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Birch bark manuscript

2026-05-06T19:14:04Z

VirgieSalter103: done.

{{for|Native American birch bark writing|Wiigwaasabak}}
{{Short description|Documents written on the inner layer of birch bark}}
[[File:Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg|right|thumb|A birch bark manuscript from Kashmir of the ''Rupavatara'', a grammatical textbook based on the Sanskrit grammar of [[Pāṇini]] (dated 1663)]]

A '''birch bark manuscript''' is a document written on the outer layer of [[birch bark]], which was commonly used for writing before the mass production of [[paper]]. Evidence of birch bark for writing goes back many centuries and appears in various cultures, predominantly in and around the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[East European Plain]]. The oldest such manuscripts are the numerous [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]] from approximately the 1st century CE, from what is now Afghanistan. They contain among the earliest known versions of significant Buddhist scriptures, including a ''[[Dhammapada]]'', discourses of Buddha that include the ''[[Rhinoceros Sutra]]'', [[Avadana]]s and [[Abhidharma]] texts.

Sanskrit birch bark manuscripts written with [[Brahmi script]] have been dated to the first few centuries CE. Several early Sanskrit writers, such as [[Kālidāsa]] ({{circa|4th century CE}}), [[Sushruta]] ({{circa|3rd century CE}}), and [[Varāhamihira]] (6th century CE) mention its use for manuscripts. The bark of ''[[Betula utilis]]'' (Himalayan Birch) is still used today in India and [[Nepal]] for writing sacred mantras. Russian texts discovered in [[Veliky Novgorod]] have been dated to approximately the 11th to 15th centuries CE.<ref name="Drinka">{{cite book |last1=Drinka |first1=Bridget |title=Language Contact in Europe: The Periphrastic Perfect through History |date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51493-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r53cDQAAQBAJ |language=en |page=329}}</ref> Most of those documents are letters written by various people in a local dialect, [[Old Novgorod dialect|Old Novgorodian]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldbrugge |first1=Ferdinand J. M. |title=A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649 |date=2 October 2017 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-35214-8 |pages=288–290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDI9DwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Novgorod Birch-Bark Documents}}</ref> The Irish language's native writing system [[Ogham]], sometimes called the "tree alphabet", was traditionally attributed to the god [[Ogma]] who wrote a proscription on birch to Lugh, warning him; the text of this proscription can be found in the [[Book of Ballymote]]. The first letter of Ogham is ''beith''; ''beithe'' means "birch".

==Gandhāran Buddhist manuscripts==
{{Main|Gandhāran Buddhist texts}}
[[File:Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_(1st_C),_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg|thumb|Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments ({{circa|1st century}})]]
Buddhist manuscripts written in the [[Gāndhārī language]] are likely the oldest extant Indic texts, dating to approximately the 1st century CE. They were written on birch bark and stored in clay jars. The [[British Library]] acquired them in 1994. They were written in Kharoṣṭhī and were believed to have originated from [[Afghanistan]], because similar birch bark manuscripts had been discovered in eastern Afghanistan.<ref name="AOS">{{cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=April 1, 1997|title=A preliminary survey of some early Buddhist manuscripts recently acquired by the British Library|journal=[[The Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|volume=117|issue=2|pages=353–358|publisher=American Oriental Society|doi=10.2307/605500|jstor=605500|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-19728985|url-access=subscription}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Since 1994, a similar collection of Gāndhārī texts from the same era, called the Senior collection, has also surfaced.<ref name="SalomonGlass2000">{{cite book|author1=Richard Salomon|author2=Andrew Glass|title=A Gāndhārī Version of the Rhinoceros Sūtra: British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragment 5B|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTmN8Xs9xBkC&pg=PR11|access-date=15 July 2012|year=2000|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98035-5|page=xi}}</ref>

The British Library birch bark manuscripts were in the form of scrolls. They were very fragile and had already been damaged. They measured five to nine inches wide, and consisted of twelve- to eighteen-inch long, overlapping rolls that had been glued together to form longer scrolls. A thread sewn through the edges helped to hold them together. The script was written in black ink. The manuscripts were written on both sides of the scrolls, beginning at the top on one side, continuing with the scroll turned over and upside down, so that the text concluded at the top and back of the scroll. The longest intact scroll from the British Library collection is eighty-four inches long.<ref name="AOS" />

The texts were likely compiled by the Dharmaguptaka sect and probably "represent a random but reasonably representative fraction of what was probably a much larger set of texts preserved in the library of a monastery of the Dharmaguptaka sect in [[Nagarāhāra]]", according to Richard Salomon.<ref>Richard Salomon. ''Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments'', with contributions by Raymond Allchin and Mark Barnard. Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: The British Library, 1999. pg 181</ref> The collection includes a variety of known commentaries and sutras, including a ''Dhammapada'', discourses of [[Shakyamuni Buddha]] that include the ''Rhinoceros Sutra'', [[avadāna]]s, and abhidharma texts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|title=Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|year=1999|isbn=0-295-97769-8}}</ref>

The condition of the scrolls indicates that they were already in poor condition and fragments by the time they were stored in the clay jars. Scholars concluded that the fragmented scrolls were given a ritual interment, much like Jewish texts stored in a [[genizah]].<ref name="AOS" />

==Sanskrit and Brāhmī manuscripts==
[[File:Indian - Sarasvati - Walters 2550.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sarasvati]] in Walters museum holding a manuscript]]
[[File:Kashmir Sharada MS.jpg|thumb|A [[Kashmir]]i manuscript on birch bark ({{circa|17th century}})]]
The bark of ''[[Betula utilis]]'' (Himalayan Birch) has been used for centuries in India for writing scriptures and texts in various scripts. Its use was especially prevalent in historical [[Kashmir]]. Use of bark as paper has been mentioned by early Sanskrit writers such as [[Kalidasa]] ({{circa|4th century CE}}), [[Sushruta]] ({{circa|3rd century CE}}), and [[Varahamihira]] (6th century CE). In Kashmir, early scholars recounted that all of their books were written on Himalayan birch bark until the 16th century.<ref name="Müller">{{cite book |author=Müller, Friedrich Max |title=Selected essays on language, mythology and religion, Volume 2 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |year=1881 |pages=335–336fn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuZYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA335}}</ref>

[[File:Bower-ms.jpeg|thumb|The [[Bower Manuscript]] on birch bark ({{circa|450 CE}})]]
A fragment of a birch bark scroll in Sanskrit, in the [[Brāhmī script]], was part of the British Library Gandhara scroll collection. It is presumed to be from North India, dating to sometime during the first few centuries CE.<ref name="Olivelle2006">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 Bce to 400 Ce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA356|access-date=15 July 2012|date=13 July 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530532-6|pages=356–7}}</ref> Birch bark manuscripts in Brāhmī script were discovered in an ancient Buddhist monastery in [[Jaulian]], near [[Taxila]] in the Punjab in Pakistan, and dated to the 5th century CE.<ref name="Behrendt2003">{{cite book|author=Kurt A. Behrendt|title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. The Buddhist architecture of Gandhāra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9_vbgkzUSkC&pg=PA35|access-date=15 July 2012|year=2003|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13595-6|pages=35–36}}</ref>

The [[Bakhshali manuscript]] consists of seventy birch bark fragments written in Sanskrit and Prakrit, in the [[Śāradā script]]. Based on the language and content, it is estimated to be from the 2nd to 3rd century CE. The text discusses various mathematical techniques.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary |author1=John Newsome Crossley |author2=Anthony Wah-Cheung Lun |author3=Kangshen Shen |author4=Shen Kangsheng |year= 1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTJHRGTG6YC&q=%22Bakhshali+Manuscript%22&pg=RA1-PA29|isbn=0-19-853936-3}}</ref><ref name="Bodleian">{{cite web|url=http://treasures.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/The-Bakhshali-Manuscript|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005013320/http://treasures.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/The-Bakhshali-Manuscript|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2011|title=The Bakhshali Manuscript|work=Treasures of the Bodleian|publisher=University of Oxford Bodleian Library|access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>

A large collection of birch bark scrolls were discovered in Afghanistan during the civil war in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, possibly in the [[Buddhas of Bamiyan|Bamiyan Caves]]. The approximately 3,000 scroll fragments are in Sanskrit or Buddhist Sanskrit, in the Brāhmī script, and date to a period from the 2nd to 8th century CE.<ref name="Olivelle2006" />

The [[Bower Manuscript]] is one of the oldest Sanskrit texts on birch bark in the Brāhmī script. It includes several texts covering subjects including a medical treatise and proverbs. It was discovered in [[Kucha]] (currently in [[Aksu Prefecture]] in [[Xinjiang]], China), an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the northern [[Silk Road]], and is estimated to be from around 450 CE.<ref name="Diringer1953">{{cite book|author=David Diringer|title=The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval, and Oriental|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NVKLKY4jIcC&pg=PA361|access-date=16 July 2012|year=1953|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|page=361}}</ref>

The [[Gilgit#Gilgit manuscripts|Gilgit Manuscripts]] were Buddhist texts discovered in the Gilgit area of Pakistan in 1931 and include various sutras, including the [[Lotus Sutra]], along with folk tales, medicine, and philosophy. They are dated to approximately the 5th to 6th centuries AD, and were written in Buddhist Sanskrit in the [[Śāradā script]].<ref name="Marwah">{{cite web|author=Gyan Marwah|work=The South Asian Magazine|title=Gilgit Manuscript — Piecing Together Fragments of History|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Aug2004/Gilgit_manuscript.htm|location=Haryana, India|access-date=2009-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|title=Gilgit Manuscript|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22448&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922013344/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D22448%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-22|work=Memory of the World Register|access-date=2009-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17935041|title=India: Rare Buddhist manuscript Lotus Sutra released|date=2012-05-03|work=BBC News|access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

Manuscripts containing the Devīkavaca text, a hymn praising the goddess [[Durga]], were thought to protect the person who carries them from evil influences like an amulet or charm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Devīkavaca|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01578|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> An example of one of these texts in [[Devanagari]] script from [[Nepal]] is held at [[Cambridge University Library]] (MS Add. 1578).

Birch bark is still used in some parts of India and Nepal for writing sacred [[mantra]]s.<ref name= "Müller" /><ref name="Wheeler">{{cite book |author=Wheeler, David Martyn |title=Hortus Revisited: A 21st Birthday Anthology |publisher=Frances Lincoln |location=London |year=2008 |page=119 |isbn=978-0-7112-2738-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20vS2esVCRcC&pg=PA119 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This practice was first mentioned {{circa|8th}} or 9th century CE, in the Lakshmi Tantra.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite book |author=Gupta, Sanjukta |title=Laksmi Tantra a Pancaratra text; Orientalia Rheno-traiectina; v.15 |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1972 |page=xxi |isbn=9004034196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztEUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR21}}</ref>

In Indian sculpture, a birch bark manuscript is easily identified by the droop. A palm leaf manuscript is stiff.

==East Slavic manuscripts==
[[File:Birch bark document 210.jpg|thumb|250px|Birch-bark letter no. 202<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gramoty.ru/index.php?no=202&act=full&key=bb |title=Древнерусские берестяные грамоты. Грамота №202 |access-date=2008-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124003925/http://gramoty.ru/index.php?no=202&act=full&key=bb |archive-date=2015-11-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> contains spelling lessons and drawings made by a boy named [[Onfim]]; based on craftsmanship, experts estimate his age as between 6 and 7 at the time.]]

On July 26, 1951, during excavations in [[Novgorod]], Nina Fyodorovna Akulova discovered the first Russian birch bark manuscript in a [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratigraphic layer]] dated to around the year 1400.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=xi}} As of 2018, a total of 1,222 items have been discovered in 12 cities, of which 1,113 were found in Novgorod.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|pp=19–20}} In Russia, outside of Novgorod, the others were found in [[Staraya Russa]] (49), [[Torzhok]] (19), [[Smolensk]] (16), [[Pskov]] (8), [[Tver]] (5), [[Moscow]] (4), [[Ryazan]] (1), and [[Vologda]] (1).{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|pp=19–20}} Outside of Russia, the rest were found in [[Mstsislaw]] (2) and [[Vitebsk]] (1) in Belarus, and in [[Zvenyhorod]] (3) in Ukraine.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|pp=19–20}} Of the birch bark documents unearthed in Russia, 90% were found in Novgorod and 97% were found in the same historic region as Novgorod.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=20}}

[[Image:Новгородская грамота 109 от Жизномира к Микуле 12 век.jpg|thumb|250px|Birch-bark letter no. 109, c. 12th century, [[Veliky Novgorod]]; photograph]]
In Russian, the study of birch bark letters is informally known as ''berestologiya'', from the word ''beryosta'' for the outer birch bark.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=xii}} Less than 3% of medieval Novgorod has been systematically excavated, and [[Valentin Yanin]], the head of the Novgorod Archaeological Expedition, estimated that more than 20,000 remain to be discovered in Novgorod alone.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=22}} Although the birch bark letters do not contain explicit dates, archaeologists have been able to date them with an accuracy of 10 to 15 years using methods including [[stratigraphy]] and [[dendrochronology]].{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=27}} They can be dated even more precisely if historical names or events are mentioned.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=27}}

The late discovery of birch documents, as well as their amazing state of preservation, is explained by a deep culture layer in Novgorod (up to eight meters, or 25 feet) and heavy waterlogged [[clay]] soil which prevents the access of [[oxygen]]. Serious excavations in Novgorod started only in 1932, although some attempts had been made in the 19th century. The earliest possible mention of their existence comes from authorities cited by [[Ibn al-Nadim]], who described "Russians" writing upon "white wood" and gave an example of a "Russian" system of writing, adding, "I do not know whether these are words or single letters".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wellisch |first1=Hans H. |title=The first Arab bibliography : Fihrist al- ʻulum |publisher=University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/3825/gslisoccasionalpv00000i00175.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702212424/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/3825/gslisoccasionalpv00000i00175.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-02 |language=en|oclc=15111521 |page=16 |quote=One of al-Nadim's authorities told him that the Russians use 'white wood' (probably birch bark) as writing material, and he also displays an example of purportedly 'Russian' writing wisely adding 'I do not know whether these are words or single letters' because the example resembles neither.}}</ref> Over two hundred [[stylus]]es have also been found, mostly made of [[iron]], some of [[bone]] or [[bronze]].

[[Andrey Zaliznyak]] distinguished the manuscripts in Novgorod from "supra-dialectal Old Russian".{{sfn|Dekker|2018|p=11|loc=Chapter 1.5}} Other manuscripts in Novgorod have also shown distinct [[Northern Russian dialects|north Russian dialect]] forms.{{sfn|Greenberg|2017|p=519}} As [[Church Slavonic]] was used in liturgical and religious writing, while a supra-regional variety was used for trade, it is unclear to what extent Novgorodians at the time would have considered them to have been separate languages or distinct registers of a single language.{{sfn|Dekker|2018|p=11}} In addition, there is some variation in birch bark letters due to a lack of standardization that is seen with modern literary languages.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=52}} Some texts are also written with a mixture of Church Slavonic and [[Old Novgorodian]], but others are written in a pure vernacular.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=52}} The language found in the birch bark manuscripts represents the closest approximation to the vernacular Old Russian language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sussex |first1=Roland |author1-link=Roland Sussex |last2=Cubberley |first2=Paul |title=The Slavic languages |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-22315-7 |page=81}}</ref><ref name="Drinka"/>

According to Yanin and Zaliznyak, most documents are ordinary letters by various people written in what is considered to be a vernacular dialect. The letters are of a personal or business character. A few documents include elaborate obscenities. Very few documents are written in Church Slavonic and only one in [[Old Norse]]. The school exercises and drawings by a young boy named [[Onfim]] have drawn much attention.<ref>*{{cite book|last=Schaeken|first=Jos|title=Stemmen Op Berkenbast: Berichten Uit Middeleeuws Rusland: Dagelijks Leven en Communicatie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSjrvm_c57kC&pg=RA1-PA103|year=2012|publisher=Amsterdam UP|pages=101–105|isbn=9789087281618}}</ref><ref>* [[Valentin Yanin|Yanin, Valentin L.]] (Feb 1990). "The Archaeology of Novgorod". ''Scientific American'', p. 84. Covers, ''History, "Kremlin of Novgorod", "Novgorod Museum of History", preservation dynamics, and the production of 'Birch bark documents'.'' This article contains examples of birch bark documents, styluses, and photographs.</ref>{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=109}} Since the manuscripts were written by laypeople and consist of casual notes, it has been suggested that there was widespread literacy across large segments of urban society in medieval Russia; according to one estimate, 20% of the urban male population in Russian city-states were literate around the mid-13th century.{{sfn|Rakhlin|Kornilov|Grigorenko|2017|p=393}}

The contents of the birch bark writings included not only religious writings but also document death of princes, conclusions of peace, dignitary arrivals, folk verses and local proverbs, even casual doodles. While legal related matters include accusations, witnesses and the procedure of evidence, payments and fines, theft, fraud as well as wife-beating. One mundane personal writing reads "Sell the house and come to Smolensk or Kiev; bread is cheap; if you cannot come, write to me about your health".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Simon |date=1985 |title=Literacy and Documentation in Early Medieval Russia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2852132 |journal=Speculum |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=5–7 |doi=10.2307/2852132 |jstor=2852132 |issn=0038-7134|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

One of the smallest birch bark letters found is no. 79, which is no larger than 6 x 1.5cm, while no. 397 is 4.6 x 2.6cm.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=33}} On the opposite side of the scale, no. 519 is 47.2 x 16cm.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=33}} Of those where the texts have been preserved in their entirety, most are no more than 20 words long, with a few exceeding 50 words.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=35}} The longest one, found in Moscow (Moscow 3), contains 52 lines and about 370 words.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=35}} The second longest, no. 531, is 166 words.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=35}} The majority of surviving birch bark letters have missing text, with only a quarter of the entire corpus having complete texts.{{sfn|Schaeken|2018|p=35}}

==Finnic manuscripts==
[[Image:Birch-bark letter 292.gif|thumb|350px|[[Birch bark letter no. 292|Birch-bark letter no. 292]], oldest known [[Finnic language]] text (first half of the 13th century)]]
The [[birch bark letter no. 292]] from the Novgorod excavations (unearthed in 1957) is the oldest known document in any [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] language. It is dated to the beginning of the 13th century. The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of the language spoken in [[Olonets Karelia]], a dialect of the [[Karelian language]].

==Writings made in the Soviet Union==
[[File:Kārlis Roberts Kalevics letter.png|thumb|Birch bark letter from Siberia by {{ill|lt=Kārlis Roberts Kalevics|Roberts Kalevics|lv}} (1877–1945)<ref name=krk>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_07425/?sp=2&r=-0.19,-0.039,1.38,0.771,0 Image 2 of Letter on Birch Bark from Siberia] by {{ill|lt=Kārlis Roberts Kalevics|Roberts Kalevics|lv}}, October 1, 1941</ref>]]
There are birch bark letters written in the 20th century, most notably by victims of the repressions of the [[USSR|Soviet]] [[Stalinist]] regime. People in [[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|Soviet forced settlements]] and [[GULAG]] camps in Siberia used strips of birch bark to write letters to their loved ones back home, due to inaccessibility of paper. In 2023 [[birch bark letters from Siberia]] Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine, applied to include birch bark letters from Siberia (1945–1965) in the [[UNESCO]] "[[Memory of the World]]" Register.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salganik |first=Tatiana |date=2023-11-29 |title=Letters on birch bark written by Ukrainian political prisoners from Siberia will be included in the UNESCO heritage list – Ministry of Culture |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/letters-on-birch-bark-written-by-ukrainian-political-prisoners-from-siberia-will-be-included-in-the-unesco-heritage-list-ministry-of-culture |access-date=2026-03-30 |publisher=[[Ukrainian National News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="err_ee">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-28 |title=Baltics, Poland, Ukraine submit gulag birch bark letters to UNESCO register |url=https://news.err.ee/1609178587/baltics-poland-ukraine-submit-gulag-birch-bark-letters-to-unesco-register |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=[[Estonian Public Broadcasting|ERR News]] |language=en}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], propaganda newspapers and leaflets published by guerilla fighters were sometimes printed on birch bark due to shortage of paper.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://history.milportal.ru/2014/04/partizanskaya-pechat-orlovskoj-oblasti-v-gody-vojny/|title=Guerilla press of the Oryol Region during the years of war|access-date=2017-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225051447/http://history.milportal.ru/2014/04/partizanskaya-pechat-orlovskoj-oblasti-v-gody-vojny/|archive-date=2017-02-25|url-status=dead|magazine=Военно-исторический журнал|date=Apr 2014|last=КОНДРАТЕНКО|first=Алексей Иванович}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2003/10/07/vystavka.html|title=Гусман "просветил" Фетисова|website=Российская газета|date=7 October 2003 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bryggen inscriptions]], documents of the same age found in Bergen, Norway
* [[List of Russian archaeologists]]
* [[Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing]]
* See the [[Old Novgorod dialect]] article for samples of some texts
* [[Onfim]] – boy from medieval Novgorod, famous for his birch bark drawings
* [[Palm-leaf manuscript]]
* [[Russian archaeology]]
* [[Wiigwaasabak]] – birch bark scrolls of the Ojibwa people
*[[Yukaghir birch-bark carvings]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Dekker |first1=Simeon |title=Old Russian Birchbark Letters: A Pragmatic Approach |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-36238-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV1cswEACAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Greenberg |first1=Marc L. |editor1-last=Kapović |editor1-first=Mate |chapter=Slavic |title=The Indo-European Languages |date=20 January 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-39153-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ |language=en | pages=519–551}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rakhlin |first1=Natalia |last2=Kornilov |first2=Sergey A. |last3=Grigorenko |first3=Elena L. |title=Learning to Read across Languages and Writing Systems |date=12 October 2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09588-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-w0DwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Learning to Read Russian}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schaeken |first1=Jos |title=Voices on Birchbark: Everyday Communication in Medieval Russia |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-38942-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5GFDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Birch bark manuscripts}}
{{Wiktionary|berestology}}

*[https://gandhari.org Gandhari.org] Complete Corpus, Catalog, Bibliography and Dictionary of Gāndhārī texts
*[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/gandhara.html British Library Gandharan Scrolls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808104259/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/gandhara.html |date=2018-08-08 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140911211001/http://ebmp.org/ The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project at University of Washington]
*[http://slavic.uchicago.edu/archived/bblphotos University of Chicago Novgorodian Scrolls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424201020/https://slavic.uchicago.edu/archived/bblphotos |date=2020-04-24 }}
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://gramoty.ru/ 956 Russian birch bark documents with modern translations]
*[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01578 Devīkavaca] at [[Cambridge University Library]]
*[http://oapen.org/search?identifier=418530;keyword=schaeken ''Stemmen op Boombast''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810135908/http://oapen.org/search?identifier=418530;keyword=schaeken |date=2014-08-10 }}, monograph by Jos Schaeken on the Novgorod ''beretsy'' (free download)

{{Writing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeological corpora]]
[[Category:Birch bark]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Early Buddhist texts]]
[[Category:Gandhara]]
[[Category:Novgorod Republic]]
[[Category:Old East Slavic inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Slavic culture]]

T. Siddique

2026-05-04T15:11:36Z

VirgieSalter103: stub

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = T. Siddique
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|6|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Perumanna]], [[Kozhikode]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Devagiri College]], [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]]
| profession = Politician, lawyer, social worker
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 25 May 2021
| predecessor1 = [[C. K. Saseendran]]
| constituency3 = [[Kalpetta (State Assembly constituency)|Kalpetta]]
}}

{{Given name hatnote|Siddique|Thuvakkodu|lang=Malayali}}'''Thuvakkodu Siddique''' (born 1 June 1974) is an Indian politician and as of 2021 was one of the three Working Presidents of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee|Kerala PCC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kpcc.org.in/kpcc-committee|title=Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee List|website=kpccofficial|language=en|access-date=2021-01-29}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/21/candidature-siddique-muraleedharan-high-command.html|title=Candidature of Siddique, Muraleedharan awaits high command's nod|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was a [[Kerala Students Union|KSU]] leader and union chairman at [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]], Kozhikode. He was the former state president of the Youth Congress Kerala, KPCC General Secretary and KPCC Vice President. In 2014, he contested from Kasaragod Lok Sabha Constituency. He lost to CPIM Candidate P Karunakaran by slight margin in Communist bastion. In 2016, he contested from [[Kunnamangalam]] Assembly constituency in Kerala Assembly election. He lost to PTA Rahim in the left wave at Kunnamangalam, the CPIM stronghold. In 2019, he got Wayanad Loksabha seat for contest, he started election campaign after KPCC President Mullappally Ramachandran's Wayanad candidate declaration. AICC president Rahul Gandhi decided to contest from Wayanad along with Amethi Loksabha seat after some days. Then, T Siddique decided to withdraw his candidature from Wayanad Loksabha seat with pleasure. Rahul Gandhi contested from Wayanad and won with record margin. In 2021, Rahul Gandhi decided to give Kalpetta Assembly Constituency seat to T Siddique. He contested from Kalpetta Assembly Constituency from Wayanad District. He defeated the Left Front's LJD candidate '''M. V. Shreyams Kumar''' in CPM's sitting seat. T Siddique is current MLA of [[Kalpetta]] Assembly Constituency.
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/congress-picks-siddiqque-for-wayanad/article26571118.ece|title=It's T. Siddique for Wayanad|last=Menon|first=Girish|date=2019-03-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
T Siddique was born in Panteerankavu, Kozhikode to Nafeesa and Kasim of the Thuvakkodu house on 1 June 1974. His father was an employee of the Kasaragod Electricity Department, but later returned back to his hometown in Kozhikode. {{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

He married Naseema, a teacher from Kollam district, and they divorced in 2015 by mutual consent.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} He has two sons from this marriage. Aadil and Aashique. He later married Sharafunnisa, a writer from Kannur. He has a son with Sharafunnisa named Zil Yazdan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/t-siddique-s-new-wife-sharafunnisa-132086.html|title=ടി സിദ്ദിഖിന്റെ പുതിയ ഭാര്യ ഷറഫുന്നീസ His son Zil Yazdan Siddique|last=Chandran|first=Soorya|date=2015-03-25|website=malayalam.oneindia.com|language=ml|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref> After winning from Kalpetta Assembly Constituency and becoming an MLA, he moved from Kozhikode to Kalpetta.

== Education ==
He completed high school from Pantheeramkavu High School in the year 1989. Afterwards he joined for Pre- Degree at Zamorin's Guruvayoorappan College. He finished his Bachelor of Commerce degree from St. Joseph's College Devagiri in the year 1994.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} He also did a Diploma in Computer Science from Lakhotia Institute of Computer Science and graduated LLB (Bachelor of law) from the law college in the state of Kerala, Kozhikode Govt. Law College in the year of 2000.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Political positions held ==
KSU Unit President, St.Joseph's College Devagiri, 1993

Chairman, College Union, St.Joseph's College Devagiri, 1993–94

KSU Unit President, Govt. Law College, Kozhikode, 1996-98.

Elected as Senate Member, University of Calicut, 1997 to 2000

Youth Congress Peruvayal Mandalam General Secretary, 1994–97

Youth Congress Perumanna Mandalam Vice President, 1997 to 2000

UDF Election Committee Convener of Kunnamangalam Assembly Constituency, 2001.

UDF Election Committee Convener of Kozhikode Parliament Constituency, 2009

Member Samavaya Committee of Kozhikode DCC. Vice President, Kerala YCC, 2002 to 2006

President, Kerala YC Committee, 2006–08

Member of Kerala PCC, 2008–13

General Secretary of Kerala PCC, 2012–16

Kozhikode DCC President, 2016-20. KPCC Vice President, 2019–21

Working President 2021 to 2025.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*https://www.ndtv.com/elections/kerala-assembly-election-candidates-list-2021/t-siddique-11019-6
*https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/congress-picks-siddiqque-for-wayanad/article26571118.ece/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddique, T}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Mumbaicha Jawai

2026-05-04T15:03:51Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mumbaicha Jawai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raja Thakur]]
| writer = Ram Kelkar
| producer = Tushar Pradhan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Arun Sarnaik]]
*Ranjeeta
*[[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]]
*[[Sharad Talwalkar]]
}}
| cinematography = Arvind Lad
| editing = Bal Korde
| music = [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| studio = Parijat Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1970|03|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Mumbaicha Jawai''''' ({{Translation|Mumbai's son-in-law}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film directed by [[Raja Thakur]] and produced by Tushar Pradhan. The film stars [[Arun Sarnaik]], Rajeeta, [[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]], [[Sharad Talwalkar]]. The film received [[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film]] at the [[18th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&dq=Mumbaicha+Jawai&pg=PA81 |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |date=2013-04-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was also released in the [[Soviet Union]], along with other imported four Indian films including ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'', ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'', ''[[Bandhan (1969 film)|Bandhan]]'', ''Pritidwandi''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwdDAAAAYAAJ&q=mumbaicha+jawai |title=Women on the March |date=1971 |publisher=Smt. Mukul Banerjee for the Women's Department |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]'' released in 1972. The film was directed by [[Basu Chatterjee|Basu Chatterji]], starred [[Jaya Bhaduri]] and [[Anil Dhawan]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farewell Basu Chatterjee |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/farewell-basu-chatterjee-42145.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Appa Ponkshe resides with his extensive family in a chawl in [[Mumbai]]. There, Rami's Daav, Avinash-Manju's play takes place. The younger son Arvind was married to Durga. Durga grew up in a spacious palace in [[Belgaum]]. Therefore, it is difficult for her to settle in a small place in Mumbai. Nandihalli, Durga's uncle, sees the place of Mumbai and leaves to take Durga back.

== Cast ==

* [[Arun Sarnaik]] as Arun Ponkshe
* Rajeeta as Durga<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Anirudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ibREAAAQBAJ&dq=mumbaicha+jawai&pg=PA98 |title=Basu Chatterji: And Middle-of-the-Road Cinema |date=2023-03-20 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-974-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* Surekha as Manju Ponkshe
* Narayan Bhave
* Pushpa Bhosale
* Bhalchandra Kulkarni
* [[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]] as Pandari Appa Ponkshe
* Ramchandra Varde
* Vimal Raut
* Raja Dani as Arun
* [[Sharad Talwalkar]] as Appa Ponkshe

== Production ==
The film was produced in Kolhapur's Jayprabha Studios.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=मुंबईचा जावई |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/mumbaicha-javai/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Marathifilmdata.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[Sudhir Phadke]] and lyrics are penned by [[G. D. Madgulkar]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=8482650}}

[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot at Jayprabha Studio]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Pradeep Kondiparthi

2026-04-29T07:50:27Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pradeep Kondiparthi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| children =
| yearsactive = 1982–present
}}
'''Pradeep Kondiparthi''' is an Indian actor known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], theatre, and television.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/Muddamandaram1981_printer.php Movie retrospect of Mudda Mandaram at Telugu cinema.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225072038/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/Muddamandaram1981_printer.php |date=25 February 2012 }}</ref> He is widely known for portraying [[Character actor]] roles in a variety of genres. Pradeep has starred in over eighty serials, and twenty feature films.<ref name="Jandhya marutham">{{cite book|last1=Pulagam|first1=Chinnarayana|title=Jandhya marutham|date=April 2005|publisher=Haasam Publications|location=Hyderabad|pages=46–52|edition=I}}</ref> In Television he is known for his works in [[Doordarshan]], and conducts personality and corporate development seminars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxPteHkZgfE |title=Actor Pradeep Kondiparthi Full Interview | F2 | Eagle Media Works |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2022-06-11}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
;As actor<ref name="Jandhya marutham"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Mudda Mandaram]]'' || Pradeep ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Nalugu Stambhalata (film)|Nalugu Stambalata]]'' || Pradeep Kumar || <ref>{{cite web|title=Nalugu Stambhalata (1982)|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Nalugu-Stambhalata-1982|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|accessdate=17 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212085936/https://telugucinema.com/Nalugu-Stambhalata-1982|archive-date=12 February 2016|date=7 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Rendu Jella Sita]]'' || Krishna ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Gopi – Goda Meeda Pilli]]'' || Sudeep ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Premabhishekam (2008 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' || Sridevi's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' || Govindharaju ||
|-
| ''[[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]'' || Krishna Rao ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[F3 (film)|''F3'']]'' || Harika's and Honey's father ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bhola Shankar]]'' || Vamsi’s father-in-law ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Cheekatilo]]''
|Sandhya’s father
|
|-
|''[[Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani]]''
|Gurumurthy
|
|}

==Television==
;Soap operas
*''Anaganaga Sobhu''<ref name="Jandhya marutham"/>
*''Matti Manushulu''
*''Pelli Pandhiri''
*''Chaanakya''
*''Saadhana''
*''Butchi Babu''
*''Anando Brahm''
*''Mamathala Kovela'' as Sarvarayudu

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kondiparthi, Pradeep}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Indian films of 2018

2026-04-26T19:03:58Z

VirgieSalter103: starting a pg basic info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
This is the list of Indian films that are released in 2018

== Box office collection ==

The [[list of highest-grossing Indian films]] released in 2018, by worldwide box office [[gross revenue]], are as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2018
|-
! Rank !! Title
! Production company !!Language
! Worldwide gross
! Ref.
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1
| ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
|[[Lyca Productions]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|{{INRConvert|699.89|c|Ik=c|year=2018}}{{Ndash}}{{INRConvert|800|c|lk=c|year=2018}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php#google_vignette |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanju Box Office Collection till Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/2-0-exclusive-exhibitionin-chennai-original-costumes-of-rajinikanth-akshay-attracts-visitors/348361 |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2
| ''[[Sanju]]''
|[[Vinod Chopra Films]] [[Rajkumar Hirani|Rajkumar Hirani Films]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|{{INRConvert|586.85|c|year=2018}}–{{INRConvert|588|c|year=2018}}
| <ref name="BH-Sanju">{{cite web |title=Sanju Box Office Collection till Now |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sanju/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Coolie worldwide box office collection day 14: Rajinikanth film crosses ₹500 crore; sets sights on Saiyaara, Padmaavat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-14-rajinikanth-film-crosses-500-crore-sets-sights-on-saiyaara-padmaavat-101756351746261.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 3
| ''[[Padmaavat]]''
||[[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] [[Bhansali Productions]]
|{{INRConvert|571.98|c|year=2018}}–{{INRConvert|585|c|year=2018}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Padmaavat Box Office coollection|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/padmaavat/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 4
| ''[[Andhadhun]]''
| {{ubl|[[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]|Matchbox Pictures}}
| {{INRConvert|456.89|c|year=2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Andhadhun Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andhadhun/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 5
| ''[[Simmba]]''
| {{ubl|[[Dharma Productions]]|Rohit Shetty Picturez}}
| {{INRConvert|391.68|c|year=2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title=Simmba Box Office Collection till Now|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 6
| ''[[Thugs of Hindustan]]''
| [[Yash Raj Films]]
| {{INRConvert|335|c|year=2018}}
| <ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=Zero, Race 3 and Thugs of Hindostan: Presenting the Khans' box-office report of 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/zero-thugs-of-hindostan-race-3-presenting-khans-box-office-report-of-2018-5516678/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 December 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 7
| ''[[Race 3]]''
| {{ubl|[[Salman Khan Films]]|[[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Films]]}}
| {{INRConvert|303|c|year=2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4098|title=Race 3 Goes Past 303 crore Worldwide|work=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" |8
|''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]''
|[[Sun Pictures]]
|Tamil
|{{INRConvert|260|c|year=2018|}}
|<ref name="IEGross">{{cite news |title=Sarkar box office collection: AR Murugadoss film crosses Rs 250 crore mark worldwide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sarkar-box-office-collection-ar-murugadoss-film-crosses-rs-250-crore-mark-worldwide-5468590/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031234546/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sarkar-box-office-collection-ar-murugadoss-film-crosses-rs-250-crore-mark-worldwide-5468590/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=அடேங்கப்பா, பாக்ஸ் ஆபிஸ் வசூல் இவ்வளவா? மெர்சல் சாதனையை முறியடித்த ‘சர்கார்’! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/sarkar-beats-mersal-lifetime-collections-breaches-260-crore-mark/articleshow/66783172.cms |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| 9
| ''[[Baaghi 2]]''
| [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| Hindi
| {{INRConvert|254.33|c|year=2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Baaghi 2 Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/baaghi-2-2/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 10
| ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
| [[Hombale Films]]
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|{{INRConvert|250|c|year=2018}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-sanjay-dutt-farhan-akhtar-yash-starrer-106870|title=KGF: Chapter 2 - This Bollywood actor to boost box office collections of Yash starrer?|website=www.zeebiz.com|date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="kgf1">{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-reveals-he-has-approached-sanjay-dutt-for-kgf-chapter-2-1452187-2019-02-09
| title=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre-production work of KGF: Chapter 2.|date=2019-02-09|work=indiatoday}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Lists of Indian films of 2018 ==

* [[List of Assamese films of 2018]]
* [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2018|List of Bengali films of 2018]]
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2018]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2018]]
* [[List of Kannada films of 2018]]
* [[List of Malayalam films of 2018]]
* [[List of Marathi films of 2018]]
* [[List of Odia films of 2018]]
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2018]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2018]]
* [[List of Telugu films of 2018]]
* [[List of Tulu films of 2018]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[List of Indian films|Indian films]]
| years = '''2018'''
| before = [[List of Indian films of 2017|2017]]
| after = [[List of Indian films of 2019|2019]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{2018 films}}
[[Category:Lists of 2018 films by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films by year]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian cinema]]

Lokam Naga Madhavi

2026-04-25T03:52:49Z

VirgieSalter103: starting first pg from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lokam Naga Madhavi
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = Appalanaidu Baddukonda
| constituency = [[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla]]
| party = [[Janasena Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| image = Lokam Naga Madhavi at oath-taking ceremony in 2024.png
}}
'''Lokam Naga Madhavi''' (born 28 August 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nellimarla Assembly constituency]] in [[Vizianagaram district]]. She represents [[Janasena Party]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0117.htm | access-date=2024-06-04}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Lokam Naga Madhavi |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/lokam-naga-madhavi-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a017e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=www.news18.com | date=18 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellimarla Assembly Election Results 2024: Nellimarla Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/nellimarla-constituency-result-1017 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Madhavi lives in [[Nellimarla]], Vizianagaram district. She married Lokam Venkata Nagendra Vara Prasad and together they have two sons, Chanakya and Nikhil. She runs her own business. She completed her MS in computer science in 1995 at [[Kent State University]], USA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokam Naga Madhavi(Janasena Party):Constituency- NELLIMARLA(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=398 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She served as vice president of Miracle Software Systems Inc. for over two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhavi Lokam |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/madhavi-lokam-ghandikota-ab28b816/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=linkedin.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Madhavi won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Nellimarla Assembly constituency|Nellimarla Assembly Constituency]] representing Janasena Party which entered into an alliance with [[Telugu Desam Party]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. She defeated Baddukonda Appalanaidu of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 39,829 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellimarla Constituency Election Results 2024: Nellimarla Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/nellimarla |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Jana Sena Party]] from Nellimarla constituency which was won by Appalanaidu Baddukonda of the YSR Congress Party.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-11 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Jana Sena releases first list of candidates for Andhra Pradesh elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/pawan-kalyans-janasena-releases-first-list-of-candidates-for-ap-elections/articleshow/68403458.cms |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/madhavi-lokam-ghandikota-ab28b816/ Linkedin]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naga Madhavi, Lokam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru

2026-04-24T09:16:06Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{short description|Indian business school}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Cleanup university|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox college
|name = Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru
|native_name =
|image = SIBM-B.png
|motto =
|mottoeng = The whole world is a family
|established = 2008
|type = [[Private school#India|Private]] [[business school]]
|chancellor= [[S. B. Mujumdar]]
|director = Dr. K Rajagopal
|students =
|city = [[Bengaluru]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Symbiosis International University]]
|website = {{url|sibmbengaluru.edu.in}}
}}
'''Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru''' ('''SIBM''') is an Indian business school situated in Electronic City, [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. It is a constituent of the [[Symbiosis International University]].

==History==

The institute was established in 2008 as a constituent of [[Symbiosis International University]] a [[Deemed University]] located in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sibmbengaluru.edu.in/sibm-bangalore|title= About SIBM-B}}</ref> It is the second campus of Symbiosis Institute of Business Management (SIBM).

The establishment of SIBM Bengaluru was driven by the growing importance of Bengaluru as a major center for information technology, entrepreneurship, and global business. Its location in Electronic City enabled closer interaction with industries and corporate organizations.

Since its inception, the institute has focused on providing postgraduate management education with an emphasis on academic rigor, industry engagement, and holistic development. Over the years, SIBM Bengaluru has developed its academic infrastructure and strengthened its position as a recognized business school within the Symbiosis network.

==Events==

The college is also home to a number of annual events and recently hosted the South Regional round of [[Deloitte]] Maverick.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://campusmaverick.deloitte.com/ | title= Deloitte Campus Maverick}}</ref>

The annual events hosted by the college include:
* Utopia
The annual International Cultural fest organized by the International Relations Committee is an event to promote the welfare of the international students studying in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/symbiosis-bschools-utopia-2016-attracts-596-students-from-25-countries/article8927984.ece | title= Symbiosis B-school's Utopia 2016 attracts 596 students from 25 countries | year= 2016| accessdate= 2016-10-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/sibm-bangalore-celebrates-international-student-fest/article6283171.ece | title= Utopia 2016 -HinduBusinessLine}}</ref>
* Utthaan
Organized by the Social Responsibility Committee the event showcases the talent of underprivileged kids living in NGOs in the city of Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/499627/a-canvas-promises.html | title= Utthaan 2016 - -Little feet…Big Strides, organised at SIBM Bengaluru | publisher= Deccan Herald}}</ref>
* Alchemy
Organized by the Conferences & Events Committee Alchemy is a management conclave that provides a quality platform for eminent speakers to share industry insights with students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mbaskool.com/pages/sibm-b-pr/updates/alchemy-2015-annual-management-conclave-milestogo | title= Alchemy-2015 {{!}} Annual Management Conclave {{!}} Miles2Go}}</ref>
* TEDx SIBM Bengaluru
The independently organized TED event tries to spark profound discussions and inspire minds to usher in a world of possibilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/18217 | title= TEDx SIBM Bengaluru}}</ref>
* LifeDart 5K Run
Organized for the first time in the year 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insideiim.com/sibm-bengaluru-hosts-the-first-edition-of-its-fundraiser-life-dart-5k-run/ | title= SIBM Bengaluru hosts the first edition of its fundraiser, 'LIFE DART 5K Run'}}</ref> the event conducted by the Rotaract Club was able to raise Rs. 1,95,000 through the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nasheman.in/over-350-run-in-sibm-bs-life-dart-5k-fundraiser/ | title= Over 350 run in SIBM-B's Life Dart 5k fundraiser}}</ref>
* Revelation
Organized by the Extracurricular Committee, Revelation, is the flagship event of the college. The fest includes management, cultural and sports events.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://campusdiaries.com/stories/sibm-bengaluru-presents-revelation-2016-resnovae | title= SIBM Bengaluru presents 'Revelation 2016 - #ResNovae'}}</ref>

The students of the college also organized a tree maintenance drive (Symbriksha) in collaboration with Say Tress organization with an intent of planting saplings around the city of Bengaluru.

Other events organized by the college include Symbrikha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahilonline.org/newsDetails.php?cid=2&nid=40630 | title= Tree Plantation Drive - SIBM B}}</ref> and Cycle Day <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Cycle-Day-Tour-de-Koramangala/articleshow/53588186.cms | title= Cycle Day - Bengaluru}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sibmbengaluru.edu.in/ Official Website]

{{Bangalore topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Symbiosis Institute Of Business Management Bengaluru}}
[[Category:Business schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]

Vaishnavi Sundar

2026-04-24T01:36:18Z

VirgieSalter103: new

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and activist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Autobiography|date=January 2022}}
{{COI|date=October 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Vaishnavisundar.png
| caption = Vaishnavi in Chennai
| name = Vaishnavi Sundar
| birth_date =
| occupation = Filmmaker, activist
| years_active = 2008–present
}}
'''Vaishnavi Sundar''' is an Indian independent filmmaker and activist.

Her films have faced protests against [[transphobia]], and she said screenings had been cancelled as a result.<ref name=tagespost/>

== Early life ==
Vaishnavi was born in [[Avadi]], a suburb in the state of Tamil Nadu. She did her schooling there and went on to getting her bachelor's degree in commerce at [[Ethiraj College for Women]], Chennai. She did her post-graduation in business administration from [[Anna University]] in Chennai.

Vaishnavi started out with acting under Theatre Nisha, a Chennai-based centre of drama.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gopalakrishnan |first1=Aswathy |title=Long Road To A Level Playing Field: Interview With Filmmaker Vaishnavi Sundar – Silverscreen.in |url=https://silverscreen.in/hindi/features/long-road-to-the-level-playing-field-interview-with-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar/ |website=Silverscreen.in |access-date=22 May 2017 |date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806040135/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/long-road-to-the-level-playing-field-interview-with-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== As an actress ===
Vaishnavi initiated her acting career in association with Theatre Nisha. In the course of 7 years she has acted in a variety of plays viz., ''The Pregnant King, The Red Queens of the Black Night, Siri Sampige, The Particle Collider and Fire and the Rain'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-spotlight-for-10-minutes/2013/07/10/article1675718.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001718/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-spotlight-for-10-minutes/2013/07/10/article1675718.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=A spotlight for 10 minutes |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> In the later years, she directed four plays – ''To Write my Epitaph''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://madras.afindia.org/to-write-my-epitaph/ |title=To Write my Epitaph |work=Alliance Française of Madras |access-date=17 April 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081006/http://madras.afindia.org/to-write-my-epitaph/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>'', The Lilac Ticket, A Beautiful Mind and Chitrangada (A Monologue)''. Of the four, she wrote and produced ''A Beautiful Mind'' and ''Chitrangada,'' herself. Vaishnavi has also performed at the prestigious Soorya festival and at Rangashankara's Sampriti Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/above-and-beyond/article5317464.ece |title=Above and beyond |date=5 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109061615/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/above-and-beyond/article5317464.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theatrenisha.in/#!past-productions/c1bf2 |title=Theatre Nisha |website=Theatre Nisha |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=4 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904224404/http://www.theatrenisha.in/#!past-productions/c1bf2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a voice artist, her work appeared in regionally hosted television series, including [[Nickelodeon]] cartoons ''[[Ninja Hattori-kun|Ninja Hattori]]'', ''[[Perman (manga)|Perman]]'' and a Korean feature film ''[[Tidal Wave (2009 film)|Tidal Wave (2009)]]''.

=== As a filmmaker ===
Vaishnavi began her filmmaking career in 2014 when she made her debut film ''Pava''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/119937699 |title=PAVA a short film by Vaishnavi Sundar |via=Vimeo |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref>'','' a story about the metamorphosis of the relationship between a young girl and a barber. Her second film, ''The Catalyst''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecatalystfilm.wordpress.com/ |title=Video on The Catalyst |website=The Catalyst |language=en-US |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806040022/https://thecatalystfilm.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> came in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Auto-Driver-Focus-of-Experimental-Film/2015/04/07/article2750767.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201225720/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Auto-Driver-Focus-of-Experimental-Film/2015/04/07/article2750767.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2015 |title=Auto Driver Focus of Experimental Film |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> The film was inspired by the story 'Taxi Driver' written by the Indian writer [[Kartar Singh Duggal]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chennai-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar-on-her-short-film/article7485529.ece |title=Art, against all odds |date=31 July 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326102631/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chennai-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar-on-her-short-film/article7485529.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Vaishnavi has conducted many workshops<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Two-day-workshop-for-women-filmmakers-in-city/articleshow/51185713.cms |title=Two-day workshop for women filmmakers in city |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916174505/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Two-day-workshop-for-women-filmmakers-in-city/articleshow/51185713.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eclecticnortheast.in/crowd-funding-workshop-for-budding-filmmakers/ |title=Crowd Funding Workshop for Budding Filmmakers – Eclectic Northeast |website=eclecticnortheast.in |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915083837/https://eclecticnortheast.in/crowd-funding-workshop-for-budding-filmmakers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> on the topic and she has also written at length about the process of finishing the film by making all the resources available for free, in the film's website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecatalystfilm.wordpress.com/blog/ |title=Blog |date=26 February 2015 |language=en-US |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806040109/https://thecatalystfilm.wordpress.com/blog/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During August 2015, she directed a documentary on [[Paleontology|Palaeontology]] titled ''Unearthing The Treasures of Ariyalur''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nirmukta.com/2016/01/29/unearthing-the-treasures-of-ariyalur-a-documentary/ |title=Unearthing The Treasures Of Ariyalur – A Documentary |date=29 January 2016 |website=Nirmukta |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710161538/http://nirmukta.com/2016/01/29/unearthing-the-treasures-of-ariyalur-a-documentary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This project focused on the fossils discovered in [[Ariyalur]], a small village in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/02/20213750/Documenting-a-tale-from-the-paleoage.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917071906/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/02/20213750/Documenting-a-tale-from-the-paleoage.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2016 |title=Documenting a tale from the paleo-age |website=[[DT Next]] |date=21 February 2016 |language=en-US |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> During a short trip to Gangtok, Sikkim, Vaishnavi made a short documentary on the life of a female traffic cop by name Anju Chetri and called it ''Aage Jake Left.'' The film focuses on the Northeastern Indian women's admirable grit.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/interviews/long-road-to-the-level-playing-field-interview-with-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar/ |title=Long Road To A Level Playing Field |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806040027/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/interviews/long-road-to-the-level-playing-field-interview-with-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Her film, ''But what was she wearing,'' is a documentary on workplace sexual harassment in India which examines the [[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013|Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act of 2013]], and "juxtaposes the expectations and realities of seeking redressal" for such crimes under this Act.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theladiesfinger.com/vaishnavi-sundar-workplace/ |title=This Upcoming Film Will Help Us Understand What Happens After Cases of Workplace Sexual Harassment are Filed – The Ladies FingerThe Ladies Finger |website=theladiesfinger.com |date=30 March 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208163214/http://theladiesfinger.com/vaishnavi-sundar-workplace/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film has received reviews from leading media outlets including [[The News Minute]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-was-she-wearing-must-watch-film-workplace-sexual-harassment-89663 |title='But What Was She Wearing?': Must watch film on workplace sexual harassment |date=9 October 2018 |work=The News Minute |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155130/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-was-she-wearing-must-watch-film-workplace-sexual-harassment-89663 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scroll,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/reel/897986/documentary-but-what-was-she-wearing-delves-into-the-efficacy-of-sexual-harassment-laws-in-india |title=Documentary 'But What Was She Wearing' delves into the efficacy of sexual harassment laws in India |last=Nathan |first=Archana |work=Scroll.in |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104041023/https://scroll.in/reel/897986/documentary-but-what-was-she-wearing-delves-into-the-efficacy-of-sexual-harassment-laws-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref> Newslaundry,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/11/17/but-what-was-she-wearing-documentary-sexual-harrassment |title=Sabki Dhulai |work=Newslaundry |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=en-us |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326102618/https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/11/17/but-what-was-she-wearing-documentary-sexual-harrassment |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Quint]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/but-what-was-she-wearing-documentary-review |title='But What Was She Wearing' Couldn't Have Come at a Better Time |work=The Quint |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202021/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/but-what-was-she-wearing-documentary-review |url-status=live }}</ref> Silverscreen.in,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://silverscreen.in/india/features/a-documentary-for-the-time-vaishnavi-sundars-but-what-was-she-wearing-talks-about-workplace-harassment/ |title=Vaishnavi Sundar's 'But What Was She Wearing?' Is A Powerful Documentary On Workplace Harassment |date=15 October 2018 |work=Silverscreen.in |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806040111/https://silverscreenindia.com/india/features/a-documentary-for-the-time-vaishnavi-sundars-but-what-was-she-wearing-talks-about-workplace-harassment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vikatan,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/140988-but-what-was-she-wearing-was-the-documentary-directed-by-vaishnavi-sundar-speaks-of-workplace-harrassments.html |title='சாமானியப் பெண்களின் குரல் இந்தப் படத்தில் ஒலிக்கும்!' – ஆவணப்பட இயக்குநர் வைஷ்ணவி {{!}} but what was she wearing was the documentary directed by vaishnavi sundar speaks of workplace harassment |date=29 October 2018 |work=vikatan.com |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=ta |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202056/https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/140988-but-what-was-she-wearing-was-the-documentary-directed-by-vaishnavi-sundar-speaks-of-workplace-harrassments.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Theekathir<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://theekkathir.in/2018/11/19/380716/ |title=வேட்டை நாய் போல அவள் முன்னே ஓடிச் செல்லும் நிழல்… – ஜி.செல்வா |date=19 November 2018 |work=தீக்கதிர் |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155101/https://theekkathir.in/2018/11/19/380716/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Indian Express<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/me-too-sexual-harassment-documentary-but-what-was-she-wearing-vaishnavi-sundar-building-the-narrative-5413408/ |title=Building the Narrative |date=26 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=30 November 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155129/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/me-too-sexual-harassment-documentary-but-what-was-she-wearing-vaishnavi-sundar-building-the-narrative-5413408/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to name a few. The film has since been screened in five cities including Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Mumbai

In January 2021, she conceived, directed and edited a four-part documentary series during [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID lockdown]] called: ''Dysphoric: Fleeing Womanhood Like a House on Fire'' made entirely via video conferencing software.

=== As a writer ===
Vaishnavi is a published writer and has written on diverse topics themed under films, feminism and the epoch of social justice community in India. Starting from the intersection of feminist ideology and filmmaking, Vaishnavi has written articles that have been published on platforms like Women's Voices Now<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thewvoice.com/Volume-4/Community-and-Sisterhood |title=Community and Sisterhood |website=thewvoice.com |language=en |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326102616/http://thewvoice.com/Volume-4/Community-and-Sisterhood |url-status=live }}</ref> and, The Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/author/Vaishnavi-Sundar/ |title=Vaishnavi Sundar – thRead |website=The Hindu |language=en |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326102632/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/author/Vaishnavi-Sundar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For other topics related to women's issues, she is a regular freelancing contributor to TheNewsminute,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/author-articles/Vaishnavi-Sundar |title=Articles by Vaishnavi Sundar |work=The News Minute |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000049/http://www.thenewsminute.com/author-articles/Vaishnavi-Sundar |url-status=dead }}</ref> Scroll,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/author/11838 |title=Vaishnavi Sundar {{!}} Scroll.in |website=scroll.in |date=26 September 2016 |language=en |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806040024/https://scroll.in/author/11838 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ladies Finger,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theladiesfinger.com/?s=vaishnavi+sundar |title=You searched for vaishnavi sundar – The Ladies Finger |website=The Ladies Finger |language=en-US |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081904/http://theladiesfinger.com/?s=vaishnavi+sundar |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Firstpost]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/commitment-to-feminism-must-reflect-in-our-actions-not-be-confined-to-lip-service-a-filmmaker-speaks-5758911.html |title=Commitment to feminism |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818100122/https://www.firstpost.com/living/commitment-to-feminism-must-reflect-in-our-actions-not-be-confined-to-lip-service-a-filmmaker-speaks-5758911.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Swaddle,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://theswaddle.com/feminist-filmmakers-are-reinventing-horror-cinema/ |title=Reinventing Horror Cinema |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818100123/https://theswaddle.com/feminist-filmmakers-are-reinventing-horror-cinema/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Provoke Magazine,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/@vaishax/the-tree-of-abuse-f4b7edbe78fb |title=The Tree Of Abuse |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818100120/https://medium.com/@vaishax/the-tree-of-abuse-f4b7edbe78fb |url-status=dead }}</ref> Worldpulse<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldpulse.com/voices-rising/stories/india-lifting-ban-emergency-contraceptives |title=Lifting The Ban On Emergency Contraceptives |date=14 February 2017 |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818100132/https://www.worldpulse.com/voices-rising/stories/india-lifting-ban-emergency-contraceptives |url-status=dead }}</ref> Silverscree.in,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/features/why-women-must-make-bad-films-for-the-next-50-years/ |title=Why Women Must Make Bad Films For The Next 50 Years |first=Vaishnavi |last=Sundar |date=8 September 2019 |website=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US |access-date=11 October 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011202833/https://silverscreen.in/features/why-women-must-make-bad-films-for-the-next-50-years/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ozy<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ozy.com/good-sht/let-only-women-direct-superhero-films/274292/ |title=Only Let Women Direct Superhero Films |date=6 February 2020 |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223103437/https://www.ozy.com/good-sht/let-only-women-direct-superhero-films/274292/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> etc.

=== As a curator, speaker and adjudicator ===
During March 2016, Vaishnavi spoke on progressive filmmaking, as a mentor in ''Vital Voices Global Mentoring Walk – Chennai Chapter''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.wmfindia.com/blogs/vital-voices-global-mentoring-walk/ |title=Vital Voices Global Mentoring Walk |work=WMF |access-date=17 April 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000058/http://www.wmfindia.com/blogs/vital-voices-global-mentoring-walk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>''.'' Later, she was invited as a speaker at a major conference on alternative cinema: marketing, promotion & release organised by Indiearth Xchange.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://xchange.indiearth.com/conferences/conference-day-1#alternative-cinema |title=Conference Day 1 – IndiEarth XChange 2016 |website=xchange.indiearth.com |language=en-gb |access-date=17 April 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She was also an adjudicator for Women's Voices Now- a US-based platform advocating for women's rights through films and has curated various International film festivals across the country, involving a special package of films made by women. The recent ones were in Madurai<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://maduraifilmfest.blogspot.com/2016/11/18th-madurai-film-festival-2016-women.html |title=18th Madurai Film Festival 2016 : Women Making Films |last=RP |first=Amudhan |date=18 November 2016 |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://marupakkamfilms.blogspot.com/2017/02/5th-chennai-film-festival-2017-special_51.html |title=5th Chennai Film Festival 2017 : Special Package # 1 – Women Making Films |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> In November 2017, Vaishnavi was invited as a Springboard Sessions Speaker at [http://meltonfoundation.org/samagra-2017/ Samagra 2017], an annual event organised by the [[Andrew W. Mellon Foundation|Melton Foundation]] at the [[B.M.S. College of Engineering|BMS College of Engineering]]. She periodically guest lectures at premier educational institutions like the [[IIT Madras]] on [[Filmmaking|Cinema]], Feminism and equality. In November 2018, Vaishnavi was invited by Gender at Work to speak as a panelist on "Bridging the Gender Gap at Workplace",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Womenia/2018-11-17/Why-gender-gap-at-workplace/442981 |title=Why gender gap at workplace? |website=The Hans India |date=17 November 2018 |language=en |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806040027/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Womenia/2018-11-17/Why-gender-gap-at-workplace/442981 |url-status=live }}</ref> held at [[Goethe-Zentrum|Goethe Zentrum]], Hyderabad. The Rotract Club of [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]], Chennai invited Vaishnavi as a panelist for their event, Stree Suraksha where she opined on "Relationship between media culture and sexual harassment." The [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] frequently invites Vaishnavi to speak at various grassroots events across Tamil Nadu. She also serves as a speaker and adjudicator of a variety of online events, film festivals regularly.

=== As an activist ===
Vaishnavi's work as a feminist activist started from a campaign she initiated against a Tamil magazine which described women's leggings as "obscene", on social media with the trending hashtag #OurClothesOurChoice which eventually compelled them to take-down the online version of the magazine.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Her next noticeable work involves a campaign against the glorification of crimes against women in Tamil cinema. Along with Iswarya, a Chennai-based researcher, Vaishnavi participated in discussions at various place and also produced a video stressing on its dangers, asking people to boycott films that glorify stalking and male violence against women.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/041116/activism-is-my-art-vaishnavi-sundar.html |title=Activism is my Art: Vaishnavi Sundar |date=4 November 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=17 April 2017 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418002202/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/041116/activism-is-my-art-vaishnavi-sundar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2021|reason=Doesn't appear to verify anything in this passage at all.}}

[[Reproductive rights]] in India draw in her most recent work, which includes advocating for [[emergency contraceptive pills]] to be available over-the-counter in the state of Tamil Nadu. The ban of over-the-counter ECP has been in place for 10 years{{As of?|date=October 2021}} and her petition requesting the government to lift the ban went viral which so far has received more than 1500 signatures.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/10/08235915/1018942/Petition-on-ban-of-emergency-birth-control-in-TN-goes-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235754/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/10/08235915/1018942/Petition-on-ban-of-emergency-birth-control-in-TN-goes-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2017 |title=Petition on 'ban' of emergency birth control in TN goes viral |date=9 October 2016 |work=dtNext.in |access-date=17 April 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> For this, she won a story award by [[World Pulse]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.worldpulse.com/en/voices-rising/stories/india-lifting-ban-emergency-contraceptives |title=INDIA: Lifting the Ban on Emergency Contraceptives {{!}} World Pulse |date=14 February 2017 |work=World Pulse |access-date=17 April 2017 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517142310/https://www.worldpulse.com/en/voices-rising/stories/india-lifting-ban-emergency-contraceptives |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In November 2017, Vaishnavi was invited by [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] to be in a panel discussing controversial Bollywood film ''Padmavati''. Vaishnavi put forth her arguments about the need for a recourse that looks into real issues like poverty, rape and a dearth of safe space for women in India, rather than glorify fringe elements that vandalise and murder in the name of Indian culture. This was broadcast live from [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] by [[The Stream (Al Jazeera English)|The Stream]], a social media community with its own daily TV show on Al Jazeera English.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201711291907-0025553 |title=Why is a Bollywood film sparking threats of violence? |date=28 November 2017 |work=The Stream – Al Jazeera English |access-date=17 December 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204205811/http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201711291907-0025553 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Through her film, ''But What Was She Wearing?'' which touches upon the rampant sexual harassment of women in the unorganised sectors such as construction and farm labour, highlighting a lack of structure for redressal that one finds in larger corporate firms, she endeavoured to educate (through collaborations with organisations and NGO) women about their rights by screening the film in small towns of India. Through this film, Vaishnavi's team hopes to get the attention of policy-makers and force amendments in the ''Sexual Harassment'' of Women at ''Workplace'' (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) ''Act'', 2013, in order to make the law more potent and practical, instead of the toothless paper-legislation that it is today. The film is already scheduled to screen in multiple colleges in India as part of the sensitisation program in these educational institutes.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Since the first screening of the film in Chennai, many corporate heads{{who|date=October 2021}} have approached the team to screen the film at their workplace for their employees.

===Transgender people===
Vaishnavi is now{{when|date=December 2021}} advocating "[[sex-based rights]]"{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} in collaboration with the [[Women's Declaration International]] (WDI), an [[anti-transgender]] group.<ref name=ctvnews>{{cite news |title='Rights aren't a competition': Anti-trans hate is on the rise in Canada, activists and advocates say |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/rights-arent-a-competition-anti-trans-hate-is-on-the-rise-in-canada-activists-and-advocates-say/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |publisher=[[CTV News]] |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129071026/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/rights-aren-t-a-competition-anti-trans-hate-is-on-the-rise-in-canada-activists-and-advocates-say-1.5530155 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Her 2021 film: ''Dysphoric: Fleeing Womanhood Like a House on Fire'' is a four-part documentary series on "[[gender identity ideology]]",<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaishnavi Sundar |url=https://objectnow.org/vaishnavi-sundar/ |publisher=Object Now |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219203225/https://objectnow.org/vaishnavi-sundar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and she said screenings of the film have been cancelled following allegations of [[transphobia]].<ref name=tagespost>{{cite news |title=Vaishnavi Sundar: Gecancelt vom Mainstream |url=https://www.die-tagespost.de/kultur/film-kino/vaishnavi-sundar-gecancelt-vom-mainstream-art-216975 |access-date=19 December 2021 |work=Die Tagespost |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219203535/https://www.die-tagespost.de/kultur/film-kino/vaishnavi-sundar-gecancelt-vom-mainstream-art-216975 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian filmmaker Vaishnavi Sundar made a film about sexual harassment, then got cancelled by liberal feminists |date=25 March 2020 |url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2020/03/24/podcast-indian-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar-made-a-film-about-sexual-harassment-then-got-cancelled-by-liberal-feminists/ |publisher=[[Feminist Current]] |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219204411/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2020/03/24/podcast-indian-filmmaker-vaishnavi-sundar-made-a-film-about-sexual-harassment-then-got-cancelled-by-liberal-feminists/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Sundar>{{cite web |title=I was cancelled for my tweets on transgenderism |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2020/03/04/i-was-cancelled-for-my-tweets-on-transgenderism/ |publisher=Spiked-Online |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219202703/https://www.spiked-online.com/2020/03/04/i-was-cancelled-for-my-tweets-on-transgenderism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other activities ===
Women Making Films is a recently launched website founded by Vaishnavi. A product of her feminist activism and approach towards cinema and an attempt to condemn the blatant [[gender disparity]] in the [[film industry]]. It was established on the notion that there was no community in India empowering women filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bollywood.about.com/od/Industry/fl/Women-Making-Films-A-Platform-Linking-Indian-Women-Filmmakers.htm |title=Women Making Films: A Platform Linking Indian Women Filmmakers |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914121846/http://bollywood.about.com/od/Industry/fl/Women-Making-Films-A-Platform-Linking-Indian-Women-Filmmakers.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The forum is dedicated to establishing an appreciable connectivity among women filmmakers within India as well as the world. This not-for-profit community was built to create an online campus for the promotion of female filmmakers, their works etc. through blogs, workshops and mentorship programs and many more such avenues.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/reel-it-in/ |title=Reel It In |date=8 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919192023/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/reel-it-in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Muffled-Voices-Get-a-Mouthpiece/2015/09/07/article3013795.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909224351/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Muffled-Voices-Get-a-Mouthpiece/2015/09/07/article3013795.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2015 |title=Muffled Voices Get a Mouthpiece |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nirmukta.com/2016/02/25/films-and-feminism-the-melange-of-progress/ |title=Films and Feminism: The Melange of Progress. |last=Prateek |date=25 February 2016 |website=Nirmukta |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914101328/http://nirmukta.com/2016/02/25/films-and-feminism-the-melange-of-progress/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the course of one year since its launch, this website has gathered a vast number of popular and influential women working in Indian and world cinema in its members list including [[Debalina Majumder|Debalina Majumdar]], [[Annupamaa]], [[Iram Parveen Bilal]], [[Revathy S. Varmha]] and [[Beena Sarwar]]. Along with a group of ground-breaking articles on the subject of cinema and tabooed aspects of society, Vaishnavi has also interviewed artists like [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Megha Ramaswamy]], [[Rajshri Deshpande]], [[Anuradha Menon]] and [[Nina Paley]]. Through the platform of Women Making Films Vaishnavi has collaborated with various educational and film organisations like [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe Institut]], [[LaGuardia Community College]] and [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] and conducted film festivals and screenings. The community's most successful event, The First Festival was an attempt to screen films made by women all over India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Women-Filmmakers-Only/2015/08/26/article2993120.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006112655/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Women-Filmmakers-Only/2015/08/26/article2993120.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2015 |title=Women Filmmakers Only |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> and it is the only such event in which 15 films made by women from 7 countries were screened in 10 cities all over India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Fest-of-Films-Made-by-Women-from-Tomorrow/2015/08/31/article3001721.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118005917/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Fest-of-Films-Made-by-Women-from-Tomorrow/2015/08/31/article3001721.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2015 |title=Fest of Films Made by Women from Tomorrow |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> The First Festival was also widely appreciated and talked about by the media.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150901/lifestyle-offbeat/article/women-women |title=By women, for women |date=2 September 2015 |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011114757/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150901/lifestyle-offbeat/article/women-women |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jamuura.com/blog/launched-women-making-films-an-initiative-to-promote-women-filmmakers/ |title=Launched – 'Women Making Films', An Initiative To Promote Women Filmmakers! – Jamuura Blog |date=18 September 2015 |language=en-US |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916125122/http://www.jamuura.com/blog/launched-women-making-films-an-initiative-to-promote-women-filmmakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Tvm-to-host-fest-of-Women-madefilms/articleshow/48754609.cms |title=Tvm to host fest of Women-madefilms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928081617/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Tvm-to-host-fest-of-Women-madefilms/articleshow/48754609.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It also generated discussions about sexism and sex-based discrimination with filmmaking, in all the places it was conducted.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-women-and-films-the-first-festival/article7659267.ece |title=The reel life of women |date=16 September 2015 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> The First Festival brought together a number of collaborators who offered to screen films in their premises and came on to become the initial developing ground for Vaishnavi's organisation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Departing-From-the-Usual/2015/09/09/article3017361.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119124856/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Departing-From-the-Usual/2015/09/09/article3017361.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2015 |title=Departing From the Usual |access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Women Making Films has an ongoing event calendar with curated screenings, film festivals and focussed workshops throughout the year.

Women Making Films continues to be the voice of female filmmakers from around the world, with members from more than 19 countries, and 32 unique departments that they are an expert in.

== Theatre ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Language
!Role
|-
|2010
|''The Pregnant King''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2010
|''Red Queens of the Dark Night''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2011
|''Shadjam''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2011
|''Mathemagician''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2012
|''Shadjam''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2013
|''The Brave Tin Soldier''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2013
|''The Little Match Girl''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2013
|''The Fire and the Rain''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2013
|''The Lilac Ticket''
|English
|Director
|-
|2013
|''The Particle Collider''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2013
|''Romancing Guy Maupassant in India''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2013
|''The fire and the rain''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2014
|''Siri Sampige''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2014
|''Late for school''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2014
|''To Write My Epitaph''
|English
|Director
|-
|2014
|''Solladi Siva sakti''
|Tamil
|Actress
|-
|2016
|''Chitrangadha''
|English
|Writer, actress
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Language
!Role
|-
|2010
|''Naanum oru penn'' (''I'm a woman too'')
|Tamil
|Actress
|-
|2010
|''Home Sweet Home''
|Tamil
|Actress
|-
|2011
|''Unsweetened''
|Tamil
|Actress
|-
|2013
|''The impossibility of dialogue''
|Hindi
|Actress
|-
|2014
|''PAVA''
|Tamil, Malayalam
|Writer, director
|-
|2014
|''Vela Taaralu''
|Telugu
|Assistant director
|-
|2014
|''Objection over ruled''
|Tamil
|Actress
|-
|2014
|''Urban Displacement''
|English
|Actress
|-
|2014
|''Dwaraka''
|Hindi
|Actress
|-
|2014
|''Samyuktam''
|Teeugu
|Assistant director
|-
|2014
|''Dream A Dream''
|Kannada
|Assistant director
|-
|2015
|''The Catalyst''
|Kannada
|Writer, director
|-
|2016
|''Unearthing the Treasures of Ariyalur''
|English
|Director
|-
|2016
|''Marupadi''
|Malayalam
|Actress
|-
|2017
|''Aage Jake Left''
|Hindi
|Director, cinematographer, editor
|-
|2018
|''To what end?''
|English/Tamil
|Director, executive producer
|-
|2018
|''But What Was She Wearing?''
|Multiple
|Director, executive producer
|-
|2018
|''Jackal's Womb''
|NA
|Director, executive producer
|-
|2019
|''The Seal''
|English/Hindi
|Producer
|-
|2021
|''Dysphoric: Fleeing Womanhood Like a House on Fire''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dysphoric – A four part documentary on the rise of 'gender identity' ideology |url=https://www.asiaville.in/article/watch-dysphoric-four-part-documentary-on-the-rise-of-gender-identity-ideology-68435 |website=Asiaville |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806042035/https://asiaville.in/article/watch-dysphoric-four-part-documentary-on-the-rise-of-gender-identity-ideology-68435 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=[[Rumble (website)|Rumble]]|publisher=WHRC|title=Vaishnavi Sundar Talks About Her Latest Film 'Dysphoric – Fleeing womanhood like a house on fire|url=https://rumble.com/ve1tlr-vaishnavi-sundar-talks-about-her-latest-film-dysphoric-fleeing-womanhood-li.html|date=21 February 2021|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=1 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401130229/https://rumble.com/ve1tlr-vaishnavi-sundar-talks-about-her-latest-film-dysphoric-fleeing-womanhood-li.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dysphorique : fuir la féminité comme une maison en feu (par Vaishnavi Sundar) |url=https://www.partage-le.com/2021/02/28/dysphorique-fuir-la-feminite-comme-une-maison-en-feu-par-vaishnavi-sundar/ |website=Le Partage |date=28 February 2021 |language=French |trans-title=Dysphoric: fleeing from womanhood like a house on fire (by Vaishnavi Sundar) |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401130822/https://www.partage-le.com/2021/02/28/dysphorique-fuir-la-feminite-comme-une-maison-en-feu-par-vaishnavi-sundar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|English
|Director, producer, editor
|-
|2024
|Behind the Looking Glass
|English
|Director, producer, editor
|-
|-
|TBA
|''Muted Wails''
|English
|Writer, actor, producer
|}

== Festivals and screenings ==

=== ''Behind the Looking Glass'' ===

* World Premiere on YouTube on 30 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frffv2sB8zE |title=Behind the Looking Glass - World Premiere |via=YouTube |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>

=== ''Dysphoric: Fleeing Womanhood Like a House on Fire'' ===

* Released online for worldwide distribution

=== ''But What Was She Wearing?'' ===

* Official selection – Udada International Women's Film Festival, Kenya 2018
* Official selection – Nominee (Best Film) Independent Talents International Film Festival, 2018
*Official selection – Colorado International Activism Film Festival, 2019
*Official selection – 6th International Documentary Festival of Ierapetra Awards, 2019

=== ''To What End?'' ===
* Official selection – Pitch Her Productions' Riveter Series: #MeToo, New York City, USA 2018
* Official selection competition – Women International Film Festival. Islamabad, Pakistan 2018
* Official selection – Cut the Gap! The HeForShe Vienna Gender Equality Short Film Day, Austria 2018

=== ''Aage Jake Left'' ===
* Official selection competition – Women International Film Festival. Islamabad, Pakistan 2017
* Official selection competition – Cine Sister Women Women. Manchester, UK 2017
* Official selection competition – London Feminist Film Festival. London, UK 2017

=== ''Unearthing The Treasures Of Ariyalur'' ===
* Official selection – International Festival of Women Filmmakers, Gauhati India 2016
* Official selection competition – International Documentary and Short Film Festival Kerala Trivandrum India 2016
* Official selection competition – Docademia's 2nd Short Documentary Contest Chicago, USA 2017

=== ''The Catalyst'' ===
* Official selection – International Festival of Women Filmmakers, Gauhati India 2016
* Official selection – International Short Film Festival, Bangalore India 2015

=== ''Pava'' ===
* Official selection competition – International Documentary and Short Film Festival Kerala Trivandrum 2014
* Official selection – Bangalore International Short Film Festival 2014
* Official selection competition – Alpavirama – South Asian short film festival India, Ahmadabad 2014
* Official selection – IAWRT – Asian Women's Film Festival, Delhi 2015
* Official selection – Anthropo Children's festival, Slovenia 2015
* Official selection – Under The Tin Roof Performing Arts Festival, Mumbai 2015
* Official selection – International Women Film Festival, Afghanistan 2015
* Official selection – FLO Film Festival, Mumbai 2016
* Official selection – International Festival of Women Filmmakers, Gauhati 2016
* Official selection – Women Making Films Festival, New York 2016
* Winner – Women International Film Festival. Islamabad, Pakistan 2018

==See also==
* [[List of female film and television directors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.wmfindia.com
* [http://Limesodafilms.com http://www.limesodafilms.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundar, Vaishnavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Feminist artists]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations

2026-04-23T04:57:05Z

VirgieSalter103: Starting First Info W/ Refs!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation = IFKCA
| formation = 
| founder = Ronald Colaco
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type =
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status =
| purpose = Speak for Christians in Karnataka
| headquarters =
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served = Karnataka, India
| services =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership =
| num_members_year =
| language =
| owner = 
| secretary_general =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Ronald Colaco
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Michael Baptist
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| secessions =
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| footnotes =
}}
The '''International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations''' (IFKCA) is an organization that represents Christian associations in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is active in addressing the concerns of the Christian minority in the state, which has been subject to repeated attacks by extremists.

==Foundation==

The IFKCA founder and President is the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident Indian]] entrepreneur Ronald Colaco.{{sfn|Christian community should unite, The Hindu 2013}}
{{efn|Colaco has been involved in other philanthropical activities. In April 2012 it was reported that he had spent 27 million rupees to build the Holy Rosary Church for the 1,200 Catholics from Venkatala-[[Yelahanka]], with a seating capacity of over 100. Colaco also helped rebuild the ancient Hoysala Hindu temple in [[Chikkajala]].{{sfn|AsiaNews, CBCI|2012}}
Colaco had also donated to Mosques.{{sfn|Bantwal|2011b}} }}
Colaco opened the IFKCA office at Link Campus, Bajal, Mangalore, on 21 April 2013.
At the ceremony the Reverent Fr Cyril Pinto, Parish Priest of Holy Spirit Church, Bajal, blessed the premises.{{sfn|Daijiworld Media Network|2013}}
Colaco called on members of the Christian community to unite. He said, "The names of the people from the community are not included in the voters' list because political parties think their votes do not matter. Every political party will bother about us when we become an influencing or deciding factor." He also said that fundamentalists would hesitate to attack Christians if they were united.{{sfn|Christian community should unite, The Hindu 2013}}

==Activities==

The IFKCA works with other organizations such as the Karnataka Missions Network Mangalore, which represents about 100 Protestant churches and organizations, Karnataka United Christian Forum for human rights, Mangalore Christian Council and the All India Christian Council (AICC).{{sfn|Our Mission, Karnataka Missions Network Mangalore}}
In June 2010 the IFKCA joined with Mangalore Catholic Mahila Sanghatane, Catholic Sabha, Krishi Bhumi Samrakshana Samiti and Bharathiya Catholic Yuva Sanghatane in staging a protest in solidarity with the farmer Gregory Patrao. Patrao claimed that Mangalore Special Economic Zone Limited (MSEZ) had taken his land, which they now denied, and demolished his house.
The demolition had been videotaped. Patrao's family belongings, farm equipment and produce had been seized.
Louis Lobo of the IFKCA said, "The authorities on the first place did not give Gregory an opportunity to use his right to move to the court. Now after Gregory’s movement gained momentum and support, the officials are asking him to come and collect his belongings. The authorities should come and hand it over to Gregory."{{sfn|DH News Service|2010}}

On 1 July 2011 Ronald Colaco, president of the IFKCA, met with RSS leader Dr [[Kalladka Prabhakar Bhat]], with the goal of strengthening relations between the Christian and Hindu communities and bringing communal harmony. Colaco presented a flower bouquet to Bhat, who praised Colaco for his effort in gaining government funding for the Christian Development Board. Colaco denied that Christians had been unlawfully engaged in conversions.{{sfn|Bantwal|2011b}}

In August 2011 Colaco led a delegation of Christian leaders to congratulate Chief Minister [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] on his election and to present IFKCA demands for actions to improve communal harmony and to withdraw the charges laid against Christian youth after the [[2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka]]. The Chief Minister promised to ensure the cases were withdrawn, and to constitute the Christian Development Board.
He expressed concern that the BJP was repeatedly blamed for the church attacks, in which the party had no involvement.{{sfn|Bantwal|2011}}
In December 2011 Colaco thanked the Sadananda Gowda for withdrawing the charges against the Christian youths.{{sfn|Shenoy|2011}}
In June 2012 the Holy Hill Catholic church in Mangalore was attacked and damaged by an unidentified group.
[[Janardhana Poojary]] of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] blamed the [[Sangh Parivar]] for the incident.
Dr [[Aloysius Paul D'Souza]], Bishop of Mangalore, again called for action by the authorities.
The IFKCA was among Christian organizations that condemned the attack.{{sfn|John|2012}}

In March 2014 a group of Christian leaders from the IFKCA and the Federation of Konkani Catholic Associations (FKCA) protested against the decision by the Congress Party to not field any Christian candidates in the forthcoming elections for the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in Karnataka.
The leaders were headed by Charles Amber and including IFKCA secretary Michael Baptist. They said that almost 4% of the 62 million people in Karnataka were Christian, with large populations in [[Mangalore]], [[Udupi]]-[[Chikmagalur]], [[Karwar]], [[Shimoga]], [[Dharwad]], [[Belgaum]], [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]].{{sfn|Vasuki|2014}}
They claimed the Congress government was "deliberately sidelining Christians from the top posts in the Government". They also said that the Christian Development Council, which the previous [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] government had set up, was "not being taken forward now". They said they would mark ballots NOTA (None Of The Above) in protest.{{sfn|Vasuki|2014}}

In October 2014 Ronald Colaco led a delegation of Christian leaders that met [[Siddaramaiah]], Chief Minister of Karnataka, and thanked him on behalf of the Christian community for rejecting the report by the [[Somshekar Inquiry Commission]] concerning the 2008 attacks on Churches, and for directing a fresh inquiry.{{sfn|Bellevision Media Network|2014}}{{sfn|Mangalore Today News Network|2014}}

==Notes==
{{notes}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bangalore,-a-Catholic-entrepreneur-gifts-new-Church-to-Archdiocese-24660.html
|author=AsiaNews, CBCI|journal=Asia News|date=2012-04-05|title=Bangalore, a Catholic entrepreneur gifts new Church to Archdiocese|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.kemmannu.com/index.php?action=topstory&type=1216
|last=Bantwal |first=Rons|publisher=Kemmannu News Network|date=2011-08-25
|title=Chief Minister promises Christian Development Board and withdrawal of cases against attack on Christians|website=kemmannu.com|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://samvada.org/2011/news/rss-and-christian-federation-leaders-discusses-over-communal-harmony-in-karnataka/
|last=Bantwal |first=Rons |title=RSS and Christian federation leaders discuss over Communal Harmony in Karnataka|journal=Daijiworld Media Network
|date=2011-07-02|year=2011b|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=10947
|author=Bellevision Media Network|date=2014-10-19|title=Bangalore: Christian leaders hail CM's decision to hold fresh inquiry into Church attack |journal=Bellevision|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Christian community should unite, The Hindu 2013}}|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/christian-community-should-unite/article4642339.ece
|title='Christian community should unite'|date=2013-04-22|journal=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=171186
|author=Daijiworld Media Network|date=2013-04-22
|title=Ronald Colaco inaugurates Mangalore office of IFKCA|website=daijiworld.com|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]] |access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/78236/F
|author=DH News Service |title=Gregory Patrao's stir grows stronger day by day
|date=2010-06-29|journal=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.christiantoday.co.in/article/attack.on.mangalore.church.condemned/7422.htm
|last=John|first=KK|date=2012-06-27|title=Attack on Mangalore church condemned|journal=[[Christian Today]]|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://mangaloretoday.com/main/Mangalore-Christian-group-welcomes-Govt-moves-on-Somashekara-Report.html
|author=Mangalore Today News Network|title=Mangalore Christian group welcomes Govt moves on Somashekara Report
|date=2014-10-19|journal=[[Mangalore Today]]|access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{citation|ref={{harvid|Our Mission, Karnataka Missions Network Mangalore}}|url=http://www.kmnmangalore.com/our-mission.html|title=Our Mission|publisher=Karnataka Missions Network Mangalore|access-date=2015-01-18|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118164755/http://www.kmnmangalore.com/our-mission.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/International-Federation-of-Karnataka-Christian-Associations-IFKCA-has-welcomed-move-by-the-state-government-to-withdraw-cases-booked-against-Christian-youths-in-the-aftermath-of-attacks-on-Churches-across-Karnataka-in-September-2008-Ronald-Colaco-president-of-the-Federation-thanked-the-CM-D-V-Sadananda-Gowda-his-predecessor-B-S-Yeddyurappa-and-his-ministerial-colleagues-for-the-same-and-added-IFKCA-had-been-continually-following-up-the-matter-with-both-CM-and-home-minister-since-2009-/articleshow/10980450.cms
|last=Shenoy|first=Jaideep |journal=[[Times of India]]|title=International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations (IFKCA) has welcomed move...|date=2011-12-04 |access-date=2015-01-18}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/ignored-by-congress-ktaka-christians-may-opt-for-nota.html
|last=Vasuki|first=Kestur|date=2014-03-27 |title=IGNORED BY CONGRESS, K'TAKA CHRISTIANS MAY OPT FOR NOTA
|location=Bangalore|journal=Daily Pioneer|access-date=2015-01-18}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations}}
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christian advocacy groups]]

Nikhil Nagesh Bhat

2026-04-21T19:32:08Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nikhil Nagesh Bhat
| image =
| caption = Nikhil Nagesh Bhat at the sets of [[Apurva (2023 film)|Apurva]]
| notable_works = ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]'' (2023)
}}
'''Nikhil Nagesh Bhat''' is an Indian filmmaker and writer who predominantly works in the [[Hindi film industry]]. He is known for directing the action thriller films [[Kill (film)|''Kill'']] and [[Apurva (2023 film)|''Apurva'']].

== Early life ==
Nikhil was born in [[Patna, Bihar]] and later moved to [[Pune, Maharashtra]] for his studies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=EXCLUSIVE Interview! Nikhil Nagesh Bhat on Karan Johar's Kill: 'It's taken from a real…' {{!}} Not Just Bollywood |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-nikhil-nagesh-bhat-on-karan-johars-kill-its-taken-from-a-real-not-just-bollywood-13789185.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
His personal experience during a train journey between Patna and Pune in the mid-1990s, during which the train he was on was robbed, influenced his storytelling. And this traumatic event was the foundation for the plot of ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]'', which he began writing in 2016.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==
===As a Director===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
|-
|2009
|''Saluun''
|Credited as Nikhil Bhat<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Weintraub |first1=Steven |last2=Jones |first2=Tamera |date=2023-09-15 |title='KILL's Director, Lakshya, & Raghav Juyal Talk Violence, Blood, and Making the First Genre Movie in India {{!}} TIFF |url=https://collider.com/kill-movie-lakshya-raghav-juyal-nikhil-nagesh-bhat-interview/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe]]''
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Rasbhari]]''
|Web series
|-
|2020
|''[[The Gone Game]]''
|Web series
|-
|2022
|''[[Hurdang]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Kill (film)|''Kill'']]
|Premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on 7 September 2023<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-02-09 |title=Nikhil Nagesh Bhat's action film 'Kill' to land in theatres in July |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nikhil-nagesh-bhats-action-film-kill-to-land-in-theatres-in-july/article67828337.ece |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Theatrical release in India on 5 July 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lakshya, Tanya Maniktala, Raghav Juyal's 'Kill' release date out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kill-karan-johar-lakshya-tanya-maniktala-raghav-juyal-films-release-date-out-2499692-2024-02-09 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Apurva (2023 film)|''Apurva'']]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=2418372}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagesh Bhat, Nikhil}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gopilal Jatav

2026-04-21T07:22:12Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopilal Jatav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1948|08|15}}
| birth_place = [[Guna district|Guna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Agriculturist, Politician
| father = Ganesh Ram
| office1 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Panna Lal Shakya]]
| successor1 = [[Panna Lal Shakya]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 = [[Ashok Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashok Nagar]]
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Ladduram Kori]]
| successor2 = [[Jaipal Singh Jajji]]
| constituency3 = [[Shadora]]
| term_start3 = 1990
| term_end3 = 2008
| predecessor3 = Ramsuman
| successor3 = [[Ladduram Kori]]
}}
'''Gopilal Jatav''' (born 15 August 1948) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]] who is associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He belongs to the [[Scheduled Castes in India|Scheduled Caste]] Jatav community. Jatav served as a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ashok Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashok Nagar constituency]] between 2013 and 2018.<ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web |title=Gopilal Jatav Biography |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/gopilal-jatav-76326.html#biography |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=OneIndia}}</ref><ref name="IndiaLeader">{{cite web |title=Gopilal Jatav Profile |url=https://www.indialeader.com/ViewLeader/34828/ |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=IndiaLeader}}</ref><ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Gopilal Jatav was born on 15 August 1948 in [[Guna district|Guna]], Madhya Pradesh, to Ganesh Ram.<ref name="OneIndia" />

== Political career ==
Gopilal Jatav contested the 2013 [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] election from the [[Ashok Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ashok Nagar]] seat as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and won the election.<ref name="IndiaLeader" /><ref name=election2013/> He represented the constituency till 2018. From 2018 to 2023, he represented the [[Guna Assembly constituency]].<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ashok Nagar district]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Gopilal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]

Bela Seshe

2026-04-20T09:30:48Z

VirgieSalter103: new a article needs work.

{{Short description|2015 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Multi issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Original research|date=April 2026}}
{{Fan POV|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Belaseshe
| image = File:Belaseshe_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster of the film depicting 50 days run in the box office
| director = [[Nandita Roy]] [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
| producer = Windows Production
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Swatilekha Sengupta]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Aparajita Auddy]] [[Monami Ghosh]] [[Sohini Sengupta]] [[Shankar Chakraborty]] [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] [[Indrani Dutta]] Anindya Chatterjee Sujoy Prasad
| music = [[Anupam Roy]] Anindya Chattopadhyay
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Moloy Laha
| studio = Windows Production
| distributor = [[Eros International]] Piyali Films
| released = {{Film date|2015|05|01|West Bengal|2015|06|26|Rest of India|ref2=<ref name="Bela Seshe">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/soumitra-chatterjee-s-bela-seshe-to-get-a-global-release/article1-1358545.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614111134/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/soumitra-chatterjee-s-bela-seshe-to-get-a-global-release/article1-1358545.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2015|title=Soumitra Chatterjee's Bela Seshe to get a global release|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = Rs. 11 million (approx.)<ref name="Bela Seshe"/>
}}
'''''Bela Seshe''''' ({{translation|''At the end of the day''}}; also written as ''Belaseshe: In The Autumn of my Life'') is a 2015 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[family drama film]] directed by [[Nandita Roy]] and [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and presented by Atanu Raychaudhuri. It is produced by Windows Production and distributed by [[Eros International]]. Veteran actors [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Swatilekha Sengupta]] played the lead roles in this film, who were last seen in [[Satyajit Ray]]’s film [[Ghare Baire (film)|''Ghare Baire'']], three decades earlier. The film additionally features [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Aparajita Adhya]], [[Monami Ghosh]], [[Indrani Dutta]], [[Sohini Sengupta]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]], [[Shankar Chakraborty]], Anindya Chatterjee, Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee, Barun Chanda and Sohag Sen as pivotal roles.

''Bela Seshe'' is the story of the separation of a couple who are on the verge of celebrating their 50th marriage anniversary. It is a tale of relationships that explores the intricacies of married life, life-long [[Interpersonal relationship|companionship]], promises and expectations, and the true meaning of love. Currently, the rights of Belaseshe are with [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]], a multinational media company.

== Plot ==
75 years old Biswanath Majumdar is in the publishing business. His wife, Arati is 66 years old. The couple has been married for 49 years and have been blessed with four children: their eldest son Barin, followed by three daughters, Malasree, Kaberi and Piu, all of them now married to Sharmistha, Bijon, Jyotirmoy and Palash, respectively.

Internally, there's trouble in the siblings' married lives. Sharmistha, a medium-scale cloth merchant, is unhappy with Barin's financial position as his father's assistant in the publishing house and suspects that Barin is conducting extramarital affairs. Malasree, an outspoken modernist, doesn't consider Bijon, an unemployed man who lives off his rich inheritance & a [[sarod]]-player by passion, to be smart enough for her, so she gets involved in an extra-marital affair. Jyotirmoy, a gold trader, is unhappy with the constant refusal of Kaberi, a mother of three, to satisfy his sexual urges. Palash, being involved in the [[Bollywood]] as a director, has very little time to devote for his assistant-cum-wife Piu.

On the night of [[Vijayadashami]] after [[Durga Puja]] in their [[North Kolkata]] residence, in front of the gathered family, Biswanath Majumdar declares that he has decided to divorce his wife, and their mother, Arati. However hard the children try, they cannot extract any information from their father. Their mother seems unconcerned about the announcement. Biswanath files a divorce case in court. In the court proceddings, Biswanath declares that he wants to divorce Arati because he believes that their married life, having fulfilled its purpose, has been converted into a series of obligatory chores, which he wants to be freed of by starting life afresh. The judge, however, asks them to spend a 15-day vacation together, after which if they want, they can mutually divorce.

Unsatisfied with Biswanath's explanation, Barin and his three brothers-in-law place [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in Arati and Biswanath's room to eavesdrop on their conversation along with their spouses in order to discover the real reason behind the divorce. As Biswanath and Arati share their long experiences of living together – their grudges, their disappointments, and their delights – they realize that despite having very little or no emotional connection with each other for prolonged periods due to Biswanath's busy schedule and Arati's involvement in household chores, they continued to care for each other. It's drastically different from their children's actions, who have adapted to the modern lifestyle and are whimsical regarding their marital lives.

As they see their parents, the siblings discover their own follies and the love is rekindled with their spouses. Subsequently, Biswanath convinces Arati to divorce him to make her self-dependent, at which Arati unwillingly agrees and the two separate. However, after four months, Biswanath finds out that Arati has managed to be self-sufficient, but he cannot get rid of his dependence on her & suffers from [[loneliness]], so he returns to Arati. The two reconcile emotionally and the entire family, with renewed love in their respective married lives, happily observes Biswanath and Arati's 50th marriage anniversary.

== Cast ==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Biswanath Majumdar, the main protagonist of the story
* [[Swatilekha Sengupta]] as Aarti Majumdar, Biswanath's wife
* [[Aparajita Auddy]] as Kaberi/Buri, Biswanath and Arati's oldest daughter
* [[Rituparna Sengupta]] as Malashree/Mili, Biswanath and Arati's second daughter
* [[Monami Ghosh]] as Piu, Biswanath and Arati's youngest daughter
* [[Indrani Dutta]] as Sarmistha, Biswanath, and Arati's daughter-in-law
* [[Sohini Sengupta]] in a guest appearance as neighbor
* [[Barun Chanda]] as the judge who presides over the divorce trial
* Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee as Bijon, Malasree's husband
* Arunima Halder as Buri and Jyotirmoy & Kaberi's eldest daughter
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Multi-starrers are the flavour of the season in Bengali film industry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/multi-starrers-are-the-flavour-of-the-season-in-bengali-film-industry/story-LF6mpjbokPjN6yM3XGqBeN.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 August 2016 |access-date=3 May 2018 }}</ref> as Jyotirmay, Kaberi's husband
* Anindya Chatterjee as Palash, Piu's husband
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Barin, Biswanath and Arati's only son
* Pradip Bhattacharya as Gansha- Majumdar's servant at Santiniketan
* [[Sohag Sen]] as Nalini Mukherjee, Arati's lawyer in court

== Production ==

=== Inspiration and research ===
Director duo Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee were inspired to do this film after watching a play called ''Belaseshe Kolahol'', written by Kajal Chakraborty and directed by Sohini Sengupta. Chief Justice Asim Chatterjee, famously known as the Puri Judge, used to solve marital disputes by sending estranged couples to [[Puri]], which served as the main inspiration for the court scene.{{Citn|date=July 2023|reason=Bit skeptical about this one...}} Eminent advocate Jayanta Narayan Chatterjee edited the script for correct legal terminology.

=== Shooting ===
The film was shot both in Kolkata and Santiniketan. The house in Santiniketan, where the film was shot, is now a major tourist attraction and is famously called the ''Belasesher Bari'' ("The house of Belaseshe").{{Citn|date=July 2023|reason=Any sources about the place saying it's a tourist destination?}} The shooting of Belasehse was completed in 17 days with a cast of 21 actors. The entire cast and crew stayed in Santiniketan and completed the shooting within a week. In Kolkata, the film was shot in two different houses, both in South Kolkata. One of them was demolished right after the completion of the shooting, as the house was given up for the reconstruction of an apartment building. The fair, shown in the film, was created within two and a half hours and on a limited budget of Rs 7,500 (USD$91.58). The whole scene was shot candidly and the actors gave impromptu performances to make the sequence memorable. Swatilekha Sengupta's daughter and director of ''Belaseshe Kolahol'', Sohini Sengupta, plays a pivotal role in the film.

==Casting==
Veteran actors Soumitra Chatterjee and Swatilekha Sengupta were chosen as the lead cast before the script was finalised; both of the actors signed up for the film on the same day. Stalwarts like Rituparna Sengupta, Kharaj Mukherjee, Indrani Dutta, Aparajita Auddy, and Shankar Chakrabarty acted in the film.

==Release and reception==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
The film was released on 1 May 2015 with 94% occupancy in theatres on the day of its release. The film was a runaway hit and had an historical run of 250 days in a single hall and 217 days in multiplexes. No other film has run continuously for 217 days in a multiplex.

''Bela Seshe'' became the longest-running Bengali film in 2015. Nationally, the film was released in 25 centres across the country and enjoyed a theatrical run of more than 50 days. The movie garnered these ratings:

{{Film ratings
| rev1 = [[The Times of India]]
| rev1score = 4/5
| rev2 = [[Anandabazar Patrika]]
| rev2score = 8/10
}}

* 4.6/5 (Book Myshow)
* 4.5/5 ([[Radio Mirchi]])
* 4.5/5 (PowerFM)
* 8/10 ([[8FM]])
* 4/5 (''[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]]'')

=== Off-shore release ===
The film also had an off-shore release in UK, US and Singapore. ''Bela Seshe'' is the first film to be released in Bangladesh under the import-export laws of 2012–2015 with nations included in SAFTA.

==Critical reception==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}

Shomini Sen of IBNLive reviewed the story, describing it as a "poignant story of togetherness", while Arnab Banerjee of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed that the overall story contained the "intricacies of a marital relationship". Sankhayan Ghosh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that the "unusual story" of the film made it famous.

''Bela Seshe'' has been one of the most critically acclaimed films of all time. [[Amitabh Bachchan]] tweeted and wrote in his blog about the film. He even wrote an appreciation letter to Swatilekha Sengupta for her impactful performance in the film.

Director Mahesh Bhatt and actor Madhavan Nair were so moved by the film that they wanted to remake the film; director [[Umesh Shukla]] wanted to make the film in Gujarati. Veteran Marathi actors Ramesh Deo and Seema Deo wanted to remake the film in Marathi.

Veteran actors Rishi Kapoor and Neetu Kapoor have also praised the film.

== Music ==
For the first time, composers [[Anindya Chatterjee|Anindya Chattopadhyay]] and [[Anupam Roy]] collaborated in this film and the music became massively popular right from the day of its release, topping the charts.

"O Thakur jeona bishorjon" by [[Upal Sengupta]] and Prashmita Paul became the most popular song of 2015.

== Marketing ==
The film was associated with many brands as follows:

* Priyo Gopal Bishoyee
* Senco Gold
* [[Times Music]]
* Balaram Mullick
* Taj
* [[Nicco Park]]
* Damro
* SP Properties
* Samanta furniture
* Squarefour

Priyo Gopal Bishoyee also launched Belaseshe Saree, which became very popular. Senco Gold launched Belaseshe Anniversary, which are special collections.

== Achievements ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
* Best Bengali film at the Zee Cine Awards 2016
* Zee Cine Awards, Ebela Ojeyo Somman, 'NABC' awards.
* Included in the post-graduate diploma in the counselling course of the Legal Aid Services, West Bengal.
* Selected at the International Film Festival of South Asia: 2016, Toronto, Canada.

==Spin-off==
The commercial success of the film has paved the way for a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] titled ''[[Bela Shuru]]''. The release of the film was postponed due to the prevailing pandemic situation and the closure of cinema halls in the country. Soumitra Chatterjee died on 15 November 2020 due to [[COVID-19]]. Swatilekha Sengupta died on 16 June 2021 due to kidney-related ailments. ''Bela Shuru'' was released on 20 May 2022.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=4658770}}
{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Windows Production films]]

South Tuipui Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:23Z

VirgieSalter103: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = South Tuipui
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (South Tuipui highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 29
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:16348}}
}}
'''South Tuipui''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Lunglei district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] of the [[Zoram People's Movement]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Lalthanhawla]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[John Siamkunga]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[R. Lalthangliana]]<ref name="election2008" />
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
| {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: South Tuipui}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Jeje Lalpekhlua Fanal
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 5,468
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[R. Lalthangliana]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = C. Laldintluanga
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: South Tuipui<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[R. Lalthangliana]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Lunglei district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.052|92.944|display=title}}

[[Category:Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sakaldiha Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:28Z

VirgieSalter103: starting

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sakaldiha
| constituency_no = 381
| map_image = 381-Sakaldiha.svg
| mla = [[Prabhunarayan Yadav]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,94,992 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Sakaldiha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Chandauli district]] and one of the four assembly constituencies in the [[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2008 after constituency came into existence when "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in the year 2008.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 30 October 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=30 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=30 October 2015|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sakaldiha.html}}</ref>

==Wards and areas==
Extent of Sakaldiha Assembly constituency is 1-Chahania North, 2-Chahania South, 3-Sakaldiha, PCs
72- Amaval, 74-Paura, 75-Pithapur, 79-Dharahara, 80-Ranepur &
95- Salempur of 4-Dhanapur KC of 1-Sakaldiha Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=SakaldihaElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sakaldiha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Sushil Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prabhunarayan Yadav]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sakaldiha<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Prabhunarayan Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86328}}
|percentage = 40.7
|change = +1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suryamuni Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:69667}}
|percentage = 32.84
|change = +0.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jayshyam
|votes = {{formatnum:43756}}
|percentage = 20.63
|change = -5.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Devendra Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5135}}
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Chanda
|votes = {{formatnum:3527}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1569}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16661}}
|percentage = 7.86
|change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:212118}}
|percentage = 63.16
|change = -0.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sakaldiha<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Prabhunarayan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:79875}}
|percentage = 39.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Suryamuni Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:64906}}
|percentage = 32.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Upendra
|votes = {{formatnum:52175}}
|percentage = 25.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1787}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14969}}
|percentage = 7.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202392}}
|percentage = 63.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Chandauli district}}

[[Category:Chandauli district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ajay Kushwaha

2026-04-18T20:05:40Z

VirgieSalter103: new initial article added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Ajay Kumar Kushwaha}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Minapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Minapur]]
| term_start = 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Munna Yadav]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Ajay Kumar''' also known as '''Ajay Kushwaha''' is a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Minapur Assembly constituency]] in [[Muzaffarpur district]] of Bihar. He won the Bihar Legislative Assembly election of 2025 from Minapur constituency by defeating Munna Yadav of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name=hindustan>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/minapur-assembly-seat-result-2025-who-wins-ajay-kumar-jdu-or-rajiv-kumar-munna-yadv-rjd-jan-suraaj-tej-narayan-sahani-el-201763077661143.html|title= Who wins the Minapur constituency Ajay Kumar of JDU or Munna Yadav of RJD|website=Hindustan|accessdate=20 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0490.htm|title=Minapur Assembly constituency 2025|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=6 December 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Ajay}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:40Z

VirgieSalter103: stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{distinguish|Fatehpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]
| map_image = 240-Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Chandra Prakash Lodhi]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,73,143 (2022)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 240
}}
'''Fatehpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]] in the [[Fatehpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of six assembly constituencies in the [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 240 amongst 403 constituencies.

The seat belongs to [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''[[Chandra Prakash Lodhi]]''' who won in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[BJP]] candidate [[Vikram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]] by a margin of 8601 votes.

== Elected MLA ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! Party
|-
|1967
|S. Hasan
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1969
|Uma Kant Bajpai
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|1974
|[[Salahuddin Usmani|Salahuddin Alias Nabban]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1977
|[[Khan Ghufran Zahidi|Ghufran Zahidi Khan]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|1980
|[[Khan Ghufran Zahidi|Ghufran Zahidi Khan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|1985
|[[Khan Ghufran Zahidi|Ghufran Zahidi Khan]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1989
|Syed Liyaqat Husain
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Syed Qasim Hasan]]
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Radhe Shyam Gupta]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Radhe Shyam Gupta]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Anand Prakash Lodhi
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Radhe Shyam Gupta]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Syed Qasim Hasan]]
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|2014*
|[[Vikram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Vikram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Lodhi]]<ref name="election2022"/>
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}
* by poll

==Wards/Areas==
It contains these parts of Fatehpur district-
Rampur Thariyaon, Haswa, Nagar, Bahua (NP) & Fatehpur MB of Fatehpur Tehsil.

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Fatehpur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Prakash
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96839}}
|percentage = 45.24
|change = +15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vikram Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88238}}
|percentage = 41.22
|change = -4.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ayuv Ahmad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:20363}}
|percentage = 9.51
|change = -8.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1793}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8601}}
|percentage = 4.02
|change = -12.12
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214050}}
|percentage = 59.87
|change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Fatehpur<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vikram Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Vikram Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89481}}
|percentage = 45.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chandra Prakash Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:57983}}
|percentage = 29.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ayyub Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:35548}}
|percentage = 18.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gaya Prasad
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:2013}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1961}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31498}}
|percentage = 16.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195168}}
|percentage = 58.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Coord|25.92|80.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Parner Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:46:21Z

VirgieSalter103: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parner
| constituency_no = 224
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 224-Parner.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Kashinath Mahadu Date]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =352,291
}}
'''Parner Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Ahmednagar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises Nalegaon and Chas revenue circles of [[Ahmednagar taluka]] and [[Parner taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-13}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Bhaskar Tukaram Auti|Bhaskarrao Auti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Dattatray Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan =4}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| N. T. Gunjal
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan=2| [[Shankarrao Kale]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Prabhakar Thube
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=2| Nandkumar Zaware Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan=2| Vasantrao Zaware Patil
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=3| [[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti|Vijayrao Auti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke|Nilesh Lanke]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Kashinath Mahadu Date|Kashinath Date]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Parner">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Parner |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13224.htm |accessdate=7 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107140439/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13224.htm |archivedate=7 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kashinath Mahadu Date]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 113,630 |percentage = 45.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rani Nilesh Lanke |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 112,104 |percentage = 45.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karle Sandesh Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,803 |percentage = 4.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sakharam Malu Sarak |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 3,582 |percentage = 1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijayrao Auti |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,539 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 963 |percentage = 0.39% |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,526 |percentage = 0.62% |change= {{decrease}}25.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 248,938 |percentage = 70.66% |change= {{increase}}0.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 247,975}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 352,291|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Nilesh Dnyandev Lanke]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 139,963 |percentage = 62.10% |change={{increase}}39.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 80,125 |percentage = 35.55% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eng. D. R. Shendage |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,499 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,479 |percentage = 0.66% |change={{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 59,838 |percentage = 26.55% |change= {{increase}}12.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 227,111 |percentage = 70.52% |change= {{increase}}2.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 225,377}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,054|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}25.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 73,263 |percentage = 36.68% |change={{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sujit Vasantrao Zaware Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 45,841 |percentage = 22.95% |change={{increase}}21.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lamkhade Madhavrao Bhausaheb |party=Independent politician |votes = 45,822 |percentage = 22.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tambe Babasaheb Rambhau |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,050 |percentage = 12.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohanrao Shankar Randhawan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,208 |percentage = 1.11% |change={{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Shivaji Gopala |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 1,789 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,788 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambadas Keruji Daund |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,620 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,422 |percentage = 13.73% |change= {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,852 |percentage = 68.41% |change= {{increase}}3.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,752}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,044|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 75,538 |percentage = 45.03% |change={{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zaware Patil Vasantrao Krushnarao |party=Independent politician |votes = 48,515 |percentage = 28.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shelke Prataprao Gangadhar |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,544 |percentage = 13.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Sabajirao Mahadu |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,326 |percentage = 3.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dere Gulab Bhagwant |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 3,211 |percentage = 1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uchale Madhukar Mhatarba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,281 |percentage = 1.36% |change={{decrease}}40.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salave Devdatta Kondaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,555 |percentage = 0.93% |change={{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,023 |percentage = 16.11% |change= {{increase}}8.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,866 |percentage = 63.76% |change= {{decrease}}5.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,751}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,287|ref = |change= {{increase}}53.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 59,528 |percentage = 50.01% |change={{increase}}26.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Vansantrao Kishanrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,391 |percentage = 42.34% |change={{increase}}9.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Inamdar Shabbir Fakair Mahammad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 2,205 |percentage = 1.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pingat Sonyabapu Dattu |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 1,704 |percentage = 1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabajirao Mahadu Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,421 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambedkar Ragunath Jagannath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,386 |percentage = 1.16% |change={{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chede Rajesh Ganpat |party=Shivrajya Party |votes = 949 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,137 |percentage = 7.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,063 |percentage = 69.46% |change= {{increase}}5.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,022}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,417|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}17.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zaware Patil Vasantrao Krushnarao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 30,333 |percentage = 32.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Sabajirao Mahadu |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 21,796 |percentage = 23.29% |change={{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandkumar Bhausaheb Zaware |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,639 |percentage = 19.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathare Dnyandeo Daulatrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,575 |percentage = 14.51% |change={{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Raosaheb Ramchandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,620 |percentage = 3.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kawad Gitaram Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,929 |percentage = 3.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. P. R. Kaware |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,538 |percentage = 1.64% |change={{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,537 |percentage = 9.12% |change= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,557 |percentage = 70.30% |change= {{decrease}}15.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,584}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,894|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zaware Patil Vasantrao Krushnarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,886 |percentage = 25.75% |change={{decrease}}16.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandkumar Bhausaheb Zaware |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,324 |percentage = 19.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulabrao Sakharam Shelke |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,643 |percentage = 18.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabajirao Mahadu Gaikawad |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 20,182 |percentage = 17.99% |change={{decrease}}14.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thube Babasaheb |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 10,874 |percentage = 9.69% |change={{decrease}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Shindenath Madhavrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 5,053 |percentage = 4.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagdale Murlidhar Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,659 |percentage = 1.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,562 |percentage = 5.85% |change= {{decrease}}3.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,117 |percentage = 81.53% |change= {{increase}}14.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,196}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,195|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zaware Nandkumar Bhausaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,657 |percentage = 42.07% |change={{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Sabajirao Mahadu |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 27,350 |percentage = 32.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thube Prabhakar Appasaheb |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 20,970 |percentage = 24.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,307 |percentage = 9.80% |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,988 |percentage = 66.31% |change= {{increase}}6.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,747}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,179|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Zaware Nandkumar Bahusaheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,155 |percentage = 34.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thube Babasaheb Alias Prabhakar Appasheb |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,198 |percentage = 32.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Auti Vijay Bhaskarrao |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 18,098 |percentage = 29.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Deokaji Alias R. D. Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,190 |percentage = 1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Bhusaheb Kisan |party=Lokdal |votes = 554 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 957 |percentage = 1.54% |change= {{decrease}}12.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,986 |percentage = 59.49% |change= {{increase}}0.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,126}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,557|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Babasaheb Prabhakar Appasaheb Thube |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 19,836 |percentage = 35.92% |change={{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyandeo Daulatrao Pathare |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 12,144 |percentage = 21.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulabrao Sakharam Shelake |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,486 |percentage = 17.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandakumar Bhausaheb Zaware |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 9,220 |percentage = 16.70% |change={{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nath Madhavrao Shinde |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,602 |percentage = 4.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambadas Gangashar Shinde |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,928 |percentage = 3.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,692 |percentage = 13.93% |change= {{increase}}11.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,807 |percentage = 59.06% |change= {{decrease}}8.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,216}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,180|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Communist Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shankarrao Kale]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,781 |percentage = 34.00% |change={{decrease}}17.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thube Prabhakar Appaji |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 18,537 |percentage = 31.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagar Dattatraya Kondaji |party=Janata Party |votes = 17,447 |percentage = 29.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babanrao Bapurao Sobale |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 2,040 |percentage = 3.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Murlidhar Bhaurao Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 372 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,244 |percentage = 2.14% |change= {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,267 |percentage = 68.69% |change= {{increase}}5.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,177}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,733|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shankarrao Kale]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,900 |percentage = 51.33% |change={{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagat Dattatrya Kondiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,560 |percentage = 48.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,340 |percentage = 2.66% |change= {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,520 |percentage = 63.37% |change= {{increase}}10.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,460}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,879|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=N. T. Gunjal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,814 |percentage = 48.89% |change={{increase}}20.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. T. Auty |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 16,451 |percentage = 42.75% |change={{increase}}17.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. G. Auty |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,226 |percentage = 5.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. K. Rohokale |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 990 |percentage = 2.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,363 |percentage = 6.14% |change= {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,254 |percentage = 52.67% |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,481}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,422|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Koundiram Bhagat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,800 |percentage = 28.65% |change={{decrease}}0.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhaskar Tukaram Auti]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 6,787 |percentage = 24.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kashinath Balwantrao Khilari |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,998 |percentage = 22.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namadeo Ranoji Gunjal |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,701 |percentage = 17.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daulatrao Keshavrao Auty |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,339 |percentage = 4.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimaji Baburao Auty |party=Independent politician |votes = 596 |percentage = 2.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,013 |percentage = 3.72% |change= {{decrease}}38.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,034 |percentage = 50.07% |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,221}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,988|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}42.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Parner<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhaskar Tukaram Auti]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,519 |percentage = 71.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Ramrao Marutirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,916 |percentage = 28.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,603 |percentage = 42.10% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,435 |percentage = 41.26% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,435}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,529|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|19.00|74.44|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Lakshraj Prakash

2026-04-12T11:40:32Z

VirgieSalter103: starting a details needs work

{{short description|Maharaja of Sirmur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lakshraj Prakash
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| image =
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]]
| reign = 15 May 2013{{sndash}}present
| coronation = 15 May 2013
| predecessor = [[Rajendra Prakash]]
| birth_name = Lakshraj Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|03|24|df=y}}
| house = [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]]
| father = Narendra Singh
| mother = [[Diya Kumari]]
| dynasty = {{unbulleted list|
[[Bhati]] (by adoption)|
[[Kachwaha]] (by birth)
}}
| module = {{infobox person | embed=yes
| education = {{plain list|
* [[Mayo College]]
* [[Millfield]]
* [[Queen Mary University of London]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Lakshraj Prakash''' ({{langx|hi|लक्षराज प्रकाश}}; born 24 March 2004) has been the head of the [[Royal House]] of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] since 2013.

== Early life, education, and family ==
Lakshraj Prakash was born on 24 March 2004 as the younger child of Narendra Singh and his wife, [[Diya Kumari]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JAIPUR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaipur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504002808/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaipur.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=26 July 2025 |title=Sirmur (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/sirmur/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> His mother is the only daughter of [[Bhawani Singh]] and [[Padmini Devi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Taknet |first1=D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ |title=Jaipur: Gem of India |last2=IntegralDMS |date=7 July 2016 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=978-1-942322-05-4 |pages=184–185 |language=en}}</ref> Lakshraj has an elder brother [[Padmanabh Singh]] and an elder sister [[Gauravi Kumari]].<ref name=":0" /> Lakshraj was educated at [[Private school|private schools]], beginning at [[Mayo College]] in [[Ajmer]] and continuing at [[Millfield]] in [[Street, Somerset|Street]], [[Somerset]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2023 Lakshraj enrolled at the [[Queen Mary University of London]] in [[England]].<ref name=":1" />

In November 2022, he attended the [[Bal des débutantes|Le Bal des débutantes]] in [[Paris]] with [[Leah Isadora Behn|Leah Behn]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sigvaldsen |first=Bent Are |date=2022-12-06 |title=På innsiden av elite-ballet |url=https://www.seher.no/kongelig/pa-innsiden-av-elite-ballet/77953397 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Se og Hør |language=nb-NO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=le Bal 2022 |url=https://www.lebal.paris/editions/le-bal-des-debutantes-2022/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=Le Bal {{!}} Le Bal des Debutantes Paris |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Succession ==
Upon the death of [[Rajendra Prakash]] on 13 November 1964, the title, rank, and dignity of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] lapsed, as he left no male heir.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=SIRMUR |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sirmur.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416155510/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sirmur.html |archive-date=2017-04-16 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> He was married to two consorts: Durga Devi and Indira Devi.<ref name=":2" /> With Durga Devi, he had a daughter, Nalini Devi; with Indira Devi, he had another daughter, [[Padmini Devi]].<ref name=":2" /> Durga Devi adopted her maternal grandson, Udai Singh, as the successor to her late husband.<ref name=":2" /> This adoption, and the succession it implied, was neither recognised by the [[Government of India]] nor accepted by the wider royal family or clan.<ref name=":1" />

Approximately forty-nine years after the death of [[Rajendra Prakash]], members of the royal family of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]], along with senior nobles of the former state, assembed in [[Jaipur]] on 17 March 2014.<ref name=":1" /> There, they approached [[Padmini Devi]] and requested that her maternal grandson, Lakshraj Prakash, be sent to [[Sirmaur district|Sirmur]] to assume the throne, which had remained unoccupied since the death of her father.<ref name=":1" /> With the consent of both [[Padmini Devi]] and the parents of Lakshraj Prakash, he was formally inducted into the Atri gotra of the royal house on 13 April 2013.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-10 |title=Dimple Kapadia at the coronation ceremony of Maharaja of Sirmaur at the Nahan Palace in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/dimple-kapadia-at-a-royal-event/articleshow/20086693.cms |access-date=2025-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He ascended the throne of [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] at the Palace in [[Nahan]] following his ''raj tilak'' ({{Translation|[[Coronation]]}}) on 15 May 2013.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-15 |title=9-year-old Jaipur prince becomes Maharaja of Sirmaur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/9-year-old-jaipur-prince-becomes-maharaja-of-sirmaur-163173-2013-05-14 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On this occasion, Ajay Bahadur Singh presented him with the sword of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], which had originally been given by the Guru to the ancestors of the royal family.<ref name=":3" /> As was a minor at the time, Ajay Bahadur Singh was appointed [[regent]] until he attained the age of majority.<ref name=":1" /> His title holds no official status under Indian law, as the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Twenty-Sixth Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]] abolished the formal recognition of royal titles, privileges, and associated entitlements previously granted to the rulers of [[Princely state|princely states]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parliament of India |url=http://archive.org/details/E13841971009161722 |title=The Constitution of India (26th Amendment) Act 1971 |date=1971 |pages=813–814}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Lakshraj}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:People educated at Millfield]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]
[[Category:Alumni of Queen Mary University of London]]

Leslee Lewis

2026-04-11T12:01:55Z

VirgieSalter103: starting first article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian singer and composer (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Leslee Lewis
| background = solo_singer
| image = Lesle Lewis.jpg
| birth_name = Leslee Peter Lewis
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| genre = [[Indi-pop]], [[filmi]], [[Rock music|rock]]
| occupation = Singer, composer, producer
| instrument = Guitar, bass, keys
| years_active = 1987–present
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Colonial Cousins]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
}}

'''Leslee Peter Lewis''' (formerly spelled '''Leslie''' and '''Lesle'''; born 20 June 1960), popularly known as '''Lezz Lewis''', is an Indian singer and composer known for his work with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] as the duo [[Colonial Cousins]].<ref name=IBNLive>[http://www.ibnlive.com/news/leslie-lewis-composes-for-his-first-bollywood-flick/48584-8.html Leslee Lewis composes for his first Bollywood flick] IBN Live; 13 November 2007</ref> They won the MTV Asia Viewer's Choice Award and then the U.S. Billboard Viewer's Choice Award for 'Colonial Cousins', their debut album.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/The-Cousins-come-calling/article11643816.ece|title=The Cousins come calling|last=Chitra|first=Swaminathan|date= 11 November 2010|website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He conceived and created all the music for Coke Studio, MTV India debut season.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/coke-studio-will-be-a-revolution-indian-music-industry-mtv-head-aditya-swamy-leslie-lewis|title=Coke Studio will be a revolution in Indian music industry: MTV head Aditya Swamy & Leslee Lewis|access-date=2017-03-28}}</ref>

Lewis is one of the first Indian composers to have introduced the Indian audiences to rock and pop music. Lewis's creative side comes as an inherited value from his father, [[P. L. Raj]], noted choreographer from the film industry.

With an aim to give the audiences a taste of varied music flavours, he has been successful in keeping his originality intact with advertisement jingles, film music and other forms of modern music.

==Early life==
Leslee Lewis is the son of [[P. L. Raj]], a prolific film choreographer.<ref name=Biography>[http://leslelewis.com/biography/ Lesle Lewis - Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819235231/http://leslelewis.com/biography/ |date=19 August 2011 }} ; 17 June 2011</ref> He was educated at Bombay Scottish School, Mahim

As a child, Lewis was greatly influenced by [[The Beatles]], [[Jimi Hendrix]] and [[Eric Clapton]] and with further working on his musical capabilities bagged the opportunity of recording with renowned music directors.

He played guitar at the Cafe Royal, [[Oberoi Trident Towers|Oberoi Towers]], [[Mumbai]] and recorded with [[Kalyanji–Anandji]], [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], [[R. D. Burman]] and [[Louis Banks]].

== Biography ==
=== Jingles ===
From 1987, he composed advertising jingles and was nominated for awards from the Indian Academy of Advertising Film Art (IAAFA). In 1989 received an award for his work. He went on to make some famous jingles such as Doodh-Doodh-Doodh (Piyo full glass), Mango Fruity fresh and juicy, Thums up taste the thunder, Santoor Santoor, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magnamags.com/health-nutrition/celeb-secrets/lesle-lewis-tells-health-nutrition-about-his-struggle-his-relationship-and-his-undying-passion-for/2134|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117082041/http://www.magnamags.com/health-nutrition/celeb-secrets/lesle-lewis-tells-health-nutrition-about-his-struggle-his-relationship-and-his-undying-passion-for/2134|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 November 2013|title=Lesle Lewis tells Health & Nutrition about his struggle, his relationship and his undying passion for music : MagnaMags|website=magnamags.com|access-date=2017-03-28}}</ref>

=== Mainstream music ===
Lewis remixed [[Asha Bhosle]]'s album ''Rahul and I'' and composed songs for ''Janam samjha karo, O mere sona, Piya Tu- ab toh aaja''. He also composed and produced the music for ''Paree Hu Main'' by [[Suneeta Rao]], ''Bombay Girl'' by [[Alisha Chinai]] and for [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]'s album ''[[Pal (album)|Pal]]''. He composed songs such as "Bombay Girl" and "De De- Mujh Ko" for Alisha Chinai.

He also launched Indipop boy band A Band of Boys and gave music for their hit songs such as "Meri Neendh", "Gori" and "Aa Jaa Meri Jaan".

In 1998, Lewis recorded his first solo album, ''Haseena''. He composed the score for the Hindi films ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]'' and ''Jahd'' and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' and ''[[Chikku Bukku]]''.

===Colonial Cousins===
[[File:Leslie Lewis's at Launch of his album 'Tanha Sa Hoon' (2).jpg|thumb|right|Lewis at the launch of his album 'Tanha Sa Hoon']]
Lewis first worked with [[ghazal]] singer Hariharan in 1992, creating a jingle. They formed ''Colonial Cousins'' in 1996 and recorded an album, ''[[Colonial Cousins (album)|Colonial Cousins]]''. They were the first Indian duo to be featured on ''[[MTV Unplugged]]''.<ref name="Colonial Cousins2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004092312750200.htm&date=2004/09/23/&prd=thlf&|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103070536/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004092312750200.htm&date=2004/09/23/&prd=thlf&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Colonial Cousins to regale Bangaloreans|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 September 2004}}</ref> It won the MTV Indian Viewers' Choice award and Billboard Award for the Best Asian Music Group.<ref name="Colonial Cousins2"/><ref name="Bio">[http://www.indiamusicinfo.com/profiles/indi%20pop/hariharan.html "Artist biography: Hariharan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302065605/http://www.indiamusicinfo.com/profiles/indi%20pop/hariharan.html |date= 2 March 2012 }}. Indianmusicinfo.com. Retrieved 28 January 2011</ref> They released the albums ''[[The Way We Do It]]'' (1998) and ''[[Aatma (album)|Aatma]]'' (2001) and composed the soundtrack for the Tamil films ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/009200907250331.htm |title=Colonial Cousins' debut in Tamil |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2009 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731092252/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/009200907250331.htm |archivedate=31 July 2009 }}</ref> and ''[[Chikku Bukku]]''.

==Discography==
===As composer===

==== Albums ====
* ''Dhuan (Suneeta Rao Album)'' (1991)
* ''[[Bombay Girl]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Colonial Cousins (album)|Colonial Cousins]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Haseena (album)|Haseena]]'' (1998)
* ''[[The Way We Do It]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pal (album)|Pal]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Aatma (album)|Aatma]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Meri Neend]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Gori (album)|Gori]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Elements (A Band of Boys album)|Elements]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Ye Bhi Woh Bhi]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Once More (Colonial Cousins album)|Once More]]'' (2012)

==== Films ====
*''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]'' (1999 - English)
* ''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]'' (2000 - Hindi)
* ''[[Apna Asmaan]]'' (2007 - Hindi)
* ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' (2009 - Tamil)
* ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' (2010 - Tamil)
* ''[[Poshter Boyz]]'' (2014 - Marathi)
* ''[[Online Binline]]'' (2015 - Marathi)

===As singer===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Writer(s)
!Co-artist(s)
|-
|1999
![[Rockford (film)|''Rockford'']]
|English
|"Feels So Good"
|Colonial Cousins
|
|Hariharan
|-
|2000
![[Mela (2000 film)|''Mela'']]
|Hindi
|"Dekho 2000 Zamana Aa Gaya"
|Leslee Lewis
|Dharmesh Darshan
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Aamir Khan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
!''[[Anniyan]]''
|Tamil
|"Kannum Kannum Nokia"
| rowspan="2" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
!''[[Aparichit]]''
|Hindi (dubbed)
|"Gora Gora Aankh"
|[[Mehboob Kotwal]]
|Vasundhara Das
|-
|2006
!''[[Sainikudu]]''
|Telugu
|"Byla Bylamo"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
|-
|2008
!''[[King (2008 film)|King]]''
|Telugu
|" King Title Song"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|[[Mamta Mohandas, Devi Sri Prasad (chorus)|Mamta Mohandas, Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
! rowspan="2" |''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|"Vellaikaari"
| rowspan="2" |Colonial Cousins
|[[Vairamuthu]]
|Hariharan
|-
|"Sikki Mukki"
|
|[[Surmukhi Raman]]
|-
|2010
!''[[Darling (2010 film)|Darling]]''
|Telugu
|"Hosahore"
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Ananth Sreeram]]
|[[KK (singer)|K.K.]]
|-
|2015
!''[[Online Binline]]''
|Marathi
|"Oho Kai Zhala"
|Leslee Lewis
|
|Hariharan, Shreyash Jadhav
|-
|2019
!''[[Kaappaan]]''
|Tamil
|"Hey Amigo"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|Vairamuthu
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|}

==Awards and achievements==
* 1997: MTV Asia Viewer's Choice Award for ''[[Colonial Cousins (album)|Colonial Cousins]]'' in Radio City Hall - New York
* US Billboard Viewer's Choice Award - Las Vegas
* Awarded 'Indian of the Year 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandsacademyindia.com/blog/indian-year-huge-success/|title=Brands Academy Organized Mega Event "Indian of the Year" - New Delhi|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728165955/http://www.brandsacademyindia.com/blog/indian-year-huge-success/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.leslelewis.com Official Website]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://twitter.com/LesleLewis @LesleLewis on Twitter]
*[http://www.facebook.com/SingerLeslieLewis Lesle Lewis (official fan page) on Facebook]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, Leslee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian pop composers]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Jingle composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Khurshed Lal

2026-04-10T04:56:33Z

VirgieSalter103: Starting Initial Post W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Khurshed Lal''' was an Indian politician. He was the member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] through the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who 1950 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |publisher=Parliament of India}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khursed Lal
| office = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1903|03|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kotli]] Laharan, [[Sialkot]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{Death date|1951|02|18|df=y}}
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
| education = [[LLB]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

== Early life and education ==
Lal was born on 4 March 1903 in the small town of [[Kotli Loharan West|Kotli Laharan]] in [[Sialkot]] district of present-day Pakistan. After completing his master's and LLB degree from [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]], in 1926 he enrolled in the Allahabad High Court as an advocate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constituent_assembly_members/khurshed_lal |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=www.constitutionofindia.net |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207092725/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constituent_assembly_members/khurshed_lal |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Role in India’s Independence Movement ==
Five years after beginning his law practice, Lal joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and would remain a lifelong member of the party. By 1936 he became quite involved in local governance and served as the Chairman of the Dehra Dun Municipality for the next four years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Making Of The Indian Constitution |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-making-of-the-indian-constitution/yQWhQ126iAYA8A |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>

== Contribution to Constitution Making ==
Lal was elected to the Constituent Assembly from the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] on a Congress party ticket. He was not particularly active in the Assembly but was part of its Select Committee that had the task of evaluating the Hindu Code Bill and reporting to the Assembly on it. After Independence, Lal joined the first cabinet of independent India in 1950 as the Deputy Minister for Communications (State).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Khurshed}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot District]]

K. P. Udayabhanu

2026-03-27T10:13:47Z

VirgieSalter103: Starting A Stub More To Come!

{{Distinguish|A. P. Udhayabhanu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Family name hatnote|Kizhakke Potta|lang=Malayali}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = K. P. Udayabhanu
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Bhanuprakash
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|06|06}}
| birth_place = Tharoor, [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|01|05|1936|06|06}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| instrument =
| Genre =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback singer]]|[[Music composer]]}}
| years_active = 1958 {{endash}} 2010
}}

'''Kizhakke Potta Udayabhanu''' (born Bhanuprakash; 6 June 1936 {{endash}} 5 January 2014) was an Indian playback singer and music director, mainly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. In 2009, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest [[Indian honours system|civilian honour]].<ref name=Mangalam /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Parayath|first=Prakash|date=2014-01-09|title=With music in his heart…|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/with-music-in-his-heart/article5557520.ece|access-date=2021-09-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He represented India at the 1985 [[ABU Popular Song Contest]].<ref name="Euroviox">{{cite web|url= https://eurovoix-world.com/abu-popular-song-contest/#:~:text=The%20ABU%20Popular%20Song%20Contest,the%20mid%20to%20late%201980s.|title= ABU Popular Song Contest|website=Euroviox|access-date=1 January 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Udayabhanu was born to N. S. Varma and Ammu Nethyaramma at Tharur in the present-day [[Palakkad district]].<ref name=NDTV /> He was the nephew of music scholar K. P. Appukutta Menon<ref name=NDTV /> and [[freedom fighter]] [[K. P. Kesava Menon]].<ref name=NIE>{{cite news|title=Musician K P Udayabhanu Passes Away|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Musician-K-P-Udayabhanu-Passes-Away/2014/01/06/article1985121.ece|access-date=6 January 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107104856/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Musician-K-P-Udayabhanu-Passes-Away/2014/01/06/article1985121.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Udayabhanu spent his childhood in Singapore, where his father ran a business.<ref name=NIE /> Following his mother's death, he returned to India at the age of seven.<ref name=NIE /> Udayabhanu joined the Thyagaraja Sangeetha Vidyalaya in [[Kalpathy]] and started learning music under the guidance of Erode Viswanatha Iyer, [[Palghat Mani Iyer]], [[M. D. Ramanathan]], [[Palghat Srirama Bhagavathar]], and Flute Krishna Iyer.<ref name=NDTV /> Udayabhanu married singer Vijayalekshmi in 1970 and they had a son, Rajeev Udayabhanu.<ref name=Mangalam/> Vijayalekshmi died in 2007.<ref name=TOI />

Udayabhanu started his career as an announcer in [[All India Radio]] in 1956, where he worked for 38 years.<ref name=NDTV /> In 1964–65, he worked as music teacher at [[Lawrence School, Lovedale]],<ref name=NI>{{cite news|title=Veteran Malayalam playback singer K P Udayabhanu passes away|url=http://netindian.in/news/2014/01/05/00027421/veteran-malayalam-playback-singer-k-p-udayabhanu-passes-away|access-date=6 January 2014|newspaper=Net Indian}}</ref> but quit it in 1965 and rejoined All India Radio in the same year.<ref name=DCB /> He was also the [[Public Relations Officer]] to [[K. Karunakaran]] twice.<ref name=Mangalam/><ref name=DCB />

His favourite singers were [[K. J. Yesudas]] and [[K. S. Chithra]].<ref name=DCB /> [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] was his favourite [[Carnatic music]]ian.<ref name=DCB /> [[Bade Gulam Ali Khan]] and [[Bhimsen Joshi]] were his favourite [[Hindustani music]]ians.<ref name=DCB />

Udayabhanu died on 5 January 2014 at his home in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://netindian.in/news/2014/01/05/00027421/veteran-malayalam-playback-singer-k-p-udayabhanu-passes-away| work=netindian.in | title=Veteran Malayalam playback singer K P Udayabhanu passes away | date=5 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/veteran-malayalam-singer-k-p-udayabhanu-dies-467340| work=ndtv.com | title=Veteran Malayalam singer K.P Udayabhanu dies | date=5 January 2014}}</ref> He was suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news|title=Veteran Malayalam singer K.P Udayabhanu dies|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/veteran-malayalam-singer-k-p-udayabhanu-dies-467340|access-date=6 January 2014|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref>
[[Aparna Balamurali]], a popular young actress and singer, is his grandniece, being the daughter of his nephew Balamurali, who is himself a professional musician.

==Career==
Udayabhanu recorded his first film song ''Enthinithra panchasara'' for the film ''[[Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu]]'' in 1958.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=Udayabhanu passes away|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Udayabhanu-passes-away/articleshow/28455156.cms|access-date=6 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In his career, he sang more than 50 songs.<ref name=NDTV /> The most notable songs are ''Kananachayayil aadumeykkan'' (''[[Ramanan (film)|Ramanan]]''), ''Anuraga nadakathin'' (''[[Ninamaninja Kalpadukal]]''), ''Ponvalayillenkilum'' (''[[Kutti Kuppayam]]''), ''Thamara Thumbi Vava'' (''[[Puthiya Akasam Puthiya Bhoomi]]''), ''Vellinakshathrame ninne nokki'' (''Ramanan''), ''Chudukanneeralen'' (''[[Laila Majnu (1962 film)|Laila Majnu]]''), ''Tharame tharame'' (''Laila Majnu''), ''Vadaruthee malarini'' (''Sathyabhama''), ''Pennale pennale'' (''[[Chemmeen]]''), ''Pennayi pirannenkil'', ''Viralonnillenkilum'' (''[[Veluthambi Dalawa (film)|Veluthambi Dalawa]]''), and ''Velutha penne velutha penne'' (''Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu'').<ref name=NDTV /><ref name=Yahoo>{{cite web|title=കെ.പി. ഉദയഭാനു അന്തരിച്ചു|url=http://malayalam.yahoo.com/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-154901453.html|publisher=Yahoo Malayalam|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> His last song was ''Kaatu Paranjathum'' recorded for the 2010 film ''[[Thanthonni]]''.<ref name=NDTV /><ref name=TOI /> He sang this song after a break of 40 years from his last recorded film song.<ref name=Mangalam/> He composed music for the films ''[[Samasya]]'', ''Velichamillatha Veedhi'', and ''Mayilpeeli''.<ref name=NDTV /><ref name=DCB>{{cite web|title=എന്റെ പ്രണയം ചുറ്റുമുള്ള എല്ലാ ജീവജാലങ്ങളോടുമാണ്- കെ.പി. ഉദയഭാനു|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/blog/k-p-udyabhanu-interview-with-ramesh-gopalakrishnan-dc-books-blog/|publisher=DC Books|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106150621/http://www.dcbooks.com/blog/k-p-udyabhanu-interview-with-ramesh-gopalakrishnan-dc-books-blog/|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The songs ''Kili chilachu'' from ''Samasya'' and ''Indu sundarasmitham thookum'' from ''Mayil Peeli'' and several light music hits were broadcast through all India radio like 'oru pattu paduvan', 'athramelinnum nilavine' etc... were highly popular.<ref name=Mangalam>{{cite web|title=അന്ത്യമാം രംഗം തീര്‍ന്നു; വെള്ളിനക്ഷത്രം മാഞ്ഞു: കെ. പി. ഉദയഭാനു അന്തരിച്ചു|url=http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/keralam/136170|publisher=Mangalam|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=DCB />

In 1984, Udayabhanu launched the musical troupe ''Old is Gold'' which has conducted several stage shows in India and abroad.<ref name=Mangalam/> Udayabhanu represented India at the Asia Pacific Popular Song contest in Singapore in 1985. He was also the chief conductor of the Drums of India music programme which was organised as part of the Republic Day celebrations in 1985.<ref name=Mangalam/> He was the chief conductor and composer of ''Bharatiyam'' conducted in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He conducted choral groups in all Indian languages from Delhi Central Production Unit and Delhi [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=NI /> He composed 32 poems by renowned Kerala poets in connection with the Golden Jubilee celebrations of Independence.<ref name=Mangalam/> He conducted music for more than 100 patriotic songs. Of these, more than 80 were in [[Malayalam]].<ref name=DCB /> The rest were in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Oriya language|Oriya]].<ref name=DCB />

According to Malayalam film historian Balagopal, Udayabhanu's voice was specially suited for sad songs in melodramatic films of the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Renowned Malayalam singer KP Udayabhanu passes away|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140106/news-current-affairs/article/renowned-malayalam-singer-kp-udayabhanu-passes-away|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106204456/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140106/news-current-affairs/article/renowned-malayalam-singer-kp-udayabhanu-passes-away|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2014|access-date=6 January 2014|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
*Recipient of [[Padma Shri Award]], 2009.<ref name=Mangalam/>
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award for creative music, 2002.<ref name=Deshabhimani>{{cite web|title=ഉദയഭാനുവിന്റെ മൃതദേഹം ഔദ്യോഗിക ബഹുമതികളോടെ സംസ്കരിച്ചു|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=401447|publisher=Deshabhimani|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106220738/http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=401447|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]], 2004.<ref name=Mangalam/>
*Kamukara award, 2006.<ref name=Yahoo />
*[[B. R. Ambedkar]] "Kalasri" Award by Bharatheeya Dalit Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melody on song|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003010901940200.htm&date=2003/01/09/&prd=thlf&|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>
*[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction]], 1994 (''Myth of the Tree'', ''Serpant Mother'').<ref>{{cite web|title=42nd National Film Festival|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>
*Honoured by Kerala government for outstanding contributions to Malayalam film industry, 1981.<ref name=Yahoo />
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], 1987.<ref name=Yahoo />
*Honoured by [[All India Radio]] for outstanding contributions to broadcasting in Kerala, 1999.<ref name=Mangalam/>

==Positions held==
*Member- [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]<ref name=Mangalam/>
*Member- [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]<ref name=Mangalam/>
*Member- Board of Studies (Music), [[Calicut University]]<ref name=Mangalam/>
*Member- Board of Studies (Music), [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]<ref name=Mangalam/>
*Member- Film Censor Board (thrice)<ref name=Mangalam/>
*Member- Kerala State Film Awards Committee (thrice)<ref name=Mangalam/>
*Member- Audition Board, All India Radio<ref name=Mangalam/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210316143823/http://www.kpudayabhanu.com/ K. P. Udayabhanu Foundation website]}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udayabhanu, K. P.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra

2026-03-24T10:45:41Z

VirgieSalter103: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|None}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
The [[Rajya Sabha]] (meaning the "Council of States") is the upper house of the Parliament of India. [[Maharashtra]] elects 19 seats and they are indirectly elected by the state legislators of Maharashtra. Earlier since 1952, Bombay State elects 17 seats, Madhya Pradesh State elects 12 seats, Hyderabad State 11 seats and Mysore State elect 6 seats. After Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act of 1956, Bombay State elects 27 seats. After Bombay Reorganisation Act of 1960, three seats were increased and effective from 1 May 1960, while new Maharashtra State elects 19 seats, the new Gujarat State elects 11 seats. The number of seats allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections within the state legislatures are held using [[Single transferable vote]] with [[proportional representation]].<ref name=RSat-work>{{cite web|title=Composition of Rajya Sabha - Rajya Sabha At Work|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date=28 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

==Current members==

'''Keys:'''
 
NDA - 15
{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|8}}
{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|4}}
{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|2}}
{{Party legend|Republican Party of India (A)|1}}
 
MVA - 04
{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|1}}
{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|1}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!style="width:200px" |Name
!colspan=2|Party
!Term start
!Term end
|-
|1
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|-
|2
|Maya Ivnate
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|-
|3
|Ramrao Wadkute
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|-
|4
|[[Medha Kulkarni]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|5
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|6
|[[Ajit Gopchade]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|7
|[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|-
|8
|[[Anil Bonde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|-
|9
|Parth Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|-
|10
|[[Praful Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|11
|[[Nitin Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|28-Aug-2024
|04-Jul-2028
|-
|12
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|21-Jun-2024
|04-Jul-2028
|-
|13
|Jyoti Waghmare
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|-
|14
|[[Milind Deora]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|15
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|-
|16
|[[Chandrakant Handore]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|-
|17
|[[Imran Pratapgarhi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|-
|18
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|-
|19
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP-SP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|}

==Chronological list of all Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra state ==
Chronological list by last date of appointment
* {{legend inline|#DBD7D2|text={{asterisk}}}} represents current members
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
!Term end
!Term
!Notes
|-
|[[Vinod Tawde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|Maya Ivnate
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|Ramrao Wadkute
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|Jyoti Waghmare
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|Parth Pawar
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|1
|
|-
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|3
|
|-
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP-SP]]
|03-Apr-2026
|02-Apr-2032
|3
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Dhairyashil Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|28-Aug-2024
|02-Apr-2026
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Nitin Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|28-Aug-2024
|04-Jul-2028
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Piyush Goyal]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sunetra Pawar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|18-Jun-2024
|04-Jul-2028
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Praful Patel]]
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Medha Vishram Kulkarni|Medha Kulkarni]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ajit Gopchade]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Milind Deora]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Praful Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|6
|
|- style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Chandrakant Handore]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2024
|02-Apr-2030
|1
|
|-
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jun-2024
|3
|Elected as Member of Parliament from [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]] in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Anil Bonde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|4
|
|-
|[[Praful Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|05-Jul-2022
|27-Feb-2024
|5
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-27 |title=NCP leader Praful Patel resigns from Rajya Sabha ahead of fresh full term |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncp-leader-praful-patel-resigns-from-rajya-sabha-ahead-of-fresh-full-term/articleshow/108050678.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Imran Pratapgarhi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-2022
|04-Jul-2028
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Rajani Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|27-Sep-2021
|02-Apr-2026
|2
|By-election due to the death of [[Rajeev Satav]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2021 |title=Maharashtra Congress' Rajani Patil to be elected unopposed to RS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/maharashtra-congress-rajani-patil-to-be-elected-unopposed-to-rs-121092700597_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|[[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2020
|04-Jun-2024
|1
|Elected as Member of Parliament from [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]] in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Bhagwat Karad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2020
|02-Apr-2026
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|03-Apr-2020
|02-Apr-2026
|2
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2020
|02-Apr-2026
|2
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Fouzia Khan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2020
|02-Apr-2026
|1
|
|-style="background:#DBD7D2;"
|[[Priyanka Chaturvedi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2020
|02-Apr-2026
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajeev Satav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2020
|16-May-2021
|1
|Died<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-16 |title=Maharashtra: Congress MP Rajeev Satav dies after recovering from Covid-19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/maharashtra-congress-mp-rajeev-satav-dies-after-recovering-from-covid-19/articleshow/82677383.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prakash Javadekar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Narayan Rane]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[V. Muraleedharan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Anil Desai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Vandana Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|2
|
|-
|[[Kumar Ketkar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2018
|02-Apr-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|2
|
|-
|[[Vinay Sahasrabuddhe]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Vikas Mahatme]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|3
|
|-
|[[Praful Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|4
|
|-
|[[P. Chidambaram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-2016
|04-Jul-2022
|1
|
|-
|[[Amar Shankar Sable]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|14-Mar-2015
|02-Apr-2020
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Murli Deora]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-10 |title=BJP names Maha Dalit leader Amar Shankar Sable as Rajya Sabha bypoll candidate |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-names-maha-dalit-leader-amar-shankar-sable-as-rajya-sabha-bypoll-candidate/articleshow/46515929.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Praful Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|13-Jun-2014
|04-Jul-2016
|3
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-12 |title=NCP leader Praful Patel elected to Rajya Sabha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncp-leader-praful-patel-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/36449524.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Murli Deora]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2014
|24-Nov-2014
|3
|Died<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murli Deora, Former Union Minister and Senior Congress Leader, Dies at 77 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/murli-deora-former-union-minister-and-senior-congress-leader-dies-at-77-703266 |access-date= |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Husain Dalwai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2014
|02-Apr-2020
|2
|
|-
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2014
|02-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Majeed Memon]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2014
|02-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2014
|02-Apr-2020
|3
|
|-
|[[Ramdas Athawale]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|03-Apr-2014
|02-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Kakade]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-2014
|02-Apr-2020
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajani Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|10-Jan-2013
|02-Apr-2018
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Rajni Patil of Cong to enter Rajya Sabha unopposed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajni-patil-cong-enter-rajya-2233352 |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajeev Shukla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2012
|14-Aug-2012
|2
|Died<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-14 |title=Vilasrao Deshmukh dies in Chennai, cremation at his native village tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vilasrao-deshmukh-dies-in-chennai-cremation-at-his-native-village-tomorrow/articleshow/15491175.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[D. P. Tripathi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Vandana Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Ajay Sancheti]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Anil Desai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2012
|02-Apr-2018
|1
|
|-
|[[Husain Dalwai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|26-Jul-2011
|02-Apr-2014
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-22 |title=Congress candidate Hussain Dalwai wins RS bypoll from Maharashtra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-candidate-hussain-dalwai-wins-rs-bypoll-from-maharashtra/articleshow/9325509.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Avinash Pande]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Vijay J. Darda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|3
|
|-
|[[Ishwarlal Jain]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|
|
|-
|[[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|05-Jul-2010
|16-May-2014
|
|Elected as Member of Parliament from [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[Piyush Goyal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|1
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|05-Jul-2010
|04-Jul-2016
|2
|
|-
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|04-Aug-2009
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2009-08-03 |title=Deshmukh, NCP's Adik, Mohite-Patil elected to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/deshmukh-ncp-s-adik-mohite-patil-elected-to-rajya-sabha/story-6UlmLTzxPPjUWn1Nsy6nrM.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Govindrao Adik]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|04-Aug-2009
|02-Apr-2012
|3
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Praful Patel]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Ranjitsinh Mohite-Patil]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|04-Aug-2009
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Supriya Sule]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2008
|07-May-2011
|2
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-07 |title=Prithviraj Chavan resigns from Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/prithviraj-chavan-resigns-from-rajya-sabha/story-EdzkD1DyYECc3hcvQmkx8M.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Murli Deora]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|2
|
|-
|[[Y. P. Trivedi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|
|
|-
|[[Janardan Waghmare]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|2
|
|-
|Bharatkumar Raut
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Prakash Javadekar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2008
|02-Apr-2014
|1
|
|-
|[[Supriya Sule]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|18-Sep-2006
|16-May-2009
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Vasant Chavan]];
Elected to [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati Lok Sabha]] in [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[Rahul Bajaj]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|20-Jun-2006
|04-Jul-2010
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Pramod Mahajan]]
|-
|[[Rajeev Shukla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|<ref name="rs2009">{{cite web |title=Arjun, Bhardwaj, Shinde elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060321/main3.htm |access-date=17 August 2017 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2006
|16-May-2009
|2
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur Lok Sabha]] in [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[Vasant Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2006
|11-Jul-2006
|2
|Died
|-
|[[Praful Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2006
|16-May-2009
|2
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya Loksabha]] in [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[Balavant Apte]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|2
|
|-
|[[Manohar Joshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2006
|02-Apr-2012
|1
|
|-
|[[Vasant Chavan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|25-Apr-2005
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
|-
|[[Shivraj Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-2004
|22-Jan-2010
|1
|Appointed as [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
|-
|[[Vijay J. Darda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-2004
|04-Jul-2010
|2
|
|-
|[[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|05-Jul-2004
|04-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|[[Sharad Anantrao Joshi|Sharad Joshi]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Swatantra Bharat Paksh}}" |
|[[Swatantra Bharat Paksh|SBP]]
|05-Jul-2004
|04-Jul-2010
|
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Raut]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|05-Jul-2004
|04-Jul-2010
|1
|
|-
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-2004
|03-May-2006
|4
|Died
|-
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Murli Deora]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Datta Meghe]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|Mukesh Patel
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|2
|
|-
|[[Ekanath K. Thakur|Ekanath Thakur]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|1
|
|-
|[[Ved Prakash Goyal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2002
|02-Apr-2008
|2
|
|-
|[[Dilip Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Praful Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[R. S. Gavai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Sanjay Nirupam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-2000
|16-Mar-2005
|2
|Resigned<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-03-16 |title=Sanjay Nirupam resigns from Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sanjay-nirupam-resigns-from-rajya-sabha/articleshow/1053317.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Balavant Apte]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Jethmalani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-2000
|02-Apr-2006
|2
|
|-
|[[Satish Pradhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|2
|
|-
|[[Pritish Nandy]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|3
|
|-
|[[Vijay J. Darda]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|1
|
|-
|[[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1998
|16-May-2004
|4
|Elected as Member of Parliament from [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]] in [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[Najma Heptulla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1998
|04-Jul-2004
|4
|
|-
|[[Ram Kapse]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|27-Sep-1996
|04-Jul-1998
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Pramod Mahajan]]
|-
|[[Sanjay Nirupam]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|27-Sep-1996
|02-Apr-2000
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Suresh Kalmadi]]
|-
|Mukesh Patel
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|[[Adhik Shirolkar]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|[[Suryabhan Vahadane-Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|[[Ved Prakash Goyal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|3
|
|-
|[[N. K. P. Salve]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|4
|
|-
|[[Suresh Keswani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1996
|02-Apr-2002
|1
|
|-
|[[Vitthalrao Gadgil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|3
|
|-
|[[Saroj Khaparde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|5
|
|-
|[[Govindrao Adik]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|2
|
|-
|[[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1994
|10-May-1996
|3
|Elected as member of parliament from[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune Lok Sabha]] in [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[Gopalrao Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|1
|
|-
|[[Ram Jethmalani]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1994
|02-Apr-2000
|1
|
|-
|[[Govindrao Adik]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Aug-1993
|02-Apr-1994
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of Vishwarao Ramrao Patil
|-
|[[Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Shrikant Jichkar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|
|
|-
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Najma Heptulla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|3
|
|-
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-1992
|10-May-1996
|2
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
|-
|[[Satish Pradhan]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|05-Jul-1992
|04-Jul-1998
|1
|
|-
|[[Jagesh Desai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|2
|
|-
|Chandrika Jain
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|2
|
|-
|[[N. K. P. Salve]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|3
|
|-
|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Viren J. Shah]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|1
|
|-
|[[Bapu Kaldate]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1990
|02-Apr-1996
|2
|
|-
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|28-Oct-1988
|02-Apr-1990
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[N. M. Kamble]]
|-
|[[Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare|Murlidhar Bhandare]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|3
|
|-
|[[Vishvjit Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|2
|
|-
|[[Vithalrao Jadhav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|2
|
|-
|[[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|2
|
|-
|[[Saroj Khaparde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1988
|02-Apr-1994
|4
|
|-
|Vishwarao Ramrao Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|03-Apr-1988
|14-May-1993
|1
|resigned
|-
|[[A. G. Kulkarni]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1986
|27-Apr-1992
|4
|Died
|-
|Bhaskar Masodkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1986
|04-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|[[Najma Heptulla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1986
|04-Jul-1992
|2
|
|-
|[[Naresh Puglia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1986
|04-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|[[Suryakanta Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1986
|15-Jun-1991
|1
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|05-Jul-1986
|04-Jul-1992
|1
|
|-
|[[Pratibha Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1985
|02-Apr-1990
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Husen Dalwai]]
|-
|Maruti Mane Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1985
|04-Jul-1986
|1
|bBy-election due to the resignation of [[Premala Chavan]]
|-
|[[Husen Dalwai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1984
|28-Dec-1984
|1
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Jagesh Desai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1984
|02-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|Shankarrao Deshmukh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1984
|02-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|Sudha Joshi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1984
|02-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|[[N. M. Kamble]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1984
|09-Aug-1988
|3
|
|-
|[[N. K. P. Salve]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1984
|02-Apr-1990
|2
|
|-
|[[Bapu Kaldate]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|03-Apr-1984
|02-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|[[Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare|Murlidhar Bhandare]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|2
|
|-
|[[Vishvjit Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|1
|
|-
|[[Vithalrao Jadhav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|1
|
|-
|[[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|1
|
|-
|[[Saroj Khaparde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|3
|
|-
|Dinkarao Govindrao Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1982
|02-Apr-1988
|1
|
|-
|[[Jagannath Sitaram Akarte|Jagannath Akarte]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1980
|04-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|[[Premala Chavan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1980
|28-Dec-1984
|1
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Karad Lok Sabha constituency|Karad Lok Sabha]]
|-
|Joseph L D'souza
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1980
|04-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|[[Najma Heptulla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1980
|04-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|Shanti G Patel
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|05-Jul-1980
|04-Jul-1986
|1
|
|-
|S. W. Dhabe
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]
|05-Jul-1980
|04-Jul-1986
|2
|
|-
|[[N. M. Kamble]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|04-Aug-1980
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|By-election due to the resignation of [[A. R. Antulay]]
|-
|[[Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare|Murlidhar Bhandare]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30-Jun-1980
|02-Apr-1982
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Vitthalrao Gadgil]]
|-
|[[Motiram Lahane]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|14-Dec-1978
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|By-election due to the death of Deorao Patil
|-
|[[Sushila Adivarekar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1978
|02-Apr-1984
|3
|
|-
|[[A. G. Kulkarni]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1978
|02-Apr-1984
|3
|
|-
|[[Rafiq Zakaria]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1978
|02-Apr-1984
|1
|
|-
|[[N. K. P. Salve]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1978
|02-Apr-1984
|1
|
|-
|[[Sadasiv Bagaitkar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
|03-Apr-1978
|05-Dec-1983
|1
|Died
|-
|[[B. D. Khobragade]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|03-Apr-1978
|02-Apr-1984
|3
|
|-
|Ganapat Hiralal Bhagat
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1978
|02-Apr-1984
|1
|
|-
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|03-Jul-1980
|1
|appointed as [[Chief minister of Maharashtra]]
|-
|Bapuraoji Deshmukh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|1
|
|-
|[[Vitthalrao Gadgil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|07-Jan-1980
|2
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[Saroj Khaparde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|
|-
|Govind Mhaisekar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|1
|
|-
|S. K. Vaishampayen
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|2
|
|-
|R. D. Avergaonkar - Jagtap
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|S. W. Dhabe
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|2
|
|-
|Deorao Patil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|22-Oct-1978
|1
|Died
|-
|[[N. M. Kamble]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|[[Krishnarao Dhulap]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|03-Apr-1974
|02-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|[[Sushila Adivarekar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|2
|
|-
|M. R. Vyas
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|[[Sikandar Ali Wajd]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|[[Gulabrao Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|2
|
|-
|[[Saroj Khaparde]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1974
|1
|By-election due to the death of [[Bhaurao Gaikwad]]
|-
|Vinaykumar Parashar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|[[D. Y. Pawar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|4
|
|-
|N.H. Kumbhare
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|[[Sushila Adivarekar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|18-Sep-1971
|02-Apr-1972
|1
|By-election
|-
|[[Vitthalrao Gadgil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|06-May-1971
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[Mohan Dharia]]
|-
|[[Shankarrao Bobdey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|3
|
|-
|[[Mohan Dharia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1970
|10-Mar-1971
|2
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[A. G. Kulkarni]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|2
|
|-
|[[S. G. Sardesai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|
|-
|[[Narayan Ganesh Goray]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|SP]]
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|
|-
|[[Dahyabhai Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1970
|11-Aug-1972
|''3''
|Died
|-
|[[Babubhai Maneklal Chinai]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1970
|04-Jul-1975
|''3''
|Died
|-
|[[Sarojini Babar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1968
|02-Apr-1974
|1
|
|-
|T. G. Deshmukh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1968
|02-Apr-1974
|1
|
|-
|[[Jayant Shridhar Tilak]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1968
|02-Apr-1974
|1
|
|-
|[[Pandharinath Sitaramji Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1968
|02-Apr-1974
|2
|
|-
|[[B.T. Kulkarni]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1968
|02-Apr-1974
|2
|
|-
|[[Bhaurao Gaikwad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|03-Apr-1968
|29-Dec-1971
|''2''
|Died
|-
|[[Gulabrao Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|1
|
|-
|[[Asoka Mehta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|26-Feb-1967
|1
|Elected as member of parliament from [[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[B. S. Savnekar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|2
|
|-
|Vithalrao Nagpure
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|2
|
|-
|[[B. D. Khobragade]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|2
|
|-
|[[M. C. Chagla]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|3
|
|-
|[[Shankarrao Bobdey]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|1
|
|-
|Kandubhai Desai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|2
|
|-
|[[Mohan Dharia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|1
|
|-
|S. K. Vaishampayen
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|1
|
|-
|[[Babubhai Maneklal Chinai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC(O)]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|2
|
|-
|[[Abid Ali Jaferbhai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC(O)]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|4
|
|-
|[[Udhavrao Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Mar-1967
|1
|
|-
|[[Dahyabhai Patel]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1964
|02-Apr-1970
|2
|
|-
|[[M. C. Chagla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|02-Mar-1964
|02-Apr-1966
|2
|
|-
|[[B.T. Kulkarni]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|05-Jul-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|By-election due to the resignation of [[M. C. Chagla]]
|-
|[[M. C. Chagla]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|17-Apr-1962
|1
|resigned
|-
|[[Ganpatrao Devji Tapase|Ganpatrao Tapase]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|[[Pandharinath Sitaramji Patil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|[[D. Y. Pawar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|3
|
|-
|Tara Sathe
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhaurao Gaikwad]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" |
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|03-Apr-1962
|02-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|[[B. S. Savnekar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|28-Jun-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|By-election
|-
|Mahipatray Mehta
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|Bombay State
|-
|Vithalrao Nagpure
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|Bombay State
|-
|[[Narayan Deokinandan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|3
|Bombay State
|-
|[[Dajiba Desai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|Bombay State
|-
|[[Shripad Krishna Limaye]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|Bombay State
|-
|Vinayakrao Pandurang Patil
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|03-Apr-1960
|01-Dec-1962
|1
|Died
|-
|Kandubhai Desai
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|09-Mar-1959
|02-Apr-1964
|1
|bye - Bombay State
|}

== {{Static row numbers}}{{Static row numbers}}INC MP list{{Static row numbers}} ==
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! Date of Appointment
! Date of Retirement
! Term
! Vacation Date/Reason
|-
|[[Abid Ali Jaferbhai]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 ||1||[[Bombay State]]
|-
| Abid Ali Jaferbhai || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1958 || 2nd || Bombay State
|-
|[[Abid Ali Jaferbhai]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 || 3rd || Bombay State
|-
|[[Violet Alva]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 || 1 || Bombay State
|-
|[[Violet Alva]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1960 || 2nd ||[[Bombay State]] MY 1960–66, KA 1966-69
|-
|Dr. [[Waman S Barlingay]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || 1 || Bomaby State Madhya Pradesh 1952-56
|-
|[[Y. B. Chavan]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 21/02/1963 || 21/12/1963 || 1 || Res. Ele [[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd LS]], [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]]
|-
|[[Narayandas K Daga]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 23/04/1954 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || Hyderabad State
|-
|[[R V Dangre]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1960 || 1 || Bombay State Died 25-6-79
|-
|[[Somnath P. Dave]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|03/04/1952 ||02/04/1958 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Somnath P. Dave]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|03/04/1958 ||05/01/1959 ||''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[T. R. Deogirikar]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 ||1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[T. R. Deogirikar]]||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || ''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[Ramrao Madhavrao Deshmukh]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Ramrao Madhavrao Deshmukh]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|03/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 || ''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[Vimal Punjab Deshmukh]]||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 19/04/1967 ||02/04/1972|| 1||
|-
|[[Venkat Krishna Dhage]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 || 1 || Hyderabad State
|-
|[[Venkat Krishna Dhage]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1960|| ''2nd'' || Hyderabad State Died 24-5-1967
|-
|[[Gangaram Thaware]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| |03/04/1952 || 16/08/1952 || 1 || [[Madhya Pradesh State]] (1950–56) Dea 16/08/1952
|-
|Dr [[Raghu Vira]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 || 1 || Madhya Pradesh State1950-56
|-
|Dr [[Raghu Vira]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || ''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[Lalchand Hirachand Doshi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[R. R. Diwakar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 13/06/1952 || 1 || [[Bombay State]] Res.-[[Governor of Bihar|Gov. of BH]] NOM 1962-68
|-
|[[Marotirao D. Tumpalliwar]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|03/04/1956 ||12/03/1962 ||1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|Dr [[Gilder Munchershaw D. D.]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 ||1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|Dr [[Gilder Munchershaw D. D.]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1960 ||'' 2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Shriyan Prasad Jain]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Shriyan Prasad Jain]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1958 || ''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
| [[Kazi Syed Karimuddin]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || [[Madhya Pradesh State]] (1950–56)
|-
|[[Bal Gangadhar Kher]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 14/07/1952 || 1 || Res.14/07/1952 Bombay State
|-
|[[A. G. Kulkarni]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|19/04/1967 ||02/04/1970 || 1 || bye 1967
|-
|[[Premji Thobhanbhai Leuva]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|07/08/1952 || 02/04/1954 ||1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Premji Thobhanbhai Leuva]] ||{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1960 || 2nd || Bombay State
|-
|[[Gopaldas Bulakhidasji Mohta]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 || 1 || [[Madhya Pradesh State]] (1950-1956)
|-
|[[Lilawati Munshi]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || [[Bombay state]]
|-
|[[Narayan Deokinandan]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
| [[Narayan Deokinandan]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|03/04/1954 || 02/04/1960 || 2nd || Bombay State
|-
|[[P. N. Rajabhoj]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 22/04/1957 || 02/04/1962 || 1 || Bombay State bye 1957
|-
|[[Chandulal Pitamberdas Parikh]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Chandulal Pitamberdas Parikh]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1958 ||''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[Sonusing Dhansing Patil]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 22/04/1957 || 02/04/1958 || 1 || Bombay State bye 1957
|-
|[[Sonusing Dhansing Patil]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|03/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 ||''2nd'' || Bombay State
|-
|[[D. Y. Pawar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 ||02/04/1956 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[D. Y. Pawar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || 2nd || Bombay State
|-
|Dr [[V. H. Salaskar]] || {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 30/11/1981 || 02/04/1982 || 1 || bye 1981
|-
|[[Manilal Chaturbhai Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Manilal Chaturbhai Shah]]|| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || ''2nd'' || Death-09/01/1960 Bombay State
|}

=={{Static row numbers}}SCF/PWP/RPI MP list==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name (Alphabetical) !! colspan="2" |Party !! Date of Appointment !! Date of Retirement !! Term !! Notes
|-
|Dr.[[B. R. Ambedkar]]|| {{Party name with colour|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
| 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1956 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]]|| {{Party name with colour|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
| 03/04/1956 || 06/12/1956 || ''2nd''|| Death 06/12/1956 Bombay State
|-
|[[B. D. Khobragade]]||{{Party name with colour|Republican Party of India}}
| 19/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 || 1 || Bombay State
|}

==CPI/SBP MP list ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name (Alphabetical) !!colspan=2 |Party !! Date of Appointment !! Date of Retirement !! Term !! Notes
|-
|[[Lalji Moreshwar Pendse]]|| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}} || 03/04/1958 || 14/05/1964 || 1 || Bombay State
|}

==Others/IND MP list ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Name (Alphabetical) !!colspan=2 |Party !! Date of Appointment !! Date of Retirement !! Term !! Notes
|-
|[[P. C. Alexander]] || {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}} || 29/07/2002 || 02/04/2008 || 1 ||
|-
|[[Babubhai Maneklal Chinai]] || {{Party name with colour|Other parties|shortname=Others}} || 03/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 || 1 || Bombay State
|-
|[[Narsinghrao Balbhimrao Deshmukh]] || {{Party name with colour|Other parties|shortname=Others}} || 03/04/1952 || 02/04/1954 || 1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Narsinghrao Balbhimrao Deshmukh]] || {{Party name with colour|Other parties|shortname=Others}} || 03/04/1954 || 02/04/1960 || 2 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Gajanan Ramrao Kulkarni]] || {{Party name with colour|Other parties|shortname=Others}} || 03/04/1956 || 02/04/1962 || 1 || Bombay State
|-
|[[Rajaram Balkrishna Raut]] ||{{Party name with colour|Other parties|shortname=Others}} || 03/04/1952 || 15/03/1957 ||1 || [[Bombay State]]
|-
|[[Dahyabhai Patel]] || {{Party name with colour|Other parties|shortname=Others}} || 03/04/1958 || 02/04/1964 || 1 || Bombay State
|}

* Star (*) Represents current Rajya Sabha members from MH

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Rajya Sabha members of Maharashtra}}
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155536/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/faq/freaq.htm Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419110344/http://www.rajyasabha.nic.in/whoswho/hindiwhoswho.htm Nominated members list]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419165814/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/StatewiseList.asp State wise list]

{{Rajya Sabha}}
{{Current Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|state=expanded}}
{{Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra for term 2008-2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Maharashtra]]

Punarjanmam

2026-03-24T07:50:47Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Punarjanmam
| image = Punarjanmam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| producer = M. O. Joseph
| story = [[Abraham Kovoor|A. T. Kovoor]]
| screenplay = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Jayabharathi]]
| music = [[Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[Melli Irani]]
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]]
| studio = Manjilas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1972|8|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Punarjanmam''''' ({{langx|en|[[Reincarnation]]}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[erotic thriller]] film starring [[Prem Nazir]] and [[Jayabharathi]].<ref name="Janayugam" /> The film is directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and is based on a case study published by famous atheist and psychiatrist [[Abraham Kovoor|A. T. Kovoor]] in ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' weekly. The film, as well as Prem Nazir's performance, won immense critical acclaim.<ref name="Janayugam">{{Cite news |author=K. N. Shajikumar |date=5 April 2010 |url=http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=6562 |title=മനസ്സിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങള്‍ |newspaper=Janayugam |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709092657/http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=6562 |archivedate=9 July 2012 |accessdate=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Maru Piravi]]'' with [[R. Muthuraman|Muthuraman]] and [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] in the lead roles and in Telugu as ''Vintha Katha'', starring [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and [[Vanisri]]. The film is considered to be the first erotic psychic thriller in [[Cinema of India|Indian film history]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=444|title=Punarjanmam|accessdate=15 October 2014|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4869|title=Punarjanmam|accessdate=15 October 2014|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317113148/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4869|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/punarjanmam-malayalam-movie/|title=Punarjanmam|accessdate=15 October 2014|publisher=spicyonion.com|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208130253/http://spicyonion.com/title/punarjanmam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aravindan, a college lecturer, falls in love with his student Radha and marries her. However, the couple's sexual life is a failure, causing intense agony to Radha's father, Panikkar who is keen to have grandchildren. When all other means fail, Panikkar approaches a psychiatrist, who finds out that Aravindan's inability to have sex with Radha may have something to do with his intense affection for his mother, who had died just six months before Aravindan met Radha. How the doctor cajoles Radha into solving her husband's illness forms the climax.

== Cast ==
* [[Prem Nazir]] as Aravindan
** [[Karan (actor)|Master Raghu]] as Young Aravindan
* [[Jayabharathi]] in double role as Radha / Aravindan's mother
* [[Bahadoor]] as Kurup
* [[Adoor Bhasi]] as Narayana Panikkar
* [[Sankaradi]] as Ashan
* [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] as Jyotsyan
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as College Principal
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Jaanu
* [[Prema Menon]] as Sankari
* [[Khadeeja (actress)|Khadeeja]] as Ashan's wife

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]
| all_music = [[G. Devarajan]]

| title1 = Kaakkem Kaakkede Kunjum
| extra1 = [[C. O. Anto]]

| title2 = Kaamashasthramezhuthiya
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]]

| title3 = Kaamini Kaavyamohini
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]

| title4 = Madana Panchami
| extra4 = [[P. Madhuri]]

| title5 = Premabhikshuki Bhikshuki
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas

| title6 = Sooryakaantha Kalppadavil
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]]

| title7 = Unnikkai Valaru
| extra7 = [[P. Leela]]

| title8 = Velichamasthamichu
| extra8 = P. Madhuri

}}

==Awards==
* The film won [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Malayalam]] received by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] (1972) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cUQAQAAMAAJ&q=k.s.sethumadhavan|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|year=1973}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0288780}}

{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1970s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:1972 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thoppil Bhasi]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{erotic-thriller-film-stub}}

Koti and Chennayya

2026-03-23T20:22:43Z

VirgieSalter103: fixed issues

{{Short description|Legendary Tulu heroes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Shri Koti-chennaya.jpg|right|thumb|'''Koti & Chennaya''' (Circa 1556 A.D to 1591 A.D.), Twin Heroes of [[Tulu Nadu]] (Karnataka, India)]]

'''Koti and Chennayya''' ({{langx|tcy|ಕೋಟಿ ಚೆನ್ನಯ್ಯ}} '''Kōṭi Cennayya''') (circa 1556 A.D to 1591 A.D.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kankanadygarodi.in/history1.html|title=Shree Brahma Baidarkala Garodi Kshethra|website=kankanadygarodi.in|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927080700/http://kankanadygarodi.in/history1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> are legendary [[Tuluva]] [[twin]] heroes characterized in the Tulu epic of the same name, which is considered one of the two truly long epics in the [[Tulu language]]. The birthplace of Koti and Chennaya is Padumale in [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] taluk, [[Dakshina Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/birthplace-of-koti-chennaya-may-be-the-next-tourist-hub-of-tulu-nadu/article5337598.ece|title=Birthplace of Koti, Chennaya may be the next tourist hub of Tulu Nadu|date=2013-11-11|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref> The story of these heroes may be taken to roughly five hundred years back, when reference to Ballads were made in the Tulu Padana. Koti and Chennayya were born to the ''Deyi Baidethi'' of the Kirodian bari (Kirodiyyanaya) of the [[Billava]] (Bydyer) people of [[Tulu Nadu]]. Owing to the brothers' heroic deeds, they are worshipped and remembered as protectors. They died in combat near Yenmoor. Memorial temples called ''garadi'' "gymnasiums" have been built in the name of Koti and Chennayya all over Tulu Nadu.<ref name="garadi">{{cite web|url=http://www.billawabalagadubai.com/J1010/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=32 |title=Gardi - The Billawa Temple |work=Online webpage of Billava Balaga |publisher=Billava Balaga, Dubai |accessdate=2007-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927162734/http://www.billawabalagadubai.com/J1010/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=32 |archivedate=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2016}}
[[File:ಕೋಟಿ ಚೆನ್ನಯ೧.JPG|thumb|Koti and Chennayya]]

== Religious places ==
*[[Padumale]], the birthplace of Koti Chennaya.
*[[Shree Brahma Baiderkala Garodi, Yenmoor]], Maha samadhi of Koti Chennaya.
*[[Shree Brahma Baidarkala Garadi Kshetra]] or popularly known as ''<nowiki/>'Garodi''' is a religious place for [[Tulu people|Tulu community]], dedicated to Koti and Chennayya at Garodi in [[Kankanadi]].

==In modern culture==
* A movie based on the lives of Koti and Chennaya was made in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Tulu language]]s as [[Koti Chennayya]]
* [[Koti Chennaya]], a 2007 movie made in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] which went to win the 54th [[National Film Awards]].<ref name="movie">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/19767.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165331/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/19767.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title='Koti Chennayya' Tulu film completes shooting |work=Online webpage of India Glitz|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref>
* A project of TV serial in [[Kannada language]] based on Koti Chennaya was telecasted in DD chandana, a Kannada channel<ref name="serial">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=29823&n_tit=Udupi%3A+%27Koti+Chennaya%27+being+Made+into+Serial+in+Kannada|title= 'Koti Chennaya' being Made into Serial in Kannada|work=Online webpage of Daiji World|publisher=Daiji World|accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref>
*In 2019 another movie was made in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] as "[[Deyi Baidethi]]" in 2019.

==See also==
* [[Aati kalenja]]
* [[Yakshagana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Burnell |first1=A. E. |last2=Temple |first2=R. C. |date=1894 |title=The Devil Worship of the Tuluvas: The Song of Koti and Channayya |journal=[[Indian Antiquary]] |volume=23 |pages=29–49, 85–91 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044084494251&seq=45}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Burnell |first1=A. E. |last2=Temple |first2=R. C. |date=1895 |title=The Story of Koti and Channayya |journal=[[Indian Antiquary]] |volume=24 |pages=114–21, 141–53, 211–15, 242–44, 267–72 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044077741817&seq=150}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Burnell |first1=A. E. |last2=Temple |first2=R. C. |date=1896 |title=The Devil Worship of the Tuluvas: The Origin of the Beiderlu (Mr. Männer's variants) |journal=[[Indian Antiquary]] |volume=25 |pages=295–310, 328–42 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089639025&seq=351}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Burnell |first1=A. E. |last2=Temple |first2=R. C. |date=1897 |title=The Devil Worship of the Tuluvas: The origin of the Bhūta Panjurli (Mr. Männer's variants) |journal=[[Indian Antiquary]] |volume=26 |pages=47–54 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044084494376&seq=63}}
* {{cite book |translator=Shankar Narayana D. Poojary |title=Epic of the Warriors (Koti Chennaya Pardana) |editor=Damodar Kalmady |location=Chennai, India |publisher=National Folklore Support Center |date=2007 |isbn=81-901481-8-4 |language=Kannada, English}}
* {{cite journal |last=Billava |first=Shiva |title=Legendary Twins: Koti-Chennaya |journal=Indian Literature |volume=52 |issue=2 (244) |date=2008 |pp=161–67 |jstor=24159415}}
* {{cite book |title=The Tale of The Twin Warriors (Koti Chennaya) |publisher=SAHITYA AKADEMI |author=Bannanje Babu Amin |date=2009 |isbn=9788126027811}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nandavara |first=Vamana |title=Unrivalled 'Two in the Biruva Crew': Kóṭi-Chennaya–A Tulu Folk Epic |journal=Indian Literature |volume=61 |issue=2 (298) |date=2017 |pp=161–89 |jstor=26791339}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Adluri |first1=V. |first2=J. |last2=Bagchee |chapter=Boar And Twins: Comparing The Tulu ''Kōtị-Cennaya Pāḍdana'' And The Tamil ''Elder Brothers Story'' |title=When the Goddess was a Woman |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |date=2011 |pages=487–516 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004193802.i-624.79}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shetty |first=Yogitha |title=Koti and Chennaya: Culturally Resistant Symbols of Tulunadu |journal=Indian Literature |volume=61 |issue=2 (298) |date=2017 |pages=156–60 |jstor=26791338}}

{{Culture of Tulunadu}}

[[Category:Epic poems]]
[[Category:Tulu language]]
[[Category:Culture of Tulu Nadu]]

Laal Singh Chaddha

2026-03-16T21:51:33Z

VirgieSalter103: improve content per sources

{{short description|2022 film by Advait Chandan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laal Singh Chaddha
| image = Laal Singh Chaddha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Advait Chandan]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aamir Khan]]
* [[Kiran Rao]]
* [[Jyoti Deshpande]]
* [[Ajit Andhare]]
}}
| screenplay = [[Atul Kulkarni]]
| based_on ={{based on| [[Forrest Gump (novel)|''Forrest Gump'']]|[[Winston Groom]]}}
| starring = Aamir Khan [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] [[Naga Chaitanya]] [[Mona Singh]] [[Manav Vij]]
| music = '''Score:''' Tanuj Tiku '''Songs:''' [[Pritam]]
| cinematography = Satyajit Pande (Setu)
| editing = Hemanti Sarkar
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Paramount Pictures]]
* [[Viacom18 Studios]]
* [[Aamir Khan|Aamir Khan Productions]]
}}
| distributor = Viacom18 Studios ([[North India]]) [[Red Giant Movies]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]) [[Geetha Arts]] ([[Telangana]]) Paramount Pictures (International)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|08|11}}
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/laal-singh-chaddha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda1mdc5 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803045153/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/laal-singh-chaddha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda1mdc5 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|180 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=10 upcoming Bollywood films with a whopping budget |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/web-stories/10-upcoming-bollywood-films-with-a-whopping-budget/photostory/92851158.cms |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723060045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/web-stories/10-upcoming-bollywood-films-with-a-whopping-budget/photostory/92851158.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR|130 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha (2022) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/laal-singh-chaddha/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919064501/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/laal-singh-chaddha/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Laal Singh Chaddha''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Advait Chandan]] and written by [[Atul Kulkarni]]. The film is jointly produced by [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Aamir Khan|Aamir Khan Productions]] and [[Viacom18 Studios]]. It is a remake of the 1994 American film ''[[Forrest Gump]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha: How Aamir Khan adapted Forrest Gump to Bollywood |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62427992 |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316163641/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62427992 |url-status=live}}</ref> which itself is an adaptation of [[Forrest Gump (novel)|the novel of the same name]] by [[Winston Groom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2019 |title=Breaking! Aamir Khan starrer Laal Singh Chaddha to release on Christmas 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-aamir-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha-release-christmas-2020/ |access-date=16 September 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001032811/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-aamir-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha-release-christmas-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Aamir Khan]] as the [[title character]] alongside [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Mona Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calling Aamir Khan Before Laal Singh Chaddha Release Might be a Problem. Here's Why |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/calling-aamir-khan-before-laal-singh-chaddha-release-might-be-a-problem-heres-why-2361905 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211181355/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/calling-aamir-khan-before-laal-singh-chaddha-release-might-be-a-problem-heres-why-2361905 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The adaptation of ''Forrest Gump'' underwent a series of changes over a period of two decades, with Kulkarni spending the first ten years adapting the script, and another ten years purchasing the remake rights.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2020 |title=Exclusive: Atul Kulkarni says he wrote the script of Laal Singh Chaddha 10 years back; says Aamir Khan did not believe he wrote a good script |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-atul-kulkarni-says-wrote-script-laal-singh-chaddha-10-years-back-says-aamir-khan-not-believe-wrote-good-script/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127155201/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-atul-kulkarni-says-wrote-script-laal-singh-chaddha-10-years-back-says-aamir-khan-not-believe-wrote-good-script/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Aamir Khan bought the rights to the film in early 2018 with the help of Los Angeles-based producer and director [[Radhika Chaudhari]] and announced the film officially on 14 March 2019, with its title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark the date... Aamir Khan's new film #LaalSinghChaddha to release on #Christmas 2020... Stars Aamir in title role... Directed by Advait Chandan... Written by Atul Kulkarni... #Viacom18Movies |url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1124559125713604608 |access-date=16 September 2019 |via=[[Twitter]] |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922214301/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1124559125713604608 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2024}} The [[film score|film's score]] is composed by Tanuj Tiku, while its original soundtrack is composed by [[Pritam]] with their lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].<ref name="cinemaexpress.com">{{Cite web |title=Pritam to compose for Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/19/pritam-to-compose-for-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-13733.html |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126180749/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/19/pritam-to-compose-for-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-13733.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Laal Singh Chaddha'' has been filmed in more than 100 Indian locations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2019 |title=As Aamir Khan begins shooting for Laal Singh Chaddha, his mother gives Muhurat clap |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/011119/as-aamir-khan-begins-shooting-for-laal-singh-chaddha-his-mother-gives.html |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103085750/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/011119/as-aamir-khan-begins-shooting-for-laal-singh-chaddha-his-mother-gives.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Principal photography began in October 2019 and concluded in September 2021, after multiple delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2019 |title=Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha goes on floors as actor's mom gives clap for mahurat shot |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-goes-on-floors-as-actors-mom-gives-clap-for-mahurat-shot/510679 |access-date=4 November 2019 |publisher=Timesnownews.com |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104172440/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-goes-on-floors-as-actors-mom-gives-clap-for-mahurat-shot/510679 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was initially scheduled for cinema release on multiple dates in 2020–2022, but kept getting delayed due to the production halt caused by the pandemic. It was theatrically released worldwide on 11 August 2022, coinciding with [[Raksha Bandhan]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' to clash with Akshay Kumar's 'Raksha Bandhan' on August 14 – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-to-clash-with-akshay-kumars-raksha-bandhan-on-august-14/articleshow/89597870.cms |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215172859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-to-clash-with-akshay-kumars-raksha-bandhan-on-august-14/articleshow/89597870.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It opened to mixed reviews from critics and audiences, with praise for its adaptation to the new setting, faithfulness to the source material, depth, soundtrack, background score and emotion, but received criticism for Khan's performance, failure to conceive some sequences especially involving [[Indian Army]]. Against its budget of ₹1.8 billion, the film generated a total revenue of ₹1.29 billion at the worldwide box office. It was declared as a [[box office flop]] in India, however it was successful overseas.

==Plot==
Laal Singh Chaddha follows the life journey of Laal Singh Chaddha a kind-hearted Sikh man with a low IQ who recounts his extraordinary life during a train journey through Punjab. The story is set against significant historical events in India, weaving Laal's personal experiences with broader cultural and social themes. Laal is born in a village near Pathankot with physical challenges that affect his legs. Despite his difficulties, his supportive mother, Gurpreet Kaur Chaddha, instills in him the belief that he can achieve anything he desires. She works as a maid to secure Laal's admission to a local missionary school, where he befriends Rupa D'Souza, his only friend. Rupa dreams of a glamorous life and becomes a crucial part of Laal's world. As a child, Laal experiences various pivotal moments, including watching India's [[1983 Cricket World Cup]] victory on television and witnessing [[Operation Blue Star]] during a visit to his aunt in Amritsar. He also unknowingly influences a young [[Shah Rukh Khan]] with his dance steps that the latter later incorporates into his acting career.

Laal's journey continues as he faces bullying at school, leading him to discover his extraordinary talent for running after a group of bullies break his [[leg braces]]. His athletic abilities earn him a place at Hindu College in Delhi. Rupa, meanwhile, begins to pursue modeling, further complicating their relationship. During his college years, Laal participates in significant political events, including the Mandal Commission protests and the Babri Masjid riots. After completing his education, he joins the Indian Army, following a family tradition of military service.

In the Army, Laal befriends Bala Raju Bodi, who shares his aspirations of starting an undergarment factory after their service. During the [[Kargil War]] in 1999, Laal displays remarkable bravery, saving multiple soldiers, including a Pakistani commander, without realizing his identity. His heroism earns him the [[Vir Chakra]], but the loss of Bala during the conflict deeply affects him. After leaving the Army, Laal starts an underwear business named "Bala" in memory of his friend and his unspoken love for Rupa. However, he struggles with marketing his products. With the help of Mohammed Baaji, the Pakistani commander he saved, they rename the brand as "Rupa" and achieve significant success.

Rupa reenters Laal's life, but her dreams have taken a different path. She becomes involved with a gangster, leading to a tumultuous relationship. Despite their deep bond, Rupa ultimately chooses wealth over love, further complicating Laal's feelings. After Rupa is imprisoned for six months due to her connections with the gangster, Laal embarks on a cross-country run to escape his emotional turmoil. His journey captures national attention, and people join him, believing he is running for a greater purpose. However, Laal's simple explanation for stopping after years of running is merely that he is tired and wants to go home.

Upon returning home, Laal learns that Rupa has written to him frequently and that she has a son named Aman, who is also Laal's child. Despite Rupa's terminal illness, Laal decides to marry her and provide a loving home for their son. The film culminates in Laal embracing fatherhood, enrolling Aman in the same school he attended, symbolizing the completion of his journey and the continuation of his legacy.

== Cast ==
* [[Aamir Khan]] as [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Laal Singh Chaddha ([[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]), Rupa's husband and widower, Aman's father, Gurpreet's son
**Ahmad Ibn Umar as young Laal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gippy-garewal-s-son-shinda-was-asked-to-cut-hair-for-laal-singh-chaddha-role-singer-refused-101659942326034.html |title=Gippy Grewal's son refuses to play the role of young laal in Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha |date=8 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809023754/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gippy-garewal-s-son-shinda-was-asked-to-cut-hair-for-laal-singh-chaddha-role-singer-refused-101659942326034.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as Rupa D'Souza Chaddha,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-kareena-kapoor-khan-reunites-aamir-khan-lal-singh-chaddha/ |title=Confirmed Kareena Kapoor Khan reunites with Aamir Khan |date=21 June 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622071420/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-kareena-kapoor-khan-reunites-aamir-khan-lal-singh-chaddha/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Laal's love interest later wife, Aman's mother
**Hafsa Ashraf as young Rupa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-40231 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha review: Aamir Khan's remake of Forrest Gump is just average fare |website=cinestaan.com |date=13 August 2022 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922213944/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-40231 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Naga Chaitanya]] as [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Balaraju "Bala" Bodi,<ref name="nc">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/may/04/naga-chaitanya-makes-bollywood-debut-joins-cast-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-2298026.html |title=Naga Chaitanya makes Bollywood debut, joins cast of Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha |website=The New Indian Express |date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=4 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504064524/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/may/04/naga-chaitanya-makes-bollywood-debut-joins-cast-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-2298026.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Laal's colleague in the Indian Army and his good friend
* [[Mona Singh]] as Gurpreet Kaur Chaddha, Laal's mother, Aman's grandmother
* Rohaan Singh as Aman Chaddha, Laal and Rupa's son, Gurpreet's grandson
* [[Manav Vij]] as Muhammad Yakoob aka Muhammad Paji, a Pakistan Army [[Havildar]] who later befriends Laal
* Aaryaa Sharma<ref name="as">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mere-dad-ki-dulhan-actress-aaryaa-sharma-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-in-laal-singh-chaddha/articleshow/86991651.cms |title=Mere Dad Ki Dulhan actress Aaryaa Sharma to make her Bollywood debut in Laal Singh Chaddha |website=The Times of India |date=13 October 2021 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013133646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mere-dad-ki-dulhan-actress-aaryaa-sharma-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-in-laal-singh-chaddha/articleshow/86991651.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> as the woman passenger sitting across of Laal in the train
* [[Arun Bali]] as an old Sikh man on the train
*[[Kamini Kaushal]] as an old Sikh woman on the train (cameo appearance)
* [[Jagat Rawat]] as Father, principal of the school Laal studies in
* Yuri Suri as [[Colonel]] Suri, [[Commanding Officer]], General Hospital, [[Leh]]
* Dhananjay Singh as Ramon Chibb, Laal's instructor in the Parachute Regiment training Centre
*[[Gitikka Ganju Dhar]] as Manjeet Kaur, Laal's Aunt<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gitikka-ganju-dhar-on-laal-singh-chaddha-an-aamir-khan-film-is-like-a-promise-of-being-served-good-cinema-exclusive/articleshow/93317761.cms |title=Gitikka Ganju Dhar on 'Laal Singh Chaddha': An Aamir Khan film is like a promise of being served good cinema – Exclusive |website=Entertainment Times |date=3 August 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803083505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gitikka-ganju-dhar-on-laal-singh-chaddha-an-aamir-khan-film-is-like-a-promise-of-being-served-good-cinema-exclusive/articleshow/93317761.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Harry Parmar as Abbas Haji, Rupa's boyfriend<ref>{{Cite news |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' actor Harry Parmar: This 'boycott' or 'ban' is a sham, people will go and watch the film – Exclusive – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/laal-singh-chaddha-actor-harry-parmar-this-boycott-or-ban-is-a-sham-people-will-go-and-watch-the-film-exclusive/articleshow/93608932.cms |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010150937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/laal-singh-chaddha-actor-harry-parmar-this-boycott-or-ban-is-a-sham-people-will-go-and-watch-the-film-exclusive/articleshow/93608932.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Guneet Singh Sodhi as Harry, Rupa's boyfriend
* [[Shiv Pandit]] as [[Captain]] Sandeep, Laal's [[Platoon Commander]]
* Syed Ashraf Karim as [[Chhota Shakeel|Chota Shakeel]]
* Krishna Kant Singh Bundela as neighbour
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as himself (cameo appearance)<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=REVEALED: "Shah Rukh Khan is a friend. I told him that I needed someone who can represent what Elvis Presley represented in America" – Aamir Khan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-friend-told-needed-someone-can-represent-elvis-presley-represented-america-aamir-khan/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809072043/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-friend-told-needed-someone-can-represent-elvis-presley-represented-america-aamir-khan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==

===Development===
In August 2018, Aamir Khan announced that he had purchased the remake rights of the 1994 [[Cinema of the United States|American]] drama ''[[Forrest Gump]]'', from [[Paramount Pictures]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2018 |title=Aamir Khan reportedly acquires rights to Forrest Gump, might play lead in Bollywood remake |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-reportedly-acquires-rights-to-forrest-gump-might-play-lead-in-bollywood-remake-4999211.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829005207/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-reportedly-acquires-rights-to-forrest-gump-might-play-lead-in-bollywood-remake-4999211.html |url-status=live}}</ref> which produced the film, and also suggested he will play the lead role in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=20 August 2018 |title=Aamir Khan to step into the shoes of Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump Hindi remake? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aamir-khan-to-step-into-the-shoes-of-tom-hanks-in-forrest-gump-hindi-remake-2651850 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=DNA India |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605045945/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-aamir-khan-to-step-into-the-shoes-of-tom-hanks-in-forrest-gump-hindi-remake-2651850 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Exclusive: Aamir Khan to star in the Hindi remake of Forrest Gump |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/filmfare-exclusive-aamir-khan-to-star-in-the-hindi-remake-of-forrest-gump-32819.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=filmfare.com |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308032706/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/filmfare-exclusive-aamir-khan-to-star-in-the-hindi-remake-of-forrest-gump-32819.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 March 2019, coinciding with his 54th birthday,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha: Aamir Khan's next is adaption of Tom Hanks starrer 'Forrest Gump' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140319/laal-singh-chaddha-aamir-khans-next-is-adaption-of-tom-hanks-starrer.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102160519/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140319/laal-singh-chaddha-aamir-khans-next-is-adaption-of-tom-hanks-starrer.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Khan officially announced the project which has been named ''Laal Singh Chaddha'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldsbiggestsuperstar.in/news-articles/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-to-release-in-2020/ |title=Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' to release in 2020 – Zee News India |website=Worlds Biggest Superstar |date=7 June 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026123509/http://www.worldsbiggestsuperstar.in/news-articles/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-to-release-in-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=Aamir Khan's next, Laal Singh Chaddha, an official adaptation of Tom Hanks' Forrest Gump |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-s-next-laal-singh-chaddha-an-official-adaptation-of-tom-hanks-forrest-gump/story-5piZ6dMsFjKacLcHHQukZJ.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104054344/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-s-next-laal-singh-chaddha-an-official-adaptation-of-tom-hanks-forrest-gump/story-5piZ6dMsFjKacLcHHQukZJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref> with his ex-wife [[Kiran Rao]] co-producing the film. [[Advait Chandan]], who previously directed Khan's ''[[Secret Superstar]]'' (2017), was signed in to direct the remake.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aamir Khan to star in official adaptation of Tom Hanks's 'Forrest Gump' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khan-to-star-in-official-adaptation-of-tom-hankss-forrest-gump/articleshow/68407271.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528070437/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aamir-khan-to-star-in-official-adaptation-of-tom-hankss-forrest-gump/articleshow/68407271.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/heres-an-interesting-trivia-about-the-aamir-khan-starrer-lal-singh-chaddha/ |title=Here's an interesting trivia about Aamir Khan's Lal Singh Chaddha |website=[[Eastern Eye]] |date=11 August 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922213943/https://www.easterneye.biz/heres-an-interesting-trivia-about-the-aamir-khan-starrer-lal-singh-chaddha/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kulkarni, who also worked with Khan in ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), wrote the Hindi adaptation for the original. In an interview with [[Bollywood Hungama]], Kulkarni said, "I wrote the script ten years ago, but Aamir took a couple of years because he did not believe that I must have written a good script. So he did not want to hurt me. After a few years, he heard the script and within 30 seconds he said I am going to do the film."<ref name=":0" /> Kulkarni also said that it took over seven years to get the remake rights from the makers of the original (Paramount), as the movie is solely based on the original. Once the studio confirmed with [[Radhika Chaudhari]] that the rights were available, Khan made a trip to [[Los Angeles]] in February 2018 and met with the studio heads along with Radhika Chaudhari and the process of acquisition started. {{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Casting===
[[Mukesh Chhabra]] was assigned as the casting director of the film.
Aamir Khan playing the title character, Kareena Kapoor Khan was confirmed to play the female lead role in June 2019,<ref name=":1" /> thus pairing up with Khan for the third time after ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009) and ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2019 |title=Kareena Kapoor confirmed to play female lead in Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-confirmed-to-play-female-lead-in-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha/story-bjZvq5XCHwWQ2u3WramT9J.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128090203/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-confirmed-to-play-female-lead-in-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha/story-bjZvq5XCHwWQ2u3WramT9J.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manushi Chhillar]] was first choice for leading lady but, already signed a contract with [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Manushi Chillar was the first choice for Laal Singh Chaddha; here's why she lost out |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chillar-first-choice-laal-singh-chaddha-heres-lost/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811082223/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chillar-first-choice-laal-singh-chaddha-heres-lost/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha: Not Kareena Kapoor but Manushi Chillar was first choice to play film's leading lady? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-not-kareena-kapoor-but-manushi-chillar-was-first-choice-to-play-leading-lady-2973810 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Daily New and Analysis |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810075312/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-not-kareena-kapoor-but-manushi-chillar-was-first-choice-to-play-leading-lady-2973810 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2019, [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was signed alongside Khan, however he later opted out due to other commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balach |first=Logesh |date=12 February 2021 |title=Vijay Sethupathi quits Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha. Here's why |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vijay-sethupathi-quits-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-here-s-why-1769303-2021-02-15 |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=India Today |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215121946/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vijay-sethupathi-quits-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-here-s-why-1769303-2021-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi Confirms Being a Part of 'Laal Singh Chaddha' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/vijay-sethupathi-confirms-being-a-part-of-aamir-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=TheQuint |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925192602/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/vijay-sethupathi-confirms-being-a-part-of-aamir-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, [[Yogi Babu]] was approached to play a pivotal role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 201 |title=Yogi Babu to make Bollywood debut with Aamir Khan's Lal Singh Chaddha? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yogi-babu-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-aamir-khan-s-lal-singh-chaddha-1599098-2019-09-14 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=India Today |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605095348/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/yogi-babu-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-aamir-khan-s-lal-singh-chaddha-1599098-2019-09-14 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi Babu to star in Aamir Khan's Lal Singh Chaddha? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2019/sep/15/yogi-babu-to-star-in-aamir-khans-lal-singh-chaddha-2033757.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005075700/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2019/sep/15/yogi-babu-to-star-in-aamir-khans-lal-singh-chaddha-2033757.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, [[Mona Singh]] who also starred in Khan's ''3 Idiots'', was also cast in the pivotal role.<ref name=singh>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title='Laal Singh Chaddha': Mona Singh reunites with '3 Idiots' co-stars Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-mona-singh-reunites-with-3-idiots-co-stars-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-2802413 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=DNA India |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221123042/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-mona-singh-reunites-with-3-idiots-co-stars-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-2802413 |url-status=live}}</ref> Aamir Khan lost 20 kilograms for the younger version of his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Aamir Khan to lose 20 kilos for Lal Singh Chaddha. Steal his weight-loss diet |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-to-lose-20-kilos-for-lal-singh-chaddha-steal-his-weight-loss-diet-1577795-2019-08-06 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=India Today |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414121014/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-to-lose-20-kilos-for-lal-singh-chaddha-steal-his-weight-loss-diet-1577795-2019-08-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Aamir Khan to lose 20 kgs for Lal Singh Chaddha, limiting himself to sabzi roti |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-to-lose-20-kgs-for-lal-singh-chaddha-limiting-himself-to-sabzi-roti/story-rNeGFbD8Fv6grXVfNuFFVL.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=13 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213005830/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-to-lose-20-kgs-for-lal-singh-chaddha-limiting-himself-to-sabzi-roti/story-rNeGFbD8Fv6grXVfNuFFVL.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Malayalam actor [[Tovino Thomas]] was considered for a role in the film, but declined due to commitments with his film [[Minnal Murali|''Minnal Murali'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-23 |title='Minnal Murali' actor Tovino Thomas reveals why he rejected Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/minnal-murali-actor-tovino-thomas-reveals-why-he-rejected-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-exclusive/articleshow/88451041.cms |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In May 2021, [[Naga Chaitanya]] was confirmed to be a part of the cast, marking his Hindi debut.<ref name="nc" />

===Filming===
While the film's principal photography was expected to commence in October 2019, Khan and his team went on scouting location in April 2019, across Dharmasala for five days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir Khan kicks off with the prep of Laal Singh Chadha |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-kicks-off-with-the-prep-of-laal-singh-chadha-33642.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=filmfare.com |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517105743/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-kicks-off-with-the-prep-of-laal-singh-chadha-33642.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Laal Singh Chaddha'' is reportedly filmed in more than 100 Indian locations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2019 |title=Aamir Khan to shoot Lal Singh Chaddha at 100 locations in India, a record for Hindi films: report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-to-shoot-lal-singh-chaddha-at-100-locations-in-india-a-record-for-hindi-films/story-mjfsWG9I0VEx22eDSDGm5H.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104074147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-to-shoot-lal-singh-chaddha-at-100-locations-in-india-a-record-for-hindi-films/story-mjfsWG9I0VEx22eDSDGm5H.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2019 |title=Aamir Khan to shoot at 100 real locations for 'Lal Singh Chaddha' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190919/aamir-khan-to-shoot-at-100-real-locations-for-lal-singh-chaddha.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171224/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190919/aamir-khan-to-shoot-at-100-real-locations-for-lal-singh-chaddha.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The principal photography of the film was commenced on 31 October 2019, with a muhurat shot given by Khan's mother Zeenat Hussain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=Lal Singh Chaddha begins |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/311019/lal-singh-chaddha-begins.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171146/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/311019/lal-singh-chaddha-begins.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The first schedule took place at [[Chandigarh]], on 1 November and was completed within 21 days. Stills featuring Khan and Kapoor from the sets were leaked onto the internet,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title=Kareena Kapoor and Aamir Khan spotted on Laal Singh Chaddha sets, leaked pics show her look for the film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-and-aamir-khan-spotted-on-laal-singh-chaddha-sets-leaked-pics-show-her-look-for-the-film/story-c0NF0gpOlMeULS0LLzM2FO.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216195613/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-and-aamir-khan-spotted-on-laal-singh-chaddha-sets-leaked-pics-show-her-look-for-the-film/story-c0NF0gpOlMeULS0LLzM2FO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> with Khan's look featuring him with a thick beard and turban went viral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Aamir Khan sports a thick beard, turban in new leaked still from Laal Singh Chaddha, internet says 'actor ho to aisa'. See pic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-sports-a-thick-beard-turban-in-new-leaked-still-from-laal-singh-chaddha-internet-says-actor-ho-to-aisa-see-pic/story-lHPrZlQ3hVkaevmSaNyn1I.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216195612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-sports-a-thick-beard-turban-in-new-leaked-still-from-laal-singh-chaddha-internet-says-actor-ho-to-aisa-see-pic/story-lHPrZlQ3hVkaevmSaNyn1I.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laal-singh-chaddha-twitter-morphs-motion-poster-of-aamir-khans-film-to-raise-awareness-about-delhi-air-pollution-7650311.html |title=Laal Singh Chaddha: Twitter morphs motion poster of Aamir Khan's film to raise awareness about Delhi air pollution |date=14 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=19 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119225049/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laal-singh-chaddha-twitter-morphs-motion-poster-of-aamir-khans-film-to-raise-awareness-about-delhi-air-pollution-7650311.html |url-status=live}}</ref> A romantic track featuring Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan was shot at Chandigarh on 28 November 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/8365/laal-singh-chaddha-first-look-aamir-khan-raises-our-hopes-about-forrest-gump-remake |title=Laal Singh Chaddha First Look: Aamir Khan Raises Our Hopes About 'Forrest Gump' Remake |first=Pramit |last=Chatterjee |website=Mashable |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922213943/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/8365/laal-singh-chaddha-first-look-aamir-khan-raises-our-hopes-about-forrest-gump-remake |url-status=live}}</ref>

The second schedule was kickstarted in Kolkata on 5 December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha: Aamir Khan meets fans on film set in Kolkata |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-aamir-khan-meets-fans-on-film-set-in-kolkata-1626957-2019-12-10 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=India Today |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416005206/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-aamir-khan-meets-fans-on-film-set-in-kolkata-1626957-2019-12-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/aamir-khan-shoots-for-laal-singh-chaddha-in-kolkata-2420065-1.html Aamir Khan Shoots For Laal Singh Chaddha in Kolkata; See Pics – Photogallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211121011/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/aamir-khan-shoots-for-laal-singh-chaddha-in-kolkata-2420065-1.html |date=11 December 2019 }}. News18.com. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Aamir Khan and his team flew to [[Kerala]] in the second week of December, where Khan's photos of shooting from [[Thekkumbhagam]], [[Changanassery]] and [[Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram|Kappil]] went viral.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/12/17/aamir-khan-spotted-kerala-shoots-laal-singh-chaddha.html |title=Watch: Aamir Khan spotted in Kerala as he shoots for 'Laal Singh Chaddha' |work=The Week |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217130013/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/12/17/aamir-khan-spotted-kerala-shoots-laal-singh-chaddha.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Khan completed the second schedule on 19 December 2019,{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} and kickstarted the third schedule on 21 December 2019, with shooting took place in [[Jaisalmer]], [[Goa]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The third schedule was completed on 12 February 2020,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://food.manoramaonline.com/food/foodie/2019/12/17/aamir-khan-enjoys-rice-fish-kerala.html |title=Aamir Khan enjoys traditional rice and fish in Kerala |publisher=On Manorama |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217130011/https://food.manoramaonline.com/food/foodie/2019/12/17/aamir-khan-enjoys-rice-fish-kerala.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Khan headed to Chandigarh for their next schedule. The team wrapped up the last leg of shoot on 6 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Laal Singh Chaddha celebrates together post wrap up in Chandigarh |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/team-laal-singh-chaddha-celebrates-together-post-wrap-up-in-chandigarh-39437.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=filmfare.com |archive-date=7 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307134602/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/team-laal-singh-chaddha-celebrates-together-post-wrap-up-in-chandigarh-39437.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The cast and crew flew back to shoot in [[Punjab]] on 16 March 2020, before production of the film got halted owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' Shoot Deferred? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-may-be-deferred-due-to-coronavirus |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=TheQuint |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317165733/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-may-be-deferred-due-to-coronavirus |url-status=live}}</ref>

Aamir Khan cancelled the [[Ladakh]] schedule on 6 July,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Makers of Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' call-off shooting in Ladakh due to India-China tension |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-makers-of-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-s-laal-singh-chaddha-call-off-shooting-in-ladakh-due-to-india-china-tension-2831080 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=DNA India |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031183253/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-makers-of-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-s-laal-singh-chaddha-call-off-shooting-in-ladakh-due-to-india-china-tension-2831080 |url-status=live}}</ref> owing to the [[Galwan Valley skirmish|India-China standoff along the Galwan Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Ladakh Schedule Cancelled? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-ladakh-schedule-reportedly-cancelled-due-to-galwan-valley-incident |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=TheQuint |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922083813/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-ladakh-schedule-reportedly-cancelled-due-to-galwan-valley-incident |url-status=live}}</ref> Later due to difficulties in shooting the film across India, Aamir decided to resume the film's shoot in [[Turkey]], for the recce of new shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2020 |title=Aamir Khan resumes Laal Singh Chaddha shooting in Turkey. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aamir-khan-resumes-laal-singh-chaddha-shooting-in-turkey-see-pics-1709340-2020-08-09 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=India Today |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031215043/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aamir-khan-resumes-laal-singh-chaddha-shooting-in-turkey-see-pics-1709340-2020-08-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2020 |title=Aamir Khan heads to Turkey to resume Laal Singh Chaddha shoot. See pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-heads-to-turkey-to-resume-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-see-pics/story-toqLnRnN56p7JXWR5z3iQN.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005132224/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-heads-to-turkey-to-resume-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-see-pics/story-toqLnRnN56p7JXWR5z3iQN.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 September 2020, Aamir Khan resumed the shooting of the film in [[Mumbai]], with safety measures and guidelines instructed by the government.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Laal Singh Chaddha': Here's when Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan will start shooting in Mumbai – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/laal-singh-chaddha-heres-when-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-will-start-shooting-in-mumbai/articleshow/77925627.cms |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210212519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/laal-singh-chaddha-heres-when-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-will-start-shooting-in-mumbai/articleshow/77925627.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor Khan Set to Resume Laal Singh Chaddha Shoot in Mumbai |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-set-to-resume-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-in-mumbai-2849629.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=News18 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128161512/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-set-to-resume-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-in-mumbai-2849629.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 September 2020, Aamir and his team flew to [[Delhi]] to shoot some portions, with pictures featuring his younger version went viral.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=Aamir Khan spotted shooting for Laal Singh Chaddha in Delhi, fans say 'he's looking so young'. Watch video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-spotted-shooting-for-laal-singh-chaddha-in-delhi-fans-say-he-s-looking-so-young-watch-video/story-V8V0P29mKcBdbfLTnnNkkI.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031173512/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-spotted-shooting-for-laal-singh-chaddha-in-delhi-fans-say-he-s-looking-so-young-watch-video/story-V8V0P29mKcBdbfLTnnNkkI.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir Khan restarts shooting for 'Laal Singh Chaddha' in Delhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/28/aamir-khan-restarts-shooting-for-laal-singh-chaddha-in-delhi-2202703.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002133858/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/sep/28/aamir-khan-restarts-shooting-for-laal-singh-chaddha-in-delhi-2202703.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at the Hotel Centaur in Delhi on 7 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2020 |title=Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor to Shoot Laal Singh Chaddha at This Location in New Delhi |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-to-shoot-laal-singh-chaddha-at-this-location-in-new-delhi-2944433.html |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=News18 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101013524/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-to-shoot-laal-singh-chaddha-at-this-location-in-new-delhi-2944433.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kareena Kapoor Khan wrapped up her portions on 15 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2020 |first=Rishita Roy |last=Chowdhury |title=Pregnant Kareena Kapoor wraps up Laal Singh Chaddha Delhi shoot with special precautions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pregnant-kareena-kapoor-wraps-up-laal-singh-chaddha-delhi-shoot-with-special-precautions-1731791-2020-10-15 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=India Today |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021220311/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pregnant-kareena-kapoor-wraps-up-laal-singh-chaddha-delhi-shoot-with-special-precautions-1731791-2020-10-15 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan suffered a rib injury while shooting an action sequence, but ensuring that there is no delay in the shoot, the actor took a few pain killers and tried to subside his injury for the time being and continued working as he knew that there were special arrangements made for the shooting schedule. Earlier, while shooting for an important running sequence, Aamir Khan had suffered extreme physical exertion due to constant running.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2020 |first=Divyanshi |last=Sharma |title=Aamir Khan suffers rib injury on Laal Singh Chaddha set, continues shoot with pain killers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-suffers-rib-injury-on-laal-singh-chaddha-set-continues-shoot-with-pain-killers-1732999-2020-10-19 |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=India Today |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031234809/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/aamir-khan-suffers-rib-injury-on-laal-singh-chaddha-set-continues-shoot-with-pain-killers-1732999-2020-10-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> The actor shot few sequences at a sports complex located at [[Noida]] on 28 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aamir Khan shoots some scenes of 'Lal Singh Chaddha' in Greater Noida – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aamir-khan-shoots-some-scenes-of-lal-singh-chaddha-in-greater-noida/articleshow/78932706.cms |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211110756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aamir-khan-shoots-some-scenes-of-lal-singh-chaddha-in-greater-noida/articleshow/78932706.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2021, Aamir Khan and his team flew to Ladakh, where they spent some one month and shot war sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao hold a press conference in Ladakh-Midday |date=28 July 2021 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/laal-singh-chaddha-aamir-khan-and-kiran-rao-hold-a-press-conference-in-ladakh-23185023 |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825091126/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/laal-singh-chaddha-aamir-khan-and-kiran-rao-hold-a-press-conference-in-ladakh-23185023 |url-status=live}}</ref> After wrapping up the Ladakh schedule the team reached to [[Srinagar]] in the first week of August. In Srinagar, the shooting of the film was carried out at various places, some important sequences were shot at [[Delhi Public School, Srinagar|Delhi Public School Srinagar]] (DPS),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashmir Life |date=10 August 2021 |title=Aamir Khan shoots at DPS Srinagar |url=https://kashmirlife.net/dpss-visually-impaired-student-interviews-taare-zameen-par-actor-amir-khan-274162/amp/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812035856/https://kashmirlife.net/dpss-visually-impaired-student-interviews-taare-zameen-par-actor-amir-khan-274162/amp/}}</ref> [[Amar Singh College]] and Boulevard Road near [[Dal Lake]]. During shooting in the premises of DPS, a 12-year-old, visually impaired student Zainab Bilal aka RJ Zainab has interviewed Aamir Khan for the school's in-house radio station, Radio DPS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashmir Reporter |date=10 August 2021 |title=DPS student Zainab interviews Bollywood star Aamir Khan |url=https://kashmirreporter.com/featured/15019/amir-khans-interview-with-dps-srinagar-girl-goes-viral/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825105219/https://kashmirreporter.com/featured/15019/amir-khans-interview-with-dps-srinagar-girl-goes-viral/}}</ref> Chaitanya joined the production in July 2021 and completed shooting his portions by August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=11 August 2021 |title=Naga Chaitanya wraps up Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha, celebrates with team. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naga-chaitanya-wraps-up-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-celebrates-with-team-watch-video-1839367-2021-08-11 |url-status=live |website=India Today |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813155936/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/naga-chaitanya-wraps-up-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-celebrates-with-team-watch-video-1839367-2021-08-11}}</ref>

Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor Khan and Prakash Vaghasiya were seen resuming the shoot of the film in Mumbai on 13 September. After wrapping up portions together last year, the two of them reunited for patchwork shoot in Andheri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LSC. |first=Andheri |date=13 September 2021 |title=Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan resume Laal Singh Chaddha shoot in Mumbai |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-resume-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-mumbai/ |url-status=live |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913161046/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-resume-laal-singh-chaddha-shoot-mumbai/}}</ref> The film was [[wrap (filming)|wrapped up]] on 16 September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan starrer Laal Singh Chaddha officially wrapped |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha-officially-wrapped/ |date=16 September 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916122456/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha-officially-wrapped/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha wraps production |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-laal-singh-chaddha-wraps-production-7514908/ |date=17 September 2021 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924065144/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-laal-singh-chaddha-wraps-production-7514908/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' wraps production |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-wraps-production/article36511069.ece/ |date=17 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |access-date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918070820/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-wraps-production/article36511069.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Laal Singh Chaddha (soundtrack)}}
The [[film score]] is composed by Tanuj Tiku while the original songs featured in the film are composed by [[Pritam]], in his third collaboration with [[Aamir Khan]] after ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013) and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016), with lyrics for the songs written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].<ref name="cinemaexpress.com"/>

The first song of the film ''Kahani'' was released on 28 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha's first song Kahani: Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Naga Chaitanya feature in 'soul' of the film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddhas-first-song-kahani-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-naga-chaitanya-watch-7891007/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428053208/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddhas-first-song-kahani-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-naga-chaitanya-watch-7891007/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha song Kahani: Aamir Khan unveils magical number, says it doesn't need visuals of him or Kareena Kapoor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-song-kahani-aamir-khan-unveils-magical-number-on-radio-says-it-doesn-t-need-visuals-of-him-or-kareena-kapoor-101651115087611.html |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428050044/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-song-kahani-aamir-khan-unveils-magical-number-on-radio-says-it-doesn-t-need-visuals-of-him-or-kareena-kapoor-101651115087611.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sonu Nigam's song, ''Main Ki Karaan,'' was released on 12 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha's Main Ki Karaan OUT: Relive your first love with Aamir Khan & Kareena Kapoor in this song |date=12 May 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/laal-singh-chaddha-s-main-ki-karaan-out-relive-your-first-love-song-aamir-kareena-starrer-1089615 |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512094440/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/laal-singh-chaddha-s-main-ki-karaan-out-relive-your-first-love-song-aamir-kareena-starrer-1089615 |url-status=live}}</ref> A song sung by [[Arijit Singh]], ''Phir Na Aisi Raat Aayegi,'' released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha's Phir Na Aisi Raat Aayegi OUT: Aamir Khan-Kareena's song is tribute to unrequited love |date=24 June 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/laal-singh-chaddha-s-phir-na-aisi-raat-aayegi-out-aamir-khan-kareena-s-song-tribute-unrequited-love-1149800 |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624174545/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/laal-singh-chaddha-s-phir-na-aisi-raat-aayegi-out-aamir-khan-kareena-s-song-tribute-unrequited-love-1149800 |url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth song ''Tur Kalleyan'' took more than 6 weeks of shoot and was shot at multiple locations across India.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Song 'Tur Kalleyan' Shot In Picturesque Locales Across India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-laal-singh-chadda-song-tur-kalleyan-shot-in-picturesque-locales-across-india-news-209338 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715062509/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-laal-singh-chadda-song-tur-kalleyan-shot-in-picturesque-locales-across-india-news-209338 |url-status=live}}</ref> The song was released on 15 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha's 4th track Tur Kalleyan out. Aamir Khan's film's song is all about self-love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-4th-track-tur-kalleyan-out-aamir-khan-film-song-is-all-about-self-love-1975856-2022-07-15 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715061348/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-4th-track-tur-kalleyan-out-aamir-khan-film-song-is-all-about-self-love-1975856-2022-07-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> A second version of ''Kahani,'' sung by Sonu Nigam was released on 18 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha song Kahani: Sonu Nigam's heartwarming voice puts soul into Aamir Khan's onscreen journey |date=18 July 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-song-kahani-sonu-nigam-voice-puts-soul-into-aamir-khan-onscreen-journey-watch-video-8036412/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718094420/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-song-kahani-sonu-nigam-voice-puts-soul-into-aamir-khan-onscreen-journey-watch-video-8036412/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tere Hawaale,'' a duet sung by Arijit Singh and [[Shilpa Rao]], was released on 4 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha's Tere Hawaale: Aamir Khan-Kareena Kapoor Khan's song is a tribute to the miracle of love |date=4 August 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/laal-singh-chaddhas-tere-hawaale-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khans-song-tribute-miracle-love-1171711 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804223318/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/laal-singh-chaddhas-tere-hawaale-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khans-song-tribute-miracle-love-1171711 |url-status=live}}</ref> The album was released through T-Series on 5 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/laal-singh-chaddha/9YfgU0uh3KM_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010182502/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/laal-singh-chaddha/9YfgU0uh3KM_ |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref> An extended edition album featuring 5 additional tracks was released on 12 April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha (Extended Album) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7mlKqiSL0QQAdf3ZFzGVez?si=deTmS4kbQVi7OduPQxC-3w |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428091825/https://open.spotify.com/album/7mlKqiSL0QQAdf3ZFzGVez?si=deTmS4kbQVi7OduPQxC-3w |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] for the film was launched at the final of the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] on 29 May.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2022 |title=Trailer of Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha released at the Finale of IPL 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1025026/watch-the-trailer-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-is-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529164724/https://scroll.in/reel/1025026/watch-the-trailer-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-is-out |archive-date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 |publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Laal Singh Chaddha'' released on 11 August 2022 alongside dubbed versions in Tamil and Telugu languages.<ref name="nrd">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha delayed again! Aamir Khan-starrer to now release on THIS date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-delayed-again-aamir-khan-starrer-to-now-release-on-this-date-1913356-2022-02-15 |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215111413/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-delayed-again-aamir-khan-starrer-to-now-release-on-this-date-1913356-2022-02-15 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crazybollywood.com/prithviraj-lal-singh-chaddha-brahmastra-release-in-tamil-telugu-after-the-success-of-pushpa-and-rrr-in-hindi-versions-these-hindi-films-will-be-released-in-tamil-telugu-languages-cb-news/ |title=Prithviraj Lal Singh Chaddha Brahmastra Release in Tamil Telugu {{!}} After the success of 'Pushpa' and 'RRR' in Hindi versions, these Hindi films will be released in Tamil, Telugu languages |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720192854/https://crazybollywood.com/prithviraj-lal-singh-chaddha-brahmastra-release-in-tamil-telugu-after-the-success-of-pushpa-and-rrr-in-hindi-versions-these-hindi-films-will-be-released-in-tamil-telugu-languages-cb-news/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, it was announced to release on 25 December 2020, coinciding with [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-to-release-on-christmas-2020/story-NOuNAfi9Z2EcRK4RpFNpsN.html |title=Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha to release on Christmas 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 May 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212051425/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-to-release-on-christmas-2020/story-NOuNAfi9Z2EcRK4RpFNpsN.html |url-status=live}}</ref> However, due to production halt owing to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the release was delayed by a year to 24 December 2021, aiming for the Christmas weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/aamir-khan-forrest-gump-remake-turkey-release-1234730211/ |title=Aamir Khan's 'Forrest Gump' Remake For Viacom18 Shifts to Turkey Shoot, Delaying Release |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926121551/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/aamir-khan-forrest-gump-remake-turkey-release-1234730211/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later rescheduled to release on 11 February and then 14 April 2022, however, it was postponed.<ref name="nrd" /> The [[Motion Picture Association]] gave the film a [[PG-13 rating]] for "some violent content, thematic elements and suggestive material."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmratings.com/Search?filmTitle=laal+singh+chaddha&x=0&y=0 |title=Search |website=FilmRatings.com |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812165657/https://www.filmratings.com/Search?filmTitle=laal+singh+chaddha&x=0&y=0 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Distribution===
The film was distributed in India by [[Viacom18 Studios]], while international distribution of the film was taken through [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2021 |title=Viacom18 Plans to Adapt More Paramount Titles for India, Sets New Release Date for Aamir Khan's 'Forrest Gump' Adaptation (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/viacom18-paramount-india-adaptation-aamir-khan-1235085517/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706092907/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/viacom18-paramount-india-adaptation-aamir-khan-1235085517/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/hindi/news/hollywood-studio-paramount-pictures-will-distribute-aamir-khans-upcoming-film-laal-singh-chaddha-globally-241249/ |title=आमिर खान की लाल सिंह चड्ढा को वर्ल्डवाइड मार्केट में डिस्ट्रीब्यूट करेंगे फॉरेस्ट गंप मेकर्स हॉलीवुड स्टूडियो पैरामाउंट पिक्चर्स |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 July 2022 |language=hi |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716130819/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/hindi/news/hollywood-studio-paramount-pictures-will-distribute-aamir-khans-upcoming-film-laal-singh-chaddha-globally-241249/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Telugu rights for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] region of the film were acquired by [[Geetha Arts]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Allu Aravind acquires Telugu rights for Aamir Khan and Naga Chaitanya starrer Laal Singh Chaddha |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/allu-aravind-acquires-telugu-rights-aamir-khan-naga-chaitanya-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706093437/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/allu-aravind-acquires-telugu-rights-aamir-khan-naga-chaitanya-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Aamir Khan reunites with 'Ghajini' producer Allu Aravind for the Telugu distribution of his film Laal Singh Chaddha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/aamir-khan-reunites-with-ghajini-producer-allu-aravind-for-the-telugu-release-of-laal-singh-chaddha/videoshow/92695605.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922213943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/aamir-khan-reunites-with-ghajini-producer-allu-aravind-for-the-telugu-release-of-laal-singh-chaddha/videoshow/92695605.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tamil Nadu]] theatrical rights are acquired by [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-udhayanidhi-stalins-red-giant-movies-to-present-in-tamil-nadu-5570803.html |title=Laal Singh Chaddha: Udhayanidhi Stalin's Red Giant Movies To Present In Tamil Nadu |work=[[News18 India]] |date=16 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716141557/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-udhayanidhi-stalins-red-giant-movies-to-present-in-tamil-nadu-5570803.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
The [[Digital distribution|digital distribution rights]] were acquired initially by [[Netflix]] at a cost of {{INR}}150 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/netflix-cancels-deal-laal-singh-chaddha-after-box-office-failure-3101361 |date=23 August 2022 |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824181757/https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/netflix-cancels-deal-laal-singh-chaddha-after-box-office-failure-3101361 |url-status=live |title=Netflix cancels deal with 'Laal Singh Chaddha' after box office failure}}</ref> However, after the catastrophic performance of the film, Netflix canceled the deal. Netflix had initially offered a figure of around {{INR}}80–90 crore. Netflix finally offered a deal at {{INR}} 50 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instantbollywood.com/2022/08/23/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-netflix-deal-cancelled/#:~:text=Netflix%20Allegedly%20Cancels%20Laal%20Singh%20Chaddha%20Movie%20OTT,has%20backed%20out%20of%20the%20OTT%20deal%20allegedly |title=Netflix Allegedly Cancels Laal Singh Chaddha Movie OTT Deal |date=23 August 2022 |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824181758/https://www.instantbollywood.com/2022/08/23/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-netflix-deal-cancelled/#:~:text=Netflix%20Allegedly%20Cancels%20Laal%20Singh%20Chaddha%20Movie%20OTT,has%20backed%20out%20of%20the%20OTT%20deal%20allegedly |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was digitally streamed on Netflix from 6 October 2022 in Hindi and dubbed versions of Tamil and Telugu languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 October 2022 |title=Laal Singh Chaddha on OTT platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/laal-singh-chaddha-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2008847-2022-10-06 |website=[[India Today]] |date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006195336/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/laal-singh-chaddha-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2008847-2022-10-06 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 October 2022 |title=Surprise! Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan starrer Laal Singh Chaddha out on Netflix |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/surprise-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha-out-on-netflix/50dd8c68d6733 |website=ottplay.com |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005192808/https://www.ottplay.com/news/surprise-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-starrer-laal-singh-chaddha-out-on-netflix/50dd8c68d6733 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2022 |title=Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha Streaming on Netflix 2 Months After Theatrical Release |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-streaming-on-netflix-2-months-after-theatrical-release-6108133.html |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010144311/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-streaming-on-netflix-2-months-after-theatrical-release-6108133.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon release, the film ranked in the top 10 in 13 countries in its first week on Netflix, the film finished second on the global non-English movies chart, with over 6.6 million hours viewed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-netflix-viewership-figures-top-10-8207679/ |title=Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha finishes first week on Netflix as runner-up on top 10 list |date=14 October 2022 |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114101920/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-netflix-viewership-figures-top-10-8207679/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Laal Singh Chaddha'' earned {{INR}}11.70 crores at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected {{INR}}7.26 crore. On the third day, the film collected {{INR}}9 crore. On the fourth day, the film collected {{INR}}10 crore, taking a total domestic weekend collection to {{INR}}37.96 crore.<ref name="bo">{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/laal-singh-chaddha/box-office/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919064501/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/laal-singh-chaddha/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|8|22}}, the film grossed {{INRConvert|69.92|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|59.72|c}} overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|129.64|c}}.<ref name="bo" />

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=69|count=36|average=6.7|consensus=It's indebted to its source material to the point of creative poverty, but ''Laal Singh Chaddha'' is also such an amiable retelling that it's difficult to dislike.|ref=yes |access-date=18 August 2022}} {{Metacritic film prose|1=46|2=8}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/laal-singh-chaddha/ |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=www.metacritic.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== India ====
''Laal Singh Chaddha'' received mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' box office collection day 2 early estimate: Aamir Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan's film witnesses a big drop |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/laal-singh-chaddha-box-office-day-2-early-estimate-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khans-film-witnesses-a-big-drop/articleshow/93528794.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 August 2022 |quote=Both the movies were released on Thursday and generated mixed reviews by the masses as well as the critics. |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922213943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/laal-singh-chaddha-box-office-day-2-early-estimate-aamir-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khans-film-witnesses-a-big-drop/articleshow/93528794.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha box office collection day 1: Aamir Khan's film surpasses Raksha Bandhan, mints Rs 12 crore |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-box-office-collection-day-1-aamir-khan-film-surpasses-raksha-bandhan-mints-rs-12-crore-2976029/amp |website=[[DNA India]] |access-date=12 August 2022 |quote=The film has been receiving mixed reviews from critics and audience. |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812101050/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-box-office-collection-day-1-aamir-khan-film-surpasses-raksha-bandhan-mints-rs-12-crore-2976029/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Atul and Advait have invested more in the story than history. As a result, this has a better emotional core than the original".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Movie Review |url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-55210.amp |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811070955/https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-55210.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Sonil Dedhia of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Aamir Khan's ''Laal Singh Chaddha'' is a movie that deftly grapples with the pessimism of the world, but handled in a mature way".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Review: Aamir Khan's Breathtaking Balancing Act Between Comedy and Sadness |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-forrest-gump-naga-chaitanya-5729773.html |website=[[News 18]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811055922/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-forrest-gump-naga-chaitanya-5729773.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Laal Singh Chaddha'' holds onto the good old values that make it worthy of a family outing. You will particularly remember a crackling [[Shah Rukh Khan]] cameo".<ref>{{cite news |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Movie Review : Aamir Khan advocates humanity over religion in this faithful but lengthy Forrest Gump adaptation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/laal-singh-chaddha/movie-review/93493817.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811060920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/laal-singh-chaddha/movie-review/93493817.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Stutee Ghosh]] of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Laal Singh Chaddha'' is made up of many memorable, heartwarming moments. It says a lot that will leave us smiling or moist eyed".<ref>{{cite web |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Review: Film Stays True to the Spirit of 'Forrest Gump' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-forrest-gump-advait-chandan |website=[[The Quint]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811103601/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-forrest-gump-advait-chandan |url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Laal Singh Chaddha'' does not let its source down. And replacing a box of chocolates with a ready-to-eat gol gappe kit is geeeenius, like Laal's Ustad would say".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Review |url=https://www.m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/laal-singh-chaddha-review/20220811.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812164635/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/laal-singh-chaddha-review/20220811.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanchita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film leaves you teary-eyed, even though it doesn't make you cry, and that, we feel, makes it a job well done by the entire team!".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha movie review: Aamir Khan, Kareena starrer is a beautiful retelling with some star performances |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-laal-singh-chaddha-rating-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-advait-chandan-atul-kulkarni-review-93493633/amp |website=[[Zoom (Indian Tv channel)|Zoom]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811132521/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-laal-singh-chaddha-rating-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-advait-chandan-atul-kulkarni-review-93493633/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Avinash Lohana of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Aamir Khan and his team manage to live up to the original and present an entertaining watch".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Review: Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor & Naga Chaitanya's film has its heart in the right place |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-naga-chaitanya-s-film-has-its-heart-right-place-1174995 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811062639/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-naga-chaitanya-s-film-has-its-heart-right-place-1174995 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nairita Mukherjee of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "For the most part, director Advait Chandan's ''Laal Singh Chaddha'' remains faithful to the original material".<ref>{{cite web |title=The worst thing about Laal Singh Chaddha is Aamir Khan, Review |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-aamir-khan-is-the-worst-thing-about-the-film-1986582-2022-08-11 |website=[[India Today]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811051044/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-aamir-khan-is-the-worst-thing-about-the-film-1986582-2022-08-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Except for a few crucial changes, the film is faithful to the beats of its source material".<ref>{{cite news |title=Writer Atul Kulkarni's post went viral after Laal Singh Chaddha flopped, getting trolled |language=en |work=abcFRY.com |url=https://abcfry.com/writer-atul-kulkarnis-post-went-viral-after-laal-singh-chaddha-flopped-getting-trolled/ |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905124313/https://abcfry.com/writer-atul-kulkarnis-post-went-viral-after-laal-singh-chaddha-flopped-getting-trolled/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' review: Faithful 'Forrest Gump' remake has its big-hearted moments |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1030123/laal-singh-chaddha-review-faithful-forrest-gump-remake-has-its-big-hearted-moments |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811064007/https://scroll.in/reel/1030123/laal-singh-chaddha-review-faithful-forrest-gump-remake-has-its-big-hearted-moments |url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film is a bit too lengthy but Shah Rukh Khan's cameo will make it up for you".<ref>{{cite web |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Review: Aamir Khan's film is a decent adaptation but tests patience |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khans-film-is-a-decent-adaptation-but-tests-patience |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811065134/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/entertainment/movie-review/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khans-film-is-a-decent-adaptation-but-tests-patience |url-status=live}}</ref> Sushri Sahu of ''[[Mashable]]'' rated he film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Laal Singh Chaddha'' deserves a watch for its special cameo alone".<ref>{{cite web |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Movie Review: Aamir Khan Is Probably The Greatest Storyteller Of Our Generation But... |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/36593/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-aamir-khan-is-probably-the-greatest-storyteller-of-our-generation-bu |website=[[Mashable]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811104207/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/36593/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-aamir-khan-is-probably-the-greatest-storyteller-of-our-generation-bu |url-status=live}}</ref> Mugdha Kapoor of ''[[DNA India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Laal Singh Chaddha'' has made a valiant effort to deliver a message of forgiveness, optimism and compassion".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha movie review: Aamir Khan's film is endearing in parts but his Punjabi is unbearable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-aamir-khan-s-film-is-endearing-in-parts-but-his-punjabi-is-unbearable-2975779/amp |website=[[DNA India]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811102249/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-aamir-khan-s-film-is-endearing-in-parts-but-his-punjabi-is-unbearable-2975779/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "A de-aged Aamir Khan throws all that he has into the role and comes up with a simpleton who is wondrously loveable".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Review: Aamir Khan's Film Is Watchable, Flaws Notwithstanding |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khans-film-is-watchable-flaws-notwithstanding-3-stars-3245362#pfrom=home-ndtv_lateststories |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811082343/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/laal-singh-chaddha-review-aamir-khans-film-is-watchable-flaws-notwithstanding-3-stars-3245362#pfrom=home-ndtv_lateststories |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Laal Singh Chaddha'' must stand on its own sans comparisons since it is being viewed in 2022 by a whole generation of viewers to whom ''Forrest Gump'' is not a cultural reference that evokes nostalgia".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha movie review: A remake that does some things better than Forrest Gump, some things mindlessly worse |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-a-remake-that-does-some-things-better-than-forrest-gump-some-things-mindlessly-worse-11042401.html/amp |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811065658/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-a-remake-that-does-some-things-better-than-forrest-gump-some-things-mindlessly-worse-11042401.html/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "It's not just the pace of the film which is the trouble. It is also, centrally and crucially, Sardar ''Laal Singh Chaddha'' himself, as played by Aamir Khan".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha movie review: Aamir Khan falls back on easy crutches in a meandering tale |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-and-rating-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-naga-chaitanya-8084044/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811072759/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-and-rating-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-naga-chaitanya-8084044/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Despite fine performances and lovely moments the excessive length and slow pacing goes against ''Laal Singh Chaddha''."<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Movie Review: LAAL SINGH CHADDHA is embellished with fine performances and lovely moments |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/laal-singh-chaddha/critic-review/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review/laal-singh-chaddha-is-embellished-with-fine-performances-and-lovely-moments/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811064313/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/laal-singh-chaddha/critic-review/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review/laal-singh-chaddha-is-embellished-with-fine-performances-and-lovely-moments/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== International ====
''Laal Singh Chaddha'' received mixed reviews from international critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha 1st Reviews: Critics Impressed With Aamir Khan Film, Call It 'Faithful To Forrest Gump' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-1st-reviews-critics-impressed-with-aamir-khan-film-call-it-faithful-to-forrest-gump-5725195.html |website=[[News 18]] |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |quote=a few international critics have shared their verdict and it has received mixed reviews from them. |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810122304/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-1st-reviews-critics-impressed-with-aamir-khan-film-call-it-faithful-to-forrest-gump-5725195.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International media reviews Laal Singh Chaddha: Film hailed for handling its 'emotional beats tactically', Aamir Khan fails to impress |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-reviews-international-media-film-impresses-not-aamir-khan-8081462/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |quote=as per a few international movie critics, the film seems to be a promising affair. |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810122706/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-reviews-international-media-film-impresses-not-aamir-khan-8081462/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Proma Khosla of ''[[Indie Wire]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kulkarni and Chandan deserve a whole box of gol gappe".<ref>{{cite web |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Review: India Gets a 'Forrest Gump' Remake That Stands on Its Own |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-review-1234747825/ |website=[[Indie Wire]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810032132/https://www.indiewire.com/2022/08/laal-singh-chaddha-review-1234747825/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mike McCahill of ''[[The Guardian]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Advait Chandan is too literal in his adaptation of the 90s classic but finds a warmth and political honesty the original lacks".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha review – a 'Hindi Forrest Gump', no more, no less |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/aug/10/laal-singh-chaddha-review-a-hindi-forrest-gump-no-more-no-less |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810112639/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/aug/10/laal-singh-chaddha-review-a-hindi-forrest-gump-no-more-no-less |url-status=live}}</ref> Witney Seibold of ''[[Slash Film]]'' rated the film 7 out of 10 stars and wrote "Despite how corny it is, ''Laal Singh Chaddha'' it unexpectedly disarming".<ref>{{cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha Review: Forrest Gump, Minus The Mawkishness |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/957530/laal-singh-chaddha-review-forrest-gump-minus-the-mawkishness/ |website=[[Slash Film]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810051926/https://www.slashfilm.com/957530/laal-singh-chaddha-review-forrest-gump-minus-the-mawkishness/?utm_campaign=clip |url-status=live}}</ref> Carlos Aguilar of ''[[The Wrap]]'' stated "The setting and language have changed, but the story still thinks it's being uplifting about the neuroatypical even as it punches down".<ref>{{cite web |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Film Review: Indian 'Forrest Gump' Remake Burdened With the Original's Flaws |url=https://www.thewrap.com/laal-singh-chaddha-film-review-aamir-khan-forrest-gump-remake/ |website=[[The Wrap]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810053943/https://www.thewrap.com/laal-singh-chaddha-film-review-aamir-khan-forrest-gump-remake/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Siddhant Adlakha of ''[[Geek Wire|Joy Sauce]]'' stated "''Laal Singh Chaddha'' is an effective adaptation that not only localizes the specifics of ''[[Forrest Gump]]'', but translates its relationship with its setting, swapping the self-professed peace and prosperity of '90s America for the more volatile and nationalistic climate of modern India, where the country's image of itself remains in constant flux".<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood's 'Forrest Gump' Remake Takes Some Major Swings |url=https://joysauce.com/laal-singh-chaddha-review/ |website=[[Geek Wire|Joy Sauce]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810053419/https://joysauce.com/laal-singh-chaddha-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Nicolas Rapold of ''[[The New York Times]]'' commented that "The film's charms are limited by what comes to feel like a coddling conceit.".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapold |first=Nicolas |date=11 August 2022 |title='Laal Singh Chaddha' Review: Forrest Gump in India |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/11/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-review.html |access-date=12 August 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812144610/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/11/movies/laal-singh-chaddha-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of the ceremony
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="10"|[[68th Filmfare Awards|27 April 2023]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="10"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/nominations?_gl=1*jmovfa*_ga*UXY0aG5oZzNWTjlZa2dCdzFyWjFNVnc3OGotQ0dmZWJ5Z3VBVFlubVNWUTV6cHY5SnNJWGRSSWJLTU92RlNOdw..*_ga_CDVSC27TBY*MTY5MzM3NzE4Ni4xLjAuMTY5MzM3NzE4Ni4wLjAuMA.. |title=NOMINATIONS FOR 68th HYUNDAI FILMFARE AWARDS 2023 |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]] |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830063711/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/nominations?_gl=1*jmovfa*_ga*UXY0aG5oZzNWTjlZa2dCdzFyWjFNVnc3OGotQ0dmZWJ5Z3VBVFlubVNWUTV6cHY5SnNJWGRSSWJLTU92RlNOdw..*_ga_CDVSC27TBY*MTY5MzM3NzE4Ni4xLjAuMTY5MzM3NzE4Ni4wLjAuMA.. |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Pritam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|[[Red Chillies VFX]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Tere Hawaale"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]] – "Main Ki Karaan?"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|[[Shilpa Rao]] – "Tere Hawaale"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|[[Shajith Koyeri]], M. Lakshmi Naidu
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|[[Maxima Basu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Satyajit Pande]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
|Mustafa Stationwala
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|26 February 2023
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|Satyajit Pande
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2023/ |title=Zee Cine Awards 2023 |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=[[Zee Cine Awards]] |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424023330/https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2023/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Controversy ==
{{see also|Hindutva boycott of Bollywood films}}

[[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] campaigned to boycott the film with Twitter hashtags, prior to the release of the film. Articles abound on the net whereby it is said that Aamir Khan continuously uses his films to insult Hindu gods and show Hindus in general in a negative light against other minority communities of India.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 August 2022 |title=Hindu nationalists push boycott of Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/aug/05/hindu-nationalists-push-boycott-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-2484413.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |quote=More than 200,000 tweets, many from supporters of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have been shared since last month calling for people to spurn the movie with the hashtag #BoycottLaalSinghChaddha |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826114835/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/aug/05/hindu-nationalists-push-boycott-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-2484413.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The boycott was a reaction to Khan's remarks in 2015 about "[[Religious violence in India|growing intolerance]]" in India, his 2014 movie ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' that offended Hindu nationalists, his 2017 and 2020 meeting with [[Turkey]]'s president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and his wife [[Emine Erdoğan]], who had criticized the deaths of Muslims in the [[2020 Delhi riots|Delhi riots]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Tanisha |date=2 August 2022 |title=Why 'Boycott Laal Singh Chaddha' Started Trending & How Aamir, Kareena Responded |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/why-boycott-laal-singh-chaddha-started-trending-how-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-responded |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825112248/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/why-boycott-laal-singh-chaddha-started-trending-how-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-responded |archive-date=25 August 2022 |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Another controversial point shown in the film was that the lead character Lal Singh helps a Pakistani commander (instead of an army man of his own country which was in the original plot of ''Forrest Gump'') which hurt the patriotic sentiments of some viewers leading to even more negative publicity which added to the boycott movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha CONTROVERSY: Aamir Khan saves a terrorist NOT army man like Forrest Gump – Nationalists are furious! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/laal-singh-chaddha-saves-terrorist-forrest-gump-had-saved-army-man-aamir-khan-trolled-2496595.html |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224175820/https://zeenews.india.com/india/laal-singh-chaddha-saves-terrorist-forrest-gump-had-saved-army-man-aamir-khan-trolled-2496595.html |url-status=live|date=13 August 2022}}</ref> Furthermore, [[review bomb]]ing on social media platforms caused the footfalls to decrease significantly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laal Singh Chaddha is a flop! Budget vs earnings compared |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-is-a-flop-budget-versus-earnings-compared-1987922-2022-08-15 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=15 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224175819/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/laal-singh-chaddha-is-a-flop-budget-versus-earnings-compared-1987922-2022-08-15 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan said that he was "heartbroken" after seeing this trend, and requested people to watch his film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2022 |title=Aamir Khan 'Sad' Over 'Boycott Laal Singh Chaddha' Trend: 'Please Don't Boycott My Film, Watch It' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-sad-over-boycott-laal-singh-chaddha-twitter-trend-please-dont-boycott-my-film-watch-it-5664211.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803075129/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamir-khan-sad-over-boycott-laal-singh-chaddha-twitter-trend-please-dont-boycott-my-film-watch-it-5664211.html |url-status=live}}</ref> An analysis by the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' felt the film bombed at the box office not because of Aamir Khan's performance; but due to the changes of the original plot of the film which did not sit well with the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=Did Aamir Khan's Laal Singh Chaddha fail due to boycott call or bad content |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-fail-due-to-boycott-call-or-bad-content-101660825417921.html |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825112211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-aamir-khan-s-laal-singh-chaddha-fail-due-to-boycott-call-or-bad-content-101660825417921.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|laal_singh_chaddha|Laal Singh Chaddha}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|id=laal-singh-chaddha}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Forrest Gump}}
{{Aamir Khan}}
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{{Advait Chandan}}

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Henry Ramsay (Indian Army officer)

2026-03-15T20:43:19Z

VirgieSalter103: cleaned up content also and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{infobox military person
|honorific_prefix=General Sir
|name=Henry Ramsay
|honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|KCSI|CB}}
|image=SirHenryRamsay.JPG
|image_size=160
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch=[[Bengal Army]] {{army|British India|23px}}
|birth_date=25 August 1816
|death_date=16 December 1893
|rank=[[General]]
|awards=[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
}}
[[General]] the Hon. '''Sir Henry Ramsay''' {{post-nominals|KCSI|CB}} (1816 – 16 December 1893) was a British general in the Indian Army, who served as Commissioner of the [[Kumaon division]]. He is regarded as one of the great soldier-administrators of [[British India]]<ref>The Indian Civil Service, 1601-1930. LSS O’Malley.</ref> and was dubbed "The King of Kumaon".<ref name="times">{{cite news |title=Obituary |work=[[The Times]] |page= 4|date=21 December 1893 }}</ref>

==Family==
Ramsay was the son of Lieutenant-General the Hon. John Ramsay, fourth son of [[George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie]], and Mary Delise. His elder brother [[George Ramsay, 12th Earl of Dalhousie|George]] was an admiral in the Royal Navy. Upon the death of his cousin, [[Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie]] without issue in 1874, [[Queen Victoria]] issued a special allowance to allow Henry and his siblings the style and precedence as if their father had still been alive to inherit the earldom. Thus he was styled as '''The Honourable Henry Ramsey''' from 1874.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24145 |date= 27 October 1874|page=5113}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1840, Ramsay was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Kumaon, when a colonel in the Bengal Army. Ramsay was amongst the most able of the British officials posted to the Kumaon district and came to enjoy the respect and support of the people. His modest and genial approach ensured the region remained loyal to the British. In 1856 Ramsay became Commissioner and worked another 28 years in the Garhwal and Kumaon.

==Residences==
The Commissioner was based in [[Almora]], but moved the administration 23 km to the cooler [[Binsar]] during the summer. In 1866, Ramsay bought land measuring about {{convert|26|acre|m2}} at Binsar from Sri Jai Sah of Almora. It was known as Binsar Estate, situated in Pargana Baramandal District, Almora (formerly called Kumaon District), now a heritage property named [[Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary#Grand Oak Manor|Grand Oak Manor]]. Here he built his residential bungalow having a ballroom, a private chapel and staff quarters from which he used to administer the region. The civil and criminal courts were also held here. He also bought another property near Binsar known as 'Khali', meaning empty, where a bungalow was built along with orchards though he never lived there. Khali is now a resort. After retiring in 1884, Ramsay had hoped to live in Binsar, but had to return to England.<ref>[http://www.villageways.com/index.php?pageid=1616 Henry Ramsay]</ref> In the 1930s [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s sister lived in the house at Khali.

==Personal life and honours==
For his services in the Kumaon Ramsay was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (C.B.) in the [[1860 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22387 |page=1916 |date=18 May 1860 }}</ref> He was invested as Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (K.C.S.I.) in the [[1876 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=8649 |date=4 January 1876 |page=1 |city=Edinburgh}}</ref> According to P Whalley, "Henry Ramsay not only consolidated the earlier gains (of previous Kumaon Commissioners' Traill, Gardner, Batten & Lushington) but propelled Kumaon-Garwhal into the mainstream of modern India".<ref>British Kumaon. P Whalley, 1870. (Re-printed 1991 by Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan, Varanasi, with foreword by RS Tolia)</ref>

He married Laura Lushington (daughter of the previous Commissioner of the Kumaon) in 1850 and together they had five children. He died at [[West Norwood|Norwood]] on 16 December 1893 at the age of 77.<ref name="times"/>

In his obituary in ''[[The Times]]'', he was eulogised as "A man, keenly observant and sagacious, of cool, clear judgment and strong will, tempered by Scotch caution with a single-hearted desire for the well being and prosperity of the people over whom he was set in authority, he was trusted alike by them and by his official superiors."<ref name="times"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramsay, Henry}}
[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:History of Kumaon]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]

Thanlon

2026-03-12T17:35:05Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Thanlon''' is a village and headquarter of the Thanlon Sub-division in [[Churachandpur district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Manipur]].<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=Thanlon |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=304799 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=14 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170914190756/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=304799 |archivedate=14 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also the headquarters of an eponymous subdivision. It is about 150 km west of the [[Churachandpur|Churachandpur Town]] on [[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]]. It is situated 3819 feet above sea level.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} It is also known as Tualbual.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of Manipur |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125703/page/6/mode/1up?q=tualbual |title=Manipur Gazette, 1956, May-December |date=1956}}</ref>

==History==

Thanlon was founded by Ngaihte chief by name Lumthang belonging to the [[Simte people|Simte tribe]]. Major J Shakespear, SMS, gave him a boundary paper dated 11 February 1906 written in Lushai language:

:''Lumthanga, Ramri Pathawna'n lengphun kawna, Vanggui lui, Cherchi lui, Derkai kawn, Derkai lui, Tuivai Pamjal lui, Kaihlam tlangdung, Ramvawm lui, Tuipui Thlanlawn lui, Kotukawn Tualbual lui Tuijang Pathawng lungphun''.<ref>J. Shakespear, Rampui Major, 11 February 1906.</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|24|17|N|93|17|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Pherzawl district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Suvrat Joshi

2026-03-08T19:44:57Z

VirgieSalter103: enhanced section

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suvrat Joshi
| image = Suvrat Joshi.jpg
| caption = Suvrat Joshi promoting ''Party''
| birth_name = Suvrat Shekhar Joshi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|4|22}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Sakhi Gokhale]]|11 April 2019}}
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]] [[National School of Drama]]
| notable_works = {{Plain list|
* ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''
* ''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]''
* ''[[Amar Photo Studio]]''
* ''[[Dokyala Shot]]''
}}
}}

'''Suvrat Joshi''' (born 22 April 1985) is an Indian drama, television actor. He is widely known for his work in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[sitcom]], ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'' and its sequel, ''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-did-tv-to-understand-camera-angles-suvrat-joshi/story-VHNx62MGJQVxz8ZdBxRb2N.html|title=I did TV to understand camera angles: Suvrat Joshi|last=Shetty|first=Anjali|date=10 April 2018|language=en|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bh2-Ae8gNb_/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bh2-Ae8gNb_ |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title=Sakhi Gokhale on Instagram: "Happy Birthday, you! Thanks for being the ice to my lolly and for being so ridiculously amazing. I love you more than coffee ! 🐷❤️ #Chinu…"|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Pune]]. His father is Laxman Joshi. He is the nephew of Jayant Godbole. Both his father and uncle were responsible for making him interested in performing arts. He is also an alumnus of [[Fergusson College]]. He participated in inter collegiate theatre competitions while at Fergusson. He won the Nirmal Award for best actor in ''[[Purushottam Karandak]]'' in 12th grade. He never thought he would pursue acting as a career and wanted to be a journalist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/boy-next-door/articleshow/65738824.cms|title=Boy next door|last=Unnithan|first=Vidya|date=9 September 2018|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909090303/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/boy-next-door/articleshow/65738824.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is an acting and music graduate from [[National School of Drama]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-s-a-wonderful-time-to-be-an-actor-suvrat-joshi/story-StJ6ggbB6tpuf8mItdoZyJ.html|title=It's a wonderful time to be an actor: Suvrat Joshi|date=2019-02-16|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started off his career in theatre, before going into television, because he was curious about how it would be to act in front of cameras. His first commercial role was in a play where he portrayed [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/suvrat-joshi-expresses-his-love-for-charlie-chaplin-posts-a-picture-in-that-look/articleshow/64460178.cms|title=Suvrat Joshi expresses his love for Charlie Chaplin, posts a picture in that look - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> He played Sujay Sathe, a know-it-all owner of ''Majghar'' in ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''. After the TV stint, he went back to performing theatre, with ''[[Amar Photo Studio]]'' where he was accompanied by [[Amey Wagh]], Pooja Thombre and [[Sakhi Gokhale]] from the ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'' cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/things-to-do-in-pune-this-weekend/story-KByy6iCpGcGMLRJ574PHwN.html|title=What to do in Pune this weekend|date=2017-09-22|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> He was part of the reboot sequel to ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'', titled ''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]'' where the ensemble cast re-appeared on screen. In 2018, he made his film debut with the movie ''Shikari'' as Raghu where he was a cunning man who disrespected women. His second movie was ''[[Party (2018 film)|Party]]'' (2018) where he played a college student in the 90s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/suvrat-joshi-s-rendezvous-with-the-90s/story-ulAzeSsbcUNsHdbxn5yV6J.html|title=Suvrat Joshi's rendezvous with the '90s|date=2018-08-02|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> His latest film project is ''[[Dokyala Shot]]'' directed by Shivkumar Parthasarathy, in which he plays a [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] boy to be married to a [[South India]]n girl. In 2018, he also co-hosted the Jio Filmfare Awards (Marathi) 2018, along with [[Amey Wagh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/all-the-fabulous-inside-pictures-from-the-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2018_-30509.html|title=All the fabulous inside photos from the Jio Filmfare Awards (Marathi) 2018|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

He also debuted as a singer in ''[[Dokyala Shot]]'' where he sang in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-suvrat-joshi-recently-debuted-as-a-singer/articleshow/68186245.cms|title=Did you know that Suvrat Joshi recently debuted as a singer? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> He has also been closely working in theatre for more than 15 years. He is currently working on a new play called ''Shahi Paharedaar''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/suvrat-joshi-starts-working-on-another-play/articleshow/66034302.cms|title=Suvrat Joshi starts working on another play - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> He also hosted the dance reality show, ''Dance Maharashtra Dance''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/siddharth-and-sonali-went-dancing-together/articleshow/63416305.cms|title=Siddharth and Sonali went dancing together? - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> In 2019, he was part of a series titled ''Safe Journeys''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/fiction-for-fact/articleshow/68543970.cms|title=Fiction for fact|last=Mallya|first=Vinutha|date=24 March 2019|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-04-07|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401152150/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/fiction-for-fact/articleshow/68543970.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> His upcoming Marathi film is [[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]] where he will be portraying the role of a florist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/goshta-eka-paithanichi-suvrat-joshi-to-play-this-role-in-his-next/articleshow/72435277.cms|title='Goshta Eka Paithanichi': Suvrat Joshi to play THIS role in his next|date=9 Dec 2019|website= times of india}}</ref> In September 2020 he joined a community building platform called Parva.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अभिनेता सुव्रत जोशीच्या मदतीनं सुरु होतंय नवीन 'पर्व'|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actor-suvrat-joshi-is-part-of-new-startup-called-parva/articleshow/79424368.cms|access-date=2020-11-30|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He dated his co-star from ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'', [[Sakhi Gokhale]] which was a rumour for a long time before the official announcement on their social media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/im-blessed-to-have-sakhi-in-my-life-suvrat-joshi/articleshow/67975588.cms|title=I'm blessed to have Sakhi in my life: Suvrat Joshi|date=13 February 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|first=Vinita|last=Chaturvedi|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> They got married on 11 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-sakhee-gokhale-and-suvrat-joshi-to-get-married-in-april-all-the-details-inside/articleshow/68687918.cms|title=Sakhee Gokhale and Suvrat Joshi to get married in April, all the details inside - Times of India|last=Pawar|first=Anushri|date=2 April 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Filmography
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2018
|''Shikari''
|Raghu
|Marathi Film Debut
|-
|2018
|[[Party (2018 film)|''Party'']]
|Omkar
|
|-
|2019
|[[Dokyala Shot|''Dokyala Shot'']]
|Abhijit
|
|-
|2020
|''Mann Fakiraa''
|Bhushan
|
|-
|2022
|[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi|''Goshta Eka Paithanichi'']]
|Sujit
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
|-
|2022
|[[Ananya (film)|''Ananya'']]
|Jay Dixit
|
|-
|2023
|[[IB71|''IB 71'']]
|Agent Jadhav
|Hindi Film Debut
|-
|2025
|''[[Chhaava]]''
|Kanhoji Shirke
|Hindi film<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2025-02-03 |title=Exclusive: "...अन् त्या एका क्षणात मी भारावून गेलो", सुव्रत जोशीने सांगितला 'छावा'चा अनुभव |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/marathi-actor-suvrat-joshi-share-experience-of-shooting-chhaava-movie-with-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-a-a998/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Tighee]]''
| Young Madhusudan
| Marathi film
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Television
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2015-2016
|''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''
|Sujay Sathe
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Dil Dosti Dobara]]''
|Gaurav Bal
|
|-
|2018
|''Dance Maharashtra Dance''
|Host
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance Maharashtra Dance to go on air - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/dance-maharashtra-dance-to-go-on-air/articleshow/62632636.cms |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Aathashe Khidkya Naushe Daara''
|Narhari (Hari) Karkumbhkar
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aathshe Khidkya Naushe Dara actor Suvrat Joshi goes out to buy groceries; quips about tea named 'Corona' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aathshe-khidkya-naushe-dara-actor-suvrat-joshi-goes-out-to-buy-groceries-quips-about-tea-named-corona/articleshow/77302229.cms |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
|Guest appearance
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Web Series
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''Jobless''
|Viraj Pathak
|Planet Marathi OTT Series
|-
|2023
|[[Taali (TV series)|''Taali'']]
|Munna
|jio cinema TV Series
|}
===Plays===
*'''Varvarche Vadhu Var'''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3769091/ Suvrat Joshi] on [[IMDb]]

__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Suvrat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]

List of Punjabi films of 2022

2026-03-08T03:02:21Z

VirgieSalter103: starting new stub from scratch

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Punjabi film list}}
This is a list of [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi films]] that have either been released in 2022.

==Box office==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" margin:auto;"
|+Highest worldwide gross of 2022
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Distributed by
! Gross
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1
|''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
|{{ubl|Naad Studios|Dreamiyata|JR Production House}}
|{{ubl|[[Zee Studios]]|White Hill Studios}}
|{{INRConvert|57.60|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2
|''[[Chhalla Mud Ke Nahi Aaya]]''
|{{ubl|[[Rhythm Boyz Entertainment]] [[Amberdeep Films]]
|{{ubl|Rhythm Boyz|[[Omjee Star Studios]]}}
|{{INRConvert|39.45|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 3
| ''[[Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne]]''
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Thind Motion Films

|{{INRConvert|32.11|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 4
| ''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]''
|{{ubl|Thind Motion Films
Ammy Virk Productions
| Thind Motion Films
White Hill Studios
|{{INRConvert|23.72|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 5
| ''[[Maa (2022 film)|Maa]]''
|{{ubl|
Humble Motion Pictures
| Omjee Star Studios
|{{INRConvert|18.79|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 6
| ''[[Yaar Mera Titliaan Warga]]''

|{{ubl|
Humble Motion Pictures
| Omjee Star Studios
|{{INRConvert|17.03|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 7
| ''Galwakdi''

|{{ubl|
Vehli Janta Films
| Omjee Star Studios
|{{INRConvert|15.91|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 8
| ''[[Dakuaan Da Munda 2]]''

|{{ubl|
Dream Reality Movies

| Omjee Group
|{{INRConvert|11.74|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 9
| ''[[Honeymoon (2022 film)|Honeymoon]]''

|{{ubl|Baweja Studios|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]}}

| T-Series Films
|{{INRConvert|11.36|c}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 10
| ''[[Lekh (film)|Lekh]]''

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|White Hill Studios

|{{INRConvert|10.17|c}}
|}

==Released==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:18%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Director'''
! style="width:30%;" | '''Cast''' !! Studio/ Production house !! Ref.
|- January
|-
|-February
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#32CD35; textcolor:#000;" |'''F E B'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE90;" |'''4'''
| ''[[Jhalle Pai Gaye Palle]]''
| Manjit Singh Tony, Gurmeet Saajan
| [[Mannat Singh]], [[Gurmeet Saajan]], [[Gurchet Chitarkar]], [[Dilawar Sidhu]] and [[Parminder Gill]]
| Satnam Singh Batra, Goyal Music
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE90;" |'''18'''
| ''[[Mera Vyah Kara Do ]]''
| Sunill Khosla
| [[Hobby Dhaliwal]], [[Dilpreet Dhillon]], [[Sunny Gill]], [[Mandy Takhar]] and [[Parminder Gill]]
| Raju Chadha, Manish Dutta, Vibha Dutta Khosla
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE90;" |'''25'''
| ''[[Aaja Mexico Challiye]]''
| Rakesh Dhawan
| [[Ammy Virk]], [[Nasir Chinyoti]] and [[Zafri Khan]]
| Ammy Virk Productions, Thind Motion Films
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ammy-virk-starrer-aaja-mexico-challiye-highlights-the-struggles-of-all-those-who-harbour-dreams-of-moving-to-a-foreign-country-and-get-tricked-by-agents-373794|title= Ammy Virk-starrer Aaja Mexico Challiye highlights the struggles of all those who harbour dreams of moving to a foreign country and get tricked by agents |access-date=6 March 2022|date=28 February 2022|website=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
|- March
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''4'''
| ''Main Viyah Nahi Karona Tere Naal''
| Rupinder Inderjit
| [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Gurnam Bhullar]], Sukhwinder Raj
| Diamondstar Worldwide
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/main-viyah-nahi-karona-tere-naal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdayotyx | title=Main Viyah Nahi Karona Tere Naal | website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>
|- April!
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#EFDECD; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FAEBD7;" |'''1'''
| ''[[Lekh (film)|Lekh]]''
| Manvir Brar
| [[Gurnam Bhullar]], [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]]
| White Hill Studios
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/lekh-trailer-the-gurnam-bhullar-and-tanias-romantic-drama-has-the-perfect-blend-of-love-and-heartbreak/articleshow/90266087.cms|title = 'Lekh' trailer: The Gurnam Bhullar and Tania's romantic drama has the perfect blend of love and heartbreak |newspaper= The Times of India|date=16 March 2022|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>
|- May
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#FBCEB1; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''6'''
| ''[[Maa (2022 film)|Maa]]''
|Baljit Singh Deo
| [[Amarjit Singh Saron]], [[Divya Dutta]], Vadda Grewal, [[Rana Ranbir]], [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
| Naad SStudios, Dreamiyata Pvt. Ltd and JR Production House
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/maa/movieshow/74279063.cms|title=MaaUA|date=6 May 2022|website= Times Of India |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''13'''
| ''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
| Amarjit Singh Saron
| [[Ammy Virk]], [[Sargun Mehta]], [[Nimrat Khaira]]
| Naad SStudios, Dreamiyata Pvt. Ltd and JR Production House
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sargun-mehta-ammy-virk-nimrat-khaira-starrer-saunkan-saunknes-teaser-to-release-on|title=Sargun Mehta, Ammy Virk, Nimrat Khaira starrer 'Saunkan Saunkne's teaser to release on...|date=2 April 2022|website= PTC Punjabi |author=Ritika Nath|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FED8B1;" |'''27'''
| ''[[PR (film)|PR]]''
| [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| [[Harbhajan Mann]], [[Delbar Arya]], [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Sardool Sikander]], [[Karamjit Anmol]]
| Sarang Films & HM Records
|
|-June
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#92CD15; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U N'''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE20;" |'''17'''
| ''Sass Meri Ne Munda Jamya''
| D.K. Bains
| [[Nirmal Rishi]], [[Hardeep Gill]], [[Gurinder Makna]], [[Gurpreet Bhangu]] and [[Parminder Gill]]
| Gagandeep Bhullar, Sanjeev Mittal, Preetpal Shergil
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE20;" |'''24'''
| ''Television''
| Taj
| [[Kurvinder Billa]], [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] and [[Mandy Thakar]]
| Simerjit Singh Productions, Saga Studios
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/television/amp_movie_review/92441487.cms|title= Television Punjabi Film |access-date=25 June 2022|date=25 February 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sher Bagga]]''
| [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
| [[Ammy Virk]], [[Sonam Bajwa]] and [[Nirmal Rishi]]
| Ammy Virk Productions
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sher Bagga: Ammy Virk & Sonam Bajwa's Upcoming Film Has A New Release Date |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/374600-Sher-Bagga-Ammy-Virk-Sonam-Bajwas-Upcoming-Film-Has-A-New-Release-Date |work=5 Dariya News|date=13 June 2022|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>
|- July
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#DAA06D; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U L'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#EDC9AF;" |'''8'''
|''[[Ghund Kadh Le Ni Sohreyan Da Pind Aa Gaya]]''
|[[Ksshitij Chaudhary]]
|[[Gurnam Bhullar]], [[Sargun Mehta]]
|Shri Narotamji Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punjabi.abplive.com/entertainment/sargun-mehta-gurnam-bhullar-starrer-film-sohreyan-da-pind-aa-gaya-released-659939|title=ਸਰਗੁਨ ਮਹਿਤਾ ਤੇ ਗੁਰਨਾਮ ਭੁੱਲਰ ਦੀ ਫ਼ਿਲਮ 'ਸਹੁਰਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਪਿੰਡ ਆ ਗਿਆ' ਦਾ ਟਰੇਲਰ ਰਿਲੀਜ਼|trans-title=Trailer release of Sargun Mehta and Gurnam Bhullar's movie 'Sahurian Da Pind Aa Gaya'|website=ABP Live|date=22 June 2022|access-date=22 June 2022|language=pa}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shareek 2]]''
|[[Navaniat Singh]]
|[[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Dev Kharoud]]
|Ohri Productions
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/376008-Shareek-2-Trailer-Of-Most-Anticipated-Film-starring-Jimmy-Shergill-Dev-Kharoud-Is-Out-Movie-To-r | title=Shareek 2: Trailer of Most Anticipated Film starring Jimmy Shergill & Dev Kharoud is Out, Movie to release on 8 July }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#EDC9AF;" |'''15'''
|''Baajre Da Sitta''
|Jass Grewal
|[[Ammy Virk]], [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]], [[Noor Chahal]], [[Guggu Gill]], [[Nirmal Rishi]], [[Seema Kaushal]] and [[Parminder Gill]]
|Shri Narotamji Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ammy-virk-and-tania-starrer-baajre-da-sitta-scheduled-for-july-2022-release/articleshow/86640866.cms|title=Ammy Virk and Tania starrer 'Baajre Da Sitta' scheduled for July 2022 release|date=30 September 2021|access-date=7 April 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#EDC9AF;" |'''22'''
|''Padma Shri Kaur Singh''
|Vikram Pradhan
|[[Karam Batth]], Prabh Grewal
|Karam Batth Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/padma-shri-kaur-singh/movieshow/92800666.cms|title=Padma Shri Kaur Singh|date=22 July 2022|access-date=22 July 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#EDC9AF;" |'''29'''
|''[[Chhalla Mud Ke Nahi Aaya]]''
|[[Amrinder Gill]]
|[[Binnu Dhillon]], Amrinder Gill, [[Sargun Mehta]], [[Karamjit Anmol]]
|Rhythm Boyz Entertainment, Amberdeep Films
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhalla Mud Ke Nahi Aaya: Teaser Of Amrinder Gill & Amberdeep Singh's Upcoming Periodical Drama Is Out |url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/379327-Chhalla-Mud-Ke-Nahi-Aaya-Teaser-Of-Amrinder-Gill-Amberdeep-Singhs-Upcoming-Periodical-Drama-Is-O |work=5 Dariya News|author= Bhavya Chhabra|date=16 July 2022|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>
|- August
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#BBCEB1; textcolor:#000; |'''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#BED8B1;" |'''5'''
| ''[[Jind Mahi]]''
| Sameer Pannu
| [[Sonam Bajwa]], Ajay Sarkaria
| White Hill Studios
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiddaan.com/jind-mahi-release-date-changed/#:~:text=The%20Punjabi%20film%20that%20has,worldwide%20on%205%20August%2C%202022./|title=Jind Mahi: Rajdip Shoker To Mark Debut In Sonam Bajwa & Ajay Sarkaria Starrer. Release Date Changed|date=16 June 2022|website=Kiddaan.com|access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#BED8B1;" |'''19'''
| ''Laung Laachi 2''
| [[Amberdeep Singh]]
| [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Ammy Virk]]
| Villagers Film Studio
| <ref>{{cite news |title='Laung Laachi 2' first poster: Looks like a tale of a beautiful princess with 2 charming princes! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/laung-laachi-2-first-poster-looks-like-a-tale-of-a-beautiful-princess-with-2-charming-princes/articleshow/93169084.cms |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|- September
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''16'''
|''[[Moh (film)|Moh]]''
| Jagdeep Sidhu
|[[Sargun Mehta]], Gitaz Bindrakhia, Amrit Amby, [[Parminder Gill]]
|Shri Narotam Ji Studios, Tips Films Ltd. & Orion Studios
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/moh-trailer-jagdeep-sidhus-emotional-magic-sargun-mehtas-beautiful-craft-and-gitaz-bindrakhias-exceptional-expressions-promise-a-love-story-like-no-other/articleshow/93635298.cms |title='Moh' Trailer: Jagdeep Sidhu's emotional magic, Sargun Mehta's beautiful craft, and Gitaz Bindrakhia's exceptional expressions promise a love story like no other |date=18 August 2022|access-date=19 August 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''23'''
|''[[Chhalle Mundiyan]]''
| Sunil Puri
|[[Ammy Virk]], [[Mandy Takhar]], [[Kulwinder Billa]], [[Karamjit Anmol]], [[Parminder Gill]]
|Shri Narotam Ji Studios, Tips Films Ltd. & Orion Studios
|-
|- October
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#DAA06D; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#EDC9AF;" |'''5'''
|''[[Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne]]''
| Amarjit Singh Saron
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Sargun Mehta]]
|Thind Motion Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jogi-diljit-dosanjh-announces-punjabi-movie-babe-bhangra-paunde-ne-set-release-october-5/|title=After Jogi, Diljit Dosanjh announces his Punjabi movie Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne; set to release on October 5|date=19 September 2022|access-date=21 September 2022|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#EDC9AF;" |'''15'''
|''[[Vich Bolunga Tere]]''
| Gurmeet Saajan, Manjeet Singh Tony
|[[Ravinder Grewal]], Molina Sodhi, [[Nisha Bano]], [[Gurmeet Saajan]], [[Parminder Gill]]
|Thind Motion Films
|-
|-November
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#32CD35; textcolor:#000;" |'''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#90EE90;" |'''4'''
| ''[[Oye Makhna]]''
| Simerjit Singh
| [[Ammy Virk]], [[Tania ]], [[Guggu Gill]], [[Siddhika Sharma]], [[Parminder Gill]]
| Ammy Virk Productions, Simerjit Productions
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ammy-virk-starrer-aaja-mexico-challiye-highlights-the-struggles-of-all-those-who-harbour-dreams-of-moving-to-a-foreign-country-and-get-tricked-by-agents-373794|title= Ammy Virk-starrer Aaja Mexico Challiye highlights the struggles of all those who harbour dreams of moving to a foreign country and get tricked by agents |access-date=6 March 2022|date= 4 November 2022|website=The Tribune}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Punjabi films of 2021]]
* [[List of Punjabi films]]
* [[2022 in film]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Cinema of Punjab}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2022 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi films of 2022}}
[[Category:Lists of Punjabi films by year|2022]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cinema|Films]]
[[Category:Lists of 2022 films by language|Punjabi]]
[[Category:2022 Punjabi-language films| List]]

Ekeshwar

2026-03-07T12:19:34Z

VirgieSalter103: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Kalinga War

2026-03-06T14:59:35Z

VirgieSalter103: updated structure per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Conflict in ancient India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2015}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kalinga War {{langx| or|କଳିଙ୍ଗ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ}}
| partof = Conquests of [[Mauryan Empire]]
| image = File:Chandragupta Maurya Empire.png
| caption = [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]]) and the [[Maurya Empire]] (blue) before the attack of [[Ashoka The Great]]
| date = {{circa|261 BCE}}, in the 8th year of [[Ashoka]]'s coronation of 268 BCE<ref name=BA30/>
| place = [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]
| territory = [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] annexed by [[Mauryan Empire]]
| result = Mauryan victory<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/AtlasOfAncientWorldsDKPublishing2009 |title=Atlas Of Ancient Worlds |date=2009 |publisher=[[DK Publishing]], 375 Hudson Street, New York |isbn=978-0-7566-4512-0 |pages=55 |language=English |quote=The third Mauyran king was Ashoka the Great (ruled 268-232 BCE). In about 265 BCE, Ashoka conquered the kingdom of Kalinga.}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[Mauryan Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]
| commander1 = [[Ashoka]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephen |first=Becky |url=http://archive.org/details/india0000step |title=India |date=2010 |publisher=North Babylon Public Library|others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85733-525-5 |pages=20 |quote=Ashoka the Great, born in 304 BCE, was emperor of all of the Indian subcontinent or nearly all. His decision to extend his rule to the unconquered kingdom of Kalinga on the Bay of Bengal brought about a conversion of the man and his empire.}}</ref>
| commander2 = Unknown
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 100,000 Kalinga soldiers died, 150,000 deported (figures by Ashoka)<ref>[[Ashoka]] ({{reign|268|231}} BCE), ''[[Edicts of Ashoka]]'', [[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict|Major Rock Edict]] 13.</ref><ref>[[Radhakumud Mookerji]] (1988). ''Chandragupta Maurya and His Times''. [[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publ. {{ISBN|81-208-0405-8}}.</ref>
| casualties3 = 250,000 killed <ref>{{cite book | last1=Raychaudhuri | first1=Hemchandra | title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty | date=2006 | publisher=Cosmo Publications | isbn=978-81-307-0291-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&pg=PA252 }}</ref>
}}

The '''Kalinga War''' (ended {{circa|261 BCE}})<ref name=" BA30">Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, Grafikol 2009, p.30</ref> was fought in ancient India between the [[Mauryan Empire]] under [[Ashoka the Great]] and [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], an independent feudal kingdom located on the east coast, in the present-day state of [[Odisha]] and northern parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringmar |first=Erik |url=http://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-24805 |page=53|title=History of International Relations - A Non-European Perspective |date=2019 |language=English |quote=Above all, the spectacular bloodshed which took place at the battle of Kalinga in 260 BCE, in which, reputedly, no fewer than a quarter of a million soldiers died, made him change his ways. Remorseful and disgusted with his previous way of life,..Ashoka the Great, 268-232 BCE, renounced violence, converted to Buddhism, and started a number of projects to improve the lot of the poor, the aged and the widowed.}}</ref> It is presumed that the battle was fought on Dhauli hills in [[Dhauli]] which is situated on the banks of [[Daya River]]. The Kalinga War was one of the largest and deadliest battles in Indian history.<ref name="WorldAtlas 2016">{{cite web | title=Greatest Battles In The History Of India | website=WorldAtlas | date=2016-09-19 | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/greatest-battles-in-the-history-of-india.html | access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

This is the only major war Ashoka fought after his accession to the throne, and marked the close of the empire-building and military conquests of ancient India that began with the Mauryan Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]].<ref name=" Raychaudhuri 2006 p. 268">{{cite book | last=Raychaudhuri | first=H. | title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty | publisher=Cosmo Publications | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-307-0291-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC&pg=PA252 | accessdate=2019-06-27 | page=268,305}}</ref> The war cost nearly 250,000 lives.<ref name=" Raychaudhuri 2006 p. 268"/>

== Background ==
According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga [[janapada]] originally comprised the area covered by the [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref>

The reasons for invading Kalinga were to bring peace and for power. Kalinga was a prosperous region consisting of peaceful and artistically skilled people. The northern part of Kalinga was known as the [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] (Uttar: North, Kal: Kalinga), they were the first from the region to use a navy and traveled offshore to [[Southeast Asia]] for trade. For that reason, Kalinga was able to develop several ports and a skilled navy. The culture of Kalinga was a blend of [[Adivasi|tribal religions]], [[Śramaṇa]] (i.e. [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Ajivika]] etc.) and [[Brahmanism]] co-existing peacefully.<ref name="Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra 1986 Page 10">[[Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra]](1986) Page 10. ''Military History of Orissa''. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi {{ISBN|81-7020-282-5}}</ref>

Kalinga was under the rule of the [[Nanda Empire]] who ruled over the region from their capital in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] until their fall in 321 BCE.<ref>(Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee 1996, pp. 204-209, pp. 270–271)</ref> Ashoka's grandfather [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] had possibly attempted to conquer Kalinga but had been repulsed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagendra |first=Jaya S. |url=http://archive.org/details/indiaatglance0000nage |title=India at a glance |date=2013 |publisher=Delhi : Kalpaz Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7835-935-9 |pages=87 |quote=Chandragupta’s son Bindusara expanded the kingdom Turkestan down to modern Mysore and comprised most of the northern India and the Deccan. Only Kalinga remained independent.}}</ref> Ashoka set himself to the task of conquering and annexing Kalinga to the vast [[Maurya Empire]] as soon as he securely established himself as the Emperor.<ref name="Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra 1986 Page 10" /> Some scholars argue that Kalinga was a strategic threat to the Mauryas. It could interrupt communications between Mauryan capital [[Pataliputra]] and possessions in the central Indian peninsula. Kalinga also controlled the coastline for trade in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=" Roy 2015 p.15 ">{{cite book | last=Roy | first=K. | title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Warfare, Society and Culture | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ | access-date=2019-06-28 | page=15}}</ref>

==Course of the war==
{{Quote|text=No war in the history of India is as important either for its intensity or for its results as the Kalinga war of Ashoka. No wars in the annals of human history have changed the heart of the victor from one of wanton cruelty to that of exemplary piety as this one. From its fathomless womb, the history of the world may find out only a few wars to its credit which may be equal to this war and not a single one that would be greater than this. The political history of mankind is really a history of wars and no war has ended with so successful a mission of peace for the entire war-torn humanity as the war of Kalinga.|author=[[Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra]]|title=''Military History of Odisha''<ref>[[Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra]] (1986) Page 12. ''Military History of Odisha''. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi {{ISBN|81-7020-282-5}}</ref>}}

The war was completed in the eighth year of Ashoka's reign, according to his own [[Edicts of Ashoka]], probably in 261 BCE.<ref name=BA30/> After a bloody battle for the throne following the death of his father, Ashoka was successful in conquering Kalinga – but the consequences of the savagery changed Ashoka's views on war and led him to pledge to never again wage a war of conquest.

According to [[Megasthenes]], the Greek historian at the court of [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the ruler of Kalinga had a powerful army comprising infantry, cavalry and elephants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sequeira|first=Dolly E.|title=Total History and Civics|publisher=Morning Star|year=2020|location=Delhi|pages=45, 46}}</ref> According to Indian archaeologist [[Dilip K. Chakrabarti]], the Mauryan army marched to Kalinga via [[Sarguja]], a route that was later followed by [[Samudragupta]] during his campaign against Kalinga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Dilip K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |date=2010-10-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908832-4 |pages=42–43 |language=en |quote=The march of the Mauryan army through Sarguja and the hilly jungle which separates it from Chhattisgarh, and finally through the forests of Dandakaranya to the Kalinga coast. Of course, this reconstruction of the march of the Mauryan army from Pataliputra to the Kalinga coast is hypothetical but logical and probable in view of the fact that a few centuries later, Samudragupta of Magadha followed the same route to march to the Kalinga coast.}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File: Dhauli Shanti Stupa, Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|left|Shanti Stupa, [[Dhauli]] hill is presumed to be the area where the Kalinga War was fought.]]
Ashoka had seen the bloodshed and felt that he was the cause of the destruction.<ref name="Roy 2015 p. 16">{{cite book | last=Roy | first=K. | title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Warfare, Society and Culture | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ | access-date=2019-06-28 | page=16}}</ref>

{{Quote|[[Devanampriya|Beloved-of-the-Gods]], King [[Priyadarsin|Priyadarsi]] (Ashoka) conquered the Kalingans eight years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other causes). After the Kalingans had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the [[Dharma]], a love for the Dharma and for instruction in Dharma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingans.|Ashoka|[[Edicts of Ashoka|Rock Edict]] No. 13<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Charles|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor|date=2012|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=9781408703885|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C&pg=PT82|access-date=1 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>}}

Ashoka's response to the Kalinga War is recorded in the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]. The Kalinga War prompted Ashoka, already a non-engaged Buddhist, to devote the rest of his life to [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) and to ''dharma-vijaya'' (victory through [[dharma]]). Following the conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka ended the military expansion of the empire and began an era of more than 40 years of relative peace, harmony, and prosperity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Shovana |url=http://archive.org/details/dancelegacyofpat00nara |title=Dance legacy of Patliputra |date=1999 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-230-0699-4 |pages=2 |quote=Commenting upon the achievements of Ashoka the Great, historian Radha Kamal Mukerji says “not only did Emperor Asoka achieve the consolidation of a vast Indian empire based on a unified Indian culture, but he also spread the message of universal peace and concord to the independent Dravidian countries and to the Greek rulers of Asia”.}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

* The 2001 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language film ''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]'', is based on Kalinga war

* The book "Ashok and the nine unknown" by author Anshul Dupare is based on the aftermath of Kalinga war.

==See also ==

* [[List of battles by casualties]]
* [[Kalinga (historical region)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm Megasthenes: ''Indika''] (archived 10 December 2008)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328144411/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html The Edicts of King Ashoka] (archived 28 March 2014)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:260s BC conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]
[[Category:3rd century BC in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]
[[Category:Ashoka]]

Okato Number Kurraadu

2026-03-03T18:10:10Z

VirgieSalter103: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Okato Number Kurradu
| image = Okato Number Kurraadu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| screenplay = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| story = Akula Shiva
| writer =
| producer = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Taraka Ratna]]|[[Rekha Vedavyas]]}}
| cinematography = V. Srinivasa Reddy
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies|Swapna Cinema]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|9|18}}
| runtime = 137 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Okato Number Kurraadu''''' ({{translation|Number one boy}}) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] and starring newcomer [[Taraka Ratna]] and [[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Taraka Ratna]] as Balu
*[[Rekha Vedavyas|Rekha]] as Swapna
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Swapna's father
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Rajeev
*[[Devadas Kanakala]] as Rajeev's father
*[[Giribabu]] as Swapna's uncle
*[[Chitram Srinu]]
*[[MS Narayana]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
{{Colend}}

==Production==
This was the second film Taraka Ratna shot for but ended up releasing first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunil |first=Sreya |title=Audio review of Okato Number Kurradu - Mass masti music |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/okato.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620054431/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/okato.html |archive-date=20 June 2003 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film was initially titled ''1va Number Kurraadu''.<ref name="songs">{{Cite web |title=Juke Box - 1va Number Kurraadu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-1vanumber.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020823164826/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-1vanumber.html |archive-date=23 August 2002 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and lyrics were written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Suddala Ashok Teja]].<ref name=songs/>
*"Thodakotti Chebutunna" - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Godwin
*"Nuvvu Choodu Choodakapo" - M. M. Keeravani, [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]]
*"Orey Nuvvu" - [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
*"Aggipulla" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]]
*"Nemali Kannoda" - [[Udit Narayan]], K. S. Chitra
*"Enni Janmalettinaa - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chitra

== Reception ==
[[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "He [Taraka Ratna] impresses with acting, dancing and fighting, the essential ingredients of modern cinema. But the theme is ordinary, narrating a routine story" and called M. M. Keeravani's music "a redeeming factor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=23 October 2002 |title=One more from NTR clan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-more-from-ntr-clan/article28381601.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003926/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-more-from-ntr-clan/article28381601.ece |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote, "The film starts with an interesting incident [...] But the scenes shown in between are not good enough make viewers excited".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-okatonumber.html|title=Movie review - Okato Number Kurraadu|work=Idlebrain|date=18 September 2002|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127040155/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-okatonumber.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' opined, "As a movie, Okato Number Kurraadu sucks. That's because it has nothing new by way of a script, remorselessly follows an earlier movie by the same filmmakers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/okato-numberu-kurraadu/telugu/okato-numberu-kurraadu-movie-reviews-606-2.html|title=Okato Numberu Kurraadu Review|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127013317/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/okato-numberu-kurraadu/telugu/okato-numberu-kurraadu-movie-reviews-606-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

Aadi Velli (film)

2026-03-03T04:51:45Z

VirgieSalter103: new basic entry basic info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadi Velli
| image = Aadi Velli.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| writer = G. K. (dialogues)
| starring = [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
| producer = N. Radha
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = Rajkeerthi
| story = Rama Narayanan
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990|02|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aadi Velli''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] directed by [[Rama Narayanan]] and produced by N. Radha, starring [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] and [[Nizhalgal Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Anand |title=Reel World: On Location in Kollywood |date=27 January 2017 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=9789385890482 |chapter=Wonder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=11 September 2018 |title=Madurai's Central, in operation since 1939, is city's last surviving theatre to still use film roll |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/madurais-central-in-operation-since-1939-is-citys-last-surviving-theatre-to-still-use-film-roll-5148281.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210160856/https://www.firstpost.com/living/madurais-central-in-operation-since-1939-is-citys-last-surviving-theatre-to-still-use-film-roll-5148281.html |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvam |date=2 February 2024 |title=மீண்டும் 'ஆடிவெள்ளி' : ராம.நாராயணனின் ஹிட் பட ரீமேக்கில் நயன்தாரா |url=https://minnambalam.com/cinema/rama-narayanan-aadi-velli-movie-remake-minnambalam-cinema-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208095053/https://minnambalam.com/cinema/rama-narayanan-aadi-velli-movie-remake-minnambalam-cinema-news/ |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Minnambalam |language=Ta}}</ref> It was released on 2 February 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஆடி வெள்ளி / Aadi Velli (1990) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/aadi-velli |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206114531/https://screen4screen.com/movies/aadi-velli |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''Durgasthami''.{{Cb|date=February 2024}}

==Plot==
The story revolves around a beautiful village girl Seetha who is living with an elephant and a cobra who obey only to her. She is very much attracted and attached to the local village deity and she lives in nearby area around the temple. Then comes the villain Nizhalgal Ravi who wants to abduct all the wealth of the temple. He meets Seetha and was attracted to her at the first sight. He befriends her and makes her to love him too under circumstances but always disliked by the elephant and cobra. Very soon Seetha realises that her husband is a thief and shocked. Meanwhile, Nizhalgal Ravi along with his computer genius friend plots several attempts to plunder the jewels and precious items from the temple but goes all in vain, saved by the duo. In the climax, the genius friend builds a devil creature called [King Kattari] using his computer to loot the temple. The cobra, by the deity's blessing takes the size of huge anaconda and charges against King Kattari. Meanwhile, during the fight Nizhalgal Ravi realises his friend plans to loot all properties himself and kill him.
Finally the cobra bites the devil and kills him, which in turn kills the computer genius through electro-envenomation.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Mucherla Aruna|Aruna]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Y. Vijaya]]
*[[Ra. Sankaran]]
*[[Pradeep Shakti]]
*[[Kullamani]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] Lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and Tha. Narayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadi Velli Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/aadi-velli-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604231927/https://mossymart.com/product/aadi-velli-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Track !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| "Vanna Vizhiyazhagi" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=5|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Vellikizhamai Ramasaamy" || [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| "Gum Gum Guma" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
| "Sonnapetcha Kekkanum" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|-
| "Aayi Mahamayi" || S. P. Sailaja
|-
| "Bhama Thallipoma" || Mano, S. P. Sailaja || Tha. Narayanan
|-
|}

==Box office==
''Aadi Velli'', made on a budget of {{INRConvert|2.5|m|year=1990}}, made a profit of {{INRConvert|20|m|year=1990}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/134_IPCatalogue1990.pdf |title=Indian Cinema 1990 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |year=1991 |pages=56–58 |chapter=Goddesses adorn Tamil screen! |author-link=Randor Guy |access-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209012055/https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/134_IPCatalogue1990.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Rama Narayanan}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about elephants]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thirunelveli (film)

2026-03-03T04:33:16Z

VirgieSalter103: cleanup

{{Short description|2000 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thirunelveli
| image = Thirunelveli (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathi Kannan]]
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Karan (actor)|Karan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|01|15|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirunelveli''''' ({{Translation|[[Tirunelveli|Sacred Paddy Hedge]]}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://tirunelveli.nic.in/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622071729/https://tirunelveli.nic.in/history/ |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=tirunelveli.nic.in |language=en}}</ref> is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[Bharathi Kannan]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] while [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] among others form an ensemble cast. Music for the film was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the film was released on 15 January 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=திருநெல்வேலி / Thirunelveli (2000) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thirunelveli |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111130739/https://screen4screen.com/movies/thirunelveli }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Thulasi ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]) is a rich landlord in [[Tirunelveli]] who lives with his brother Varadappan ([[Karan (actor)|Karan]]) and mother ([[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]). Varadappan has a wife ([[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]), son (Shankthi Kumar), and a daughter Rani ([[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]). Thulasi is well-respected in his hometown, and he never lies at any circumstance. A small flashback is shown where Thulasi was in love with Kattazhagi, but she died. Enmity prevails between Thulasi and Soonaswamy ([[S. S. Chandran]]). Satha is appointed as Varadappan's car driver, and love blossoms between Satha and Rani. Thulasi realises this but does not disclose this to Varadappan, as he would try to separate the couple. Soonaswamy joins hands with Velu Nayakkar [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], a local thug and tries to separate Thulasi and Varadappan, in which he succeeds. Thulasi leaves home with his mother. Now, Varadappan finds out about Rani's love affair and decides to kill her and Satha. The couple runs to Thulasi for life. Thulasi hides them in his home. When Varadappan inquires about the couple to Thulasi, he lies that he is not aware of their whereabouts. Varadappan leaves the place, believing that Thulasi will never lie. The couple thanks Thulasi for saving their lives but are shocked to see him dead. Varadappan then realises his mistake and apologises. The couple is united.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Thulasi Nayakkar
* [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Varadappan Nayakkar
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Kattazhagi
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Varadappan's wife
* [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] as Rani
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Thulasi's mother
* [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]] as Satha
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Soonaswamy Naidu
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Soonaswamy's son
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Velu
* [[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as Aranmanai
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Azhagamma in "Yele Azhagamma"
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Manickam
* [[Bonda Mani]]
;Uncredited
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
* [[Raghava Lawrence]] as dancer in "Yele Azhagamma"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 1999 |title=Thirunelveli (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thirunelveli-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1400450786 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111135656/https://music.apple.com/us/album/thirunelveli-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1400450786 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirunelveli (2000) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/tirunelveli-songs-T0001035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517005658/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/tirunelveli-songs-T0001035 |archive-date=17 May 2022 |accessdate=14 October 2021 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics || '''Length'''
|-
| "Ini Naalum Thirunaal" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[Swarnalatha]], Ilaiyaraaja, [[S. N. Surendar]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 04:49
|-
| "Ola Kudisayile" || [[Biju Narayanan]] || Chidambaranathan || 05:04
|-
| "Kattazhagi" || [https://www.devieneithiyar.com/ Devie Neithiyar]|| Mayil || 05:29
|-
| "Thirunelveli" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Ilaiyaraaja || [[Pulamaipithan]] || 05:51
|-
| "Yele Azhagamma" || [[Arunmozhi]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Bharathi Kannan || 05:23
|-
| "Endha Paavi" || [[Sunanda (singer)|Sunandha]] || Su. Ashok || 01:38
|-
| "Saathi Enum" || Ilaiyaraaja || Poovai Senguttuvan || 02:09
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath wrote for ''Chennai Online'', "The director, like the audience, seems to have had enough of filial bonding, and takes recourse to the caste factor to pep up his narration [...] Vivek's comedy track is weird, but provides some welcome relief".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Thirunelveli |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov25.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040131122756/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov25.asp |archive-date=31 January 2004 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Tamil Star'' wrote, "It is Prabhu's sensitive portrayal and a more gripping narrative after the interval that have saved the film from slipping into mediocrity [...] Fight scenes are well executed . But Ilayaraja's music is disappointing".<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie: Thirunelveli |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/thirunelveli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122023810/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/thirunelveli |archive-date=22 November 2008 |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2000 drama films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathi Kannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Manakkudavar

2026-02-28T03:51:24Z

VirgieSalter103: starting new pg from scratch

{{Short description|Medieval Indian literary scholar of the Tamil language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
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| name = Manakkudavar
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| death_date = 10th century CE
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| occupation = Scholar, poet
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
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'''Manakkudavar''' (c. 10th century CE) was a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scholar and commentator known for his [[Literary criticism|commentary]] on the [[Tirukkural]].{{sfn|Vedhanayagam, 2017|pp=7–8}} His is the earliest of the available commentaries on the Kural text,{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan 2013|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Velusami and Faraday, 2017|p=54}}{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} and hence considered to bear closest semblance with the original work by [[Valluvar]].{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=v}} He was among the canon of [[Ten Medieval Commentators]] of the Kural text most highly esteemed by scholars.{{sfn|Natarajan 2008|pp=1–6}} He was also among the five ancient commentators whose commentaries had been preserved and made available to the [[modern era]], the others being [[Pari Perumal]], [[Kaalingar]], [[Paridhi]], and [[Parimelalhagar]].

The commentary of Manakkudavar remains the second most popular commentary on the Kural text, next only to that of Parimelalhagar.

==Early life==
Little is known about Manakkudavar in comparison with other medieval commentators.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}} This is partly due to the lack of any introductory texts in his commentary.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=133}} There is no information about his parents either.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=133}} Manakkudavar is believed to have been born in Manakkudi, from which he came to be referred to as "Manakkudiyaar", and later as "Manakkudavar".{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}} Since there are several towns in [[Tamil Nadu]] bearing the name "Manakkudi", it is difficult to pinpoint which of these towns was his home town. It is also said that "Manakkudi" is also the name of his clan.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}} He lived around the 10th century CE.{{sfn|Arunachalam, 1972|p=95}} He was the oldest of the ten medieval commentators.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan 2013|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Velusami and Faraday, 2017|p=54}}{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}} Manakkudavar's mentioning of several earlier interpretations in various places in his commentary, including his explications to couplets 17 and 389,{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=v}} reveals that there were several earlier commentaries on the Kural literature before his time, which are now completely lost.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}}

In spite of his erudition, Mannakkudavar sounds very humble throughout the writing of his commentary on the Kural literature.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=135}}

==Religion==
Manakkudavar belonged to the [[Jainism|Jain]] community. This is revealed in various places in his commentary, such as his explanations given to couplets 1, 3, 268, 352, 377, 398, 429, 622, 627, and 1103.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}}{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|pp=v, vi}}{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=135–136}}

==Commentary on the Kural==
Manakkudavar's commentary features a simple and lucid flow of language.{{sfn|Sundaramurthi, 2006|pp=175–176}} Scholars consider his commentary as following the [[Tamil culture]] without the influence of [[Sanskrit]] works.{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=88}} He readily expresses his hesitations wherever he appears doubtful about his interpretation.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}} In certain places where [[Valluvar]] has employed "intentional discrepancies," Manakkudavar clarifies the "discrepancy" by pointing the connection with other couplets elsewhere in the work. Only in few places, such as couplets 2, 401 and 802, does Manakkudavar cite other ancient didactic works, including the [[Naladiyar]] and [[Nanmanikkatigai]], to exemplify.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}}{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|pp=vii, viii}} In various places, such as couplets 29, 269 and 274, Manakkudavar also cites various stories and incidents from ancient Indian epics such as [[Mahabharata]] and various [[Puranas]].{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=viii}} For instance, he cites the Puranas and ancient maxims In his explanations to couplets 28, 284, 778, and 1198.{{sfn|Sundaramurthi, 2006|pp=175–176, footnote 1}} He explicates the distinct meaning of difficult words found in such couplets as 125, 154, 211, 340, 350, 548, 580, 649, 674, 715, 731, 1135 and 1324 to simplify comprehension.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=xii}} To elucidate the substance of certain couplets, he further elaborates on the synonyms of the key terms found in couplets 4, 431, 637, 725, 762, 897, 944, 1183, 1208, 1234 and 1313.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|pp=xii, xiii}} In instances such as couplets 275, 306, 856, 1043, 1129, 1144, 1154 and 1233, he offers linguistic and grammatical explanations.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|pp=ix, x}} In couplets such as 130 and 134, he provides the reader with the very essence of the thought that the couplet attempt to convey.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=xiii}} Manakkudavar has also employed contemporary colloquial dialect and proverbial sayings in such couplets as 118, 329, 405, 812, 915, 1057 and 1194.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=xiv}} In instances such as couplets 327, 429, 586, 631, 941, 945, 1179 and 1323.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|pp=xiv, xv}} In very few places, Manakkudavar's explanations appear less satisfactory compared with other commentators, as those instances in couplets 21, 153 and 591.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=xvi}} The fact that Manakkudavar's commentary served as the cornerstone and guide for other medieval commentators, including Parimelalhagar, cannot be overstated.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–373}}

Manakkudavar appears to be the first commentator to divide all the three books of the work into subdivisions known in Tamil as {{Transliteration|ta|iyals}}. He briefly and lucidly explains the significance and essence of each subdivision and each chapter within a given subdivision. According to Selvakesavaraya Mudaliyar in his work ''Tiruvalluvar'', Manakkudavar originally divided [[Inbam (Kural book)|Book III]] of the Kural text into five {{Transliteration|ta|iyals}} attributed to the moods of five divisions of the [[Sangam landscape]], known as ''thinai'', namely ''kurinji'' (mountainous landscape), ''mullai'' (forest and pastoral landscape), ''{{Transliteration|ta|marudam}}'' (agricultural plains and valleys), ''neidhal'' (coastal landscape), and ''paalai'' (desert landscape). However, several modern publishers do not strictly follow these divisions while publishing Manakkudavar's commentary, and instead structure the commentary according to Parimelalhagar's divisions.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=vi}} Manakkudavar is also known for his style of reordering the couplets within the chapter in order to keep together the couplets that closely resembled in meaning. This is adopted by later commentators, chiefly Parimelalhagar who additionally imparts new perspectives to Manakkudavar's elaborations.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|p=383}}

The word arrangement of Manakkudavar is often considered by modern scholars to be better than that of Parimelalhagar. According to [[P. S. Sundaram]], Manakkudavar's "division of words makes better sense without any sacrifice of the metrical requirements."{{sfn|Sundaram, 1990|p=9}} Manakkudavar also clears any apparent ambiguity that may arise while connecting the substance of different couplets. For instance, he clarifies the seemingly contradicting thoughts in couplets 382 and 428 by explaining how they are intricately related.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|p=138}}

==Variations in ordering of the Kural verses==
The following table depicts the variations among the early commentators' ordering of, for example, the first ten verses of the Tirukkural. Note that the ordering of the verses and chapters as set by Parimelalhagar, which had been followed unanimously for centuries ever since, has now been accepted as the standard structure of the Kural text.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:40%" rowspan="2"|Kural verse beginning
!colspan="5"|Couplet ordering
|-
!Manakkudavar's
![[Pari Perumal]]'s
![[Paridhi]]'s
![[Kaalingar]]'s
![[Parimelalhagar]]'s
|-
| Kural 1: அகர முதல எழுத்தெல்லாம்
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
|-
| Kural 2: கற்றதனால் ஆய பயன்
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
| 2
|-
| Kural 3: மலர்மிசை ஏகினான் மாணடி
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
| 3
|-
| Kural 4: வேண்டுதல் வேண்டாமை இலான்
| 6
| 6
| 5
| 7
| 4
|-
| Kural 5: இருள்சேர் இருவினையும் சேரா
| 7
| 7
| 6
| 6
| 5
|-
| Kural 6: பொறிவாயில் ஐந்தவித்தான்
| 8
| 8
| 7
| 7
| 6
|-
| Kural 7: தனக்கு உவமை இல்லாதான்
| 4
| 4
| 6
| 4
| 7
|-
| Kural 8: அற ஆழி அந்தணன்
| 5
| 5
| 10
| 9
| 8
|-
| Kural 9: கோளில் பொறியில் குணமிலவே
| 10
| 10
| 8
| 5
| 9
|-
| Kural 10: பிறவிப் பெருங்கடல் நீந்துவர்
| 9
| 9
| 9
| 10
| 10
|}

Being the earliest available commentary of the Tirukkural, Manakkudavar's work is considered to bear the closest semblance with the original work of the Kural text by [[Valluvar]].{{sfn|Pillai, 1917|pp=iii–viii}} Thus, Manakkudavar's commentary is considered the cornerstone against which other commentaries are compared to find variations in them. Researchers have found as many as 16, 20, 120, and 171 variations in the ordering of the Kural couplets by Pari Perumal, Paridhi, Parimelalhagar, and Kaalingar, respectively, with respect to the commentary by Manakkudavar.

The later commentators not only changed the original ordering of the couplets, but also changed the ordering of the chapters, chiefly in [[Aram (Kural book)|Book I]] of the Kural text. The modern chapters 10, 13, 17, 18, and 19 appearing under the subsection "Domestic virtues" of the Kural text appear as chapters 26, 27, 30, 31, and 32, respectively, under the subsection "Ascetic virtues" in Manakkudavar's commentary. Similarly, the modern chapters 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, appearing under the subsection "Ascetic virtues" appear as chapters 19, 20, 10, 16, 17, 18, respectively, under the subsection "Domestic virtues" in Manakkudavar's work.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=346–347}} The following table lists the variations between ordering of chapters in Book I by Manakkudavar (the oldest of the Medieval commentators) and that by Parimelalhagar (the latest).{{sfn|Pillai, 1917|pp=iii–viii}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=346–347}}{{clear}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! colspan="2"| Manakkudavar's ordering
! colspan="2"| Parimelalhagar's ordering (followed today)
|-style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''''Chapters under subdivision "Domestic virtue"''''' 5. Household life 6. The virtues of a wife 7. Offspring 8. Loving-kindness 9. Hospitality 10. Not lying 11. Gratitude 12. Impartiality 13. Patience 14. Right conduct 15. Not coveting another's wife 16. Refraining from anger 17. Ahimsa/not doing harm 18. Not killing 19. Shunning meat-eating 20. Not stealing 21. Dread of evil deeds 22. Social duty 23. Generosity 24. Glory
| '''''Chapters under subdivision "Ascetic virtue"''''' 25. Benevolence, mercy, and compassion 26. Kindness of speech 27. Self-control 28. Austerities 29. Hypocrisy 30. Not envying 31. Not coveting another's goods 32. Not backbiting 33. Not uttering useless words 34. Instability 35. Relinquishment 36. Realization of the truth 37. Rooting out desire
| '''''Chapters under subdivision "Domestic virtue"''''' 5. Household life 6. The virtues of a wife 7. Offspring 8. Loving-kindness 9. Hospitality 10. Kindness of speech 11. Gratitude 12. Impartiality 13. Self-control 14. Right conduct 15. Not coveting another's wife 16. Patience 17. Not envying 18. Not coveting another's goods 19. Not backbiting 20. Not uttering useless words 21. Dread of evil deeds 22. Social duty 23. Generosity 24. Glory
| '''''Chapters under subdivision "Ascetic virtue"''''' 25. Benevolence, mercy, and compassion 26. Shunning meat-eating 27. Austerities 28. Hypocrisy 29. Not stealing 30. Not lying 31. Refraining from anger 32. Ahimsa/not doing harm 33. Not killing 34. Instability 35. Relinquishment 36. Realization of the truth 37. Rooting out desire
|}

Spelling, homophonic, and other minor textual variations between Manakkudavar and Parimelalhagar commentaries are found in several verses such as couplets 139, 256, 317, and 445.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=xi}}

==Publication of the commentary==
Although the Kural text first came to print in 1812, becoming the first book ever published in Tamil,{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan 2013|p=206}} Manakkudavar's commentary did not appear in print for the next one hundred years. It was Parimelalhagar's commentary, which first appeared in print in 1840, that was published widely until then. It was only in 1917 that Manakkudavar's commentary for the [[Aram (Kural book)|first book of the Kural text]] was published by [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]].{{sfn|Manakkudavar, 1917}}{{sfn|Kumaravelan, 2008|pp=4–17}} Manakkudavar commentary for the entire Kural text was first published in 1925 by [[K. Ponnusami Nadar]].{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=76}} However, there are sources that claim that the first to publish Manakkudavar's commentary were Thiruvenkatavan University, Shrilashri Thampiran Vidhwan D. Pattuswami Odhuvar, and Palaniappa Pillai, all of whom published independently of each other.{{sfn|Chellammal, 2015|pp=133–134}}

==Reception==
Manakkudavar's commentary on the Kural text remains the second most popular, next only to that of Parimelalhagar.{{sfn|Meiyappan, 2003|p=v}}{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=368–369}} It remains the next reference point to understand the Kural text after Parimelalhagar's commentary and the second most analyzed Tirukkural commentary, chiefly by those who is critical of Parimelalhagar's commentary.{{sfn|Aravindan, 2018|pp=369}} According to [[M. S. Purnalingam Pillai]], Manakudavar's commentary "shows a knowledge of the Tamilian traditions, manners, customs and civilisation, and the arrangement of the verses in each chapter is rational and significant."{{sfn|Pillai, 2015|p=88}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Literature}}
* [[Ten Medieval Commentators]]
* [[Bhashya]]
* [[Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author= Manakkudavar |title= திருவள்ளுவர் திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவருரை—அறத்துப்பால் [Tiruvalluvar Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary—Book of Aram]. ''V. O. C. Pillai (Ed.)'' |year= 1917 |edition= 1|publisher=V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. 152 pp. | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Manakkudavar, 1917}}}}
* {{cite book |author= G. P. Chellammal |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுக் கோவை [Tirukkural Research Compendium] |year= 2015 |edition= 1|publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |language=ta |ref={{sfnRef|Chellammal, 2015}} }}
* {{cite book |author= M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுமாலை [Tirukkural Research Papers] |year= 2013 |edition= 1|publisher=Tamil University | location= Tanjavur |language=ta|isbn = 978-81-7090-435-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Kovaimani and Nagarajan 2013}}}}
* {{cite book |editor = R. Kumaravelan | title = திருக்குறள் வ.உ.சிதம்பரனார் உரை [Tirukkural: V. O. Chidhambaram Commentary] | publisher = Pari Nilayam | edition = 1st| date = 2008 | location = Chennai| language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Kumaravelan, 2008}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Vedhanayagam | first = Rama | title = திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும் [Tiruvalluvamaalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum] | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | edition= 1st | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Vedhanayagam, 2017}}}}
* {{cite book |author=I. Sundaramurthi|title=பரிமேலழகர் திருக்குறள் உரைத்திறன் [Critical Analysis of Parimelalhagar's Tirukkural Commentary]|url= |series= | year=2006|edition=1st|publisher= Meyyappan Padhippagam|location=Chennai|language= ta|isbn= |ref={{sfnRef|Sundaramurthi, 2006}} }}
* {{cite book | last = N. Velusami and Moses Michael Faraday
| title = Why Should Thirukkural Be Declared the National Book of India? | publisher = Unique Media Integrators | edition= First | date = February 2017 | location = Chennai | language = ta, en | isbn = 978-93-85471-70-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Velusami and Faraday, 2017}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Natarajan | first = P. R. | title = Thirukkural: Aratthuppaal | publisher = Uma Padhippagam | edition= First | date = December 2008 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Natarajan 2008}}}}
* {{cite book |author= M. V. Aravindan |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |year= 2018 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Aravindan, 2018}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Arunachalam | first = M. | title = Thamiz Ilakkiya Varalaaru, Patthaam Nootraandu | publisher = The Parker | edition= First (Revised 2005) | date = 1972 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Arunachalam, 1972}}}}
* {{cite book |author= M. S. Purnalingam Pillai |title= Tamil Literature |year= 2015 |edition= |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies | location= Chennai |language= |ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 2015}} }}
* {{cite book |editor = S. Meiyappan | title = திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை [Tirukkural: Manakkudavar Commentary] | publisher = Manivasagar Padhippagam | edition = 1st| date = 2003 | location = Chennai| language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Meiyappan, 2003}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Sundaram | first = P. S. | title = Tiruvalluvar:The Kural | publisher = Penguin Books | edition= First | date = 1990 | location = Gurgaon | isbn = 978-01-44000-09-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Sundaram, 1990}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Pillai | first = V. O. C. | title = திருவள்ளுவர் திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவருரை—அறத்துப்பால் [Tiruvalluvar Tirukkural Manakkudavar Commentary—Book of Aram] | publisher = V. O. Chidambaram Pillai | edition = First | date = 1917 | location = Chennai | language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Pillai, 1917}}}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* M. Arunachalam (2005). Tamil Ilakkiya Varalaru, Padhinaindhaam Nootraandu [History of Tamil Literature, 15th century].
* D. M. Vellaivaaranam (1983). Tirukkural Uraikotthu. Thiruppananthal Shri Kasimadam Publications.
* {{cite book | title=The Tamil Plutarch, containing a summary account of the lives of poets and poetesses of Southern India and Ceylon | last=Casie Chetty| first=Simon|author-link1=Simon Casie Chetty| pages=65| year=1859| publisher=Ripley & Strong| location=Jaffna|ref=The Tamil Plutarch}}

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Ten medieval commentators]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Tamil Jains]]
[[Category:10th-century Jains]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian scholars]]

Margaret Goschen, Viscountess Goschen

2026-01-24T10:26:02Z

VirgieSalter103: starting some article added tags

{{Short description|British aristocrat}}
{{Redirects here|Lady Margaret Gathorne-Hardy|3=Gathorne-Hardy family}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Margaret Goschen, Viscountess Goschen, in 1923.jpg|thumb|Lady Goschen in 1923]]

'''Margaret Evelyn Goschen, Viscountess Goschen''', {{Postnom|country=UK|CI|DStJ|sep=,|size=100%}} (''née'' '''Gathorne-Hardy'''; 4 July 1858 – 11 July 1943) was a British aristocrat, the wife of [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]], [[Governor of Madras]], who was appointed acting [[Viceroy of India]] in 1929. She was thus Vicereine of India between 1929 and 1931.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Indian Year Book |date=1941 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |pages=1003 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6gSAAAAIAAJ |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |date=1945 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman. |pages=985 |language=en}}</ref>

Born '''Lady Margaret Evelyn Gathorne-Hardy''', she was the daughter of prominent Conservative politician [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook]] and his wife Jane Stewart Orr.<ref name=":0">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood'' (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. pp. 1607–1608. {{ISBN|0-9711966-2-1}}.</ref> She was baptised at [[Benenden, Kent]] on 4 July 1858.<ref name=":0" /> Her elder brother [[John Stewart Gathorne-Hardy, 2nd Earl of Cranbrook|John Stewart Gathorne-Hardy]] succeeded to the [[Earl of Cranbrook|Earldom of Cranbrook]] upon the death of their father in 1906. Her niece was [[Dorothy D'Oyly Carte]], wife of [[Rupert D'Oyly Carte]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lady Margaret Evelyn Gathorne-Hardy, Viscountess Goschen (d.1943) 85208 |url=https://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Massue |first1=Melville Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVE4AQAAMAAJ&dq=dorothy+d%27oyly+carte+gathorne+hardy&pg=PA539 |title=The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who," of the Sovereigns, Princes, and Nobles of Europe |last2=15th of Raineval |first2=Marquis of Ruvigny |date=1914 |publisher=Burke's Peerage |isbn=978-0-85011-028-9 |pages=539 |language=en |author-link=Melville Henry Massue}}</ref>

On 26 January 1893, she married The Hon. [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|George Joachim Goschen]], son of prominent Liberal politician [[George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen]] and heir to the Viscountcy. Lady Margaret was eight-years his senior; Lord Goschen disapproved of the marriage and in an attempt to prevent it, sent his son to Australia to act as Secretary to [[Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey|Lord Jersey]].<ref name="spinner175">{{cite book |last=Spinner |first=Thomas J. |url=https://archive.org/details/georgejoachimgos00thom |title=George Joachim Goschen: The Transformation of a Victorian Liberal |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |year=1973 |isbn=0-521-20210-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgejoachimgos00thom/page/175 175] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The marriage took place nonetheless. They had three children<ref name=":0" /> during the course of their marriage:

* Lt. Hon. George Joachim Goschen (18 November 1893 – 16 January 1916), officer of the 7th Battalion, [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|East Kent Regiment]], expected to succeed, but died of wounds received in action at the [[Siege of Kut]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goschen |first=George Joachim |url=http://archive.org/details/wreathofmemories00gosciala |title=A wreath of memories |date=1917 |publisher=London : Arthur L. Humphreys |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life story: The Honourable George Joachim Goschen {{!}} Lives of the First World War |url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/1395375 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk}}</ref>
* Hon. Phyllis Evelyn Goschen (5 August 1895 – 27 May 1976), Lady-in-Waiting to Her Royal Highness the [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Princess Royal]] 1948–1965, married Lt Col. [[Francis Balfour (colonial administrator)|Francis Cecil Campbell Balfour]], nephew of Prime Minister [[Arthur Balfour]] and grandson of [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]].
* Hon. Cicely Winifred Goschen (29 April 1899 – 1980), married Maj. [[Portal baronets|Melville Edward Bertram Portal]], who had previously served as secretary to the Governor of Madras, in India.

Lady Goschen gave her name to the Viscountess Goschen Government Girls High School in [[Tharanallur]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], Tamil Nadu, and also to the Lady Goschen Hospital in [[Mangalore]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2019-08-02 |title=Viscountess Goschen Government Girls (Muslim) HSS in Tiruchi survives |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/viscountess-goschen-government-girls-muslim-hss-in-tiruchi-survives/article28796639.ece |access-date=5 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2012 |title=Lady Goschen Hospital |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/lady-goschen-get-facelift-soon-2308178 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She was appointed [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Lady of Grace, Most Venerable Order of Saint John]] (LGStJ). She was later appointed Dame of Grace, Most Venerable Order of Saint (DStJ). She was awarded the [[Order of the Crown of India|Imperial Order of the Crown of India]] (CI) in the [[1930 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33556|page=6|date=31 December 1929|supp=y}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal]] for her charitable works and services to Raj.<ref>Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood'' (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. p. 941. {{ISBN|0-9711966-2-1}}.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control|qid=Q75263726}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goschen, Margaret, Viscountess}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Gathorne-Hardy family|Margaret]]
[[Category:Daughters of British earls]]
[[Category:Goschen family|Margaret]]
[[Category:British viscountesses by marriage|Goschen]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Dames of Grace of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:People from Benenden]]

Pratiharas of Mandavyapura

2026-01-16T15:28:24Z

VirgieSalter103: done

{{Short description|Indian dynasty (6th – 9th centuries)}}
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The '''Pratiharas of Mandavyapura''',{{efn|[[IAST]]: Pratīhāras of Māṇḍavyapura}} also known as the '''Pratiharas of Mandore''' (or Mandor), were a dynasty that ruled parts of the present-day [[Rajasthan]] between 6th and 9th centuries. They first established their capital at Mandavyapura (modern [[Mandore]]), and later ruled from Medantaka (modern [[Merta City|Merta]]).

== Origins ==

The origin of the dynasty is described in two inscriptions: the 837 CE [[Jodhpur]] inscription of Bauka and the 861 CE Ghantiyala (or [[Ghatiya Assembly constituency|Ghatiyala]]) inscription of Kakkuka. According to the two inscriptions, the family descended from the brother of Ramabhadra. This brother is identified as the legendary [[Kshatriya]] hero [[Lakshmana]], the brother of [[Rama]]. He is said to have as a door-keeper ("pratihara") for Rama, because of which the family came to be known as Pratihara. The [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|imperial Pratiharas]] also claimed descent from the legendary hero [[Lakshmana]]. The members of the two families also share identical names such as [[Mihira Bhoja|Bhoja]], Kakkuka and [[Nagabhata I|Nagabhata]]. Based on these evidences, it appears that the two families were related, although the exact relationship between them is not known. It appears that the Pratiharas of Mandavyapura ultimately became feudatory of the imperial Pratiharas.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=19}}

== History ==
The earliest known historical members of the family are Harichandra and his second wife Bhadra. In Pratihāra inscriptions, Harichandra is mentioned as a ''vipra'' (implying a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] status) while Bhadra came from a [[Kshatriya]] noble family. They had four sons: Bhogabhatta, Kakka, Rajjila and Dadda. These four men captured Mandavyapura and erected a rampart there.{{sfn|Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra|1966|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Epigraphia Indica Vol. 18|publisher=[Archaeological Survey of India]|year=1983|pages=95 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56668/page/n135/mode/1up }}</ref> It is not known where the family lived before the conquest of Mandavyapura.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=20}}

A 625 CE inscription of a feudatory ruler named Rajilla has been found at Vasantgarh. This Rajilla and his father Vajrabhata Satyashraya were vassals of the [[Chavda dynasty|Chapotkata]] ruler Varmalata. B. N. Puri identified this Rajilla as Harichandra's son Rajilla, although the names of their fathers are different according to epigraphic evidence. Puri argued that the members of the two families shared similar names such as Tata, Bapaka and Bauka, and names ending in -bhata (Vajrabhata and Nagabhata).{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=20}}

=== Nagabhata ===

Nagabhata, fourth in line from Harichandra, moved his capital from Mandavyapura to Medantaka (modern [[Merta City|Merta]]).{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=20}} The original capital still retained its importance, as Nagabhata's successor Tata is said to have retired there.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=20}}

=== Tata ===
Nagabhata and his queen Jajjika-devi had two sons: Tata and Bhoja. The [[Chinese people|Chinese]] Buddhist traveler [[Xuanzang]] described a kingdom named ''Kiu-che-lo'' and its capital ''Pi-lo-mi-lo''. These two words have been identified as Chinese transcriptions of "[[Gurjar|Gurjara]]" and "Bhillamala" ([[Bhinmal]]). Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorized that the king of ''Kiu-che-lo'' was the Mandavyapura Pratihara king Tata. But [[Baij Nath Puri]] was critical of this theory, because Xuanzang describes the king as [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and his kingdom as the second largest in western India. The Mandavyapura [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara kingdom]] was a small one. Moreover, Xuanzang does not mention Mandavyapura or Medantaka. According to Puri, the ruler mentioned by Xuanzang was another king named Varmalata.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=24}}

Tata retired to a hermitage in Mandavyapura after handing over the kingdom to his younger brother [[Mihira Bhoja|Bhoja]]. Next, Tata's son Yashovardhana ascended the throne, possibly after a disputed succession.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=25}}
=== Shiluka ===
His descendant Shiluka is said to have "fixed a perpetual boundary" between the Stravani and Valla countries. He is also said to have "knocked down" the Bhattika Devaraja of Valla. This appears to be a reference to his victory over the neighbouring rulers. Stravani can be identified with a place in the modern [[Jaisalmer district]], and has been mentioned as "Taban" by the Arab writers. R. C. Majumdar identified Bhattika Devaraja as the Pratihara king [[Devaraja (Pratihara dynasty)|Devaraja]], but B. N. Puri disagrees with this theory.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=21}}

Shiluka also excavated a tank, established a new city and commissioned the Siddheshvara Mahadeva temple at a place called Treta.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=25}} His son Jhota retired after appointing his son Bhiladitya as king, and proceeded to the [[Bhagirathi]] river.

=== Kakka ===
Bhiladitya retired after handing over the kingdom to his son Kakka.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=23}} Kakka is said to have gained fame in the battle of Mudgagiri (modern [[Munger]]) against the ruler of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=22}} This probably refers to his participation in the campaign of his overlord [[Nagabhata II]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=26}}

He was married to Rani Padmini of the Bhati clan, considered to be identical with the Bhatis of Jaisalmer.<ref name="Brajadulal">{{cite book | last=Chattopadhyaya | first=Brajadulal | title=The Making of Early Medieval India, Second Edition | publisher=OUP India | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2012-10-11 | isbn=978-0-19-807725-1|page=81}}</ref>

According to the Jodhpur inscription, Kakka's son Bauka defeated and killed a king of the [[Maura Dynasty|Mayura dynasty]].{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=25}}

=== Kakkuka ===
Kakkuka, a step-brother of Bauka, was the son of Kakka and Durlabhadevi. According to a Ghantiyala inscription, he gained fame in the countries of Travani (Stravani), Valla, Mada, Arya, [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaratra]], [[Lata (region)|Lata]] and Parvata. This Another Ghantiyala inscription mentions that he established a market at a place called Rohiṃsakūpa, which had been deserted for the fear of the [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]]s.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=21}}

Kakkuka is the last known ruler of the dynasty. The dynasty probably ended with him, and the kingdom became a part of the territories of the imperial Pratiharas of Kannauj.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=26}} The Imperial Pratihara dynasty later broke into several small states after the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions. These branches fought each other for territory and one of the branches ruled [[Mandore]] till the 14th century.

This Pratihara branch had marital ties with [[Chunda of Mandore|Rao Chunda]] of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] clan and gave Mandore in dowry to Chunda, resulting in the Pratiharas getting absorbed into what later became [[Jodhpur State]]. This was specifically done to form an alliance against the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref name="DQ">{{Cite book |last=Belli |first=Melia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142 |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts |publisher=Brill |year=2005 |isbn=9789004300569 |pages=139}}</ref>

== Rulers ==

[[Rudolf Hoernlé]] assumed a period of 20 years for each generation, and placed the dynasty's founder Harichandra in c. 640 CE. [[Baij Nath Puri]] placed Harichandra in c. 600 CE. [[R. C. Majumdar]], on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE.{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=23}} The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers ([[IAST]] names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years:{{sfn|Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra|1966|p=3}}

* Harichandra (Haricandra) alias Rohilladhi, r. c. 550 CE
* Rajilla, r. c. 575 CE
* Narabhatta (Narabhaṭa) alias Pellapelli, r. c. 600 CE
* Nagabhata (Nāgabhaṭa) alias Nahada, r. c. 625 CE
* Tata (Tāta) and Bhoja, r. c. 650 CE
* Yashovardhana (Yaśovardhana), r. c. 675 CE
* Chanduka (Canduka), r. c. 700 CE
* Shiluka (Śīluka) alias Silluka, r. c. 725 CE
* Jhota, r. c. 750 CE
* Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka, r. c. 775 CE
* Kakka, r. c. 800 CE
* Bauka (Bāuka), r. c. 825 CE
* Kakkuka, r. c. 861 CE

Bauka and Kakkuka were sons of Kakka from different mothers. The [[Jodhpur]] and Ghantiyala inscriptions of the two step-brothers give same genealogy of the family, except the last two names. Since these two inscriptions were found not far from each other, it appears that Bauka succeeded Kakka (rather than the two dividing Kakka's kingdom).{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=19}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Baij Nath Puri |authorlink=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |oclc=2491084 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=Vibhuti Bhushan Mishra |title=The Gurjara-Pratīhāras and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDMJAQAAIAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=S. Chand |oclc=3948567 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Pratiharas]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Berar Province

2025-11-30T07:42:04Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{short description|British Indian province under the nominal sovereignty of Hyderabad State}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = 
|conventional_long_name =Berar Province
|common_name =Berar
|nation = [[Hyderabad State]]
|subdivision = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province of British India]] under the nominal sovereignty
|era =
|year_start = 1724
|date_start =
|event_start= The Nizam of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] becomes the ''de jure'' sovereign of Berar
|year_end = 1903
|date_end =
|event_end= Establishment of the [[Berar Division]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =Berar Subah
|s1 =Berar Division
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|image_flag =Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg
|image_coat =
|image_map =Hyderabad and Berar 1903.jpg
|image_map_caption = Hyderabad and Berar Province in 1903
|capital = [[Achalpur|Ellichpur]]
|stat_area1 = 29,340
|stat_year1 = 1881
|stat_pop1 = 2,672,673
|footnotes = {{EB1911|wstitle=Berar}}
}}
[[File:Map of the Hyderabad princely state (1909).svg|thumb|260px|[[Hyderabad State]] (dark green) and Berar Province not a part of Hyderabad State but also the Nizam's Dominion between 1853 and 1903 (light green).]]
[[File:Narnala fort.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Narnala]] Fort in Berar, 1860.]]
[[File:Princess Durru Shehvar (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Princess Durru Shehvar]] held the title of 'Princess of Berar'.]]

'''Berar Province''', also known as the '''Hyderabad Assigned Districts''', was a province of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. After 1853, it was administered by the British, although the Nizam retained formal sovereignty over the province. [[Azam Jah]], the eldest son of the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]], held the title of [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]-[[Baig]] ("[[Princely State|Prince]]") of Berar, modern day approximately Amravati Division of Vidarbha, Northern Maharashtra.

In 1881, the population of Berar was 2,672,673.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} The total area of the territory was {{convert|29340|km2|sqmi}}.

After 1 October 1903, the administration of the province was placed under the Commissioner-General for the [[Central Provinces]], as the [[Berar Division]]. In 1936, the territory was renamed as the [[Central Provinces and Berar]], and its legislative assembly was established.

The successor to Berar, with changed boundaries, is [[Amravati Division]] in the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]].

==History==

===Background===
{{main|Berar Subah}}
Before the Mughal occupation, Berar was a part of the Nizam Shahi Sultanate of Ahmadnagar. It was ceded to Emperor Akbar by [[Chand Bibi]] in 1596, who was unable to stand against the imperial forces led by Prince Mirza Murad. After this initial victory, Prince Mirza Murad settled in Berar, with Balapur as his headquarters. Near Balapur, he founded a new city named Shahpur and constructed a beautiful palace for himself. As his relationship was deteriorating with Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, the commander of the army, Akbar recalled Khan-i-Khanan and sent his trusted friend [[Abul Fazl]] to help him. Mirza Murad died in 1598. After his death, Mirza Daniyal was given the charge as governor of Berar, [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]], and [[Khandesh]], and Khan-i-Khanan was sent along with Mirza Daniyal. Akbar died in 1605.

In 1611, the southern provinces of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh defied Mughal sovereignty under Malik Ambar. Jahangir sent Man Singh and others to crush the revolt. Man Singh died a natural death on 6 July 1614 at Ellichpur. During Jahangir's rule, [[Malik Ambar]], till his death in 1626, recovered a substantial part of the Deccan from the Mughals including Berar. In 1628, the first year of the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] (Mirza Khurram), Berar again came under the Mughal sway.

In 1636, the Mughal possessions in Dakhin (Deccan) were divided into 4 Subahs. [[Berar Subah]] was one of them, with [[Ellichpur]] as its capital, and [[Gavilgad]] as its main fort. Aurangzeb was appointed Viceroy of the four Deccan Subahs for the first time, and he occupied the post for eight years (till 1644). He was again appointed viceroy for the second time in 1653, and he remained in that post till 1657{{clarify|text=[3]|reason=What is it?|date=March 2019}}. During Aurangzeb's reign, Mirza Azam was appointed at Berar, and then Amir Qamaruddin [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam (I)]] became the Viceroy of Berar. Berar was successively overrun by the Mughals after the Mughals appointed the Maratha Senapati Sawai Shri Shriman Santaji Bhonsle Seena Sahib-e-Subah because Santaji was the father-in-law of Mirza Bedarbakht, son of Mirza Azam, and grandson of Aurangzeb.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

In 1720, Maratha Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath had the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from Berar.

===Nizam and Maratha period===
In 1724, the ''[[Nizam|Nizam-ul-Mulk]]'' [[Qamar ad-Din Chin Qilij Khan Asif Jah I|Asif Jah]] established the independent line of the [[Nizams]] of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], and thenceforth the latter claimed to be ''de jure'' sovereigns of Berar, with exception of certain districts (Mehkar, Pusad, etc.) ceded to the Maratha [[Peshwa]] in 1760 and 1795. The claim was contested by the Maratha [[Bhonsle|Bhonsla]] rajas of [[Nagpur]], and for more than half a century the country was devastated by wars between the two.

This condition of things was ended by Wellesley's victories at [[Assaye]] and [[Battle of Argaon|Argaon]] (1803), which forced the Bhonsla raja to cede his territories south of Gawilgarh and [[Narnala|Narnala Fort]] and east of the [[Wardha River]]. The forts of Gavilgad and Narnala remained subject to the Bhosale raja of Nagpur.

By the partition treaty of Hyderabad (1804) between [[Nizam]] and the British, these ceded territories in Berar were transferred in perpetual sovereignty to the Nizam, together with some tracts about Sindkhed and Jalna, which had been held by [[Sindhia]]. The treaty of 1822 extinguished Maratha's right to levy tribute (''[[chauth]]''), the Wardha River was fixed as the eastern boundary of Berar, the Melghat and adjoining districts in the plains being assigned to the Nizam, in exchange for the districts east of the Wardha held by the Peshwa.

When Berar was no longer protected by its [[Maratha]] taskmasters, it remained long prey to the turbulent elements let loose by the sudden cessation of the wars. From time to time bands of soldiers, whom the government was powerless to control, scoured the country, and rebellion upon rebellion till 1859, when the last fight against open rebels took place at Chichamba near [[Risod]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===British Raj===
{{see also|Berar Division}}
At last, the British government intervened, and in 1853, a new treaty was signed with the [[Nizam]], under which the Hyderabad contingent was to be maintained by the British government, while the pay of this force and in satisfaction of other claims, certain districts were assigned to the [[British East India Company]]. It was these "Hyderabad Assigned Districts" that were popularly supposed to form the province of Berar. In 1860, by a new treaty modified in Nizam's favour of 1853, it was agreed that Berar should be held in trust by the British government for the purposes specified in the treaty of 1853.

After 1865, the [[American Civil War]] gave an immense stimulus to Berar's [[cotton]] trade, as did the laying of a railway line across the province.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Building Berar's prosperity on cotton, however, came with a price. During the [[famine]] of 1900, for example, nearly 8.5% of the population died, "with the greatest number of deaths", according to the historian Sven Beckert, "occurring in districts most specialized in cotton production".<ref>{{Cite book|title = Empire of Cotton: a Global History|last = Beckert|first = Sven|publisher = Knopf|year = 2014|location = New York}}</ref>

Through an agreement signed on 5 November 1902, 6th [[Nizam]] [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|Nawab Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]] leased Berar permanently to the British against an annual payment of 25 lakhs Rupees. [[Lord Curzon]] decided to merge Berar with the [[Central Provinces]], and this was proclaimed on 17 September 1903. Thus the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] was born by a Residency Order, dated 30 September 1903, and the administration of Berar was placed under the Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 March 2009 |archive-date=6 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006221954/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html |publisher=Buldhana District Gazetteer website |title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency-Buldhana district-History-British Period |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/his_british%20period.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 1 October 1903, Berar was placed under the administration of the British Commissioner–General of the Central Provinces. In 1936, with the establishment of the legislative assembly of the "Central Provinces and Berar", the territory was renamed as the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. Berar became known as [[Berar Division]].

====Administration====
In 1853, after the administration of the province was assigned to the British East India Company by the Nizam following a treaty, it was divided into two districts, South Berar with its headquarters at [[Hingoli]], and North Berar with its headquarters at [[Buldhana|Buldana]]. Both were placed under a deputy commissioner. After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Hingoli and its adjoining areas were restored to the Nizam and the province was reconstituted into two districts, East Berar with its headquarters at [[Amravati|Amraoti]], and West Berar with its headquarters at [[Akola city|Akola]].<ref name=amravati>{{cite web|url=http://amravati.nic.in/gazetteer/gazetteerA/history.html#.|title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency-Amraoti district-History and Archaeology|publisher=Amravati district website|access-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410083314/http://amravati.nic.in/gazetteer/gazetteerA/history.html#.|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1864, East Berar was divided into two districts: Amraoti and Southeast Berar (which was first renamed as Wun district and then in 1905, Yeotmal district), with headquarters at [[Yavatmal|Yeotmal]]. In 1867, [[Ellichpur District]] was also carved out of Amraoti.<ref name=amravati/> In 1864, the talukas of Malkapur, Chikhli, and Mehkar were separated from the West Berar District, and a new district, Southwest Berar District, was formed, which was renamed Mehkar District in 1865. In 1867, [[Buldhana|Buldana]] was selected as the district's headquarters, and later the district was renamed as Buldana district.<ref name=buldhana>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Buldhana/history.html#.|title=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency-Buldhana district-History and Archaeology|publisher=Buldhana District Gazetteer website|access-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205212848/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Buldhana/history.html#.|archive-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1868, [[Washim district|Basim district]] was formed.

Berar consisted of one Division with a Commissioner and six districts viz. Amraoti, Ellichpur, Wun, Akola, Buldana, and Basim in 1905. It was rearranged into four Amraoti, Yeotmal, Akola, and Buldana districts. In 1869, municipal administrations were introduced at Amraoti, [[Akola]], Ellichpur, Basim, Yavatmal, and Khamgaon. Later, Shegaon (1881), Akot (1884), and by 1904, four more, became municipal towns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_417.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 7, page 411 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524065924/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_417.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Officers of Berar Province====
* Commissioner - Lt. Col W Hastings
** Deputy Commissioner - A Godwin-Austen
* Judicial Commissioner - J K Batten
** Civil and Sessions Judge - F W A Prideaux<ref>{{cite book |title= The India list and India Office list |publisher= Great Britain, India Office |year=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ |quote= central provinces and berar. |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3VQTAAAAYAAJ/page/n743 37] }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Berar sultanate]]
* [[Berar Subah]]
* [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
* [[Vidarbha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Berar}}
{{coord|20|55|N|77|45|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}

[[Category:Regions of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]
[[Category:Berar]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1903]]
[[Category:1724 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:History of Vidarbha]]

Akkineni Ramesh Prasad

2025-11-15T03:47:34Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{Short description|Indian businessman and film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akkineni Ramesh Prasad
| image =
| caption =
| other_names = A. Ramesh Prasad
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1936|08|30}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Businessman Producer
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[L. V. Prasad]] (father)
| relatives = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] (cousin)
| awards =
}}

'''Akkineni Ramesh Prasad''' (born 30 August 1936) is an Indian businessman and film producer, best known for his role as the chairman of [[Prasad Studios]] and [[Prasads Multiplex]]. He is credited with advancing the technical capabilities of Indian cinema.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2006 |title=Ramesh Prasad Profile |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/profile-rameshprasad.html |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The son of filmmaker [[L. V. Prasad]], Ramesh Prasad earned an engineering degree in the [[United States]] before founding Prasad Film Laboratories in [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1974. Under his leadership, Prasad Film Laboratories became one of India's largest and most respected [[post-production]] facilities, with 12 branches across major cities, including [[Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], and international offices in [[Singapore]], [[Dubai]], and the United States. The laboratory has won the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|National Award for Best Cinematography]] eight times for laboratory processing. Ramesh Prasad introduced advanced technologies to Indian cinema, including [[digital intermediate]] and HD post-production, and expanded into areas such as [[Special effect|special effects]] and [[Film preservation|film restoration]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=22 September 2011 |title=Memories of another day |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/memories-of-another-day/article2476214.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |publisher= |via=}}</ref>

Ramesh Prasad further contributed to the film industry by establishing Prasads Multiplex (earlier Prasads IMAX) in Hyderabad, a landmark theatre that became one of the most popular venues in the city. Beyond his business ventures, he served as President of the [[Film Federation of India]] from 1988 to 1989 and has held leadership roles in various industry organizations.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Presidents of Film Federation of India |url=http://filmfed.org/PRE-Members2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927031710/http://filmfed.org/PRE-Members2.html |archive-date=27 September 2016 |website=[[Film Federation of India]] |publisher= |access-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a founder trustee of the [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]], one of India’s leading eye care institutions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.lvpei.org/about-us |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=L. V. Prasad Eye Institute}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Akkineni Ramesh Prasad was born on 30 September 1936 as the son of the Indian filmmaker [[L. V. Prasad]].<ref name=":1" /> Ramesh Prasad had a brief acting experience as a child in the film ''[[Samsaram (1950 film)|Samsaram]]'' (1950), where he played [[N. T. Rama Rao]]’s son. Despite the film’s success, he was more interested in playing cricket, and after being scolded by his father on set, he lost interest in acting. Ramesh found the film industry less glamorous and slower in recognition compared to today’s standards. Ramesh was initially upset when his father prioritized a film shoot over attending his own mother’s funeral, but later understood his father’s deep commitment to cinema.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

=== Prasad Labs ===
Ramesh Prasad obtained a degree in engineering from the [[United States]] and initially worked in fabrication. He later shifted his focus to the film industry by establishing Prasad Film Laboratories, which became a pioneering facility for film processing in India. At the time, there were no high-quality laboratories in [[Chennai|Madras]], and the lab's exceptional work quickly gained a reputation. Prasad Film Laboratories expanded with branches in cities like Hyderabad, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Thiruvananthapuram, and Bhubaneswar.<ref name=":0" /> Under Ramesh Prasad's leadership, the lab won the prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|National Award for Best Film Laboratory]] eight times for the laboratory processing. In 2002, Prasad Film Laboratories commissioned Asia's first integrated digital film lab in Mumbai, bringing cutting-edge technology to India.<ref name=":1" />

The Prasad Group, under Ramesh Prasad's management, has been instrumental in introducing new technologies such as [[digital intermediate]] and HD post-production to India. The company also ventured into special effects and the restoration of old Hollywood films. They also resumed film production, although Ramesh regretted the initial decision to stop making films after L. V. Prasad’s passing, out of fear of tarnishing his father's legacy.<ref name=":0" />

=== Prasads IMAX ===
In 2003, Ramesh Prasad expanded his ventures by opening [[Prasads Multiplex|Prasads]], an [[IMAX]] theater in Hyderabad. The idea came after a visit to the [[National Museum of Natural History|Smithsonian Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] in the early 1990s, where Ramesh watched an IMAX film ''[[To Fly!|To Fly]]'' (1976). Inspired by the experience, he decided to bring IMAX technology to India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasads: An Emotion to Millions in Hyderabad |url=https://www.theatreworld.in/prasads-an-emotion-to-millions-in-hyderabad/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=TheatreWorld |language=en-US}}</ref> Prasads became a landmark in the city, making history with the screening of ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' (2009), which attracted an audience of 300,000.<ref name=":0" />

=== L. V. Prasad Eye Institute ===
Ramesh Prasad is a founder trustee of the [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]], established through a donation by his father. He remains the longest-serving member of the institute's governing board, alongside [[Gullapalli Nageswara Rao|Dr. Gullapalli Nageswara Rao]]. The institute has become one of the leading eye care centers in India.<ref name=":3" />

=== Leadership roles ===
Ramesh Prasad has held numerous leadership positions in the film industry. He served as President of the [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce|South India Film Chamber of Commerce]] (1986-87, 1991-92), President of the [[Film Federation of India]] (1988-89),<ref name=":2" /> and President of the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce (2000-01). He was also a member of several advisory committees, including the Export Import Advisory Committee, the Governing Council of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]], and the Advisory Committee of the [[Children's Film Society, India|Children’s Film Society of India]].<ref name=":1" />

==Prasad Group==
*Prasad Productions Pvt Ltd
*[[Prasad Film Labs]]
*Prasad EFX
*Prasad Video Digital
*L.V.Prasad Film and TV Academy
*[[Prasads Multiplex]]/Mall Prasads IMAX
*Prasad Panavision
*DCE DubaI
*DCE Singapore and
*Prasad Corp USA.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3389359}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Akkineni Ramesh}}
[[Category:Akkineni Prasad family|Akkineni Ramesh Prasad]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shehzad Khan

2025-11-08T06:50:16Z

VirgieSalter103: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1966)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shahzad Khan
| image = ShehzadKhan.jpg
| caption = Shahzad Khan in 2012
| birth_name = Shahzad Ali Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|10|25}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| parents = [[Ajit Khan]]
| family = Arbaaz Ali Khan (brother)
| years_active = 1988 – present
}}
'''Shehzad Khan''' is an Indian actor who appeared in [[Bollywood]] films and TV serials.

== Early life ==
He is the son of actor [[Ajit Khan]], best known for his roles as villain, and Sarah, who was half-[[Canadians|Canadian]], and alongside his two brothers, Arbaaz (who has also acted in few films) and Abid, he grew up in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Patcy |date=21 October 2016 |title=How Ajit became a suave villain |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/how-ajit-became-a-suave-villain/20161021.htm |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Khan made his acting debut in 1988 film ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Iconic villain Ajit refused to help son Shehzad Khan in realising his Bollywood dreams: ‘Mere saath jitna zulm ho sakta tha…’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iconic-villain-ajit-refused-to-help-son-shehzad-khan-in-realising-his-bollywood-dreams-mere-saath-jitna-zulm-ho-sakta-tha-9185223/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is better known for his role of "Bhalla" in 1994 film ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]''.<ref name=":0" /> He is also popularly known for his character [[Tiger]] in the hit TV serial ''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]''. He also sang and wrote an album called ''Asli Loin Mix'' along with [[Sony BMG]]. He also tried his luck in production by producing a film titled ''Funda Apna Apna'' (2010), which never saw the light of release. He has mostly played henchmen or sidekicks to villains, but is known for his comic style of acting.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''Som Mangal Shani'' || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' || Shahid Khan ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1988 || ''Sala Ghudda'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Abhi To Main Jawan Hoon]]'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Purani Haveli (film)|Purani Haveli]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Khooni Murda]]'' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]'' || Chandy Muthalali's Son || [[Malayalam]] film
|-
|1993 || ''[[Dhartiputra]]'' || Mahipal Singh
|-
| 1993 ||''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]'' || Police Inspector || Special appearance
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Teri Payal Mere Geet]]'' || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Andaaz Apna Apna]]'' || Vinod Bhalla ||<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Barsaat (1995 film)|Barsaat]]'' || Khan Bhai ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Hum Hain Khalnayak]]'' || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Vishwa Vidhaata]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Tirchhi Topiwale]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Haste Hasate'' || Prince ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Gharwali Baharwali]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' || Inspector ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Hero Hindustani]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Sikandar Sadak Ka'' || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Shera (film)|Shera]]'' || Munna ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Chudail No. 1]]'' || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Trishakti]]'' || Inspector Tiwari ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Sindu - The Knowledge River'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Jwalamukhi (2000 film)|Jwalamukhi]]'' || Private Police Rana Jung Bahadur ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Woh Bewafa Thi'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''The Naked Truth'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Mera Saaya'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''The Revenge: Geeta Mera Naam'' || Phatak Singh ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Kabrastan'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Shaheed-E-Kargil]]'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Officer (2001 film)|Officer]]'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Ek Lootere'' || ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ittefaq (2001 film)|Ittefaq]]'' || Santa ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Arjun Devaa'' || Kishanlal ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Onnaman]]'' || City Police Commissioner Karunakaran ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' || Khairu || as Shahzad Khan
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]'' || Police Inspector K.K. Limbachia ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Khanjar: The Knife'' || Shaji ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Mumbai Matinee]]'' || Don ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Dil Bechara Pyaar Ka Maara]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Jawani Diwani: A Youthful Joyride|Jawani Diwani]]'' || Mannu Malik ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Tom, Dick, and Harry (2006 film)|Tom, Dick and Harry]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Bhoot Unkle]]'' || Robert || as Shezad Khan
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Mr. Black Mr. White]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Humsey Hai Jahaan]]'' || Gyaneshwar Singh ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Kirkit'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Chargesheet (film)|Chargesheet]]'' || Marian ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Loot (2011 film)|Loot]]'' || Lala's brother ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Daal Mein Kuch Kaala Hai]]'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Chal Bhaag]]'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2]]'' || Sher Ali's father ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' || Surahil Azim: National Employment Exchange Officer ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kaamyaab]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam]]'' || Mansoor Khan ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''Hello Bollywood'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Captain House]]'' || ||
|-
| 1996–1998 || ''[[Yug (TV series)|Yug]]'' || Son of Thakur ||
|-
|Rowspan="2"| 1997–1998 || ''[[Betaal Pachisi (TV series)|Betaal Pachisi]]'' || Shahdie ||
|-
| ''[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]'' || Various characters || 2 episodes
|-
| 1998–1999 || ''[[Hudd Kar Di]]''
|| Pathan ||
|-
| 1999–2000 || [[Hello Friends (TV series)|Hello Friends]] || ||
|-
| 2000-2003 || ''[[Gharwali Uparwali]]'' || fraud Godman ||
|-
| 2000–2004 || ''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]'' || Tiger ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Fooltoo Pagal Hai'' || Tiger ||
|-
|2006 || ''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R]]'' || Terrorist || Guest
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Best of Luck Nikki]]'' || Firoz Umang Sonawala ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' || Danger Mani Bhai ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1185344|name=Shehzad Khan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shehzad}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Canadian descent]]

Abdul Majid Mandal

2025-10-31T17:40:47Z

VirgieSalter103: basic fixed citations per standard format also and added references

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1948–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Majid Mandal
| office = Member of Parliament
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Abdul Latif Biswas]]
| successor = [[Abdul Momin Mondol]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|07|09|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|1|22|1948|07|09|df=y}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Awami League]]
}}

'''Abdul Majid Mandal''' ({{Langx|bn|আব্দুল মজিদ মন্ডল}}) (9 July 1948 – 22 January 2021) was an [[Awami League]] politician in Bangladesh who was member of parliament from [[Sirajganj-5]] and Founder of Mondol Group.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সিরাজগঞ্জের সাবেক এমপি মজিদ মণ্ডল আর নেই|url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/386484/সিরাজগঞ্জের-সাবেক-এমপি-মজিদ-মণ্ডল-আর-নেই|access-date=2021-10-05|work=Jugantor|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=সিরাজগঞ্জের সাবেক এমপি মজিদ মণ্ডল আর নেই |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/386484/সিরাজগঞ্জের-সাবেক-এমপি-মজিদ-মণ্ডল-আর-নেই |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Jugantor |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mandal was born on 9 July 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul Majid Mondol -আঃ মজিদ মন্ডল Biography |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/120/biography |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Amarmp |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=সাবেক এমপি আব্দুল মজিদ মন্ডল মারা গেছেন |url=https://barta24.com/details/national/113624/former-mp-abdul-majid-mandal-has-died |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Barta24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In November 2013, Mandal was nominated by Bangladesh Awami League to contest the 10th parliamentary elections from Sirajganj. The then incumbent Member of Parliament, Abdul Latif Biswas, lost the nomination to Mandal and this led many of Biswas's supporters in Sirajganj to resign from the Awami League in protest.<ref>{{cite news|title=AL nominations spark protests in several districts|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/al-nominations-spark-protests-in-several-districts|accessdate=13 March 2018|work=The Daily Star|date=30 November 2013|language=en}}</ref> Mandal became the president of [[Enayetpur]] thana unit of the Awami League despite not having any affiliation with the party before 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Infighting grips AL grassroots|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/infighting-grips-al-grassroots-55052|accessdate=13 March 2018|work=The Daily Star|date=13 December 2014|language=en}}</ref>

He was elected to Parliament on 5 January 2014 from Sirajganj-5, representing [[Belkuchi Upazila]] and [[Chauhali Upazila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul Majid Mondol -আঃ মজিদ মন্ডল History |url=https://amarmp.com/mp/120/history |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Amarmp |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=সাবেক এমপি আব্দুল মজিদ মন্ডল আর নেই, প্রধানমন্ত্রীর শোক |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/country/6681 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=dhakapost.com |language=bn}}</ref> He was a member of the Parliamentary Committee on the [[Ministry of Textiles and Jute]].<ref>{{cite news|title='No plan to sell Ahmed Bawani Textile Mills'|url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/95016/2017-05-18|accessdate=13 March 2018|work=theindependentbd.com|publisher=The Independent}}</ref> He is the founding chairman of [[Mondol Group]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT US {{!}} Mondol Group |url=https://mondol.net/index.php/about-us/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mandal died on 22 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Former lawmaker Majid passes away |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/01/22/former-lawmaker-majid-passes-away |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The parliament passed a condolence motion after his death in the 12th parliamentary session.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JS adopts condolence motion on death of sitting MP Samad, others |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/js-adopts-condolence-motion-on-death-of-sitting-mp-samad-others/66940 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=unb.com.bd |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-01 |title=12th session of parliament begins |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/parliament/2021/04/01/12th-session-of-parliament-begins |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> His son, [[Abdul Momin Mondol]], is the member of parliament from his former constituency Sirajganj-5.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Abdul Majid}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Shahzadpur Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]

{{Rajshahi-AL-politician-stub}}

Sushma Reddy (ornithologist)

2025-10-28T10:05:35Z

VirgieSalter103: details

{{Short description|Indian ornithologist}}

'''Sushma Reddy''' is an Indian [[ornithologist]], who serves as [[Chairperson|chair]] of ornithology at the [[Bell Museum of Natural History]] in the [[US state]] of [[Minnesota]], having been made a [[fellow]] of the [[American Ornithological Society]] in 2018. She discovered one new species and two new [[genera]] of birds in the [[Western Ghats]] of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sushma Reddy |url=https://fwcb.cfans.umn.edu/people/sushma-reddy |website=Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zampogna |first1=Gretchen |title=Welcome Dr. Sushma Reddy |url=https://www.bellmuseum.umn.edu/blog/dr-sushma-reddy/ |website=Bell Museum |access-date=13 March 2023 |date=9 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Daniel P. |title=Biology Professor Sushma Reddy discovers new bird species |url=https://www.luc.edu/features/stories/archive/6-6-17sushmareddyprofile.shtml |access-date=13 March 2023 |work=Loyola University Chicago |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Graham |title=Essential Ornithology |date=24 September 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-252695-3 |page=9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Publications: Générale |date=2000 |publisher=International Union of Biological Sciences. |isbn=978-92-9046-083-1 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Sushma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian ornithologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

Podu (agriculture)

2025-09-24T18:23:11Z

VirgieSalter103: enhance citations additionally

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{About|an Indian method of agriculture||Podu (disambiguation){{!}}Podu}}

'''Podu''' is a traditional system of cultivation used by tribes in India, whereby different areas of jungle forest are cleared by burning each year to provide land for crops.<ref>{{cite book |first=Atlury |last=Murali |chapter=Tribal Armed Rebellion of 1922-1924 in the Madras Presidency: A Study of Causation as Colonial Legitimation |title=Savage Attack: Tribal Insurgency in India |editor-first=Crispin |editor-last=Bates |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-35158-744-0}}</ref> The word comes from the [[Telugu language]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |volume=2 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=583 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gu_cN0MhteMC&pg=PA583 |first=Behram H. |last=Mehta |year=1984}}</ref>

Podu is a form of [[shifting agriculture]] using [[slash-and-burn]] methods. Traditionally used on the hill-slopes of [[Andhra Pradesh]], it is similar to the jhum method found in north-east India and the bewar system of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Since the 1930s, there have been attempts to restrict its use in order to conserve forests and permit growth of commercial tree species such as [[teak]]. In the 1980s, it remained the principal method of tilling land for some tribal communities in districts such as [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] and, most prevalently, [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], although even by the 1950s its use by the [[Kolam people|Kolam]] and Naikpod tribes of [[Adilabad district]] had been entirely suppressed. One reason for the difference in treatment is that tribesmen in some districts (e.g. Srikakulam) have violently defended their rights in tandem with [[Naxalite]] insurgents, while those in other districts (e.g. Adilabad) did not resist outside interference as strongly.<ref name="cvfh">{{cite book |title=Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival |first=Christoph |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-52004-315-2 |pages=75–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq6VDF9gB4gC&pg=PA75 |authorlink=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf}}</ref>

Ethnologist [[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]] has noted that, at least in some areas, the podu system also carried implied land rights. A resident of a village could return to land that they had previously cultivated as part of a rotation without fear of dispute from other villagers, although land that had lain unused for some time was considered to be common property and could be adopted for clearance by any villager. He noted that over the period 1941–1979, which were the occasions of his academic field-work, forest officials had introduced restrictions on use but that these were not as onerous in some places as in others, and that in villages with little flat land there were none at all.<ref name="cvfh"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=Food & Nutritional Security: Role of Food Assistance in India: Compilation of Papers from WFP State Consultation Series Held in Seven States of India, 2002-2003 |first=Nira |last=Ramachandran |chapter=Food Safety Nets |others=World Food Programme |publisher=Lancer Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-8-17062-250-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VY4P2YQ-D0C&pg=PA64}}

[[Category:Agricultural terminology]]
[[Category:Agriculture in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tribal communities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]

Satkor

2025-09-24T01:44:27Z

VirgieSalter103: stub

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Satkor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8169488|N|73.0375761|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 59
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1464
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551786
| footnotes =
}}
'''Satkor''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Satkor has 278 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 69.88%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1464 || 709 || 755
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 239 || 125 || 114
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1457 || 705 || 752
|-
| Literates || 856 || 493 || 363
|-
| Workers (all) || 898 || 431 || 467
|-
| Main workers (total) || 605 || 313 || 292
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 320 || 166 || 154
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 219 || 113 || 106
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 26 || 11 || 15
|-
| Main workers: Other || 40 || 23 || 17
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 293 || 118 || 175
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 105 || 30 || 75
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 121 || 44 || 77
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 18 || 5 || 13
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 49 || 39 || 10
|-
| Non-workers || 566 || 278 || 288
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Zee Marathi Awards 2016

2025-07-25T12:48:45Z

VirgieSalter103: Created a redirect

#Redirect [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards#2016]]

Cherian K. Cherian

2025-05-27T00:43:57Z

VirgieSalter103: done

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Cherian K.Cherian''' (born 24 October 1932 (kottayam, vikom)) is a [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] poet from [[Kerala|Kerala state]], [[South India]]. His collection of poems titled ''Cheriyan K. Cheriyante Thiranjedutha Kavithakal'' received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in the year 2007.<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw2.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</ref> His other works include ''Pavizhapputtu'', ''Airavatham'', ''Kushanum Lavanum Kuchelanum'' and ''Bhranthanum Bhasmasuranum''.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} His oeuvre also includes numerous [[Haiku]] poems in Malayalam.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Born in 1932 in [[Vaikom]] in [[Kottayam district]] of present-day [[Kerala]], he completed his education from [[Kerala University]] and [[Calcutta University]]. He taught English language at a school in Vadavukodu for a few years and then worked in the Publication Division of the Ministry of Commerce. He was the assistant editor of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Dr. P. V. Krishnan Nair|title=Sahityakara Directory: Malayala Sahityakaranmarude Vyakthivivarangal|language=Malayalam|year=2004|publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-7690-042-7|pages=480}}</ref> From 1973 onwards, he worked in the child protective services of [[Government of New York City]].

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Vaikom]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

{{india-poet-stub}}

Jahnavi Phalkey

2025-04-29T01:03:54Z

VirgieSalter103: Starting First Entry Added Tags

{{Infobox academic
| thesis_title = Science, state-formation and development: the organisation of nuclear research in india, 1938-1959.
| thesis_url = https://www.academia.edu/64966110/Science_state_formation_and_development_The_organisation_of_nuclear_research_in_India_1938_1959
| thesis_year = 2007
| doctoral_advisor = [[John Krige]]
| alma_mater = [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]
}}

'''Jahnavi Phalkey''' is a historian, specializing in the history of science and technology. In 2023, she was awarded the [[Infosys Prize]].

== Early life and education ==
After completing a B.A. from [[Elphinstone College]] and an M.A. from the [[University of Mumbai]], she went on to obtain an M.Sc. from the [[SOAS University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]] in 1996. She completed her Ph.D. in the history of science and technology from the [[Georgia Tech|Georgia Institute of Technology]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Mohit M. |date=2021-11-06 |title=In conversation with Jahnavi Phalkey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/access-to-science-is-what-every-society-needs-jahnavi-phalkey/article37337395.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080325/https://www.thehindu.com/society/access-to-science-is-what-every-society-needs-jahnavi-phalkey/article37337395.ece |archive-date=2023-11-21 |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahnavi Phalkey: The Scientific Storyteller |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-2024/jahnavi-phalke-the-scientific-storyteller/92079/1 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2023 - Jahnavi Phalkey |url=https://www.infosysprize.org/laureates/2023/jahnavi-phalkey.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.infosysprize.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Between 2011 and 2018, she worked as a senior lecturer at [[King's College London]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phalkey, Jahnavi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]
[[Category:Georgia Tech alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Historians of science]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chhota Bheem aur Krishna vs Zimbara

2024-12-20T01:03:44Z

VirgieSalter103: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Chhota Bheem]]

[[Category:Chhota Bheem]]

Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq

2024-10-26T08:40:38Z

VirgieSalter103: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq
| category = [[Islam]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| editor = [[Syed Ahmed Khan]]
| publisher = [[Syed Ahmed Khan]]
| country = [[British India]]
| firstdate = 1871
| frequency =
| issn =
| eissn =
| oclc =
| website =
}}
{{Aligarh Movement}}

'''''Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq''''' ({{Langx|ur|تہذیب الاخلاق}}) is a [[magazine]] established by the Muslim reformer [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] in 1871. The magazine published alternative [[Muslim]] perspectives, written in plain language. It gave voice to the publisher's religious, social, and reforming opinions, and is credited with establishing him as one of the fathers of Urdu fiction. Publication was interrupted in 1961 but restarted by [[Syed Hamid]] (Vice-chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]) in 1981. Since then it is being published regularly. There is now a separate office of ''Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quranwahadith.com/product/tehzeeb-ul-akhlaq/|title = Tehzeeb ul Akhlaq Magazine, AMU Magazine, تہذیب الاخلاق رسالہ}}</ref>

==History==
In April 1869 in London, Syed Ahmad Khan came across two social journals of social reformation, [[The Spectator|Spectator]] and [[Tatler]]. These two journals inspired Sir Syed to start a journal to reforms the Muslims of India. In a letter to his close friend [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], he discussed the idea of Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq, a journal for the social reformation of Muslims of India. He returned to Banaras, after an absence of about 19 months, in October, 1870. On 24 December, Sir Syed launched Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq. It was named after a book by the philosopher Hakim Abu Ali Maska of Turkistan.<ref name="Education and Politics">{{Cite book |last=Muhammad |first=Shan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BCcgC0kvsC&q=united+patriotic+association+sir+syed&pg=PA44 |title=Education and Politics: From Sir Syed to the Present Day : the Aligarh School |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-275-2}}</ref>{{rp|22}} It faced stiff resistance from the muslims of India but at the same time if found its well wishers too. Nawab Mohsinul Mulk, [[Chiragh Ali|Maulvi Muhammad Chiragh Ali Khan]], Maulvi Mushtaq Hussain, [[Altaf Hussain Hali|Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali]], [[Zakaullah Dehlvi|Shamsul Ulema Maulvi Zakaullah]], [[Shibli Nomani|Shamsul Ulema Allama Shibli Nomani]], Maulvi Mehdi Hasan, [[Syed Mahmood]], Syed Karamat Hussain, Samiullah Khan, Muhammad Nusrat Ali and Sir Syed wrote many articles on social and religious reforms.<ref name="AMU" /><ref name="Education and Politics"/>{{rp|23}}

From the inception in 1870 till 1881, Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq was discontinued twice and finally in 1881 it was merged with [[Aligarh Institute Gazette]].<ref name="AMU">[http://aligarhmovement.com/Institutions/Tahzibul_akhlaq], Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq - Aligarh Movement.</ref>

==Revival==
In 1981, a staunch supporter of Aligarh Movement and an AMU alumnus, [[Syed Hamid]], the then Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University re-started Tahzeebul Akhlaq as a Bi-monthly private journal. A committee was formed with Syed Hamid as its chief editor and Qazi Moizuddin as its editor.

In 1983, Prof. Noorul Hasan Naqvi of Department of Urdu took over the charge of editorship of the journal. He engaged young research scholar Dr. Qamrul Huda Faridi as Honorary Assistant Editor for the journal.<ref name="AMU" />

In April 1985, under the Vice Chancellorship of [[Syed Hashim Ali]] Aligarh Muslim University acquired Tahzeebul Akhlaq and allocated required administrative staff and building and made Aligarh Muslim University Vice-Chancellor as its Patron.<ref name="AMU" />

==See also==
* [[Aligarh Institute Gazette]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tehzeeb-Ul-Akhlaq}}
[[Category:Works by Syed Ahmed Khan]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Urdu-language magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1871]]
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]

Kheragarh

2024-08-25T03:07:59Z

VirgieSalter103:

{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kheragarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = A river at Bisahara, Kheragarh, Uttar pradesh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A river at Bisahara, Kheragarh, Uttar pradesh
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|56|N|77|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 33,045
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=26 December 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283121
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 915613
| registration_plate = UP 80
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kheragarh''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Agra district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The distance of the town from Agra is 40 kilometers.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kheragarh had a population of 33,045. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Kheragarh has an average literacy rate of 65.68%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 59.3%, and female literacy is 40.7%. In Kheragarh, 14.75% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==River==
Kheragarh is situated on the bank of river Utangan. Which merges with Parvati and [[Chambal River|Chambal]] rivers.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Agra district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Agra district]]

{{Agra-geo-stub}}