-2023-04-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict ===
{{Main article|2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India–Pakistan crisis|l2 = crises}}
In July 2025, Rajnath Singh, addressing the [[Indian parliament]], rejected US President [[Donald Trump]]'s claim that the United States had mediated the ceasefire between India and Pakistan in May, stating that India had not acted under any external pressure. Singh clarified that military operations, launched in response to the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], ceased only after all political and military objectives were achieved. He further stated that the decision to halt "'''[[Operation Sindoor]]'''" followed a request from Pakistan's Director General of Military Operations, who sought relief from continued hostilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2025 |title=India says no foreign pressure to stop conflict with Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y204pmrp2o |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2025 |title=Defence minister denies India bowed to pressure to end fighting with Pakistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/defence-minister-denies-india-bowed-pressure-end-fighting-with-pakistan-2025-07-28/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> In November 2025, he said that "tomorrow [[Sindh]] may return to India again."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trivedi |first1=Saurabh |title=Sindh will always be a part of India’s civilisational heritage, says Rajnath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sindh-may-return-to-india-someday-says-rajnath-singh/article70314994.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=24 November 2025 |language=en-IN |date=23 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Murad, Sherry slam Indian defence minister’s remarks on Sindh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1957175 |website=Dawn |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en |date=25 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Momand |first1=Abdullah |last2=Syed |first2=Baqir Sajjad |title=FO denounces Indian defence minister’s ‘delusional, dangerously revisionist’ remarks about Sindh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1956894 |website=Dawn |language=en |date=23 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hindu Council denouncesIndia's Sindh claim |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2579651/hindu-council-denounces-indias-sindh-claim |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=29 November 2025 |language=en |date=29 November 2025}}</ref>

== Positions and offices ==
=== Offices held ===
{{Main articles|Electoral history of Rajnath Singh}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No
!Office
!Constituency
!Term
|-
|1.
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Mirzapur (Assembly constituency)|Mirzapur]]
|1977-1980
|-
|2.
|[[Member of Legislative Council]] (MLC)
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Uttar Pradesh]]
|1988-1994
|-
|3.
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|1994-2000
|-
|4.
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|2000-2000
|-
|5.
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]] (by-elections)
|2001-2002
|-
|6.
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Haidergarh Assembly constituency|Haidergarh]]
|2002-2002
|-
|7.
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in [[Rajya Sabha]]
| [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|2002-2008
|-
|8.
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ghaziabad]]
|2009-2014
|-
|9.
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in [[16th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|2014-2019
|-
|10.
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in [[17th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|2019-2024
|-
|11
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] in [[18th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|2024-<ref>{{cite news |title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |work=Economic Times |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms |archive-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Positions held ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No.
!Position
!Tenure
!Preceded by
!Succeeded by
|-
|1.
|President of BJP Youth Wing (Uttar Pradesh)
|1984–1986
| —
| —
|-
|2.
|National General Secretary [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] Youth Wing
|1986–1988
| —
| —
|-
|3.
|National President of BJP Youth Wing
|1988–1989
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
|[[J. P. Nadda]]
|-
|4.
|Education Minister of Uttar Pradesh
|1991–1992
| —
| —
|-
|5.
|President of BJP Uttar Pradesh
|1997–1998
|[[Kalraj Mishra]]
|[[Om Prakash Singh]]
|-
|6.
|Union Minister of Transportation.
|1999–2000
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
|-
|7.
|[[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
|2000–2002
|[[Ram Prakash Gupta]]
|President- rule
(then [[Mayawati]])
|-
|8.
|Union Agriculture Minister
|2003–2004
|[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|9.
|[[President of BJP]]
|2005–2009
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|-
|10.
|[[President of BJP]]
|2012–2014
|[[Nitin Gadkari]]
|[[Amit Shah]]
|-
|11.
|[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs of India]]
|2014–2019
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|[[Amit Shah]]
|-
|12.
|[[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence of India]]
|2019–Incumbent
|[[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

== Personal life ==
He married Savitri Singh on 5 June 1971, with whom he has two sons and a daughter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4268 |website=164.100.47.194 |access-date=18 August 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027033519/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4268 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DDMod">{{cite web|url=https://ddpmod.gov.in/sites/default/files/RMprofile6619.pdf|title=Shri Rajnath Singh Hon'ble Raksha Mantri|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022020340/https://www.ddpmod.gov.in/sites/default/files/RMprofile6619.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> His son [[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]] is a politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Noida (Assembly constituency)|Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] from BJP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Ankita|date=17 November 2018|title=राजनाथ सिंह जीवनी, इतिहास, जाति, शिक्षा, परिवार, पत्नी, माता, पिता !!|url=https://oyehero.com/political/rajnath-singh-biography-in-hindi/|website=Oye Hero|access-date=25 July 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725112620/https://oyehero.com/political/rajnath-singh-biography-in-hindi/|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh is a devout [[Hindu]] and a religious man and is known for soft-spoken behaviour.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lakshmi|first=Rama|date=12 October 2019|title=With Rafale puja, Rajnath Singh was just Hindu Everyman. Criticising him is political suicide|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/with-rafale-puja-rajnath-singh-was-just-hindu-everyman-criticising-him-is-political-suicide/304628/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201175458/https://theprint.in/opinion/with-rafale-puja-rajnath-singh-was-just-hindu-everyman-criticising-him-is-political-suicide/304628/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}
* [[Yogi Adityanath]]

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==

* {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Rajnath|url=https://ddpmod.gov.in/sites/default/files/RMprofile6619.pdf|title=Rajneeti A biography of Rajnath Singh|publisher=GOI|year=2019|isbn=978-0670092369|pages=1–2|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022020340/https://www.ddpmod.gov.in/sites/default/files/RMprofile6619.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chintamani|first=Gautam|url=https://www.ibpbooks.com/rajneeti-a-biography-of-rajnath-singh/p/39638|title=Rajneeti: A Biography of Rajnath Singh|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2019|isbn=978-0670092369|location=[[New Delhi]], India|pages=304|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023113757/https://www.ibpbooks.com/rajneeti-a-biography-of-rajnath-singh/p/39638|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|title=Rajnath Singh|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/rajnath-singh|website=[[Parliament of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India|GOI]]|ref={{SfnRef|Rajnath Singh}}|access-date=9 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809155648/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/rajnath-singh|url-status=live}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=Rajnath Singh|wikt=no|c=Rajnath Singh|commonscat=yes|n=Category:Rajnath Singh|q=Rajnath Singh|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q3506475|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}
*{{Official website}}

* [https://www.bjp.org/hi/shri-rajnath-singh-1 Official profile at Bharatiya Janata Party]

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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ram Prakash Gupta]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]|years=2000–2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mayawati]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]}}
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Lynching of Ramnarayan Baghel

2026-03-12T10:20:54Z

VirgilBugnion41: added new pg nd citations

{{Short description|Mob lynching in Kerala}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026}}
{{Essay-like|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Lynching of Ramnarayan Baghel
| image =
| caption =
| location = Attappallam, Walayar, Palakkad district, Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| date = 17 December 2025
| time = ~18:00
| timezone = IST
| type =[[Mob lynching in India|Mob lynching]], hate crime
| fatalities = 1
| motive = Suspicion of theft, racial/xenophobic abuse
| accused = 5
}}
On 17 December 2025, 31‑year‑old '''Ramnarayan Baghel''', an [[Indian people|Indian]] migrant labourer from [[Chhattisgarh]], was assaulted and killed by a group of local residents in the Attappallam area of Walayar, Palakkad district, [[Kerala]]. Baghel had travelled to Kerala in search of work and was confronted on suspicion of theft; during the attack assailants repeatedly questioned him about his identity, including whether he was "[[Bangladeshi]]", a racialised [[Pejorative|slur]] linked with [[Xenophobia|xenophobic prejudice]] in India's political discourse. The Kerala government and public figures characterised the incident as a manifestation of wider patterns of hate crimes and mob violence against migrants and marginalised groups in India, prompting debate on racial and communal intolerance in the country’s social fabric.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Migrant worker lynched in Palakkad, Kerala, a victim of Sangh Parivar’s hate politics: Kerala government |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1089485/migrant-worker-lynched-in-palakkad-a-victim-of-sangh-parivars-hate-politics-kerala-government |work=Scroll.in |date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mob rule: On migrants, rising hate crimes in India |url=https://archive.today/20260102065633/https%3A/www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/mob-rule-on-migrants-rising-hate-crimes-in-india/article70460572.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

==Background==
Ramnarayan Baghel (also reported as Ramnarayan Bhayar), 31, was a native of Karhi village in Sakti district, Chhattisgarh. He travelled to Kerala on 13 December 2025 in search of employment and was reportedly engaged as a daily‑wage labourer in the Kanjikode industrial area prior to his death.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 held for beating Chhattisgarh man to death in Kerala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/migrant-worker-lynched-in-keralas-palakkad-on-theft-suspicion-five-arrested-10428398/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2 January 2026}}</ref>
==Incident==
On 17 December 2025, around 6 pm, Baghel was confronted by local residents in Attappallam, Walayar on suspicion of theft. According to police reports and local news accounts, the group questioned and physically assaulted him without any legal authority; during the confrontation some assailants repeatedly asked whether he was “Bangladeshi,” a phrase widely associated with xenophobic stereotyping of migrants in India’s public discourse.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mob rule: On migrants, rising hate crimes in India |url=https://archive.today/20260102065633/https%3A/www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/mob-rule-on-migrants-rising-hate-crimes-in-india/article70460572.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 January 2026}}</ref> Despite no evidence of theft, Baghel was beaten with sticks and other blunt objects, collapsed, and later died of his injuries at Palakkad District Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Migrant worker lynched in Palakkad, Kerala, a victim of Sangh Parivar’s hate politics: Kerala government |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1089485/migrant-worker-lynched-in-palakkad-a-victim-of-sangh-parivars-hate-politics-kerala-government |work=Scroll.in |date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

==Injuries and post‑mortem==
The post‑mortem examination revealed that Baghel had sustained extensive injuries across his body, with over eighty separate wounds, internal bleeding, and severe trauma consistent with prolonged assault. The severity of the injuries was noted by medical professionals as extreme compared to typical trauma cases.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Walayar mob lynching: Migrant worker sustained over 80 injuries, reveals autopsy report |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/12/19/walayar-mob-lynching-migrant-worker-sustained-over-80-injuries.html |work=Onmanorama |date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

==Investigation==
Kerala Police registered a murder case under Section 103(1) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. Five people were arrested in connection with the lynching and remanded to judicial custody, and a Special Investigation Team was formed to identify further suspects and complete a thorough investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 held for beating Chhattisgarh man to death in Kerala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/migrant-worker-lynched-in-keralas-palakkad-on-theft-suspicion-five-arrested-10428398/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
=== India ===
==== Government ====
Members of the Kerala government condemned the lynching and called for strict action against the perpetrators. Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan described the killing as unacceptable in a progressive society and assured justice for the victim’s family, including compensation from state funds.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala CM condemns Walayar migrant worker lynching, assures compensation for family |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/12/22/walayar-lynching-compensation-dispute.html |work=Onmanorama |date=22 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala govt announces Rs 30 lakh solatium to family of mob lynching victim |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Dec/25/kerala-govt-announces-rs-30-lakh-solatium-to-family-of-mob-lynching-victim |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 December 2025}}</ref>
State Local Self Government Minister M. B. Rajesh characterised the killing as the result of “hate politics” that has permeated Indian society at large, alleging that the victim had been stigmatised as a Bangladeshi prior to the assault.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Migrant worker lynched in Palakkad, Kerala, a victim of Sangh Parivar’s hate politics: Kerala government |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1089485/migrant-worker-lynched-in-palakkad-a-victim-of-sangh-parivars-hate-politics-kerala-government |work=Scroll.in |date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

==== Non‑government ====
Opposition figures also criticised the incident. [[Indian National Congress]] leader K. C. Venugopal condemned the killing as “beyond shocking” and called for immediate compensation and action, noting that mob violence threatens communal harmony and public safety.<ref>{{Cite news |title=KC Venugopal calls Walayar mob lynching ‘beyond shocking’, accuses govt of inaction |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/12/21/kerala-mob-lynching-kc-venugopal-condemned.html |work=Onmanorama |date=21 December 2025}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh ====
Bangladesh’s government and civil society expressed concern over the lynching of Ramnarayan Baghel and other violent incidents targeting minorities and migrant workers in India, framing them within broader regional concerns about hate crimes and violence against vulnerable groups. In a statement on 28 December 2025, the Bangladesh Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it was “deeply concerned” about reports of brutal killings, mob violence, arbitrary detentions and disruptions of religious ceremonies targeting minority communities in India, including Muslims and Christians, and urged Indian authorities to conduct impartial investigations and bring perpetrators to justice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh expresses deep concern over ‘mass violence’ against minorities in India |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/79pc85ru03 |work=Prothom Alo |date=28 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

Bangladeshi officials explicitly referenced violence against minorities in India, including the deaths of individuals allegedly targeted after being labeled “Bangladeshi”, describing such incidents as part of wider patterns of mob violence and xenophobic suspicion. Officials highlighted concerns over the safety of cross-border Bengali-speaking populations and religious minorities, reiterating that all states have an obligation under international norms to protect the rights and security of minority communities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhaka voices concern over violence against minorities in India |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/399729/dhaka-voices-concern-over-violence-against |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=29 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

Bangladesh also responded to statements by Indian officials regarding minority violence within Bangladesh, rejecting what Dhaka described as selective or misleading portrayals. Bangladeshi authorities stressed that isolated criminal incidents should not be framed as systemic persecution and warned that such narratives could undermine bilateral trust. The government reiterated its official policy of zero tolerance toward violence against any religious or ethnic group.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh rejects India’s claims on minority violence as misleading |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/30-Dec-2025/world-bangladesh-rejects-india-s-claims-on-minority-violence-as-misleading |work=Times of Islamabad |date=30 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

Commentary in Bangladeshi media framed the lynching within the context of rising anti-immigrant discourse and xenophobic narratives in parts of Indian public life. Analysts noted that the repeated labeling of victims as “Bangladeshi” prior to acts of violence reflects broader identity-based hostility tied to nationality, language, and religion. Such narratives were linked to concerns over exclusionary politics and growing social intolerance in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=What’s behind the growing anti-immigrant discourse around stateless Rohingya in India |url=https://globalvoices.org/2025/12/11/whats-behind-the-growing-anti-immigrant-discourse-around-stateless-rohingya-in-india |work=Global Voices |date=11 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

Bangladeshi civil society groups and human rights commentators further warned that the use of the "Bangladeshi" label as a pretext for violence has functioned as a vehicle for xenophobic aggression, often intersecting with religious and linguistic prejudice. Editorials in Bangladeshi newspapers called for stronger legal safeguards, accountability mechanisms, and regional cooperation to counter hate crimes and protect vulnerable communities in South Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh expresses deep concern over ‘mass violence’ against minorities in India |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/79pc85ru03 |work=Prothom Alo |date=28 December 2025 |access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref>

=== International ===
The lynching of Ramnarayan Baghel drew attention beyond Kerala and was discussed in the context of broader issues of mob violence, xenophobia and hate crimes in India. Analysts and commentators noted that such incidents are not isolated but part of a larger pattern of violence and discrimination against migrants and marginalised groups, highlighting concerns about societal intolerance and communal tensions in India. Editorial analysis in The Hindu linked the attack on Baghel to a series of violent attacks on migrants wrongly labelled as “Bangladeshi” in other states, suggesting a disturbing trend of mob violence across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mob rule: On migrants, rising hate crimes in India |url=https://archive.today/20260102065633/https%3A/www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/mob-rule-on-migrants-rising-hate-crimes-in-india/article70460572.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

Political leaders outside Kerala framed the incident as symptomatic of broader xenophobic tensions. [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee criticised targeted violence against Bengali‑speaking migrant workers, describing it as persecution and pledging support for affected families, particularly after separate lynching incidents in Odisha involving similar accusations of “illegal Bangladeshi” identity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CM: Bengalis facing targeted persecution in BJP‑run states |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-bengalis-facing-targeted-persecution-in-bjp-run-states/articleshow/126208790.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

Commentary from editorial and opinion pages framed the Baghel lynching within a national crisis of social conscience and governance, noting that internal migrants are essential to India’s economy yet face violence and discrimination that violate constitutional protections and hinder mobility. The New Indian Express editorial argued that such violence represents a systemic failure to protect vulnerable populations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Violence on migrants a failure of social conscience, governance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/editorial/2025/Dec/30/violence-on-migrants-a-failure-of-social-conscience-governance |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 December 2025}}</ref>

International reporting and human rights monitoring have previously documented lynchings and hate crimes in India as ongoing concerns. Independent research has found significant increases in hate speech against minorities, particularly Muslims, which has been linked to broader societal and political trends that critics argue contribute to environments where mob violence occurs. A 2025 analysis by a research group documented a substantial rise in anti‑minority hate speech incidents across India, particularly around major political campaigns, which rights advocates cited as a factor underlying incidents of mob violence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anti‑minority hate speech in India rose by 74% in 2024, research group says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/anti-minority-hate-speech-india-rose-by-74-2024-research-group-says-2025-02-10/ |work=Reuters |date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
Scholars and civil rights analysts often situate mob lynchings and hate crimes within historical patterns of communal and caste‑based violence in India, arguing that these reflect structural flaws in enforcement and societal polarization. Reports on lynching and hate violence have called into question the efficacy of law enforcement and the protection of constitutional rights for all citizens, with some legal analyses characterising mob killings as symptomatic of weaker institutional responses to hate speech and vigilante justice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mob Lynching and the Problem of Human Rights |url=https://www.jusscriptumlaw.com/post/mob-lynchings-and-the-problem-of-blackmailing-human-rights-a-socio-legal-analysis |access-date=2026-01-03}}</ref>

International human rights reporting on violence against minorities in India has also documented lynchings, including those targeting religious minorities, noting that such incidents contribute to a climate of insecurity and have drawn criticism from global observers and civil society organisations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India rejects Dhaka media reports on press note over minority violence allegations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/doesnt-reflect-facts-dhaka-remarks-over-attack-on-minorities-10443898/ |work=The Indian Express |date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

While the Baghel lynching was primarily debated within India’s domestic context, its coverage in regional editorial analysis and political commentary abroad highlighted concerns about ''intra‑national intolerance, regional migrant vulnerability, and the legal and societal challenges of protecting human rights in diverse multi‑ethnic societies''.

=== Public and civil society responses ===
Rights groups and migrant worker advocates demanded that authorities ensure accountability for the killing and implement measures to protect vulnerable communities. Legal commentators noted that the violent interrogation, including repeatedly asking whether the victim was a Bangladeshi national, reflected persistent cultural biases and the dangers of mob justice in contemporary India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Migrant worker lynched in Palakkad, Kerala, a victim of Sangh Parivar’s hate politics: Kerala government |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1089485/migrant-worker-lynched-in-palakkad-a-victim-of-sangh-parivars-hate-politics-kerala-government |work=Scroll.in |date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Protests ===
In India, protests and vigils were held that called the incident "deeply disturbing" and unacceptable in a society that prides itself on secular values and law and order. The Kerala Chief Minister pledged strict action against those responsible. State ministers additionally highlighted the racialised abuse directed at Baghel during the assault and framed the killing within wider concerns over hate politics and discrimination against migrants and minority groups.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala lynching CM assures justice, CPI(M) targets RSS-BJP over incident |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/12/22/mds25-kl-2ndld-lynching.html |work=The Week |date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mob lynching in India]]
*[[Lynching of Angel Chakma]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2025 in Kerala]]
[[Category:December 2025 in India]]
[[Category:December 2025 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]

Faizullah Khan

2026-03-10T17:47:33Z

VirgilBugnion41: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Faizullah Ali Khan
| title = [[Nawab]] of [[Rampur State|Rampur]] [[Nawab]] of [[Shikohabad|Shikohbad]] [[Sardar]] of the [[Barech|Barech tribe]] [[Tribal chief|Chief]] of The Rohilla
| titletext = Mustaid Jang
| image = Nawab Faizullah Khan.png
| caption = Portrait of Nawab Faizullah Khan
| succession = [[Rampur State|Rampur]]
| reign = 1774–1794
| coronation = 1774
| succession1 = [[Shikohabad]]
| moretext1 =
| reign1 = 1761–1774
| reign-type1 =
| coronation1 =
| cor-type1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| pre-type1 =
| successor1 = Nawab [[Shuja-ud-Daula]]
| suc-type1 =
| regent1 =
| reg-type1 =
| full name = Nawab Faizullah Ali Khan Bahadur Rohilla, Mustaid Jang, Nawab of Rampur
| predecessor = [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Bahadur Rohilla]]
| successor = Nawab [[Muhammad Ali Khan of Rampur|Muhammad Ali Khan]]
| succession2 = Chief of The Rohilla
| moretext2 =
| reign2 = 1764–1794
| reign-type2 =
| coronation2 =
| cor-type2 =
| predecessor2 = Nawab Saidullah Khan Rohilla of Moradabad
| pre-type2 =
| successor2 = Nawab [[Muhammad Ali Khan of Rampur|Muhammad Ali Khan]] Bahadur of Rampur
| suc-type2 =
| regent2 =
| reg-type2 =
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = Rampur
| dynasty = [[Rohilla Dynasty|Rohilla]]
| father = [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Ali Mohammad Khan]]
| mother = Marghalari Begum
| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_name = Fazul Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1730|09|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rampur State]] (present-day [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1794|09|17|1730|01|11|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place = Near Eidgah in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
}}

'''Nawab Faizullah Ali Khan''' (c. 1730 – 17 July 1794)<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Mohammad Najmul Ghani|title=Akhbar-us-Sanadeed, Vol. 1|date=1918|publisher=Munshi Nawal Kishore|location=Lucknow|page=599|url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/akhbar-us-sanadeed-volume-001-mohammad-najmul-gani-khan-ebooks}}</ref> became the first [[Nawab]] of [[Rampur State|Rampur]].<ref>[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/r/rampur.html RAMPUR]</ref> Following the defeat of the [[Rohilla|Rohillas]] in the [[First Rohilla War]], Faizullah, the only surviving heir of [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Nawab Ali Mohammed Khan]] and opponent of the forces of [[Awadh]] and the [[British East India Company]] in the war, was installed as the ruler of the newly created Rampur State. The state was carved out of the dismembered [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]. It bordered the [[Maratha Confederacy]] to the south, making it a strategically significant territory. Under the tutelage of the East India Company, Faizullah ruled peacefully for 20 years.<ref name=":0" /> The capital, [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], was founded during his reign, and the [[Raza Library]] collection was initiated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampur Online |url=https://www.rampuronline.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022192559/http://rampuronline.com/ |archive-date=22 October 2007 |access-date=19 October 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://razalibrary.gov.in/index.asp Untitled Document]</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Silver Rupee of the Rohilkhand Kingdom, minted in Qasba Panipat, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, with having "saya-e-fazle elah" couplet, Swastika and Parasol marks.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee from the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]], minted in Qasba Panipat during the tenure of Faizullah Khan, struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], with having "saya-e-fazle elah" couplet, Swastika and Parasol marks.]]
[[File:Front_view_of_Rampur_Raza_Library.jpg|thumb|The [[Raza Library]], established by Faizullah Khan and maintained by [[Rohilla dynasty|his successors]]. The [[Indian government]] took it over in 1975.]]
Faizullah was of mixed ancestry. His father was a Nain [[Jat]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Volume 42 |date=1994 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |page=24 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Pakistan_Historical_Socie/w_htAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=jat+boy+by+the+name+of+prem+singh+nano&dq=jat+boy+by+the+name+of+prem+singh+nano&printsec=frontcover |quote= Among the captives was one handsome Jat boy by the name of Prem Singh Nano. Da'ud Khan was so attracted towards him that he adopted him as his son, initiated him into the Islamic belief, and named him Ali Muhammad Nano. Later, when the boy reached adulthood, Daud Khan declared him as his successor. Thus began the pedigree of the Nawwabs of Rampur.}}</ref><ref>Khan, Iqbal Ghani (2002). "Technology and the Question of Elite Intervention in Eighteenth-Century North India". In Barnett, Richard B. (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_jJuAAAAMAAJ Rethinking Early Modern India]. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 271. {{ISBN|978-81-7304-308-6}}. ''"Thus we witness the Ruhelas accepting an exceptionally talented non-Afghan, an adopted Jat boy, as their nawab, purely on the basis of his military leadership..."''</ref> and his mother was a Matni [[Pashtun]]. He was the second son of [[Nawab]] [[Ali Mohammed Khan]].<ref>[[Hari Ram Gupta|Gupta, Hari Ram]] (1999) [1980]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=82wwAQAAIAAJ History of the Sikhs]. Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire (1764–1803) (2nd rev. ed.). [[Munshiram Manoharlal]]. p. 11. {{ISBN|978-81-215-0213-9}}. {{OCLC|165428303}}. ''"The real founder of the Rohilla power was Ali Muhammad, from whom sprang the present line of the Nawabs of Rampur."''</ref> Faizullah succeeded his elder brother, [[Saadullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Saadullah Khan]], as chief of the [[Rohilla]]s. He fought alongside [[Ahmed-Shah-Abdali|Ahmed Shah Abdali]] in the [[Third Battle of Panipat|Third Battle Of Panipat]] and was granted [[Shikohabad]] in recognition of his service.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== First Rohilla War ===
In 1774, during the invasion of Rohilkhand by the united armies of the Vizier [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] and the British East India Company, Faizullah Khan led a resistance in which many of the Rohilla's principal chiefs were killed. Escaping from the slaughter, Faizullah Khan made his retreat good towards the mountains, with all his treasure. He collected the scattered remains of his countrymen; and as he was the eldest surviving son of Ali Mohammed Khan, he seems at length to have been generally acknowledged by his natural subjects the undoubted heir of his father's authority.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Nawab Faizullah Khan with the remaining Rohilla's sought refuge in the forest of the hills of Lal Dang where the war eventually became a war of attrition, after a siege of one month both sides sought peace. Eventually, Shuja ud Daula's plan of realising Hafiz Rehmat Khan's son Mohabbat Khan in order to undermine the authority of Nawab Faizullah Khan, helped bring Faizullah Khan into negotiations. A treaty mediated by Colonel Champion helped resolve the situation, bringing an outcome of desire for both sides. The treaty of Lal Dang allowed Faizullah Khan to choose any area for his future Rohilla State with Faizullah choosing Rampur.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=PRASAD |first1=ALOK |title=Rohilla Resistance Against Colonial Intervention Under Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rampur (1774–1794) |journal =Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73 |pages=563–572 |jstor=44156249 |year=2012 }}</ref>

=== Treaty of Lal Dang ===
The Treaty of Lal Dang included the following provisions:

* Faizullah had to reduce his army from 20,000 to 5,000, expelling all other troops to the east of the Ganges
* Faizullah was to be diplomatically isolated, only being allowed to enter into correspondence with the British East India Company or the Nawab of Awadh.
* Faizullah was to consider the enemies of Awadh as his own and the friends of Awadh as his own. He was further obliged to raise up to 3000 troops in case Awadh went to war. He was additionally required to personally also join the Nawab-Wazir of Awadh if the latter personally led in any war.

This treaty helped serve to bring Rampur into the sphere of British control, as soon with the death of Shuja ud Daula, Asaf ud Daula's accession saw the Nawab of Awadh reduced to a British puppet.<ref name="auto1"/>

=== Rampur State ===
Faizullah Khan soon saw the precariousness of the situation that he had found himself in, with Awadh reduced to a puppet state his authority was palpably undermined, therefore he immediately sought to have the treaty ratified and legitimised by the Governor General in council of the East India Company. His concerns became particularly worrisome when the British Resident John Bristow threatened to seize his "Jagir".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PRASAD |first1=ALOK |title=Rohilla Resistance Against Colonial Intervention Under Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rampur (1774–1794) |journal =Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73 |pages=565|jstor=44156249 |year=2012 }}</ref>
Desperate, he wrote to the Governor-General in Calcutta that he would be willing to enter into the services of the company if the British insisted on annexing his state. The Governor-General Warren Hastings eventually instructed the Resident at Lucknow, [[Nathaniel Middleton]] to ratify the treaty in the company's name, though not before extracting one lakh rupees for the company. Faizullah was not satisfied with the treaty being ratified by the Resident of Lucknow and requested the Governor-General to ratify the treaty himself. This resulted in an angry missive by Middleton who wrote Faizullah, saying:

<blockquote>This sort of argument does little credit to the Khan's usually sound judgment... He knows very well that the Col. Champion had attested the treaty in his private capacity as a witness while the writer has expressly signed it in a representative capacity acting under the orders of the Governor-General in Council.</blockquote>

In this treaty of 1778, Faizullah Khan was able to gain a significant advantage in the ability to retain an excess revenue for himself. However the British were insistent of maximising the military and tributary benefits it derived from Rampur, often in violation of previous treaties. The British especially made use of Rampur's Cavalry, as the region of Rohilkhand was impossible to maintain securely without a highly mobile cavalry. During summer times the region often came under security threat from outlaw Rohillas, Sikhs and Gujars who often carried out lightning raids before returning to their base. British attempts to subvert this were in large part frustrated. The answer came in the form of the highly accomplished Rohilla Cavalry of Rampur.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=PRASAD |first1=ALOK |title=Rohilla Resistance Against Colonial Intervention Under Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rampur (1774–1794) |journal =Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73 |pages=566 |jstor=44156249 |year=2012 }}</ref>

General Hibbert, commander of British troops in western Awadh in 1774 addresses the Governor General in Council saying:
"Like Marathas they (Sikhs and Gujars) are sudden and rapid... it is therefore necessary to oppose them and check their progress at several fords across the Ganges, the Rohilkhand and the Doab, which at this season of the year are very numerous, and as this cannot be affected by a small body of infantry without the assistance of cavalry, I do not think that a part of those which Faizullah Khan has proposed to retain, can be more advantageously employed there for this purpose"<ref name="auto"/>

=== Deployments ===
Faizullah Khan sent his forces on several occasions in sight of his commitments to the Lal Dang treaty, these included:
* April 1777 to crush the rebellion of Hafiz Rehmat Khan's son Hurmat Khan in Philibit
* [[Anglo french war of 1778 1783|Anglo-French War of 1778–1783]], In January 1779, he sent 2000 horse to help the British against the french in South India.
* February 1779, he sent a force of 700 horse under Muhammad Umar Khan to help Col. Muir's force at Daranagar to repel Sikh raids.

1781 to 1783 proved to be stressful years for Faizullah, the constant strain that the company put him under challenged the existence of the Rampur riyasat. In November 1782, Rampuri Troops that had been used for the personal aggrandisement of British Officers rebelled against the Awadh army, bringing an end to the arrangement. This led to the belief that rampur should be annexed by awadh, a belief previously held by the Nawab of Awadh and endorsed by the Residents of Lucknow, to extend to the Governor General Warren Hastings.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Extortion by the British ===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
The early 1780s saw great strain upon British coffers, with the First Anglo-Maratha war as well as Haider Ali's wars in Mysore largely depleting company funds. The result meant that the British increased their extortionist policies on their subsidiary allies. Not only did these extend to the Begum's of Awadh and on Chait Singh but also upon Rampur State. Faizullah Khan was now being asked by the British to supply 5000 horse for Col. Muir at Fatehgarh. This well exceeded the 3000 horse requirement held by the Treaty of Lal Dang and additionally shocked the company's Court of Directors at the injustice of the Demand. Faizullah khan replied in 1781 that he could only supply the 2000 Horse, as the rest would be needed to maintain law and order in his own country. Despite Warren Hasting's being well aware that Faizullah Khan only possessed 2000 horse. Hastings nonetheless still demanded 3000 horse, an amount less than the original, but still over the stipulated number that the treaty of Lal Dang had required.

=== Annexation Plans by the British ===
The British went further to make preposterous demands on Faizullah Khan, asking him to personally lead troops even though the Nawab Wazir was not personally leading the army.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PRASAD |first1=ALOK |title=Rohilla Resistance Against Colonial Intervention Under Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rampur (1774–1794) |journal =Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73 |pages=567 |jstor=44156249 |year=2012 }}</ref> Richard Johnson, an assistant to the Resident at Lucknow was deputed to Rampur and as can be predicted he highly recommended the annexation of Rampur state based on the multiple alleged violations of the treaty by Faizullah Khan. Johnson alleged that Faizullah Khan kept an army of 20,000 soldiers and kept peasants who had deserted Awadh.

Faizullah Khan finally relented to the immense pressure and agreed to provide 2000 horse along with 1000 infantry, all this would be accompanied with a year's advance in salary to the troops and funding to the British. This did not stop Hastings from going to Awadh on 19 September 1781, and signing a treaty with Asaf ud Daula, called the Treaty of Chunar, where the company gave its assent to the annexation of Rampur by Awadh in lieu of an alleged breach of the Treaty of Lal Dang. Hastings kept the proposed plan of annexation stalled looking for an opportune moment, however his plans were thwarted by the Court of Directors in February 1783, who deemed the annexation illegitimate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PRASAD |first1=ALOK |title=Rohilla Resistance Against Colonial Intervention Under Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rampur (1774–1794) |journal =Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73 |pages=569 |jstor=44156249 |year=2012 }}</ref> Noting that:
Faizullah Khan's merits with company's on the hand, and the Governor General's treatment of him on the other, must be known to all surrounding powers and if such singular marks of attention of the company's interest and government are thus acquitted we have reason to dread future nominations against us, which may end in the utter extirpation of the English from Hindustan (emphasis added).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PRASAD |first1=ALOK |title=Rohilla Resistance Against Colonial Intervention Under Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rampur (1774–1794) |journal =Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73 |pages=569–570 |jstor=44156249 |year=2012 }}</ref>

=== Further Extortion by British ===
The British continued their pressure of extracting tribute form Rampur, Warren Hastings sent his close friend William Palmer to Faizullah Khan in June 1783. Demanding through Palmer that Faizullah Khan should pay a subsidy for the force of 3000 horse and further reimburse Awadh for the defection of Awadhi peasants to Rampur. Faizullah Khan initially refused, but under further pressure he eventually relented on, paying a lump sum of 15 lakh rupees to the British.

Faizullah Khan astutely dealt with the British, occasionally refusing and occasional completely acquiescing to their demands. His endeavours to prevent war with the company and his efforts to maintain peace in Rampur for over 20 years, allowed him to lay the ground works of power for what would allow Rampur to violently challenge colonial domination in 1794 through the [[Second Rohilla War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PRASAD |first1=ALOK |title=Rohilla Resistance Against Colonial Intervention Under Nawab Faizullah Khan of Rampur (1774–1794) |journal =Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73 |pages=570 |jstor=44156249 |year=2012 }}</ref>

=== Religion ===
Faizullah Khan belonged to the [[Rohilla dynasty]]. His state would become one of the important [[Ithna 'ashariyah|Shia]] princely states, along with [[Oudh State|Awadh]]. Faizullah Khan was [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and wanted his son [[Muhammad Ali Khan of Rampur]] to accept the same tradition. However, due to the influence and teaching of [[Asaf-ud-Daula|Nawab Asaf-ud-Dauala]], his eldest son accepted Shia creed.<ref name=":1a">{{Cite book|url=https://rekhta.org/ebooks/akhbar-us-sanadeed-volume-001-mohammad-najmul-gani-khan-ebooks|title=Akhbar-us-Sanadeed, Vol. 1|last=Khan|first=Mohammad Najm-ul-Ghani|publisher=Munshi Nawal Kishore|year=1918|location=Lucknow|pages=601–603}}</ref>

== Descendants ==
He had 18 children.<ref name=":1a" />

From wife Gulzadi Begum Kulan, sister of his brother-in-law Bahadur Khan Kamalzai:
* [[Muhammad Ali Khan of Rampur|Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan]], eldest son
* [[Ghulam Muhammad Khan|Nawab Ghulam Muhammad Khan]], son,
* Ajeeb Begum, daughter
* Badshah Begum
From wife Taj Begum of Kamalzai ancestry:
* Syed Hasan Ali Khan, son
* Syed Hussain Ali Khan, son
* Umdah Begum, daughter
* Alahi Khan, daughter
From wife Gulzadi Begum Khird of Kamalzai tribe:
* Syed Nizam Ali Khan, son
* Syed Fatah Ali Khan, son
* Syed Nizam Ali Khan, son
* Syed Qasim Ali Khan, son
* Meena Begum, daughter
* Amani Begum, daughter
From wife Nihayat Begum of Bunerwal ancestry:
* Syed Yaqub Ali Khan, son
* Syed Kareem-ullah Khan, son
* Jani Begum, daughter
* Ajooba khan (aka Bobo), daughter

==See also==
*[[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
*[[Rohilla dynasty]]
*[[Muslim Jats]]

== Depictions ==
{{Gallery
|title=Cultural depictions of Nawab Sayyid Faizullah Khan Bahadur Rohilla of Rampur
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:Faizullah Khan.jpg
|alt1=
|Black and White Portrait of Faizullah Khan
|File:Nawab Faizullah Khan.png
|al2=
|Colour portrait of Faizullah Khan
|File:
|
|
|File:

|
|}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Rohilla Dynasty]]||c.1730||24 July 1793}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Ali Mohammed Khan]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)|Nawab of Rampur]]
| years = 15 September 1748 – 24 July 1793
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Muhammad Ali Khan of Rampur|Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==Notes==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Faizullah}}
[[Category:1730s births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Rampur]]
[[Category:Rohilla]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]

Goans in football

2026-03-10T14:01:52Z

VirgilBugnion41: minor cleanup

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This page is about Goan achievers in the world of sport. [[Goa]] is a tiny region along the west coast of India, and is known for its many athletes, in particular [[association football]] (soccer).

== Background==
The first Goan to have played for India, representing Goa, is [[Menino Figueiredo]], who represented India on a [[goodwill tour]] of Russia in 1963. This tour is not considered an official tour and some say the first Goan to have represented India thus becomes [[Visitacao Lobo]] in 1970.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

==Captains for India==
[[Brahmanand Shankhwalkar]],<ref>{{cite web |author= Sengupta, Somnath |title= Legends Of Indian Football : Brahmanand Sankhwalkar |url= http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/legends-of-indian-football-brahmanand-sankhwalkar/ |website= thehardtackle.com |date= 27 April 2014 |access-date= 11 October 2014 |archive-date= 30 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140430003147/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/legends-of-indian-football-brahmanand-sankhwalkar/ }}</ref> [[Bruno Coutinho (footballer, born 1969)|Bruno Coutinho]], [[Mauricio Afonso]], and [[Roberto Fernandes (footballer, born 1971)|Roberto Fernandes]] have captained the Indian senior national team.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

[[Seby Antao]] and [[Lawrence Gomes]] have captained the India national youth team.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

==Senior internationals==
Long before 19 December 1961, the day [[History of Goa#Portuguese arrival|Portuguese colonial rule]] ended in Goa, [[Goans]] had made a mark in Indian football. Many represented India by playing for [[Bombay]] and shining at the domestic level, thus earning international [[Cap (sport)|caps]].

In the list below, names of Goans who have represented India in international matches are included, with the name of the domestic team in parentheses.
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Neville D'Souza]]: 1953 (Bombay)
* Anthony Braganza: 1954 (Bombay)
* Joe D'Sa: 1954 (Bombay)
* [[Fortunato Franco]]: 1960 (Bombay)
* [[Derek D'Souza]]: 1960 (Bombay)<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Football "HALL OF FAME": DEREYK JOSEPH HYACINTH DeSOUZA|url=http://indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/dsouza_dereyk.html |website=indianfootball.de |publisher=IndianFootball |date=2005 |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805081113/http://indianfootball.de/data/halloffame/dsouza_dereyk.html |archive-date=5 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Menino Figueiredo]]: 1963
* [[Marto Gracias]]: 1967 (Bombay)
* Andrew D'Souza: 1968
* [[Visitacao Lobo]]: 1970
* Ramesh Redkar: 1973
* Nicholas Pereira: 1973
* Bernard Pereira: 1973
* [[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]]: 1976
* [[Arnold Rodrigues]]: 1977<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/legendary-indian-footballer-visits-kuwait-goans-keralites-always-dynamic-footballers-arnold/|title=Legendary Indian footballer visits Kuwait – Goans, Keralites always been dynamic footballers: Arnold|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718134617/http://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/legendary-indian-footballer-visits-kuwait-goans-keralites-always-dynamic-footballers-arnold/|archive-date=18 July 2016|website=arabtimesonline.com|publisher=[[Arab Times|Arab Times Kuwait]]|date=2 May 2016|access-date=10 September 2021|first=Gasper|last=Crasto|location=[[Kuwait City]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/arnold-rodrigues-wants-to-live-his-dream-of-coaching-in-goa|title=Arnold Rodrigues wants to live his dream of coaching in Goa|publisher=Gomantak Times|website=gomantaktimes.com|access-date=22 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522172255/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/arnold-rodrigues-wants-to-live-his-dream-of-coaching-in-goa|date=11 April 2023|first=Augusto|last=Rodrigues|location=Goa}}</ref>
* Prakash Naik: 1977
* [[Armando Colaco]]: 1977
* Francis D'Souza: 1978
* Anthony Rebello: 1982
* Jose D'Souza: 1983
* Camilo Gonsalves: 1983
* Bento Andrew: 1983
* Mahesh Lotlikar: 1983
* Chandrakant Naik: 1984
* [[Mauricio Afonso]]: 1984
* Arnold Rodrigues: 1984
* Anthony D'Souza: 1984
* Ashok Fadte: 1984
* [[Ignatius Dias]]: 1984
* [[Derrick Pereira]]: 1984
* [[Savio Medeira]]: 1987
* Lawrence Gomes: 1984
* Johnny Araujo: 1987
* Lector Mascarenhas: 1989
* Norbert Gonsalves: 1989
* [[Mario Soares (footballer)|Mario Soares]]: 1989
* [[Bruno Coutinho (footballer, born 1969)|Bruno Coutinho]]: 1991
* Roy Barretto: 1992
* Francis Silveira: 1993
* [[Roberto Fernandez (footballer, born 1971)|Roberto Fernandez]]: 1996<ref>{{Cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|title=NFT Player – National Team & Club Appearances: Roberto Fernandez|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3106/Roberto_Fernandes.html|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.national-football-teams.com|publisher=National Football Teams|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905125549/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3106/Roberto_Fernandes.html}}</ref>
* Francis Coelho: 1996
* Franky Barretto: 1997
* Jules Alberto: 1999
* [[Mahesh Gawli]]: 1999
* [[Anthony Pereira]]: 2000
* Roque Barreto: 2000
* [[Alvito D'Cunha]]: 2001
* [[Alex Ambrose]]: 2002
* [[Samir Naik]]: 2002
* [[Selwyn Fernandes]]: 2003
* [[Climax Lawrence]]: 2003
* [[Felip Gomes]]: 2005
* [[Bibiano Fernandes (footballer)|Bibiano Fernandes]]: 2005
* [[Clifford Miranda]]: 2005
* [[Micky Fernandes]]: 2006
* [[Fredy Mascarenhas]]: 2006
* [[Denzil Franco]]: 2010
* [[Joaquim Abranches]]: 2011
* [[Francis Fernandes]]: 2011
* [[Peter Carvalho]]: 2011
* [[Rowilson Rodrigues]]: 2011
* [[Valeriano Rebello]]: 2011
* [[Lenny Rodrigues]]: 2012
* [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]: 2012
* [[Dawson Fernandes]]: 2013
* [[Victorino Fernandes]]: 2013
* [[Rowllin Borges]]: 2015
* [[Augustin Fernandes]]: 2015
* [[Cavin Lobo]]: 2015
* [[Romeo Fernandes]]: 2015
* [[Fulganco Cardozo]]: 2016
* [[Brandon Fernandes]]: 2019
* [[Mandar Rao Dessai]]: 2019
* [[Liston Colaco]]: 2021
* [[Glan Martins]]: 2021
* [[Seriton Fernandes]]: 2021
* [[Irfan Yadwad]]: 2024
*[[Brison Fernandes]]: 2025
{{div col end}}

==Junior national teams==
The following have represented Indian junior national teams in age-group [[tournament]]s but not represented the [[India national football team|senior national team]]:{{cn|date=January 2024}}
{{div col|colwidth=203m}}
* Lawrence Gomes in 1982 for India u-19 Asian Youth Championships Captain
* Seby Antao in 1988 for India u-19
* Alex Alvares in 1991 for India U-21
* Victor Lobo in 1995 for India U-23
* Melwyn Rodrigues in 1998 for India u-21
* Covan Lawrence in 1998 for India U-19
* Milagrio Madeira in 2001 for India U-19
* [[Godwin Franco]] in 2003 for India U-19
* Garry D'Mello in 2004 for India U-19
* Marcelino Dias in 2004 for India U-18
* Bernard Pires in 2005 for India U-23
* Cliffton Gonsalves in 2005 for India U-20
* Terence Lobo in 2005 for India U-20
* [[Laxmikant Kattimani]] in 2005 for India U-20
* Steven Fernandes in 2005 for India U-20
* [[Joshuah Vaz]] in 2005 for India U-16
* Franco Fernandes in 2006 for India U-14
* [[Beevan D'Mello]] in 2006 for India U-20
* [[Branco Cardozo]] - (TFA Jamshedpur) in 2006 played for India U-19
* [[Shallum Pires]] in 2006 for India U-14
* Lavino Fernandes in 2006 for India U-20
* [[Myron Mendes]] in 2009 for India U-14
* [[Albino Gomes]] in 2009 for India U-16
* [[Meldon D'Silva]] in 2009 for India U-16
* [[Anthony Barbosa]] in 2011 for India U-23
* [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]] in 2012 for India U-22

{{div col end}}

==India schools==
The following have played for India schools only and not for any other junior national team:{{cn|date=January 2024}}
* Inacio Fernandes
* Michael Gomes
* Casmiro Palha
* Joaquim Palha
* Peter Santamaria-Woods

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last=Fernandes | first=C. | title=Twilight of the Exiles | publisher=[[Fellowship of Australian Writers]] - New South Wales | year=2021 | isbn=978-0-909497-40-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16YdzgEACAAJ |author-link=Cyprian Fernandes}}
*{{Cite web|first=Cyprian|last=Fernandes|title=Johnny Lobo: Living Kenya-Goan soccer legend |author-link=Cyprian Fernandes|url=https://www.headlinesofmylife.today/2018/06/johnny-lob0-living-soccer-legend.html?m=1|date=1 June 2018|access-date=12 November 2021 |website=headlinesofmylife.today|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112103311/https://www.headlinesofmylife.today/2018/06/johnny-lob0-living-soccer-legend.html?m=1}}

==External links==
* [http://sportygoans.blogspot.com/search/label/Soccer Soccer], on Goans on the International Sporting Stage website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Football, Goans in}}
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian sportspeople]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Goa]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Mugavaree

2026-03-10T03:12:01Z

VirgilBugnion41: updated details

{{short description|2000 film by V. Z. Durai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mugavaree poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. Z. Durai]]
| writer = [[Balakumaran]] '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = V. Z. Durai
| story = V. Z. Durai
| producer = {{unbulleted list|[[S. S. Chakravarthy]]|S. N. Raja}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Ajith Kumar]]|[[Jyothika]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = NIC Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|02|19}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mugavaree''''' ({{translation|Identity/Address}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[V. Z. Durai]] in his directoral debut and produced by [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Jyothika]] in the lead roles, with [[Raghuvaran]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Manivannan]], and [[K. Viswanath]] in supporting roles. It revolves around the conflicting emotions of ambition, love and responsibility that a man goes through in his quest to become a successful music composer.

The music is composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], song lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]], and cinematography was handled by [[P. C. Sreeram]]. ''Mugavaree'' released on 19 February 2000 and became a commercial success, winning two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Family Film|Best Family Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]] ([[Brinda Master|Brinda]]).

==Plot==
Sridhar is from a middle-class family headed by his father. Shiva is Sridhar's elder brother and the breadwinner for the family, consisting of his wife Shantha and sister. Sridhar, upon completion of his graduation, aspires to become a music composer and tries hard to secure a chance in movies, but all his efforts go in vain. Sridhar's search for a chance continues for eight years. Despite that, his family members support him very well and encourage him whenever he feels dejected.

Sridhar meets and befriends Viji Chandrasekhar. Viji also likes Sridhar and his aspiration. Slowly, love blossoms between them. Viji gets introduced to Sridhar's family, and they too like her. However, Sridhar has plans of marrying her only after getting his first break in music. Viji also understands Sridhar and supports him. A CD shop owner is Sridhar's neighbour, and he also encourages him. Sridhar gets an opportunity to compose music for a film. He feels extremely happy and goes for recording. However, on the same day, the producer meets with an accident, and as he considers it an inauspicious sign, the film is dropped.

Viji's younger sister Sudha gets a good marriage alliance, but the groom's family finds it odd upon seeing Viji being unmarried. Viji's father requests Sridhar and Viji to get married so that it does not stop his younger daughter's wedding proposal. Viji's father asks Sridhar to leave away his dream of becoming a music composer as he has been already trying hard for years. He also offers him a job so that he can marry Viji.

However, Sridhar refuses to let go his dream. He is ready to sacrifice his love for the sake of his ambition. He requests Viji to marry someone else as he cannot give up his passion for music. One day, Shiva has a heart attack and is admitted to the hospital. The doctors say that Shiva has heart problems and needs rest. Sridhar is shocked to see his brother's condition. As Shiva was the only income earner in the family, now Shantha and Preitha decide to take up some jobs to help earn money for the family.

Sridhar worries seeing that, though he also feels proud about the love and affection shown by his family members towards him, as no one asked him to forego his ambition and take up some job despite this condition. However, Sridhar decides to go for a job so he could ease his family's financial burden. He informs this to the CD shop owner and leaves for an interview, giving up his ambition. A few years later, Sridhar secures a chance to compose music, becomes a leading music composer and marries Viji.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as Sridhar Pandian
* [[Jyothika]] as Viji Chandrasekhar
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Shiva Pandian
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Vijay Pandian, Sridhar's father
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Shantha
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Ramesh
* [[Manivannan]] as the CD Shop Owner
* [[Jai Ganesh]] as Chandrasekhar
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Viji's mother
* [[Suchindra]] as Durai (guest appearance)
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Dhurai's father
* [[Preetha]] as Sridhar's sister
* Soumya as Sudha
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Shiva's friend
* [[Cochin Hanifa]] as Music Director
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Muthupandi
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Shiva's boss
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as RK Ram
* [[Sethu Vinayagam]] as Cinema Producer
* [[Kavitha (TV actress)|S. Kavitha]] as Viji's friend
* [[Halwa Vasu]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Chaplin Balu]]
* [[Chelladurai]]
* [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as a child on the beach
* [[Kanal Kannan]] (special appearance)
}}

==Production==
The film director, [[V. Z. Durai]], revealed that he had approached [[S. S. Chakravarthy]] to make the film with [[Ajith Kumar]] after failing to get noticed for a long period, getting rejected by four producers for the script. Chakravarthy was supportive and maintained a close link with the film from shoot till post-production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sebastian |first=Pradeep |date=6 September 2002 |title=Stories sculpted out of unfulfilled desires |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601260300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704114530/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601260300.htm |archive-date=4 July 2003 |access-date=25 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mugavari |url=https://gaana.com/album/mugavari-tamil-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110232423/https://gaana.com/album/mugavari-tamil-2019 |archive-date=10 November 2021 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Oh Nenje" is based on "[[Get Down (You're the One for Me)]]" by [[Backstreet Boys]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=30 September 2016 |title=Mindframe: Inspired stuff |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Inspired-stuff/article15007781.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016043650/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mindframe-inspired-stuff/article9168090.ece |archive-date=16 October 2016 |access-date=16 October 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> "Poo Virinjachu" is based on "[[That Thing You Do! (song)|That Thing You Do!]]" from [[That Thing You Do!|the film of the same name]], and "Keechu Kiliye" is based on "Enemies" by [[Dr. Alban]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=12 February 2019 |title=How 3 Songs In A 1999 Tamil Film Were Blatantly Ripped Off From The Backstreet Boys, A Tom Hanks Movie And A Nigerian Musician |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-3-songs-in-a-1999-tamil-film-were-blatantly-ripped-off-from-the-backstreet-boys-a-tom-hanks-movie-and-a-nigerian-musician |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221115061103/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-3-songs-in-a-1999-tamil-film-were-blatantly-ripped-off-from-the-backstreet-boys-a-tom-hanks-movie-and-a-nigerian-musician |archive-date=15 November 2022 |access-date=12 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The album seems to have been targeted at the youth and it can be said that Deva has succeeded in his endeavour" while calling the song "Keechu Kiliye" sung by Hariharan as "the best song of the album".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of 'Mugavaree' music album |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/mugavaree.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107063901/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/mugavaree.asp |archive-date=7 January 2005 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Chennai Online |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oh Nenje
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length1 = 5:54
| title2 = Poo Virinjachu
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 5:48
| title3 = Keechu Kiliye
| extra3 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Chorus
| note3 = Female
| length3 = 6:22
| title4 = Yeh Nilave
| extra4 = [[Unni Menon]]
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Aandae Nootrandae
| extra5 = Naveen
| length5 = 7:14
| title6 = Keechu Kiliye
| extra6 = Hariharan, Chorus
| note6 = Male
| length6 = 6:22
| total_length = 35:53
}}

==Release and reception==
''Mugavaree'' released on 19 February 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2022 |title=பிப்ரவரி மாதம் வெளியான அஜித்தின் திரைப்படங்கள்! |trans-title=Ajith films released in the month of February! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/actor-ajiths-movies-released-in-february-380836 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207191919/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/photo-gallery/actor-ajiths-movies-released-in-february-380836 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Shobha Warrier]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a positive review citing that the real "winners" are "Ajith, the actor, and P. C. Sriram, the cinematographer". The critic claimed that Ajith Kumar "brilliantly portrays the vulnerable and sad Sridhar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=6 March 2000 |title=The hero as a human being |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/06muga.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619130010/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/06muga.htm |archive-date=19 June 2010 |access-date=25 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Strong theme, reasonably appealing treatment, appreciable acting and aesthetic camera work are the positive features" of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2000-03-02 |title=Film Review: ''Mugavaree'' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-mugavaree/article28004351.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929063746/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-mugavaree/article28004351.ece |archive-date=2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

The initial climax showed the character of Sridhar facing another roadblock on his journey towards becoming a music composer. Post-release, the climax was changed following public demand, showing a more favourable situation for Sridhar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mugavari's anticlimax! |url=http://www.tmcafe.com/hotnews.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000408164020/http://www.tmcafe.com/hotnews.htm |archive-date=8 April 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Movie Cafe |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=முகமது |first=ஆசிக் |date=20 February 2024 |title='முகவரி' கிளைமேக்ஸ் சீனை மாற்ற சொல்லி வந்த அழுத்தம்.. அஜித்தின் பிடிவாதம்: கடைசியில் நடந்த ட்விஸ்ட்.! |trans-title=The pressure to change the climax of ''Mugavaree''.. Ajith's stubbornness: The twist at the end! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-vz-durai-talks-about-ajith-kumar-starrer-mugavari-movie-climax/articleshow/107850776.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/XcLB6 |archive-date=10 March 2026 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> Reviewing this version, Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the sensibly written scenes and dialogues but panned the new climax.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=12 March 2000 |title=முகவரி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-03-12/page/n29/mode/2up |access-date=21 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=28 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film won the second prize for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Family Film|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Second Best Family Film]], whilst [[Brinda Master|Brinda]] won for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2008 |title=State Government awards for 2000–2002 |url=http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/tamil/824/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222085109/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/n/i/tamil/824/ |archive-date=22 December 2008 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=Music India Online |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{V. Z. Durai}}

[[Category:2000 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000s coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Z. Durai]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. S. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Titash Ekti Nadir Naam

2026-03-07T06:34:41Z

VirgilBugnion41: started entry!

{{short description|1973 Bangladeshi film by Ritwik Ghatak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{for|the novel|Titas Ekti Nadir Naam (novel)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Titas Ekti Nadir Naam
| image = Titash Ekti Nadir Naam DVD cover.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
| producer = N. M. Chowdhury Bacchu Habibur Rahman Khan Foyez Ahmed
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Titas Ekti Nadir Naam (novel)|Titas Ekti Nadir Naam]]''|[[Adwaita Mallabarman]]}}
| screenplay = Ritwik Ghatak
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rosy Samad]]
* [[Kabori Sarwar|Kabori Choudhury]]
* [[Rowshan Jamil]]
* [[Rani Sarkar]]
* Sufia Rustam
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Ritwik Ghatak (music theme)
* Ustad Bahadur Khan
}}
| cinematography = [[Baby Islam]]
| editing = Basheer Hussain
| studio = Purbapran Kathachitra
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1973|7|27}}
| runtime = 159 mins
| country = {{ubl|Bangladesh|India}}
| language = Bengali
| budget = {{BDTConvert|824|k|year=1973}}
| gross = {{BDTConvert|123|k|year=1973}}
}}

'''''Titash Ekti Nadir Naam''''',<ref>[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: তিতাস একটি নদীর নাম</ref> or '''''A River Called Titas''''', is a 1973 [[Bengali language]] film directed by [[Ritwik Ghatak]] and produced as a [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|joint collaboration]] between India and Bangladesh. It is based on the 1956 novel [[Titas Ekti Nadir Naam (novel)|of the same name]] by [[Adwaita Mallabarman]]. Set in [[British Raj|pre-independence India]], the film follows the [[List of Scheduled Castes#West Bengal|Malo fishing community]] along the [[Titas River]]. After rescuing a woman abducted by river bandits, her decision to raise a child alone challenges the community’s rigid traditions surrounding marriage, motherhood, and social order.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781135943257 |editor-last=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first=Ashish |publication-date=July 10, 2014 |language=en |editor-last2=Willemen |editor-first2=Paul}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TITASH EKTI NADIR NAAM (A RIVER CALLED TITASH) |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/titash-ekti-nadir-naam/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Das1995">{{cite book |author=Sisir Kumar Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA299 |title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |pages=299– |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Schultz2007">{{cite book |author=Deanne Schultz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd2CVhbGWNAC&pg=PA153 |title=Filmography of World History |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-32681-3 |pages=153– |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="A River Called Titus (1973)">{{cite web |author=Jason Buchanan |title=A River Called Titus (1973) |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/371465/A-River-Called-Titus/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130112621/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/371465/A-River-Called-Titus/overview |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=3 August 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]] |department=Movies & TV Dept.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajak |first=Sumit |date=2022-10-30 |title=Exploring Caste, Catastrophe and Civilization in Mallabarman’s Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A River Called Titash) and its Film Adaptation |url=https://www.thecreativelauncher.com/index.php/tcl/article/view/1005 |journal=The Creative Launcher |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.53032/tcl.2022.7.5.01 |issn=2455-6580|doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Rosy Samad]], [[Golam Mustafa|Golam Mostafa]], [[Kabori]], [[Prabir Mitra]], and [[Rawshan Jamil|Roushan Jamil]] starred in lead roles.<ref name="star">[https://www.thedailystar.net/2004/06/11/d40611140373.htm Silver Jubilee, Bangladesh Film Archive celebrations, Events on the 2nd day], Ersahad Kamol, The Daily Star, 11 June 2004.</ref> Ghatak, then suffering from tuberculosis, saw his health decline during filming.

Along with [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Kanchenjungha]]'' (1962)<ref>{{cite web|title=An Interview with Satyajit Ray|year=1982|url=https://raylifeandwork.blogspot.com/2009/02/interview-with-satyajit-ray.html|access-date=24 May 2009}}</ref> and [[Mrinal Sen]]'s ''[[Calcutta 71]]'' (1972), ''Titas Ekti Nadir Naam'' ranks among the earliest examples of [[hyperlink cinema]]—featuring multiple protagonists in interwoven narrative threads, reminiscent of [[Jean Renoir]]'s ''[[The Rules of the Game]]'' (1939) and preceding [[Robert Altman]]'s ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' (1975). In 2002, the film topped the list of 10 best Bangladeshi films in the audience and critics' polls by the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-15|title=BFI {{!}} Features {{!}} South Asian Cinema {{!}} A Guide to South Asian Cinema {{!}} 50 essential South Asian films {{!}} Top 10 Bangladeshi Films|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html|access-date=2021-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115123450/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html |archive-date=15 January 2009 }}</ref>

==Plot==
A fisherman by the [[River Titas]], Kishore, marries a young girl, Rajar Jhi, on impulse when he visits a nearby village. After their wedding night, they head for Kishore's village on his boat the following night. Rajar Jhi is kidnapped on the way by bandits as the fishermen sleep but jumps into the river and is rescued by fishermen from another area. She is too ashamed to return to her home village, as they would suspect her of having been abandoned by or having deserted her husband. Unfortunately, she knows little about her husband, not even his name, though these were recorded in her home village. The only thing she remembers is the name of his village. Kishore in turn does not return for her as the shock of losing her has driven him mad and he assumes that the bandits have taken her to an unknown destination.

Ten years later, Rajar Jhi attempts with their son to find Kishore to give him a father. Some residents of his village refuse to share food with them because of imminent starvation but a young widow, Basanti, helps them. Later, it turns out that Kishore and Basanti were childhood lovers.

Director Ghatak appears in the film as a boatman, and Basanti's story is the first of several melodramatic tales.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-26|title=A River Called Titas (Titash Ekti Nadir Naam), PopMatters|url=https://www.popmatters.com/150191-a-river-called-titas-2495930547.html|access-date=2022-02-23|website=PopMatters|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/941478%7c0/Martin-Scorsese-s-World-Cinema-Project.html|title=Martin Scorsese's World Cinema Project on Blu-Ray|website=Turner Classic Movies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010152617/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/941478%7c0/Martin-Scorsese-s-World-Cinema-Project.html|archive-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rosy Samad]] as Basanti
* [[Kabori Sarwar|Kabori Choudhury]] as Rajar Jhi
* [[Rowshan Jamil]] as Basanti's mother
* [[Rani Sarkar]] as Munglee
* Sufia Rustam as Udaytara
* [[Prabir Mitra]] as Kishore
* Bonani Choudhury as Morol Ginni
* Chand as Subla
* Golam Mustafa as Ramprasad & Kader Milan
* [[Ritwik Ghatak]] as Tilak Chand
* Fakrul Hasan Bairagi as Nibaran Kundu
* Shafikul Islam as Ananta
* [[Chetana Das]]
* [[Farid Ali (actor)|Farid Ali]]
* [[Abul Hayat]]

==Reception==

===Critical response===
{{quote box
| quote = So, for Ghatak, it's like making a film on a civilisation. You cannot identify the theme of ''Titas''. When you want to say, "What is this film about?" It's impossible, it's so difficult. If you talk about one thing then you just sort of reduce the complexity of that work. So some people have looked at ''Titas'', especially some Western critics and this has been their kind of objection to Ghatak, that he's melodramatic. To my mind he's not melodramatic at all, I feel he is actually using melodrama only as a medium.
| source = [[Mani Kaul]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scroll.in/reel/816540/mani-kaul-interview-on-ritwik-ghatak-is-a-lesson-in-appreciating-titas-ekti-nadir-naam-and-cinema|title=Mani Kaul interview on Ritwik Ghatak is a lesson in appreciating 'Titas Ekti Nadir Naam' and cinema|first=Nasreen Munni|last=Kabir|work=Scroll.in}}</ref>
| width = 250px
| salign = right
}}
Dennis Schwartz, who gave the film an "A" grade, wrote: "It's a passionate film made with great conviction, that features a marriage ceremony with the only sounds heard being the bride's heavy breathing. The pic is filled with traditional music, tribal customs, an abduction, a murder, a suicide, an insanity and starvation. In the end, it signals the demise of a long-standing culture because of various reasons, such as the inability to change with the times, the fractured nature of the village and their inability to deal with outside forces like money-lender schemers. It's a haunting and unforgettable film about the joys, anguish and rage of a community that was unable to survive. Ghatak clearly uses the story as a tragic analogy of what happened to the Bengali people as a result of the Partition of Bengal between British India and Pakistan in 1947."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homepages.sover.net/~ozus/arivercalledtitas.htm|title=arivercalledtitas|website=homepages.sover.net|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193109/http://homepages.sover.net/~ozus/arivercalledtitas.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Christel Loar of [[Popmatters]] (who scored the film an 8 out of 10) writes that "in addition to using the river itself as a character, a metaphor, and a vehicle for the storytelling, another aspect of A River Called Titus is its references to Indian cultural and spiritual themes. Classical mythic imagery flows through the film on a course that parallels the river's, to a certain extent. Not coincidentally, the main relationships of Kishore, Basanti and Rajar Jhi mirror tales of the romantic life of [[Krishna|Krisha]] [sic], and the lovers' triangle he had with his wife, [[Rukmini]], and his lover, [[Radha]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/150191-a-river-called-titas-2495930547.html|title=A River Called Titas (Titas Ekti Nadir Naam)|date=26 October 2011|website=PopMatters}}</ref> Jordan Cronk of ''Slant'' called the film, in comparison to ''[[Dry Summer]]'', "less tightly coiled, more meditative, an appropriate approach for a film preoccupied with the existential concerns of a gallery of characters living along the shores of the film’s namesake river. Spanning an entire generation, the film utilizes its main character, Basanti, who endures a litany of tragedies and mundanities alike as she’s married off only to be sacrificed to nature’s unforgiving advancement, as a symbol for countless victims of Bangladesh’s [[partition of India|partition era]], when the division of India and Pakistan left thousands of people impoverished."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/martin-scorseses-world-cinema-project/|title=Blu-ray Review: Martin Scorsese's World Cinema Project on the Criterion Collection|first=Jordan|last=Cronk|magazine=Slant Magazine}}</ref> [[Adrian Martin (film critic)|Adrian Martin]], scoring the film four-and-a-half stars out of 5, labelled the film a "pure melodrama". "He makes use of cultural archetypes familiar to the broadest Indian audience, such as the suffering mother, the wise (or crazy) old man of the village, the local gossips, the blushing, virginal bride" he writes, "and then twists narrative conventions, both subtly and provocatively. The film is, in line with Ghatak’s [[Brechtian]] orientation, a broken, deliberately disjointed melodrama, arranged in two starkly distinct halves, and gives itself the freedom to hop from one character’s story thread to another’s — an uncommon technique in world cinema of the time." He called Ghatak's "film language every bit as sophisticated and restless as that of [[Jean-Luc Godard]] or [[Lynne Ramsay]]. Ghatak was a poet of rupture."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritic.com.au/reviews/r/river_called_titas.html|title=A River Called Titas|website=www.filmcritic.com.au}}</ref>

Conversely, Mike D'Angelo of The A.V. Club, who gave the film a "C−", called it "clumsily melodramatic tale of the fallout that occurs after bandits kidnap a pregnant bride...Leaping forward in time without signposts and continually wandering off on pointless digressions, the film is somehow both overly plotted (coincidences and conveniences abound) and dramatically shapeless, with its lauded anticipation of “hyperlink” cinema—abrupt shifts in focus from one character to another—often coming across as random. What’s more, Ghatak has enormous difficulty simply establishing a coherent tone; the story’s most tragic moment is so broadly played that it threatens to inspire laughter rather than anguish." Despite this, he lauded its "breathtaking black-and-white images on the banks of the titular river" and recommended ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'', "his consensus masterpiece", as a better introduction to his filmography.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/martin-scorsese-s-world-cinema-project-is-uneven-but-il-1798179091|title=Martin Scorsese's World Cinema Project is uneven but illuminating|first=Mike|last=D'Angelo|website=Film|date=8 January 2014 }}</ref>

=== Screenings in different festivals ===
* 2017: Ritwik Ghatak Retrospective UK, at Dundee Contemporary Arts, Dundee, Scotland, UK, Programme curated by Sanghita Sen, Department of Film Studies, St Andrews University, UK <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dca.org.uk/whats-on/films/ritwik-ghatak |title=What's on at DCA |access-date=30 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506041452/http://www.dca.org.uk/whats-on/films/ritwik-ghatak |archive-date=6 May 2017 }}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
In 2007, ''A River Called Titas'' topped the list of 10 best [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi films]], as chosen in the audience and critics' polls conducted by the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html|title=Top 10 Bangladeshi films|publisher=British Film Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527232052/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/bangladesh/index.html|archive-date=27 May 2007|access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0070809}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=524051}}
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2990-a-river-called-titas-river-of-no-return ''A River Called Titas: River of No Return''] an essay by [[Adrian Martin (film critic)|Adrian Martin]] at the [[Criterion Collection]]

{{Ritwik Ghatak}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Titas Ekti Nadir Naam}}
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ritwik Ghatak]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:1973 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Vattakottai Fort

2026-03-03T17:43:46Z

VirgilBugnion41: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Vattakottai Fort
| native_language = Tamil
| image = Vattakottai Fort Entrance.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value =
| location = [[Kanyakumari]], [[India]]
| elevation =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.125|77.565|display=inline}}
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Vattakottai Fort''' (or 'Circular Fort') is a seaside fort near [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], at the southern tip of [[India]]. It was built in the 18th century as a coastal defence fortification and barracks in the former [[Travancore]] kingdom.

It was constructed in the 18th century by Punachal/Elakkara Valiyaveetil Marthandan Chempakaraman Pillai for the kings of [[Travancore]]. Marthanda Pillai was born in an aristocratic house in Punachal Elakkara near Kuzhikode near Palliyadi in Kanyakumari district. (Then South Travancore). The house was a house that was associated with the royal family. Marthanda Pillai was born in the month of May 903 in Bharani Nakshatra, the son of Neelamma Pillai, a member of the said house, and Iravikurup, the bodyguard of Marthanda Varma. Later it was modified under the supervision of Captain [[Eustachius De Lannoy]], an ex-Dutch naval officer of the [[Dutch East India Company]], who became commander of the Travancore Army (the very army that defeated him in the [[Battle of Colachel]]) in the 18th century, after he earned the trust of the Travancore King [[Marthanda Varma]]. De Lannoy reconstructed Vattakottai, as part of the defence-fortifications he undertook throughout Travancore.

The fort is made of granite blocks and, today, a part of the fort extends into the sea. It is a protected site under the Indian archaeological department. A major renovation of the fort was undertaken recently by the department, and the site is now a popular tourist spot.

Vattakottai Fort commands a picturesque view of both the sea on the one side, and the hills ([[Western Ghats]]) on the other. Another interesting feature near the site is a beach of black sands. It is about {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] town.

== Photo gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Vattakottai Fort 2.jpg|Inside of the fort.
Image:Vattakottai Fort - Highest Level Facing Sea.JPG|Elevated level of the fort, facing the sea.
Image:Hill-View from Vattakottai Fort.JPG|View of the hills from Vattakottai fort.
Image:View from Vattakottai Fort.JPG|View of the sea from Vattakottai fort.
Image:Vattakottai Fort and Sea.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.trodly.com/destination/4345/vattakottai-fort About Vattakottai Fort and Images]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014055510/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/05/01/stories/2004050100210100.htm Forgotten fort Vattakottai: Elegant and steeped in history]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041031004917/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/24/stories/2004102402150300.htm Facelift planned for Vattakottai]
* [http://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=44ed1346-6f6e-45db-b56d-5f1e10745b6a Vattakottai in 3D view]

{{Regions of Kanyakumari}}
{{Forts in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Star forts]]

Temple Entry Proclamation

2026-03-03T17:20:18Z

VirgilBugnion41: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|1936 order in Kerala, India}}
{{Renaissance of Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
The '''Temple Entry Proclamation''' was issued by [[Maharaja]] [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] on November 12, 1936. The Proclamation abolished the ban on the backward and marginalised communities, from entering [[Hindu]] temples in the Princely State of [[Travancore]], now part of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia By Bardwell L. Smith, p42, [https://books.google.com/books?id=07Y3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Temple+Entry+Proclamation Google book]</ref>

The proclamation was a milestone in the history of Travancore and Kerala. Temple Entry Proclamation Day is considered to be a social reformation day by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia By Bardwell L. Smith, p42, [https://books.google.com/books?id=07Y3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42&dq=Temple+Entry+Proclamation Google book]</ref>

== History ==
Following the campaign to introduce social reform in [[Travancore]] inspired by the teachings of [[Narayana Guru]] and others, a deputation of six leaders appointed by the [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]] toured the princely state to obtain support from caste [[Hinduism|Hindus]] for the backward castes to be allowed to enter state-operated temples.{{cn|date=January 2018}}

[[File:Temple Entry Proclamation 1936 by Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.svg|thumb|Temple Entry Proclamation 1936 (in Malayalam) by Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]]

===Vaikom Satyagraha===
According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], protests in 1924–25 against the prohibition of Dalits using a public road near a temple in [[Vaikom]] were a significant precursor to the temple entry movement. Known as the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], it involved the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The protests sought equal rights of access in areas previously restricted to members of forward castes. The protests expanded to become a movement seeking rights of access to the interior of the temples themselves. These peaceful protests inspired the future, it widely criticized that Temple Entry Declaration was done in order to prevent backward caste people from converting in mass to Christianity. The then-Travancore rulers feared that if the Hindu majority is lost in the country, it will be difficult for them to manage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Extreme injustice led to Vaikom Satyagraha, says Romila Thapar|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072256040900.htm|access-date=17 February 2014|date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128010041/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072256040900.htm|archive-date=28 November 2013|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Temple entry committee ==
[[File:Temple entry proclamation 1936 Navayikkulam.jpg|thumb|upright|Proclamation in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

In 1932, the Maharajah, [[Chithira Thirunal]] appointed a committee to examine the question of temple entry.{{cn|date=January 2018}} This opened the possibility of reversing the opposition to the practice that had been shown by his predecessors, [[Moolam Thirunal]] and Regent Maharani [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]]. Subsequent to a meeting with Gandhi, Bayi had released those who had been imprisoned by Moolam Thirunal for involvement with the Vaikom Satyagraha and had opened the north, south and west public roads that provided access to [[Vaikom Mahadeva Temple]] to all castes. She refused to open the eastern road to the temple because it was used by [[Brahmins]]. She avoided acting on Gandhi's advice by pointing out that she was a regent for her minor nephew, [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Chithira Thirunal]] and so had no power to do so.

Annoyed with this response Gandhi asked the 12-year-old prince, who immediately promised that it would happen during his reign.<ref name="Gandhi Marg">{{cite book|last1=Gandhi Smarak Nidhi|first1=Gandhi Peace Foundation (New Delhi, India)|title=Gandhi Marg|publisher=Gandhi Peace Foundation, 2007|location=The University of California|pages=93–103}}</ref> This incident was later quoted by [[K. R. Narayanan]], the former [[President of India]], in his speech referring to the progressive mind of Chithira Thirunal. {{quote|During the Vaikom Sathyagraha, Mahatma Gandhi visited Kerala. At that time, Sree Chithira Thirunal was a young man, and had not ascended the throne. Gandhiji asked: "When you attain majority and assume full authority, will you allow Harijans to enter the temple?". The twelve-year-old Maharajah said without hesitation, "Certainly". This was not the result of anybody's advice. He spoke his own mind. It came from his own thinking and that is why I say, in spite of all the advice and influences in which he was enveloped, he had a mind and he had a policy of his own.<ref>{{cite web|last=K. R. Narayanan|first=His Excellency|title='INCARNATION OF MODESTY'- First Sree Chithira Thirunal Memorial Speech delivered at Kanakakunnu Palace, Trivandrum on 25-10-1992|url=http://www.tmcgulf.com/Lectures.2.html|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520012345/http://www.tmcgulf.com/Lectures.2.html|archive-date=20 May 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

The Regent's refusal to act on temple entry rights attracted criticism from people such as [[Mannathu Padmanabhan]], who accused her of being under the influence of the Brahmins and said that her excuse that she had no power to decide was a lie.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell|first1=John J. Paul|title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India}}</ref>{{pn|date=January 2018}}

== Royal proclamation and its aftermath ==
[[File:Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.jpg|400x400px|thumbnail|Maharaja Sree Chithira Thirunal in 1931]]

Chithira Thirunal signed the Proclamation on the eve of his 24th birthday in 1936. [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] said of the decision that: {{quote|The Proclamation is a unique occasion in the history of India and specially of Hinduism. It fell to the lot of His Highness, not as a result of agitation, although some people have claimed to result as due to agitation, but ''suo moto'' and of his own free will, to have made it possible for every Hindu subject to enter the historic temples of this land of faith and bend in adoration before the Supreme. Such an act required a minority vision and usage amidst difficulties and handicaps. when it is remembered that this decision was a purely voluntary act, on the part of sovereign, solicitous for the welfare of this subjects and was not the result of any immediate pressure, the greatness of the achievement becomes even more apparent. This action broke the calamity of Hindu religion and helped to strengthen the Hindus.<ref>{{cite web|last1=inflibnet.ac.in|first1=shodhganga|title=CHAPTER – VI TEMPLE ENTRY FREEDOM IN KERALA|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/317/12/12_chapter%206.pdf|website=shodhganga|publisher=RESEARCHERS OF MAHATMA GANDHI UTY, KOTTAYAM, KERALA|access-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051158/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/317/12/12_chapter%206.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

In an open letter addressed to the maharajah, Gandhi said: {{quote|People call me "The Mahatma" and I don’t think I deserve it. But in my view, you have in reality become a "Mahatma"(great soul) by your proclamation at this young age, breaking the age-old custom and throwing open the doors of the Temples to our brothers and sisters whom the hateful tradition considered as untouchables. I verily believe that when all else is forgotten, this one act of the Maharajah- the Proclamation- will be remembered by future generation with gratitude and hope that all other Hindu Princes will follow the noble example set by this far-off ancient Hindu State.<ref>{{cite web|last=Of India|first=Supreme Court|title=Good Governance: Judiciary and the rule of law|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/speeches/speeches_2007/ctm.pdf|publisher=Sree Chitira Thirunal Memorial Lecture, 29 December 2007|access-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017164448/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/speeches/speeches_2007/ctm.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>The letter was published in the Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 98th volume.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Setting the record right|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Setting-the-record-right/2013/08/03/article1715948.ece#.UwIyU2KSzao|access-date=17 February 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=3 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303183401/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Setting-the-record-right/2013/08/03/article1715948.ece#.UwIyU2KSzao|archive-date=3 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

The Universities of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Annamalai University|Annamalai]] conferred D.Litt. degrees on the Maharajah, and life-size statues of him were erected in Trivandrum and [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref>{{cite news|first=G.|last=Mahadevan|title=Temple Entry Proclamation the greatest act of moral freedom: Uthradom Tirunal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/temple-entry-proclamation-the-greatest-act-of-moral-freedom-uthradom-tirunal/article2620727.ece|access-date=13 June 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030194526/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/temple-entry-proclamation-the-greatest-act-of-moral-freedom-uthradom-tirunal/article2620727.ece|archive-date=30 October 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Sociologists{{who|date=January 2018}} believe that the Proclamation struck at the root of caste discrimination in Travancore and that by serving to unite Hindus it prevented further conversions to other religions. The Proclamation was the first of its kind in a princely state as well as in [[British India]]. Even though there were agitations in various parts of India as well as rest of Kerala for temple entry, none managed to achieve their aim.

=== Temple entry in Cochin And Malabar ===
The Travancore Temple Entry Proclamation did not have a serious influence in [[Cochin]] or British [[Malabar region|Malabar]] as the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Maharajah of Cochin]] and the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] were staunch opponents of temple entry for [[dalits]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=inflibnet.ac.in|first1=shodhganga|title=CHAPTER – VI TEMPLE ENTRY FREEDOM IN KERALA|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/317/12/12_chapter%206.pdf|website=shodhganga|publisher=RESEARCHERS OF MAHATMA GANDHI UTY, KOTTAYAM, KERALA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051158/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/317/12/12_chapter%206.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=The Casabianca of Travancore | date=26 March 2002 | newspaper=The Hindu | quote=Incidentally it came as a surprise to many at the time that the then Maharaja of adjacent Cochin State who was later applauded by Nehru for being the first princely ruler in 1946 to constitute a responsible government was a staunch opponent of temple entry.}}</ref> The Cochin ruler even forbade rituals like ''Arattu'' (holy bathing) and ''Para'' (holy procession) in Tripunithura and Chottanikkara temples. Eventually, a temple entry proclamation was issued in Cochin on December 22,1947 which came into force on April 14,1948. Even when universal temple entry was granted in 1947 the Cochin Maharajah made an exemption in the bill so as to keep his family temple, "Sree Poornathrayeesha", out of the purview of temple entry. The inhabitants of the Malabar region also finally received this right, as per the Madras Temple entry proclamation issued on June 12,1947.

The Zamorin of Malabar had no wish to change the existing customs and usages in temples; on hearing the news of the Travancore Temple Entry proclamation he said that the Travancore Maharajah did not have the authority to do so as he was only a trustee of the temples which were under the supervision of Hindu Religions Endowment Board. He also sent a memorandum to the authorities claiming no one had the authority to take decisions regarding temple entry as they were private properties. Universal temple entry was only granted in Malabar region in 1947 after India's independence.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Digital Concepts Cochin|first=BeeHive Digital Concepts Cochin for|author2=Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam|title=TEMPLE ENTRY FREEDOM IN KERALA|journal=Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac|volume=CHAPTER VI|pages=1–46|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/317/12/12_chapter%206.pdf|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051158/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/317/12/12_chapter%206.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Channar revolt]]
*[[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]]
*[[Vaikom Satyagraha]]
*[[Guruvayur Satyagraha]]
*[[Kandoth assault]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=64.htm www.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=64]
* [http://www.kerala.cc/keralahistory/index25.htm www.kerala.cc/keralahistory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311010642/http://www.kerala.cc/keralahistory/index25.htm |date=11 March 2007 }}
* [http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/customs.htm www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311135159/http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/kerala/Introduction/page29.htm www.hindubooks.org/temples/kerala]
* [http://niyamasabha.org/codes/bus_1.htm niyamasabha.org/codes]
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}
{{Kingdom of Travancore}}
{{Narayana Guru}}

[[Category:Indian caste legislation]]
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:20th century in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Hinduism]]
[[Category:1936 in India]]
[[Category:1936 in law]]
[[Category:1936 documents]]
[[Category:Social history of Kerala]]
[[Category:Ezhava]]
[[Category:Proclamations]]
[[Category:Vaikom]]

Vidya Vasula Aham

2026-03-03T09:12:14Z

VirgilBugnion41: started new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vidya Vasula Aham
| image = Vidya Vasula Aham.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Manikanth Gelli
| writer = Venkatesh Rowthu
| screenplay = Manikanth Gelli
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Navya Mahesh M. Ranjith Kumar Kodali Chandana Katta
| starring = {{Plainlist|*[[Rahul Vijay]]
*[[Shivani Rajashekar]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Akhil Valluri
| editing = Satya Giduturi
| music = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| studio = Eternity Entertainment Thanvika Jashwika Creations
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|5|17}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vidya Vasula Aham''''' ({{translation|Vidya and Vasu's Ego}})is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Manikanth Gelli and starring [[Rahul Vijay]] and [[Shivani Rajashekar]]. The film was premiered on 17 May 2024 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Vasula Aham Review - Has good performances but lacks gripping drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vidya-vasula-aham-review-the-shivani-rajasekhar-and-rahul-vijay-starrer-lacks-engaging-drama/d8c6384174702 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story starts in [[Vaikuntha|Vaikuntam]], [[Narada]] pays a visit to [[Lord Vishnu]] and [[Goddess Lakshmi]] shares his observations on relationship between husband and wife on whole world. Being a lover of making quarrels between people, Narada makes sarcasm on Lakshmi by saying husbands on earth are very clever who makes their wives slaves through love. After hearing this Lakshmi eyebrowed looking at her husband. Sensing a quarrel between them Vishnu interrupts and asks Narada what marriage is about? After observing several pairs on earth, Lakshmi asks Vishnu to show her a marriage story instead of a love story. Then Vishnu focuses on the protagonists Vidya and Vasu and how ego plays a key role in their marital life.

Then, the story shifts to earth. Vidya is an IT professional, and Vasu is a mechanical engineer. Both are completely opposite to each other but having a common thing, I.e. ego. After liking their attitudes through a traditional date, they both entered into an [[arranged marriage]]. Vidya is very cautious on finance, unlike Vasu is negligent. Despite having differences and their ego issues, soon they fell in love. After having an increment issues with his manager, Vasu resigns his job unknown to Vidya, who doesn't want to share with his wife for an ego clash. After a month, his finances are completely nill no option left he reveals his situation to Vidya. Then Vidya gives pocket money to him and takes whole financial control of their home. Vasu also steps out his ego for a while and started helping her in home.

One day their parents suddenly come for a visit, the husband and wife secretly comes to an understanding that not to quarrel in front of them. Slowly both help each other in housework and understand each other more but their ego also increases along with it and they quarrels secretly. Later at dinner time Vidya unknowingly reveals Vasu's resignation to their in laws. Vasu's father is about to angry on him but suddenly to manage the situation Vidya comes to his rescue and supports her husband's decision saying following the passion, which is better rather than doing the disinterested job and it is her advice to resign the job wishes soon he finds out his passion. Then to her surprise Vasu reveals he is working on a startup plan. Later at midnight the husband and wife discuss about his startup plan. Then Vidya gives her entire savings to her husband and says she don't know whether she is a good wife or not but she always thinks about her husband's well-being. Then suddenly Vasu surprised her with a diamond ring bought through his entire PF and Last month's salary thus realising that day is her birthday. Then Vasu replies that though having ego they have mutual understanding between them which overcomes it and protects their bond. Thus, to satisfy his ego Vasu accepts the amount but not as his wife but as a partner in his startup.

Finally film ends with Narada takes leave from them with a satisfied message that "Mutual respect is a foundation for a good marriage." Then to satisfy Lakshmi's ego Vishnu starts pressing her toes.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Shivani Rajashekar]] as Inukollu Vidya
*[[Rahul Vijay]] as Vasu
*[[Srinivas Avasarala]] as [[Lord Vishnu]]
*[[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]] as [[Goddess Lakshmi]]
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as [[Narada]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] in a Cameo Appearance as a Spiritual Preacher
*Mounika Reddy as Vidya's colleague
*[[Ravi Varma Adduri]] as Vasu's father
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Vidya's father
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Vasu's mother
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajasri Nair]] as Vidya's mother
*Viva Raghava
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Vasu's boss
}}

==Release and reception==
''Vidya Vasula Aham'' was initially scheduled for a theatrical release, but was later released as a [[direct-to-video]] film on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidya Vasula Aham OTT Release Date: Know About Plot, Platform & Cast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/vidya-vasula-aham-ott-release-date-know-about-plot-platform-cast |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[123telugu]]'' wrote that "On the whole, ''Vidya Vasula Aham'' is a disappointing fare, despite the decent performances from the lead actors. The lackluster story and poor execution diminish its appeal. Unnecessary scenes, a weak screenplay, and forced dialogues further hamper the movie’s prospects".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-vidya-vasula-aham-telugu-movie-on-aha.html|title=OTT Review : Vidya Vasula Aham - Telugu movie on Aha|date=May 16, 2024|work=123telugu}}</ref> BH Harsha of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and opined that the screenplay is "disjointed, which prevents the film from exploring a commentary on modern relationship".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=May 18, 2024 |title='Vidya vasula aham' movie review: A harmless marriage dramedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/18/vidya-vasula-aham-movie-review-a-harmless-marriage-dramedy |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> While praising the performance of lead actors, ''[[News18]]'' stated that, "the movie lacks the amalgamation of drama and humour. The director failed to harness these qualities in the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-18 |title=OTT Review: Telugu Romcom Vidya Vasula Aham Depicts The Issues In Modern Relationships |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ott-review-telugu-romcom-vidya-vasula-aham-depicts-the-issues-in-modern-relationships-8895482.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|26687112}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Direct-to-video comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme

2026-02-26T08:03:33Z

VirgilBugnion41:

{{Short description|Indian scientist, teacher and author}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 5 November 1938
| birth_place = [[Baroda]], Maharashtra, India
|alma_mater = [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi|IIT BHU]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Scientist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse = Shobha Sukhatme
| domesticpartner =
| children = Gaurav Sukhatme Jai Sukhatme
| parents = [[Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme]] Indumati Sukhatme
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Prince of Wales Gold Medal [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT]] Lifetime Achievement Award [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]
}}

'''Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme''' is an Indian scientist, teacher, author and a former chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]] of the Government of India, known for his expertise in [[heat transfer]] and energy technologies.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle">{{cite web | url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2008/10/index-interviews.php | title=ITBHU Chronicle | publisher=ITBHU Chronicle |year=2014 | access-date=10 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="INSA">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N95-1194 | title=INSA | publisher=INSA |year=2014 | access-date=10 January 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150117084920/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=N95-1194 | archive-date=17 January 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Interview">{{cite interview | title=Interview with Prof. (Padmashree) S. P Sukhatme | date=28 October 2008 | access-date=10 January 2015 | last=S. P Sukhatme | interviewer=Chronicle Editor – Indian Institute of Technology, Banres Hindu University | url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2008/10/index-interviews.php}}</ref><ref name="IITGn">{{cite web | url=http://www.iitgn.ac.in/aac/administration_aac_prof_suhas.html | title=IITGn | publisher=IITGn |year=2014 | access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2001, with the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]] of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards |year=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Suhas Pandurang Sukhatme was born to Indumati Sukhatme and [[Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme]], renowned statistician and a [[Padma Bhushan]] award winner, on 5 November 1938<ref name="INSA" /> at [[Baroda]] in the Western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /> He graduated in Engineering in 1958 from the [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]] and pursued his higher studies at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. He secured a master's degree (SM) in 1960, a higher degree in Engineering (MechE) in 1961, and a doctoral degree (ScD) in 1964.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /><ref name="IITGn" />

During his stay at MIT, he worked as a research assistant during 1959–64. He moved to [[Dynatech|Dynatech Corporation]] where he worked for a year as a staff engineer.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /> In 1965, he returned to India to join the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] as an assistant professor at the department of mechanical engineering.<ref name="INSA" /> After a series of promotions, as the professor in 1970, as the head of the department in 1973, and as the deputy director in 1975, he became the director of the institution in 1995,<ref name="IITGn" /> a post he held till he retired in 2000 with the title of the Professor Emeritus of the institution.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Interview" /> During this period, he also had a brief stint at the [[Iowa State University]] as a visiting professor in the academic year, 1982–83. Post retirement from IIT Bombay, he worked as the chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]] of the [[Government of India]] from 2000 till 2005.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /><ref name="IITGn" />

Suhas Sukhatme holds the life memberships of the Indian Society for Heat and Mass Transfer (ISHMT)<ref name="ISHMT">{{cite web | url=http://www.ichmt.org/index.php?Pg=InstitutionalMembers | title=ISHMT | publisher=ICHMT |year=2014 | access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> and the Solar Energy Society of India<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="SESI">{{cite web | url=http://www.sesi.in/members.aspx | title=SESI | publisher=SESI |year=2014 | access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> and is a former member of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] council.<ref name="INSA" /> He serves as a member of the Promotions and Assessment Committee of the [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]], Nuclear Sciences Research Board of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]], and the advisory councils of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]]<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="Interview" /> and the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar]].
He also sits in the Governing Board of two national institutions, the [[Institute of Chemical Technology]], Mumbai and the [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] (NITIE), Mumbai.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" />

Sukhatme is an author of over 70 scientific papers<ref name="INSA" /> and three books viz. ''A Textbook on Heat Transfer'',<ref name="A Textbook on Heat Transfer">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VgAZm6KWrwC | title=A Textbook on Heat Transfer | publisher=Universities Press | author=S. P. Sukhatme | year=2005 | pages=411 | isbn=9788173715440}}</ref> ''Solar Energy - Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage''<ref name="Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage">{{cite book | title=Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage | publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) | author=S. P. Sukhatme(Author), J. K. Nayak(Contributor) | date=13 January 2009 | pages=468 | isbn=978-0070142961}}</ref> and ''The Real Brain Drain''.<ref name="The Real Brain Drain">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARsjbVvcZqkC | title=The Real Brain Drain | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=S. P. Sukhatme | year=1994 | pages=74 | isbn=9780863114519}}</ref> His contributions are known behind the establishment of an inter-disciplinary postgraduate and research programme in Energy Systems Engineering at IIT Bombay. The program has grown over the years to become an independent department, the Department of Energy Science and Engineering.<ref name="INSA" /> He has also assisted in the formation of Mumbai-based institutions, the [[Shailesh J Mehta School of Management]] and the [[Kresit|Kanwal Rekhi School of Information Technology]].<ref name="INSA" />

Suhas Sukhatme is married to Shobha, a medical doctor and has two children, Gaurav, a member of faculty at the [[University of Southern California]] and Jai, teaching at [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]].<ref name="Interview" /> The couple lives in [[Powai]], Mumbai.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Sukhatme was awarded the ''Prince of Wales Gold Medal'' in 1958 by the [[Banares Hindu University]] for topping the University examinations .<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /> In 1983, he received the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] from the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR).<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /><ref name="IITGn" /><ref name="SSB Prize">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=82 | title=SSB Prize | publisher=SSB Prize |year=2014 | access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> In 2001, he received the [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] from Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]], the first recipient of the award.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /><ref name="IITGn" /> A recipient of the degree of the Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) from the Banares Hindu University, Sukhatme was awarded the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2001.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /><ref name="IITGn" />

Sukhatme delivered the Daulat Singh Kothari Memorial Award Lecture in 2005 at the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) where he is an elected Fellow.<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /> He is also an elected Fellow of [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Sukhatme&intials=Suhas&year=05-11-1938 | title=Indian Academy of Sciences | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |year=2014 | access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] .<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" /><ref name="INSA" /><ref name="IITGn" /> He is an elected member of the Society of Sigma Xe and a Fellow of the [[Indian Society for Technical Education]].<ref name="ITBHU Chronicle" />

==See also==
{{Div col}}
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Science}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VgAZm6KWrwC | title=A Textbook on Heat Transfer | publisher=Universities Press | author=S. P. Sukhatme | year=2005 | pages=411 | isbn=9788173715440}}
* {{cite book | title=Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage | publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) | author=S. P. Sukhatme(Author), J. K. Nayak(Contributor) | date=13 January 2009 | pages=468 | isbn=978-0070142961}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARsjbVvcZqkC | title=The Real Brain Drain | publisher=Orient Blackswan | author=S. P. Sukhatme | year=1994 | pages=74 | isbn=9780863114519}}

==External links==
* {{cite interview | title=Interview with Prof. (Padmashree) S. P Sukhatme | date=28 October 2008 | access-date=10 January 2015 | last=S. P Sukhatme | interviewer=Chronicle Editor - Indian Institute of Technology, Banres Hindu University | url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/chronicle/archives/2008/10/index-interviews.php}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukhatme, Suhas Pandurang}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Prabhabati Dasgupta

2026-02-22T17:40:18Z

VirgilBugnion41: Creating new data

{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Prabhabati Dasgupta''' was one of the very few women who took part in the trade unionist movement in colonial Bengal.

== Early life ==
Dasgupta was born into affluence. She was the daughter of Tarakchandra Dasgupta and [[Mohini Devi]]; [[K. C. Das (chemist)|K. C. Das]], a noted Indian entrepreneur, was among her siblings.

In 1920, Dasgupta obtained a MA in psychology from [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Manju |last2=Chattopadhyaya |first2=Manju |date=1991 |title=The Pioneering Women Labour Leaders of Bengal (1920-47): Some Observations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142696 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=52 |pages=744–749 |jstor=44142696 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> .The same year, she was accepted as a Barbour Scholar at the [[University of Michigan]]. In 1927, she received a PhD from [[Heidelberg University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Activism ==
While in Germany, Dasgupta met [[M. N. Roy]]—then, a leading member of the [[Communist International]]—and was inspired to return to Calcutta and take to labor activism.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Tanika |first=Sarkar |title=Working Lives and Worker Militancy: The Policy of Labour in Colonial India |publisher=Tulika Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-82381-21-1 |editor-last=Ahuja |editor-first=Ravi |pages=175–176, 178, 183–184, 191, 193, 196–199 |chapter='Dirty Work, Filthy Caste': Calcutta Scavengers in the 1920s}}</ref>

=== All Bengal Scavengers' Union ===
Beginning in late 1927, Dasgupta became a regular visitor to the residence slums of the [[Manual scavenging|manual scavengers]] in Kolkata, whose members were overwhelmingly drawn from the [[Dalit|Dalit castes]] and treated as untouchables.<ref name=":4" /> In the process, she socialized with them extensively, breaching [[Caste system in India|caste norms]],{{Efn|Sarkar notes that the "very sight of them [manual scavengers] polluted and produced acute physical revulsion" in upper-caste men and women.<ref name=":4" />}} and came to be known as "''Dhangar-er Ma''" (lit. Mother of Scavengers).<ref name=":4" />

In November 1927, with aid from [[Muzaffar Ahmad]] and [[Dharani Goswami]] of the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] (WPP), she formed the All Bengal Scavengers' Union (ABSU) and became its inaugural president.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Tanika |title=Bengal, 1928-1934: The Politics of Protest |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1987 |pages=52, 55, 164}}</ref> While manual scavengers had engaged in collective action, as early as 1870s, ABSU taught them to raise funds for collective subsistence during strikes, not run afoul of technical illegalities, and articulate their demands in writing.<ref name=":4" /> [[Tanika Sarkar]], a pre-eminent historian of colonial India, notes the Union, via their propaganda, to have "translated grievances into demands and demands into rights".<ref name=":4" />

==== Scavengers' strikes (1928) ====
In late January 1928, ABSU dispatched a list of demands{{Efn|The demands included: recognition of ABSU; monthly remuneration of Ten Rupees; construction of well-ventilated houses with latrines; charging the workers rent in proportion to their income and conferring of voting rights; provision of free medicine; an end to the corruption of ''sirdars'' who took a month’s salary to provide jobs; fifteen days of annual casual leave, paid leave for a month every year, and paid leave in case of accidents and injuries incurred during work; a month’s notice before dismissal; paid maternity leave of three months; old age provisions for long-term workers; and, banks that could disburse loans at low rates of interest.<ref name=":4" />}} to their employer, the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Calcutta Municipal Corporation]], asking for better working conditions.<ref name=":4" /> As the demands were not fulfilled, a strike was launched from 4 March 1928.<ref name=":4" />{{Efn|Two workers had declared a strike of their own volition; the Union helped spread the strike.<ref name=":4" />}} The Corporation responded by implementing a host of repressive measures—picketers were physically assaulted and even blacklisted from accessing public services including latrines—and refused to accord legitimacy to the union until the un-cleared wastes threatened to foment an epidemic in the city; Dasgupta characterized the Corporation and its men as "oppressors".<ref name=":4" />

The strike broke on 9 March as the Corporation reluctantly sanctioned a salary hike of 1 Rupee; additionally, the Mayor promised to not retaliate against the picketers.<ref name=":4" /> However, as police cases were not withdrawn, a renewed strike was launched on 25 June; Dasgupta was arrested for using abusive language against municipal employees who tried to break the strike.<ref name=":4" />{{Efn|Notably, in April, the Swarajists were voted out of power, and their press reported on the second strike favourably.<ref name=":4" /> Nonetheless, Sarkar notes that the demands of the scavengers failed to attract much scrutiny; they were not among the taxpayers, had no right to vote, and held no electoral power.<ref name=":4" />}} The Corporation yet again turned a blind eye until the sewers overflowed and an enraged public demanded the issue to be sorted; the strike finally ended on 5 July with fresh commitments of non-retaliation.<ref name=":4" />

=== Bengal Jute Workers' Union ===
The Bengal Jute Workers' Union (BJWU) was formed in late 1928 out of a merger between the Bengal Jute Workers' Association, which had come up in present-day [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], and the Chengail and Bauria Jute Workers' Union, which had a foothold in [[Howrah]] and [[Budge Budge]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sailer |first=Anne |title=Workplace relations in Colonial Bengal: The Jute Industry and Indian Labour 1870s–1930s |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2022 |chapter='Various Paths Are Today Opened' – working-class politics and the general strike of 1929}}</ref> BJWU quickly became among the two significant trade unions in the [[jute mill]] sector in Bengal alongside the [[Kankinarah Labour Union]] (KLU), noted for its moderate stances and fervent opposition to Communism.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

In May 1929, Dasgupta—by then, a leading figure in the activist circles in Calcutta—was elected as the president of BJWU; the election was necessitated by the colonial government choosing to arrest [[Kalidas Bhattacharya]], the founder-president of the Union, for alleged involvement in [[Meerut Conspiracy Case|a communist conspiracy to overthrow the government]].<ref name=":3" /> In the same election, [[Kali Kumar Sen]] was elected the chairman; a leading Communist and member of WPP, Sen eschewed a more radical brand of politics than Dasgupta leading to factional rivalry within the Union.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

==== Jute mill strike (1929) ====
In July 1929, as the Indian Jute Mills Association (IJMA) increased mandatory work hours and decreased bonuses, workers began defying the management by refusing to work beyond the old requirements and then launched total strikes.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Goswami |first=Omkar |date=1987 |title=Multiple Images: Jute Mill Strikes of 1929 and 1937 Seen through Other's Eyes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312642 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=547–583 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00009203 |jstor=312642 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Rumours of an increase in work time had been rife for months, and the unions had met as early as May when Dasgupta and others, unlike Sen, rejected striking in favour of a discussion-based approach.<ref name=":3" /> Even in mid-July, Dasgupta resisted the idea of a strike and urged strikers to resume work, later agreeing to a compromise of reduced output without a formal strike; this plan, however, failed as the mill owners dismissed the underperforming workers.<ref name=":3" />

As tensions increased, sometime around late July, Dasgupta expressed her support—out of compulsion or not{{efn|Dasgupta's decision, undoubtedly, was precipitated to some extent by an attempt to not cede ground to the increasing communist radicalization of BJWU;<ref name=":2" /> for example, KLU, which continued to advocate a moderate response—choosing to characterize the strikes as the handiwork of political disruptors, urging the workers to call off strikes, and even trying to break picket lines—lost its entire base by August.<ref name=":2" /> However, at the same time, BJWU's initial forays into convincing the workers around Titagarh to strike was unsuccessful and there were remarkably strong anti-strike sentiments.<ref name=":3" /> Thus, concludes Sailer, the strikes, "rather than being triggered by workers' agency ''or'' trade unionists' activities, ... emerged precisely within the tension between the trade union activity and workers' agency."}}—for a full-blown strike; in the next few days, Sen, [[Bankim Mukherjee]], and other colleagues from BJWU utilized the existing networks of communist labour activists to spread the call throughout the jute belt and integrate local strikes under its purview.<ref name=":3" /> However, Dasgupta maintained a politically mellower stance than her rival, Sen, throughout.<ref name=":3" /> Anne Sailer, a labour historian of Colonial Bengal, notes that while the latter's public addresses invoked the vocabulary of [[class conflict]], Dasgupta's were predicated on honour, responsibility, and solidarity; supporters routinely introduced her as the caring Mother of the workers and even deified her as [[Lakshmi]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

Finally, on 3 August, Dasgupta publicly called for a general strike in Jagatdal and [[Titagarh]] to commence from two days later.<ref name=":3" />{{Efn|Sailer suggests two reasons for the choice of the place and the date — (1) Sen had been arrested only a couple of days before for agitating in a mill and incarcerated, and (2) communist networks were weaker in this region than the South.<ref name=":3" /> Thus, Dasgupta had an unprecedented chance to assert her command over BJWA and steer its politics.<ref name=":3" />}} By 6 August, several mills across Kolkata and its immediate suburbs{{Efn|By 6 August, mills in Rishra, Kankinarah, Jagatdal, Titagarh, and Garden Reach has joined the strike.<ref name=":3" />}} had joined what was an unprecedented confrontation between the labouring class and industrialists; the strike even spread into areas where BJWU barely had any organizational hold.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> By mid-August, even the mills from the extremities—Uluberia, Budge Budge, Bauria, etc.—had joined in though often with unique—and even opposing—demands that didn't find a place in the strike's official agenda, set by Dasgupta.<ref name=":0" /> Omkar Goswami, a historian of the jute economy in colonial Bengal, notes "intensive picketing, processions of bands of workers carrying red flags, and extensive distribution of radically worded pamphlets and posters printed on red" to have become routine as about 3 million labourers refused to join work until their demands were met with.<ref name=":2" />

As the strike prolonged, the state drew blame for the poor condition of the workers and anti-colonialism became an integral part of the protest; further, the strike began to spread across other industries, forcing the government to intervene.<ref name=":3" /> Despite not being a registered trade union, BJWU was invited to participate in a tripartite meeting with the IJMA, KLU, and the government labour officer, in what was a significant political victory for the nascent organization; Dasgupta represent BJWU in the negotiations.<ref name=":3" /> On 16 October, a settlement was reached with the IJMA agreeing to raise pay in proportion to increased work hours, restore earlier bonus schemes, provide maternity benefits, and refrain from retaliating against strikers; Dasgupta called off the strike.<ref name=":3" />

==== Aftermath and Expulsion ====
Most of Dasgupta's colleagues were unaware of her negotiations and the strikers had rejected an informal offer—roughly the same as the one she later accepted—from IJMA only days earlier; moreover, the settlement failed to address issues specific to individual mills.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />{{efn|Sailer views Dasgupta to have taken an easy route out to avoid the union losing control over the strike.<ref name=":3" />}} Also, unknown to almost all workers, wage increases had never figured in the strike’s formal demands; on 20 August, when workers in Champdani protested the settlement and demanded better wages, she refused support and asked them to wait till the union was better organized, leading to renewed strikes.<ref name=":3" /> In some areas, workers heckled BJWU leaders and even demanded a week's wages from the union since the accepted settlement mirrored what has been informally proposed earlier; in other areas, the implementation of the settlement was delayed, and workers took to striking again.<ref name=":3" />

On 25 August, Dasgupta was expelled for alleged "high-handedness" in agreeing to the settlement without engaging in any discussion with fellow unionists, and in what was described as a Communist takeover, Sen took over the mantle of BJWU.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> Dasgupta promptly founded the Bengal Jute Workers’ Association (BJWA) with [[Bakar Ali Mirza]] and Nripendra Chaudhuri, and became its president.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Bengal Jute Workers' Association ===
From around 1930, the trade union movement became fragmented as the two rival unions began to exercise dominance over different areas — BJWU in North 24 Parganas, BJWA in the South, BJWU maintained its stronghold, while in Hooghly neither had a base and a group of revolutionary terrorists held sway.<ref name=":3" /> This meant that the possibility of general strikes remained feeble and labor militancy rarely transcended local disputes;<ref name=":3" /> further, the sharp increase in unemployment during the first half of the 1930s vastly circumscribed the scope of labor politics.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Sailer |first=Anne |title=Workplace relations in Colonial Bengal: The Jute Industry and Indian Labour 1870s–1930s |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2022 |chapter=‘Fight to finish’ – labour conflicts in the Bengal Jute Belt in the 1930s}}</ref>

In early March, Dasgupta had called for a one-day strike in the mills around Jagatdal and Titagarh to compel the IJMA into negotiating better salaries with the workers.<ref name=":3" /> However, BJWA lost control over the workers with the strike continuing till the end of the month and ending up in clashes with the police; further, it was unsuccessful, with the workers being compelled to resume work unconditionally.<ref name=":3" /> In November 1932, Dasgupta organized another round of strikes; they were again unsuccessful with about 300 picketers being laid off.<ref name=":5" />

=== Retirement ===
Sometime around 1933, Dasgupta permanently withdrew from politics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Samita |date=2021-03-04 |title=Gender and the Politics of Class: Women in Trade Unions in Bengal |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=362–379 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2021.1888190 |issn=0085-6401|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Dasgupta married Bakar Ali Mirza, a fellow trade-Unionist and then-general Secretary of the Bengal Jute Workers Association.<ref name=":1" /> Little is known about their married life; they did not have children.<ref name=":1" /> [[Swapan Dasgupta]], a leading intellectual of the Hindu Right in India, is her great-nephew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Declassify Netaji files to arrest wild speculation |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/columnists/declassify-netaji-files-to-arrest-wild-speculation.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Sarkar notes Dasgupta to have belonged to a generation of avant-garde women—from privileged backgrounds—in inter-War Calcutta who defied{{efn|Such a defiance drew both sympathy—from the Nationalists who, for example, were horrified at a young educated lady working for social upliftment being arrested by the Police—and ire—from the conservative press who took umbrage at a Baidya woman intermingling with the [[Untouchables (caste)|untouchables]]—in contemporary society.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />}} the social norms of the time as much out of a personal desire to revolt as due to a commitment to leftist political ideology even if not espousing a definite political affiliation.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> [[Samita Sen]] notes her to be one of the very few women who took part in the trade unionist movement in colonial Bengal.<ref name=":1" />

Recollecting her life in 1968, Dasgupta however rejected having engaged in any "trade union movement" ever and claimed to have acted merely out of humanist instincts;<ref name=":2" /> the mills and its localities were like her ''[[zamindar]]i'' (fiefdom), and she had supposedly banned communists from even entering the areas.<ref name=":2" />

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Prabhabati}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]

Baghmara, Meghalaya

2026-02-14T10:40:01Z

VirgilBugnion41: new

{{Other places|Baghmara (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more references|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baghmara
| native_name = Wa'gesik
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Baghmara, South Garo Hills.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Baghmara Town
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Meghalaya, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2089793|N|90.6284523|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Garo Hills district|South Garo Hills]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Balman A Sangma (Bong)
| named_for = The fight between Bong Lasker and a Bengal Tiger
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13131
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Regional
| demographics1_info1 = [[Garo language|Garo]] & [[Atong language (Sino-Tibetan)| Atong ]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 794 102
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 03639
| registration_plate = ML-09
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baghmara''' (IPA: ˌbægˈmɑ:rə) is the headquarters of the [[South Garo Hills]] district in the state of [[Meghalaya]] in [[India]]. The place is bordered by the [[Mymensingh Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and is about 113 km from [[Tura, India|Tura]], 248 km from [[Guwahati]], and 287 km from state capital [[Shillong]]. The [[Someshwari River]], also known as the [[Simsang River|Simsang]] in the [[Garo language|Garo]] language, flows through its expanse and is also covered in hills and tracts along the way. This southern part of the Garo Hills region has several tourist spots and is a tourist destination for both domestic and international tourists.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

The [[Siju Cave]] is about 45 km away and to get to Siju, one needs to go through Baghmara. The [[Balphakram National Park]] is 66 km away and one needs to pass through this town to get there. The modes of transport is limited to buses and jeeps. This place is known for its fish dishes and has a historical sea trading connection with Bangladesh.{{fact|date=August 2025}} It is also the native place of the first Chief Minister of Meghalaya [[Williamson A. Sangma|Captain Williamson Sangma]] and he always represented [[Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency|Baghmara constituency]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

This place is home to the carnivorous [[pitcher plant]] and has the [[Baghmara Pitcher Plant Wildlife Sanctuary|Pitcher plant sanctuary]] located at Dilsa Hill colony of Baghmara.

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2021}}
The name "Baghmara" derived from the fight that took place between [[Bong Lasker]] and a wild [[Bengal tiger]] where he killed the tiger by crushing the jaws. Hence, the name Baghmara, where, ''bagh'' means "tiger" and ''mara'' means "died". To remember Bong Lasker, a tomb was built in the heart of Baghmara town. This place was previously known as "Barokar", which means 12 streams. Here "Baro" or "বারো" meaning 12 is also a বাংলা word and "kar" or কার meaning stream in Bangla.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|work= |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Baghmara had a population of 8643. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Baghmara has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 55% of the males and 45% of females literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. AS per [[2011 Census of India]], the population of Baghmara municipality has increased to 13,131 persons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801539-baghmara-meghalaya.html|title=Census 2011 - Baghmara, Meghalaya|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 Nov 2018}}</ref>

==Tourism==
1. Wari Chora - This river canyon lies inside the jungle of South Garo Hills was undiscovered until 2022. A social media trend made the place popular and has led to an inflow of both domestic and international tourists.{{fact|date=August 2025}} To visit this place one has to come first to Guwahati and then hire a cab and travel to South Garo Hills district and stay for a night where homestays and guest houses are plentily available.{{fact|date=August 2025}} Then the next day, one has to do an arduous one hour or more trekking down the hill to the spot and finally hire a boat to access it.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

2. Balpakram National Park - The Garos, mostly non-Christians, believe this place to be the resting place of the departed souls. It was inaugurated as a National Park in December 1987 which hosts various wildlife species ranging from Bengal Tiger, Elephants, Civets, Serows, etc. and due to the presence of such endangered animals it was made a protected area under Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

3. Siju Cave - Considered one of the longest cave in India with a spanning length of 25 km, it was explored by speleologists Prem Chopra and Stanley kemp in 1922. Locally, it is known as 'Do•bakkol' which means Bat Cave where hundreds of bats call the cave home. Other than bats there are other Troglobites deep inside of it.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Localities ==
Baghmara is the headquarters of Baghmara block in South Garo Hills district. Populated places within the block include:

* [[Malikona]]
* [[Bolsalgre]]
* [[Rangdokram]]
* [[Konagittim]]
* [[Bolsal A·ding]]
* [[A·sim Chiring]]
* [[Do·pa Grang]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/baghmara.html

{{Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Geography of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South Garo Hills district]]

Amravati River

2026-02-10T17:39:13Z

VirgilBugnion41: done

{{Short description|Legendary ancient river in Mithila}}
{{Distinguish|Amaravati River}}
[[File:Amarawati river prawah path,Sarisabpahi.jpg|thumb|The remains of the path of the legendary river Amravati at [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]] village in [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Bihar]].]]
'''Amravati river''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: अमरावती नदी) is a legendary former river in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. In the ancient period, it was flowing through the village of [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]]. The archaeologists involved in the exploration of the river have estimated it to be more than 4000 years old. According to legend, the river existed in [[Ramayana]] during the [[Rama's Journey in Mithila|journey of Lord Rama in Mithila]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=मधुबनी में अमरावती नदी का उद्गम स्थल, प्राचीन सभ्यता और इतिहास का साक्षी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/madhubani-this-place-in-madhubani-is-the-origin-of-amravati-river-elements-are-found-even-today-local18-8938608.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=प्राचीन काल के अमरावती नदी स्थल से पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य मिलने की संभावना बढ़ी - प्राचीन काल के अमरावती नदी स्थल से पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य मिलने की संभावना बढ़ी - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-bgdsrbg-21550546.html |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> During the period of [[Nanyadeva|King Nanyadeva]] of [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] in Mithila, a city named ''Amravati'' was also established near the bank of the river.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Ajaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XdjAAAAMAAJ |title=Mahāmahopādhyāya Ḍô. Sara Gaṅgānātha Jhā kī sārasvata-sādhanā kā adhyayana |date=1995 |publisher=Nāga Prakāśaka |isbn=978-81-7081-315-6 |language=hi}}</ref> In the early times, many rivers flowing in the Mithila region either dried up or merged over time. The Amravati river is one which dried up over a time in the early days. Presently in the Isapur village of the Madhubani district, the remains of the path of flow of the legendary Amravati river still exists. It is believed to be the origin place of the Amravati river. According to the archaeologists, the remains of ancient civilization have been found in the Isapur village.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Amaravati River, Sarisabpahi.jpg|thumb|Flow path of the Amravati River]]In the ancient times when the Amravati river was live and water was flowing in it, then [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]] used to be a major trading center. The trading centre of Sarisab Pahi was called Hate Bazaar. Presently that place is known as Hati. On the eastern bank of the river there were two ''tols'' namely ''Thatheri Tol'' and ''Darji Tol''. These two locations are presently situated in the western panchayat of the Sarisab Pahi village. There is a Hindu temple known as ''Siddheshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir'' on the bank of the river. It is said that the merchants used to worship here daily before starting their business.<ref name=":2" />

== Legends ==
According to legend, the existence of the river Amravati is mentioned in [[Ramayana]] and different [[Puranas]]. It was a sacred river on the bank of which several sages and deities did worship and meditations. According to the [[Varaha Purana]], during the migration of ''Balbhadra'' in Mithila, he stayed near the bank of this river. Balbhadra was the grandfather of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]]. He meditated and worshiped ''Goddess Siddheshwari Devi'' here. It is also mentioned in the Mithila Khanda of the text [[Skanda Purana]]. In the village of [[Sarisav Pahi|Sarisab Pahi]] near the dead river, there is still the temple of Goddess Siddheshwari Devi believed to be established by Balbhadra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhā |first=Lakṣmīnātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GkcAAAAMAAJ |title=Mithilā kī sāṃskr̥tika lokacitrakalā |date=1999 |publisher=Mitranātha Jhā |pages=27 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
[[File:Mata Siddheswari Mandir,Sarisabpahi.jpg|thumb|The present temple of Goddess Siddheshwari Devi at Sarisab Pahi]]Similarly it is also said that when the Prince [[Rama]] of [[Ayodhya]] was going towards [[Janakpur]] to participate in the [[Sita Swayamvara]], he took a bath in the river and after that he started his further [[Rama's Journey in Mithila|journey towards Janakpur]].<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
During the period of King [[Ballāla Sena|Ballal Sen]] of the [[Sena dynasty|Sen Dynasty]] in Bengal, some major parts of the Mithila region were annexed to his empire. Sarisab Pahi was then a prosperous city, so it would also be annexed into the empire. The Indian Gazette published in 1960 by Lasso Mela, mentioned Sarisab Pahi as a major trading centre. It is said that a special type of salt known as ''oos'' was abundantly found here. It was used for making items like gunpowder. Similarly, items made of ''Sikki'' and sound producing items were major items traded here. During the period of around 1320 A.D. to 1326 A.D, the trade in the city of Amravati was at its peak. In this period, some external invaders attacked the city. They looted ''Hate Bazar'' and destroyed the trading centre of the city. Many traders were killed and some ran away.<ref name=":2" />

The remains of high mounds known as [[Dih (archaeology)|dih]] of the above-mentioned business centres situated on the banks of Amravati river still exist. These remains are situated along Isapur-[[Sankorth]]. Some archaeological remains items like pots, coins and bricks, etc. have been excavated from the dihas like ''Sato Dih'', ''[[Minakshi (Manki)|Manki]] Dih'' and the above-mentioned places and these are kept safely in the museum of [[Saurath Sabha|Saurath]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Mythological rivers]]
[[Category:Former rivers]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]

Arthur Llewellyn Basham

2026-01-29T02:54:36Z

VirgilBugnion41: enhance article for clarity

{{Short description|British historian and Indologist (1914–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arthur Llewellyn Basham
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=AUS|FAHA|size=100%}}
| image = MyGurujiCover.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|05|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Loughton]], [[Essex]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|01|27|1914|05|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for = noted historian and [[Indologist]]
| education = [[School of Oriental and African Studies]]
| employer =
| occupation = Historian, Educationalist
| title =
| height =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse = Namita Catherine
| partner =
| children = 1
| parents =
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| signature =
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Arthur Llewellyn Basham''' {{Post-nominals|country=AUS|FAHA}} (24 May 1914 – 27 January 1986) was a British historian, [[Indologist]] and author. As a professor at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[London]] in the 1950s and the 1960s, he taught a number of famous historians of India, including professors [[Nemai Sadhan Bose]], [[Awadh Kishore Narain]], [[Ram Sharan Sharma]], [[Romila Thapar]], and [[V. S. Pathak]] and [[Thomas R. Trautmann]] and [[David Lorenzen]].

==Early life==
Arthur Llewellyn Basham was born on 24 May 1914, in [[Loughton]], [[Essex]], the son of Abraham Arthur Edward Basham and Maria Jane Basham née Thompson.<ref>Diane Langmore, Darryl Benne, ''Australian Dictionary of Biography: Volume 17 1981–1990 A-K, Volume 17'', p71, The Miegunyah Press, 1 April 2009</ref> Although an only child, he grew up in Essex with his adopted sister, who was in fact his cousin on his father's side. His father had been a journalist who served in the Indian Army at [[Kasauli]], near [[Shimla|Simla]] during [[World War I]], and it was the stories that his father told him about [[India]] that first introduced him to the culture of the country to which he would devote his professional career.<ref>Sachindra Kumar Maity, ''Professor A.L. Basham, My Guruji and Problems and Perspectives of Ancient Indian History and Culture'', page 3, 1997, (Abhinav Publications: India)</ref> His mother was also a journalist and short story writer further instilling a love of language and literature. As a child, he was also introduced to music and learnt to play the piano to a high standard, writing a number of his own compositions by the age of sixteen.

Basham developed a keen interest in religion which began with the [[Christianity]] he was brought up with and then extended into [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Islam]]. He went on to take a BA in [[Sanskrit]] from the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] ("SOAS") and then worked in the Civil Defence Department during [[World War II]].<ref name="Sachindra Kumar Maity page 4">Sachindra Kumar Maity, ''Professor A.L. Basham, My Guruji and Problems and Perspectives of Ancient Indian History and Culture'', page 4, 1997, (Abhinav Publications: India)</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Group Photograph showing T. V. Venkatachala Sastry with A. L. Basham (1956).jpg|thumb|left|Group Photograph showing [[T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]] (first from right) and [[H. M. Nayak]] (third from right) with A. L. Basham (third from left) during a meet at University of Mysore.]]
After the war he returned to [[SOAS]] and began researching for a [[PhD]] under Professor [[Lionel Barnett|L.D. Barnett]]. For his research into the ''"History and Doctrines of the [[Ājīvika|Ajivikas]]"'' he received a scholarship. He became a lecturer in 1948, attained the PhD in 1950, became a [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in 1954, and in 1958 was promoted to [[Professorship]]. When the Head of the Department of History, Professor [[Cyril Philips|C. H. Philips]], was promoted to the Directorship of SOAS, Professor Basham became the Head of History, a position he kept until 1965 when he joined the [[Australian National University]] ("ANU") in [[Canberra]] as Head of the History Department and Professor of [[Oriental]] (later Asian) Civilizations.<ref name="Sachindra Kumar Maity page 4" /> He was a Foundation Fellow of the [[Australian Academy of the Humanities]] in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our history |url=https://humanities.org.au/about/our-history/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Australian Academy of the Humanities |language=en-AU}}</ref>

A reminiscence contributed by an unidentified URL in 2014 states :''As an undergrad at ANU in the 1970s I well remember attending his Asian Civilizations lectures in the HC Coombs lecture theatre. One morning in 1974 we noticed that an upright piano had been left from a performance the previous evening. Upon arrival for his lecture, Prof Basham calmly strolled over to the piano, sat down and played the most beautiful Chopin for five minutes or so. A standing ovation from his students followed. I can still see him striding across the campus, pipe-in-mouth, forty years later.''

After retiring from ANU in 1979, Basham accepted a series of one year visiting professorships with various universities. Basham was one of the first western historians to critically gauge the impact of [[Swami Vivekananda]] from a global perspective. His well-known comment about Vivekananda that "in centuries to come, he will be remembered as one of the main moulders of the modern world," is quoted frequently in appreciations and tributes of Vivekananda. Basham was appointed Swami Vivekananda Professor in Oriental Studies at the Asiatic Society of Calcutta in September 1985. He died in [[Calcutta]] in [[India]] in 1986. An annual public lecture series is given at the ANU in his memory.

==Books==
Possibly his most popular book is ''[[The Wonder That was India]]'' (Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1954) – published seven years after the 1947 Independence of India. Revised editions of the book were released in 1963 and then 1967. Rupa & Co, New Delhi brought out a paperback edition in 1981. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London, brought out a paperback edition in 1985. By 2001, the paperback version was in its 37th edition. Amazon.com staff review/book description reads "most widely used introduction to Indian civilization. Although first published in 1954, it has remained a classic interpretation." In the book he states that "man can escape from 'Law of Gravity' as well as 'passage of Time' but not from his deeds".

Basham also wrote ''History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas'', which was based on his dissertation advised by L. D. Barnett.

== Works by others ==
Several of his key papers on Hinduism were edited as the book ''The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism'' by Kenneth G. Zysk.

A book about Basham, written by Sachindra Kumar Maity (published 1997, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|81-7017-326-4}}) is entitled ''Professor A.L. Basham, My Guruji and Problems and Perspectives of Ancient Indian History and Culture''. The book includes 80 of Basham's letters addressed to the author. [[Thomas R. Trautmann]], a professor for history and anthropology at the University of Michigan, dedicated his book ''Aryans and British India'' (1997, University of California Press) 'In memory of A. L. Basham, British Sanskritist historian of India, guru, friend'.

==Bibliography==
;Books
* ''The History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas: a Vanished Indian Religion'', London, 1951, {{ISBN|9788120812048}}
* ''[[The Wonder that was India]]'', London, 1954, {{ISBN|9780330439091}}
* ''Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka'', Leiden, 1968, {{ISBN|9789004001510}}
* ''A Cultural History of India'' (editor), Oxford, 1975, {{ISBN|978-0195639216}}

He also revised [[Vincent Arthur Smith]]'s ''Oxford History of India'' with [[Mortimer Wheeler]] in 1958.<ref name=kb>{{cite journal|last1=Ballhatchet|first1=Kenneth|title=A. L. Basham|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|date=October 1986|volume=49|issue=3|pages=561–562|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00045122|jstor=609067|doi-access=free}}</ref>

;Papers
* {{cite journal|last1=Basham|first1=A. L.|title=Harṣa of Kashmir and the Iconoclast Ascetics|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|date=October 1948|volume=12|issue=3–4|pages=140–145|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00083269}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Basham|first1=A. L.|title=Recent Work on the Indus Civilization|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|date=February 1949|volume=13|issue=1|pages=140–145|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00081891}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Basham|first1=A.L.|title=A New Study of the Śaka-Kuṣāṇa Period|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|date=1953|volume=15|issue=1|pages=80–97|jstor=608886|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00087279}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Basham|first1=A.L.|title=The Succession of the Line of Kaniṣka|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|date=February 1957|volume=20|pages=77–88|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00061693}}
* Basham, A. L. (1981) "The Evolution of the Concept of Bodhisattva" in ''The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism,''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie Kawamura.|title=Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism.|date=2006|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|isbn=0-88920-748-8|location=Waterloo, CANADA|oclc=964358428}}</ref> Edited by Kawamura, Leslie S., Waterloo, Ont: Published for the Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion/Corporation canadienne des sciences religieuses by Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1981. ("Papers presented at the Calgary Buddhism conference, Sept. 18–21, 1978, sponsored by the Religious Studies Dept., Faculty of Humanities, University of Calgary"), {{ISBN|9780919812123}}, {{OCLC|781433516}}

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050615003611/http://asianstudies.anu.edu.au/wiki/index.php/Basham_Lectures Basham lectures at the Australian National University]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basham, Arthur Llewellyn}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Loughton]]
[[Category:Academics of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:English Indologists]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:English historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian historians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Australian National University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People associated with Shillong]]

Kamta-Rajaula State

2026-01-03T20:59:10Z

VirgilBugnion41: basic corrected references for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Princely state in British India (1812–1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = कामता-राजुला रियासत
|conventional_long_name =Kamta-Rajaula State
|common_name =Kamta-Rajaula
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Jagir|Princely Estate]] (Jagir)
|era =
|year_start = 1812
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Kothi-Bhaisunda map.jpg
|image_map_caption =The area of the Chaube Jagirs in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 = 34
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 1,232
|footnotes =
}}
'''Kamta-Rajaula''' was a [[Princely states of India|princely state]] in India during the [[British Raj]].

==History==
It was one of the [[Chaube Jagirs]], part of the [[Bagelkhand Agency]] which was merged into the Indian state of [[Vindhya Pradesh]] in 1948.

Kamta-Rajaula was a place of pilgrimage, for according to legend it was one of the places where [[Rama]] had been.<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]].'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908</ref> The capital was the village of Rajaula, located at 15 km from [[Karwi]] railway station.

==Rulers==
The rulers of Kamta-Rajaula were titled 'Rao'.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Indian Princely States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rulers.org/indstat2.html|title=Indian states before 1947 K-W|website=www.rulers.org|access-date=2019-08-20}}</ref>
===Raos===
* 1812 - 1874 Gopal Lal
* 1874 - 1892 Bharat Prasad
* 1892 - 1906 Ram Prasad
* 1906 - 1946 Radha Kishan
* 1946 - 1947 Rajiv Nandan Prasad

==See also==
* [[Bundelkhand Agency]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25|11|N|80|51|E|region:IN_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{MP Princely States}}
[[Category:Satna district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{India-PrincelyState-stub}}

Abhilasha (actress)

2026-01-02T14:12:55Z

VirgilBugnion41: quick fix information per standard format further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Other uses|Abhilasha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhilasha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| party =
| yearsactive = 1988–1992
| other_names =
}}

'''Abhilasha''' is an Indian actress from [[Karnataka]], who was active in the [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film industry]], especially in the [[Malayalam cinema]] in the late 1980s. Known for her [[Sex in film|erotic]] roles, Abhilasha was a key figure in the [[Malayalam softcore pornography|Malayalam softcore films]] of her time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 9, 2009 |title=Former sleaze queen's smart move |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/former-sleaze-queens-smart-move/articleshow/22198962.cms |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> She acted in about nearly 40 Malayalam softcore films and is considered as one of the forerunners of this genre in Malayalam. She got her breakthrough with ''[[Adipapam]]'' (1988), which is regarded as the first successful Malayalam film with [[Softcore pornography|softcore]] [[nudity]]. Other than Malayalam, Abhilasha has also acted in around 80 films in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannanur |first=Sunil |date=2019-10-22 |title=ബി ഗ്രേഡ്‌ സിനിമകളും ചില കാണാക്കാഴ്ചകളും – Part 1 {{!}} PravasiExpress |url=https://www.pravasiexpress.com/behind-b-grade-movies-detailed-study-part-1/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Biography==
Abhilasha entered the film industry as a teenager in the 1987 [[Malayalam softcore pornography|Malayalam softcore]] film ''Jungle Boy''. In 1988, she got her breakthrough with ''[[Adipapam]]'' (Original sin) directed by [[P. Chandrakumar]]. In this Malayalam softcore film set against the backdrop of the [[Bible]], she also appeared nude.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Urbee |date=2018-10-05 |title=[VoxSpace Selects] The Sex Quotient : Women In The South Indian Soft Porn Industry |url=https://www.voxspace.in/2018/10/05/south-indian-soft-porn-industry/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=VoxSpace |language=en-US}}</ref> Regarded as the first successful Malayalam softcore film with nudity, it was commercially successful at the box office and grossed ₹2.5 crore against a budget of ₹7.5 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: Sleaze time, folks! |url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> The success of Adipapam made her one of the most sought B-grade actress of that time. Many soft porn films came in Malayalam in later years with Abhilasha as heroine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mini |first=Darshana Sreedhar |date=2016 |title=The Spectral Duration of Malayalam Soft-porn: Disappearance, Desire, and Haunting |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0974927616667971 |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=127–150 |doi=10.1177/0974927616667971 |s2cid=193768554 |issn=0974-9276 |via=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> P. Chandrakumar then directed six films such as ''Kalpana House'', ''Rathibhavam'' with Abhilasha as the heroine. Most of these films were successful at the box office. Abhilasha is believed to have quit acting in the early 1990s with her marriage to Kannada film director Kabiraj among the other reasons.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|1986
|''Jawani Ki Kahani''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Jungle Boy (1987 film)|Jungle Boy]]''
|Geetha
|Malayalam
|Debut Film
|-
|1987
|''[[Kalarathrilo Kannepilla]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Kachchi Kali]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1987
|''Jawani Ke Jalwe''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Naranatattu]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Adipapam]]''
|Eve
|Malayalam
|Breakthrough Film
|-
|1988
|''[[Kanana Sundari]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1988
|''Sapno Ki Rani''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Layanam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Kalpana House]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Rathibhavam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Thadavarayile Rajakkanmar]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Kanoon Apna Apna]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Khuli Khidki]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Chuvanna Kannukal]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Aalasyam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Enquiry]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1990
|''Urvashi''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Rosa I love you]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1990
|''Kamsin Haseena''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1990
|''Intezar Ki Raatein''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1990
|''Anantha Prema''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]''
|
|Tamil
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Mahassar]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Vashyam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1991
|''Shaadi Aur Barbadi''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1991
|''Ang Lagaa Le''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1991
|''Iduve Jeevana''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Chuvappu Thaalam]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Rathachakram]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1992
|''Pyaar Ka Maza''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Ondu Cinema Kathe]]''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|1993
|''Pyaar Ki Jalan''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1993
|''Paadhukappu''
|
|Tamil
|
|-
|1993
|''Athiradi Abilasha''
|
|Tamil
|
|-
|1994
|''Aakhri Mohabbat''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1995
|''Lady Killer''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Kaduva Thoma]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1999
|''Vajra Kote''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|2000
|''Tiger Padmini''
|
|Kannada
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhilasha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Pornography in India]]

Rajamahendravaram bus station

2025-12-29T23:33:35Z

VirgilBugnion41: Creating new data!

{{Short description|Bus station in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Rajamahendravaram bus station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| type =
| style =
| image = File:Rajamahendravaram Bus station.jpg
| image_caption = Rajamahendravaram Bus Station entrance
| owned = [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]]
| operator =
| address = [[Rajamahendravaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0012|N|81.7894|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platforms =
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| code = RJY
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

[[File:Rajahmundry bus.jpg|thumb|Departure block]]
'''Rajamahendravaram bus station''' (formerly '''Rajahmundry bus station''') is a bus station located in [[Rajahmundry]] city of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is owned by [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/infrastructure.aspx |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 March 2016 |archive-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116070338/http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/infrastructure.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is one of the major bus stations in the state, with services to all the cities and towns in the state and to other states like [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Telangana]]. It is one of the few stations equipped with 5G Internet service.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/5g-wifi-service-launched/article7505242.ece|title=5G Wi-Fi service launched|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2015}}</ref>

==Expansion works==

Station expansion works are proceeding while the city runs city buses from 2017 as the second phase of launching city buses in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-01-30/Buses-to-roll-out-in-the-city/276963|title=Buses to roll out in the city|date=30 January 2017|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Rajahmundry bus station}}
{{reflist}}

{{Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Transport in Rajahmundry]]

{{India-transport-stub}}

Patnazi

2025-12-21T05:52:56Z

VirgilBugnion41:

{{short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patnazi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1/1
| image1 =Patnazi, Bunjwah, District Kishtwar.jpg
| caption1 = View Of [[Patnazi]] (A) Village
| image2 =Markazi Jamia Masjid Patnazi.png
| caption2 = Markazi Jamia Masjid [[Patnazi]] (A)
| image3 =Devigol Bunjwah.png
| caption3 = Popular Tourist Destination [[Devigol]]
}}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=170|frame-align=center|zoom=14|type=point|title=Patnazi|marker=Village|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Patnazi
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View Of [[Patnazi]] village, Markazi Jamia Masjid, and [[Devigol]]
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.1396186|N|75.9534320|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Kishtwar town
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|60|km|mi}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Jammu
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|220|km|mi}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5,212
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], Bunjwahi, Bhalessi, [[Gojri]], [[Kishtwari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182204
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Patnazi''' is a village in [[Bunjwah]] tehsil, [[Kishtwar district]], in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geoiq.io/places/Patnazi/Xqk2sdA6Uu|title=Patnazi | Village | GeoIQ|website=geoiq.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/4726-patnazi-jammu-and-kashmir.html|title=Patnazi Village Population - Kishtwar - Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> It is 55 km from [[Kishtwar]].
<ref>{{Cite web
|title=*Devigol: Nature's Serene Abode* - Kishtwar Tourism|url=https://kishtwartourism.com/Tourism#:~:text=*Devigol:%20Nature%27s%20Serene%20Abode*,restored%20health%20and%20well%2Dbeing.|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Devigol]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=21544 Saroori express grief over tragic incident at Devigol Patnazi - The News Now]
* [https://www.jammulinksnews.com/M/newsdet.aspx?q=299130 ADC Kishtwar distributes land passbooks among owners at Panchayat Patnazi-B - Jammu Links News]
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/girl-dies-in-encounter-sparking-protests/story-OGZYsDUR0rRrGeFc3rbAqN_amp.html Girl dies in encounter sparking protests - Hindustan Times]
* [https://universalnewstimeline.com/army-organises-medical-camp-at-patnazi Army organises medical camp at Patnazi]
* [https://www.facebook.com/TheChenabTimes/videos/amjad-hussain-keen-part-2-ep-12-on-kus-bani-koshur-karorpaetamjad-who-belongs-to/471085933633660/?locale=ms_MY Amjad Hussain Keen part 2 EP 12 on Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet]

[[Category:Villages in Kishtwar district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Radiated ratsnake

2025-12-16T04:07:19Z

VirgilBugnion41: updated details

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Coelognathus radiatus.jpg
| image_caption = ''C. radiatus'' in threat display
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Coelognathus
| species = radiatus
| authority = ([[F. Boie]], 1827)<ref>https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id58575/ (Retrieved Feb. 18, 2010.)</ref>
| synonyms =
*''Coluber radiatus'' BOIE 1827
*''Coluber radiatus'' SCHLEGEL 1837: 135
*''Coluber quadrifasciatus'' CANTOR 1839
*''Tropidonotus quinque'' CANTOR 1839
*''Coelognathus radiata'' FITZINGER 1843
*''Elaphis radiatus'' DUMÉRIL 1853
*''Plagiodon radiata'' DUMÉRIL 1853
*''Compsosoma radiatum'' DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 292
*''Elaphis (Compsosoma) radiatum'' BLEEKER 1857
*''Spilotes radiatus'' GÜNTHER 1858
*''Elaphis radiatus'' JAN 1863
*''Coluber radiatus'' BOULENGER 1894: 61
*''Coluber (Compsosoma) radiatus'' MÜLLER 1895: 203
*''Coluber radiatus'' WALL 1908: 327
*''Elaphe radiata'' BARBOUR 1912
*''Elaphe radiata'' POPE 1929
*''Coelognathus radiatus'' COCHRAN 1930
*''Elaphe radiata'' SMITH 1943
*''Elaphe radiata'' SCHULZ 1996: 219
*''Elaphe radiata'' MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 344
*''Elaphe radiata'' COX et al. 1998: 51
*''Elaphe radiata'' LAZELL et al. 1999
*''Elaphe radiata'' CHAN-ARD et al. 1999: 166
*''Coelognathus radiatus'' GUMPRECHT 2000
*''Coelognathus radiatus'' UTIGER et al. 2002
*''Elaphe radiata'' ZIEGLER 2002: 231
*''Coelognathus radiatus'' WINCHELL 2003
*''Coelognathus radiatus'' GUMPRECHT 2003
*''Elaphe radiata'' PAUWELS et al. 2003
*''Coelognathus radiata'' ZIEGLER et al. 2007
*''Elaphe radiatus'' MURTHY 2010
}}

'''''Coelognathus radiatus''''', commonly known as the '''radiated ratsnake''', '''copperhead rat snake''', or '''copper-headed trinket snake,''' is a nonvenomous<ref>{{cite web|title=Coelognathus radiatus (Boie, 1827)|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/278628|access-date=June 10, 2019|website=India Biodiversity Portal}}</ref> species of [[Colubridae|colubrid]] [[snake]].

== Temperament ==
These snakes are usually defensive in nature which makes it hard to catch or control them.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

== Common names ==
* German: ''Strahlennatter''
* English:
** Copperhead racer
** Copperhead rat snake
** Radiated rat snake
** Copper-headed trinket snake
* Thai: งูทางมะพร้าว,'' ngu taang mapao''
* Myanmar: ငန်းစောင်း
* Laos:ງູສາ
* Malay: Ular Rusuk Kerbau
* Bengali (Bangladesh): দুধরাজ (Dudhraj), আরবালি সাপ (Arbali sap)
* Vietnamese: rắn sọc dưa, rắn hổ ngựa

==Distribution==
[[File:Aggression on display.jpg|thumb|Copper-headed trinket, [[Nepal]]]]
*[[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]], [[Bangka Island|Bangka]], [[Borneo]]/[[Kalimantan]], [[Java]]), [[Bali]]
*[[Malaysia]] and [[Brunei]] ([[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]] and [[East Malaysia]]); Borneo,
*[[Singapore]] Island,
*[[Burma]] (Myanmar),
*[[Thailand]] (including [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]]), Koh Phangan

*[[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]],
*[[Japan]] ([[Ryukyu Islands]]),
*[[India]] ([[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[Miao people|Miao]] - [[Changlang district]], [[Chessa, Arunachal Pradesh|Chessa]], [[Chimpu]], [[Itanagar]] - [[Papum Pare district]]) [A. Captain, pers. comm.]),
*[[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]],
*South [[China]] ([[Fujian]], [[Yunnan]], [[Guangxi]], [[Guangdong]], [[Hong Kong]]),
*[[Nepal]]<ref>[http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Coelognathus&species=radiatus&search_param=%28%28genus%3D%27Coelognathus%27%2Cexact%29%29 ''Coelognathus radiatus'' (Boie, 1827)] The Reptile Database. (Retrieved 20 Sep. 2014)</ref>

Type locality: Java<ref>Boie, F. (1827). ''Bemerkungen über Merrem's Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien, 1. Lieferung: Ophidier. Isis van Oken, Jena,'' 20: 508-566</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{more footnotes|date=October 2017}}
* Barbour, Thomas (1912). Some Chinese Vertebrates: Amphibia and Reptilia. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative. ''Zoölogy'' 40 (4): 125-136
* Cantor, T. E. (1839). ''Spicilegium serpentium indicorum'' [part 1]. ''Proc. Zool. Soc.'' London 1839: 31-34
* Chan-ard, T.; Grossmann, W.; Gumprecht, A. & Schulz, K. D. (1999). ''Amphibians and reptiles of peninsular Malaysia and Thailand - an illustrated checklist.'' [bilingual English and German]. Bushmaster Publications, Würselen, Germany, 240 pp.
* Cox, Merel J.; Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Jarujin Nabhitabhata & Thirakhupt, Kumthorn (1998). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.'' Ralph Curtis Publishing, 144 pp.
* David, P. & Vogel, G. (1996). ''The snakes of Sumatra. An annotated checklist and key with natural history notes.'' Bücher Kreth, Frankfurt/M.
* Duméril, ANDRÉ MARIE CONSTANT (1853). ''Prodrome de la classification des reptiles ophidiens. Mém. Acad. Sci.,'' Paris, 23: 399-536
* Gumprecht, A. (2003). ''Anmerkungen zu den Chinesischen Kletternattern der Gattung Elaphe (sensu lato)'' Fitzinger 1833. ''Reptilia'' (Münster) 8 (6): 37-41
* Helfenberger, Notker (2001). Phylogenetic relationship of Old World Ratsnakes based on visceral organ topography, osteology, and allozyme variation. ''Russ. J. Herpetol.'' (Suppl.), 56 pp.
* Schmidt, D. (1983). ''Die Strahlennatter, Elaphe radiata (Schlegel). Elaphe'' 1983 (3): 33-36
* Schulz, Klaus-Dieter (1996). ''A monograph of the colubrid snakes of the genus Elaphe Fitzinger.'' Koeltz Scientific Books, 439 pp.
* Utiger, Urs, Notker Helfenberger, Beat Schätti, Catherine Schmidt, Markus Ruf and Vincent Ziswiler (2002). Molecular systematics and phylogeny of Old World and New World ratsnakes, Elaphe Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae). ''Russ. J. Herpetol.'' 9 (2): 105–124.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1005850}}

[[Category:Coelognathus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1827]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Snakes of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Snakes of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Snakes of Thailand]]
[[Category:Snakes of China]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Nepal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich Boie]]

Sindhu-Sauvīra

2025-11-26T03:46:33Z

VirgilBugnion41:

{{short description|Ancient people in the western South Asia}}
{{for|the kingdoms in the Ramayana and Mahabharata|Sindhu Kingdom|Sauvira Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Sindhu-Sauvīra
| common_name = Sindhu-Sauvīra
| today = Pakistan
| era = Iron Age India
| status =
| status_text =
| empire =
| government_type = Monarchy
| event_start =
| date_start =
| year_start = {{c.|1000 BCE}}
| event_end = Conquered by the [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| date_end =
| year_end = {{c.|518 BCE}}
| p1 =
| s1 = Hindush{{!}}{{center|{{transliteration|peo|Hiⁿdūš}} (Achaemenid Empire)}}
| image_map = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = The Sindhu-Sauvīra kingdom and the [[Mahajanapadas|Mahājanapada]]s in the Post Vedic period
| capital = [[Aror|Roruka]] or [[Aror|Vītabhaya]]/[[Aror|Vītībhaya]]
| common_languages = [[Prakrit]]s
| religion = [[Jainism]] and [[Historical Vedic Religion]]
| currency =
| leader1 =
| year_leader1 =
| title_leader =
}}
'''Sindhu-Sauvīra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|Sindhu-Sauvīra}}; [[Pali|Pāli]]: {{transliteration|pi|Sindhu-Sovīra}}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[Monarchy|kingdom]] of the lower [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] in western [[South Asia]] (present-day [[Sindh]]) whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The inhabitants of Sindhu were called the '''Saindhavas''', and the inhabitants of Sauvīra were called '''Sauvīrakas'''.

==Location==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| caption1 = Location of Sindhu-Sauvīra during the late Vedic period
| image3 = India 500 BCE.jpg
| caption3 = Location of Sindhu-Sauvīra with respect to the Mahājanapadas and within the Achaemenid Empire
| caption_align = center
| footer=
}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The territory of Sindhu-Sauvīra covered the lower [[Indus River|Indus]] Valley,<ref name="Raychaudhuri">{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |page=197 |isbn=}}</ref> with its southern border being the [[Indian Ocean]] and its northern border being the [[Punjab|Pañjāb]] around [[Multan|Multān]].{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 209]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 210]}}

Sindhu was the name of the inland area between the Indus River and the [[Sulaiman Mountains]], while Sauvīra was the name for the coastal part of the kingdom as well as the inland area to the east of the Indus river as far north as the area of modern-day Multan.{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 209]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 210]}}

The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was named Roruka and Vītabhaya or Vītībhaya, and corresponds to the mediaeval [[Aror|Arohṛ]] and the modern-day [[Rohri|Rohṛī]].{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 209]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 210]}}{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=501-502}}<ref name="Raychaudhuri"/> Roruka is mentioned in the Buddhist literature as a major trading center.<ref>Derryl N. MacLean (1989), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xxAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63 ''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''], p.63</ref>

==History==
Sindhu-Sauvira finds mention in [[Vedic period|Late Vedic]],<ref>Michael Witzel (1987), "On the localisation of Vedic texts and schools (Materials on Vedic Śākhās, 7)" in G. Pollet (ed.), ''India and the Ancient world. History, Trade and Culture before A.D. 650''</ref> early [[Buddhist literature|Buddhist]] and early [[Jain literature]].

===Kingdom===
During the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, the Sindhu-Sauvīra was ruled by a powerful king named Udāyana or Udrāyaṇa or Rudrāyaṇa by various sources.<ref name="Raychaudhuri"/>{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n83/mode/2up 66]}}{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 209]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 210]}} Udāyana was married to the princess Prabhāvatī, who was the daughter of [[Chetaka|Ceṭaka]], the consul of the powerful [[Vajjika League]] in north-east South Asia, and was herself thus the cousin of the 24th [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]] [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], himself the son of Chetaka's sister [[Trishala|Trisalā]].{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=388-464}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} Ceṭaka had become an adept of the teachings of his nephew Mahāvīra and adopted Jainism, thus making the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]] a bastion of Jainism, and the marriages of his daughters to various leaders, in turn, contributed to the spreading of Jainism across northern South Asia.{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n85/mode/2up 67]}}

Therefore, according to Jain sources, Udāyana converted to [[Jainism]] after hearing Mahāvīra preach at Vītabhya, and he abdicated his throne and became a Jain monk after installing his nephew by his sister, Keśīkumāra, as king of Sindhu-Sauvira, instead of his own son, Abhijitkumāra, who found asylum at the court of [[Ajatashatru|Kūṇika]], the governor of the [[Anga|Āṅgeya]] city of Campā for the count of the king of [[Magadha]].{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=501-502}}{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 209]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 210]}} However, Buddhist sources instead claim that Udrāyaṇa embraced Buddhism and was ordained by the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 209]-[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385/page/n227/mode/2up 210]}}

===Persian conquest===
{{main|Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|Hindush}}
In 518 BCE, Sindhu-Sauvīra was [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|conquered]] by the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Achaemenid Empire]]'s King of Kings, [[Darius the Great|Darius I]], after which it was organised into the satrapy (province) of [[Hindush|{{transliteration|peo|Hiⁿdūš}}]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=N. G. L. |editor2-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=D. M. |editor3-link=David Malcolm Lewis |editor4-last=Ostwald |editor4-first=M. |editor4-link=Martin Ostwald |author-last=Young |author-first=T. Cuyler |author-link= |date=1988 |chapter=The consolidation of the empire and its limits of growth under Darius and Xerxes |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=4 |url= |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=53–111 |isbn=978-0-521-22804-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=N. G. L. |editor2-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=D. M. |editor3-link=David Malcolm Lewis |editor4-last=Ostwald |editor4-first=M. |editor4-link=Martin Ostwald |author-last=Bivar |author-first=A. D. H. |author-link=David Bivar |date=1988 |chapter=The Indus Lands |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=4 |url= |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=194–210 |isbn=978-0-521-22804-6 }}</ref>

===Later history===
Roruka was probably the capital of the king Mousikanos, who was encountered by [[Alexander the Great]] while [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|sailing down the Indus in 326 BCE]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Allchin | first=F.R. | last2=Erdosy | first2=G. | title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-521-37695-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA292 | page=292}}</ref>

The Sauvīra people or country were mentioned in the [[Rudradaman I#Other facts|Junâgaḍh inscription of Rudradáman]] (150 CE).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fleet|first1=J.F.|title=Topographical List of the Brihat-Samhita|journal=The Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research|date=1893|volume=22|page=189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzVCAQAAMAAJ&q=sauvira&pg=PA189|access-date=13 September 2015|location=Bombay}}</ref>

Buddhist sites in Sindh are numerous, including a stupa at [[Mansura, Sindh|Brahmanabad (Mansura)]]; [[Siraj-ji-Takri|Sirah-ji-takri]] near [[Rohri]], [[Sukkur]]; [[Kahu-Jo-Darro|Kahu-Jo-Daro]] at [[Mirpur Khas]], [[Nawabshah]]; [[Sudheran-Jo-Thul]] near Hyderabad; [[Thul Mir Rukan]] stupa; [[Thul Hairo Khan (Buddhist Stupa)|Thul Hairo Khan Stupa]]; Bhaleel-Shah-Thul square stupas (5th–7th century A.D) at [[Dadu District|Dadu]], and Kot-Bambhan-Thul buddhist tower near [[Tando Muhammad Khan]]. In the 12th century king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] excavated an ancient [[Jivantasvami]] [[Mahavira]] image from the ruins of Vītabhaya-pattana, and brought it to be installed at a Jain temple in his capital city [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=U.P. | title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana | publisher=Abhinav Publications | issue=v. 1 | year=1987 | isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC&pg=PA37 | page = 37}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sindhis]]
*[[History of India]]
*[[History of Pakistan]]
*[[Gandhāra (kingdom)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Deo |first=Shantaram Bhalchandra |date=1956 |title=History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature |url= |location=[[Pune]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] |isbn=978-9-333-68377-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link= |date=1974 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=66 |isbn=978-8-120-80805-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sikdar |first=Jogendra Chandra |author-link= |date=1964 |title=Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra |url= |location=[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] |publisher=Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa |pages=388–464 |isbn= }}
{{refend}}

{{History of Sindh}}

[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Pakistan]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC]]

Vedantasara (of Sadananda)

2025-11-07T16:01:35Z

VirgilBugnion41: basic enhanced structure based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|15th century text by Sadananda}}
{{italic title}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''''Vedantasara''''', ''Essence of Vedanta'', is a 15th-century [[Advaita vedanta]] text{{sfn|Nikhilananda|1931}} written by [[Sadananda (of Vedantasara)|Sadananda]] Yogendra Saraswati.

==Authorship==
Its author, [[Sadananda (of Vedantasara)|Sadananda]] Yogendra Saraswati, was the son of Anantadeva Apadeva, and probably lived in the mid-15th Century A.D. He also wrote ''Vedantasiddhanta-sarasangraha'', ''Bhavaprakasa'' on ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and ''Brahmasutra-tatpryaprakasa''.

Sadananda, the author of ''Advaitabrahmasiddhi'', published by Asiatic Society of Bengal, is a different author.

==Themes==
The ''Vedantasara'' is based on ''[[Gaudapada]]’s Karika'', [[Upadesasahasri]] of [[Adi Shankara]], ''[[Panchadasi]]'' of [[Vidyaranya]] who died in 1386 A.D., and the ''Naishkarmayasiddhi'' of [[Suresvara]].<ref group=web>{{cite web|title=Preceptors of Advaita: Sadananda|author=T.P.Ramachandran|url=https://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/articles/Preceptors%20of%20Advaita%20-%2033.html}}</ref>

The ''Vedantasara'' presents [[Sutram|Sutratman]] (text) as [[Viraj]],{{sfn|Boetzelaer|1971|p=81}} the prime means to reach knowledge of ''Atman'' and ''Brahman''. Only the liberated Self-knower realizes [[Brahman]].{{sfn|Fort|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UcQOutKqsQoC&q=Vedantasara+of+Sadananda&pg=PA71 71]}}

Just like the ''[[Dṛg-Dṛśya-Viveka]]'' the ''Vedantasara'' adds [[samadhi]] to the triad of [[Shravana (hearing)|sravana]] ('hearing'), [[Manana (reflection)|manana]] ('reflection') and [[nididhyasana]] ('repeated meditation').{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=1267}}

==Contents==
The ''Vedantasara'' is divided into six chapters and contains 227 verses.{{sfn|Nikhilananda|1990}}

*Chapter I has thirty-one verses dealing with the preliminaries that begin with an Introductory Prayer and immediately thereafter takes up for discussion the Subject-matter of Vedanta, the Qualifications for the study of Vedanta and the Necessity of a [[Guru]]. Advayānanda was the Guru of Sadānanda. Vedanta is the evidence of the [[Upanishads]], the [[Brahma Sutras]] and the various commentaries on these texts and the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. The ''Nitya'' (daily), ''Naimittika'' (occasional) and ''Prayscitta'' (purifying) works purify the mind, ''Upasanas'' are not [[karma]]s, the former lead to the ''Pitruloka'' and the latter, to the ''Satyaloka''.
*Chapter II has ninety verses dealing with [[Adhyasa]], i.e. Superimposition, which is the superimposition of the unreal on the real due to ignorance, its individual and collective aspects, the nature of [[Turiya]], the experience of pure [[consciousness]], the extensions of Ignorance, the nature of the Subtle Bodies, the nature of the Gross Bodies and the Limit of Superimposition. Sadananda explains why the characteristic of ignorance is its very unintelligibleness, that it is without support and contradictory to all reasoning.
*Chapter III has fifteen verses and takes up for discussion the [[Jiva]] and Superimposition with a view to establishment of the true nature of the Self ([[Brahman]]), and in that context discusses the views of the [[Carvaka]]s, of the [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], of the [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimamsakas]] and the [[Śūnyatā|Sunyavadins]], the followers of [[Nāgārjuna]]. The Self is too subtle for ordinary understanding, the views of other differing schools gradually train the mind to dwell on finer and finer aspects of the Self.
*Chapter IV has forty-four verses dealing exclusively with De-superimposition, going back into the Final Cause, the meaning of "Thou art That" (''[[Tat Tvam Asi]]'') and "I am Brahman" (''[[Aham Brahman Asmi]]''). Truth does not become known till it is made to reveal itself. Sadananda explains that because it is impossible to conceive the same word as indicating a part of its own meaning as well as the meaning of another word, and when the meaning is directly expressed by the other word it does not require the application of ''[[Lakshana]]'' to the first word to indicate it.
*Chapter V has thirty-five verses and prescribes the Steps to Self-Realization, lays emphasis on the Study of Vedantic texts, explains Reflection and Meditation, [[Samadhi]] and its nature and varieties, Samadhi and Sleep, The Eightfold Practice and the Obstacles to Samadhi and their Removal.
*Chapter VI has twelve verses which deal with the [[Jivanmukta]] (liberated being), the Characteristics of the Jivanmukta and the Attainment of [[Kaivalya]] or Absoluteness.

==Commentaries==
The earliest commentaries on Vedantasara of Sadananda, that incorporates pre-Sankara, Sankara and post-Sankara teachings, are ''Subodhini'' written in 1588 A.D. by Nrisimhasaraswati of Varanasi, ''Balabodhini'' by Apadeva, the renowned authority on [[Purva Mimamsa]], and ''Vidvanmanoranjani'' by Ramatirtha.

==See also==
*[[Aikyam]]
*[[Anubandha chatushtaya]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Boetzelaer | first = Johan Maurits van | year =1971 | title =Sureŝvara's Taittiriyopaniŝadbhaŝyavartikam | publisher = Brill Archive}}
* {{Citation | last =Fort | first =Andrew O. | year =1998 | title =Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta | publisher =Suny Press |isbn=9780791439036 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcQOutKqsQoC}}
* {{Citation | last =Kapoor | first =Subodh | year =2002 | title =Encyclopaedia of Vedanta Philosophy | publisher =Genesis Publishing}}
* {{Citation | last =Nikhilananda | first =Swami | year =1931 | title =Vedantasara of Sadananda | publisher =Advaita Ashrama | url =https://www.estudantedavedanta.net/Vedantasara-Nikhilananda.pdf}}
* {{Citation | last =Nikhilananda | first =Swami | year =1990 | title =Vedantasara of Sadananda | publisher =Advaita Ashrama}}
{{refend}}

===Web-sources===
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | last =Ballantyne | first =J.R. | year =1898 | title =The Vedantasara | publisher =The Christian literature Society for India | url =http://www.hinduonline.co/DigitalLibrary/SmallBooks/vedantasaraSanEng.pdf | access-date =2015-05-24 | archive-date =2022-06-16 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220616050641/http://www.hinduonline.co/DigitalLibrary/SmallBooks/vedantasaraSanEng.pdf | url-status =dead }}
* {{Citation | last =Sundararama Aiyar | year =1911 | title =Vedantasara of Sadananda. With the commentary "Balabodhini" of Apadeva and a Critical English Introduction | publisher =Sri Vani Vilas Press | url =https://archive.org/stream/vedantasaraofsad00sada#page/n5/mode/2up}}
* {{Citation | last =Jacob | first =G.A. | year =1934 |title = The Vedantasara of Sadananda, together with the commentaries of Nrisimhasarasvati and Ramatirtha | publisher =Pandurang Jawaji | url =https://archive.org/stream/The.Vedantasara.of.Sadananda.With.Commentaries.of.Nrisimhasarasvati.and.Ramatir/The.Vedantasara.of.Sadananda.With.Commentaries#page/n0/mode/2up}}

==External links==
* [https://www.swamij.com/Vedantasara-Sadananda.htm ''Vedantasara'' (translated by Swami Nikhilananda)]

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:15th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta texts]]

Empire of India

2025-10-30T06:08:13Z

VirgilBugnion41: made a stub v1

#REDIRECT [[British Raj]]

Indian Football Association

2025-10-29T19:27:09Z

VirgilBugnion41: minor edit

{{Short description|Governing body of association football in West Bengal, India}}
{{Distinguish|text = [[All India Football Federation|All India Football Federation (AIFF)]], the national governing body of [[Football in India|Indian football]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Indian Football Association (West Bengal)
|abbrev = IFA
|logo = IFA (WB) logo.svg
|sport = [[Association football|Football]]
|jurisdiction = [[West Bengal]]
|founded = {{start date and age|1893}}<ref>{{cite web |first=Arjun |last=Wadwha |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |title=History of Football in India |website=thesportscampus.com |publisher=TheSportsCampus |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825015957/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200805197/introduction-to-football/history-indian-football |archive-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|aff = [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)
|headquarters = [[Kolkata]]
|membership = 23 district associations
|president = Ajit Banerjee
|secretary = Anirban Dutta
|url = https://ifawb.in/
}}

The '''Indian Football Association''', abbreviated as '''IFA''', is the organisation that administers [[association football|football]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|title=Calcutta Football League (CFL) goes bigger than ever for its historic 125th season|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|location=Kolkata|date=5 June 2023|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060715/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|archive-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129163914/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sabyasachi |date=2024-08-29 |title=কলকাতা ফুটবলে রেফারিংয়ে প্রযুক্তির নয়া দিগন্ত, আইএফএ ও যাদবপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের যুগ্ম প্রয়াস |url=https://bongfootball.in/ifa-introduces-new-technology-in-refereeing/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Bong Football |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the oldest football association in India and was founded in 1893.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|title=The Golden Years of Indian Football|website=www.chaseyoursport.com|publisher=Chase Your Sport|location=Kolkata|first=Rounak|last=Majumdar|date=22 April 2019|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230046/https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Football/The-Golden-Years-of-Indian-Football/659|archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Among the founders was former [[England national football team|English]] international [[Elphinstone Jackson]].<ref>[http://www.iffhs.de/?3f4b05ffcd85bcca952b9b95205fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeeda30b IFFHS - Interesting and curious facts about full internationals and national players (1872–1900)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207184618/http://www.iffhs.de/?3f4b05ffcd85bcca952b9b95205fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeeda30b |date=2012-02-07 }}. ''iffhs.de''. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</ref>

The IFA organises tournaments such as the [[Calcutta Football League]], the [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=Indian women football team will play against two top tier-1 Swedish teams |url=https://bet365india.app/news/indian-women-football-team-will-play-against-two-top-tier-1-swedish-teams/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Bet365India |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522052723/https://bet365india.app/news/indian-women-football-team-will-play-against-two-top-tier-1-swedish-teams/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[IFA Shield]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History in Timeline of Indian Football|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308124507/http://www.the-aiff.com/history|archive-date=8 March 2020|access-date=2021-02-15|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref> In 2021, the IFA also took an initiative to start its own [[futsal]] league.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|title=First ever Futsal league in Bengal to kick off on 'Poila Baishakh'|url=https://thebridge.in/football/first-ever-futsal-league-in-bengal-to-kick-off-on-poila-baishakh/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The Bridge|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164525/https://thebridge.in/football/first-ever-futsal-league-in-bengal-to-kick-off-on-poila-baishakh/|url-status=live}}</ref>
It also sends state teams for [[Santosh Trophy]] and [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]].

==History==
Contrary to the name, the association does not administer the game in India, a task that falls to the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF), instead governs the game in the state of [[West Bengal]]. However, before the formation of the AIFF, the IFA was in ''[[de facto]]'' control of football in India by virtue of its administration by [[English people|Englishmen]] as well as its affiliation to [[the Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm|title=OUR SPORTSMEN: Gostha Pal|website=123india.com|access-date=27 September 2007|archive-date=27 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210527/http://home.123india.com/alokghosh/Heritage/Our%20Sportsmen.htm}}</ref> Hence, all foreign tours were conducted by the IFA and also foreign teams negotiated with the IFA for visits to India. In its formative years, the only Indian representative in the English dominated executive committee was Kalicharan Mitra from the Sovabazar Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> By vigorously promoting the game in [[Bengal]], the IFA became undivided India's premier football body in the early decades of the 20th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-03-25|title=The Birth of the All India Football Federation {{!}} Novy Kapadia|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/the-birth-of-the-all-india-football-federation|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325112623/https://www.saddahaq.com/the-birth-of-the-all-india-football-federation|archive-date=2017-03-25}}</ref>

Through the efforts of [[Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari]] (the ''father of Indian football''), A.R. Brown and B.C. Lindsay of [[Dalhousie AC]], and Watson of [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]], the IFA was established in 1893.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/|title=Nagendra Prasad — The father of Indian football who removed prejudice from the sport|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|date=25 January 2020|access-date=24 October 2022|first=Sarah|last=Waris|location=Kolkata|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024082132/https://thebridge.in/amp/featured/nagendra-prasad-the-father-indian-football-removed-prejudice-indian-sports/}}</ref> A.R. Brown was the first Secretary of the IFA. [[Norman Pritchard|Norman Prichard]], the first Indian to win an [[Olympic medal]], was the Secretary of the IFA in 1900.The most remarkable person to head the IFA was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Santosh, Bangladesh|Santosh]], [[Sir]] M.N. Roy Chowdhury. During his tenure the IFA played an instrumental role in the formation of the AIFF.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://ifawb.org/about-us/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=IFAWB|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124122335/https://ifawb.org/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The IFA had organised many historical tournaments like the [[Trades Cup]], the Gladstone Cup, the [[Cooch Behar Cup]] and the coveted [[IFA Shield]], prior to the incorporation of [[Calcutta Football League]] in 1898. The Trades Cup is the oldest tournament in Kolkata, being instituted in 1889.<ref>{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |page=186 |date=1959 |access-date=25 September 2022 }}</ref>

Clubs outside [[Bengal]] complained about the lack of neutrality in the affairs of the IFA. This disillusionment of clubs and patrons led to the formation of associations such as the [[Western India Football Association]], which preferred to be governed by themselves rather than by the IFA. After years of numerous conferences and meetings, the IFA along with other five regional football associations broke their mutual deadlock to form the AIFF in 1937.<ref name=":0" />

==State teams==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Men===
* [[West Bengal football team]]
* [[West Bengal under-20 football team]]
* [[West Bengal under-15 football team]]
* [[West Bengal under-13 football team]]
{{col-2}}

===Women===
* [[West Bengal women's football team]]
* [[West Bengal women's under-19 football team]]
* [[West Bengal women's under-17 football team]]
{{col-end}}

==Affiliated district associations==
The 23 district associations affiliated with the '''Indian Football Association'''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Association !! District/Region
|-
| 1 || Alipurduar District Sports Association || [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|-
| 2 || Bankura District Sports Association || [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|-
| 3 || Burdwan District Sports Association || [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] and [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|-
| 4 || Birbhum District Sports Association || [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|-
| 5 || Chandernagore Sporting Association || [[Chandannagar]] ([[Hooghly district|Hooghly]])
|-
| 6 || Cooch Behar District Sports Association || [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|-
| 7 || Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Sports Association || [[Darjeeling]] ([[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]])
|-
| 8 || Dakshin Dinajpur District Sports Association || [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|-
| 9 || Hooghly District Sports Association || [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|-
| 10 || Howrah District Sports Association || [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|-
| 11 || Jalpaiguri District Sports Association || [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|-
| 12 || Jhargram District Sports Association || [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|-
| 13 || Kalimpong District Sports Association || [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
|-
| 14 || Malda District Sports Association || [[Malda district|Malda]]
|-
| 15 || Manbhum Sports Association || [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|-
| 16 || Murshidabad District Sports Association || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|-
| 17 || Nadia District Sports Association || [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|-
| 18 || North 24 Parganas District Sports Association || [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|-
| 19 || Paschim Medinipur District Sports Association || [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|-
| 20 || Purba Medinipur District Sports Association || [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|-
| 21 || Siliguri Mahakuma Krira Parishad || [[Siliguri]] ([[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]])
|-
| 22 || South 24 Parganas District Sports Association || [[South 24 Parganas]]
|-
| 23 || Uttar Dinajpur District Sports Association || [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|}

==Competitions==
===Men's===
* [[Calcutta Football League]]
* [[Bengal Super League]] ([[North American professional sports league organization|franchise]])
* [[IFA Shield]]
* [[Uttarbanga Cup]]
* Jayanta Chatterjee Inter District Football Tournament
* IFA Futsal Championship

===Women's===
* [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]
* [[Women's IFA Shield]]

===Youth===
* [[Calcutta Football League|CFL]] 5th Division Group B
* IFA Nursery League

==West Bengal Football League pyramid==
===Men's===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" |Calcutta Football League
|-
!Tier
!Division
|-
!1 (Level 5 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL Premier Division
''↑promote ([[I-League 3]]) ↓relegate 4''
|-
!2 (Level 6 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 1st Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!3 (Level 7 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 2nd Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!4 (Level 8 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 3rd Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!5 (Level 9 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 4th Division
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!6 (Level 10 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 5th Division Group A
''↑promote 2 ↓relegate 2''
|-
!7 (Level 11 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CFL 5th Division Group B
''↑promote 2''
|}

===Women's===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Calcutta Women's Football League
|-
!Tier
!Division
|-
!I (Level 3 on Indian Women's Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CWFL Premier Division A ''↑promote ({{nowrap|to [[Indian Women's League 2]]}}) ↓relegate''
|-
!II (Level 4 on Indian Women's Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|CWFL Premier Division B ''↑promote''
|}

==Evolution==
<onlyinclude>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 11px ;"
! colspan="2" |Years
! rowspan="2" |1889–1893
! rowspan="2" |1893
! rowspan="2" |1893–1993
! rowspan="2" |1993–2019
! rowspan="2" |2019–2021
! rowspan="2" |2021–2023
! rowspan="2" |2023–present
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Level'''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="#4f0d0e"|{{ font color | white |'''Men's'''}}
|-
! rowspan="7" |State leagues
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1'''
| rowspan="7" |''None''
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" | Formation of [[Indian Football Association|Indian Football Association (IFA)]]
| colspan="5" bgcolor="gold" |[[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |'''2'''
| colspan="2" |''None''
| colspan="3" bgcolor="silver" |CFL 1st Division
|-
| bgcolor="#cc9966" |'''3'''
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" |''None''
| bgcolor="#cc9966" |CFL 2nd Division
|-
| bgcolor="#dc7f80" |'''4'''
| bgcolor="#dc7f80" |CFL 3rd Division
|-
| bgcolor="#f7da4e" |'''5'''
| bgcolor="#f7da4e" |CFL 4th Division
|-
| bgcolor="#399157" |'''6'''
| bgcolor="#399157" |CFL 5th Division Group A
|-
| bgcolor="#9fc440" |'''7'''
| bgcolor="#9fc440" |CFL 5th Division Group B
|-
! colspan="9" |
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Cup competitions
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#DEFF97" |[[Trades Cup]]
| colspan="3" |''Discontinued''
|-
|
| bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#DEFF97" |[[IFA Shield]]
| colspan="2" |''Not continued''
|-
| colspan="9" bgcolor="#e19650"|{{ font color | white |'''Women's'''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |State leagues
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1'''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |
|''None''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="gold" |[[Kanyashree Cup|Kanyashree Cup Premier Division A]]
|-
| bgcolor="silver" |'''2'''
| colspan="4" |''None''
| bgcolor="gold" |Kanyashree Cup Premier Division B
|-
! colspan="9" |
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Cup competitions
|
| bgcolor="#A1E6FF" |
| colspan="4" |''None''
| bgcolor="#DEFF97" |[[Women's IFA Shield]]
|}
</onlyinclude>

==Management==
{{As of|2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Office
!Name
|-
|President
|Ajit Banerjee
|-
|Chairman
|Subrata Dutta
|-
| rowspan="3" |Vice-president(s)
|Sudeshna Mukherjee
|-
|Saurav Pal
|-
|Swarup Biswas
|-
|Secretary
|Anirban Dutta
|-
| rowspan="3" |Assistant Secretary(s)
|Rakesh Kumar Jha
|-
|MD Jamal
|-
|Biswajit Bhaduri
|-
|Treasurer
|Debasish Sarkar
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Indian state football associations]]
* [[Football in Kolkata]]
* [[Football in West Bengal]]
* [[Football in India]]
* [[Premier League Soccer (India)|Premier League Soccer]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Mitra | first=Soumen |date=1 January 2006 |title=In Search of an Identity: The History of Football in Colonial Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ |publisher=Dasgupta & Co. Private Ltd. |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8182110229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163751/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/In_Search_of_an_Identity.html?id=fZbgPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=21 October 2022 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |year=2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 }}
*Dutta, P. L., ''Memoir of 'Father of Indian Football' Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1944) (hereafter Memoir)
*Ghosh, Saurindra Kumar. ''Krira Samrat Nagendraprasad Sarbadhikary 1869–1940'' (Calcutta: N. P. Sarbadhikary Memorial Committee, 1963) (hereafter Krira Samrat).
*Roselli, John. ''Self Image of Effeteness: Physical Education and Nationalism in Nineteenth Century Bengal''. [[Past & Present (journal)]]. 86 (February 1980). p. 121–48.
*Sinha, Mrinalini. ''Colonial Masculinity, The Manly Englishman and the Effeminate Bengali in the Late Nineteenth Century'' ([[Manchester]]: [[Manchester University Press]], 1995).
*Chatterjee, Partha. ''The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-colonial Histories'' (Calcutta: [[Oxford University Press]], 1995).
*Mason, ''Football on the Maidan'', p. 144; Dimeo, ''Football and Politics in Bengal'', p. 62.
*{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Dwaipayan|year=2013|chapter=Wiping the Stain Off the Field of Plassey: Mohun Bagan in 1911|editor-last1=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first1=Kausik|editor-last2=Mallick|editor-first2=Sabyasachi|title=Fringe Nations in World Soccer|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-99810-5}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |title=Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889—2000. |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081005/http://pierretristam.com/pdfs/wc10.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book |title=Portrait Of Indian Sport |url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofinidan00anth |publisher= P R Macmillan Limited, London |last1=D'Mello |first1=Anthony |date=1959 }}
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 ''From recreation to competition: Early history of Indian football''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181632/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106295?journalCode=fsas20 |date=9 July 2021 }}. pp. 124–141. Published online: 6 Aug 2006. ''www.tandfonline.com''. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

==External links==
* {{Facebook|100072192044848}}
* {{Twitter|IFABengal}}
* {{Instagram|ifa.wb}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/association/494 IFA] on [[All India Football Federation|the-AIFF.com]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNa4rEtIB-3QlzA_St6fzGA IFA] on [[YouTube]]

{{IFA seasons}}
{{Football in Kolkata|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Indian state football associations}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Football governing bodies in India|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1893]]
[[Category:Football in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in British India]]

Sriharipuram

2025-10-25T00:03:03Z

VirgilBugnion41: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sriharipuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = File:Sriharipuram.jpg
| image_alt = Sriharipuram main road
| image_caption = Sriharipuram Main Road
| pushpin_map = India Visakhapatnam
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Visakhapatnam
| coordinates = {{coord|17.688546|N|83.236599|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Mayor-council]]
| governing_body = [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 530011
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Visakhapatnam West (Assembly constituency)|Visakhapatnam West]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]

| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sriharipuram''' is a neighbourhood in the city of [[Visakhapatnam]], India. The neighbourhood is considered as the major residential area in the district. It is located within the jurisdiction of the [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]], which is responsible for the civic amenities in Sriharipuram . It is located on the south fringe of Visakhapatnam city.<ref name=mapsofindia>{{cite news|title=location|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/visakhapatnam/localities/sriharipuram.html|accessdate=12 November 2015|work=maps of india|date=14 December 2017}}</ref>

==Location and Geography==

Sriharipuram is located about 11 km from Visakhapatnam Airport and about 12 km from Visakhapatnam railway station. It lies to the south fringe of Visakhapatnam City and is loosely bordered by [[Gajuwaka]] to the west and Malkapuram to the east, Marripalem to the north, [[Gopalapatnam]] to the north-west and [[Pedagantyada]] to the south-west.

==Residential Areas==

Jawahar Nagar, Ex-Service men Colony, Pavanaputra Nagar, Ajanta Colony, Ram Nagar, Burma Colony, Indira colony, Coromandel, Bala Ganapathi Street and Gullelapalem VUDA Colony are the local residential areas in Sriharipuram.

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Coromandel, Zinc Smelter, Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. are the major industries here.

==Transport==

Sriharipuram is well connected by road. It also has major District roads connecting it to nearby mandals and Visakhapatnam. APSRTC runs bus services from Gajuwaka bus station to major parts of the state and [[Visakhapatnam]] city.

;[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] routes:
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Route Number
!Start
!End
!Via
|-
|400
|Gajuwaka
|RTC Complex
|New Gajuwaka, Sriharipuram, Malkapuram, Scindia, Naval Dockyard, Railway Station

|-
|99
|Gajuwaka
|R.K.Beach
|New Gajuwaka, Sriharipuram, Malkapuram, Scindia, Naval Dockyard, Town Kotharoad, Jagadamba
|-
|600
|Scindia
|Anakapalli
|Malkapuram, Sriharipuram, New Gajuwaka, Old Gajuwaka, Kurmannapalem and Lankelapalem
|-
|55
|Scindia
|Simhachalam
|Malkapuram, Sriharipuram, New Gajuwaka, Old Gajuwaka, BHPV, Airport, NAD Junction, Gopalapatnam
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Neighbourhoods of Visakhapatnam}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam]]

{{Visakhapatnam-geo-stub}}

Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actress

2025-08-30T15:00:33Z

VirgilBugnion41: created some details w/ sources!

{{notability|date=August 2025}}
{{short description|Indian Telly Award for Best Actress Popular}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{See also|Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actor|Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] for Fan Favorite Actress
| image = Rupali Ganguly at the 28th SOL Lions Gold Awards.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2023 recipient: [[Rupali Ganguly]]
| awarded_for = Popular Actress in a Leading Role
| presenter =
| country = {{IND}}
| year = 2002
| holder = [[Rupali Ganguly]] for ''[[Anupamaa]]''
| website = [http://www.indiantellyawards.com Indian Telly Awards]
}}

'''Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Actress''' is an [[award]] given as a part of the annual [[Indian Telly Awards]]. The award is voted for by the fans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="height:4.5em;"
! style="width:350px;"|[[wikt:superlative|Superlative]]
! style="width:600px;"|Actor
! style="width:600px;"|Times
|- style="height:4.5em;"
| style="width:350px;"|Actress with most awards
| style="width:500px;"|[[Smriti Irani]] [[Mona Singh]]
| style="width:100px;"| 2
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actress with most nominations
| style="width:500px;"|[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| style="width:100px;"|8
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actress with most nominations without winning
| style="width:500px;"|[[Shweta Tiwari]]
| style="width:100px;"|5
|}

==Winners==
===2000s===
*'''2002''' '''[[Smriti Irani]]''' for '''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''' as Tulsi Virani.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2002 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025256/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2002 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115836/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Iravati Harshe]] for ''Ankahee'' as Anjali
**[[Mauli Ganguly]] for ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' as Shaina Sikand
**[[Renuka Shahane]] for ''[[Kora Kagaz (TV series)|Kora Kagaz]]'' as Pooja
**[[Sakshi Tanwar]] for ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Parvati Agarwal
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Prerna Bajaj
**[[Manasi Salvi]] for ''[[Kohi Apna Sa]]'' as Khushi Vishal Gill
**[[Simone Singh]] for ''[[Heena (TV series)|Heena]]'' as Heena Mirza
*'''2003''' '''[[Smriti Irani]]''' for '''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''' as Tulsi Virani & '''[[Sakshi Tanwar]]''' for '''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''' as Parvati Agarwal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915081219/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115839/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Prerna Bajaj
**[[Gurdeep Kohli]] for ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]'' as Dr. Juhi Singh
**[[Niki Aneja Walia|Niki Aneja]] for ''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]'' as Dr. Simran Mathur
**[[Sangeeta Ghosh]] for ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' as Parminder "Pammi" Kaur
**[[Simone Singh]] for ''[[Heena (TV series)|Heena]]'' as Heena Mirza
*'''2004''' '''[[Mona Singh]]''' for '''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''' as Jasmeet Walia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Aamna Shariff]] for ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' as Kashish Garewal
**[[Niki Aneja Walia|Niki Aneja]] for ''[[Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani]]'' as Dr. Simran Mathur
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Prerna Bajaj
**[[Sangeeta Ghosh]] for ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' as Parminder "Pammi" Kaur
**[[Shama Sikander]] for ''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]'' as Pooja Malhotra
**[[Smriti Zubin Irani|Smriti Irani]] for ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Tulsi Virani
*'''2005''' '''[[Mona Singh]]''' for '''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''' as Jassi.<ref name="2005 Telly Award">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Aamna Shariff]] for ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' as Kashish Garewal
**[[Juhi Parmar]] for ''[[Kumkum (TV series)|Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' as Kumkum Wadhwa
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Prerna Bajaj
**[[Natassha]] for ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' as Anjali Kkavya Nanda
**[[Sakshi Tanwar]] for ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Parvati Agarwal
**[[Shama Sikander]] for ''[[Ye Meri Life Hai]]'' as Pooja Malhotra
**[[Smriti Zubin Irani|Smriti Irani]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Tulsi Virani
*'''2006''' '''[[Aamna Shariff]]''' for '''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''' as Kashish Garewal & '''[[Anita Hassanandani]]''' for '''[[Kkavyanjali]]''' as Anjali Nanda.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards winners|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Kanchi Kaul]] for ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]'' as Ananya Sachdev
**[[Sakshi Tanwar]] for ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Parvati Agarwal
**[[Sangeeta Ghosh]] for ''[[Viraasat (STAR One)|Viraasat]]'' as Priyanka Kharbanda
**[[Sarita Joshi]] for ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' as Godavari "Baa" Thakkar
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Prerna Bajaj
**[[Smriti Zubin Irani|Smriti Irani]] for ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Tulsi Virani
*'''2007''' '''[[Prachi Desai]]''' for '''[[Kasamh Se]]''' as Bani Walia & '''[[Rajshree Thakur]]''' for '''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar|Saat Phere]]''' as Saloni Singh.<ref name= "2007 Telly Award">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Divyanka Tripathi]] for ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' as Vidya Singh
**[[Gautami Kapoor]] for ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Tulsi Virani
**[[Juhi Parmar]] for ''[[Kumkum (TV series)|Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' as Kumkum Wadhwa
**[[Priyanka Bassi]] for ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' as Cadet Naina Singh Ahluwalia
**[[Sakshi Tanwar]] for ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Parvati Agarwal
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Prerna Bajaj
**[[Smriti Zubin Irani]] for ''[[Virrudh]]'' as Vasudha
*'''2008''' '''[[Parul Chauhan]]''' for '''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''' as Ragini Rajvanshi & '''[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]''' for '''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''' as Sadhana Rajvansh.
**[[Additi Gupta]] for ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' as Heer Juneja
**[[Avika Gor]] for ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Anandi
**[[Divyanka Tripathi]] for ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' as Vidya Singh/Divya
**[[Shubhangi Atre Poorey|Shubhangi Atre]] for ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' as Kasturi Sabbarwal
*'''2009''' '''[[Ratan Rajput]]''' for '''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''' as Laali.
**[[Avika Gor]] for ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Anandi
**[[Hina Khan]] for ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Akshara Singhania
**[[Parul Chauhan]] for ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Ragini Rajvansh
**[[Tina Dutta]] for ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Ichha

===2010s===

*'''2010''' '''[[Ragini Khanna]]''' for '''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''' as Suhana Kashyap.
**[[Hina Khan]] for ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Akshara Singhania
**[[Tina Dutta]] for ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Ichha
**[[Ankita Lokhande]] for ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' as Archana Deshmukh
**[[Ratan Rajput]] for ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' as Laali
**[[Parul Chauhan]] for ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Ragini Rajvansh
**[[Natasha Sharma]] for ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' as Sia Sanghwan
**[[Pooja Gor]] for ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' as Pratigya
*'''2012''' '''[[Giaa Manek]]''' for '''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''' as Gopi Modi.
**[[Ankita Lokhande]] for ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' as Archana Deshmukh
**[[Hina Khan]] for ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Akshara Singhania
**[[Pratyusha Banerjee]] for ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Anandi Singh
**[[Sakshi Tanwar]] for ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Priya Kapoor
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]'' as Sweety Ahluwalia
*'''2013''' '''[[Deepika Singh]]''' for '''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''' as Sandhya Rathi.
**[[Sanaya Irani]] for ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'' as Khusi Raizada
**[[Drashti Dhami]] for ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' as Madhubala Kundra
**[[Sakshi Tanwar]] for ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Priya Kapoor
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] for ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]'' as Sweety Ahluwalia
**[[Avika Gor]] for ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' as Roli Bharadwaj
**[[Kratika Sengar]] for ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara|Punar Vivaah]]'' as Aarti Sindhia
*'''2014''' '''[[Divyanka Tripathi]]''' for '''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''' as Dr. Ishita Bhalla.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate=2016-04-20}}</ref>
**[[Sanaya Irani]] for ''[[Rangrasiya]]'' as Parvati
**[[Drashti Dhami]] for ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' as Madhubala Kundra
**[[Deepika Singh]] for ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Sandhya Rathi
**[[Toral Rasputra]] for ''[[Balika Vadhu|Balika Vadhu — Kachchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte]]'' as Anandi
** [[Pooja Sharma (Indian actress)|Pooja Sharma]] for ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as [[Draupadi]]
**[[Paridhi Sharma]] for ''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]'' as [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha]]
**[[Jennifer Winget]] for ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'' as Kumud Desai
*'''2015''' '''[[Sriti Jha]]''' for '''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''' as Pragya Arora & '''[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]''' for '''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''' as Gopi Modi.
**[[Divyanka Tripathi]] for ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' as Dr. Ishita Bhalla
**[[Pallavi Kulkarni]] for ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyar]]'' as Ragini Khanna
**[[Deepika Singh]] for ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Sandhya Rathi
**[[Toral Rasputra]] for ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Anandi Shekhar
**[[Dipika Kakar]] for ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' as Simar Bhardwaj
*'''2019''' '''[[Jennifer Winget]]''' for '''[[Bepannah]]''' as Zoya Siddiqui
**[[Surbhi Chandna]] for ''[[Ishqbaaaz]]'' as Annika Trivedi
**[[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]] for ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' as Mauli Malhotra
**[[Erica Fernandes]] for [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'']] as Prerna Bajaj
**[[Drashti Dhami]] for ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' as Nandini Thakur
**[[Divyanka Tripathi]] for ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' as Ishita Bhalla
**[[Shraddha Arya]] for [[Kundali Bhagya]] as Preeta Arora
**[[Rubina Dilaik]] for [[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]] as Soumya Singh
**[[Shivangi Joshi]] for ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Naira Goneka
**[[Adaa Khan]] for ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]'' as Sitara Bansal
**[[Surbhi Jyoti]] for ''[[Naagin 3]]'' as Bela Sehgal
**[[Sriti Jha]] for ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' as Pragya Mehra
**[[Nia Sharma]] for ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' as Aarohi Kashyap
===2020s===
* 2023: [[Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia]] for ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
* [[Indian Telly Awards 2025|2025]]: [[Rupali Ganguly]] for ''[[Anupamaa]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Indian Telly Awards}}

[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]

Padmaja

2025-08-12T15:04:24Z

VirgilBugnion41: Creating a entry!

{{Wiktionary|Padmaja}}
'''Padmaja''' may refer to
* Padmaja, an epithet of the Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]]
*[[Padmaja Naidu]], former Governor of West Bengal, India
*[[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]], park located in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
*[[Padmaja Phenany Joglekar]], Hindustani classical singer
*[[Padmaja Rao]], an Indian actress, television director and producer

==See also==
*[[Padma (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Sundarar

2025-06-22T14:34:44Z

VirgilBugnion41: started new stub!

{{Short description|8th-century Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Sundarar
| image = Thirumeignanam (6).jpg
| caption = Sundarar, the poet-saint third from left
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_place = [[Bhaktajaneswarar temple|Tirunavalur]]
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Shaivism]]
| honors = [[Nayanars|Nayanar]]
| literary_works = ''[[Tevaram]]''
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sundarar''' ({{Langx|ta|சுந்தரர்|translit=Cuntarar}}), also referred to as '''Chuntarar''', '''Chuntaramurtti''', '''Nampi Aruran''' or '''Tampiran Tolan''', was an eighth-century poet-saint of Tamil [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tradition of Hinduism. He is among the [[Tevaram]] trio, and one of the most prominent [[Nayanars]], the [[Shaiva]] [[bhakti]] (devotional) poets of [[Tamil Nadu]].{{sfn|Peterson|1989|p=21}}<ref name="O'FlahertyDoniger1990">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxoaUKmMG9gC |year=1990|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61847-0|page=170}}</ref>

His hymns form the seventh volume of the ''[[Tirumurai]] called '''Thiruppattu''''', the twelve-volume compendium of Shaiva Siddhanta. His songs are considered the most musical in ''Tirumurai'' in Tamil language.<ref name=Appar/> His life and his hymns in the Tevaram are broadly grouped in four stages. First, his cancelled arranged marriage through the intervention of Shiva in the form of a mad petitioner and his conversion into a Shaiva devotee.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=302–303}} Second, his double marriage to temple dancers Paravai and Cankali with their stay together in Tiruvarur.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|pp=95–96}} Third, his blindness and then return of his sight. Finally, his reflections on wealth and material goods.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=302–303}}

==Names==
Sundarar is referred to by many names. Sundarar (Cuntarar) means "the lovely, handsome one".{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=302–303}}<ref name="Zvelebil1993 p=327">{{cite journal | last1=Zvelebil | first1=Kamil V. | last2=Shulman | first2=David Dean | title=Songs of the Harsh Devotee: The Tēvāram of Chuntaramūrttināyaṉār | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=JSTOR | volume=113 | issue=2 | year=1993 | issn=0003-0279 | doi=10.2307/603072 | page=327| jstor=603072 }}</ref> He was adopted by regional feudatory dedicated to Shiva, and that brought the name "Aruran".{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=302–303}} Peers and the generations that followed him called him "Tampiran Tolan", which means "intimate companion, dedicated friend of the lord [Shiva]".<ref name="Zvelebil1993 p=327"/>

==Life==
[[File:Family of Sundarar.JPG|thumb|Family of Sundarar (l->r): [[Sadaya Nayanar]] (father), [[Isaignaniyar]] (mother), Paravai Nachiyar (wife), Sundarar, Sangili Nachiyar (wife), [[Narasinga Muniyaraiyar Nayanar|Narasinga Muniyaraiyar]] (foster-father).]]

The Tevaram hymns compositions of Sundarar are a source of biographical information about him, as are the hagiographic texts written about him few centuries after he died.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=302–303}} Sundarar was born in Tirunavalur in a Shaiva Brahmin family to [[Sadaiya Nayanar]] and [[Isaignaniyar]] towards the end of the 7th century.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|pp=95–96}} He was adopted by the Narasinga Munaiaraiyar Kashatriya{{Clarify|reason=Seems to be a misspelling of "Kshatriya". Please check the cited references and either correct the misspelling or clarify to avoid confusion|date=January 2025}} family, a Pallava feudatory (Thirumunaipadi-Nadu, an adoption that gave him a luxurious childhood.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=302–303}}

Sundarar is unique among the Nayanars in that both of his birth parents are also recognized as Nayanars (poet-saints of Tamil Shaivism). They were temple priests and accepted the adoption request of the local feudatory. Once he came of age, his adopted family arranged his marriage. However, as the wedding party approached the local Shiva temple, states the traditional legend, an old man mysteriously appears and produces a palm leaf document. The document stated that Sundarar was bonded to serve him, the old man, his master. A court of elders then reviews the document and finds it authentic, demands Sundarar to serve the petitioner, who then mysteriously vanishes in the Shiva shrine. Sundarar views this as a command to cancel the wedding and serve Shiva in the Tiruvarur temple.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=303–304}}<ref name=pittaa>{{cite book|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular|author=Sisir Kumar Das|publisher=Sahitya Akademi, 2005 - India - 302 pages|page=33}}</ref>

Sundarar began his first poem (Tevaram VII.1.1) by addressing [[Shiva]] as ''Pittaa pirai chudi..'' meaning ''O mad man..'':<ref name=pittaa/><ref>{{cite book|title=Śiva in the Forest of Pines: An Essay on Sorcery and Self-knowledge|author1=Don Handelman|author2=David Dean Shulman|publisher=Oxford University Press India, 2004 - Religion - 246 pages|page=167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural History of Medieval India|author=Meenakshi Khanna|publisher=Berghahn Books, 2007 - History - 248 pages|page=59}}</ref>

<poem>
O madman with the moon-crowned hair,
God of grace,
O Lord, how can I forget you?
You dwell forever in my heart,
In Arutturai, shrine of grace,
in Venneynallur on Pennai's southern bank,
you took me for your own–
how can I deny you now?
– Translated by Indira Peterson{{sfn|Peterson|1989|p=303}}</poem>

[[File:Sundarar with Paravai.JPG|thumb|Sundarar (left) with Paravayar (Paravai Nachiyar).]]
In the next stage of his life, Sundarar moved around Tamil Nadu, visiting [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu]]. In [[Tiruvarur]], he fell in love with a temple dancer named Paravayar, and married her.<ref name=Appar>{{cite book|title=Appar : a sketch of his life and teachings|page=8|publisher=Natesan & Co.|year=1918|jstor=saoa.crl.25894664|jstor-access=free}}</ref> After few years of married life, Sundarar visits the Siva temple in [[Thiruvottriyur]], a sea-side suburb of [[Madras]]. There he meets and is enamoured by a peasant Vellala girl Cankali.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|pp=95–96}} With the help of Shiva, this leads to Sundarar's second marriage, but only after his wedding vows include the promise of never leaving Cankali and Thiruvottriyur.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=303–304}} After marrying his second wife, Sundarar misses his first wife Paravai. He does not keep his word, and leaves for Tiruvarur. The broken vow causes him to go blind before he reaches Tiruvarur. His suffering thereafter are part of several Tevaram hymns.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=305–307}} As a blind man, he visits many Shiva shrines and sings there. Slowly in stages, he becomes closer to Shiva and recovers his sight.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=305–312 with footnotes}}

[[File:Government Museum, Coimbatore exhibits 18.jpg|thumb|Scene of boy coming back to life from crocodile after Sundarar sings hymn—Wooden sculpture.]]
Another legends states that [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]] – the king of the region now known as Kerala, heard of him and came to Tiruvarur. Both embarked on a pilgrimage together. He died during this pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Sundarar or sundaramurti nayanmar|year=2002|first= A. L. |last=Dallapiccola|title= Dictionary of Hindu lore and legend|publisher= Thames & Hudson|location= London, UK: Thames & Hudson|url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/thhll/sundarar_or_sundaramurti_nayanmar/0|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> Zvelebil estimates that Sundarar died about 730 CE.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|pp=95–96}}

In his later hymns, he presents his spiritual discussions with Shiva on how to achieve both spiritual succor and material wealth in life. He seeks the latter to provide for his family and to pay for the charitable temple kitchen that fed hundreds of Shaiva pilgrims. Shiva becomes his patron king, grants him grain, gold and a flashing sword. This is embedded symbolism to inspire regional kings and wealthy patrons to support the spiritual and charitable works at Shiva temples.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=313–319}}

==Compilation==
{{Tirumurai}}
Like the Tevaram trio, Sundarar's hymns were passed on through the [[oral tradition]] for a few centuries. Sometime around 1000 CE, [[Raja Raja Chola I]] (985-1013 CE) heard short excerpts of Shiva hymns in his court. He then embarked on a mission to recover the hymns.<ref name="Culter 50">Culter 1987, p. 50</ref> He sought the help of [[Nambiyandar Nambi]], who was a priest in a Ganesha temple.<ref name="Culter 50"/><ref name="Cort178">[[#Cort|Cort 1998]], p. 178</ref>

Nambi, states the tradition, prayed before Ganesha for success in finding the manuscripts. Nambi found the scripts in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]]. Tradition attributes this discovery to Shiva's intervention.<ref name="Culter 50"/><ref name="Cort178"/> The temple priests of Chidambaram refused to let Nampi and king to take the manuscript from the temple. They said that their temple rules demand that this can only happen if the Tevaram trio come to the temple. The king then had stone idols of the three poet-saints built and brought them to the temple in royal procession. Once the Tevaram trio images were consecrated, the temple priests allowed Nambi to take the manuscript for his studies and compilation.<ref name="Culter 50"/><ref name="Vasu">[[#Vasudevan|Vasudevan 2003]], pp. 109-110</ref> This, states Vasu, began the tradition of placing Nayanar statues in large Tamil Shiva temples.<ref name="Vasu"/>

Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets [[Sambandar]], [[Appar]] and Sundarar as the first seven books.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|pp=90–96}} Sundarar's composition is compiled in the seventh volume of the Tevaram. It consists of 100 hymns, consisting of 1026 stanzas.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1974|pp=95–96}}

Sundarar compositions have a signature last stanza, where he links his hymns to Shiva, the Vedas or a temple location, and the benefits of reciting or listening to that hymns.{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=302–322}} For example, at the end of hymn VII.54:{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=307–308}}

<poem>
Those who know these ten verses
that Uran, the Rude Devotee,
chanter of the four Vedas and sacred texts,
praised by the world,
very pious young man,
has sung on the dear one,
who dwells at the shrine in wave-washed Orriyur,
will surely reach the highest state.
– Translated by Indira Peterson{{sfn|Peterson|1989|pp=307–308}}</poem>

==Legacy==
Sundarar shared the same respect as Sambandar and Appar for the Vedas. Together, they connected the Vedic ritual to the temple ''[[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' that is ever since followed in Shiva temples.{{sfn|Nagaswamy|1989|pp=Chapter 6}}<ref name="Cort176"/> According to John Cort – a scholar of Jainism and Hinduism studies, the Agamic temple rituals perpetuate the Vedic practices. The efforts of the Tevaram trio and other Nayanars helped transform this "as the central element of the Saiva Siddhanta philosophical and theological system, and thus of Tamil Saiva soteriology", states Cort, by emphasizing the instrumentality and efficacy of the temple and its rituals. According to the Nayanars, the Vedic and the Agamic overlap, are alternate roads to the same spiritual end, both evoke a transformation in the devotee, with the difference that temple-based Saiva puja alone is emphasized.<ref name="Cort176">Cort 1998, p. 176</ref>

The Shiva temple-centered community tradition has thrived among Tamils since the times of Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar. ''Odhuvars'', ''Sthanikars'', or ''Kattalaiyars'' offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing ''Tevaram'' after the daily rituals.<ref>Ghose 1996, p. 239</ref> These are usually carried out as chorus programme soon after the divine offering. The singing of Tevaram was followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like [[Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple]], [[Nellaiappar Temple]] and [[Suchindram]].<ref>Bhargava 2006, p. 467</ref> The singers of these hymns were referred as ''Tirupadiyam Vinnapam seyvar'' or ''Pidarar'', from the inscriptions of [[Nandivarman III]] in the Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records. Rajaraja deputed 48 ''pidarars'' and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors.<ref name="Vasu"/>

===Translations===
Francis Kingsbury and GE Phillips selected and translated 15 out of 100 of Sundarar's hymns into English in 1921. These were published with small collection of Sambandar and Appar hymns in a book titled ''Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints'', released by the Oxford University Press. They stated that these were some of the hymns from ''Devaram'' (Tevaram) that they could hear being chanted in South Indian Shiva temples of their times.<ref name=Saivite>{{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=F|title=Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints (1921)|date=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=35–68|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-KingsburyF&PhillipsGE-Hymns-of-Tamil-Saivite-Saints-1921-0103.pdf|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

More recent English translations of many more select hymns by Sundarar have been published by Indira Peterson,{{sfn|Peterson|1989}} and David Shulman.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Chuntarar|author2=David Shulman (Translator)|title=Songs of the Harsh Devotee: The Tēvāram of Chuntaramūrttināyan̲ār |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIVkAAAAMAAJ |year=1990|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|isbn=978-0-936115-07-8}}</ref>

===Temple traditions===
Sundarar's pilgrimage to Shiva temples and his efforts helped expand the Shaiva sacred geography in Tamil Nadu. Like Sambandar and Appar, Sundarar's hymns have been helpful in identifying and dating many of the old Shiva temples found in Tamil Nadu. These have been helpful to art historians, and for architectural, archaeological and religious studies.{{sfn|David Smith|2003|pp=65, 163–167, 209–234}}

{{collapse top|List of temples associated with Sundarar}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" | '''Name of the temple'''
! scope="col" | '''Location'''
! scope="col" | '''Number of verses'''
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''
|-
| [[Agatheeswarar Temple, Tiruvarur|Agatheeswarar Temple]]
| [[Purisai]]
|63
|
|-
|[[Kripapureeswarar Temple]]
|[[Thiruvennainallur]]
|10
| [[File:Thiruvennainallur5.JPG|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Thirupparamkunram Murugan Temple|Parangirinathar Temple]]
| [[Tirupparankunram]]
|10
|[[File:Thiruparamkundram (1).jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| Turaiyurppesurar Temple
| Thirunelvayil Arathurai
|10
|
|-
| Mahadeva Temple
| [[Thiruvanchikulam]], [[Kerala]]
|10
|[[File:Thiruvanchikulam3.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Ona Kantheeswarar Temple|Thiruonakathan Thali]]
| [[Kanchipuram]]
|11
|[[File:Onakathan thali.jpg|130px|centre]]
|-
| [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruvenkadu]]
| 10
|[[File:Thiruvenkadu (14).jpg|center|130px]]
|-
| Thiruethikolpadi Temple
| Thiruethikolpadi
|11
|
|-
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Temple]]
| [[Tiruvarur]]
|63
|[[File:Thiruvarur-Temple-Outer-Praharam.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| Swarnapuresar Temple
| Trikaduvaikarai Putur
|11
|
|-
| Thiruanegathangavatham
| [[Kanchipuram]]
|11
|[[File:Kanchi anekatangapadam.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| Thirupoovanam
| Thirupoovanam
|8
|
|-
| Thirunatuthogai
| Thirunatuthogai
|11
|
|-
| Thiruthuraiyur
| Thiruthuraiyur
|11
|
|-
| Thirupachilasiramam
| Thirupachilasiramam
|12
|
|-
| Thirunatiyathangudi
| Thirunatiyathangudi
|10
|
|-
| Amirdhakalayeswarar Temple
| [[Sakkottai, Thanjavur|Saakkottai]]
| 11
| [[File:Sakkottai2.JPG|130px|center]]
|-
|[[Bhaktajaneswarar temple|Tirunaavaleswarar Temple]]
| Thirunavalur
|11
|[[File:Tirunavalur.jpg|130px|centre]]
|-
|[[Kalyanasundareswarar Temple, Thiruvelvikudi|Thiruvelvikudi Temple]]
| Thiruvelvikudi
|10
|
|-
|[[Mahalakshmeeswarar Temple|Thirunindriyur Temple]]
| Thirunindriyur
|18
|
|-
| [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai|Kolilinathar Temple]]
| [[Thirukkuvalai]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Metraleeswar Temple]]
| [[Kanchipuram]]
|10
|[[File:Kachi Metrali5.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| Thirumazhamannipadikarai
| Thirumazhamannipadikarai
|10
|
|-
| [[Tirukkazhippalai Palvannanathar Temple|Thirukazhipalai]]
| Thirukazhipalai
|10
|
|-
|[[Siva Temple, Thirumalapadi|Vajranadeswara Temple]]
| [[Thirumazhapadi]]
| 10
| [[File:Thirumazhapadi Temple Main entrance.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Vriddhagiriswarar Temple, Vriddhachalam|Thirumuthukundram]]
| Thirumuthukundram
|21
|[[File:Virudhagiriswarar temple (16).jpg|130px|centre]]
|-
| [[Srikalahasti Temple]]
| [[Srikalahasti]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Uyyakondan Thirumalai Temple]]
| [[Tiruchirapalli]]
|10
| [[File:Uyyakondan8.jpg|center|130px]]
|-
| [[Amritaghateswarar-Abirami Temple,Thirukkadaiyur|Amirtagateswarar Temple]]
| [[Thirukkadaiyur]]
|10
|[[File:Thirukadaiyur temple.JPG|130px|center]]
|-
|[[Garbharakshambigai temple|Thirukarugavoor]]
| Thirukarugavoor
|10
|[[File:Tirukarugavoor6.JPG|130px|centre]]
|-
| [[Karuppariyalur Kutram Poruttha Naathar temple|Thirukarupariyaloor]]
| Thirukarupariyaloor
|11
|[[File:Karuppariyalur2.jpg|130px|centre]]
|-
| Thiruidaiyatruthogai
| Thiruidaiyatruthogai
|10
|
|-
| [[Kodi Kuzhagar Temple|Thirukodikuzhagar]]
| [[Kodikkarai]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Agnipureeswarar Temple]]
| Tirupugalur
|11
|
|-
| [[Sakshinatheswarar Temple, Thiruppurambiyam|Sakshinatheswarar Temple]]
|[[Thiruppurambiyam]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Neelivaneswarar Temple]]
|Thirupanjeeli
|11
|
|-
| [[Thiruvadigai Temple, Panruti|Thiruvathigai Veeratanam]]
|Thiruvatigai
|10
|
|-
| Thiruthondathogai
|Thiruthondathogai
|11
|
|-
| Thirukanatumullur
|Thirukanatumullur
|11
|
|-
| Thirukachoor
|Thirukachoor
|10
|
|-
| [[VenjamakoodalThiruvenjamakoodal]]
|Thiruvenjamakoodal
|10
|
|-|
| Muthupathugangai
|Muthupathugangai
|10
|
|-
| Thiruamathur
|Thiruamathur
|11
|
|-
| [[Kayarohanaswami Temple, Nagapattinam|Kayarohanaswami Temple]]
|[[Nagapattinam]]
|11
|
|-
| Oorthogai
|Oorthogai
|10
|
|-
| Thirupandikodumudi
|Thirupandikodumudi
|10
|
|-
| [[Thirumuruganatheeswar Temple]]
|[[Thirumuruganpoondi]]
|10
|
|-
| Thiruppunavasal Temple
|[[Thiruppunavasal]]
|10
|
|-
| Thiruvalangadu
|[[Thirvalangadu]]
|10
|
|-
| Thirukadaiyur Mayanam
|[[Thirukkadaiyur]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvottiyur|Thyagaraja Temple]]
|[[Tiruvottiyur]]
|20
|
|-
| [[Sri Sivalokanathar Temple, Tirupunkur|Sivalokanathar Temple]]
|Thirupungur
|10
|
|-
| Thiruneedur
|Thiruneedur
|11
|
|-
| Thiruvazhkolliputhur
|Thiruvazhkolliputhur
|13
|
|-
| Thirukazhumalam
|Thirukazhumalam
|10
|
|-
| [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruvidaimarudur]]
|10
|
|-
| Thiruvegambam
| Thiruvegambam
|11
|
|-
| Thirukolakka
| Thirukolakka
|10
|
|-
| Thiruthinainagar
| Thiruthinainagar
|10
|
|-
| Masilamaiyisar Temple
| [[Thiruvaduthurai]]
|15
|
|-
| Thiruvalivalam
| Thiruvalivalam
|11
|
|-
| [[Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple]]
| [[Tirunallar]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Masilamaniswara Temple, Thirumullaivoyal|Masilamaniswara Temple]]
| [[Thirumullaivoyal]]
|11
|
|-
| [[Vedaranyeswarar Temple]]
| [[Vedaranyam]]
|10
|
|-
| Thiruvalampuram
| Thiruvalampuram
|11
|
|-
| Thiruthuruthi
| Thiruthuruthi
|5
|
|-
| Thiruvelvikudi
| Thiruvelvikudi
|5
|
|-
| [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeswarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruvanaikaval]]
| 10
|[[File:tiruvannaikkaval4.jpg|center|130px]]
|-
| [[Vanchinadha Swamy Temple]]
| [[Srivanchiyam]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Aiyarappar temple]]
| [[Tiruvaiyaru]]
|11
|[[File:Aiyarappar koyil in Thiruvaiyaru.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Kedarnath Temple]]
| [[Kedarnath]]
|10
|
|-
| Thiruparupatham
| Thiruparupatham
|10
|
|-
| [[Thiruketheeswaram]]
| [[Thiruketheeswaram]]
|10
|
|-
| [[Vedagiriswarar temple]]
| [[Thirukazhukundram]]
|10
|[[File:Tirukalukundram5.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| Thiruchuzial
|
|10
|
|-
| Thirukanapper
|
|10
|
|-
| [[Narthana Vallabeswarar temple]]
| Thirukoodalaiyathur
|10
|[[Thirukoodalaiyatrur - Narthana Vallabheshwarar (3).jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| Thiruparthaanpanankattur
|
|10
|
|-
| [[Soundareswararswamy Temple, Thiruppanaiyur|Soundareswararswamy Temple]]
| Thirupanaiyur
| 10
|[[File:Panaiyur01.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Veezhinathar Kovil, Thiruveezhimizhalai|Veezhinathar Temple]]
| Thiruveezhimizhalai
| 10
|[[File:Veezhinathar Kovil.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| Thiruvenpakkam
|
| 11
|
|-
| [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Nataraja Temple]]
| [[Chidambaram]]
| 10
|[[File:Temple Tangore 1.jpg|center|130px]]
|-
| Thirupukoliyur Avinasi
| [[Avinasilingeswarar temple]], [[Avinasi]]
| 10
| [[File:Avinasi temple4.JPG|130px|center]]
|-
| Sundareswarar Temple
| Thirunaraiyur Chitteswaram
| 10
|
|-
| [[Odhanavaneswarar Temple, Tiruchotruturai|Odhanavaneswarar Temple]]
| Tiruchotruturai
|
|10
|-
| [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagarajar Paravaiyundamandali Temple]]
| [[Tiruvarur]]
|10
|
|-
| Thirunanipalli
|
| 10
|
|-
| Prakasheswarar Temple
| [[Nannilam]]
|11
|
|-
| [[Rahu Stalam|Naganatha Swamy Temple]]
| [[Tirunageswaram]]
|11
|
|-
| Thirunodithan Malai
|
|
|
|-
| [[Thiruvadigai Temple, Panruti|Tiruvadhigai Veerataanam Temple]]
| Tiruvadhigai
|
|[[File:Sri Veerattaaneswarar Temple.JPG|130px|center]]
|-
| Manikkamenivaradhar Temple
| Thirumaandakuzhi
|
|
|-
| [[Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi|Brahmapuresar Temple]]
| [[Sirkali]]
|
|[[File:Sirkazi sattanathan Temple 1.JPG|130px|center]]
|-
| Saptapreswarar Temple
| Tirukolaka
|
|
|-
| [[Sri Sivalokanathar Temple, Tirupunkur|Sivaloganathar Temple]]
| Tirupungur
|
|
|-
| [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathar Temple]]
| [[Mayiladuthurai]]
|[[File:Mayuranathar temple16.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|-
| Tiruvambar Maakaalam Temple
| Tiruvambar (Ambal)
|
|
|-
| Agnipuriswarar Temple
| Tirupugalur
|
|
|-
| Karinateswarar Temple
| Tirunatiyathankudi
|
|
|-
| Manatunainatar temple
| Tiruvalivalam
|
|
|-
| [[Padikasu Nathar Temple]]
| Arisirkarai Putur
|[[File:Azhagaputhur1.JPG|130px|thumb]]
|
|-
| [[Sivagurunathaswamy Temple]]
| [[Sivapuram, Tamil Nadu|Sivapuram]]
|
|[[File:Sivapuram1.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]]
| [[Kumbakonam]]
|
|[[File:Adi Kumbeswarar2.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Thiruvalanjuli Kabardeeshwarar Temple (Vellai Vinayagar Temple)|Kabardeeshwarar Temple]]
| [[Thiruvalanchuzhi]]
|
|[[File:Intricate stone sculptures of the Thiruvalanjuli Vellai Vinayagar Temple.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur|Kalyanasundaresar Temple]]
| [[Tirunallur]]
|
|[[File:Tirunallur1.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Thirukkandiyur|Virataneswarar Temple]]
| Tirukkandiyur
|
|[[File:Thirukandeeswarar1.jpg|130px|center]]
|-
| [[Pushpavananathar Temple, Tiruppoonturutti|Pushpavananadheswarar Temple]]
| Tirupundhuruti
|
|
|-
| Atmanadeswarar Temple
| Tiruvalamposil
|
|
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book | title=South Indian shrines: illustrated| last=Ayyar| first=P. V. Jagadisa| year=1993| publisher=Asian Educational Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tevaram&pg=PA22|isbn = 81-206-0151-3|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite book | title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu| last=Bhargava| first=Gopal K. | author2= Shankarlal C. Bhatt| year=2006| publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467|isbn=81-7835-381-4}}
* {{cite book | title=According to tradition: hagiographical writing in India| last=Callewaert| first=Winand M.| author2=Rupert Snell| year=1994| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&q=tevaram&pg=PA194|isbn = 978-3-447-03524-8|ref=Callewaert}}
* {{cite book | title=Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism | publisher=State University of New York | author=Coward, Harold G. |author-link=Harold Coward | year=1987 | location=New York | pages=151 | isbn=0-88706-571-6}}
* {{cite book | title=Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history| last=Cort| first=John E. | year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC&q=tevaram&pg=PA178|isbn=0-7914-3786-8|ref=Cort}}
* {{cite book | title=Songs of experience: the poetics of Tamil devotion| last=Cutler| first=Norman | year=1987| publisher=Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data|location=USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&q=tevaram&pg=PA4|isbn=0-253-35334-3|ref=Cutler}}
* {{cite book | title=Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of 3)| location=Middlesex|last=Eliot| first=Charles | date=September 2007| publisher=Eco Library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4ZpPleiyokC&q=tirumurai+criticism&pg=PA171|isbn = 978-1-4068-6296-6|ref=Eliot}}
* {{Citation |last=Harman |first=William P. |title= The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess |year=1992|publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-1-59884-655-3|ref=Harman}}.
* {{cite book | title=Cultural History of Medieval India| last=Khanna| first=Meenakshi | year=2007| publisher=Social Science Press|location=Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbKv3zyIFD8C&q=tevaram&pg=PA66|isbn=978-81-87358-30-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Prentiss |first=Karen Pechilis |author2=Karen Pechilis |title=The embodiment of bhakti |year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=0-19-512813-3|ref=Prentiss}}.
*{{cite book |last=Nagaswamy |first=R. |author-link=R. Nagaswamy |year=1989 |title=Siva Bhakti |location=New Delhi |publisher=South Asia Books|isbn=978-8170130284 |oclc=20573439| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5N6WswEACAAJ }}
* {{Citation |last=Vasudevan|first=Geetha |title=The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-383-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1b1N_Dx0jsC&q=tevaram&pg=RA1-PA109|ref=Vasudevan}}
* {{cite book | title=A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)| last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC |isbn = 3-447-01582-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Dorai Rangaswamy |first=M.A. |title=The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book I (Volumes 1 and 2) |year=1958| publisher=University of Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90326/page/n5/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book |last=Dorai Rangaswamy |first=M.A. |title=The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book II (Volumes 3 and 4) |year=1959| publisher=University of Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90325/page/n7/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book |author= R. Champakalakshmi| editor=Meenakshi Khanna |title=Cultural History of Medieval India |year=2007 |publisher=Social Science Press |location=Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbKv3zyIFD8C |isbn=978-81-87358-30-5 }}
*{{cite book|author=David Smith|title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTLlcGlkdjkC|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52865-8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Spencer |first=George W. |year=1970 |title=The Sacred Geography of the Tamil Shaivite Hymns |journal=Numen |volume=17 |issue=Fasc. 3 |pages=232–244 |doi=10.1163/156852770X00063 |jstor=3269705}}
* {{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Indira Viswanathan |author-link=Indira Viswanathan Peterson |year=1989 |title=Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691067674 |jstor=j.ctt7zvqbj |oclc=884013180}}
*{{cite journal|author=B.G.L. Swamy|year= 1975|title=The Date of the Tevaram Trio: An Analysis and Reappraisal|journal= Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures|publisher=University of Madras| pages= 119–179}}
*{{cite book|author=G. Vanmikanathan|editor=N. Mahalingam|title=Periya Puranam: A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India by Sekkizhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffIMGgAACAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |isbn=978-81-7823-148-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0207.pdf|title=tEvAram of chuntaramUrti cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 7, part 1 Poems (1-517)|access-date=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Sundaramurthi|website=projectmadurai.org }}
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0211.pdf|title=tEvAram of chuntaramUrti cuvAmikaL tirumuRai 7, part 2 Poems (518-1026)|access-date=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Sundaramurthi|website=projectmadurai.org }}
* ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola
* ''Songs of the harsh devotee'' by [[David Dean Shulman]]
* ''The religion and philosophy'' of thevaram by M.A. Dorai Swamy
* ''Development of Religion in South India'' by K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
* ''Arupathu Moovar Kadhaigal'' by Durgadas S. K. Swamy (Prema Pirasuram publishers)
* ''Origin and early history of Śaivism in South India'' By Sadananda (Swami.)
* ''Ten saints of India'' By T. M. P. Mahadevan
* ''A short introduction to Saivism'' By Subodh Kapoor
* [http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=7&Song_idField=7001&padhi=001 Songs of Sundararmoorthy Swamigal]
* [http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/nayanmar_view.php?nayan_idField=3 Life of Sundaramoorthy Swamigal]
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/detail/F.1972.19.6.S/ Shaiva Saint Sundarar], Norton Simon Museum
*[https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/saint-sundarar-with-wife-paravai/2AH2UKx3-hZ7_w?hl=en Saint Sundarar with wife Paravai], Smithsonian

{{Nayanars}}

[[Category:Nayanars]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian poets]]

Dastgeer Sahib

2025-05-12T19:45:20Z

VirgilBugnion41: Made new entry

{{Short description|Muslim shrine in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Dastgeer Sahib
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Dastgir Sahib (6134053356).jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| image_alt =
| caption = The shrine and mosque in 2011
| alt =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| tradition =
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| rite = [[Sufism]]
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| organisational_status = {{ubl|[[Sufi shrine]]|[[Mosque]]}}
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| functional_status = Active
| religious_features_label =
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| location = [[Khanyar]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the shrine in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| grid_name =
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| administration = [[Central Waqf Council]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34|5|34.7|N|74|49|3|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
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| architecture_style = [[Khatam|Khatamband]]
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| year_completed = {{circa|1767}}
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| interior_area = {{cvt|8000|sqft|m2|order=flip}}
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The '''Dastgeer Sahib''' is a [[Sufi]] [[shrine]] and [[mosque]] located in the [[Khanyar]] area of [[Srinagar]], in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The shrine houses the relics of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Abdul Qadir Jeelani]] (1077-1166), a [[Sufi saint]] of [[Ahlul-Bayt|Mohammed's progeny]] who earned deep reverence across the subcontinent, despite never having set foot in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Dastgeer Sahib Shrine: A majestic symbol of Kashmir's spiritual, cultural legacy |url=https://brighterkashmir.com/historic-dastgeer-sahib-shrine-a-majestic-symbol-of-kashmirs-spiritual-cultural-legacy |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>

The shrine has played a significant role in the socio-political landscape of Kashmir. One notable incident occurred on 8 May 1991, when paramilitary forces opened fire on civilians at the shrine, resulting in 18 deaths and 44 injuries.{{cn|date=January 2025}} The shrine has been administered by the [[Central Waqf Council]] since 2003.<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
[[File:Dastgir Sahib interior (6133513727).jpg|thumb|Dastgeer Sahib interior]]
The shrine is notable for its impressive interior spaces, which accommodate worshippers. The ceiling is crafted in the traditional '[[Khatam|khatamband]]' style and features numerous crystal [[Chandelier|chandeliers]]. The walls are adorned with elaborate [[Papier-mâché]] work, making the shrine's decorative elements distinctive in modern architecture. The shrine spans an area of approximately {{convert|8000|sqft|m2|order=flip}}, although modifications over the years have affected its original layout.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-01 |title=The Revered Dastgeer Sahab |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-revered-dastgeer-sahab-5075/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==History==
The Dastgeer Sahib is a 200-year-old{{since when?|date=January 2025}} shrine situated in Khanyar. It is associated with Abdul Qadir Gilani, whose hair strand, a relic locally known as ''Mouia Pāk'', is believed to be housed here which was reportedly brought to Kashmir by a merchant from [[Kandahar]] in 1806. It also contains an old [[Quran]] believed to be written by [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]] in 6th-century [[Kufic|Kufi script]]. The shrine was reportedly constructed between 1845 and 1854 under the patronage of Mir Husain Qadri, a [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] who contributed significantly to religious structures in the region.

The ''Kashmir Encyclopedia'', published by the state's cultural academy, suggests that the structure was initially established during the governance of Noor Khan Bamzai in 1767 by Syed Ghulam-ud-Din Azad, a descendant of Shah Sakhi Muhammad Fazil, who introduced the [[Qadiriyya|Qadri order]] to Kashmir. The shrine underwent repairs and expansions in 1879 after a fire caused significant damage, during which the spire's pointed ball was plated with gold.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fazili |first=Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AX_XEAAAQBAJ |title=OUR HERITAGE: Kashmir Chronicles Part 2 |date=2023-09-17 |publisher=Ashraf Fazili |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref>

It is the centre of the activity hub of the Khanyar and is surrounded by a large market. On the [[Urs]] or birth date of the Abdul Qadir Gilani, thousands of people from all over Kashmir go there to pray to [[Allah]] and watch the [[ziyarat]]. There are five graves situated inside it. It is said that it is of one of the students of the Qadiri [[silsila]] of Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jelani.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

===Fire===
The shrine was badly damaged in a fire on 25 June 2012. The relics of the saint that were located inside a fireproof vault were not damaged.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-25/india/32408100_1_saint-relics-fire|title=Fire in Dastgeer Sahib shrine in Srinagar|date=25 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=11 July 2012}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The shrine was restored to its original state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_fire-gutted-dastgeer-sahib-shrine-to-be-reconstructed-omar-abdullah_1709137 |title=Fire gutted Dastgeer Sahib shrine to be reconstructed: Omar Abdullah |date=1 July 2012 |access-date=11 July 2012 |work=DNA India }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline|Dastgeer Sahib}}
* {{YouTube|id=rBEw8rmKSic|title=Video showcasing the structure and interiors of the shrine}}
* [https://www.contemporarynomad.com/pir-dastgir-sahib-in-srinagar-kashmir/ 360° interior view of Dastgeer Sahib - ''ContemporaryNomad.com (by Tony and Thomas)'']

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:18th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1760s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1767]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with spires]]

Shanti Stupa, Delhi

2024-12-29T18:08:30Z

VirgilBugnion41: started new pg!

{{Short description|Buddhist monument and tourist place in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
[[File:IndraprasthaPark-Stupa-1.jpg|thumb|Shanti Stupa in [[Delhi]], India]]
'''Shanti Stupa''' is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monument in [[Delhi]], India, intended as "a symbol of universal brotherhood and peace."<ref name="TIE2007"/> It is one of several [[Peace Pagoda]]s in the world. Started by the [[Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga]] religious order of Buddhism, it was inaugurated by the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] on 4 November 2007.

== Description==
Shanti Stupa measures {{cvt|30|m}} in height and {{cvt|37|m}} in diameter.<ref name="OI2007"/>

== History ==
[[File:Shanti Stupa Delhi.jpg|thumb|Buddhist sculpture standing in front of Shanti Stupa in the capital city of India]]
Shanti Stupa opened on 14 November 2007<ref name="TIE2007"/> in the city of Delhi near [[Humayun's Tomb]],<ref name="Jha2018">{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Meenketan |title=A Peace Pagoda Pathway: Discover The Lesser-Seen Locations Around India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69012/a-peace-pagoda-pathway-discover-the-lesser-seen-locations-around-india |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=English |date=6 September 2018}}</ref> though earlier plans were to construct the stupa at [[Buddha Jayanti Park]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1988 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=57 |language=English}}</ref> It features a [[Japanese garden]] surrounding it.<ref name="Jha2018"/> Buddhist monk [[Nichidatsu Fujii]] of the [[Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga]] religious order originally planned the erection of Shanti Stupa with independent India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="TIE2007"/> Starting in 2004 in collaboration with the [[Delhi Development Authority]] and the [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]], three years were spent on the construction of Shanti Stupa.<ref name="TIE2007"/><ref name="OI2007"/>

The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] inaugurated the stupa.<ref name="TIE2007"/> Indian dignitaries at the inauguration ceremony included [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]], governor of [[Haryana]]; [[Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare]], governor of [[Orissa]]; [[Tejendra Khanna]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]; [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], former president of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]; and [[Dinesh Rai]], Vice Chairman of the [[Delhi Development Authority]].<ref name="Rediff2007">{{cite web |title=Vishwa Shanti Stupa unveiled |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/14look.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=English |date=14 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="OI2007">{{cite web |title=Vishwa Shanti Stupa inaugurated in Delhi |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/14/vishwa-shanti-stupa-inaugurated-in-delhi-1195051330.html |work=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=English |date=14 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="TIE2007"/> Several Buddhist monks and nuns participated as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=His Holiness unveils Vishwa Shanti Stupa in Delhi |url=https://tibet.net/his-holiness-unveils-vishwa-shanti-stupa-in-delhi/ |publisher=[[Central Tibetan Administration]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=English |date=15 November 2007}}</ref> During the liturgy, [[Sheila Dikshit]], the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], proclaimed: "We are all proud that Lord Buddha was born in this great country and his message of peace and compassion has become universal and has timeless relevance".<ref name="TIE2007">{{cite web |title=Shanti Stupa inaugurated at Indraprastha Park |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shanti-stupa-inaugurated-at-indraprastha-park/239430/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=English |date=15 November 2007}}</ref> The [[14th Dalai Lama]] Tenzin Gyatso blessed the Shanti Stupa, hoping that it "would encourage the spread of the message of universal peace and brotherhood, which he said lies at the core of Buddhism."<ref name="TIE2007"/>

The Shanti Stupa receives 2.5 million visitors every year.<ref name="TIE2007"/> Around 80 other such [[Peace Pagoda]]s built by the Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga religious order exist.<ref name="TIE2007"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Elephants sculpture, Gate of Shanti Stupa at Indraprastha Park, New Delhi, India.jpg|Sculpture at the gate of Shanti Stupa
File:IndraprasthaPark-Stupa-2.jpg|[[Pagoda]] at Shanti Stupa
File:IndraprasthaPark-Stupa-3.jpg|[[Murti]] of the [[Buddha]] at Shanti Stupa
File:Shanti Stupa at Indraprastha park , New Delhi, India.jpg|Front view of Shanti Stupa
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Peace Pagoda]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://shantistupa.org/ Vishwa Shanti Stupa Project]

{{Coord|28|36|08.6|N|77|15|12.4|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:Parks in Delhi]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 2007]]
[[Category:21st-century religious buildings and structures in India]]

Seleucid-Maurya treaty

2024-11-21T07:45:23Z

VirgilBugnion41: Made redirect

#REDIRECT[[Seleucid–Mauryan War#Treaty]]

Coke Studio (Pakistani TV program)

2024-11-18T03:07:50Z

VirgilBugnion41: general corrected details for consistency further and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Coke Studio Pakistan]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from other disambiguation}}
{{R unprintworthy}}
}}

Badamtam Tea Estate

2023-08-17T14:21:21Z

VirgilBugnion41: expanded formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Tea garden in West Bengal, India}}
{{ref improve|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Badamtam Tea Estate
| alt_name =
| photo =
| photo_width = 250
| photo_caption =
| type =
| location = [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| map =
| coords = {{coord|27.0944|N|88.2997|E||display=inline,title}}
| area =
| open = {{Start date|1858}}
| elevation = {{convert|305 to 1830|m|}}
| owner = [[Goodricke Group Limited]]
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status =
| website =
}}

'''Badamtam Tea Estate''' is a [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]] in the [[Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)|Darjeeling Pulbazar]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in West Bengal, India.

==History==
Badamtam Tea Estate was planted by Christine Barnes in the year 1858 before commercialization by the Lebong Company.
The name of the estate could have been derived from a Lepcha word, which means [[bamboo]] water carrier.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Badamtam Tea Estate|url=http://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/badamtam-tea-estate//|work=Darjeeling Tea Boutique}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|27|5|0|N|88|12|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-western portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Darjeeling Pulbazar CD block) in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|27|3|50|N|88|12|25|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Chongtong TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chongtong Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|4|50|N|88|17|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Ging TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ging Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|5|N|88|13|43|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Singtam TG| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Singtam Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|6|25|N|88|18|30|E}}| label-pos4= right|label4=Badamtam TE| numbered4=TE| mark-title4= Badamtam Tea Estate (TE)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|27|1|25|N|88|15|10|E}}| label-pos5=right |label5=Darjeeling| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Darjeeling]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|27|4|35|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Bijanbari| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bijanbari]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|6|30|E}}| label-pos7=bottom|label7=Lodhoma| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Lodhoma]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|4|0|N|88|16|34|E}}| label-pos8= right |label8= Puttabong TE | numbered8=TE| mark-title8= [[Puttabong Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color8=#87A96B
|mark-coord9={{coord|27|7|35|N|88|6|25|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Rimbick| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Rimbick]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|2|55|N|88|15|27|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tukvar TG| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tukvar Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|27|7|10|N|88|18|5|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Singla TG| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Singla Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|5|25|N|88|13|40|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Soom TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Soom Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|27|2|20|N|88|12|50|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Rishihat TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Rishihat Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|27|1|25|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Orange Valley TG| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Orange Valley Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|27|0|10|N|88|6|25|E}}| label-pos15=bottom|label15=Manebhanjyang| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|27|1|50|N|88|5|10|E}}| label-pos16=top|label16=Tonglu| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Tonglu, West Bengal]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|27|0|40|N|88|14|47|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Ghum| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Ghum, West Bengal]] (N)| shape-color17=#E97451
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|6|30|N|88|0|6|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Sandakphu| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Sandakphu]] (H)| shape-color18=#87410E
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|12|30|N|88|1|30|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19=Phalut| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Phalut]] (H)| shape-color19=#87410E
|mark-coord20={{coord|27|5|35|N|88|2|40|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20=Singalila |labela20= National|labelb20= Park| numbered20=NP| mark-title20= [[Singalila National Park]] (NP)| shape-color20=#228B22
|mark-coord21={{coord|27|6|20|N|88|16|3|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21=North Tukvar TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[North Tukvar Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|27|5|40|N|88|16|50|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Phoobsering TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Phoobsering Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|59|45|N|88|16|42|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Tiger Hill| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling]] (H)| shape-color23=#87410E
|mark-coord24={{coord|27|0|40|N|88|13|1|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Rock Garden| numbered24=TA| mark-title24= [[Rock Garden, Darjeeling]] (TA)| shape-color24=#228B22
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|59|20|N|88|15|54|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Senchal |labela25= Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|2|29|E}}|label26=Singalila Ridge| label-angle26=-70| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|27|9|20|N|88|10|0|E}}|label27=Rangeet| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=70| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|27|7|1|N|88|12|0|E}}|label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=7| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|7|50|E}}|label29= Rammam|labela29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=15| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title329 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|10|57|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7
|arc-coordB={{coord|27|1|0|N|87|59|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=40| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4
}}

===Location===

Badamtam [[Tea]] Estate is located in the Lebong Valley about 17 kilometers west of the [[Darjeeling]] town.
After the end of the two estates viz., Bada Ging Tea Estate and Chhota Ging Tea Estate, starts the area of Badamtam tea estate and goes till the Majhi Tar basin in Sikkim.

The estate is situated at an altitude ranging between 305 metres to 1830 metres above sea level.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Tea ==
Badamtam Tea Estate is famed for its Darjeeling First Flush Teas and other flushes.

==Ownership==
The estate is now owned by Goodricke Group Limited.

===The Goodricke Group===
The Goodricke Group owns five tea estates in Darjeeling: [[Thurbo Tea Estate|Thurbo]], Badamtam, Barnesbeg, [[Castleton Tea Estate|Castleton]] and [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate|Margaret's Hope]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://goodricke.com/tea-garden/darjeeling/margarets-hope | title = Our gardens| publisher = Goodricke|access-date = 27 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Tea estates in Darjeeling district]]

2006 Bangalore Open – Singles Qualifying

2023-05-26T09:47:50Z

VirgilBugnion41: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open – Singles]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Unreferenced BLPs

2023-05-16T18:47:14Z

VirgilBugnion41: started new data

This a list of unreferenced BLPs related to the Indian cinema task force wikiproject that are liable to be deleted soon, unless sources are found to comply with [[WP:V|verifiability]] policy and [[WP:N|notability]] guideline. This list was generated by searching for article at the intersection of

*[[:Category:Cinema of India]] (and its subcats up to depth 12), and
*[[:Category:All unreferenced BLPs]]

using the tool at [http://toolserver.org/~dschwen/intersection/index.php?linklist=&catlist=All+unreferenced+BLPs%0D%0ACinema+of+India&deep=12&do_intersection=Query Intersection Search tool]

* [[A. Karunakaran]]
* [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
* [[A. R. Reihana]]
* [[Aakanksha Jachak]]
* [[Aamani]]
* [[Aarathi]]
* [[Aarti Gupta]]
* [[Aashish Chaudhary]]
* [[Aatisha Naik]]
* [[Abhinaya (actress)]]
* [[Abhishek Avasthi]]
* [[Additi Gupta]]
* [[Adhyayan Suman]]
* [[Aditya Babu]]
* [[Aditya Chopra]]
* [[Aditya Lakhia]]
* [[Ajay Sahgal]]
* [[Ajaz Khan]]
* [[Ajit Varman]]
* [[Akash Dixit]]
* [[Akashdeep Saigal]]
* [[Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
* [[Akshay Anand]]
* [[Akshita Kapoor]]
* [[Ali (actor)]]
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)]]
* [[Ali Kazimi]]
* [[Alyque Padamsee]]
* [[Aman Siddiqui]]
* [[Aman Verma]]
* [[Amarjeet Shukla]]
* [[Amit Bose]]
* [[Anaitha Nair]]
* [[Anandji Virji Shah]]
* [[Aneesha Kapoor]]
* [[Aniket Vishwasrao]]
* [[Anil Chowdhury]]
* [[Anita Raj]]
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]]
* [[Anjori Alagh]]
* [[Ankur Tewari]]
* [[Aravind Akash]]
* [[Archana (actress)]]
* [[Arjun Jena]]
* [[Arjun Sarja]]
* [[Arun Govil]]
* [[Arunima Sharma]]
* [[Asha G. Menon]]
* [[Asha Puthli]]
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]
* [[Ashish Juneja]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
* [[Ashmith Kunder]]
* [[Ashok (actor)]]
* [[Ashok Mishra]]
* [[Ashok Saraf]]
* [[Ashwini Bhave]]
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Ayaz Khan]]
* [[Ayesha Jhulka]]
* [[Ayesha Kapur]]
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)]]
* [[Aziz Mirza]]
* [[Bala (actor)]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Benjamin Gilani]]
* [[Bhadran (director)]]
* [[Bharat Kapoor]]
* [[Bhavana Bhatt]]
* [[Bindu Panicker]]
* [[Bipasha Hayat]]
* [[Blessy]]
* [[Brinda Parekh]]
* [[B. Venkateshwarlu]]
* [[Chakri (music director)]]
* [[Chandni (actress)]]
* [[Chinmayi]]
* [[Chitti Babu (actor)]]
* [[Cindu Chandrasekharan]]
* [[Colonial Cousins]]
* [[Crazy Mohan]]
* [[D. Imman]]
* [[D. K. Shroff]]
* [[Danny Denzongpa]]
* [[Darshan (actor)]]
* [[Darshan Jariwala]]
* [[Debashree Roy]]
* [[Debina Bonnerjee]]
* [[Deepak Dev]]
* [[Deepak Verma]]
* [[Deepika Chikhalia]]
* [[Deepshikha]]
* [[Devaki Pandit]]
* [[Deven Bhojani]]
* [[Dharan Kumar]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Dharmesh Tiwari]]
* [[Darshana KT]]
* [[Dheena Chandra Dhas]]
* [[Diwakar Pundir]]
* [[Diya Sonecha]]
* [[Rajasekhar (actor)]]
* [[Ekta Kapoor]]
* [[Firdous Bamji]]
* [[Gangai Amaran]]
* [[Gautam Kumar]]
* [[Gavie Chahal]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
* [[Gopal Menon]]
* [[Gugu Gill]]
* [[Habib Faisal]]
* [[Hariharan (director)]]
* [[Harinath Policharla]]
* [[Harry Baweja]]
* [[Harsh Rajput]]
* [[Hazel Crowney]]
* [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
* [[Hiren Soni]]
* [[Hiten Paintal]]
* [[Indrajit Banerji]]
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]
* [[J. D.- Jerry]]
* [[Jag Mundhra]]
* [[Jagannatha Varma]]
* [[Jagapati Babu]]
* [[Jagdish Raj]]
* [[Jai (actor)]]
* [[Jassie Gift]]
* [[Jatin Bora]]
* [[Jatin Lalwani]]
* [[Javid Hussain]]
* [[Jaya Krishna]]
* [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
* [[Zerifa Wahid]]
* [[Jimmy Shergill]]
* [[Jyoti Sarup]]
* [[K. C. Bokadia]]
* [[K. M. Radha Krishnan]]
* [[K. R. Mohanan]]
* [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]
* [[Kabeer Kaushik]]
* [[Kamaal Khan]]
* [[Kamlesh Oza]]
* [[Kamya Panjabi]]
* [[Kanchi Kaul]]
* [[Kanwal Toor]]
* [[Karan Grover]]
* [[Karan Patel]]
* [[Karishma Tanna]]
* [[Kartik Chaudhry]]
* [[Kausha Rach]]
* [[Kavi Raz]]
* [[Keerthi Chawla]]
* [[Ketan Mehta]]
* [[Ketki Dave]]
* [[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]]
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)]]
* [[Kuber Sharma]]
* [[Kumar Govind]]
* [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor)]]
* [[Kunal Khemu]]
* [[Leena Chandavarkar]]
* [[Leslie Lewis]]
* [[Lissy (Malayalam actress)]]
* [[Lok Singh]]
* [[M. Raja]]
* [[Maadhu Balaji]]
* [[Maanvi Gagroo]]
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Madhhurima]]
* [[Mahi Gill]]
* [[Malaika Arora Khan]]
* [[Malaika Parekh]]
* [[Malashri]]
* [[Malavika Shivpuri]]
* [[Manav Gohil]]
* [[Mani Sharma]]
* [[Manish Raisinghan]]
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)]]
* [[Manoj Kumar]]
* [[Manchu Manoj]]
* [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)]]
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)]]
* [[Raasi (actress)]]
* [[Manu Malik]]
* [[Mouli Ganguly]]
* [[Mayank Sharma]]
* [[Meher Ramesh]]
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)]]
* [[Mohit Sehgal]]
* [[Moloya Goswami]]
* [[Mrinal Dev-Kulkarni]]
* [[Mrinal Sen]]
* [[Mugdha Chaphekar]]
* [[Mulraj Rajda]]
* [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
* [[Krishna (director)]]
* [[N. Lingusamy]]
* [[Nagendra Babu]]
* [[Nakul (actor)]]
* [[Nallamalupu Bujji]]
* [[Naman Shaw]]
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]]
* [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]
* [[Narender Bedi]]
* [[Naresh (actor)]]
* [[Natarajan Subramaniam]]
* [[Anita Hassanandani Reddy]]
* [[Nausheen Sardar Ali]]
* [[Neelima Azeem]]
* [[Neeraj Pandey]]
* [[Neetha Shetty]]
* [[Neha Bamb]]
* [[Neha Oberoi]]
* [[Neha Sharma]]
* [[Nikhil Mathew]]
* [[Ninad Kamat]]
* [[Nirad N. Mohapatra]]
* [[Niruta Singh]]
* [[Nishant Shokeen]]
* [[Nithin Sathya]]
* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]]
* [[Nurul Alam Atique]]
* [[P. Paul Verma]]
* [[P. Vasu]]
* [[P. Vijay]]
* [[P.G. Vinda]]
* [[Paladugu Durga Prasad]]
* [[Pankit Thakker]]
* [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
* [[Poornitha]]
* [[Prabhakar Panshikar]]
* [[Pradip Krishen]]
* [[Pranav Mohanlal]]
* [[Prashant Ranyal]]
* [[Preeti Sahay]]
* [[Prema Narayan]]
* [[Prithvi (actor)]]
* [[Priya Bathija]]
* [[Priya Raman]]
* [[Purbi Joshi]]
* [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
* [[R. Narayana Murthy]]
* [[R. P. Patnaik]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Ravi Khote]]
* [[Rahul Vaidya]]
* [[Rajan Sippy]]
* [[Rajeev Singh]]
* [[Rajeev Verma]]
* [[Rajendra Sethi]]
* [[Rajesh Roshan]]
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]]
* [[Rajkiran]]
* [[Rajshree Thakur]]
* [[Ram Sethi]]
* [[Ramachandra Babu]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta]]
* [[Ramkumar Ganesan]]
* [[Ravi Krishna]]
* [[Ravi Varma (actor)]]
* [[Reena Bhardwaj]]
* [[Rekha (South Indian actress)]]
* [[Richa Pallod]]
* [[Rizabawa]]
* [[Rohit Shetty]]
* [[Roja (actress)]]
* [[Ronit Roy]]
* [[Ronita Torcato]]
* [[Rubina Dilaik]]
* [[Ruhul Amin (film director)]]
* [[Rukmini Vijayakumar]]
* [[S V Babu]]
* [[S. P. Jananathan]]
* [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
* [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Sahila Chadha]]
* [[Sai Kiran Adivi]]
* [[Saindhavi]]
* [[Saket Chaudhary]]
* [[Sakshi Talwar]]
* [[Salauddin Lavlu]]
* [[Saloni Daini]]
* [[Saluri Koteswara Rao]]
* [[Sameer Rajda]]
* [[Sameer Reddy]]
* [[Sandeep Baswana]]
* [[Sangeeth Sivan]]
* [[Sangili Murugan]]
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]]
* [[Santosh Thundiyil]]
* [[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]]
* [[Sarvesh Murari]]
* [[Sasi Shanker]]
* [[Satish Davare]]
* [[Satish Kaul]]
* [[Seema Bhargav]]
* [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
* [[Shabbir Masani]]
* [[Shailendra Gaur]]
* [[Shakeela]]
* [[Shamita Shetty]]
* [[Shankar Panicker]]
* [[Sharad Malhotra]]
* [[Sharwanand]]
* [[Shashi Puri]]
* [[Sheetal Sheth]]
* [[Shefali Zariwala]]
* [[Shiamak Davar]]
* [[Shikha Swaroop]]
* [[Shiva (actor)]]
* [[Shivaji Satam]]
* [[Shobu Kapoor]]
* [[Shona Urvashi]]
* [[Shonali Nagrani]]
* [[Shrikar Madiraju]]
* [[Shriya Saran]]
* [[Shruthi Sharma]]
* [[Shruti Pathak]]
* [[Shubhangi Atre Poorey]]
* [[Shweta Menon]]
* [[Shweta Mohan]]
* [[Shweta Salve]]
* [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]
* [[Shyama]]
* [[Sibiraj]]
* [[Sid Makkar]]
* [[Siddarth Jadhav]]
* [[Siddharth Kak]]
* [[Siddharth Koirala]]
* [[Siddique (director)]]
* [[Sillo Mahava]]
* [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
* [[Smita Shewale]]
* [[Smriti Irani]]
* [[Sneha Ullal]]
* [[Snehal Dabi]]
* [[Snigdha Akolkar]]
* [[Sohail Khan]]
* [[Soni Razdan]]
* [[Sowcar Janaki]]
* [[Sridevi Vijaykumar]]
* [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
* [[Srinath (actor)]]
* [[Srinu Vaitla]]
* [[Shruti Marathe]]
* [[Subash Kundanmal]]
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]]
* [[Subhrajit Mitra]]
* [[Sudesh Bhonsle]]
* [[Sugandha Garg]]
* [[Suhasini Mulay]]
* [[Sujit Kumar]]
* [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
* [[Sukhdev Ahluwalia]]
* [[Sulakshana Pandit]]
* [[Suleka Mathew]]
* [[Suma Josson]]
* [[Suman Nagarkar]]
* [[Sumanth]]
* [[Sunaina Gulia]]
* [[Sundar C.]]
* [[Sunil Kumar Desai]]
* [[Suresh Peters]]
* [[Surveen Chawla]]
* [[Susi Ganeshan]]
* [[Suvalakshmi]]
* [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
* [[Swapna (actress)]]
* [[Tanushree Dutta]]
* [[Tanvi Azmi]]
* [[Tara Deshpande]]
* [[Tariq Anam Khan]]
* [[Tarsem Singh]]
* [[Tarun Gopi]]
* [[Tarun Kumar]]
* [[Tarun Mansukhani]]
* [[Tasneem Sheikh]]
* [[Tejashree]]
* [[Thangar Bachan]]
* [[Toral Rasputra]]
* [[Trishna Vivek]]
* [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
* [[Tuhin Sinha]]
* [[Uday Kiran]]
* [[Urmila Tiwari]]
* [[Uttam Gada]]
* [[V. M. Vinu]]
* [[V. N. Aditya]]
* [[V. Nagaraj]]
* [[V. Ravichandran]]
* [[Vaibhav Reddy]]
* [[Vandana Gupte]]
* [[Vaseegaran]]
* [[Veeru Devgan]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)]]
* [[Vignesh (actor)]]
* [[Vijay C Chakravarthy]]
* [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
* [[Vijayachander]]
* [[Vijayashanti]]
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]]
* [[Vikas Kalantri]]
* [[Vikas Sethi]]
* [[Vikram Gokhale]]
* [[Vikrant Rai]]
* [[Vikranth]]
* [[Vineetha]]
* [[Vinod Sukumaran]]
* [[Vinodini Sasimohan]]
* [[Vipasha Agarwal]]
* [[Vishal (actor)]]
* [[Vishal Malhotra]]
* [[Vishwamitra Gokel]]
* [[V. K. Joseph]]
* [[Yash Tonk]]
* [[Yogi (actor)]]
* [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
* [[Yousuf Saeed]]
* [[YVS Chowdary]]
* [[Zafar Karachiwala]]
* [[Zayed Khan]]
* [[Zoya Akhtar]]

[[Category:Indian cinema task force]]

Kuthlehar

2023-05-04T02:33:56Z

VirgilBugnion41: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kutlehar State]]

Rath Yatra

2019-12-26T09:15:23Z

VirgilBugnion41: slightly fixed references to improve readability further

#REDIRECT [[Ratha Yatra]]