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Telugu names

2026-05-02T09:51:53Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{Short description|Naming convention}}

'''Telugu names''' refer to the naming conventions used by [[Telugu people|Telugu]] people, primarily from the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], and the [[Yanam district]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. Telugu names are distinctive for their use of a "family name, given name" format, in contrast to Western naming practices where the family name often appears last.<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6UfAAAAMAAJ&q=reverse|title=Telugu Personal Names|date=1964|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=5|language=en}}</ref> This practice is also observed among [[Han Chinese]], [[Koreans|Korean]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], and [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] peoples.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Charles Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnAIAAAAQAAJ&q=name|title=A Grammar of the Telugu Language|date=1857|publisher=printed at the Christian Knowledge Society's Press|pages=209|language=en}}</ref>

==Naming structure==
The Telugu naming structure places the family name (or {{Transliteration|te|iṇṭipēru}}, {{Literal translation|house name}}) first, followed by the given name. This order contrasts with [[Western name order|Western naming]] practices, which typically place the family name last. This can sometimes lead to confusion outside the Telugu-speaking regions.<ref name=":2" />

=== Family names ===
Telugu family names are often derived from a place, occupation, or historical event associated with the family. Examples include ''Kondaveeti'' (from Kondaveedu), and ''Kandukuri'' (from Kandukuru). Family names may also end with suffixes such as ''wada'', ''palli'' (village), ''veedhi'' (street), or ''giri'' (hill). Additionally, family names may indicate an occupation, such as ''Vungrala'' ("ring maker") or ''Gurram'' ("horse"), or signify wealth, as with ''Kasu'' ("coin"), potentially referring to jewelers. Unlike in Western cultures, where family names are prominent, Telugu people are often better known by their given names.

Telugu family names are frequently abbreviated. For instance, the former Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] is commonly referred to with initials for his family name and given names.

=== Given names ===
Telugu given names often reflect cultural and religious significance, with many derived from Hindu deities. Given names are sometimes compound words; in such cases, only the final word before the caste suffix is used in everyday address. For example, in the name "Veera Raghava Reddy", "Raghava" would be used informally.

=== Caste suffixes ===
Occasionally, a caste suffix, such as Reddy, Rao, Naidu, Sastri, Chowdary, Raju, Varma, Rayudu, Chary, Setty, or Gupta, follows the given name. In the name Virayala Ramchandra Reddy, "Virayala" is the family name, "Ramchandra" the given name, and "Reddy" the caste suffix.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Bamshad | first= M |display-authors=etal | date=Jun 2001 | title=Origins of Indian Caste Populations |journal=Genome Research | volume= 11 | issue= 6 | pages= 994–1004 |pmc=311057 |doi=10.1101/gr.gr-1733rr | pmid= 11381027 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Cultural and linguistic parallels==
The Telugu convention of placing the family name first shares similarities with the naming systems of other cultures, such as [[Koreans]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], and [[Hungarians]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=Japan to switch order of names in victory for tradition |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-names/family-comes-first-japan-to-switch-order-of-names-in-victory-for-tradition-idUSKCN1VR1LE |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian names]]
[[Category:Telugu names]]
[[Category:Telugu language]]

Bilaniyasar

2026-05-02T00:26:21Z

ViolaCnr7137989: Made Post

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bilaniyasar
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Bilaniyasar (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6164|N|73.8685|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 20.62
| population_total = 1388
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Bilaniyasar''' is a village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consists both irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census, conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 1,388, out of which 721 were males and 667 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Bilaniyasar village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69715-bilniyasar-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 52.67%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Bilaniyasar village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Bilaniyasar Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Bilaniyasar village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=2.5|value3=1.5|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Bilaniyasar village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.

==Transportation==
Transport facilities in this village are good. This village is located near [[State Highway 20 (Rajasthan)|SH-20]], and [[State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)|SH-20(B)]].<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dudawas]]
*[[Gajsukhdesar]]
*[[Jasrasar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)

2026-05-01T13:38:55Z

ViolaCnr7137989: Made A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Birendra Kumar''' (born 16 October 1976) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Rosera Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Samastipur district|Samastipur District]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Rosera Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:BJP Candidate BIRENDRA KUMAR wins from Rosera, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/rosera-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385815 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar is from Warisnagar, Samastipur District, Bihar. He is the son of Rajendra Paswan. He completed his graduation in 1995 at a college affiliated with [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]], Darbhanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birendra Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ROSERA (SC)(SAMASTIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=12303 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar won from Rosera Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 87,163 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nagendra Kumar Vikal of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 35,744 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Rosera Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Birendra Kumar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rosera-election-result-2020-live-updates-rosera-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061040.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birendra, Kumar}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Asif Ali (actor)

2026-04-25T09:13:04Z

ViolaCnr7137989: Put up bio

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{about|the Indian actor|the American actor|Asif Ali (comedian)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Asif Ali
| image = Asif Ali Malayalam Actor.jpg
| caption = Asif in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|2|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thodupuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = Marian College, Kuttikkanam
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Film producer|producer]]}}
| years_active = 2009{{En dash}}present
| spouse = Zama Mazreen Ali
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Askar Ali]] (brother)
}}

'''Asif Ali''' (born 4 February 1986)<ref>{{cite news |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=4 February 2015 |title=Asiali enjoys birthday in retro costume party |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Asif-Ali-enjoys-birthday-in-retro-costume-party/articleshow/46120782.cms |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> is an Indian [[actor]] and [[Film producer|producer]], who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Meenakshy|title=The Asif Ali interview: 'I want to do less but quality films'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/may/30/the-asif-ali-interview-i-want-to-do-less-but-quality-films-1821619.html|access-date=23 November 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 May 2018}}</ref> He started his film career with [[Shyamaprasad]]'s 2009 film, ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asif Ali, an actor who matured with time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-an-actor-who-matured-with-time/articleshow/64172878.cms|access-date=23 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 May 2018}}</ref>

During the subsequent years Asif went on to act in critically and commercially successful films including the romantic thriller, ''[[Apoorvaragam]]'', the road thriller film ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'', the romantic comedy film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' and the period drama movie ''[[Ozhimuri]]'', which got an official selection in the Indian Panorama section of the 43rd [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2012/October/citytimes_October189.xml&section=citytimes "A Panorama of choice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020100726/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2012%2FOctober%2Fcitytimes_October189.xml&section=citytimes |date=20 October 2012 }}. ''Khaleej Times''. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</ref> His 2013 film ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' was one of the major hits in that year and his 2015 film ''[[Nirnayakam]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Dinas|date=15 July 2011|title=Salt N'Pepper opens good|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saltn-pepper-opens-good--news-68506|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="SBO">{{cite news|title=Mixed bag of fortunes for Mollywood in Onam season|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mixed-bag-of-fortunes-for-mollywood-in-onam-season/article6431187.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 September 2014|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> His success streak continued by starring in the 2016 romantic movie ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'', the 2017 movie ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'', the campus thriller ''[[B.Tech (film)|B.Tech]]'' (2018) and ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'' (2019), which produced a hat-trick of hits for him with [[Jis Joy]]. His performances in the films ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' and ''[[Level Cross (film)|Level Cross]]'' earned him a special jury award at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]].

He made his debut as a producer in the 2015 film ''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]'' under his [[production company]] Adam's World Of Imagination|Adam's World of Imagination, which went on to be a success. Later he produced the 2016 film ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?|Kavi Uddeshichath]]'' and distributed various films including ''[[Vimaanam]]'' and ''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150618/entertainment-mollywood/article/asif-ali-turns-producer|title=Asif Ali turns producer|date=18 June 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Asif Ali was born in [[Karikkode (village)|Karikode]], [[Thodupuzha]], [[Idukki]], [[India]] on 4 February 1986. He obtained graduation degree from the Marian College, Kuttikkanam in [[Business Administration]]. While studying Asif modelled for ads and worked as a [[video jockey]].

== Personal life ==
Asif married Zama Mazrin in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-and-wife-zama-celebrate-seven-years-of-togetherness/articleshow/75995058.cms|title=Asif Ali and wife Zama celebrate seven years of togetherness|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2020|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> They have two children.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-alis-daughter-turns-three-take-a-look-at-the-cuties-birthday-bash/articleshow/76158180.cms|title=Asif Ali's daughter turns three! Take a look at the cutie's birthday bash|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 June 2020|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

==Acting career==
He was selected by [[Shyamaprasad]] to play one of the lead roles in his film ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]'' and received positive reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120709024102/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/shyamaprasad-rithu-film-300609.html Shyamaprasad's Rithu for the youth – Oneindia Entertainment]. Entertainment.oneindia.in (30 June 2009). Retrieved 2013-04-10.</ref> He was then approached by [[Sathyan Anthikkad]] to play an important role in his film ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]].'' His third film was ''[[Apoorvaragam]]'', directed by [[Sibi Malayil]].

Since then, he had acted in the films ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' and '' [[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]''. His next film was ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' written and directed by Rajesh Kannankara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ithu-nammude-katha/20110131.htm|title=Ithu Nammude Katha Review|website=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|date=31 January 2011|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> In 2011 Ali signed to appear in [[Aashiq Abu]]'s second movie ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' in which he played the role of Manu Raghav, a carefree youngster character who often puts himself into awkward situations trying to be over friendly.<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Vijay|date=30 June 2011|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bright-expectations/article2147222.ece|title=Bright expectations|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

He played cameo roles in ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]'', ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'', ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' and ''[[Ustad Hotel]].'' In 2013 he appeared In [[Jean Paul Lal]]'s directorial debut, ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' where he played the role of Sebastian<ref>{{cite web|title=Asif, Bhavana in Honeybee|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/asif-bhavana-in-honeybee-news-malayalam-ncntrFbahbc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216235015/http://www.sify.com/movies/asif-bhavana-in-honeybee-news-malayalam-ncntrFbahbc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref> which he followed with debutant [[Jis Joy]]'s ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]''. Ali sang four lines of the song "Aayiram Kannumaai", which was originally featured in [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]].''His next releases were ''[[Pakida]], [[Mosayile Kuthira Meenukal]]'' and ''[[Hi I'm Tony]]''. He played the role of Shabab in ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' and had a cameo role in ''[[Vellimoonga]]''.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Sapthamahsree-Thaskaraha/movie-review/42006699.cms|title=Sapthamahsree thaskaraha movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2015 he appeared In ''[[Nirnayakam]]'', ''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]'' and ''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150916/entertainment-mollywood/article/stoner-heist|title=From stoner to heist|last=K. S.|first=Aravind|date=16 September 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> His movie ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' went on to become one of the Superhit of 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anuraga-karikkin-vellam-malayalam-movie-review-20540.html|title=Anuraga Karikkin Vellam review. Anuraga Karikkin Vellam Malayalam movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz|date=11 July 2016|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> He reunited with [[Jean Paul Lal]] for ''[[Honey Bee 2:Celebrations|Honey Bee 2]]''. Sequel of 2013 Box office success [[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhavana-and-asif-ali-duo-will-have-two-releases-in-march/articleshow/57461264.cms|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Bhavana and Asif Ali duo will have two releases in March|work=The Times of India|date=4 March 2017|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Then he appeared in Mahesh Naryanan's
''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''. The film was shot in various parts of [[Dubai]] and released to widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news|last=Suresh|first=Meera|title=''Take Off'' is a thriller, but with emotions|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/21/take-off-is-a-thriller-but-with-emotions-1572765.html|access-date=23 November 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 February 2017}}</ref> In 2018, his major releases were '' [[B.Tech (film)|B Tech]]'', '' [[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]'' and ''[[Mandharam]]''. ''B Tech'' became a financial success, running for 100 days in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/b-tech-movie-review-highlights-too-much-cramped-into-the-first-half-of-the-course/articleshow/64037895.cms|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title='B. Tech' movie review highlights: Too much cramped into the first half of the course {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie News|date=5 May 2018|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref>

He started the year 2019 with ''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]'', which became a successful venture at box office. He played a critical role in the movie ''[[Uyare]]'', which had Parvathy and Tovino Thomas playing other characters. He played another critical role in the film ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'', based on a true story that occurred in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2019/04/26/uyare-parvathy-asif-ali-tovino-malayalam-movie-review-updates.html|last=Simon|first=Litty|title='Uyare' movie review: Parvathy joins the inspiring 'Sheroes'|website=OnManorama|date=26 April 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> He later acted in Nissam Basheer's directorial debut ''[[Kettyolaanu Ente Malakha]]'', which was a box office success and gained critical acclaim. Director [[Lal Jose]] appraised it to be his career's best. In 2021, his appearances included ''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]'' and ''[[Kunjeldho]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ellam-sheriyakum-teaser-asif-ali-and-rajisha-vijayan-play-a-couple/articleshow/86867506.cms|title='Ellam Sheriyakum' teaser: Asif Ali and Rajisha Vijayan play a couple|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 October 2021|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As an actor===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]''|| Sunny Immatty || Debut film ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Kadha Thudarunnu]]'' || Shanavas Ahammad || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/katha-thudarum-the-new-sathyan-movie-malayalam-news-55489|title=Katha Thudarum: The new Sathyan movie|website=IndiaGlitz|date=22 March 2010|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Apoorvaragam]]'' || Tomy|| ||
|-
|| ''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || Manu|| ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2011 || ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' || Rajeev || ||<ref name=sreeni>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vineeth-and-sreenivasan-in-traffic-tamil-news-54337|title=Vineeth and Sreenivasan in 'Traffic'|access-date=23 November 2022|website=IndiaGlitz|date=10 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]''||Vinod / Appu||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ithu-nammude-katha/20110131.htm|title=Review: Ithu Nammude Katha works|website=Rediff.com|access-date=23 November 2022|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|date=31 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Violin (2011 film)|Violin]]''||Aby||||
|-
|''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''||Manu Raghav||||
|-
|''[[Sevenes]]''||Sooraj||||
|-
|''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]''||Narrator|| rowspan="2" |Cameo appearance||
|-
||''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]''||Land Broker||
|-
|rowspan=13|2012||''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]''||Don Bosco||
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-asuravithu-is-a-bad-sequel/20120109.htm|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|title=Review: ''Asuravithu'' is a bad sequel|website=Rediff.com|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Unnam]]''||Aloshy||||
|-
|''[[Ordinary (film)|Ordinary]]''||Bhadran||||
|-
|''[[Mallu Singh]]''||Harinder Singh||Cameo appearance||
|-
|''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]''||Tony||||
|-
|''[[Ustad Hotel]]''||Himself||Cameo appearance||
|-
|''[[Ozhimuri]]''||Sharath||||
|-
|''[[Husbands in Goa]]''||Arjun||||
|-
|''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]''||Koshi Oommen||||
|-
|''[[916 (film)|916]]''||Prasanth||||
|-
|''[[Idiots (2012 film)|Idiots]]''||Messi||||
|-
|''[[Scene Onnu Nammude Veedu]]''||Himself||Cameo appearance||
|-
|''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]''||Prem||
|
|-
| rowspan=6|2013 || ''[[Cowboy (2013 film)|Cowboy]]'' || Vinay || ||
|-
| ''[[Kili Poyi]]'' || Chacko || ||
|-
| ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'' || Ramesh || ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || Sebastian/Seban || ||
|-
| ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'' || Chinnan || Segment: "Oru Bolivian Diary 1995" ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/d-company|title=D Company: Latest News, Videos and D Company Photos|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' || Kunchakko/Chacko || ||
|-
|rowspan=7|2014||''[[Pakida]]''||Aadhi||||
|-
|''[[Mosayile Kuthira Meenukal]]''||Alex||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mosayile-kuthira-meenukal-gets-u-certificate-news-malayalam-oe2mgUchihh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501122509/http://www.sify.com/movies/mosayile-kuthira-meenukal-gets-u-certificate-news-malayalam-oe2mgUchihh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2014|title='Mosayile Kuthira Meenukal' gets U certificate|work=Sify|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hi I'm Tony]]''||Sameer||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/miya-replaces-nazriya-in-hi-im-tony-south/20140609.htm|title=Miya replaces Nazriya in Hi I'm Tony|website=Rediff.com|access-date=23 November 2022|date=9 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]''||Prathapan||||<ref name="oneindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/suresh-gopi-asif-ali-jayasurya-movie-apothecary-131456.html|title=Suresh Gopi, Jayasurya, Asif Ali in Apothecary – Oneindia Entertainment|date=6 February 2014|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829025032/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/suresh-gopi-asif-ali-jayasurya-movie-apothecary-131456.html|archive-date=29 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]''||Shabab||||<ref name=auto/>
|-
|''[[Vellimoonga]]''||Josootty / Charlie||Cameo appearance||
|-
|''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]''||Anwar||||<ref name=Roundup>{{cite news|last=V.P.|first=Nicy|title='Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu' Review Round Up: Good Family Entertainer Starring Jayaram|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mylanchi-monchulla-veedu-review-round-good-family-entertainer-starring-jayaram-615601|newspaper=International Business Times|date=29 November 2014|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6|2015||''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]''||Abhi||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/roopesh-peethambaran-announces-you-too-brutus-news-malayalam-ngvmaqfdjbhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200601/http://www.sify.com/movies/roopesh-peethambaran-announces-you-too-brutus-news-malayalam-ngvmaqfdjbhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Roopesh Peethambaran announces 'You Too Brutus'!|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 June 2013|access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nirnayakam]]''||Ajay Siddharth||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/nirnayakam/review.html|title=Nirnayakam Movie Reviews, Nirnayakam Review, Nirnayakam Movie Review, Nirnayakam Critics Review|publisher=FilmiBeat|date=5 June 2015|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]''||He||Cameo appearance||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Double-Barrel/movie-review/48731110.cms|title=Double Barrel Movie Review|author=Prakash, Asha|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]''||Louis||||<ref>{{cite news|author=Simon, Litty|title='Kohinoor': Stirring up a toofan|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kohinoor-asif-ali-indrajith-vinay-govind-malayalam-movie-review.html|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=25 September 2015|access-date=27 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927195929/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kohinoor-asif-ali-indrajith-vinay-govind-malayalam-movie-review.html|archivedate=27 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Antony]]''||Faizal||Cameo appearance||<ref>{{cite news|author1=James, Anu|title='Amar Akbar Anthony' movie review by audience: Live updates|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-movie-review-by-audience-live-updates-650770|access-date=23 November 2022|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=16 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rajamma @ Yahoo]]''||Vishnu Yohannan / Yahoo|||||<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Rajamma at Yahoo review: Predictable, simple, average entertainer|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajamma-yahoo-review-predictable-simple-average-entertainer-655869|access-date=23 November 2022|work=International Business Times|date=21 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2016||''[[Ithu Thaanda Police]]''||Ramakrishnan||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-look-cute-and-innocent-they-say-and-then-give-me-scary-characters/articleshow/41196010.cms|last=Prakash|first=Asha|title=I look cute and innocent, they say, and then give me scary characters|work=The Times of India|date=30 August 2014|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''||Abhilash||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmilive.com/malayalam-movie/anuraga-karikkin-vellam.html|title=Anuraga Karikkin Vellam (2016) Movie Rating & Reviews, Box Office, Star Cast, Story, News, Songs|website=FilmiLive|access-date=3 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004043247/http://www.filmilive.com/malayalam-movie/anuraga-karikkin-vellam.html|archivedate=4 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]''||Kavalam Jimmy||||
|-
|rowspan=8|2017||''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations|Honey Bee 2]]''||Sebastian||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-signs-back-to-back-projects-with-debutants/articleshow/53796263.cms|title=Asif Ali signs back-to-back projects with debutants|last=Soman|first=Deepa|work=The Times of India|date=27 January 2017|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''||Faizal||Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/take-off-kunchacko-boban-fahad-fazil-parvathy-mahesh-narayanan.html|title='Take off' first look: Parvathy, Kunchacko and Fahadh all eyes to tell a tale|website=manoramaonline.com|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adventures of Omanakkuttan]]''||Omanakuttan||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/adventures-of-omanakuttan/cast-crew.html|title=Adventures Of Omanakuttan Cast & Crew, Adventures Of Omanakuttan Malayalam Movie Cast, Actors, Actress|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Avarude Raavukal]]''||Aashik Abu / Aashik Pattavayal||50th film||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Aju-Varghese-roped-in-for-Avarude-Raavukal/articleshow/51079009.cms|title="Aju Varghese roped in for Avarude Raavukal"|work=The Times of India|date=21 February 2016|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sunday Holiday]]''||Amal||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-shoots-in-his-lucky-location-for-sunday-holiday/articleshow/56969240.cms|title=Asif Ali shoots in his lucky location for Sunday Holiday|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|work=The Times of India|date=26 February 2017|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thrissivaperoor Kliptham]]''||Girija Vallabhan||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/thrissivaperoor-kliptham.html|title=Thrissivaperoor Kliptham (Thrissivaperoor Kliptham) Malayalam Movie,Thrissivaperoor Kliptham Movie Review, Wiki, Story, Release Date|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Honey Bee 2.5]]''||Himself||Cameo appearance||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/honey-bee-2-5/movie-review/60118409.cms|title=Honey Bee 2.5 Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Honey Bee 2.5 by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
||''[[Kaattu]]''||Nuhukkannu||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/padmarajans-son-scripts-asif-arun-kumar-aravind-film/articleshow/56563591.cms|title=Padmarajan's son scripts Asif-Arun Kumar Aravind film|last=George|first=Anjana|work=The Times of India|date=27 January 2017|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| 2018||''[[B.Tech (film)|B Tech]]''||Anand Subrahmaniam||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-alis-b-tech-first-look-poster-lines-up-all-the-main-actors-of-the-film/articleshow/62786337.cms|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Asif Ali's 'B tech' first look poster lines up all the main actors of the film|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
||''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]''||Vaishakan||||
|-
||''[[Mandharam]]''||Rajesh||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/26/asif-alis-mandharam-pushed-to-october-5-1877114.html|title=Asif Ali's Mandharam pushed to October 5|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 September 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=8|2019||''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]''||Vijay||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/vijay-superum-pournamiyum-the-second-poster-promises-a-lot-of-fun/articleshow/66497344.cms|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=Vijay Superum Pournamiyum: The second poster promises a lot of fun|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 November 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mera Naam Shaji]]''||Shaji George||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/12/asif-ali-nikhila-vimal-and-baiju-in-nadirshahs-mera-naam-shaji-1871227.html|title=Asif Ali, Nikhila Vimal and Baiju in Nadirshah's Mera Naam Shaji|work=The New Indian Express|date=12 September 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Uyare]]''||Govind Balakrishnan||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/08/uyare--audio-launched-by-mammootty-in-kochi-1961468.html|title=Uyare audio launched by Mammootty in Kochi|date=8 April 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''
|Vishnu Bhaskaran
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/virus-first-look-aashiq-abu-5338629/|title=Virus first look: Is Aashiq Abu's next based on Nipah outbreak?|date=4 September 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]''
||SI Rajan||Cameo appearance||
|-
|''[[Kakshi: Amminippilla]]''||Adv. Pradeepan Manjodi||||<ref>{{cite news|title=Asif Ali to play the role of a lawyer in Kakshi: Amminipilla|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/asif-ali-to-play-the-role-of-a-lawyer-in-kakshi-amminipilla/articleshow/65653847.cms|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|access-date=23 November 2022|work=The Times of India|date=3 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Under World]]''||Stalin John||||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/underworld-movie-review-highlights-a-first-half-about-the-underworld-and-one-upmanship/articleshow/71848683.cms|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=Underworld movie review highlights: A first half about the underworld and one-upmanship|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kettyolaanu Ente Malakha]]''
|Sleevachan
|
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2021
|''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]''||Himself||Cameo appearance||
|-
|''[[Aanum Pennum]]''||Kuttikrishnan||Anthology film Segment: ''Rachiyamma''||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aannum-pennum-anthology-to-hit-theatres-on-march-26/articleshow/81148771.cms|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Aannum Pennum anthology to hit theatres on March 26|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2021|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]''||Vineeth||||<ref>{{cite news|title=Ellam Sheriyakum Movie Review : A thought-provoking political drama|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ellam-sheriyakum/movie-review/87801767.cms|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kunjeldho]]''||Kunjeldho||||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2022 || ''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (2021 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]]'' || [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Sajan Philip || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/19/kuttavum-shikshayum-shoot-completed-2238123.html|title=Kuttavum Shikshayum shoot completed|work=The New Indian Express|date=19 December 2020|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Innale Vare]]'' || Aadhi Shankar || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/19/asif-ali-nimisha-sajayan-film-goes-on-floors-24047.html|title=Asif Ali-Nimisha Sajayan film goes on floors|date=19 April 2021|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mahaveeryar]]'' || Veerabhadran || ||
|-
| ''[[Kotthu]]'' || Shanu || ||
|-
| ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'' || Dileep || (Extended Cameo) ||
|-
| ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Giri || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]'' || Anand Anirudh || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kaapa-prithviraj-sukumaran-manju-warrier-asif-ali-and-anna-ben-to-star-in-fefkas-film/articleshow/85420957.cms|title=Prthviraj Sukumaran, Manju Warrier, Asif Ali and Anna Ben to star in FEFKA's film, Kaapa|access-date=23 November 2022|date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2023 ||''[[Maheshum Marutiyum]]'' ||Mahesh || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Maheshum Maruthiyum' to release on March 10 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/feb/28/maheshum-maruthiyumto-release-on-march-10-2551489.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || Nixon || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jude Anthany Joseph's 2018 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/23/jude-anthany-josephs-2018-gets-a-release-date-41414.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kasargold]]'' || Alby || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-29 |title=Asif Ali's 'Kasargold' all set to unleash breathtaking thrills upon its release on September 15 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-alis-kasargold-all-set-to-unleash-breathtaking-thrills-upon-its-release-on-september-15/articleshow/102234429.cms |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Otta (film)|Otta]]'' || S Hariharan || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otta trailer: Resul Pookutty's star-studded directorial debut promises some intense drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/20/otta-trailer-resul-pookuttys-star-studded-directorial-debut-promises-some-intense-drama-48804.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Ranjith Cinema]]'' || Ranjith || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannilorithiri Neram song from A Ranjith Cinema is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/29/kannilorithiri-neram-song-from-a-ranjith-cinema-is-out-49981.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2024 || ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' || John || rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-05-04 |title=Asif Ali's next film launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/May/04/asif-alis-next-film-launched |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]'' || Himself ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6yjtPmtuG0/?igsh=MWpuanp5MTM0M2k2cQ== | title=Instagram }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thalavan]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]]/[[Circle Inspector|CI]] Karthik Vasudevan || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Biju Menon, Asif Ali's next with Jis Joy titled 'Thalavan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/biju-menon-asif-alis-next-with-jis-joy-titled-thalavan/article67626982.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 January 2024 |date=11 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Level Cross (film)|Level Cross]]'' || Raghu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-20 |title=Level Cross Trailer: Asif Ali is a reclusive railway gateman guarding Amala Paul's secrets |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/20/level-cross-trailer-asif-ali-is-a-reclusive-railway-gateman-guarding-amala-pauls-secrets |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' || Prince || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-12 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu's Adios Amigo moves up release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/12/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodus-adios-amigo-moves-up-release-date |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' || Ajaychandran K.V || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-22 |title=Asif Ali-starrer Kishkindha Kaandam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/22/asif-ali-starrer-kishkindha-kaandam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' || [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Vivek Gopinath || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan to star in Jofin T Chacko's 'Rekhachithram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajan-to-star-in-jofin-t-chackos-rekhachithram/articleshow/112446617.cms |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarkeet]]'' || Ameer Karuvandivalappil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-31 |title=Asif Ali's Sarkeet gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/31/asif-alis-sarkeet-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aabhyanthara Kuttavaali]]'' || Sahadevan || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-28 |title=Asif Ali's Abhyanthara Kuttavali confirms release date, teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/28/asif-alis-abhyanthara-kuttavali-confirms-release-date-teaser-out |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mirage (2025 film)|Mirage]]'' || Aswin || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=2025-08-17 |title= Mirage: Teaser of Jeethu Joseph's film hints at another intricate thriller starring Asif Ali & Aparna Balamurali |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mirage-teaser-of-jeethu-joseph-film-hints-at-another-intricate-thriller-starring-asif-ali-aparna-balamurali/c042644fbf728 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film|italic=no|''Tiki Taka''}} || John Denver || Filming ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=Tiki Taka Christmas special poster featuring Asif Ali gives off Wolverine vibes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/25/tiki-taka-christmas-special-poster-featuring-asif-ali-gives-off-wolverine-vibes |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}





===As producer===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Year!!Film!!Role!!Director!!Notes
|-
|2015||''[[Kohinoor (2015 film)|Kohinoor]]''||Production||{{sortname||Vinay Govind}}||Debut Venture. Distributed by Time Ads
|-
|2016||''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?|Kavi Uddheshichath]]''||Production Distribution||Thomas Liju Thomas||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/i-was-confident-about-kavi-uddheshichathu-asif-ali-244393.html|title=I Was Confident About Kavi Uddheshichathu..? : Asif Ali|date=14 October 2016|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2017||''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations|Honey Bee 2]]''||Distribution||{{sortname||Jean Paul Lal}}||
|-
|''[[Vimaanam]]''||Distribution||Pradeep M. Nair||
|-
|''[[Goodalochana]]''||Distribution||Thomas Sebastian||
|-
|2018||''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]''||Distribution||Rohith V. S.||
|}

===As playback singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Years
!Film!!Song!!Ref
|-
|2013|||''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' ||Aayiram Kannumaay||
|-
|2019||''[[Vijay Superum Pournamiyum]]''||Pournami Superalleda|| Co Singer With [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] and [[Balu Varghese]]
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name!!Role!! Channel!!Notes
|-
|2020||''Comedy Stars season 2''||Himself||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Guest<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/comedy-stars-season-2-is-back-with-a-bang-relaunch-event-to-have-asif-ali-as-guest/articleshow/78214601.cms|title=Comedy Stars season 2 is back with a bang; relaunch event to have Asif Ali as guest|work=The Times of India|date=20 September 2020|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2023||''[[Geeta Govindam]]''||Himself||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Cameo Appearance<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/geetha-govindam-actor-asif-ali-to-play-a-cameo-in-a-special-episode/articleshow/98059314.cms?from=mdr|title=Geetha Govindam: Actor Asif Ali to play a cameo in a special episode|work=The Times of India|date=19 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Sunil Das || [[ZEE5]] || Anthology series ; Segment : Vilpana <ref>{{cite news |title=Manorathangal trailer: Kamal Haasan, Mammootty, Mohanlal, Fahadh Faasil star in Malayalam anthology. Watch |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/manorathangal-trailer-kamal-haasan-mammootty-mohanlal-fahadh-faasil-star-in-malayalam-anthology-watch-101721123624534.html |date=16 July 2024 |accessdate=18 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss Malayalam season 7]]''||Himself||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Guest<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.malayalamtv9.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-asif-ali-jeethu-joseph-and-aparna-visit-bb-house-mirage-movie-receives-great-response-2148698.html|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: ബിബി ഹൗസിൽ ഇനി ചെറിയ കളികളില്ല; അതിഥികളായി ആസിഫ് അലിയും ജീത്തുവും അപർണയും|work=TV9 Malayalam|date=22 September 2025|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result

!Ref
|-
|2010
|rowspan=4|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
|Best Villain
|''[[Apoorvaragam]]''
|rowspan=15 {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2011/01/03/stories/2011010350951300.htm|title=Ujala-Asianet Film Award winners|date=2 January 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309224537/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2011/01/03/stories/2011010350951300.htm|archive-date=9 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|Best Star Pair
|''[[Salt N' Pepper]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Nambiar|first=Smitha|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/asianet-film-awards-2013-winners-list-102810.html|title=List of 2012 Asianet Film Awards from ''Entertainment OneIndia''|publisher=Oneindia|date=21 January 2013|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://quintdaily.com/2017/08/thrissivaperoor-kliptham-movie-review-rating/|title=Thrissivaperoor Kliptham Movie Review and Rating (3.5/5) – QuintDaily|date=11 August 2017|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Best Star Pair along with [[Rajisha Vijayan]]
|''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''
|
|-
|2019||Performer of the Year||Various roles||
|-
|2015
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Film Critics Awards]]
|Special Jury for Best Actor
|''[[Nirnayakam]]''
|
|-
|2017
|rowspan=3|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]
|rowspan=2|Best Pair
|''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || Popular Actor || Various films ||
|-
| 2025 || [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || Special Jury award for Best Actor || ''[[Level Cross (film)|Level Cross]], [[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-04 |title=Asif Ali meets Mammootty after State Award win; Calls nomination alongside Mammukka a dream come true |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-meets-mammootty-after-state-award-win-calls-nomination-alongside-mammukka-a-dream-come-true/articleshow/125072780.cms |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Kannur Warriors FC]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|3981484}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Asif}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:People from Idukki district]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Surinder Singh Mankotia

2026-04-24T18:16:59Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created basic bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surinder Singh Mankotia
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|04|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| relations =
| education = Post Graduate
| constituency = [[Jaswan-Pragpur Assembly constituency]]
| successor2 = Surinder Singh Mankotia
| alma_mater =
| profession = Social Worker
}}

'''Surinder Singh Mankotia''' is an Indian politician associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Surinder Singh Mankotia Profile, News, Photos & Political Career - Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/kangra/key-candidates-surinder-singh-mankotia |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> He contested the 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election as the INC candidate from the [[Jaswan-Pragpur Assembly constituency|Jaswan-Pragpur constituency]], ultimately finishing as the runner-up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surinder Singh Mankotia(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- JASWAN-PRAGPUR(KANGRA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/HimachalPradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3233 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0811.htm?ac=11 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref> He served as a Gazetted Officer under the Government of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Surinder Singh Mankotia in Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/himachal-pradesh/surinder-singh-mankotia-jaswan-pragpur-candidate-s08a011c001/ |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He also contested from Jaswan-Pragpur in the 2017 assembly elections.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mankotia, Surinder Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2003–2007]]

Love Story (2005 film)

2026-04-22T03:18:41Z

ViolaCnr7137989: New Basic Page Needs Work.

{{Short description|2005 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love Story
| image = Love Story (2005 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Bharathi Kannan]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Bharathi Kannan
| story = [[K. Balachander]]
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Madan Patel]]
| starring = [[Mayur Patel]] [[Tanu Roy]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mathew Rajan
| editing =
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Media International
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|11|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love Story''''' is a 2005 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by [[Bharathi Kannan]]. The film stars [[Mayur Patel]] and [[Tanu Roy]]. This film is a remake of ''[[Maro Charitra]]'' (1978) and is about the love between a Hindi man and Kannada woman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_love_story02.asp |title= Counting on Love Story | date=13 March 2011 |access-date=2022-11-12 | publisher=viggy.com |archive-date=2022-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911065708/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_love_story02.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Uyir Ullavare''.
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mayur Patel]] as Ram
*[[Tanu Roy]] as Swapna
*[[Srinagara Kitty]]
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[Pramila Joshai]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
*[[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]
}}

== Production ==
This was the second venture of Madan Patel's Media International after the unreleased film ''Crazy Girls'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/vishwanath-launches-new-film/articleshow/12901321.cms|title=Crazy Girls|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2002|first=G. S.|last=Kumar|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref> The filming was held at Malpe, Udupi, St Mary’s Island, Karwar, Kumta, Gokarna and Honnavar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar142004/ent3.asp|date=14 March 2004|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=18 March 2025|title=Will this story create history?|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220191247/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar142004/ent3.asp|archive-date=20 December 2004}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] with lyrics by [[K. Kalyan]] except where noted. The song "Nanna Ninna" is based on "Tere Mere Beech" from ''Ek Duuje Ke Liye''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2654/kannada/love-story/642/review.htm |title=Love Story Kannada Movie |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|via=Nowrunning|first = R. G. |last= Vijaysarathy |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |access-date=2022-09-11 |archive-date=2022-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911065708/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2654/kannada/love-story/642/review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/love-story/QT5DNbeZqn8_|title=Love Story Songs, Download Love Story Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com|date=26 October 2005|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
*"Nanna Ninna Prema Geethe" (female) - [[K. S. Chitra]]
*"Mayagathi Mayagathi" - Mayur Patel, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
*"Hagulu Unte Suryanige" - [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], K. S. Chitra
*"Nanna Ninna Prema Geethe" - [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
*"Gillala Gillala" - [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[Shamitha Malnad]] (lyrics by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]])
*"Yaare Neenu Cheluve" - Rajesh Krishnan, Shamitha Malnad

== Reception ==
K. N. Venkatasubba Rao of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Though Mayur Patel has given his best as the hero, it is Srinagar Kitty as the villain who succeeds in registering his histrionic potential on a par with those artistes who played that role in original Telugu and Hindi films".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/27/stories/2005112702460200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116080910/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/27/stories/2005112702460200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2006 |title=A frame-to-frame remake of Marocharitra |last=Venkatasubba Rao |first=K.N. |date=27 November 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref> R. G. Vjayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said that "Being a faithful adaptation, some sequences of the film are well-narrated. But if outstanding performances were one of the main features of the original, except for a few artists like Mayur Patel, Komal and Pramila Joshai, the others fail to deliver in this remake".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/28love.htm|title=Love Story: Poor copy of a classic|date=28 November 2005|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911065708/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/28love.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' said that "If you watch Love Story without comparing it with its original (Kamal's performance or Balachandar's direction), you surely will enjoy the film and those melodious songs".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_love_story.asp |title=Love Story - film review |work= Viggy |access-date=2022-09-11 |archive-date=2022-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911065700/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_love_story.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathi Kannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Kinnerasani (film)

2026-04-21T23:46:34Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created first page basic info.

{{Short description|2022 Indian Telugu-language film by Ramana Teja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kinnerasani
| image = Kinnerasani 2022 film poster.jpeg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Ramana Teja
| writer = Sai Tej Desharaj
| producer = [[Ram Talluri]]
| music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar]]
| starring = [[Kalyaan Dhev]] [[Ann Sheetal]] [[Ravindra Vijay]]
| cinematography = Dinesh K. Babu
| editing = Anwar Ali
| studio = SRT Entertainments Shubham Entertainments
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|6|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kinnerasani-is-set-for-a-direct-ott-release-on-june-10 |title='Kinnerasani' is set for a direct OTT release on June 10 |date=6 June 2022}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Kinnerasani''''' is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Ramana Teja.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalyaan Dhev's new film titled as 'Kinnerasani' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyaan-dhevs-new-film-titled-as-kinnerasani/articleshow/79220382.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Produced by [[Ram Talluri]], the film stars Kalyan Dhev and [[Ann Sheetal]] in the lead roles while [[Ravindra Vijay]], Mahati Bikshu play the supporting roles with the music composed by [[Mahati Swara Sagar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kinnerasani Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/kinnerasani/movieshow/79256589.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=TOI}}</ref> The film was released on 10 June 2022 on [[ZEE5]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Plot ==
Jayadev writes a book called Kinnerasani, but somehow Veda finds a book that holds the key to her past, present, and future. Meanwhile, lawyer Venkat wants to avenge his lover’s death.Venkat helps Veda to protect them both from an uncertain future.

== Cast ==
* [[Kalyaan Dhev]] as Adv. Venkat
* [[Ann Sheetal]] as Vedha
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Jayadev
* Shriya Tyagi as Parvathi
* Kashish Khan as Vedha
* Mahati Bikshu as Kinnerasani
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]
* [[Bhanu Chander]]

== Release ==
The film was premiered on [[ZEE5]] platform on 10 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=10 June 2022 |title=ZEE5 to stream Telugu film 'Kinnerasani' on 10 June |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/zee5-to-stream-telugu-film-kinnerasani-on-10-june-11654836653338.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kinnerasani doesn’t have anything new to offer, barring a few twists and turns".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kinnerasani Movie Review : A thriller that lacks heft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kinnerasani/movie-review/92130689.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13458764}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:2022 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
{{2020s-Telugu-film-stub}}
[[Category:Films scored by Mahati Swara Sagar]]

Dharmshila Gupta

2026-04-19T05:32:43Z

ViolaCnr7137989: Made A Pg

{{Short description|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Bihar (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Ghoghardiha]], [[Madhubani district]], [[Bihar]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Parshuram Gupta|1983}}
| children = 2 sons, 2 daughters
| father = Asharfi Lal Sah
| mother = Bimla Devi
| education = [[B.Ed.]], [[M.Sc.]](Botany), [[Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater = [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
| profession = Educationist, Politician
}}
'''Dharamshila Gupta''' (born 1969) is an Indian politician who has been serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] since 2024.

__TOC__

==Early life==
Dharamshila Gupta was born in [[Darbhanga]], Bihar in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmshila Gupta(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):(BIHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=1044 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In February 2024, Gupta was nominated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was elected unopposed as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] in place of [[Sushil Modi]] from [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2024-02-20 |title=Bihar: Six candidates elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-bihar-six-candidates-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-latest-updates-rs-polls-2024-bjp-jdu-rjd-nitish-kumar-sanjay-jha-manoj-jha-lalu-prasad-tejashwi-2024-02-20-917780 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कौन हैं बिहार से BJP के राज्यसभा उम्मीदवार डॉ. धर्मशीला गुप्ता और डॉ. भीम सिंह, सुशील मोदी ने दिया ये रिएक्शन - BJP Rajya Sabha candidates from Bihar Dr Dharamsheela Gupta and Dr Bhim Singh Sushil Modi gave this reaction |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bjp-rajya-sabha-candidates-from-bihar-dr-dharamsheela-gupta-and-dr-bhim-singh-sushil-modi-gave-this-reaction-23650959.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Dharamshila}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Bibhuti Bhushan Jena

2026-04-18T23:53:23Z

ViolaCnr7137989: Put up a post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bibhuti Bhushan Jena
| birth_name =
| caption =
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| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
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| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
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| profession = Politician
| date =
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}}

'''Bibhuti Bhushan Jena''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bibhuti Bhushan Jena Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=92 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gopalpur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Bibhuti Bhushan Jena of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gopalpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916813.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jena, Bibhuti Bhushan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rawalpindi Massacres

2026-04-17T06:47:50Z

ViolaCnr7137989: added basic info initial version!

{{Short description|1947 massacres of Sikhs and Hindus in Rawalpindi, British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Rawalpindi Massacres{{sfn|Talbot|2019|loc=p.4: "The attacks on largely defenceless minority populations have earned the violence the title of the Rawalpindi Massacres. Outlying villages in the Rawalpindi district witnessed shocking violence against Sikh inhabitants. Around seven thousand to eight thousand people were estimated to have died."}}
| location = Rawalpindi Division, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| date = March 1947
| image = Rawalpindi massacres Thamali.jpg
| caption = Skeletal remains of people burned to death at [[Dhamali Kallar Syedan|Thamali]] during the Rawalpindi massacres.
| type = {{hlist|[[Riot]]ing|[[arson]]|[[rape]]}}
| fatalities = 7,000–8,000
| victims = [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s
| perpetrator = [[Muslim]] mobs, [[Muslim League National Guard]]
| motive = {{hlist|[[Massacre]]|[[religious persecution]]|[[ethnic cleansing]]|[[sexual violence]]|[[Forced conversion#Islam|forced conversions]]}}
}}
The '''Rawalpindi Massacres'''{{sfn|Talbot|2019|loc=p.4: "The attacks on largely defenceless minority populations have earned the violence the title of the Rawalpindi Massacres. Outlying villages in the Rawalpindi district witnessed shocking violence against Sikh inhabitants. Around seven thousand to eight thousand people were estimated to have died."}} (also '''Rawalpindi riots''')<ref>
{{citation |title=Witnessing Partition: Memory, History, Fiction |first=Tarun K. |last=Saint |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9780429560002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbKoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168}}
</ref> refer to widespread violence, including large-scale massacres and rapes, against [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s by [[Muslim]] mobs in the [[Rawalpindi Division (British India)|Rawalpindi Division]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] in March 1947. The violence preceded the [[partition of India]] and was instigated and perpetrated by the [[Muslim National Guard|Muslim League National Guards]], a quasi-paramilitary organisation affiliated with the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], as well as Muslim League's local cadres and politicians, demobilised Muslim soldiers, local officials and policemen.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=685}}{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=108}}

It followed the fall of a coalition government of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]], [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Akali Dal]], achieved through a six-week campaign by the Muslim League. The riots left between 7,000 and 8,000 Sikhs and Hindus dead, and set off their mass exodus from Rawalpindi Division.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|pp=374}}{{sfn|Talbot|2019|page=4}} 80,000 Sikhs and Hindus were estimated to have fled the Division by the end of April.{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=24}}{{efn|At least 200,000 Sikhs and Hindus overall from West Punjab, [[North West Frontier Province|NWFP]] and [[Baluchistan]] had left due to the violence during this time.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|pp=374-375}}}} The incidents were the first instance of partition-related violence in Punjab to show clear manifestations of [[ethnic cleansing]],{{sfn|Talbot|2019|page=10}}{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=67}} and marked the beginning of systematic [[Violence against women during the partition of India|violence against women]] that accompanied the partition, seeing rampant [[sexual violence]], rape, and [[forced conversions]], with many women committing [[mass suicide]]s along with their children, and many killed by their male relatives, for fear of abduction and rape.{{sfn|Major|1995|page=59}}{{sfn|Butalia|2013|p=73}} The events are sometimes referred to as the '''Rape of Rawalpindi'''.{{efn|The earliest use of this term comes from an eponymous 1947 booklet containing images from the massacres, compiled and published soon after the massacres.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chandra |first=Prabodh |title=Rape of Rawalpindi |date=1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/rawalpindi-riots-photographs-march-1947/page/10/mode/1up |via=archive.org }}</ref>{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=221}}}}

==Background==
[[File:Punjab 1909 (Rawalpindi division).jpg|thumb|[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] with the northernmost [[Rawalpindi Division (British India)|Rawalpindi Division]] highlighted in cyan]]
In the [[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1946 Punjab provincial election]], the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] (ML) won 75 of the 86 Muslim seats in the province and emerged as the biggest party, but failed to win any non-Muslim seats and fell short of the majority figure in the 175 seat assembly.{{efn|[[Bertrand Glancy]], the governor of the province at the time, estimated that the League had the support of only 80 members overall.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=113}}}} The Muslim [[zamindar]]-led secular [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]], which had won 18 seats, of whom 10 were Muslim, formed a coalition government with the [[Indian National Congress]], which was the second biggest winner after the ML, winning 51 seats, and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], which had won 20 seats, all from Sikh constituencies.{{efn|The coalition ministry claimed to have the support of 94 members in total.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|pp=149-150}}}} The Unionist Party's leader, [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], was elected the [[Premier of the Punjab|premier]].{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=148}}

After withdrawing from the [[Cabinet Mission]] plan in July 1946, Muslim League leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] called for "[[Direct Action Day|Direct Action]]" in August. The calls for direct action were followed by large-scale rioting and violence in [[Calcutta]], which gradually spread elsewhere during the following months.{{sfn|Brass|2003|p=76}}{{efn|The Punjab province is said to have remained unaffected by such violence due to the coalition government in place.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=178}}}} In December 1946, rioting was reported from the [[Hazara Division|Hazara district]] of the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (NWFP) after a Muslim League campaign to oust the Congress government in that province.{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=23}} The neighbouring [[Rawalpindi Division]] received thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees who had been driven out from the Hazara district.{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=88}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|pp=131-132}} In January 1947, Tiwana banned the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the [[Muslim League National Guards]], which prompted large "direct action" demonstrations by the Muslim League throughout the province that later turned violent.{{sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=52}}{{sfn|Hajari|2015|pp=97-99}} The Muslim League campaign worsened communal tensions in the province, which had already been raised after previous year's election campaign.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|pp=74-75}} On 20 February 1947, British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] announced that the British would leave India by June 1948.<ref>{{cite web |title = This Month in Constitution-Making (February 1947): Britain Announces … |url = https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blog/this-month-in-constitution-making-february-1947-britain-announces-it-will-quit-india/ |date = 2025-04-20 |archiveurl = https://archive.today/20250420220609/https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blog/this-month-in-constitution-making-february-1947-britain-announces-it-will-quit-india/ |archivedate = 2025-04-20 }}</ref>

==Events==
On 2 March 1947, Khizar Hayat Tiwana resigned as premier in light of the Muslim League agitations and campaign against his ministry, and the official announcement of the imminent end of British rule.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=178}}{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=23}} Although anticipated, a Muslim League-led coalition could not form due to the League's inability to assuage the fears of non-Muslim legislators, who had become increasingly hostile to the League and the demand for [[Pakistan]].{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=161}}{{efn|Much of this increased hostility is blamed on the League’s communal election campaign and later agitations in Punjab.{{sfn|Talbot|2013|p=161}}}} Akali Dal leader [[Master Tara Singh]] notoriously made a public spectacle of his disapproval of the Pakistan demand outside the Punjab Assembly on 3 March.{{sfn|Hajari|2015|loc=pp. 103-104: "A crowd of Leaguers had gathered outside [the Punjab Assembly] to heckle the Hindu and Sikh politicians, shouting "Quaid-i-Azam Zindabad!" and "Pakistan Zindabad!" Tara Singh whipped his kirpan out of his scabbard and waved it above his head. "Pakistan Murdabad!" he roared. Death to Pakistan!"}}{{sfn|Khan|2017|pp=84-85}} Communal clashes erupted in [[Lahore]] and [[Amritsar]] on 4 March after Hindus and Sikhs began demonstrations against the Pakistan demand. On 5 March, which marked the Hindu festival of [[Holi]], armed Muslim mobs started attacking Hindus and Sikhs in several cities of [[West Punjab]], including the cantonment town of [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Multan]], killing close to 200 in the latter with the casualties being mostly Hindu.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=207}}{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=104}} Several villages in the [[Multan District]] were attacked after dark, and many Hindus were killed and their properties looted or destroyed.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterjee|1998}}{{page needed|date=January 2025}}</ref> With no government in sight, Governor [[Evan Meredith Jenkins|Evan Jenkins]] imposed [[governor's rule]] in Punjab.{{sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=53}}

The rioting soon spread from the towns to the rural areas of Rawalpindi Division in northern Punjab. Faced with resistance from the Hindus and Sikhs in the divisional headquarters of Rawalpindi, Muslim mobs banded together and turned to the countryside.{{sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=23}}{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=23}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|pp=239-240}}{{efn|Some mobs had also come from neighbouring Hazara.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=212}}}} The mobs went on a rampage, engaging in arson, looting, massacres and rape, one village after the other in the districts of [[Rawalpindi district|Rawalpindi]], [[Jhelum district|Jhelum]] and [[Attock district|Cambellpur]] (present-day Attock). Sikhs were the primary targets, but Hindus were also attacked. In one incident, on 7 March, a train was raided by a mob at [[Taxila]], which killed 22 Hindu and Sikh passengers.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=219}} Houses in the Sikh and Hindu quarters of the village of [[Kahuta]] were torched with their occupants present inside, while women were abducted to be raped.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=223}}
[[File:Rawalpindi massacres survivors children.jpg|thumb|upright|Two children who survived the massacres with sustained burn injuries.]]
The village of [[Thoha Khalsa]] was the site of a much-publicised massacre. An armed Muslim mob laid siege to the village, asking the Sikh residents to convert to Islam. Sikh men killed female members of their families to prevent their abduction and rape, before being killed themselves by the attackers. More than 90 Sikh women and children committed mass suicide after jumping into a well to avoid rape.{{sfn|Butalia|2013|p=45}}{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=24}}{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=111}}<ref name="tribune pothohar massacre">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Ajmer |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/the-march-massacre-in-pothohar-443900 |title=The March Massacre in Pothohar |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814164321/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/the-march-massacre-in-pothohar-443900 |archive-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> The death toll at the village is estimated to be around 300. A similar massacre, mass suicide and looting also took place at the village of [[Choa Khalsa]], where around 150 Sikhs—and a smaller number of Hindus—were killed,<ref name="tribune pothohar massacre"/> and in the Sikh village of [[Dhamali Kallar Syedan|Dhamali]].{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|pp=223-231}}

In [[Bewal]] village, a house where villagers had taken refuge was besieged and villagers were asked to surrender their arms and convert to Islam. One group of the villagers took up the offer and were subsequently converted, while the remaining were periodically attacked. The house was set on fire, following which the villagers shifted to a Gurdwara where they were attacked and massacred. One survivor claimed that out of a total of 500 Hindu and Sikh villagers, only 76 had survived, of whom nearly half had been abducted.{{sfn|Pandey|2002|page=173}} Similar attacks happened at the villages of Mughal and [[Bassali]].{{sfn|Pandey|2002|pages=172,175}} [[Kallar Syedan|Kallar]], [[Doberan Kallan|Dubheran]], [[Jhika Gali]] and [[Kuri Dolal|Kuri]] were also attacked.{{sfn|Pandey|2002|page=177}}{{sfn|Talbot|2009|p=47}} Some of the survivors had been left disfigured and mutilated, breasts of many women who had been raped were cut-off.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|p=238}} Villages in the [[Gujar Khan]] and Cambellpur districts were decimated, dead bodies of children were found hanging from trees and girls as young as eleven had been gang-raped.{{sfn|Talbot|2009|p=47}} The [[All India Congress Committee]], in its report on the violence, described the strategy of the attacks as follows:{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=85}}{{Undue weight inline|date=April 2023|AICC Quote|reason=A report from a political party does not hold to similar standard as views from scholars and thus a full-fledged quote is definitely [[WP:UNDUE]]}}{{blockquote|First of all minorities were disarmed with the help of local police and by giving assurances by oaths on holy Quran of peaceful intentions. After this had been done, the helpless and unarmed minorities were attacked. On their resistance having collapsed, lock breakers and looters came into action with their transport corps of mules, donkeys and camels. Then came the ‘Mujahadins’ with tins of petrol and kerosene oil and set fire to the looted shops and houses. Then there were maulvis with barbers to convert people who somehow or other escaped slaughter and rape. The barbers shaved the hair and beards and circumcised the victims. Maulvis recited kalamas and performed forcible marriage ceremonies. After this came the looters, including women and children.}} Similar accounts of the attacks are recounted in [[first information report|first information reports]] (FIRs) given to the police by survivors.{{sfn|Pandey|2002|page=172}}
[[File:Rawalpindi massacres survivors men.jpg|thumb|left|A group of male survivors of the massacre, who were converted to Islam and subsequently had their ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' (unshorn hair) cut to short length]]
The attacks were premeditated, and rumours were spread through mosques to instigate Muslim villagers.{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=108}}{{sfn|Khosla|1989|loc=p.107: "On March 6 meetings were held in the village mosques and the Muslims were told that the Jumma Masjid at Rawalpindi had been razed to the ground by Hindus and Sikhs and that the city streets were littered with Muslim corpses. The audience was exhorted to avenge these wrongs."}} The attackers are said to have received weapons and funds from outside, and were partly funded by the Muslim League.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abid |first=Abdul Majeed |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre |title=The forgotten massacre |publisher=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |date=29 December 2014 |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225134346/https://www.nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre |archive-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> They were armed with guns, rifles, axes, swords, spears, sticks, and in two cases with hand grenades.{{sfn|Pandey|2002|page=171}} Houses of those driven out were razed and subsequently flattened up to prevent them from returning and rebuilding.{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=109}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=240}} Muslim houses were sometimes marked by their occupants to allow the attackers to distinguish them from houses of non-Muslims.<ref>{{harvnb|Chatterjee|1998}}{{page needed|date=January 2025}}</ref> The ancestral home of Tara Singh was also reduced to ashes. The mobs continued their campaign of loot and mass murder without hindrance.{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=109}} Muslim policemen aided and abetted the violence at many places throughout West Punjab, and at times responded inordinately late to appeals for help.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|page=87}}{{efn|Muslims comprised close to 75% of the police force in the Punjab province as a whole.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|page=86}}}} There is evidence of involvement of Muslim League cadres and local politicians in the attacks,{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|page=685}} but little evidence directly implicating the top leadership of the Muslim League—including Jinnah.{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=108}} However, no leaders of the Muslim League, national or provincial, offered any condemnation of the massacres.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=220}}{{efn|Political scientist [[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)|Ishtiaq Ahmed]] notes that Jinnah had issued strong condemnations for killings of Muslims in [[1946 Bihar riots|Bihar]] a few months earlier, but never did so for the Rawalpindi massacres.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=685}}}}

==Aftermath and Impact==
[[File:Lord Mountbatten visits Punjabi riot scenes.jpg| thumb|[[Louis Mountbatten]] inspecting burned buildings in [[Kahuta]] in the aftermath of the massacres]]
The violence ceased by the middle of March.{{efn|Attacks continued till 13 March, while at some places they continued till 15 March.}} At many places, attacks ended after the army moved in to rescue survivors. Many villages had their entire population wiped out while others had few survivors.{{sfn|Butalia|2013|p=198}} The official death toll for non-Muslims killed in the Rawalpindi district alone stood at 2,263,{{efn|This figure was mentioned in a note by the Home Secretary to Punjab Government in July 1947. The number of Muslim deaths stood at 38 according to it.{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=112}}}} however, this number was considered inaccurate due to "the widespread nature of disturbances" and a collapse of "normal administrative machinery".{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=112}} The number was based on registered police cases and did not include such cases "where whole families were wiped out and no claims were made".{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=112}} A contemporary [[Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee]] report put the number of dead at over 7,000.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=221}} Later scholars have given estimates ranging between 4,000 and 8,000 dead in the rural areas of Rawalpindi.{{sfn|Butalia|2000|loc=p.183: "Here [in Sikh villages around Rawalpindi], during an 8 day period from 6 March to 13 March much of the Sikh population was killed (estimates suggest 4–5,000 dead), houses were decimated, gurudwaras destroyed.}}{{sfn|Talbot|2019|loc=p.4: "The attacks on largely defenceless minority populations have earned the violence the title of the Rawalpindi Massacres. Outlying villages in the Rawalpindi district witnessed shocking violence against Sikh inhabitants. Around seven thousand to eight thousand people were estimated to have died."}}

Many women were abducted during the violence. 70 were abducted from the Doberan village, 40 from [[Harial]], 30 from Tainch, 95 from [[Rajar, Khushab|Rajar]] and 105 from Bamali. A further 500 were abducted from Kahuta and between 400 and 500 were abducted from Rawalpindi. Abducted women were often sold multiple times and raped by their captors.{{sfn|Butalia|2000|p=187}}

The massacres triggered a mass-migration of Sikhs and Hindus from the Rawalpindi Division to central and eastern Punjab, [[Phulkian dynasty|Sikh-ruled]] [[princely states]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Delhi]] and the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]. 80,000 Sikhs and Hindus were estimated to have fled the Division by the end of April,{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=24}} while at least 200,000 Sikhs and Hindus overall had left during this time from West Punjab, NWFP and [[Baluchistan]] due to the violence.{{sfn|Ahmed|2011|pp=374-375}} The descriptions of atrocities faced by these refugees provoked feelings of revenge, especially among the Sikhs.{{sfn|Ahmed|2019|p=54}}{{sfn|Talbot|2019|page=5}}{{sfn|Chattha|2011|p=161}} The massacres had a deep impact on the Sikhs and Hindus of the Punjab, who planned to avenge them later by unleashing similar violence on the Muslims of the [[East Punjab|eastern portions]] of the province, to make way for the settlement of the refugees who had been driven out from the west.{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=24}}{{sfn|Brass|2003|p=88}}{{sfn|Hajari|2015|p=157}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|pp=65, 693}} The Sikhs, in particular, felt especially humiliated as parts of the Muslim press taunted them after the massacres.{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=25}} The absence of condemnation of the massacres by leaders of the Muslim League widened the growing rift between the League and the Sikhs.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|pp=2, 220}} The riots also lead to the Congress and Sikh leaders of the Punjab demanding its partition.{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=138}} On 8 March, the [[Congress Working Committee]] passed a resolution to partition the Punjab.{{sfn|Butalia|2013|p=91}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=90}}

Survivors identified attackers by their names, occupations and home villages in FIRs after the massacres.{{sfn|Pandey|2002|pages=174–175}} Despite identification by fact-finding committees, few of the perpetrators were ever brought to justice, partly because of communal polarisation of the legal system.{{sfn|Talbot|2019|page=5}} The British administration threatened penalties for the worst cases of official negligence, however, these threats carried little weight owing to impending British withdrawal from the region.{{sfn|Talbot|2009|p=48}} Statements by the Muslim League were seen to be of more consequence; one prominent politician of the League offered protection for perpetrators and threatened action against such officials who maintained law and order, in the Attock district.{{sfn|Talbot|2009|p=48}} This established a precedent of impunity for officials and policemen acting in a biased manner.{{sfn|Talbot|2019|page=5}} Such failures to prosecute the perpetrators are seen to have enabled the later violence in Punjab, closer to the partition.{{sfn|Talbot|2009|p=52}}

==Legacy==
The events have produced some of the most unforgettable images of the partition violence.{{sfn|Pandey|2001|p=24}} It marked the beginning of partition-related ethnic cleansing in Punjab.{{sfn|Talbot|2019|page=10}}{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=67}} Those who died in the violence, especially those who killed themselves or were killed by their families to prevent anticipated conversion, rapes, abductions or forced marriages—which were seen as violative of community [[honour]]—were valorised for their sacrifice and continue to be seen as [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyrs]] in the Sikh community.{{sfn|Butalia|2000|p=189}}{{efn|An early example of this was when an April 1947 report in ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' compared the Thoha Khalsa mass suicide with the [[Rajput]] tradition of ''[[jauhar]]'' (self-immolation by women and children to avoid rape or enslavement by invaders in the face of defeat in a war).{{sfn|Butalia|2000|p=190}}}}{{efn|Many of those who remember the victims as martyrs are themselves survivors of the massacres, or descendants of survivors.}}

===Cultural depictions===
Images of the aftermath of the massacres were compiled by politician [[Prabodh Chandra (politician)|Prabodh Chandra]] and published in a booklet titled ''Rape of Rawalpindi'' in 1947, soon after the massacres. The circulation of this booklet was stopped by the government fearing retaliation against Muslims in East Punjab.{{sfn|Ahmed|2022|p=221}}{{efn|Historian [[Yasmin Khan]] states that the booklet contained one-sided and inflammatory commentary.{{sfn|Khan|2017|p=138}}}} The events, in particular the massacre and mass suicide at Thoha Khalsa, were depicted in the 1988 television film ''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]'', directed by [[Govind Nihalani]]. The film was based on [[Bhisham Sahni]]'s Hindi novel of the [[Tamas (novel)|same name]].{{sfn|Saint|2020|pages=99–105}}{{efn|Sahni had visited Thoha Khalsa in the aftermath of the massacres.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sahni |first1=Bhisham |first2=Pankaj K. |last2=Singh |title=Making Connections |journal=Indian Literature |volume=38 |number=3 (167) |year=1995 |pages=89–97 |jstor=23335872 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23335872 |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>}} An incident similar to the Thoha Khalsa mass suicide is also depicted in the 2003 film ''[[Khamosh Pani]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Manoj |title=Portrayal of Partition in Hindi cinema |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=70 |year=2009 |pages=1155–60 |jstor=44147759 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147759. |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref> A [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] novel based on the events called ''Khoon de Sohille'' written by [[Nanak Singh]] was published in 1948. It was translated into English as ''Hymns in Blood'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |last=Dutt |first=Nirupama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundabout-hymns-of-blood-at-chakri-village-on-river-soan-101659215581092-amp.html |title=Hymns in Blood at Chakri village on River Soan |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 July 2022 |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118082222/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/roundabout-hymns-of-blood-at-chakri-village-on-river-soan-101659215581092-amp.html |archive-date=18 January 2024}}</ref> Other works based on the violence include [[Kartar Singh Duggal]]’s 1951 Punjabi novel ''Nahun te maas'' (translated into English as ''Twice Born Twice Dead'' in 1979), [[Shauna Singh Baldwin]]’s 1999 English novel ''What the Body Remembers'' and Manjit Sachdeva's 2013 English novel ''Lost Generations''.{{sfn|Saint|2020|pages=151–155}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiyaq |title=The ‘curse’ over a Rawalpindi Sikh family |url=https://apnaorg.com/articles/dailytimes-49/index.shtml |publisher=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNA) |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] (original publisher) |date=1 July 2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed: Unravelling the 1947 Tragedy through Secret British Reports and First-Person Accounts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kooxugAACAAJ |publisher=Rupa/OUP Pakistan |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-5520-578-0 |id={{isbn|978-0-19-906470-0}}}}
** {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |author-link=Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist) |title=The Punjab: Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-93-5520-578-0 |year=2022}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |chapter=The 1947 Partition of Punjab |editor-last=Ranjan |editor-first=Amit |title=Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-08003-4 |year=2019 |pages=43–60}}
** {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |chapter=The 1947 Partition of Punjab |editor-last=Ranjan |editor-first=Amit |title=Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-08003-4 |year=2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjZ7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT46}}
* {{cite journal |last=Brass |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Brass |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |year=2003 |volume=5 |number=1 |pages=71–101 |doi=10.1080/14623520305657 |s2cid=14023723}}
* {{cite book |first=Urvashi |last=Butalia |date=1998 |title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-027171-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGklJI4eiNIC}}
** {{citation |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |author-link=Urvashi Butalia |title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-140-27171-3 |year=2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |author-link=Urvashi Butalia |chapter=Community, State and Gender: Some Reflections on the Partition of India |title=Inventing Boundaries: Gender, Politics and the Partition of India |editor-last=Hasan |editor-first=Mushirul |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=019-565103-0 |year=2000 |page=183}}
* {{cite web |last=Chandra |first=Prabodh |date=1947 |title=Rape of Rawalpindi |url=https://archive.org/details/rawalpindi-riots-photographs-march-1947/page/10/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas |title=Partition and Locality: Violence, Migration and Development in Gujranwala and Sialkot, 1947–1961 |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTbHcQAACAAJ |location=Karachi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-906172-3 |page=161}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Chanda |year=1998 |title=Muslim League Direct Action and Popular Reaction in the Punjab: The Multan and Rawalpindi Riots, March 1947 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147056 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=59 |pages=834–43 |jstor=44147056 |access-date=12 April 2023}}
* {{cite book |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |author-link=Nisid Hajari |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-547-66924-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |author-link=Yasmin Khan (writer) |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-12078-3}}
** {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |author-link=Yasmin Khan (writer) |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vEpDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Khosla |first=Gopal Das |title=Stern Reckoning: A Survey of the Events leading up to and following the Partition of India |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=9780195624175 |oclc=22415680}}
* {{citation |last=Major |first=Andrew | date=1995 |title=Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/00856409508723244}}
* {{cite book |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |author-link=Gyanendra Pandey (historian) |title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521807593 |year=2001}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |author-link=Gyanendra Pandey (historian) |title=The Long Life of Rumor |journal=Alternatives: Global, Local, Political |volume=27 |number=2 |year=2002 |pages=165–91 |doi=10.1177/030437540202700203 |jstor=40645044 |s2cid=142067944 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40645044 |access-date=13 April 2023|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Saint |first=Tarun K. |title=Witnessing Partition: Memory, History, Fiction |url=https://www.routledge.com/Witnessing-Partition-Memory-History-Fiction/Saint/p/book/9780367210366 |year=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=2nd |orig-year=2010 |isbn=978-0-367-21036-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-67256-6 |year=2009 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Talbot |first=Ian |chapter=Indo-Pak massacres |editor-last=Forsythe |editor-first=David P.|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights |publisher=OUP USA |volume=1 |year=2009 |pages=45–53 |isbn=978-0-19-533402-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC}}
* {{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=978-0-700-70427-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |year=2019 |chapter=The 1947 Partition violence: Characteristics and interpretations |editor1-last=Mohanram |editor1-first=Radhika |editor2-last=Raychaudhuri |editor2-first=Anindya |title=Partitions and Their Afterlives: Violence, Memories, Living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eLaDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] International |isbn=9781783488407}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:1947 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Rawalpindi District]]
[[Category:Sectarian violence]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Persecution by Muslims]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1947]]
[[Category:History of the All-India Muslim League]]

JS (magazine)

2026-04-16T09:12:46Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created initial stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian youth magazine (1967–1977)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = JS
| founder = Alfred Evan Charlton
| company = [[The Statesman]]
| frequency = Weekly (later fortnightly)
| editor = Desmond Doig
| category = Youth culture
| firstdate = {{Start date|1967|2}}
| finaldate = August 1977
| country = India
| based = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| language = English
}}
'''''JS''''' (originally '''''Junior Statesman''''') was an Indian English-language [[youth magazine]] published from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] by ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' from February 1967 until August 1977. Edited by Desmond Doig, it began as a weekly and later became a fortnightly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67759073|title=JS: The iconic magazine which 'invented' the Indian teenager|date=December 28, 2023|via=www.bbc.com|access-date=December 31, 2023|archive-date=December 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231234709/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67759073|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bhagat1999">{{cite magazine |last=Bhagat |first=Dubby |date=31 May 1999 |title=The World’s Oldest Teenagers |url=https://www.himalmag.com/cover/the-worlds-oldest-teenagers |magazine=Himal Southasian |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref>

''JS'' is described as India's first youth magazine and as an influential forum for urban Indian youth culture in the late 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="BS1997">{{cite news |date=4 March 1997 |title=Just In Time |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/just-in-time-197030401004_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="TOI2007">{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |date=4 February 2007 |title=This one's for you, JS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shashi-tharoor/shashi-on-sunday/This-ones-for-you-JS/articleshow/1568437.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref> It covered [[music]], [[fashion]], [[film]], [[campus|campus life]], and [[youth culture]].<ref name="Bhagat1999" /><ref name="AJ2021">{{cite news |last=Doulatramani |first=Chandni |date=9 December 2021 |title=The rise and fall of JS, India's 70s cult youth magazine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/9/the-rise-and-fall-of-js-indias-70s-cult-youth-magazine |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=16 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231232206/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/9/the-rise-and-fall-of-js-indias-70s-cult-youth-magazine|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The magazine originated as a project of Alfred Evan Charlton, the last British editor of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', who wanted a publication that would attract younger readers to the newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/nostalgic-homage-beautifully-executed-1503054520.html|title=Nostalgic homage, beautifully executed|first=Statesman News|last=Service|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=March 24, 2022|access-date=December 31, 2023|archive-date=December 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231234755/https://www.thestatesman.com/features/nostalgic-homage-beautifully-executed-1503054520.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Before leaving India in late 1966, Charlton recruited Doig, then an assistant editor at ''The Statesman'', to lead the new magazine.<ref name="Bhagat1999" /><ref name="AJ2021" />

In February 1967, the first issue of the magazine was published with [[the Beatles]] on its cover.<ref name="AJ2021" /> At that time, it was aimed at readers aged about 10 to 12, in keeping with Charlton's original brief. Within about six months, however, Doig had redirected the magazine toward older readers and the publication evolved from ''Junior Statesman'' into the magazine remembered simply as ''JS''.<ref name="Bhagat1999" />

In 1997, its circulation peaked at 40,000 copies.<ref name="BS1997" /><ref name="Bhagat1999" /> Although it was originally launched as a weekly, but by 1976, due to printing delays, it was forced to become a fortnightly magazine.<ref name="Bhagat1999" /> The magazine closed in August 1977.<ref name="BS1997" />

In 2016, bound volumes of the magazine were rediscovered in the former [[Mumbai]] office of ''The Statesman'' and scanned, which helped to preserve a partial archive of issues from 1970 to 1977.<ref name="AJ2021" />

==Content==
''JS'' used the strapline "For people who think young".<ref name="BS1997" /> Its editorial mix combined music, fashion, lifestyle and youth-issues reporting with comics, posters, short fiction, crosswords, horoscopes and sports coverage.<ref name="AJ2021" /><ref name="BS1997" /><ref name="TOI2007" /> It was an early Indian example of youth-oriented "infotainment", and it cultivated an interactive relationship with readers through campus correspondents, reader participation, and advertising specific to its audience.<ref name="BS1997" />

Among its recurring features were Dubby Bhagat's music column ''Disc-Cussion'', Jug Suraiya's ''Rear Window'', and ''Kookie Kol'', a witty reader-oriented feature associated with the sisters Papiya and Tuk Tuk Ghosh.<ref name="AJ2021" /><ref name="Bhagat1999" /> The magazine was also known for its pop-art graphics, illustrated layouts and fold-out posters.<ref name="TOI2007" />

==Writers==
* [[Dubby Bhagat]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/js-remembered-a-magazine-which-stopped-publication-almost-50-years-ago-lives-on-in-many-memories/|title=JS remembered: A magazine which stopped publication almost 50 years ago lives on in many memories|first=Jug|last=Suraiya|work=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times – The Times of India|access-date=2023-12-31|archive-date=2023-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231233221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/js-remembered-a-magazine-which-stopped-publication-almost-50-years-ago-lives-on-in-many-memories/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Desmond Doig]], Anglo-Irish journalist<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suraiya |first1=Jug |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/when-i-got-my-first-job/ |title=When I got my first job |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2024-01-01 |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101000943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jugglebandhi/when-i-got-my-first-job/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jug Suraiya]], former associate editor of the ''[[Times of India]]''<ref name="auto"/>
* [[M. J. Akbar]], Indian politician<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/columns/i-mean-what-i-say/recalling-js-shashi-tharoor-junior-statesman-magazine-1.7383995|title=Recalling JS|date=March 28, 2022|website=English.Mathrubhumi|access-date=December 31, 2023|archive-date=December 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231233941/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/columns/i-mean-what-i-say/recalling-js-shashi-tharoor-junior-statesman-magazine-1.7383995|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shashi Tharoor]], Indian politician<ref name="auto1"/>
* [[Anurag Mathur]], Indian journalist<ref name="auto1"/>
* Bhaskar "Papa" Menon, writer of Bounder column<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalmag.com/calcutta-days/|title=Calcutta days|date=May 31, 1999|website=Himal Southasian|access-date=December 31, 2023|archive-date=December 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231234227/https://www.himalmag.com/calcutta-days/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shashi-tharoor/shashi-on-sunday/this-ones-for-you-js/articleshow/1568437.cms|title=This one's for you, JS|work=The Times of India |date=February 4, 2007|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India|access-date=December 31, 2023|archive-date=December 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231234226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shashi-tharoor/shashi-on-sunday/this-ones-for-you-js/articleshow/1568437.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Magazines established in 1967]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1977]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct teen magazines]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Youth magazines published in India]]

Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:09Z

ViolaCnr7137989: added a info from scratch

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patti
| map_image = 23-Patti, Punjab.svg
| mla = [[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:202155}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 23
}}
'''Patti Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>
It is part of [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]] district and includes the town of [[Patti, Punjab]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| rowspan=4|[[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Harminder Singh Gill]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Patti}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]<ref name="Playing 20 March 2022">{{cite news |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann’s cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|votes=57323|percentage=39.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon]]|votes=46,324|percentage=31.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Harminder Singh Gill]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes=33,009|percentage=22.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,079|percentage=7.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,999|percentage= 7.59
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,44,922|percentage=70.9|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:204395}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Patti<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Harminder Singh Gill]]
|votes = 64,617
|percentage = 45.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Adesh Partap Singh Kairon]]
|votes = 56,254
|percentage = 39.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Ranjit Singh Cheema
|votes = 18,489
|percentage = 12.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Avtar Singh
|votes = 762
|percentage = 0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kartar Singh
|votes = 577
|percentage = 0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Harjinder Singh
|votes = 547
|percentage = 0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sukhwant Singh Virdi Chuslewar
|votes = 477
|percentage = 0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Bhupinder Singh
|votes = 470
|percentage = 0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)
|candidate = Jatinder Singh Pannu
|votes = 462
|percentage = 0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 758
|percentage = 0.40
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,363|percentage= 5.9
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,655|percentage=75.5|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:189850}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tarn Taran district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.28|74.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Jaisalmer Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:53Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created new details w/ refs

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaisalmer
| type = SLA
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-132-Jaisalmer.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaisalmer district| Jaisalmer]]
| division = [[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]]
| constituency_no = 132
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| preceded_by = [[Rooparam|Rooparam Dhandev]]
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
| mla = [[Chhotu Singh Bhati]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |title=State Assembly Election 2023 Notification |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/State_Assembly_Election_2023/Gazette%20Notification%20-%20List%20of%20contesting%20Candidates.pdf |website=Rajasthan Gazette |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:253418}}<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Jaisalmer Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name="delimitation2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="ceomap">{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Hadvant Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan=2|[[Hukam Singh (Rajasthan politician)|Hukam Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Bhopal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kishan Singh Bhati
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Chadravir Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Multanaram Barupal|Multana Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Jitendra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Gulab Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Gordhan Das
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Sang Singh Bhati
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|rowspan=2|[[Chhotu Singh Bhati]]
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|[[Rooparam|Rooparam Dhandev]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Chhotu Singh Bhati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaisalmer<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Chhotu Singh Bhati]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:104636}}
|percentage = 52.62
|change = {{increase}}11.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rooparam|Rooparam Dhandev]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:85949}}
|percentage = 43.23
|change = {{decrease}}13.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raghuveer Singh
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2262}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1602}}
|percentage = 0.81
|change = {{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18687}}
|percentage = 9.39
|change = {{decrease}}6.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198839}}
|percentage = 78.46
|change = {{decrease}}4.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Jaisalmer<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rooparam|Rooparam Dhandev]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:106531}}
|percentage = 56.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sang Singh Bhati
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76753}}
|percentage = 40.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1484}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29778}}
|percentage = 15.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187702}}
|percentage = 82.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jaisalmer district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{Coord|26.91|70.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

S. Shanmugam

2026-04-11T23:40:20Z

ViolaCnr7137989: added new info w/ refs!

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Shanmugam
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|4|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kattuppakkam
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
| term_start1 = 13 May 2001
| term_end1 = 11 May 2006
| predecessor1 = [[D. Sudarsanam]]
| successor1 = [[D. Sudarsanam]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''S. Shanmugam''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He is from [[Porur]] town in the [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur district]]. A member of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] party, he successfully contested the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee constituency]] and became a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 82-84.</ref><ref>https://resultuniversity.com/election/poonamallee-tamil-nadu-assembly-constituency</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Poonamallee<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Shanmugam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=62,220 |percentage=37.51% |change=+29.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chezhiyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,904 |percentage=36.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Moorthy |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=21,194 |percentage=12.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Andhridoss |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,628 |percentage=10.63% |change=-5.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramaiah Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,146 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ashokan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,827 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. N. A. Gouthaman |party=Independent politician |votes=941 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,316 |percentage=1.40% |change= -34.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=165,860 |percentage=54.14% |change= -7.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,344 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -15.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanmugan, S.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kerala awards

2026-04-10T12:36:20Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created initial entry added tags

{{short description|Kerala's civilian awards}}
{{Infobox award
| established =
| firstawarded = November 1, 2022
| awarded_for = Contribution towards society
| sponsor = [[Government of Kerala]]
| country = India
}}
'''Kerala awards''' are state-level [[civilian award]]s instituted by the [[Government of Kerala]], India on the model of the [[Padma awards]] instituted by the [[Government of India]].

Established in 2021, the awards are conferred on individuals who have made "priceless contribution to the society". The awardees are announced every year on 1 November, which is observed as the [[Kerala Piravi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vivek Rajagopal |title=Kerala to introduce state level awards on model of Padma awards: CM Pinarayi Vijayan |journal=India Today |date=22 October 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-to-introduce-state-level-awards-on-model-of-padma-awards-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-1867719-2021-10-21 |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

==Categories==

The Kerala awards are of three categories.

*'''Kerala Jyothi''': This is the highest award and will be conferred only on one person.
*'''Kerala Prabha''': This is the second highest award and is conferred on three individuals.
*'''Kerala Sree''': This is the third highest award and is conferred on six persons.

The awardees are to be selected by a special award committee after scrutiny by two subordinate committees and would be distributed in a ceremony that would be held in the [[Lok Bhavan, Thiruvananthapuram|Lok Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor]].

==Awardees==
The winners of the maiden Kerala awards were announced on 1 November 2022.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Kerala declares 1st-ever Padma-inspired awards; MT gets highest honour |journal=The New Indian Express |date=1 November 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/nov/01/kerala-declares-1st-ever-padma-inspired-awards-mt-gets-highest-honour-2513604.html |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=M T Vasudevan Nair chosen for Kerala's first highest state-level award |url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/national/m-t-vasudevan-nair-chosen-for-keralas-first-highest-state-level-award/445006.html |website=Press Trust of India |publisher=PTI |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

===Kerala Jyothi awardees===
{| class="wikitable sortable"

!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Image
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Occupation
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | {{refh}}
|-

|2022
|[[File:M T Vasudevan nair - cropped image.jpg|100px]]
![[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
|Writer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |first=Inputs |date=2022-11-01 |title=MT Vasudevan Nair is first recipient of Kerala Jyothi, state’s highest civilian award |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/mt-vasudevan-nair-first-recipient-kerala-jyothi-state-s-highest-civilian-award-169467#:~:text=Malayalam%20literary%20stalwart%20and%20Jnanpith%20laureate%20MT,civilian%20award%20instituted%20by%20the%20state%20government. |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UtkarshClasses |title=Famous Writer T Padmanabhan Awarded Kerala Jyothi Award |url=https://utkarsh.com/current-affairs/famous-writer-t-padmanabhan-awarded-kerala-jyothi-award |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Utkarsh Classes |language=en}}</ref>
|-

|2023
|[[File:T Padmanabhan 3.jpg|100px]]
![[T. Padmanabhan]]
|Writer
|
|-

|2024
|[[File:Sanu Mash.jpg|100px]]
![[M. K. Sanu]]
|Writer
|
|-

|2025
|[[File:MR_Raghava_variyar.jpg|100px]]
![[M. R. Raghava Varier]]
|Epigraphist
|
|-

|}

===Kerala Prabha awardees===
{| class="wikitable sortable"

!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Image
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Occupation
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | {{refh}}
|-

|rowspan="3"|2022
|[[File:SOP Mammootty2016.jpg|100px]]
|[[Mammootty]] (arts)
|Actor
|
|-
|
|[[Omchery N. N. Pillai]] (arts, drama, social service, public service)
|Playwright
|
|-
|
|[[T Madhava Menon]] (civil service, social service)
|Former Civil Servant and Social Worker
|
|-

|rowspan="2"|2023
|[[File:Justice Fathima Beevi.JPG|100px]]
|[[Fathima Beevi]]
|[[List of former judges of the Supreme Court of India|Justice of the Supreme Court]]
|
|-
|[[File:Soorya Krishnamoorthy.jpg|100px]]
|[[Soorya Krishnamoorthy]]
|Artist, Philanthropist and Scientist
|
|-

|rowspan="2"|2024
|[[File:S. Somanath, Director of VSSC, ISRO, speaks during the Heads of Agency Plenary of the 70th International Astronautical Congress (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[S. Somanath]] (science, engineering)
|Former chairman of [[ISRO]]
|
|-
|
| P. Bhuvaneswari
|Agriculture
|
|-

|rowspan="2"|2025
| [[File:Rajashree_warier.jpg|100px]]
|[[Rajashree Warrier]] (arts)
|Dancer, Musician and Writer
|
|-
|
| P. B. Aneesh
|Agriculture
|
|-
|}

===Kerala Sree awardees===
{| class="wikitable sortable"

!scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Image
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | Occupation
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;" | {{refh}}
|-

|rowspan="6"|2022
|[[File:Muthukad Photo.jpg|100px]]
|[[Gopinath Muthukad]] (social service, arts)
|Magician
|
|-
|[[File:Kanayi Kunhiraman Image (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|[[Kanayi Kunhiraman]] (arts)
|Sculptor
|
|-
|[[File:Kochouseph Chittilappilly DS.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]] (social service, industry)
|Industrialist
|
|-
|[[File:Mpparameswaran.jpg |100px]]
|[[M. P. Parameswaran]] (science, social service)
|Scientist
|
|-
|[[File:Dr. Sathyabhama Das Biju - cropped image.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sathyabhama Das Biju]] (science)
|Amphibian Biologist
|
|-
|[[File:Vaikom Vijayalakshmi DSW.JPG|100px]]
|[[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]] (arts)
|Singer
|
|-

|rowspan="5"|2023
|
|Punalur Somarajan
|Social Service
|
|-
|[[File:V. P. Gangadharan.jpeg|100px]]
|[[V. P. Gangadharan]] (health)
|[[Oncology|Oncologist]]
|
|-
|
|Ravi D. C. (industry and commerce)
|Industrialist
|
|-
|
|K. M. Chandrasekhar
|Civil Service
|
|-
|[[File:Ramesh Narayan.jpg|100px]]
|[[Ramesh Narayan]] (art, music)
|[[Hindustani classical music|Classical Vocalist]]
|
|-

|rowspan="6"|2024
|
|[[Vimala Menon]] (art)
|[[Mohiniyattam]]
|
|-
|
|Dr. T. K. Jayakumar
|Health
|
|-
|
|Narayana Bhattathiri
|Calligraphy
|
|-
|[[File:Sanju Samson in PMO New Delhi.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sanju Samson]] (sports)
|Cricketer
|
|-
|
|Shyja Baby
|Social Service
|
|-
|
|V. K. Mathews
|Industry, Commerce
|
|-

|rowspan="5"|2025
|
|Shashi Kumar
|Media
|
|-
|
|Shahal Hassan Musaliar
|Education
|
|-
|
|M.K. Vimal Govind
|Start-ups
|
|-
|
|Jilumol Mariyat Thomas
|Various fields
|
|-
|
|Abhilash Tomy
|Sports
|
|-

|}

==See also==
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Awards for contributions to society]]
[[Category:Kerala awards| ]]

Owk mandal

2026-04-08T01:03:55Z

ViolaCnr7137989: added first entry v1!

{{other uses|OWK (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Owk
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name = Avuku
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.2167|N|78.1167|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 476
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 194
| population_total = 50452
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 518122
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive map outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Owk''' is a [[Tehsil|mandal]] in [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The mandal is part of [[Banaganapalle revenue division]] from 31 Dec 2025. <ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

==Geography==
Owk is located at {{coord|15.2167|N|78.1167|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Owk.html Falling Rain Genomics.Owk]</ref> It has an average elevation of 194 meters (639 feet).

Owk is known for the nearby [[Belum Caves]]. The temple of Lord [[Chennakeshava]] was built during Krishna Deva Raya's reign by Nalla Thimmaraju, founder of Owk. An avatar of Adisakti worshiped as ''Mulama'' here. There is a big reservoir which was built by the then kings of Owk, namely "Thimmaraju Cheruvu".

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2017}}
The former [[zamindar]]s trace their origins back to the 15th century when [[Bukka]] obtained the [[zamindari]] estate from the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Raja of Vijayanagar]]. Avuku State was founded in 1463 AD the same Thimmaraju who built the Owk tank, the son in law of great emperor Sri Krishna Devaraya, Aliya Rama Rayalu was younger co-brother of Thimmaraju who constructed Owk tank which was known well as Thimmaraju cheruvu at present the same tank was converted as reservoir by raising its bund to 220 feet height the reservoir has internal area of more than 1000 acres and it is main source of irrigation in Ryalasema region and also providing drinking water facility to nearby villages and towns. The descendants of the Thimmaraju by name Nandyala Ramakrishna Raju aged 57, Nandyala Trivikrama Varma aged 55 and he has one son by name Nandyala Avinash Prashanth Varma aged 26 are residing at owk, it has one long street there is a Lord Vishnu Temple constructed by Nandyala Chinna Krishnama Raju in 17th century, There is a Temple by deity name Mullama she is treated as incarnation of Adhiparashakthi and treated as Grama Devatha of Owk Village. There are two water falls namely, Gollaleru and Paleru respectively. Owk princely state was annexed in 1805 to the [[Hyderabad State]].<ref>[https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely states of India]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Nandyal district}}
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Mandals in Nandyal district]]

Mohammad Ilyas (politician)

2026-04-05T10:44:45Z

ViolaCnr7137989: New A Page W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|other people with the same name|Mohammad Ilyas (disambiguation){{!}}Mohammad Ilyas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Ilyas
| profession =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Rahish Khan]]
| constituency = [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
| image = Mohammad Ilyas, MLA from Punahana, Haryana, India.png
| relations = [[Rahim Khan political dynasty|Rahim Khan family]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2019 - present) (1989 - 1996)}}
| term_end =
| term_start = 28 October 2019
| alma_mater = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| birth_place = [[Punhana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]] {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}
| parents = [[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]] (father)
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor3 = ''Constituency established''
| successor3 = [[Rahish Khan]]
| office4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor4 = Azad Mohammad
| successor4 = Azad Mohammad
| office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor5 = Hassan Mohammad
| successor5 = [[Chaudhary Khurshid Ahmed|Khurshid Ahmed]]
| term_start4 = 9 March 2000
| term_end4 = 8 March 2005
| term_start5 = 9 July 1991
| term_end5 = 10 May 1996
| term_start3 = 28 October 2009
| term_end3 = 20 October 2014
| constituency2 =
| constituency3 = [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
| constituency4 = [[Ferozepur Jhirka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur Jhirka]]
| constituency5 = [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
| other_party = [[Lokdal]] (1987 - 1989), [[Indian National Lok Dal]] (2000 - 2018), [[Jannayak Janta Party]] (2018 - 2019)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|4|1}}
| office1 = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State for Power]], [[Government of Haryana]]
| 1blankname1 = [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Additional Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata1 = * Irrigation
| term_start1 = 21 March 1991
| term_end1 = 11 May 1996
| office2 = [[Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Minister of State for Animal Husbandry]], [[Government of Haryana]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Fifth Chautala ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata2 = * Fisheries
* Dairy Development
* Waqf Board
| term_start2 = 3 March 2000
| term_end2 = 5 March 2005
| honorific_prefix = [[Chaudhary]]
}}
'''Mohammad Ilyas''' (born 1 April 1954) is an Indian politician who is a current member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana constituency]] in the [[Nuh district]] of [[Haryana]].<ref name=":0" />

He has been elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] five times and has served as a [[Minister of State]] twice in the [[Government of Haryana]].<ref name=":0" />

He re-contested and won the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] under the [[Indian National Congress]] with a margin of 31,916 votes.<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==
Mohammad Ilyas was born to [[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]] in the village of [[Sultanpur-Punahana]] on 1 April 1954. He has three brothers and four sisters. His father was elected a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad constituency]] [[8th Lok Sabha|in 1984]] till his death on 18 December 1987. His father was also elected as [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] three times, Firstly in 1967 and secondly 1972 and in last elected in 1982 from [[Nuh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nuh constituency]]. His father served as minister twice in [[Government of Haryana]]. His uncle, [[Chaudhary Sardar Khan]], served as the [[Minister of State|Minister of State for]] [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] of Haryana.

His younger brother, [[Habib Ur Rehman]], has served as an independent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh constituency]].

== Political career ==
Mohammad Ilyas is a member of the [[Rahim Khan Clan|Rahim Khan political dynasty]] of Haryana, which has immense influence in the [[Nuh district]] ([[Mewat|Mewat region]]) of Haryana. Ilyas is a senior leader and the longest serving legislator from the region.

He first entered electoral politics in 1987, after the death of his father, contesting from the Nuh constituency under the banner of the Lok Dal (LKD), though he was unsuccessful. In a 1989 by-election, he ran as a candidate for the Indian National Congress but was again defeated. His first electoral victory came in 1991, where he served as the Minister of State for Power and Irrigation under the [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal's Congress government]].

In 1996, running as an independent, he again faced defeat. Ilyas achieved a significant win in 2000, securing the Ferozepur Jhirka seat as a candidate of the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD), where he served as the Minister of State for Animal Husbandry under [[Fifth Chautala ministry|Om Prakash Chautala's fifth ministry]].

However, he was defeated in the 2005 election before winning the Punahana seat in 2009. After another loss in 2014, Ilyas made a successful comeback in 2019, once again winning under the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Ilyas(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PUNHANA(MEWAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8760 |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="MLA">{{Cite web |title=MLA details |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=49223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423142307/http://haryanaassembly.gov.in:80/mla-details/?id=49223 |archive-date=23 April 2020 |website=haryanaassembly.gov.in| date=17 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punahana Election Result 2019 LIVE: Punahana MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/punahana-assembly-elections-hr-81/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He also contested an election for parliamentary seat of the [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad constituency]] in 2004 and lost the election to [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]] with a margin of 1,51,929 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faridabad Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/faridabad-lok-sabha#2004 |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]], Ilyas retained his seat and won from the [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana constituency]] with a victory margin of 31,916 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Punahana, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Mohammad Ilyas with 84739 defeats Independent candidate Rahish Khan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/punahana-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612857-2024-10-08 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Anwari Begum and has three sons, Noorul Hassan and Javed Khan, Yaqoom Khan and three daughters.<ref name="MLA" /> He has [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA) degree from [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref name="MLA" />

== Positions held ==
=== Legislative Assembly Terms ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Party
|-
|1.
|1991
|1996
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]] (1st term)
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|2.
|2000
|2005
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Ferozeopur Jhirka]] (2nd term)
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|-
|3.
|2009
|2014
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punhana]] (3rd term)
|-
|4.
|2019
|2024
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punhana]] (4th term)
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|5.
|2024
|Incumbent
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punhana]] (5th term)
|}

=== Haryana Government ===
* Minister of State for Power and Irrigation from 1991 to 1996.
* Minister of State for Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Dairy Development, and Waqf Board from 2000 to 2005

=== Other Notable Positions ===
* State Vice-President of the [[Indian National Lok Dal|Indian National Lok Dal (INLD)]] in Haryana from 2006 to 2008.

== Electoral performance ==
=== Legislative Assembly Elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! colspan="2" |Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share
!Margin
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal|LKD]]
| rowspan="4" Nuh |[[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
|{{Lost}}
|15,773
|24.92%
|27,970
|-
|1989 (by-election)
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Lost}}
|14,206
|15.28%
|18,523
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Won}}
|17,274
|28.47%
|4,243
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|{{Lost}}
|7,379
|10.98%
|13,022
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
| rowspan="2" Ferozepur Jhirka |[[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Ferozepur Jhirka]]
|{{Won}}
|44,288
|50.32%
|17,560
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Lost}}
|33,372
|32.45%
|1,723
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" Punahana |[[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
|{{Won}}
|18,865
|23.22%
|2,688
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Lost}}
|31,140
|29.56%
|3,141
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Won}}
|35,092
|28.76%
|816
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Won}}
|85,300
|58.31%
|31,916
|}

=== 2004 Lok Sabha Election ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Faridabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,57,284|percentage=42.2|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Lok Dal|candidate=[[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]]|votes=2,05,355|percentage=24.3|change=New|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ramchander Bainda]]|votes=1,71,714|percentage=20.3|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Haji Abdul Malik|votes=71,459|percentage=8.4|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate||party=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|candidate=Devender Bhadana|votes=13,042|percentage=1.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,51,929|percentage=17.9|change=New|}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=8,44,718|percentage=56.66|change=42.2|}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]]
* [[Habib Ur Rehman]]
* [[Punahana Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilyas, Chaudhary Mohammad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meo people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]

A. Ramachandran (politician)

2026-04-01T02:18:06Z

ViolaCnr7137989: Put up a stub

{{Short description|Tamil politician}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Indian name|Ramachandran|Arumugam}}{{distinguish|text=[[A. Ramachandran]], the [[painter]] from [[Kerala]]}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Ramachandran
| office = 6th [[List of mayors of Salem, Tamil Nadu|Mayor of Salem]]
| bodyclass = Salem Corporation
| preceded = [[S. Soundappan]]
| term_start = 4 March 2022
| legislature = Salem City Municipal Corporation
| party = [[File:Flag DMK.svg|24px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1961-present)
| caption =
| image =
| education = [[SSLC]]
| occupation = Politician
| parents = Arumugam (father)
| children = Sudharsan Babu (son) Sumithra (daughter)
| spouse = Meenatchi
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1944}}
| constituency1 = Ward 6
| office1 = Councillor, [[Salem City Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start1 = 2 March 2022
| nickname = ''AR'', ''Periyavar'' (elder)<ref>{{Cite web |title=சேலம் மேயராக வெற்றி வாகை சூடும் ராமச்சந்திரன்! - யார் இவர்? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/salem/dmk-candidate-ramachandran-has-been-declared-for-the-post-of-mayor-in-salem-corporation-/articleshow/89967626.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
| deputy = [[M. Saradha Devi]]
}}
'''Arumugam Ramachandran''' is an Indian politician and the incumbent [[List of mayors of Salem, Tamil Nadu|Mayor of Salem]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=I |first=Shyamsundar |date=2022-03-03 |title=கருணாநிதியே பாராட்டியவர்! எடப்பாடி கோட்டையில் கொடி நடும் ராமச்சந்திரன்.. யார் இந்த சேலம் மேயர்? |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/salem/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-salem-mayor-450579.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=tamil.oneindia.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two DMK veterans in race for Salem city mayor post, party high command to have the final say - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Feb/26/two-dmk-veterans-in-race-for-salem-city-mayor-post-party-high-command-to-have-the-final-say-2423992.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2022 |title=ramachandran: Ramachandran Sworn-in As Salem Mayor {{!}} Coimbatore News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/ramachandran-sworn-in-as-salem-mayor/articleshow/90004037.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) since 1961, he has served in a number of posts in the DMK's Salem unit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Karunanidhi praised! Ramachandran planting flag at Edappadi Fort .. Who is the Mayor of Salem? {{!}} All you need to know about the new Salem Mayor |url=https://time.news/karunanidhi-praised-ramachandran-planting-flag-at-edappadi-fort-who-is-the-mayor-of-salem-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-salem-mayor/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Time News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salem Mayor Candidate Ramachandran |url=https://patrikai.com/tag/salem-mayor-candidate-ramachandran/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=www.patrikai.com |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303151517/https://patrikai.com/tag/salem-mayor-candidate-ramachandran/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-04 |title=Ramachandran takes charge as Salem Mayor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/ramachandran-takes-charge-as-salem-mayor/article65190153.ece |access-date=2022-03-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramachandran was born to Arumugam of Gorimedu, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in 1944. He studied up to [[SSLC]].{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== Politics ==

=== Early years and recognition ===
In 1961, Ramachandran joined the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), then headed by [[C.N.Annadurai|C.N. Annadurai]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=சேலம் மேயர் ஆகிறார் ராமச்சந்திரன்! காங்கிரசுக்கு துணை மேயர் பதவி!! |url=https://nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/ramachandran-becomes-salem-mayor-deputy-mayor-post-congress |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref> He participated in many protests held by DMK and went to prison numerous times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Know your Mayors: 11 of 20 posts reserved for women in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2022/03/03142706/1356296/Know-your-Mayors-11-of-20-posts-reserved-for-women-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303091902/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2022/03/03142706/1356296/Know-your-Mayors-11-of-20-posts-reserved-for-women-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}</ref> Later, he became close with senior DMK leaders such as [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]], [[K. Sundaram]], [[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]], and [[C. Chittibabu]].<ref name=":2" /> During his three-year stay in Chennai, Ramachandran worked with Chittibabu to erect a number of DMK flagpoles as instructed by the party's former president [[M. Karunanidhi]]. When Karunanidhi came to hoist the flag on these poles, he saw the name "Gorimedu Ramachandran" in the inscriptions beneath them and became curious to know about him. Eventually, Ramachandran met Karunanidhi and then his son [[M. K. Stalin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=சேலம் மேயராக வெற்றி வாகை சூடும் ராமச்சந்திரன்! - யார் இவர்? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/salem/dmk-candidate-ramachandran-has-been-declared-for-the-post-of-mayor-in-salem-corporation-/articleshow/89967626.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Posts held in the party ===
After his return to Salem, Ramachandran resumed his partywork as member of the DMK's branch executive committee and branch secretary.<ref name=":2" /> In 1984, upon the recommendation of [[A. L. Thangavel]] (then DMK union secretary for Salem District) Ramachandran was appointed by [[Veerapandy S. Arumugam]] (then Salem District secretary) as the party's representative for [[Salem district]]. After some time, he became the party treasurer for [[Hastampatti]] area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=சேலம் மேயராக வெற்றி வாகை சூடும் ராமச்சந்திரன்! - யார் இவர்? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/salem/dmk-candidate-ramachandran-has-been-declared-for-the-post-of-mayor-in-salem-corporation-/articleshow/89967626.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

After the death of Veerapandy S. Arumugam in 2012, his successor [[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] (secretary of Salem Central District DMK), appointed Ramachandran as [[Hastampatti]] area secretary. Additionally, he became the secretary of the [[Parent teacher association#India|Parent teacher association]] at Kamarajar Girls Higher Secondary School, Manakkadu.<ref name=":0" />

=== 2022 civic polls ===
In the [[2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|February 2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections]], Ramachandran contested in Ward 6 of the [[Salem City Municipal Corporation]]. He defeated his nearest rival Vishnu Parthiban (of the [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK]]) by a margin of 1,068 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சேலம் மாநகராட்சி தேர்தலில் 23 வார்டுகளில் பாஜகவுக்கு மூன்றாமிடம்: ஏழு வார்டுகளில் 3-ம் இடத்துக்கு சென்ற அதிமுக |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/770937-salem-election.html |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> Consequently, Ramachandran took oath as councillor on 2 March. The next day, the DMK's leadership declared him as its mayoral candidate for indirect election to the post. As no other candidate from the elected councillors filed their nomination for Mayorship, Ramachandran was elected unopposed to the post. He was sworn in as the sixth Mayor of Salem on 4 March, along with [[M. Saradha Devi]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]] councillor from Ward 7) as his deputy.<ref name=":1" />

== Mayorship (2022-) ==
Upon taking charge as Mayor, Ramachandran indicated that his focus would be on providing basic amenities such as water, drainage and road facilities.<ref name=":1" /> Later, he also mentioned the redeveloping of [[Panamarathupatti]] lake as one of his goals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=Vignesh |date=2022-03-14 |title=Will strive to make Salem city self-sufficient, says Mayor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/will-strive-to-make-salem-city-self-sufficient-says-mayor/article65217178.ece |access-date=2022-03-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ramachandran is married to Meenatchi. The couple has a son named Sudarsan Babu and a daughter named Sumithra.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

Sudarsan Babu is a regional manager in [[Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation]]. Sumithra is a teacher at Government Higher Secondary School, [[Kannankurichi]].<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[List of mayors of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Salem City Municipal Corporation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, A.}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayors of Salem]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

Guyana

2026-03-29T19:06:29Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{Short description|Country in South America}}
{{about|the South American country}}
{{Distinguish|French Guiana|Dutch Guiana (disambiguation)|Ghana|Guinea}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Co-operative Republic of Guyana
| image_flag = Flag of Guyana.svg
| image_coat = Coat of Arms of Guyana (relief).svg
| common_name = Guyana
| national_motto = "One People, One Nation, One Destiny"
| national_anthem = "[[Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains|Green Land of Guyana]]" {{center|[[File:National Anthem of Guyana.ogg]]}}
| image_map = Guyana (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = {{Map caption|location_color=green|region}} Location of [[South America]] in grey
| coordinates = {{Coord|6|48|04|N|58|09|18|W|type:city}}
| capital = [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[English language|English]]
| regional_languages = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title =10 [[Indigenous languages of South America|indigenous languages]]
| [[Kapóng language|Akawaio]]
| [[Macushi language|Macushi]]
| [[Waiwai language|Waiwai]]
| [[Arawak language|Arawak (Lokono)]]
| [[Patamona language|Patamona]]
| [[Warao language|Warao]]
| [[Carib language|Carib]]
| [[Wapishana language|Wapishana]]
| [[Pemon language|Pemon (Arekuna)]]
| [[Mawayana language|Mawayana]]}}
| languages_type = [[Vernacular|Vernacular language]]
| languages = [[Guyanese Creole]]
| languages2_type = Other languages
| languages2 = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = 6 languages
|{{hlist
| [[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]]
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]}}
}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|
| {{nowrap|39.8% [[Indo-Guyanese|Indian]]}}
|29.2% [[Afro-Guyanese|African]]
| 19.9% [[Multiracial people#Trinidad, Guyana, and Suriname|Mixed]]{{efn|incl. [[Dougla people|Dougla]]}}
| 10.5% [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|Indigenous]]
| 0.3% [[White Caribbeans|European]]{{efn|incl. [[Portuguese Guyanese|Portuguese]]}}
|0.2% [[Chinese Guyanese|Chinese]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2012
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="statisticsguyana.gov.gy">{{Cite book|url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93|title=Compedium 2: Population Composition|publisher=Bureau of Statistics, Guyana|date=July 2016|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011240/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| religion_year = 2024
| religion = {{vunblist |55.5% [[Christianity]]|31.0% [[Hinduism in Guyana|Hinduism]]|9.5% [[Islam in Guyana|Islam]]|4.2% [[Irreligion|no religion]]|3.3% [[Religion in Guyana|others]]}}
| demonym = Guyanese
| government_type = Unitary [[parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]{{efn |The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government (article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parliament.gov.gy/constitution.pdf|title=CONSTITUTION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE REPUBLIC OF GUYANA ACT|last1=Constitution|year=2012|website=Parliament of Guyana|access-date=21 March 2024|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211164535/https://parliament.gov.gy/constitution.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| leader_title1 = [[President of Guyana|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Irfaan Ali]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Guyana|Prime Minister & First Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = {{no wrap|[[Mark Phillips (Guyanese politician)|Mark Phillips]]}}
| leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Guyana|Second Vice President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bharrat Jagdeo]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Guyana|Speaker of the National Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Manzoor Nadir]]}}
| legislature = [[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly]]
| leader_title6 = [[Chief Justice of Guyana|Acting Chief Justice]]
| leader_name6 = {{nowrap|[[Roxane George-Wiltshire]]}}
| established_event1 = [[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|Dutch control]]
| established_date1 = 1667–1815
| established_event2 = [[British Guiana]]
| established_date2 = 1831–1966
| established_event3 = [[Independence]] from the [[United Kingdom]] as [[Guyana (1966–1970)|Guyana]]
| established_date3 = 26 May 1966
| established_event4 = [[Republic]]
| established_date4 = 23 February 1970
| established_event5 = Joined [[CARICOM]] at the [[Treaty of Chaguaramas]]
| established_date5 = 1 August 1973
| established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Guyana|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date6 = 6 October 1980
| area_km2 = 214,969<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|title=Guyana|date=17 February 2024|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107032754/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AH">{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Guyana|title=Guyana – Dictionary definition and pronunciation – Yahoo! Education|publisher=Education.yahoo.com|access-date=30 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190609/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Guyana|archive-date=29 October 2013}})</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19546909|title=Guyana country profile|work=BBC News|date=October 2012|access-date=30 March 2024|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621013530/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19546909|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank = 83rd 
| area_sq_mi = 83,000 
| percent_water = 8.4
| population_estimate = 950,986<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/guyana-population/|title=Guyana Population (2025) – Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info|access-date=25 October 2022|archive-date=5 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205134615/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/guyana-population/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 166th
| population_density_km2 = 4.25
| population_density_rank = 235th
| population_density_sq_mi = 9.071 
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $75.294 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.GY">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=336,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2025&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2025|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 110th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $94,258<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $25.822 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 119th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,326<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 37th
| Gini = 44.6 
| Gini_year = 2007
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=CIA World Factbook|access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.776
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/GUY|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 89th
| currency = [[Guyanese dollar]]
| currency_code = GYD
| time_zone = [[Guyana Time|GYT]]
| utc_offset = -04:00
| date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy}}
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[+592]]
| cctld = [[.gy]]
}}

'''Guyana''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Guyana.ogg|ɡ|aɪ|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Guyana-2.ogg|ɡ|aɪ|ˈ|æ|n|ə}} {{respell|ghy|A(H)N|ə}};<ref name=":4">{{cite book|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|first=John C.|last=Wells|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow, England|year=1990|isbn=978-0-582-05383-0}} entry "Guyana"</ref><ref name="AH"/> {{langx|gyn|Gaiyana}}}} officially the '''Co-operative Republic of Guyana''', is a developing country on the northern coast of [[South America]]. It is bordered by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the north, [[Suriname]] to the east, [[Brazil]] to the south and southwest, and [[Venezuela]] to the west. It is part of [[The Guianas]]. The capital and largest city is [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]].

With a land area of {{cvt|214969|sqkm|sqmi}}, Guyana is the third-smallest [[sovereign state]] by area in mainland South America after [[Uruguay]] and Suriname, and is the [[List of South American countries by population|second-least populous sovereign state in South America]] after Suriname; it is also [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|one of the least densely populated countries on Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|title=Guyana|date=13 February 2024|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107032754/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The official language of the country is [[English language|English]], although a large part of the population is bilingual in English and the indigenous languages. Guyana is the only country in mainland South America to have English as the official language. The majority of the population also speaks [[Guyanese Creole]], which is an [[English-based creole language|English-based creole]]. Guyana is part of the [[Commonwealth Caribbean]]. It is part of the mainland [[Caribbean|Caribbean region]] maintaining strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other [[Caribbean]] countries as well as serving as the [[Secretariat (administrative office)|headquarters]] for the [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM). In 2008, the country joined the [[Union of South American Nations]] as a founding member.

It has a wide variety of natural habitats and very high [[biodiversity]]. The country also hosts a part of the [[Amazon rainforest]], the largest and most biodiverse [[tropical rainforest]] in the world. The region known as "[[the Guianas]]" consists of the [[Guiana Shield|large shield landmass]] north of the [[Amazon River]] and east of the [[Orinoco|Orinoco River]] known as the "land of many waters". Nine [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|indigenous]] tribes reside in Guyana: the [[Wai-wai people|Wai Wai]], [[Macushi people|Macushi]], [[Patamona people|Patamona]], [[Lokono]], [[Kalina people|Kalina]], [[Wapishana people|Wapishana]], [[Pemon people|Pemon]], [[Akawaio people|Akawaio]] and [[Warao people|Warao]]. Historically dominated by the Lokono and Kalina tribes, Guyana was colonised by the [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]] before coming under [[British Empire|British control]] in the late 18th century. It was governed as [[British Guiana]] with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s, forming part of the [[British West Indies]]. It gained independence in 1966 and officially became a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in 1970. The legacy of British colonialism is reflected in the country's political administration, lingua franca and diverse population, which includes [[Indo-Guyanese|Indian]], [[Afro-Guyanese|African]], [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|Indigenous]], [[Chinese Guyanese|Chinese]], [[Portuguese Guyanese|Portuguese]], [[White Caribbeans|other European]], and various multiracial groups.

In 2017, 41% of the population of Guyana lived below the [[poverty line]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mondiplo.com/guyana-no-recuerda-a-walter-rodney |title=" Guyana no recuerda a Walter Rodney " – Le Monde diplomatique en español |website=mondiplo.com |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220844/https://mondiplo.com/guyana-no-recuerda-a-walter-rodney |url-status=live}}</ref> Guyana's economy has been undergoing a transformation since the discovery of [[crude oil]] in 2015 and commercial drilling in 2019, with its economy growing by 49% in 2020, making it, by some accounts, currently the world's fastest-growing economy. Guyana is poised to become one of the world's largest per capita oil producers by 2025,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Prableen |date=16 October 2020 |title=The Five Fastest Growing Economies In The World |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-five-fastest-growing-economies-in-the-world-2020-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207063432/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-five-fastest-growing-economies-in-the-world-2020-10-16 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=NASDAQ}}</ref> thanks to massive offshore oil discoveries. Since 2017, over 11 billion barrels of oil reserves<ref name=":5" /> have been found off the country's coast—the largest addition to global oil reserves since the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blackmon |first=David |title=Why The Oil Bonanza Offshore Guyana Has Global Implications |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidblackmon/2022/06/07/why-oil-developments-offshore-guyana-have-global-implications/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102022946/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidblackmon/2022/06/07/why-oil-developments-offshore-guyana-have-global-implications/ |archive-date=2 November 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> The crude oil production has made Guyana a major participant in international energy trade in early 2020s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakx |first=Kyle |date=May 18, 2025 |title=Guyana's oil revolution |url=https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/guyana-oil-net-zero |access-date=September 22, 2025 |website=CBC News}}</ref> Guyana is now ranked as having the fourth-highest GDP per capita in the [[Americas]] after the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[the Bahamas]]. According to the [[World Bank]] in 2023, abject poverty still exists and the country faces significant risks in structurally managing its growth.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Macro Poverty Outlook for Guyana : April 2023|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099857004112325933/IDU0b505bcfa01b27043f009eb009ad04e67422d|access-date=2023-11-27|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202100312/https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099857004112325933/idu0b505bcfa01b27043f009eb009ad04e67422d|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Guyana" is derived from ''[[The Guianas]]'', an earlier name for a larger region that included the areas now called Guyana ([[British Guyana]]), [[Suriname]] ([[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|Dutch Guiana]]), [[French Guiana]], the [[Guayana Region, Venezuela|Guayana Region]] in [[Venezuela]] ([[Guayana Province|Spanish Guiana]]), and [[Amapá]] in [[Brazil]] ([[Amapá|Portuguese Guiana]]). According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the name "Guyana" comes from an indigenous [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] language and means "land of many waters".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana|title=Guyana|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=7 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana|url-status=dead}}</ref> The word ''Co‑operative'' in the official name refers to [[Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions#Guyana|co-operative socialism]].

== History ==
{{Main|History of Guyana}}

{{stack|[[File:Essequibo River in 1826 Río Esequibo en 1826 Gran Colombia and British Guiana.jpg|thumb|A map of Dutch and British Guiana in 1826]]}}

===Before colonisation===
What is now Guyana has been inhabited for millennia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/discoverguyana-indigenous-peoples-guyana|title=#DiscoverGuyana: Indigenous Peoples in Guyana {{pipe}} Loop Caribbean News|website=Loop News|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628023001/https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/discoverguyana-indigenous-peoples-guyana|url-status=live}}</ref> Nine [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|indigenous]] tribes reside in Guyana: the [[Wai-wai people|Wai Wai]], [[Macushi]], [[Patamona people|Patamona]], [[Lokono]], [[Kalina people|Kalina]], [[Wapishana]], [[Pemon]], [[Akawaio people|Akawaio]], and [[Warao people|Warao]]. Many of these peoples practised [[shifting agriculture]] alongside [[hunting]]. Historians speculate that the Arawaks and Caribs originated in the South American hinterland and migrated northward, first to the present-day Guianas and then to the Caribbean islands. The Arawak, mainly cultivators, hunters, and fishermen, migrated to the Caribbean islands before the Carib and settled throughout the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amerindian.gov.gy/discover/tribes/index.html|title=Ministry of Amerindian Affairs – Georgetown, Guyana|publisher=Amerindian.gov.gy|access-date=30 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602173603/http://www.amerindian.gov.gy/discover/tribes/index.html|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref>

===Colonial period===
Although [[Christopher Columbus]] was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] wrote an account in 1596, the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] were the first Europeans to establish colonies: [[Pomeroon (colony)|Pomeroon]] (1581), [[Essequibo (colony)|Essequibo]] (1616), [[Berbice]] (1627), and [[Demerara]] (1752). After France invaded the Dutch Republic ([[Batavian Republic|1795]]), the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] assumed control in 1796, with the Dutch and British signing the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] in London that ceded [[Demerara-Essequibo]] and Berbice to Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/13-1a-SouthAmerica.html#a11|title=South America 1744–1817 by Sanderson Beck|access-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101025206/http://www.san.beck.org/13-1a-SouthAmerica.html#a11|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1831, the united colonies of Demerara-Essequibo and separate colony of Berbice together became a single British colony known as [[British Guiana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Guyana - Colonialism, Independence, Culture {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guyana/History |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{stack|[[File:Boundary lines of British Guiana 1896.jpg|thumb|Map of [[British Guiana]] from 1896]]}}
Since its independence in 1824, Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the [[Essequibo River]]. [[Simón Bolívar]] wrote to the British government warning against the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the 16th century, claimed was theirs. In 1899, an international tribunal ruled that the land belonged to Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XXVIII/331-340.pdf|title=Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, decision of 3 October 1899|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730180322/https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XXVIII/331-340.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> From the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]], the British inherited [[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|Dutch territory]] which included lands between the [[Orinoco river|Orinoco]] and [[Courantyne River|Courantyne]] rivers. Dutch sovereignty over these settlements was recognised in 1648 by Spain with the [[Peace of Münster]], which stated under Article 5 that the Dutch would retain all of the "lordships, cities, castles, fortresses, trades and lands in the... West Indies"<ref name="guyanachronicle">{{cite news|date=2020-12-19|title=Facts and Timelines of Guyana, Venezuela Controversy.|url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2020/12/19/facts-and-timelines-of-guyana-venezuela-controversy/|work=Guyana Chronicle.|access-date=2023-11-29|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202154930/https://guyanachronicle.com/2020/12/19/facts-and-timelines-of-guyana-venezuela-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> under their possession at the time. However, the treaty did not specify the boundary between [[Spanish Guiana]] and [[Dutch colonisation of the Guianas|Dutch Guiana]].

===Independence===
Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom as a dominion on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hope |first1=Kempe Ronald |title=Electoral politics and political development in post-independence Guyana |journal=Electoral Studies |date=April 1985 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/0261-3794(85)90031-9 }}</ref> Shortly after independence, [[Venezuela]] began to take diplomatic, economic, and military action against Guyana to enforce its [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute|territorial claim to the Essequibo region]].<ref name=":56">{{cite journal |last1=Ince |first1=Basil A. |title=The Venezuela-Guyana Boundary Dispute in the United Nations |journal=Caribbean Studies |date=1970 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=5–26 |jstor=25612170 }}</ref> Five months after Guyana's independence, in October 1966, Venezuelan troops crossed the international border and seized [[Ankoko Island]] which has been under occupation ever since.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guyanachronicle.com/2018/04/06/guyana-wants-icj-to-order-venezuela-off-ankoko|title=Guyana wants ICJ to order Venezuela off Ankoko|date=6 April 2018|website=The Guyana Chronicle|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref> Venezuelan troops quickly made military installations and an airstrip.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record: 1982-1983, Volume 2|last=Hopkins|first=Jack W.|publisher=Holmes & Meier Publishers|year=1984|isbn=9780841909618}}</ref>

Following independence, [[Forbes Burnham]] of the [[People's National Congress Reform|People's National Congress]] rose to power, quickly becoming a repressive authoritarian leader.<ref name="bulkan2021">{{cite journal|last1=Bulkan|first1=Arif|last2=Trotz|first2=Alissa|date=2021|title=Oil Fuels Guyana's Internecine Conflict|journal=[[Current History]]|volume=120|issue=823|pages=71–77|doi=10.1525/curh.2021.120.823.71|doi-access=free }}</ref> Politics became divided on race with the Afro-Guyanese supporting Burnham's [[People's National Congress Reform|People's National Congress]] and the Indo-Guyanese supporting [[Cheddi Jagan]]'s [[People's Progressive Party/Civic|People's Progressive Party]], in what became known as ''aapan [[Jāti|jaat]]'' politics, loosely translated from [[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]] as "for your own kind".

Guyana was elected three times as a member of the [[UN Security Council]] in 1975–76, 1982–83 and 2024–25.

In 1978, a total of 918 people died at the [[Jonestown|Jonestown mass murder-suicide]] led by American cult leader [[Jim Jones]] at a remote settlement in northwest Guyana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside the Jonestown massacre - CNN.com|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/11/12/jonestown.factsheet/index.html|access-date=2022-09-27|website=CNN|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927223540/https://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/11/12/jonestown.factsheet/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Former U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] visited Guyana to lobby for the resumption of free elections. On 5 October 1992, a new National Assembly and regional councils were elected in the first Guyanese election since 1964 to be internationally recognised as free and fair. [[Cheddi Jagan]] of the PPP was elected and sworn in as president on 9 October 1992.<ref name="ciawfguy">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|title=Guyana|website=The World Factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619025448/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|archive-date=19 June 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bulkan2021" /> This reversed the monopoly that Afro-Guyanese traditionally had over Guyanese politics. The poll was marred by violence however.

In May 2008, President [[Bharrat Jagdeo]] was a signatory to the [[UNASUR Constitutive Treaty]] of the Union of South American Nations. The Guyanese government officially ratified the treaty in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2016/12/08/unasur-indifference-to-guyana/|title=UNASUR indifference to Guyana|website=Guyana Chronicle|date=9 December 2016|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417173233/https://guyanachronicle.com/2016/12/08/unasur-indifference-to-guyana/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, major oil reserves were discovered off the coast by [[ExxonMobil]].

In March 2020, President [[David A. Granger]] narrowly lost the [[2020 Guyanese general election|snap elections]], following Granger's government loss of a vote of no confidence back in 2018. Granger refused to accept the results, but eventually five months later, [[Irfaan Ali]] of the [[People's Progressive Party/Civic]] was sworn in as the new president because of allegations of fraud and irregularities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guyana swears in Irfaan Ali as president after long stand-off|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53637085|work=BBC News|date=3 August 2020|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803201857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53637085|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Trust of Guyana]] has designated nine historic sites as national monuments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Trust of Guyana |url=https://dutchculture.nl/en/location/national-trust-guyana |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=dutchculture.nl |language=en}}</ref>

A [[2023 Venezuelan referendum|referendum in neighbouring Venezuela]] was held in December 2023 on the annexation of the [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute|disputed Essequibo region]], which lies entirely in the territory of Guyana.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-20|title=Venezuela sets referendum date on territory dispute with Guyana|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-sets-referendum-date-territory-dispute-with-guyana-2023-10-20/|access-date=2023-11-24|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107045924/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-sets-referendum-date-territory-dispute-with-guyana-2023-10-20/|url-status=live}}</ref> The vote passed with a 95% majority, but with a low turnout, with analysts stating Maduro's government had falsified the results.<ref>{{citation|author=Luke Taylor|title=Maduro vote to claim Guyana's territory backfires as Venezuelans stay home|date=4 December 2023|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/maduro-venezuela-guyana-essequibo-referendum-vote-turnout|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205053546/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/maduro-venezuela-guyana-essequibo-referendum-vote-turnout|url-status=live|archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> This came at the same time as a [[2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis|Venezuelan military buildup]] on the Guyanese border, sparking concerns of war between the two states.

In September 2025, Irfaan Ali was [[2025 Guyanese general election|re-elected]] for a second term as Guyana’s president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Irfaan Ali re-elected for second term as oil-rich Guyana's president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/7/irfaan-ali-reelected-for-second-term-as-oil-rich-guyanas-president |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Guyana}}

[[File:GuyanaKaieteurFalls2004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kaieteur Falls]] is one of the world's most powerful waterfalls.]]
[[File:Rupununi Savannah.jpg|thumb|[[Rupununi Savannah]]]]
[[File:Amazon CIAT (5).jpg|thumb|A large part of Guyana's territory is covered by the [[Amazon rainforest]], the world's largest and most [[biodiversity|biodiverse]] [[tropical rainforest]].]]

The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes [[1st parallel north|1°]] and [[9th parallel north|9°N]], and longitudes [[56th meridian west|56°]] and [[62nd meridian west|62°W]]; it is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries.

The country can be divided into five natural regions: a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white sand belt further inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense [[rain forest]]s (Forested Highland Region) in the southern part of the country; the drier [[savannah]] areas in the south-west; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border.

Some of Guyana's highest mountains are [[Mount Ayanganna]] ({{cvt|2042|m|ft|0|disp=or}}), [[Monte Caburaí]] ({{cvt|1465|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) and [[Mount Roraima]] ({{cvt|2772|m|ft|0|disp=or}} – the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela [[tripoint]] border, part of the [[Pakaraima]] range. Mount Roraima and Guyana's table-top mountains ([[tepui]]s) are said to have been the inspiration for [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s 1912 novel ''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle)|The Lost World]]''. There are also many volcanic [[escarpment]]s and waterfalls, including [[Kaieteur Falls]] which is one of the world's most powerful waterfalls. North of the [[Rupununi River]] lies the [[Rupununi savannah]], south of which lie the [[Kanuku Mountains]].

The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at {{cvt|1010|km|mi|0}} long, the [[Courentyne River]] at {{cvt|724|km|mi|0}}, the [[Berbice River|Berbice]] at {{cvt|595|km|mi|0}}, and the [[Demerara River|Demerara]] at {{cvt|346|km|mi|0}}. The Courentyne river forms the border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands, including the {{cvt|145|km|mi|0}} wide [[Shell Beach, Guyana|Shell Beach]] along the northwest coast, which is also a major breeding area for [[sea turtle]]s (mainly [[leatherback sea turtle|leatherbacks]]) and other wildlife.

The climate is [[tropical climate|tropical]] and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast [[trade winds]] along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January.

Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled [[rainforest]]s in South America, some parts of which are almost inaccessible by humans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rushby |first=Kevin |date=2019-10-27 |title='We want to keep our forest': why Guyana's wilderness needs visitors |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/oct/27/guyana-jungle-rainforest-community-run-wildlife-tour-adventure |access-date=2025-02-28 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB }}</ref> The rich natural history of Guyana was described by early explorers [[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]] and [[Charles Waterton]] and later by naturalists Sir [[David Attenborough]] and [[Gerald Durrell]]. In 2008, the [[BBC]] broadcast a three-part programme called ''Lost Land of the Jaguar'' which highlighted the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the [[giant otter]] and [[harpy eagle]].

===Biodiversity and conservation===
{{See also|Fauna of Guyana|List of protected areas of Guyana|Category:Flora of Guyana|Category:Fauna of Guyana|Category:Orchids of Guyana}}Guyana is located on the [[Guiana Shield]], an extremely biodiverse region; Guyana itself has one of the highest levels of [[biodiversity]] in the world. It is home to more than 225 [[List of mammals of Guyana|species of mammals]], 900 [[List of birds of Guyana|species of birds]], 880 species of reptiles, and more than 6,500 species of plants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tavani |first=Claudia |date=14 August 2018 |title=The Most Amazing Wildlife in Guyana |url=https://myadventuresacrosstheworld.com/wildlife-in-guyana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903034604/https://myadventuresacrosstheworld.com/wildlife-in-guyana/ |archive-date=3 September 2019 |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=My Adventures Across the World |language=en-US}}</ref> Among these, the most famous are the [[arapaima]], which is the world's largest scaled freshwater fish; the [[giant anteater]], the largest anteater; the [[giant otter]], the world's largest and rarest river otter; and the [[Guianan cock-of-the-rock]] bird (''Rupicola rupicola'').<ref>Attenborough, S. 1998 BBC. ''The Life of Birds''. p. 211. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> More than 80% of Guyana is covered by forests; the country itself has over 1,000 species of trees and 8,000 species of plants, 4,000 of which are only found in Guyana.[[File:Guyana BMNG.png|thumb|upright|Satellite image of Guyana from 2004]]The following habitats are present in Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral, estuarine, palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub forests. In 1999, 14 areas were identified as potential hotspots for a National Protected Area System due to their biodiversity.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Integration of Biodiversity into National Environmental Assessment Procedures |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/nbsap/EIA/Guyana(EIA).pdf |series=National Case Studies: 5. Guyana |publisher=UNDP/UNEP/GEF |date=September 2001 |access-date=31 October 2025}}</ref>

The country is home to six ecoregions: [[Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[Guianan moist forests]], [[Orinoco Delta swamp forests]], [[Tepuis]], [[Guianan savanna]], and [[Guianan mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> The Guiana Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically. Unlike other areas of South America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine. [[File:Golden frog Kaieteur (2).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Anomaloglossus beebei]]'' in [[Kaieteur National Park]], endemic to Guyana]]

Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America. Most of the forests found are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers. Thanks to the very low human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact.

The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 families, and there are certainly additional species still to be recorded.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} The diversity of plants supports diverse animal life, recently documented by a biological survey organised by [[Conservation International]]. The reportedly clean, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo watershed support a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and are home to [[giant otters]], [[capybaras]], and several species of [[caimans]].

On land, large mammals, such as [[jaguar]]s, [[tapirs]], [[bush dog]]s, [[giant anteater]]s, and [[saki monkey]]s are still common. Over 800 species of birds have been reported from the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich.

In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than {{cvt|1|e6acre|km2|order=flip}} of land in the Konashen Indigenous District as the [[Kanashen]] Community-Owned Conservation Area, managed by the [[Wai-Wai (people)|Wai Wai]], and the world's largest community-owned conservation area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservation.org/Documents/CI_Konashen_COCA_Biodiversity_Booklet.pdf|title=Biodiversity in the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area, Guyana|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206142519/http://www.conservation.org/Documents/CI_Konashen_COCA_Biodiversity_Booklet.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development]] was also created for the protection and sustainable use of the Iwokrama forest area. Since 2009, Guyana and Norway have collaborated to promote green development in Guyana while keeping deforestation at low levels.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-05|title=Guyana|url=https://www.nicfi.no/partner-countries/guyana/|access-date=2023-02-27|website=NICFI|language=en|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227153505/https://www.nicfi.no/partner-countries/guyana/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conservation International has worked in Guyana since 1989 through its country programme [[Conservation International Guyana]] (CI-Guyana), with offices in Georgetown and Lethem.<ref>{{cite web |title=About CI-Guyana |website=Conservation International Guyana |url=https://conservation.org.gy/about-us/about-ci-guyana/}}</ref> Its work in the country has included support for protected-area planning, forest monitoring linked to Guyana’s REDD+ programme, mercury-reduction projects in gold mining, and mangrove mapping.<ref>{{cite report |title=Guyana National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2012–2020 |publisher=Government of Guyana |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/gy/gy-nbsap-v3-en.pdf |page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Guyana REDD+ Monitoring Reporting & Verification System (MRVS) Year 7 MRVS Report: 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 |publisher=Guyana Forestry Commission |date=2019 |url=https://redd.unfccc.int/uploads/2_288_guyana_mrvs_report_-_year_2017.pdf |pages=2, 10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=El Dorado Gold Project aims to achieve mercury-free mining by 2025 |website=Department of Public Information, Guyana |date=6 September 2018 |url=https://dpi.gov.gy/el-dorado-gold-project-aims-to-achieve-mercury-free-mining-by-2025/}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Mangrove cover of Guyana: Standard Operating Procedures |publisher=National Agricultural Research and Extension Institute (NAREI) |url=https://nbslmegef.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/nbs_guyana-mangrove-cover_sop.pdf |page=7}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
=== Politics ===
{{Main|Politics of Guyana}}

{{multiple image
| total_width = 260
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Secretary Blinken Holds a Joint Press Availability with Guyanese President Irfaan Ali (53028420226) (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Irfaan Ali]] [[President of Guyana|President]]
| image2 = PM Mark Phillips (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Mark Phillips (Guyanese politician)|Mark Phillips]] [[Prime Minister of Guyana|Prime Minister]]
}}
[[File:Old residence.jpg|thumb|right|The State House, Guyana's presidential residence]]
[[File:20191121 Guyana 0062 Georgetown sRGB (49295972987).jpg|thumb|right|The Supreme Court of Guyana]]
[[File:Parliament building, Guyana.jpg|thumb|right|Guyana's parliament building since 1834]]

The [[politics of Guyana]] takes place in a framework of a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], in which the [[president of Guyana]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] in a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the president and the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the president and the [[National Assembly of Guyana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana – government institutions|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/76.htm|access-date=2021-03-04|website=countrystudies.us|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407052814/http://countrystudies.us/guyana/76.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Historically, politics is a source of tension in the country, and violent riots have often broken out during elections.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana – Political Parties|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/83.htm|access-date=2021-03-04|website=countrystudies.us|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407054218/http://countrystudies.us/guyana/83.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1992, the first constitutional elections were overseen by former United States president [[Jimmy Carter]], and the People's Progressive Party led the country until 2015. The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines, and as a result, they often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources. In the general election held on 28 November 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) retained a majority, and their presidential candidate [[Donald Ramotar]] was elected as president.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15980149|title=Guyana governing party's Donald Ramotar wins presidency|work=BBC News|date=2 December 2011|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170255/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15980149|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held. A coalition of the A Partnership for National Unity and Alliance for Change (APNU-AFC) parties won 33 of the 65 seats in the National Assembly. On 16 May 2015, retired army general [[David A. Granger]] became the eighth president of Guyana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32747514|title=Ex-general David Granger wins Guyana election|work=BBC News|date=15 May 2015|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170813/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32747514|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 21 December 2018, a vote of confidence was called for, regarding terms under which the government granted a franchise for offshore oil exploration. Legislator Charrandass Persaud defected from the coalition, and the vote failed, requiring new elections. The governing coalition litigated this result for the entire 90 days allowed for new elections. New elections were held on 2 March 2020, and results were declared on 3 August 2020, with the People's Progressive Party/Civic as the winner. [[Irfaan Ali|Mohamed Irfaan Ali]] became the ninth president of Guyana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53637085|title=Guyana swears in Irfaan Ali as president after long stand-off|work=BBC News|date=3 August 2020|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803201857/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53637085|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guyanachronicle.com/2019/03/21/ruling-on-confidence-vote-appeal-friday|title=Ruling on confidence vote appeal Friday|first=Svetlana|last=Marshall|publisher=Guyana Chronicle|date=21 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322111824/http://guyanachronicle.com/2019/03/21/ruling-on-confidence-vote-appeal-friday|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Public procurement ===
[[Government procurement|Public procurement]] in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016.<ref>[https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2016/august/guyana-hands-procurement-to-commission/ After 14 years, Guyana establishes procurement commission] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021131901/https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2016/august/guyana-hands-procurement-to-commission/ |date=21 October 2016}}, "Supply Management", 12 August 2016, accessed 1 October 2016</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
==== Regions and Neighbourhood Councils ==== 
{{Main|Regions of Guyana|Neighbourhood Councils of Guyana}}

{{Imageframe|width=350|content=[[Image:Guyana regions numbered (GINA).png|175px]] [[Image:Guyana regions english.png|175px]]|caption=Regions of Guyana by number and name|link=|align=right}}Guyana is divided into 10 regions:<ref>[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter3_Population_Redistribution_Internal_Migration.pdf Bureau of Statistics – Guyana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217151423/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter3_Population_Redistribution_Internal_Migration.pdf |date=17 February 2012}}, CHAPTER III: POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION AND INTERNAL MIGRATION, Table 3.4: Population Density, Guyana: 1980–2002</ref><ref>[http://gina.gov.gy/natprofile/gnprof.html Guyana – Government Information Agency], National Profile. gina.gov.gy {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814020614/http://gina.gov.gy/natprofile/gnprof.html |date=14 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyana: Regions, Major Towns & Rural Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/guyana/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260131110229/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/guyana/ |archive-date=2026-01-31 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=www.citypopulation.de |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|- style="background:#bbb;"
! No
! Region
! Regional capital
! Area km2
! Pop. (2022 census)
! Pop. density per km2
|-
| '''1''' || align=left | [[Barima-Waini]] || [[Mabaruma]] || 20,339 || 38,956 || 1.92
|-
| '''2''' || align=left |[[Pomeroon-Supenaam]] || [[Anna Regina]] || 6,195 || 56,469 || 9.12
|-
| '''3''' || align=left |[[Essequibo Islands-West Demerara]] || [[Vreed en Hoop]] || 3,755 || 143,884 || 38.32
|-
| '''4''' || align=left |[[Demerara-Mahaica]] || [[Triumph, Guyana|Triumph]] || 2,232 || 347,759 || 155.80
|-
| '''5''' || align=left |[[Mahaica-Berbice]] || [[Fort Wellington, Guyana|Fort Wellington]] || 4,190 || 57,667 || 13.76
|-
| '''6''' || align=left |[[East Berbice-Corentyne]] || [[New Amsterdam, Guyana|New Amsterdam]]|| 36,234 || 114,574 || 3.16
|-
| '''7''' || align=left |[[Cuyuni-Mazaruni]] || [[Bartica]] || 47,213 || 30,324 || 0.64
|-
| '''8''' || align=left |[[Potaro-Siparuni]] || [[Mahdia, Guyana|Mahdia]] || 20,051 || 13,598 || 0.68
|-
| '''9''' || align=left |[[Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo]] || [[Lethem, Guyana|Lethem]] || 57,750 || 29,944 || 0.52
|-
| '''10''' || align=left |[[Upper Demerara-Berbice]] || [[Linden, Guyana|Linden]] || 17,040 || 45,499 || 2.67
|-
| || align=left | '''Total''' || ||'''214,999''' ||'''878,674'''||'''4.45'''
|}

The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/List_of_NDCs.pdf|title=Government of Guyana, Statistics|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113142144/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/List_of_NDCs.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Natural regions ====
Guyana is divided into four natural regions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brawer |first1=Moshe |title=Atlas of South America |chapter=Guyana |date=1991 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-12579-1_21 |isbn=978-1-349-12581-4 }}</ref> These are:

# Low coastal plain
# Hilly sand and clay
# Highland region
# Interior savannahs

===Essequibo conflict===
There is a conflict between Guyana and [[Venezuela]] concerning the Essequibo region: the [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute]]. After years of fruitless mediation, Guyana went to the [[International Court of Justice]] in 2018, asking judges to rule that the 1899 border decision by an international panel of arbiters is valid and binding. Venezuela argues that a 1966 agreement to resolve the dispute effectively nullified the original arbitration. The ICJ has ruled that the case is admissible and has jurisdiction, but it is expected to take years to reach a final decision. On Sunday, 3 December 2023, Venezuela's president, Nicolas Maduro, convoked a referendum to ask Venezuelan electors five questions, including whether to create a Venezuelan state in Essequibo and whether voters support granting Venezuelan citizenship to the region's current and future residents. Venezuela does not recognise the United Nations panel's jurisdiction over the decades-old dispute, but Vice President Delcy Rodríguez nonetheless characterised the ruling as a "victory for Venezuela," given that the UN did not halt the referendum plans.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN court bars Venezuela from altering Guyana's control over disputed territory.|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/court-ruling-request-order-venezuela-halt-part-referendum-105299460.|first=Mike|last=Corder|work=ABC News|publisher=Associated Press|date=2 November 2023|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140232/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/court-ruling-request-order-venezuela-halt-part-referendum-105299460.|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Guyana}}

==== Boundary disputes ====
{{See also|Schomburgk Line|Borders of Suriname}}
[[File:Essequiborivermap.png|thumb|Map of Guyana with the disputed territories incorporated, showing the [[Essequibo River]] and (shaded dark) the river's drainage basin. Venezuela claims territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into current-day Venezuela.]]
Guyana is in [[Territorial dispute|border disputes]] with both Suriname, which claims the area east of the left bank of the [[Corentyne River]] and the New River in southwestern Suriname, and Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the [[Essequibo (colony)|Dutch colony of Essequibo]] as part of what they call "Guayana Essequiba".<ref name="foxlatino">{{cite web|title=Guyana ponders judicial action in border dispute with Venezuela|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/12/23/guyana-ponders-judicial-action-in-border-dispute-with-venezuela|work=FoxNews Latino|date=23 December 2014|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222140437/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/12/23/guyana-ponders-judicial-action-in-border-dispute-with-venezuela/|archive-date=22 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guyanachronicle.com/ARCHIVES/archive%2017-06-07.html|title=Tribunal decision tentatively set for August|access-date=9 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406062803/http://www.guyanachronicle.com/ARCHIVES/archive%2017-06-07.html|archive-date=6 April 2009}}. guyanachronicle.com, Archives for 17 June 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://landofsixpeoples.com/news701/nk0702053.html|title=Guyana to experience 'massive' oil exploration this year|publisher=Landofsixpeoples.com|date=5 February 2007|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824175352/http://landofsixpeoples.com/news701/nk0702053.html|archive-date=24 August 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbean360.com/News/Business/Stories/2007/04/27/NEWS0000004303.html|title=News in the Caribbean|publisher=Caribbean360.com|date=27 April 2007|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100725/http://www.caribbean360.com/News/Business/Stories/2007/04/27/NEWS0000004303.html|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The maritime<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141112212835/http://www.islandjournal.net/reportc.htm?section=caribbeannewsnow&story=Foreign-affairs-minister-reiterates-Guyana%27s-territorial-sovereignty&id=21520&catid=13 Foreign affairs minister reiterates Guyana's territorial sovereignty]}}. CaribbeanNetNews.com (17 February 2010).</ref><ref>{{cite news
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110143359/http://www.antiguaobserver.com/point-of-clarification-guyana-clears-air-on-suriname-border-talk/
|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=dead
|url=http://www.antiguaobserver.com/point-of-clarification-guyana-clears-air-on-suriname-border-talk/
|title=Point of clarification: Guyana clears air on Suriname border talk
|date=17 February 2010|newspaper=Antigua Observer|location=St. John's
|publisher=Observer Publications Ltd|agency=Caribbean Media Corporation}}</ref> component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the [[United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea]], and a ruling was announced on 21 September 2007. The ruling concerning the [[Caribbean Sea]] north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1147|title=official site of the Permanent Court of Arbitration|publisher=Pca-cpa.org|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208082359/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1147|archive-date=8 February 2013}}</ref>

When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire [[Cuyuni River]] basin within the colony, to the protest of Venezuela which claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River. In 1897 in [[Washington, DC]], both countries accepted the "''Treaty between Great Britain and the United States of Venezuela Respecting the Settlement of the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela.''" According to the Treaty of Washington (1897), the final decision by the [[Arbitral tribunal|arbitration tribunal]] in [[Paris, France|Paris]] would be a "''full, perfect, and final settlement''"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/GB-VE_970202_Treaty%20of%20Arbitration.pdf|title=Treaty of arbitration between Venezuela and Great Britain, signed at Washington and dated the second day of February, 1897|access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101020005/http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/GB-VE_970202_Treaty%20of%20Arbitration.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to the border dispute. In 1899, the tribunal issued the [[Paris Arbitral Award]], granting a majority of the disputed territory to British Guiana. Following the settlement, an exact border was demarcated by markers and coordinates by a Venezuelan and British boundary commission in accordance with International law. Venezuela brought up again the settled claim, during the 1960s cold war period, and during Guyana's Independence period. In 1962, Venezuelan President [[Rómulo Betancourt]] resuscitated Venezuela's claim to the disputed territory by declaring the 1899 arbitration award null and void.<ref name=":4" /> The result of this complaint led to the [[Geneva Agreement (1966)|Treaty of Geneva of 1966]], which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, the United Kingdom and Venezuela.<ref name="Ishmael">[http://www.guyana.org/features/trail_diplomacy.html Ishmael, Odeen (1998, rev. 2006) "The Trail Of Diplomacy: A Documentary History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628103711/http://www.guyana.org/features/trail_diplomacy.html |date=28 June 2009}} Ishmael was Ambassador of Guyana to Venezuela when this was written.</ref> Venezuela calls this region "Zona en Reclamación" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a-venezuela.com/mapas/map/html/politico.html|title=Mapa Politico de Venezuela|publisher=A-venezuela.com|access-date=2 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220105637/http://www.a-venezuela.com/mapas/map/html/politico.html|archive-date=20 February 2010}}</ref>

In 2023, [[2023 Venezuelan referendum|a referendum]] was held in Venezuela which saw 95% of voters approve creating a new state in the disputed area with Guyana's President Irfaan Ali calling it a direct threat on the nation's sovereignty. Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro claims wide support for the move, despite only around 10% of the Venezuelan voting population taking part in the referendum.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-12-06|title=Essequibo: Venezuela moves to claim Guyana-controlled region|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67635646|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207204335/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67635646|url-status=live}}</ref> Both the US and Brazil made signs of supporting Guyana in the territorial dispute, with Brazil sending troops to their border with the Essequibo region.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hernández|first1=Osmary|last2=Almánzar|first2=Fernando|last3=Alberti|first3=Mia|date=2023-12-06|title=Venezuela's president orders creation of new state and map including land from Guyana|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/06/americas/venezuelas-president-orders-creation-of-new-state-and-map-including-land-from-guyana/index.html|access-date=2023-12-07|website=CNN|language=en|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211114/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/06/americas/venezuelas-president-orders-creation-of-new-state-and-map-including-land-from-guyana/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[US Southern Command]] held air exercises with [[Guyana Defence Force]]s in Guyana in December 2023.<ref name= guyanaExercises2023 >From AFP News [https://www.barrons.com/news/us-announces-military-air-exercises-in-guyana-amid-venezuela-tensions-3bca2752 (7 Dec 2023) US Holds Military Exercises In Guyana As Border Tensions Soar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207233035/https://www.barrons.com/news/us-announces-military-air-exercises-in-guyana-amid-venezuela-tensions-3bca2752 |date=7 December 2023 }}</ref>
[[File:Special Map of british Guiana, illustrating the Venezuela-Guiana boundary dispute 1895-96 - btv1b8441757p (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|Illustration of the [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute|Guiana-Venezuela border dispute]], including western boundary ceded to Venezuela, published by Scottish cartographer [[George Philip (cartographer)|George Philip]] in 1897]]

Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are [[Ankoko Island]] with Venezuela; Corentyne River<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.islandjournal.net/reportc.htm?section=caribbeannewsnow&story=Guyana-and-Suriname-border-dispute-continues-despite-UN-findings&id=11740&catid=13|title=Guyana and Suriname border dispute continues despite UN findings|access-date=15 December 2008|first=Oscar|last=Ramjeet|date=28 October 2008|work=Caribbean Net News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228020436/http://www.islandjournal.net/reportc.htm?section=caribbeannewsnow&story=Guyana-and-Suriname-border-dispute-continues-despite-UN-findings&id=11740&catid=13|archive-date=28 February 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> with Suriname; and [[Tigri Area]] or [[New River Triangle]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/opinion/letters/10/24/there-is-no-agreement-recognizing-suriname%E2%80%99s-sovereignty-over-the-corentyne-river/|title=There is no agreement recognizing Suriname's sovereignty over the Corentyne River|access-date=15 December 2008|first=Carolyn|last=Rodrigues-Birkett|date=24 October 2008|work=Stabroek Newspaper|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/z8rXH|archive-date=21 February 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> with Suriname. In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the Tigri Area and was forcibly removed. In August 1969 a patrol of the [[Guyana Defence Force]] found a survey camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the triangle, and documented evidence of the Surinamese intention to occupy the entire disputed area. After an exchange of gunfire, the [[Surinamese people|Surinamese]] were driven from the triangle.

==== Organisation of American States (OAS) ====
Guyana entered the [[Organisation of American States]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=GUY|title=OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|last=OAS|date=1 August 2009|website=oas.org|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014191244/http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=GUY|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Indigenous Leaders Summits of America (ILSA) ====
With Guyana having many groups of indigenous persons and given the geographical location of the country, the contributions of the Guyanese to the OAS respecting indigenous people may be significant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/en/topics/indigenous_peoples.asp|title=OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|last=OAS|date=1 August 2009|website=oas.org|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222054758/http://www.oas.org/en/topics/indigenous_peoples.asp|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The position of the OAS respecting indigenous persons developed over the years. "The "OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA)"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.summit-americas.org/cs_ind.html|title=Indigenous Peoples|website=summit-americas.org|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413215714/http://www.summit-americas.org/cs_ind.html|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be a working document<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/consejo/CAJP/Indigenous%20special%20session.asp#Special|title=Events OAS Indigenous Special Events|website=oas.org|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091030/http://www.oas.org/consejo/CAJP/Indigenous%20special%20session.asp#Special|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Agreements which affect financial relationships ====
===== The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 =====
At a CARICOM Meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana respectively signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on 19 August 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ird.gov.tt/Media/Default/IRDTreaties/DTT-Caricom--1994.pdf|title=IRD Trinidad and Tobago – CARICOM Treaties|website=ird.gov.tt|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507154606/http://ird.gov.tt/Media/Default/IRDTreaties/DTT-Caricom--1994.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.

===== FATCA =====
On 30 June 2014, Guyana signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to the [[Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act]] (FATCA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx|title=Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)|website=treasury.gov|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113122755/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Pages/FATCA.aspx|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
This Model 1 agreement includes a reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Clause 3) which was signed on 22 July 1992 in Georgetown, Guyana intending to exchange tax information on an automatic basis.

=== Military ===
{{Main|Guyana Defence Force}}

The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana. It maintains strong military relations with [[Brazilian Armed Forces|Brazil]], with which it collaborates on border security through yearly regional military exchange gatherings. Guyana also has an ongoing partnership with the [[United States Army]] to enhance the country's military readiness and capabilities to respond to security threats.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Army, Guyana Defence Forces Strengthen Military Partnership|url=https://gy.usembassy.gov/u-s-army-guyana-defence-forces-strengthen-military-partnership/|website=U.S. Embassy Guyana|date=28 November 2023|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105153815/https://gy.usembassy.gov/u-s-army-guyana-defence-forces-strengthen-military-partnership/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== LGBT rights ===
{{See also|LGBT rights in Guyana}}
[[Homosexuality]], as well as [[anal sex|anal]] and [[oral sex]], is illegal in Guyana.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2016 |title=LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827151517/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=29 August 2017 |work=[[The Independent]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is currently the only country in South America that prohibits same-sex activity. Engaging in such acts can warrant [[life imprisonment]], though the prohibition is [[Unenforced law|unenforced]]. These laws can be difficult to alter, as the [[Constitution of Guyana]] protects laws inherited from the [[British Empire]] from constitutional review.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Burham|first1=Margaret A.|title=Saving Constitutional Rights from Judicial Scrutiny: The Savings Clause in the Law of the Commonwealth Caribbean|url=https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159&context=umialr|website=miami.edu|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628205146/https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159&context=umialr|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[cross-dressing]] has been legal since 2018, when a ban was struck down by Guyana's court of last resort, the [[Caribbean Court of Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccj.org/ccj-declares-guyanas-cross-dressing-law-unconstitutional/|title=CCJ Declares Guyana's Cross-Dressing Law Unconstitutional|work=Caribbean Court of Justice |publisher=The Caribbean Court of Justice|date=13 November 2018|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220105715/http://www.ccj.org/news/ccj-declares-guyanas-cross-dressing-law-unconstitutional|url-status=live |last1=Wright |first1=Charmaine }}</ref> [[President of Guyana|President]] [[David A. Granger]] (2015–2020) expressed support for these efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2016/01/06/president-to-respect-lgbt-rights/|title=President to respect LGBT rights|publisher=Guyana Chronicle|date=6 January 2016|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124012800/https://guyanachronicle.com/2016/01/06/president-to-respect-lgbt-rights/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Guyana}}

{{See also|Agriculture in Guyana|List of companies of Guyana}}
[[File:Tractor in field of rice by Khirsah1.jpg|thumb|A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain]]

The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (rice and [[Natural brown sugar|Demerara sugar]]), [[bauxite]] and gold mining, timber, seafood, minerals, crude oil and natural gas. Guyana's gold production in 2015 is {{convert|14|t}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live }}</ref>

The discovery of major crude oil reserves off the Atlantic coast has had a large effect on Guyana's GDP since drilling began in 2019. GDP grew sharply (43%) through the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] year of 2020, and is anticipated to continue at a high level. The non-oil sectors contracted as public health measures were in place to control the virus spread; the growth of GDP rests on the oil sector for these two years.<ref name=Ragobeer2021>{{cite news|url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2021/04/07/economy-to-grow-16-4-per-cent/|title=Economy to grow 16.4 per cent|first=Vishani|last=Ragobeer|date=7 April 2021|work=Guyana Chronicle|access-date=4 November 2021|quote=While presenting the 2021 National Budget in February, Senior Minister in the Office of the President with responsibility for Finance, Dr Ashni Singh, noted that Guyana's growth in 2020 was actually 43.5 per cent. The IMF's revised growth rate for 2020 (43.4 per cent) is now closely aligned with the figures provided by the senior minister. Meanwhile, in February also, the Dr. Singh projected that Guyana's economy is expected to grow by 20.9 per cent in 2021. ... Based on the World Bank's latest estimates, the country is set to record economic growth of 20.9 per cent at the end of 2021, 26.0 per cent in 2022 and 23.0 per cent in 2023.|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104112912/https://guyanachronicle.com/2021/04/07/economy-to-grow-16-4-per-cent/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In December 2024, Guyana was projected as the third largest per capita petroleum producing country in the world.<ref name="Wilkinson 2024">{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Bert |title=Guyana now third largest per-capita oil producer in the world – Caribbean Life |website=Caribbean Life |date=2024-12-20 |url=https://www.caribbeanlife.com/guyana-now-third-largest-per-capita-oil-producer-in-the-world/ |access-date=2024-12-20}}</ref>

Preservation of Guyana's pristine forests has been a key component for receiving international aid through [[REDD]] programmes.

=== Summary ===
* GDP: US$25.822 billion ($32,326 per capita, 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" />
* GDP growth rate: 86.7% (2020)<ref name="IMFWEO.GY" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Economic Prospects, January 2020: Slow Growth, Policy Challenges|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33044/9781464814693.pdf|access-date=14 January 2020|department=openknowledge.worldbank.org|publisher=[[World Bank]]|page=101|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212055511/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33044/9781464814693.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Inflation: 5.03% (2021)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Guyana|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/#economy|access-date=2023-12-22|website=The World Factbook|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107032754/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/#economy|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Unemployment: 16.42% (2021)<ref name=":2" />
* Arable land: 2% (2018 estimate)<ref name=":2" />
* Labour force: 324,943 (2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor force, total – Guyana|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=GY|access-date=14 January 2020|department=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114091125/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN%3Flocations%3DGY|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Agricultural produce: sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish, shrimp<ref name=":2" />
* Industrial production: bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining<ref name=":2" />
* Major export products: [[Crude petroleum]] 85.9% ($15.9B), gold 7.36% ($1.36B), rice 2.32% ($429M), [[aluminium ore]] 1.04% ($192M), and [[hard liquor]] 0.65% ($120M). (2022)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Guyana (GUY) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/guy|access-date=2024-06-14|website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513110611/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/guy|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Exports: US$18.5 billion; Panama 31.6%, Netherlands 15.5%, United States 12.8%, United Arab Emirates 6.39%, and Italy 6.35%. (2022)<ref name=":3" />
* Major import products: [[Oil refinery|Refined Petroleum]] 11.8% ($441M), [[Valve]]s 5.48% ($206M), [[Automotive industry|Cars]] 2.87% ($108M), [[Construction vehicles|Large Construction Vehicles]] 2.81% ($106M), and [[Truck|Delivery Trucks]] 2.18% ($81.7M). (2022)<ref name=":3" />
* Imports: US$3.75 billion; United States 27.8%, China 14.3%, Brazil 7.06%, Trinidad and Tobago 6.84%, and Suriname 4.23%. (2022)<ref name=":3" />

=== Economic history ===
The [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|earliest residents]] of Guyana employed a variety of agricultural practices for subsistence living but also had extensive networks of trade, dealing in items such as blow pipes, [[curare]], cassava graters, and other essentials. These trade networks were important even at the time of the earliest European contact, and Dutch traders were inclined to gift the local peoples in order to maintain successful settlements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitaker|first=James Andrew|date=December 2017|title=Guns and Sorcery: Raiding, Trading, and Kanaima among the Makushi|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329972388|access-date=2021-03-04|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

After the initial rush to find gold in the New World waned, the Dutch found the climate to be suitable for growing sugar cane, converting large tracts of the Guyanese coast into [[plantation]]s and supplying with labour from the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. The country and economy were run by a small European planter elite<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beaumont|first=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FwJVAAAAcAAJ&q=indentured+servitude+british+guiana&pg=PA9|title=The New Slavery: An Account of the Indian and Chinese Immigrants in British Guiana|date=1871|publisher=W. Ridgway|pages=8–9|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531024708/https://books.google.com/books?id=FwJVAAAAcAAJ&q=indentured+servitude+british+guiana&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> which continued on when the colonies of the territory were merged and the land was given over to the [[British Empire]] in 1814. Upon emancipation in 1838, almost all of the former slaves abandoned the plantations, and Indians were brought to the country under [[indenture]] contracts from 1838 until the end of the system in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana – HISTORY OF THE ECONOMY|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/54.htm|access-date=2021-03-04|website=countrystudies.us|archive-date=6 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706235649/http://countrystudies.us/guyana/54.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The production of [[balatá]] (natural [[latex]]) was once a big business in Guyana. Most of the balatá bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the [[Kanuku Mountains]] in the [[Rupununi savannah]]. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses of balatá included the making of [[cricket ball]]s, temporary dental fillings, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the [[Macushi]] people).

When the country gained independence from British rule, a policy of nationalisation was enacted by [[Forbes Burnham]] to address the inequities that were established by plantation-based colonial rule. All large-scale industries such as foreign-owned bauxite mining ([[Reynolds Metals]] and [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]]'s Alcan) and sugar ([[GuySuCo]]) operations were taken over by the government. However, the economy under nationalisation was plagued by problems; political instability leading to an exodus of skilled labour, inexperienced management, aging infrastructure. Poor international market conditions also expanded the country's debt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana – HISTORY OF THE ECONOMY – Postindependence|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/55.htm|access-date=2021-03-04|website=countrystudies.us|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516152906/http://countrystudies.us/guyana/55.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Guyanese economy rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth after 1999, due to expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organisations. Guyana held huge amounts of debt which have been written off through various international agencies. In 2003 Guyana qualified for US$329 million of debt relief, in addition to the US$256 million from the original World Bank plan for assisting [[heavily indebted poor countries]] in 1999. The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative in 2006/7 wrote off about US$611 million of Guyana's debt by the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Bank]] and the [[Inter-American Development Bank]]. In 2006, Japan finalised its bilateral debt cancellation agreement, in 2007, US$15 million was written off by China and in 2008, Venezuela cancelled US$12.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 April 2009|title=International Development Association Country Assistance Strategy for Guyana for the Period FY 2009–2012|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/162121468035426088/pdf/479830CAS0P106101Official0Use0Only1.pdf|access-date=2021-02-28|page=7|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174201/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/162121468035426088/pdf/479830CAS0P106101Official0Use0Only1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the [[2008 financial crisis]]; it grew 5.4% in 2011 and 3.7% in 2012. IMF projected economic growth to be 53% in 2020 following the completion of the first off-shore oil project.<ref>{{Cite news|title=World Economy May Be Crashing But Guyana Still Seen Growing 53%|last=Bristow|first=Matthew|work=Bloomberg.com|date=14 April 2020|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-14/world-economy-may-be-crashing-but-guyana-still-seen-growing-53|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504072244/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-14/world-economy-may-be-crashing-but-guyana-still-seen-growing-53|url-status=live}}</ref> Actual growth in GDP in 2020 was 43%; reports in April 2021 anticipate 20% growth for 2021.<ref name=Ragobeer2021 />

=== Tax policy ===
The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. A [[Value Added Tax]] (VAT) replaced six different taxes. Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code. Many businesses opposed VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT. Replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot [[tax evasion]].

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Guyana}}

[[File:LethemBridge.jpg|thumb|Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near [[Lethem, Guyana|Lethem]]]]
There are a total of {{cvt|116|mi|km|order=flip}} of railway, all dedicated to ore transport. There are {{cvt|4952|mi|km|order=flip}} of highway, of which {{cvt|367|mi|km|order=flip}} are paved. Navigable waterways extend {{cvt|669|mi|km|order=flip}}, including the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers.
There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma, and [[New Amsterdam, Guyana|New Amsterdam]]. There are two international airports ([[Cheddi Jagan International Airport]], Timehri and Eugene F. Correia International Airport (formerly [[Ogle Airport]]); along with about 90 airstrips, nine of which have paved runways. Guyana, Suriname and the [[Falkland Islands]] are the only three regions in South America that [[drive on the left]].

=== Electricity ===
{{Main|Electricity sector in Guyana}}

The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by [[Guyana Power and Light]] (GPL), the state-owned vertically integrated utility. Although the country has a large potential for hydroelectric and [[bagasse]]-fuelled power generation, most of its 226 [[Megawatt|MW]] of installed capacity correspond to diesel-engine driven generators.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=World Bank|date=2007|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/10/05/000020439_20071005091246/Rendered/PDF/359511GY0V2.pdf|title=Guyana Investment Climate Assessment, Vol II|pages=71, 73|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181330/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/10/05/000020439_20071005091246/Rendered/PDF/359511GY0V2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several initiatives are in place to improve [[Hinterland energy in Guyana|energy access in the hinterland]].

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Guyana|Guyanese people}}

[[File:Guyana population density.png|thumb|Guyana's population density in 2005 (people per km2)]]
[[File:Population Guyana.PNG|thumb|A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be clearly seen.]]

The large majority (about 90%) of Guyana's 744,000 people live along a narrow coastal strip that ranges from a width of {{cvt|10|to|40|mi|order=flip}} inland and makes up approximately 10% of the nation's total land area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geographia.com/guyana/geninfo.html|title=Guyana General Information|publisher=Geographia.com|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411064504/http://www.geographia.com/Guyana/geninfo.html|archive-date=11 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Guyana's population is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic groups originating from India, Africa, Europe, and China, as well as [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]]. Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, most groups share a common language of English and its Guyanese English Creole vernacular.

The largest ethnic group is the [[Indo-Guyanese]] (also known as [[Indo-Caribbeans|East Indians]]), the descendants of [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers from India]] who make up 43.5% of the population, according to the 2002 census. They are followed by the [[Afro-Guyanese]], the descendants of enslaved people brought from Africa, primarily [[West Africa]], who constitute 30.2%. The Guyanese of mixed heritage make up 16.7%.

The Indigenous peoples, known locally as [[Amerindians]], make up 10.5% of the population.<ref name="navigator">{{cite web|title=Indigenous Peoples in Guyana|url=https://indigenousnavigator.org/guyana|website=Indigenous Navigator|access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> The nine Indigenous nations in Guyana, defined by language, are the [[Akawaio people|Akawaio]], [[Lokono|Arawak]] ([[Lokono]]), [[Arekuna people|Arekuna]] ([[Pemon]]), [[Kalina people|Carib]] ([[Karinya]]), [[Makushi]], [[Patamona]], [[Wai-wai people|Wai Wai]], [[Wapichan]], and [[Warao people|Warao]].<ref name=navigator/> They are the third-largest demographic group in the country and are the majority population in the southern interior.<ref name=navigator/>

The Afro-Guyanese population mainly descend from West African ethnicities such as the [[Asante people|Ashanti]] from [[Ghana]], the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] from [[South West (Nigeria)|Southwest Nigeria]], the [[Igbo people|Igbo]] from [[Igboland|South-Eastern Nigeria]], and the [[Mandinka people|Mandingo]] from [[Senegal]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roopnarine|first1=Lomarsh|title=A long journey to Emancipation|url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2021/07/25/a-long-journey-to-emancipation/|website=Guyana Chronicle|date=25 July 2021|access-date=17 April 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417020356/https://guyanachronicle.com/2021/07/25/a-long-journey-to-emancipation/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured labourers who migrated from [[North India]], especially the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] and [[Awadh]] regions of the [[Hindi Belt]] in the present-day states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/musicofhindutrin00myer/page/30 30]|title=Music of Hindu Trinidad|publisher=University of Chicago Press|first=Helen|last=Myers|isbn=9780226554532|year=1999}}</ref> A significant minority of Indo-Guyanese are also descended from indentured migrants who came from the South Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]; these are the plurality ancestry in the [[East Berbice-Corentyne]] region.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter17.pdf|title=Indian Diaspora|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430175036/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter17.pdf|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced some racial tension.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcaribbean%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2005%2F09%2F050920_guyana_race.shtml "Guyana turns attention to racism"] . ''BBC News''. 20 September 2005.</ref><ref>"[http://www.guyana.org/features/conflicts_indiansandblacks.html Conflict between Guyanese-Indians and Blacks in Trinidad and Guyana Socially, Economically and Politically] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202013914/http://www.guyana.org/features/conflicts_indiansandblacks.html |date=2 December 2010}}". Gabrielle Hookumchand, Professor Moses Seenarine. 18 May 2000.</ref><ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/265657/20111212/guyana-politics-election-blacks-indians-ramotar-ppp.htm International Business Times: "Guyana: A Study in Polarized Racial Politics"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715075007/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/265657/20111212/guyana-politics-election-blacks-indians-ramotar-ppp.htm |date=15 July 2012}} 12 December 2011</ref>

=== Largest cities ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Largest cities and towns of Guyana
|-
! Rank !! [[List of cities and towns in Guyana|Name]] !! [[Regions of Guyana|Region]] !! Population
|-
| '''1''' || [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || [[Demerara-Mahaica]] || 118,363<ref name="cities2012">{{cite report|title=Guyana Population and Housing Census 2012: Preliminary Report|url=https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2012_Preliminary_Report.pdf|page=23|publisher=Bureau of Statistics, Guyana|date=June 2014|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010130705/https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2012_Preliminary_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''2''' || [[Linden, Guyana|Linden]] || [[Upper Demerara-Berbice]] || 27,277<ref name="cities2012"/>
|-
| '''3''' || [[New Amsterdam, Guyana|New Amsterdam]] || [[East Berbice-Corentyne]] || 17,329<ref name="cities2012"/>
|-
| '''4''' || [[Corriverton]] || [[East Berbice-Corentyne]] || 11,386<ref name="cities2012"/>
|-
| '''5''' || [[Bartica]] || [[Cuyuni-Mazaruni]] || 8,004<ref name="village2012">{{cite web|url=https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Population_By_Village_2012.zip|title=2012 Population by Village|website=Statistics Guyana|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417175159/https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Population_by_Village_2012.zip|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''6''' || [[Mahaica]] || [[Demerara-Mahaica]] || 4,867<ref name="village2012"/>
|-
| '''7''' || [[Rose Hall, Guyana|Rose Hall]] || [[East Berbice-Corentyne]] || 4,413<ref name="village2012"/>
|-
| '''8''' || [[Parika]] || [[Essequibo Islands-West Demerara]] || 4,385<ref name="village2012"/>
|-
| '''9''' || [[Triumph, Guyana|Triumph]] || [[Demerara-Mahaica]] || 3,788<ref name="village2012"/>
|-
| '''10''' || [[Uitvlugt]] || [[Essequibo Islands-West Demerara]] || 2,980<ref name="village2012"/>
|-
|}

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Guyana}}

English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government, media, and services. The vast majority of the population speaks [[Guyanese Creole]], an English-based creole with slight African, Indian, and Amerindian influences, as their first language.<ref>Damoiseau, Robert (2003) ''Eléments de grammaire comparée français-créole guyanais'' Ibis rouge, Guyana, {{ISBN|2-84450-192-3}}</ref>

Indigenous [[Cariban languages]] ([[Akawaio language|Akawaio]], [[Waiwai language|Wai-Wai]], and [[Macushi language|Macushi]]) are spoken by a small minority of Amerindians.

[[Caribbean Hindustani#Guyanese Hindustani|Guyanese Hindustani]] is spoken by the older generation of the Indo-Guyanese community, but younger Guyanese use English or Guyanese Creole. Indo-Surinamese immigrants from Suriname speak the [[Caribbean Hindustani#Sarnami Hindustani|Sarnami]] variant, especially the [[Caribbean Hindustani#Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani|Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani]] subdialect.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Gambhir|first=Surendra Kumar|date=1981|title=The East Indian Speech Community in Guyana: A Sociolinguistic Study With Special Reference to Koine Formation.|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8207963|type=PhD dissertation|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|pages=1–367|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430150912/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8207963/|url-status=live|id={{ProQuest|303192456}}}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Guyana}}

[[File:20191121 Guyana 0048 Georgetown sRGB (49295795336).jpg|thumb|250px|upright|[[St. George's Cathedral, Georgetown|St. George's Anglican Cathedral]] in the capital [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]]]

In 2012 the population was 64% [[Christian]], 25% [[Hindu]], 7% [[Islam|Muslim]], 3% irreligious and 1% of other faiths.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guyana/|access-date=2023-12-07|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180431/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guyana/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Religion is an important aspect of identity in Guyana and reflects the various external influences of colonialism and immigrant groups. Christianity was considered the prestigious religion, transmitting European culture and representing upward mobility in the colonial society. Missionaries and churches built schools, and until nationalisation in the 1970s, nearly all schools were denominational. When Indians were brought to the country as indentured labour, Hinduism and Islam gained prominence, but for some decades neither were acknowledged for legal marriage.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Brackette F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Nx49xkfu-YC&q=christian&pg=PA298|title=Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle|date=1991-04-12|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1119-5|language=en|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531024830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Nx49xkfu-YC&q=christian&pg=PA298|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some traditional African and Amerindian spiritual beliefs remain alongside the dominant religions.

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Guyana}}

[[Life expectancy]] at birth is estimated to be 69.5 years as of 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=South America :: Guyana — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=www.cia.gov|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107032754/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 2012) ranked the country as having the highest [[suicide]] rate in the world, with a mortality rate of 44.2 per 100,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131056/1/9789241564779_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1|title=WHO Report 2014 Preventing suicide: A global imperative.|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616024658/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131056/1/9789241564779_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1|archive-date=16 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21616972-when-it-comes-people-taking-their-own-lives-guyana-leads-world-desperate-measures|title=Desperate measures|date=13 September 2014|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610122736/http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21616972-when-it-comes-people-taking-their-own-lives-guyana-leads-world-desperate-measures|archive-date=10 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2011 estimates from the [[WHO]], [[HIV]] [[prevalence]] is 1.2% of the teen/adult population (ages 15–49).<ref>[https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2011_Part1.pdf WHO Health-Related Millennium Development Goals Report 2011] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617072744/http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2011_Part1.pdf |date=17 June 2012}}. Part1</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Guyana}}

Education in Guyana was primarily introduced and operated by missionising Christian denominations. The wealthy planter elite often sent their children for education abroad in England, but as schools improved in Guyana, they also modelled after the former [[British education]] system. Primary education became compulsory in 1876, although the need for children to assist in agricultural labour kept many children from schooling. In the 1960s, the government took over control of all schools in the country. Fees were removed, new schools were opened in rural areas, and the University of Guyana was established so students no longer were required to go abroad for tertiary education.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Guyana – EDUCATION|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/44.htm|access-date=2021-03-06|website=countrystudies.us|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814064255/http://countrystudies.us/guyana/44.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to the University of Guyana, [[Texila American University]]—founded in 2010—offers medical and health sciences programmes and is accredited by CAAM-HP and ACCM.[[File:Queens College Guyana.jpg|thumb|[[Queen's College, Georgetown]]]]Guyana's literacy was one of the highest in the Caribbean, by estimated literacy rate of 96 per cent in 1990.<ref name=":1" /> In a 2014 UNESCO estimate, literacy is 96.7 in the 15–24 year old age group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-27|title=Guyana|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/gy|access-date=2021-03-06|website=uis.unesco.org|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302112953/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/gy|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the functional literacy may be only as high as 70%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jennings |first1=Zellyne |title=Functional literacy of Young Guyanese Adults |journal=International Review of Education |date=May 2000 |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=93–116 |doi=10.1023/A:1003926406978 |bibcode=2000IREdu..46...93J }}</ref>

Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance into high school in grade 7. They take the [[CXC]] at the end of high school. Schools have introduced the [[Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination|CAPE]] exams which all other Caribbean countries have introduced. The [[Advanced Level (UK)|A-level system]], inherited from the British era, is offered only in a few schools.

Infrastructure challenges affect access to education, especially for students in the hinterland. A World Bank assessment showed roughly 50% of teachers were "untrained, operated with inadequate teaching materials, and served children of parents with low levels of adult literacy".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Improving Literacy and Numeracy Outcomes for Guyana's Early Learners|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2019/04/26/improving-literacy-and-numeracy-outcomes-for-guyana-early-learners|access-date=2021-03-06|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417175711/https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2019/04/26/improving-literacy-and-numeracy-outcomes-for-guyana-early-learners|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Guyana}}

{{See also|Literature of Guyana|Music of Guyana}}
{| style="float:right;" class="wikitable"
|+ Holidays
|-
| 1 January || [[New Year's Day]]
|-
| Spring || [[Youman Nabi]] ([[Mawlid]])
|-
| 23 February || [[Republic Day]]{{\}}[[Mashramani]]
|-
| March || [[Phagwah]] ([[Holi]])
|-
| March{{\}}April || [[Good Friday]]
|-
| March{{\}}April || [[Easter Sunday]]
|-
| March{{\}}April || [[Easter Monday]]
|-
| 1 May || [[Labour Day]]
|-
| 5 May || [[Indian Arrival Day|Arrival Day]]
|-
| 26 May || [[Independence Day]]
|-
| First Monday in July || [[CARICOM Day]]
|-
| 1 August || [[Emancipation Day]]
|-
| October{{\}}November || [[Diwali]]
|-
| 25 December || [[Christmas]]
|-
| {{nowrap|26 or 27 December}} || [[Boxing Day]]
|-
|-
| Varies || [[Eid al-Fitr]]
|-
| Varies || [[Eid al-Adha]]
|}

Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century.

The current Guyanese culture began to develop when immigrants (some enslaved, some coerced, others coming of their own accord) adapted and converged with the dominant British culture. Slavery eradicated much of the distinction between differing African cultures as they were supplanted by British culture, which encouraged the adoption of Christianity and the values of British colonists; this laid the foundations of today's Afro-Guyanese culture. Arriving later and under somewhat more favourable circumstances, Indian immigrants were subjected to less assimilation, and they preserved more aspects of Indian culture, such as religion, cuisine, music, festivals, and clothing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guyana – Society|url=http://countrystudies.us/guyana/22.htm|access-date=2021-03-04|website=countrystudies.us|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170255/http://countrystudies.us/guyana/22.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean countries. Its blend of the two dominant cultures, Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, gives it similarities to [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Suriname]], and distinguishes it from other parts of the Americas. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc.

Events include [[Mashramani]] (Mash), [[Phagwah]] ([[Holi]]), and [[Deepavali]] ([[Diwali]]).

=== Media ===
{{main|National Communications Network, Guyana|Radio in Guyana|List of newspapers in Guyana}}

=== Traditional Foods of Guyana ===
Guyanese cuisine reflects the country’s diverse cultural heritage, featuring dishes such as pepperpot, a slow‑cooked meat stew flavored with cassareep, cinnamon, and spices and traditionally served on special occasions, and cook‑up rice, a one‑pot meal of rice simmered with coconut milk, peas, beans, and assorted meats.

=== Landmarks ===
* [[St. George's Cathedral, Georgetown|St George's Anglican Cathedral]]: A historic Anglican Cathedral made of wood.<ref name="wonders"/>
* [[Demerara Harbour Bridge]]: The world's fourth-longest floating bridge.<ref name="mon-3">{{cite web|url=https://ntg.gov.gy/regional-monuments/region-3/|title=Region 3 (Essequibo Islands-West Demerara)|website=National Trust of Guyana|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126110804/https://ntg.gov.gy/regional-monuments/region-3/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Berbice Bridge]]: The world's sixth-longest floating bridge.
* [[Secretariat of the Caribbean Community|Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building]]: Houses the headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the Caribbean.
* [[Providence Stadium]]: Situated on Providence on the east bank of the Demerara River and built in time for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country. It is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana.
* [[Arthur Chung Conference Centre]]:<ref name="Ministry of Public Telecommunications">{{cite web|title=Arthur Chung Conference Centre|website=Ministry of Public Telecommunications {{pipe}} Republic of Guyana|date=6 March 2017|url=https://mopt.gov.gy/agencies/arthur-chung-conference-centre/|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923122222/https://mopt.gov.gy/agencies/arthur-chung-conference-centre/|url-status=live}}</ref> Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana. It is the only one of its kind in the country.
* [[Stabroek Market]]: A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next to the Demerara River.<ref name="wonders"/>
* [[Georgetown City Hall]]: A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era.<ref name="wonders"/>
* [[Takutu River Bridge]]: A bridge across the Takutu River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Takutu Bridge to open Friday|work=Kaieteur News|date=29 July 2009|url=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2009/07/29/takutu-bridge-to-open-friday/|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126152527/https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2009/07/29/takutu-bridge-to-open-friday/|url-status=live |author1=Knews }}</ref>
* [[Umana Yana]]: An Amerindian benab (thatched hut),<ref name="benab">{{cite web|title=Benab|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/benab_n?tab=meaning_and_use#23604187 |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> that is a national monument built in 1972, for a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was rebuilt in 2016).<ref name="natmon">{{cite web|url=https://ntg.gov.gy/national-monuments/|title=National Monuments|website=National Trust of Guyana|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217090532/https://ntg.gov.gy/national-monuments/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shell Beach, Guyana|Shell Beach]]: Approximately 140 km long beach. In some parts beach consists of pure shells, very high biological diversity. Important nesting site for 8 species of sea turtles.<ref name="wonders">{{cite web|url=https://ntg.gov.gy/national-monuments/wonders-of-guyana-2/|title=Wonders of Guyana|website=National Trust of Guyana|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217090530/https://ntg.gov.gy/national-monuments/wonders-of-guyana-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Parliament Building of Guyana]]: Parliament Building currently houses the seat of the National Assembly of the Government of Guyana. Located in Stabroek, facing Brickdam and bordered by Hadfield Street, High Street, and Cornhill Street <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntg.gov.gy/monument/parliament-building/|title=Parliament Building – National Trust|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205183525/https://ntg.gov.gy/monument/parliament-building/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Cricket in the West Indies}}
[[File:Providence Stadium outside.jpg|thumb|left|Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway]]

The major sports in Guyana are [[Guyana national cricket team|cricket]] (Guyana is part of the [[West Indies cricket team]] for international cricket purposes<ref>{{cite web|title=Composition and countries|url=http://www.windiescricket.com/|work=W.I Cricket team|publisher=West Indies Cricket Board|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103005917/http://windiescricket.com/|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>), [[Basketball in Guyana|basketball]], [[association football|football]] and volleyball.<ref>{{cite web|title=SPORTS, LITERATURE|url=http://www.guyana.org/Handbook/sprtslit.html|publisher=Guyana News and Information|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111034/http://www.guyana.org/Handbook/sprtslit.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Minor sports include [[beach cricket|softball cricket (beach cricket)]], field hockey, [[netball]], [[rounders]], [[lawn tennis]], table tennis, [[boxing]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[Guyana national rugby union team|rugby]], [[horse racing]] and a few others.

Guyana played host to [[international cricket]] matches as part of the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] (CWC 2007). The new 15,000-seat [[Providence Stadium]], also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on 28 March. At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium, [[Lasith Malinga]] of the [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lankan team]] took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Providence stadium – Records and statistics|url=http://www.cricketworld4u.com/grounds/00042.php|access-date=27 November 2013|newspaper=Cricket World 4U|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232539/http://www.cricketworld4u.com/grounds/00042.php|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

[[Guyana Amazon Warriors]] is a team representing Guyana in the [[Caribbean Premier League]], with Providence Cricket Stadium as its home ground. The Caribbean Premier League is a Twenty20 league played every year in the Caribbean, hosted by the West Indies Cricket Board.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2013 |title=Province Stadium is Guyana's home ground in the Caribbean Premier League. |url=https://smartcrichd.com/caribbean-premier-league/ |website=smartcric HD}}</ref>

[[Guyana's national basketball team]] has traditionally been one of the top contenders at the [[CaribeBasket]], the top international basketball tournament for countries in the [[Caribbean]].

For international football purposes, [[Guyana national football team|Guyana]] is part of CONCACAF. The highest league in their club system is the [[GFF Elite League]]. [[Guyana national football team|Guyana's national football team]] has never qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup]]; however, they qualified for the [[Caribbean Cup]] in [[1991 Caribbean Cup|1991]], finishing fourth, and [[2007 Caribbean Cup|2007]]. In 2019, they qualified for the [[CONCACAF Gold Cup]] for the first time, after finishing seventh in the [[2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League qualifying|qualifiers]]. They finished third in Group D, having lost two matches and drawn one.

Guyana also has five courses for horse racing.<ref>{{cite news|last=Service|first=K News|title=Guyana Horse Racing Authority continues its drive to regularize the sport|url=http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2013/07/11/guyana-horse-racing-authority-continues-its-drive-to-regularize-the-sport/|access-date=27 November 2013|newspaper=Kaiteur News|date=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002449/http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2013/07/11/guyana-horse-racing-authority-continues-its-drive-to-regularize-the-sport/|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

Guyana featured a [[beach volleyball]] team at the [[2019 South American Beach Games]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Royston|last1=Alkins|title=Guyana drops first two matches at SA Beach Volleyball Championships|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2019/03/16/sports/guyana-drops-first-two-matches-at-sa-beach-volleyball-championships/|access-date=30 April 2021|work=[[Stabroek News]]|date=16 March 2019|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706093228/https://www.stabroeknews.com/2019/03/16/sports/guyana-drops-first-two-matches-at-sa-beach-volleyball-championships/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Guyana|Caribbean}}
* [[Outline of Guyana]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Brock|first=Stanley E.|author-link=Stan Brock (philanthropist)|title=All the Cowboys Were Indians|edition=Commemorative, illustrated (reprint of ''Jungle Cowboy'')|year=1999|publisher=Synergy South, Inc|location=Lenoir City, TN|isbn=978-1-892329-00-4|oclc=51089880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtUcPQAACAAJ|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829183042/https://books.google.com/books?id=dtUcPQAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Brock|first=Stanley E.|author-link=Stan Brock (philanthropist)|title=Jungle Cowboy|edition=illustrated|year=1972|publisher=Robert Hale Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-7091-2972-1|oclc=650259|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awK7PAAACAAJ|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825000731/https://books.google.com/books?id=awK7PAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Haack|first=Donald|title=Bush Pilot in Diamond Country|date=2004|publisher=Pure Heart Press|isbn=978-1-930907-49-2|location=Charlotte, N.C}}
* {{Cite book|last=MacInnes|first=Hamish|author-link=Hamish MacInnes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAtEDwAAQBAJ|title=Climb to the Lost World|date=1976|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-003444-8|location=Middlesex}}
* {{Cite book|last=Salkey|first=Andrew|title=Georgetown Journal: A Caribbean Writer's Journey from London Via Port of Spain to Georgetown, Guyana, 1970|date=1972|publisher=[[New Beacon Books]]|isbn=978-0-901241-13-9|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=McConnell|first=Ro|title=Land of Waters: Explorations in the Natural History of Guyana, South America|date=2000|publisher=The Book Guild Ltd.|isbn=978-1-857-76458-1|location=Lewes}}
* {{Cite book|last=Morrison|first=Marion|title=Guyana|date=2003|publisher=Children's Press|isbn=978-0-516-22377-3|series=Enchantment of the world|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|last=Temple|first=Bob|title=Guyana|date=2016|publisher=Mason Crest|isbn=978-1-4222-3300-9|series=Discovering South America. History, politics, and culture|location=Philadelphia}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bacchus|first=Noël Compton|title=Guyana Farewell: A Recollection of Childhood in a Faraway Place|publisher=N. Bacchus|year=1995|isbn=978-0-962-41921-8|location=New York|lccn=96102460}}
* {{Cite book|last=Colchester|first=Marcus|title=Guyana: Fragile Frontier|date=1997|publisher=Latin American Bureau|isbn=978-0-85345-971-2|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Young|first=Matthew French|title=Guyana, The Lost El Dorado: a Report on My Work and Life Experiences in Guyana, 1925-1980|date=1998|publisher=[[Peepal Tree Press]]|isbn=978-1-900715-25-6|location=Leeds, England}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bacon|first=Margaret|title=Journey to Guyana|date=1988|publisher=Hill House|isbn=978-0-9513565-0-0|location=Highworth}}
* {{Cite book|last=Morrison|first=Andrew|title=Justice: The Struggle for Democracy in Guyana, 1952-1992|date=1998|publisher=s.n|isbn=978-976-8157-52-2|location=Guyana}}
* {{cite book|last=Daly|first=Vere T.|title=The Making of Guyana|year=1974|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-14482-4|oclc=1257829|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOFrAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511112421/http://books.google.com/books?id=UOFrAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Burnett|first=D. Graham|author-link=D. Graham Burnett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLNJkVbYMP8C|title=Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography, and a British El Dorado|date=2000|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-08120-5|location=Chicago}}
* {{Cite book|last=Abrams|first=Ovid|title=Metegee: The History and Culture of Guyana|date=1998|publisher=Ashanti Books|isbn=978-0-966-07074-3|location=Queens Village, NY}}
* {{cite book|last=Waugh|first=Evelyn|author-link=Evelyn Waugh|title=Ninety-two days: The account of a tropical journey through British Guiana and part of Brazil|year=1934|publisher=Farrar & Rinehart|location=New York|oclc=3000330|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed4YAAAAYAAJ|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-date=11 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511112449/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ed4YAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Durrell|first1=Gerald|title=Three Singles to Adventure|title-link=Three Singles to Adventure|last2=Thompson|first2=Ralph|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1969|isbn=978-0-14-002082-3|location=Harmondsworth|ol=7345923M|orig-date=1954}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jagan|first=Cheddi|title=The West on Trial: My Fight for Guyana's Freedom|publisher=[[International Publishers]]|year=1967|location=New York|lccn=67003122}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Jagan|first1=Cheddi|title=My Fight For Guyana's Freedom|last2=Jagan-Brancier|first2=Nadira|last3=Ishmael|first3=M. A. Odeen|last4=Jagan|first4=Cheddi|date=1998|publisher=Harpy|isbn=978-0-9684059-0-1|location=Milton, Ont., Canada}}
* {{Cite book|last=Henfrey|first=Colin|url=https://archive.org/details/throughindianeye00henf|title=Through Indian Eyes: A Journey Among the Indian Tribes of Guiana|publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]]|year=1965|location=New York|oclc=410666}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rabe|first=Stephen G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-f30eVom_bkC|title=U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story|date=2005|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|isbn=978-0-8078-2979-0|series=The new Cold war history|location=Chapil Hill (N. C.)}}
* {{Cite book|last=Waterton|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Waterton|url=https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinso00wate|title=Wanderings in South America|publisher=[[Cassell & Company]]|year=1887|location=London|ol=24225529M}}
* {{Cite book|last=Attenborough|first=David|author-link=David Attenborough|url=https://archive.org/details/zooquesttoguiana0000unse|title=Zoo Quest to Guiana|date=1958|publisher=[[The Reprint Society]]|location=London|oclc=28039101}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gimlette|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1l69UM5GoEkC|title=Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge|date=2011|publisher=[[Profile Books]]|isbn=978-1-84668-252-0|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Clementi|first=Cecil|author-link=Cecil Clementi|title=The Chinese in British Guiana|year=1915|publisher=The Argosy Company Limited|location=Georgetown, British Guiana|url=http://caribbeanpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Cecil-Clementi-The-Chinese-In-British-Guiana-Complete-Text.pdf|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084621/http://caribbeanpress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Cecil-Clementi-The-Chinese-In-British-Guiana-Complete-Text.pdf|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Guyana|n=Category:Guyana|voy=Guyana|m=no|mw=no|species=no}}
* [https://op.gov.gy/ Office of the President, Republic of Guyana] (official website).
* [http://www.parliament.gov.gy/ Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana] (official website).
* {{Wikiatlas|Guyana}}
* {{OSM relation|287083}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118062939/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/ Guyana]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1211325.stm Country Profile] from the [[BBC News]].
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Guyana Guyana] from the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084928/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guyana.htm Guyana] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
* The State of the World's Midwifery, [https://www.unfpa.org/ICPD_GY Guyana Country Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212039/https://www.unfpa.org/ICPD_GY |date=15 August 2021}}.
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GY Key Development Forecasts for Guyana] from [[International Futures]].

{{Guyana topics}}

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Ā (Indic)

2026-03-29T14:36:36Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{short description|Letter "Ā" in Indic scripts}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Ā
|mainimg = Devanagari aa.svg
|bengcp = 0986
|tibtcp = 0F68;&#x0F71
|tamlcp = 0B86
|thaicp = 0E32
|mlymcp = 0D06
|sinhcp = 0D86
|brahcp = 11006 |ashokaimg = Brahmi aa.svg
|devacp = 0906
| hbchar = א
| grchar = Α
| lachar = A, Ɑ
| cychar = А, Я, Ҍ
|ipa = ɑː |iast = ā |iscii = A5
|ipa2=aː}}

'''Ā''' is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Aa is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Ā]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad aa.svg|13px]]. As an Indic vowel, "Ā" comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent short "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The "Ā" modifier could be used to indicate a consonant's base value, although the unmodified consonant had this value as well. The independent vowel letter आ was not used to indicate any numeric value in the Aryabhata system.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref>

==Historic Ā==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Aa as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Aa]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad aa.svg|13px|Aa]]. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ā [[Image:Tocharian letter aa.gif|18px|Aa]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ā are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Ā===
The Brahmi letter Ā [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Aa]], is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Alef]] [[File:Aleph.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[A]] and Greek [[Alpha]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Aa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ā historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi aa.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar aa.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka aa.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat aa.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad aa.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Ā===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter aa.gif|25px|Aa]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Aa]]. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Ā vowel marks
|-
! Kaa !! Khaa !! Gaa !! Ghaa !! Caa !! Chaa !! Jaa !! Jhaa !! Nyaa !! Ṭaa !! Ṭhaa !! Ḍaa !! Ḍhaa !! Ṇaa
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter kaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter gaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ghaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter caa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter chaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter jaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter jhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nyaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ttaa.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ddaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nnaa.gif|37px]]
|-
! Taa !! Thaa !! Daa !! Dhaa !! Naa !! Paa !! Phaa !! Baa !! Bhaa !! Maa !! Yaa !! Raa !! Laa !! Vaa
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter taa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter daa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter naa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter paa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter phaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter baa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter bhaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter maa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter yaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter raa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter laa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter vaa.gif|37px]]
|-
! Śaa !! Ṣaa !! Saa !! Haa
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter shaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter saa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter haa.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ā===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ā is indicated with the vowel length mark [[File:Довгий голосний (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg|15px]]. As an independent vowel, Ā is indicated by adding this vowel mark to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Ā==

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari aa.svg
| alt1 = Ā vowel
| image2 = Devanagari aa sign.png
| alt2 = Ā vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Ā and Ā vowel sign.
}}
'''Ā''' ('''आ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Ā]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad aa.svg|13px|Ā]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''આ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘁.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. In most of these languages, आ is pronounced as {{IPAc-hi|a|ː}} or {{IPAc-hi|ɐ|ː}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Bengali Ā==
{{main|aa (Bengali)}}
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter Aa.svg
| alt1 = Ā vowel
| image2 = Bengali Aa vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Ā vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Ā and Ā vowel sign.
}}
'''Ā''' ('''আ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham aa.svg|13px|Ā]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, आ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, আ is pronounced as {{IPA|bn|ā|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

==Tirhuta Ā==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = TIRHUTA LETTER AA.svg
| alt1 = Tirhuta independent vowel Ā
| image2 = TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN AA.svg
| alt2 = Tirhuta vowel sign Ā
| footer = Tirhuta independent vowel and vowel sign Ā.
}}
'''Ā''' ('''𑒂''') is a vowel of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Ā]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham aa.svg|x15px|Ā]] ''Aa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Tirhuta usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No consonants are altered in form when adding the ''Ā'' vowel mark, although there are some consonant+vowel ligatures in Tirhuta.

==Gujarati Ā==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel Aa.svg
| alt1 = Ā vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign Aa.svg
| alt2 = Ā vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Ā and Ā vowel sign.
}}
'''Ā''' ('''આ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ā [[Image:Devanagari aa.svg|13px|aa]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|aa]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, આ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ā|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Telugu Ā==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel Aa.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Ā
| image2 = Telugu Aa vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Ā
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ā.
}}
'''Ā''' ('''ఆ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Ā]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಆ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.
[[File:Telugu letter Haa.svg|thumb|150px|Telugu Hā, showing a consonant+vowel ligature]]
[[File:Telugu Aa matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Ā vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kā, Khā, Gā, Ghā and Ngā. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.]]

==Malayalam Ā==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel Aa.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Ā
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign Aa.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ā
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ā.
| align = left
}}
'''Ā''' ('''ആ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Ā]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel Aa.svg|x15px|Ā]] ''aa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

==Odia Ā==
[[File:Odia alphabet ଆ.svg|thumb|Odia independent and vowel sign Ā]]
'''Ā''' ('''ଆ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|Ā]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham aa.svg|x15px|Ā]] ''aa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.

==Kaithi Ā==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Aa.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi independent vowel
| image2 = Kaithi Aa vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Kaithi vowel sign
| footer = Kaithi independent vowel and vowel sign Ā.
| align = left
}}
'''Ā''' ('''𑂄''') is a vowel of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi aa.svg|13px|]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham aa.svg|x15px|]] ''aa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.

{{clear}}

==Comparison of Ā==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ā, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ā
|devacp = 0906
|bengcp = 0986
|tamlcp = 0B86
|telucp = 0C06
|oryacp = 0B06
|kndacp = 0C86
|mlymcp = 0D06
|gujrcp = 0A86
|gurucp = 0A06

|brahcp = 11006 |ashokaimg = Brahmi aa.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka aa.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad aa.svg
|kharcp = 10A0C
|tochimg = Tocharian letter aa.gif
|siddcp = 11581 |siddimg = Siddham aa.svg
|grancp = 11306
|tibtcp = 0F68;&#x0F71
|newacp = 11401
|bhkscp = 11C01
|shrdcp = 11184
|mymrcp = 1021;&#x102C
|mymr2cp = 102C;, &#x102B
|lanacp = 1A4B;&#x1A63
|lana2cp = 1A63;, &#x1A64
|talucp = 19B1
|khmrcp = 17A2;&#x17B6
|khmr2cp = 17B6
|laoocp = 0EB2
|thaicp = 0E32
|tavtcp = AAB1
|sinhcp = 0D86
|cakmcp = 11103
|ahomcp = 11721
|diakcp = 11901
|saurcp = A883
|chamcp = AA29
|modicp = 11601
|nandcp = 119A1
|gongcp = 11D61
|kthicp = 11084 |kthiimg = Kaithi Aa.svg
|tirhcp = 11482
|lepccp = 1C26
|mteicp = ABE5
|marccp = 11CB0
|takrcp = 11681
|dogrcp = 11801
|khojcp = 11201
|sindcp = 112B1
|balicp = 1B06
|javacp = A9B4
|gonmcp = 11D01
| armiimg = Aleph.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Aa.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana aa.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ā==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ā in those scripts can usually be represented in plain text with a single codepoint. However, if the letter A is used as a consonant or a vowel support, the letter Ā is usually encoded as letter A plus vowel sign Ā. Ā from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ā
|devacp = 0906
|bengcp = 0986
|tamlcp = 0B86
|telucp = 0C06
|oryacp = 0B06
|kndacp = 0C86
|mlymcp = 0D06
|gujrcp = 0A86
|gurucp = 0A06
|iscii = A5

|brahcp = 11006 |ashokaimg = Brahmi aa.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka aa.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad aa.svg
|kharcp = 10A0C
|siddcp = 11581 |siddimg = Siddham aa.svg
|grancp = 11306

|newacp = 11401
|bhkscp = 11C01
|shrdcp = 11184
|burmese notes = See further [[#charmap bottom|below]] for Burmese and Tai Tham codepoints.

|talucp = 19B1
|khmer notes = See further [[#charmap bottom|below]] for Khmer codepoints.

|laoocp = 0EB2
|thaicp = 0E32
|tavtcp = AAB1
|sinhcp = 0D86
|cakmcp = 11103
|ahomcp = 11721
|diakcp = 11901
|saurcp = A883
|chamcp = AA29
|modicp = 11601
|nandcp = 119A1
|gongcp = 11D61
|kthiimg = Kaithi Aa.svg | kthicp = 11084
|tirhcp = 11482
|lepccp = 1C26
|mteicp = ABE5
|marccp = 11CB0
|takrcp = 11681
|dogrcp = 11801
|khojcp = 11201
|sindcp = 112B1
|balicp = 1B06
|javacp = A9B4
|gonmcp = 11D01
}}

{{charmap
| 1 = 1021 102C
| image1dead =
| name1 = (unnamed sequence for Myanmar vowel letter)
| 2 = 102C 
| image2dead =
| name2 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|102C}}
| 3 = 102B 
| image3dead =
| name3 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|102B}}
| 4 = 1A4B 1A63 
| image4dead =
| name4 = (unnamed sequence for Tai Tham vowel letter)
| 5 = 1A63 
| image5dead =
| name5 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A63}}
| 6 = 1A64 
| image6dead =
| name6 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|1A64}}
| 7 = 17A2 17B6 
| image7dead =
| name7 = (unnamed sequence for Khmer vowel letter)
| 8 = 17B6 
| image8dead =
| name8 = {{#invoke:Unicode data|lookup|name|17B6}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aa (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Kurumbukara Pasanga

2026-03-28T01:32:19Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created the page from scratch

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by T. R. Samidurai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kurumbukara Pasanga
| image = Kurumbukara Pasanga.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = T. R.Samidurai
| writer = T. R. Samidurai
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ravirajan
| starring = [[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]] [[Monica (actress)|Monika]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. Pandian
| editing = Mahavishnu
| music = Arul Raj
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|1|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kurumbukara Pasanga''''' ({{Translation|Mischievous kids}}) is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by T. R. Samidurai starring [[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]] and [[Monica (actress)|Monika]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2012 |title=குறும்புக்கார பசங்க |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/tamil-film-trailers/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-112122100059_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812164325/https://tamil.webdunia.com/tamil-film-trailers/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-112122100059_1.htm |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Webdunia |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]] as Sasi
*[[Monica (actress)|Monika]] as Sindhu
*[[Pandiarajan]] as Sasi's father
*[[Manobala]] as Cop
*K. Ravirajan
*Thennale as Cop
*[[Chelladurai]]
*[[Nellai Siva]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Arul Raj. Lyrics by [[Snehan]] and Kavinpa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.R. Ashok Kumar |date=4 August 2012 |title=Audio beat: Kurumbukara Pasanga |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kurumbukara-pasanga/article3727569.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727091257/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-kurumbukara-pasanga/article3727569.ece |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

*"Enthan Thalaiyil" - [[Harish Raghavendra]], Madhumitha
*"Deepavali" - Anand
*"Pathika Vacha" - Krishna Iyer
*"Kuruchi Kallakuruchi’" - Vijayan
*"Nanthan Nee Kaetta Mapillai" - Krishna Iyer, [[Anuradha Sriram]]

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and opined that "There is little that happens in ‘Kurumbukara Pasanga’ thanks to the poor screenplay, written by director Samydurai himself".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2013 |title=Kurumbukara Pasanga: Critic review by The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kurumbukara-pasanga/movie-review/17994031.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727102737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kurumbukara-pasanga/movie-review/17994031.cms |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "An insipid narration and a lacklustre script makes sure that we lose interest soon enough".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2013 |title=Insipid narration, lacklustre script |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jan/07/insipid-narration-lacklustre-script-440903.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727091256/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jan/07/insipid-narration-lacklustre-script-440903.html |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]

Theyyam

2026-03-26T16:04:46Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{Short description|Ritual Form of worship from Kerala}}{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Kathivanoor Veeran Chemmarathi Thara-Eripuram.jpg|thumb|[[Kathivanoor Veeran]]]]'''Theyyam''' also known as '''Kaliyattam''', is an Indian ritual practised in the [[North Malabar|North Malabar Region]] of [[Kerala]] and some parts of neighbouring [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Chandran T. |date=2022-02-04 |title=Religious Other & 'Secular realm' of Theyyam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2022/Feb/04/religious-other--secular-realm-of-theyyam-2415441.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |first=Prasoon |date=2025-01-27 |title=Mappila Theyyam of Kerala: Celebrating the Oneness of Humanity |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/photo-essay/photo-essay-mappila-theyyam-kerala-hindu-muslim-unity-dalit-caste-untouchables/article69011992.ece |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Theyyam: The Indian trance where men become gods |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230628-theyyam-the-indian-trance-where-men-become-gods |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Theyyam - A ritual art popular in north Kerala {{!}} Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/theyyam-ritual/1/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref>

It involves extended singing of ritual songs related to the performing Theyyam and ceremonial preparations that typically span 8 to 10 hours. The ritual culminates with the placement of the ''mudi'' (sacred headgear) on the performer, a moment believed to mark the entry of the deity into the performer's body. As part of the process, the performer consumes ''madhyam'' (toddy), which is believed to suppress personal consciousness, allowing the divine consciousness of the devatha to manifest. This practice aligns with philosophical concepts found in Hindu texts such as the [[Yoga Vasistha]], which describe how divine entities (devatas) can enter the human body, [[Siddhi|parakāya praveśanam]] at a [[Paramanu]] level.<ref>Karippath, R. (2018). ''Theyy''.''aprapancham'' (Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 978-9386822444.</ref>

Theyyam consists of traditions, rituals and customs associated with temples and [[Sacred groves of India|sacred groves]] of [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]].<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/in-keralas-conflict-heartland-a-muslim-theyyam-in-a-hindu-ritual-6220046/ |title=In Kerala's conflict heartland, a Muslim Theyyam in a Hindu ritual |date=16 January 2020}}</ref> The people of the region consider Theyyam itself as a channel to a god and they thus seek blessings from Theyyam. In Kerala, Theyyam is performed predominantly in the [[North Malabar]] region (consisting of present-day [[Kasargod District|Kasargod]], [[Kannur District|Kannur]] districts, [[Mananthavady]] Taluk Of [[Wayanad District|Wayanad]] And [[Vadakara]] And [[Koyilandy]] taluks of [[Kozhikode District|Kozhikode]]). A similar custom known as [[Bhuta Kola]] is followed in the [[Tulunadu]] area of the neighbouring Karnataka.<ref>Karippath, R. (2018). ''Theyy aprapancham'' (Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 978-9386822444.</ref>

Theyyam rituals are performed by people of various [[Varna (Hinduism)|caste]]s, including the [[Thiyyar]], who are responsible for the [[Kalasha]]m submission, and the Malayar and Vannan communities, who perform the Theyyam. The Thiyyars traditionally hold the right to cancel any Theyyam performance if needed. Castes that adopted Brahmanical customs and acquired revenue titles have historically had no role in Theyyam, as they relinquished their kulam (lineage) and kulacharam (ritual practices) upon integrating into the Brahmanical fold, often in service of Vedic Brahmins. Female members of these castes are traditionally not permitted to enter the sacred space through the front entrance (thirumuttam) and must instead use the rear entrance.<ref name="Karippath, R. 2018">Karippath, R. (2018). ''Theyyaprapancham'' (Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 978-9386822444.</ref>

Theyyam season starts on the tenth day of the Malayalam month of ''[[Thulam]]'' (usually during October in the [[Gregorian calendar]], and is known as paththaam-udayam) and lasts up to seven months until the middle of Edavam month (typically late May and June). The last ''Kaliyaattam'' for the season is performed at [[Madayi Kavu]] and [[Kalarivathukkal Bhagavathy Temple]], both being the family shrines of [[Kolathiri]] royal family.<ref name="Karippath, R. 2018"/>

[[File:Koyma at Theyyam.jpg|thumb|Remnants of the feudal Koyma or Melayi system in Theyyam, where Kaikolar, [[spittoon]] holders for [[Nambudiri|Brahmin]] lords, monitored other castes. Now mostly abolished as younger generations barred them from their kavus, though still seen in parts of [[Kasaragod]]]]

==Overview==
There are about 456 types of Theyyams documented. Theyyam is mainly performed by males, except the ''[[Devakkoothu|Devakkoothu theyyam]]'' which is performed by women.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Devakoothu is performed only in the Thekkumbad Kulom temple.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite news |date=23 December 2012 |title=Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face | Kozhikode News – Times of India |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/This-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms}}</ref>

Theyyam is typically performed by people from castes and tribes like Pulayar, Vannan, Malayan, Anhoottan, Munnoottan, Mavilan, Koppalan, Velan, Chingathan, Kalanaadi, Paravan, and Nalikeyavar. Of these, Kalanaadi people perform only in Wayanad district, while Parava, Pambada, Paanaara and Nalikeyavar perform in places north of Kerala, Mangalapuram (Mangalore) and Udupi districts.

The political customs surrounding Theyyam have changed in modern times. During the period of Brahminical dominance, the Theyyams of their warriors who fought against that power were traditionally performed in the very ancestral households (tharavads) that had betrayed and killed those heroes, later becoming mixed-caste lineages. The ritual involved the Theyyam walking for kilometers until it reached those families and blessing their members, instead of those families coming to seek blessings from the Theyyam, a practice that the younger generation of Thiyyar has now discontinued. As they reason, "If [[Bhagat Singh]] were similarly dressed up and made to dance before today's [[British people]], Indians might forgive it, but [[Sikh]]s never would". For this reason, Theyyams such as [[Kathivanoor Veeran]] and Koodan Gurunathan have now ended this practice. Some other castes have made it clear to those who claim to be "self-superior" and label others as "mlecchas", if they call others "sewage cleaners", they are ready to accept it, and are even ready to give them paper and a pen to write it down, and sign beneath it if needed. However, they add one condition: those who mock them should refrain from worshipping their kulapurvikar (ancestral deities, such as Vayanattu Kulavan) and aadhi daivam (primordial family deities) in their households. They further stated that such people should worship their own gods, if they have any, instead of mocking them while still worshipping their deities.<ref name="Karippath, R. 2018"/>

==History==
[[File:Theyyam video - Wikimania 2022.webm|thumb|alt=Video documentary showing history and culture of Theyyam| Documentary on Theyyam]]

Theyyam has a long history. "There can be no doubt," say Bridget and Raymond Alchin, "that a very large part of this modern folk religion is extremely ancient and contains traits which originated during the earliest periods of [[Neolithic]], [[Chalcolithic]] settlement and expression."<ref>{{cite book |first1=Bridget |last1=Alchin |first2=Raymond |last2=Alchin | title = The Birth of Indian Civilization | year = 1968 | page = 3039}}.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2018}}

There are approximately 400 types of Theyyam, including [[Kathivanoor Veeran]], [[Vishnumoorthy Theyyam]], [[Vettakkorumakan]] and [[Muthappan|Sree Muthappan]].<ref name="auto13"/>

Theyyam may have its origins in [[Veneration of the dead|ancestor worship]]. It has been observed that a vast majority of the Theyyam deities have their origin in [[Thiyya]] and [[Nair]] castes. The ancestor worship ritual was evolved into the elaborate dance ritual, that is seen nowadays, by incorporating many other local beliefs.<ref name="auto13"/>

==Classification of sub-cults==
[[File:Bali theyyam, Payyannur.jpg|thumb|Bali Theyyam at [[Payyanur|Payyannur]]]]

According to [[K. K. N. Kurup]], it can be said that all the prominent characteristics of primitive, tribal, religious worship had widened the stream of Theyyam, where "even the followers of [[Islam in India|Islam]] are associated with the cult in its functional aspect"<ref>{{cite book |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |editor-first=K. K. |editor-last=Kusuman |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1990 |page=129 |chapter=Teyyam – A Vanishing Ritual Dance of Kerala |first=K. K. N. |last=Kurup |isbn=9788170992141 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA128}}</ref> and made it a deep-rooted [[folk religion]] of millions. For instance, [[Bhagavati|Bhagavathi]], the mother goddesses had and still has an important place in Theyyam. Besides this, practices like [[spirit worship]], ancestor worship, hero-worship, [[masathi]]-worship, [[tree worship]], [[animal worship]], [[serpent worship]], the worship of the goddesses of disease and the worship of Gramadevata (Village-Deity) are included in the mainstream of the Theyyam. Along with these gods and goddesses there exist innumerable folk gods and goddesses. Most of these goddesses are known as [[Bhagavathy]].

Different branches of mainstream [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]] such as [[Shaktism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]] now dominate Theyyam. However, the forms of propitiation and other rituals are continuations of a very ancient tradition. In several cult-centres, blood offering is seen, which is forbidden in [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. In such centres, separate places outside the precincts of the shrine are selected for blood offerings and for the preparation of the traditional Kalam (square made for this sacrifice occasion) known as {{transliteration|ml|Vadakkan Vathil}}. The Theyyam deities propitiated through [[rooster|cock]]-sacrifice will not enter such shrines. This religious cockfight over blood sacrifice, which does also include the [[Cockfight (Sacred)|cockfight]] as a blood sacrifice, is a prime example of "cultural synthesis of 'little' and 'great' cultures".<ref>{{cite book |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |editor-first=K. K. |editor-last=Kusuman |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1990 |pages=127–128 |chapter=Theyyam – A Vanishing Ritual Dance of Kerala |first=K. K. N. |last=Kurup |isbn=9788170992141 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA127}}</ref>

On account of the late revival of the Vaishnavism movement in Kerala, it does not have a deep impact on Theyyam. Only a few deities are available under this category. Two major Theyyam deities of Vaishnavism are [[Vishnumoorthi]] and [[Daivathar]]. Vaishnavism was very popular in the [[Tuluva]] region in the 13th century when it came under the rule of [[Vishnuvardhana]] of the [[Hoysala]] dynasty. He was a great champion of Vaishnavism. Most probably he was initially deified as Vishnumoorthi and incorporated into the Bhoota cult of the [[Tuluvas]] and then further incorporated as a prominent folk deity into the Theyyam as well. To some, the legend of Vishnumoorthi is symbolizes the god's migration from [[Mangalore]] to [[Kolathunadu]].

All other categories of Theyyam deities can be classified under [[Shaivism]] or [[Shaktism]]. Even spirits, ancestors, heroes, and animals are deified and included in those categories. Briefly, Theyyam provides a good example for the religious evolution of, and the subsequent different stages in modern [[Hinduism]], with the overall understanding that within Hindu syncretism lay propitiation as ancient practices and rituals of ancient worship intended for the blessings of the supernatural not unlike, "in [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley]] and other ancient civilizations, mother goddess had been invoked for fertility and prosperity".<ref>{{cite book |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |editor-first=K. K. |editor-last=Kusuman |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1990 |page=130 |chapter=Teyyam – A Vanishing Ritual Dance of Kerala |first=K. K. N. |last=Kurup |isbn=9788170992141 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA130}}</ref>

==Patronage==
Out of devotion, ruling clans established their own shrines and Kavus for Theyyam deities where non-sattvic rituals and customs are observed. The goddesses like Rakteshwari, Chamundi, Someshwari, Kurathi, and the gods like Vishnumoorthi are propitiated in these household shrines. There, the Theyyam dancers appear during the annual festivals of gods and goddesses. The rituals in such shrines are different from those of the Brahmanical temples. This fusion in the later stage is an indication of the gradual introduction of civilization into Southern India with increasing [[Sanskritisation|Aryan influence]] and assimilation of local cultures into the [[Historical Vedic Religion|large Vedic religion]].<ref>Article Title – The Wonder That Was India. URL- http://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind00alba Date accessed – June 20, 2024 Date published – 2024-06-20</ref>

[[File:Chief Minister of Kerala, Shri Pinarayi Vijayan, presenting a Bhairavan Theyyam memento to Prime Minister Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of [[Kerala]], Shri [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], presenting a [[Bhairava]]n Theyyam memento to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]]]

==Ritual performance==
[[File:Theyyam of Kerala by Shagil Kannur (39).jpg|thumb|Face art of Theyyam is one of the best examples of folk painting in Kerala.]]
[[File:Puliyooru Kaali - Thamburatti Theyyam.JPG|thumb|Puliyoor Kali Theyyam]]

The dance or invocation is generally performed in front of the village [[shrine]]. It is also performed in the houses as [[ancestor-worship]] with elaborate rites and rituals.

There is no stage or curtain or other such arrangements for the performance. The devotees would be standing or some of them would be sitting on a sacred tree in front of the shrine. In short, it is an [[open theatre]]. Performance of a particular [[deity]] according to its significance and hierarchy in the shrine continues for 12 to 24 hours with intervals. The chief dancer who propitiates the central deity of the shrine has to reside in the rituals. Further, after the sun sets, this particular dancer would not eat anything for the remainder of that day. His make-up is done by specialists and other dancers. The first part of the performance is usually known as [[Vellattam]] or [[Thottam]]. It is performed without proper make-up or any decorative [[costume]]. Only a small, red [[headdress]] is worn on this occasion.

The dancer along with the drummers recites the particular [[ritual]] song, which describes the myths and legends, of the deity of the shrine or the [[folk religion|folk]] deity to be propitiated. This is accompanied by the playing of [[folk music]]al instruments. After finishing this primary ritualistic part of the invocation, the dancer returns to the [[green room]]. Again after a short interval, he appears with proper make-up and costumes. There are different patterns of [[face painting]]. Some of these patterns are called [[vairadelam]], [[kattaram]], [[kozhipuspam]], [[kottumpurikam]], and [[prakkezhuthu]]. Mostly primary and secondary colours are applied with contrast for face painting. It helps in effecting certain stylization in the dances. Then the dancer comes in front of the shrine and gradually "metamorphoses" into the particular deity of the shrine. The performance signifies the transitional inversion, reversal, and elevation of status denoting the anti-structural homogeneity of Theyyam.<ref>Mathew, Raisun and Pandya, Digvijay. "Carnivalesque, Liminality and Social Drama: Characterising the Anti-Structural Potential of Theyyam." ''Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities'', vol. 13, no. 3, 2021, pp. 6–8, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n3.28</ref> He, after observation of certain rituals places the head-dress on his head and starts dancing. In the background, folk musical instruments like [[chenda]], tudi, kuzhal and veekni are played in a certain rhythm. All the dancers take a shield and kadthala ([[sword]]) in their hands as continuation of the weapons. Then the dancer [[Circumambulation|circumambulates]] the shrine, runs in the courtyard and continues dancing there. The Theyyam dance has different steps known as [[Kalaasams]]. Each Kalaasam is repeated systematically from the first to the eighth step of footwork. A performance is a combination of playing of musical instruments, vocal recitations, dance, and peculiar makeup (usually predominantly orange) and costumes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/theyyams-kannur-kathivanoor-veeran.html | title=For ethereal nights, walk with the Theyyams of Kannur}}</ref>

==Types of Theyyam==
There are more than 400 types of Theyyam, 112 of which are famous.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Various forms of Theyyams|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/theyyam-various-types.php|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> Some of the famous Theyyams Are:
===Kathivanoor Veeran===
{{main|Kathivanoor Veeran}}

[[File:Kathivanoor Veeran Theyyam Eripuram Kannur.jpg|thumb]]

The Kathivanoor Veeran theyyam is performed in the memory of the great [[Tiyyar|Thiyya]] community warrior Mandhappan Chekavar.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/theyyam-season-begins-in-northern-kerala-1.7993544 | title=Reviving tradition Theyyam season begins in northern Kerala | date=27 October 2022 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

===Muchilot Bhagavathi===
{{main|Muchilot Bhagavathi}}

[[File:20240303141951 MG 6394 (1).jpg|thumb]]

[[Muchilot Bhagavathi]] is a virgin goddess and the [[tutelary deity]] of the [[Vaishya|Vaniyas]] of North Malabar. According to local legend, she was a Brahmin woman born in the [[Illam|''mana'']] called ''Maniyottu'' in the village of Peringellur, near [[Taliparamba]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi |title=Muchilot Bhagavathi Theyyam | THEYYAKKOLAM |accessdate=2013-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042637/http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi |archivedate=2013-11-01 }}</ref> and elevated to the status of a deity. According to a holy manuscript (Pattola), Muchilot Bhagavathi is the [[Kali Yuga]] avatar of the goddesses [[Sita]] of the [[Treta Yuga]], Maya of the [[Dvapara Yuga]], and Gayatri, who appeared before [[Maharishi|Sage]] [[Vishvamitra]]. While travelling on Earth, she is believed to have rested at the home of Muchilot Pada Nair, who was a soldier belonging to the Muchilot clan among [[Vaishya|vāṇiyas]].<ref name="History of muchilot Bhagavathi">History of Muchilotu Bhagavathi http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/karivellur_muchilottukavu.htm</ref>

===Muthappan===
{{Main|Muthapan}}

[[File:Muthappan.jpg|thumb|Thiruvappana or Valiya Muttapan ([[Vishnu]]) on left and the Vellatom or Cheriya Muttapan ([[Shiva]]) on right|235x235px]]

[[Muthapan|Muthappan theyyam]] consists of two divine figures and is considered as the personification of two divine figures – the Thiruvappana or Valiya Muttapan ([[Vishnu]]) and the Vellatom or Cheriya Muttapan ([[Shiva]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Muthappan devotees gather for festivities |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/campus-reporter/2019/01/09/sree-muthappan-theyyam-devotees-festival.html|date=9 January 2019 |newspaper=Manorama News |department=City: Thiruvananthapuram |agency=TNN |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Muthappan Theyyam is different from other theyyams as it is performed all around the year. Muthappan Anthithira is another theyyam dedicated to [[Muthapan]]. The uniqueness of it is that it is performed only once in all the Muthapan temples.<ref name="auto"/>

===Kandanar Kelan===
{{Main|Kandanar Kelan}}

[[File:Theyyam of Kerala by Shagil Kannur 215.jpg|right|thumb|Kandanar Kelan Theyyam]]

Kandanar Kelan Theyyam is a Theyyam mainly performed in the Payyannur and Taliparamba areas.

===Vishnumoorthi===
{{Main|Vishnumoorthy Theyyam}}

[[File:Vishnumoorthy daiva.jpg|thumb|Vishnumoorthy Theyyam]]

This is the most popular [[Vaishnava]] Theyyam. This theyyam narrates and performs the story of [[Hiranyakashipu]]'s death by [[Vishnu]] in his avatar of [[Narasimha]]. Because of this, Vishnumoorthi is also called Narasimhamoorthi.<ref name="auto" />

=== Puthiya Bhagavathi ===
Puthya Bhagavathi' is a Theyyam performed in North Malabar and is also known as Puthya Bhagavathi'Puthyayotra (Puthya Bhagavathi Thira). Cheerumba Bhagavathi is considered to be the younger sister of Puthya Bhagavathi. Sri Bhadrakali herself is generally considered to be Puthya Bhagavathi.<ref>{{Citation |title=പുതിയ ഭഗവതി |date=2025-12-26 |work=വിക്കിപീഡിയ |url=https://ml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF&oldid=4591675 |access-date=2026-01-15 |language=ml}}</ref>
===Gulikan===
{{Main|Gulikan}}

[[File:Gulikan theyyam purappadu.jpg|thumb|Gulikan Theyyam]]

Gulikan represents [[Yama]], the Hindu god of death. The Benkanakavu (Venganakavu) in Nileshwar is the most famous temple dedicated to Gulikan.<ref name="auto" />

===Kuttichathan===
{{main|Kuttichathan Theyyam}}

Kuttichathan is a famous theyyam.<ref name="auto"/> The theyyam is associated with the Brahmin Family of Kalakatt Illam situated in [[Payyanur|Payyannur]]. It is believed that ''Kalakattachan,'' angry on him being a threat to his respect in the society, tore Kuttichathan into 396 pieces. There emerged 396 Chathans from the torn pieces and set the [[Nambudiri]]'s house to fire, and burnt nearby Brahmin houses. It is claimed that Kuttichathan can grant any wish if the devotee prays to him with faith.<ref name="auto"/>

===Chamundi===
[[Chamunda|Chamundi]] theyyam is majorly of three types, namely Madayil Chamundi,<ref name="auto"/> Rakta Chamundi,<ref name="auto"/> and Kundorra Chamundi.<ref name="auto"/>

===Madayil Chamundi===
Chamundi is identified with [[Kali]], who slew the [[asura]]s [[Chanda and Munda]] and drank the blood of the asura [[Raktabīja|Raktabija]], without letting a drop fall to the ground. Chamundi is also known as Rakta Chamundi (Blood Chamundi) and Rakteshvari (Goddess of blood) because she is immersed in blood. It is said that in the battle with the asuras, Kali followed them to the [[Patala|underworld]] to resume the fight. This form is called Patalamurti and Madayil Chamundi because she travelled to the underworld.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Kundora Chamundi ===
also known by the names '''Kundadi Chamundi''' and '''Kundoor Chamundi''', is believed to be a fierce manifestation of Goddess Kali, who slew the demon '''Darikasura'''. This Theyyam is traditionally performed by the '''Velan''' community. The goddess is revered both as a '''village guardian deity''' (''Naattu Paradevatha'') and a '''household deity''' (''Veettu Paradevatha''). This theyyam was built by Velanmar.<ref name="auto" />

She is considered part of the group of '''warrior goddesses'''. According to legend, during the great '''Deva-Asura war''', the goddess took on many forms to vanquish the demons. One of these significant manifestations was '''Goddess Kaushiki''', and Kundora Chamundi is believed to be a partial incarnation (''Amsha Avataram'') of Kaushiki, embodying the fierce aspect of '''Chamundi Devi'''.

It is said that Kundora Chamundi is none other than the form of '''Kali''' who defeated '''Darikasura'''. Before confronting Darika in battle, the goddess, disguised as a beggar woman, tricked '''Darika's wife, Kalakeyi''', and her daughters into revealing a secret threefold mantra. Mounted on a '''Vetala''' (spirit), the goddess engaged in a fierce battle with Darika for seven days and nights. On the eighth day, she pinned the demon onto the Vetala's extended tongue, seized him by the hair, and finally slew him by slashing his throat – marking her ultimate triumph over evil.

===Puthiyaramban ===
Puthiyaramban is regarded to have been the greatest warrior of the region called Allada Swaroopam, possessing supernatural power as well as knowledge and skill in [[Kalaripayattu|kalari]] (a regional martial art). After a great victory, he is believed to have been betrayed in Nanummel Kali (Kalari). He was posthumously deified. Puthiyaramban Theyyam is performed in Puthiyaramban Tharavadu, [[Culture of Payyanur|Sree Kappattu Kazhagam]], Sree Kannamangalam Kazhagam and Udinoor kulom.

==See also==
*[[Places of worship in Kannur district|Places Of Worship Kannur]]
*[[List of Hindu temples in Kerala|Temples Of Kerala]]
*[[Thirayattam]]
*[[Padayani]]
*[[Utsava]]m
*[[Buta Kola]]
*[[Ritual]]
*[[Pooram]]
*[[Thottam Pattu]]
{{commons category|Theyyam}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Killius | first = Rolf | year = 2006 | title = Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala | place = New Delhi | publisher = BR Rhythms | isbn = 978-81-88827-07-7}}.
* {{cite book | title = Theyyam – A Ritual Dance of Kerala | first = KKN | last = Kurup | publisher = Director of Public Relations, Government of Kerala | place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]] | date = March 1986}}.
* {{cite journal |title=Fifty Years on: Arts Funding in Kerala Today |first=Diane |last=Daugherty |journal=Asian Theatre Journal |volume=17 |issue=2 |date=Autumn 2000 |pages=237–252 |doi=10.1353/atj.2000.0013 |jstor=1124491|s2cid=162293041 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Gods, Groves and the Culture of Nature in Kerala |first=J. R. |last=Freeman |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |date=May 1999 |pages=257–302 |jstor=313169 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x99003261|s2cid=145145703 }}
* Nambiar, Balan (1981). "Gods and Ghosts – Theyyam and Bhuta rituals". Doshi, Saryu (ed) ''The performing Arts'', Marg Volume 34, Issues 3–4, Bombay, 1981, pp 62–73
* {{cite journal |title=The Theyyam Kettu of Northern Kerala |first=Wayne |last=Ashley |journal=The Drama Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |date=June 1979 |pages=99–112 |doi=10.2307/1145219 |jstor=1145219}}
* {{cite web|title=Ethnographic collection|url=http://ignca.nic.in/ethno_body.htm|website=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|publisher=IGNCA, Delhi|access-date=10 October 2014}} New Delhi has a collection of 1800 slides with research notes by [[Balan Nambiar]]

==External links==
*[https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaMQotHIN9im7IhIzc0o ''Theyyam Calendar Whatsapp Channel'']
* {{citation |url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/ |title=Theyyam Calendar}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q4ukY3vrp4 ''A Journey Through Theyyams'']
* ''[https://www.lostwithpurpose.com/theyyam-in-kerala-india/ A Complete Guide To Theyyam]''

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[[Category:Theyyam| ]]
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]

Partha Chatterjee (scholar)

2026-03-25T08:10:29Z

ViolaCnr7137989: improved article

{{short description|Indian academic (born 1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region =
|era =
|image =
|image_size =
|name = Partha Chatterjee
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|11|5|df=y}}<ref name="cv">{{cite web|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Partha|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=http://www.mgu.ac.in/files/PARTHA.pdf|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020124149/http://www.mgu.ac.in/files/PARTHA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
|alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] [[Calcutta University]] [[University of Rochester]]
|school_tradition =
|main_interests =
|notable_ideas =
|influences =
}}

'''Partha Chatterjee''' (born 5 November 1947) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[political scientist]] and [[anthropologist]].<ref name="mesaas">{{cite web|title=Faculty page: Partha Chatterjee|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/chatterjee.html|website=Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies|publisher=www.columbia.edu|access-date=5 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> He was the director of the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]] from 1997 to 2007 and continues as an honorary professor of political science.<ref name="cssscal" /> He is also a professor of anthropology and South Asian studies at [[Columbia University]] and a member of the [[Subaltern Studies Collective]].<ref name="mesaas" />

Chatterjee received the [[Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianmonth.com/prize/english/winner/index.html|title=Past Laureates: Fukuoka Prize|publisher=[[Fukuoka]]|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230451/http://www.asianmonth.com/prize/english/winner/index.html|archive-date=30 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] (1967) and an [[Master of Arts|M.A]] (1970) in political science from [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] and [[University of Rochester]] respectively. He completed his Ph.D. (1972) in international relations from the [[University of Rochester]].<ref name="cv" /><ref name="wheeler">{{cite web|last1=Wheeler|first1=William|title=Presidential Lectures: Partha Chatterjee|url=https://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/chatterjee/|website=prelectur.stanford.edu|access-date=5 June 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
He was the professor of political science and served as a director of the [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]] from 1997 to 2007. He is currently a professor (honorary) of the CSSSC and professor of [[anthropology]] and South Asian studies at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="cssscal">{{cite web|title=Centre for Social Sciences, Calcutta|url=http://www.cssscal.org/partha_chatterjee_contact.html|website=www.cssscal.org|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611195051/http://www.cssscal.org/partha_chatterjee_contact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a founder-member of the [[Subaltern Studies Collective]].<ref name="mesaas" />

==Publications==
;Books
*1975. ''Arms, Alliances and Stability: The Development of the Structure of International Politics'', Macmillan.
*1986. ''Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World''. London: [[Zed Books]].
*1993. ''The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories''. [[Princeton University Press]]
*1995. ''Texts of Power''. Minneapolis [[University of Minnesota Press]].
*1997. ''A Possible India''. New Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]].
*1997. ''The Present History of West Bengal''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
*2003. ''A Princely Impostor? The Strange and Universal History of the [[Kumar of Bhawal]]''. [[Princeton University Press]].
*2004. ''The Politics of the Governed: Popular Politics in Most of the World'', [[Columbia University Press]]
*2010. ''Empire and Nation: Selected Essays 1985-2005'', [[Columbia University Press]].
*2011. ''Lineages of Political Society: Studies in Postcolonial Democracy'', [[Columbia University Press]].
*2012. ''The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power'', [[Princeton University Press]].
*2020. I Am the People: Reflections on Popular Sovereignty Today, [[Columbia University Press]].
*2022. The Truths and Lies of Nationalism as Narrated by Charvak, [[SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]].
*2025. ''For a Just Republic:'' ''The People of India and the State'': Permanent Black

=== In Edited Volumes ===

* CHATTERJEE, PARTHA. “On Religious and Linguistic Nationalisms: The Second Partition of Bengal.” In ''Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia'', edited by Peter van der Veer and Hartmut Lehmann, 112–28. Princeton University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv15r5dnf.9.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Two Poets and Death: On Civil and Political Society in the Non-Christian World.” In Questions of Modernity, edited by Timothy Mitchell, NED-New edition., 11:35–48. University of Minnesota Press, 2000. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttsqrg.6.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Sovereign Violence and the Domain of the Political.” In ''Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World'', edited by Thomas Blom Hansen and Finn Stepputat, 82–100. Princeton University Press, 2005. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7sdbh.8.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “WHOSE IMAGINED COMMUNITY?” In ''Nations and Nationalism: A Reader'', edited by Philip Spencer and Howard Wollman, 237–47. [[Edinburgh University Press]], 2005. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrmwf.20.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Contradictions of Secularism.” In ''The Crisis of Secularism in India'', edited by Anuradha Dingwaney Needham and Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, 141–56. Duke University Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11hpmw8.11.
* CHATTERJEE, PARTHA. “Terrorism: State Sovereignty and Militant Politics in India.” In Words in Motion: Toward a Global Lexicon, edited by Carol Gluck and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, 240–62. Duke University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1134dkk.15.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “REFLECTIONS ON ‘CAN THE SUBALTERN SPEAK?’: SUBALTERN STUDIES AFTER SPIVAK.” In ''Can the Subaltern Speak?: Reflections on the History of an Idea'', edited by ROSALIND C. MORRIS, 81–86. Columbia University Press, 2010. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/morr14384.6.

'''Other Publications'''

* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Classical Balance of Power Theory.” ''Journal of Peace Research'' 9, no. 1 (1972): 51–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/422972.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “From Balance of Power to Imperialism: Analysis of a System Change in International Politics: Summary.” Proceedings of the [[Indian History Congress]] 34 (1973): 261–261. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44138728.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “On the Rational Choice Theory of Limited Strategic War.” ''The Indian Journal of Political Science'' 34, no. 2 (1973): 157–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41854567.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Modern American Political Theory with Reference to Underdeveloped Nations.” ''Social Scientist'' 2, no. 12 (1974): 24–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3516206.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Equilibrium Theory of Arms Races: Some Extensions.” ''Journal of Peace Research'' 11, no. 3 (1974): 203–11. http://www.jstor.org/stable/423019.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Equilibrium Theory of Arms Races: Reply to the Comments by F. E. Banks.” ''Journal of Peace Research'' 12, no. 3 (1975): 239–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/422552.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Bengal: Rise and Growth of a Nationality.” Social Scientist 4, no. 1 (1975): 67–82. https://doi.org/10.2307/3516391.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “In Birbhum after the Floods.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 13, no. 49 (1978): 2001–2. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4367161.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Problems of a Marxist Political Theory: Considerations on Colletti.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 16, no. 42/43 (1981): PE2–8. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4370358.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Peasants, Politics and Historiography: A Response.” ''Social Scientist'' 11, no. 5 (1983): 58–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/3517104.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Modes of Power: Some Clarifications.” ''Social Scientist'' 13, no. 2 (1985): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/3520191.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Transferring a Political Theory: Early Nationalist Thought in India.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 21, no. 3 (1986): 120–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4375224.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Colonial State and Peasant Resistance in Bengal 1920-1947.” ''Past & Present'', no. 110 (1986): 169–204. http://www.jstor.org/stable/650652.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “On Gramsci’s ‘Fundamental Mistake.’” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 23, no. 5 (1988): PE24–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4378045.
* 1988. ''The Nationalist Resolution of the Women's Question.'' [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]].
* Chatterjee, Partha. “For an Indian History of Peasant Struggle.” ''Social Scientist'' 16, no. 11 (1988): 3–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/3517458.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Colonialism, Nationalism, and Colonialized Women: The Contest in India.” ''American Ethnologist'' 16, no. 4 (1989): 622–33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/645113.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “History and the Nationalization Of Hinduism.” ''Social Research'' 59, no. 1 (1992): 111–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40970686.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Secularism and Toleration.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 29, no. 28 (1994): 1768–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4401459.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Community in the East.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 33, no. 6 (1998): 277–82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4406377.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Five Hundred Years of Fear and Love.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 33, no. 22 (1998): 1330–36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4406835.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Beyond the Nation? Or Within?” [[Economic and Political Weekly]] 32, no. 1/2 (1997): 30–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4404962.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “How We Loved the Bomb and Later Rued It.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 33, no. 24 (1998): 1437–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4406875.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Beyond the Nation? Or Within?” ''Social Text'', no. 56 (1998): 57–69. https://doi.org/10.2307/466770.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Anderson’s Utopia.” ''Diacritics'' 29, no. 4 (1999): 128–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1566381.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Institutional Context of Social Science Research in South Asia.” Economic and Political Weekly 37, no. 35 (2002): 3604–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4412549.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Shoddy Scholarship.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 38, no. 6 (2003): 494–576. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4413170.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Empire after Globalisation.” Economic and Political Weekly 39, no. 37 (2004): 4155–64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4415532.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Last Maverick: Ismail Merchant.” India International Centre Quarterly 32, no. 4 (2006): 29–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23005892.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “India’s Divide: Economic Growth and Marginalized Groups.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 14, no. 2 (2008): 139–47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24590720.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Near Future of Social Science Research in India.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 43, no. 5 (2008): 38–40. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40276970.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Democracy and Economic Transformation in India.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 43, no. 16 (2008): 53–62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40277640.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Classes, Capital and Indian Democracy.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 43, no. 46 (2008): 89–93. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40278188.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “The Coming Crisis in West Bengal.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 44, no. 9 (2009): 42–45. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40278553.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “In Memoriam: Anjan Ghosh.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 45, no. 26/27 (2010): 37–39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40736690.
* Partha Chatterjee. “The Movement against Politics.” ''Cultural Critique'' 81 (2012): 117–22. https://doi.org/10.5749/culturalcritique.81.2012.0117.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Regional Bias.” Economic and Political Weekly 47, no. 3 (2012): 4–4. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41419720.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “After Subaltern Studies.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 47, no. 35 (2012): 44–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41720086.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Indian Cinema: Then and Now.” ''India International Centre Quarterly'' 39, no. 2 (2012): 45–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41804040.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Subaltern Studies and ‘Capital.’” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 48, no. 37 (2013): 69–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23528277.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Historicising Caste in Bengal Politics.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 47, no. 50 (2012): 69–70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41720469.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Remembering Asok Sen.” Economic and Political Weekly 51, no. 6 (2016): 30–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44004350.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Freedom of Speech in the University.” ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 51, no. 11 (2016): 35–37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44004098.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Javeed Alam: A Remarkable Activist-Intellectual.” ''Social Scientist'' 45, no. 1/2 (2017): 81–86. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26380331.
* Chatterjee, Partha. “Gramsci in India: Capitalist Hegemony and Subaltern Politics.” ''Studi Storici'' 58, no. 4 (2017): 963–86. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45096710.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/anthropology/fac-bios/chatterjee/faculty.html Biography of Partha Chatterjee on Columbia University's faculty page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605151245/http://cgt.columbia.edu/about/committee/chatterjee_partha/ Member Profile, Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120022905/http://www.cul-studies.com/english/interview/200512/3226.html The Two Hats of Partha Chatterjee: An Interview]
* [https://archive.today/20030728201514/http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/poldiscourse/chatterjee/chatterjeeov.html Partha Chatterjee: Colonialism, History and Civil Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303091604/http://www.asiasource.org/news/special_reports/chatterjee.cfm] Towards a Postcolonial Modernity - Asiasource Interview with Partha Chatterjee

{{Authority control}}

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Tourism in Maharashtra

2026-03-24T21:25:58Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created basic data initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{Travel guide|date=October 2025}}
[[File:Lascar Elephanta Island - Three headed figure emerging from Shiva (4558850202).jpg|thumb|332x232px|Trimurti statue in [[Elephanta Caves]], a [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
[[Maharashtra]] attracts tourists from other Indian states and foreign countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/andhra-pradesh-top-tourist-destination-tourism-ministry/819071/0|title = Andhra Pradesh top tourist destination: Tourism Ministry|date = 18 July 2011}}</ref> It was the second most visited Indian state by foreigners and fifth most visited state by domestic tourists in the country in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29_0.pdf|title=India Tourism Statistics 2022|website=www.tourism.gov.in}}</ref> [[Aurangabad]] is the tourism capital of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aurangabad|url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/destination/aurangabad|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.maharashtratourism.gov.in}}</ref>
[[File:Mumbai Skyline during monsoon.jpg|thumb|270x233px|[[Mumbai]] Skyline]]
[[File:Ellora Caves101.jpg|thumb|270x233px|[[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailasa Temple, Ellora Caves]], a [[UNESCO|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
[[File:Panoramic view of Taj Palace Hotel and Taj Tower with the iconic Gateway of India in the background.jpg|thumb|270x237px|[[Gateway of India]], [[Mumbai]]]]
[[File:Shaniwarwada gate.JPG|thumb|270x270px|[[Shaniwar Wada]], [[Pune]]]]
[[File:Table Point Mahabaleshwar-.jpg|thumb|270x242px|Mahabaleshwar Hill Station]]
[[File:Ajanta Cave Buddha.jpg|thumb|270x244px|[[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Caves Temples]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
Maharashtra has a number of places that attract national and international tourists. The most popular or well known are the state capital, [[Mumbai]], [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], the [[Ellora Caves]], and the Nature reserves in the state.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1490677543}} |last1=Athma |first1=Prashanta |last2=Nalini |first2=G. |title=Tourism in India- An Analysis |journal=International Journal of Management Prudence |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=25–35 }}</ref> Ajanta–Ellora are the [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. Mumbai, being the biggest and the most cosmopolitan city in India, attracts tourists from all over the world for its many attractions, including colonial architecture, beaches, [[Bollywood]], shopping, and an active nightlife.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nallathiga |first1=Ramakrishna |title=Integrating Entertainment, Tourism, Heritage and Culture into the Development of Cities: A Case for Mumbai |journal=ITPI Journal |date=September 2006 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=67–72 |ssrn=987481 }}</ref><ref>Indra, S.R. and D'Souza, J.N., A study on Tourists Loyalty based on Impact of Destination Image and Tourists Satisfaction in Mumbai. Food, Tourism and Hospitality Perspectives, p.217.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shivam-Bhartiya/publication/354312164_Food_Tourism_and_Hospitality_Perspectives/links/6130829f38818c2eaf775ab7/Food-Tourism-and-Hospitality-Perspectives.pdf#page=226]</ref> The city attracts three million foreign and forty million domestic tourists annually. The state wants to increase the numbers by allowing retailers and entertainment venues to be open 24-hours a day, seven days a week.<ref>{{citation |last1=Udas-Mankikar |first1=Sayli |title=24x7 Cities: Recommendations for an India Playbook |journal=ORF Issue Brief |date=March 2020 |issue=342 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ORF_IssueBrief_342_24x7Cities.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2022 |isbn=978-93-89622-71-3 |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616043919/https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ORF_IssueBrief_342_24x7Cities.pdf}}</ref>

The city of [[Pune]], in association with [[MTDC]], organises many cultural events during Pune festival which coincides with the Hindu [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganeshotsav festival]].<ref>Mahadevia, Darshini. (2008). Dynamics of High-Tech Zones in Pune: Emerging Trends and Impacts. []</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kale |first1=Pramod |title=Ideas, Ideals and the Market: A Study of Marathi Films |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1979 |volume=14 |issue=35 |pages=1511–1520 |jstor=4367902 }}</ref><ref>Nagapurkar, S., Narkhede, P. and Sheriff, V.A., 2020. Energizing the Future with Memories of the Past: The Wadas of Pune City. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 170, p. 05006). EDP Sciences.</ref><ref>Shinde, K., 2014. 2 Ganesh festival. Rituals and Traditional Events in the Modern World, p.23.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-A0hBQAAQBAJ&dq=mtdc+%22pune+festival%22&pg=PA23]</ref> [[Hill stations]] built during the British rule are popular tourist destinations, especially during the summer months. These include [[Mahabaleshwar]], Lonavala, and [[Matheran]] in Western Maharashtra, and [[Chikhaldara]] in the [[Vidarbha]] region.<ref>Shukla, A.V. and Badwaik, H.B., 2008. Tourist Satisfaction-A study of Tourist destinations in Maharashtra. Conference on Tourism in India – Challenges Ahead, 15–17 May 2008, IIMK [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.530.6198&rep=rep1&type=pdf]</ref> The mountainous districts of Western Maharashtra are dotted with the ruins of hundreds of mountain forts from the [[Deccan Sultanates]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] eras. These forts and the surrounding hills are popular among people interested in trekking, and hiking, and [[heritage tourism]] related to [[Shivaji]]. Notable forts popular with tourists include [[Shivneri Fort|Shivaneri]], [[Rajgad Fort|Rajgad]], [[Sinhagad]], [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]], and [[Pratapgad Fort|Pratapgad]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kohli |first1=M. S. |title=Mountains of India : tourism, adventure and pilgrimage |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publ. Co. |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173871351 |pages=263–266}}</ref>

A number of temples such as [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Trimbakeshwar]], [[Tulja Bhavani Temple|Bhavani]] of [[Tuljapur]], [[Shani Shingnapur]], [[Jyotiba Temple]], [[Ashtavinayaka]] [[Ganesha|Ganapati]] temples, [[Vithoba|Lord Pandurang]] temple at [[Pandharpur]] attract a huge number of Hindu devotees every year. [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|Khandoba temple]] of God [[Khandoba]] at [[Jejuri]] in the Pune district attract pilgrims from all over the Maharashtra where worshippers shower each other with ''Bhandar'' (turmeric powder).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. |last2=Bhanu |first2=B.V. |title=People of India |date=2004 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |location=Mumbai |isbn=9788179911013 |page=LIX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Khandoba+god&pg=PR59 |access-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107124906/https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PR59&dq=Khandoba+god#v=snippet&q=Khandoba%20&f=false}}</ref> [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Saibaba]] temple at [[Shirdi]] is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day and during religious festivals, this number can reach up to 300,000.<ref>{{cite journal|journal= International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage|last1=Shinde |first1=Kiran |title=Governance and Management of Religious Tourism in India |date=2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.21427/D7K42M }}</ref> The places associated with the [[Varkari|Warkari]] sect such as [[Pandharpur]], [[Dehu]], and [[Alandi]] remain popular throughout the year, and attract huge number of people from all over the state during religious observations.<ref>Patange, P., Srinithivihahshini, N.D. and Mahajan, D.M., 2013. "Pilgrimage and the environment: Challenges in a pilgrimage centre in Maharashtra, India". ''International Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 3(6), pp. 2269–2277.</ref> Situated in Nanded, Sikh Gurudwara of [[Hazur Sahib Nanded|Hazur Sahib]], also known as Takht Sachkhand Sri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib, is one of the [[Panj Takht|five takhts]] in [[Sikhism]]. The area around the city of Aurangabad has many ancient and medieval sites including the UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] caves, the [[Daulatabad Fort]], and the [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]].<ref>Shukla, A.V. and Badwaik, H.B., 2008. Tourist Satisfaction-A study of Tourist destinations in Maharashtra.[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=484108d0dd5cd621cf77a2740459d8b8f0052f37]</ref>

The [[Vidarbha]] region of Maharashtra has numerous nature reserve parks. These include [[Melghat Tiger Reserve]] in [[Amravati district]], [[Tadoba]]-Andhari Tiger Reserve in [[Chandrapur district]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mhatre |first1=Shridhar |title=Amazing Maharashtra: Tadoba National Park |website=Amazing Maharashtra |url=http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/10/tadoba-national-park.html |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180146/http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/10/tadoba-national-park.html |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary in [[Nagpur district]], the [[Nagzira]] wildlife sanctuary, and [[Navegaon National Park]] (bird sanctuary) of Gondia District.

According to a survey by the government of Maharashtra, in 2009–10, domestic tourists accounted for 98% of the total number of visitors to Maharashtra and the remaining were foreign.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Tourism Survey for State of Maharashtra |url=http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Maharashtra_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215071824/http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Maharashtra_0.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> Visitors from the US, UK, Germany, and UAE each form a significant percentage of the foreign tourists.<ref name="auto2"/> The state government has established the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) for the systematic development and promotion of tourism in the state. MTDC owns and maintains resorts at all key tourist centres.<ref>{{cite web |title=About MTDC |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/about |website=Maharashtratourism.gov.in |access-date=5 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623032828/https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/mtdc/about}}</ref>

==Metropolitan areas==
{{further|List of State Protected Monuments in Maharashtra}}

===[[Mumbai]]===
The city is the eastern equivalent of New York City and Los Angeles, the financial capital and entertainment ([[Bollywood]]) capital of the country.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-a-land-of-opportunities/articleshow/9292526.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105222126/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-20/mumbai/29793908_1_south-mumbai-mumbai-houses-bfsi | url-status=live | archive-date=5 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Mumbai, a land of opportunities | date=20 July 2011}}</ref> Places of interest include: [[Gateway of India]], The [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], a humongous architectural stone structure built by the British more than 200 years ago, Downtown Mumbai - reminiscent of the 19th century [[British architecture in India|British architecture]]. [[Girgaon Chowpatty]] beach, [[Madh Island]] beach and other beaches towards the south of Mumbai. [[Elephanta Caves]], carved out of a giant stone on an island are a short ferry away into the [[Arabian Sea]]. [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai]] is one of the most popular temple of [[Ganesha]] in Mumbai. Along with being a religious place, it is a great attraction for tourists.
Due to its cosmopolitan nature, Mumbai has proven a popular tourism destination most often visited by Indians.

===[[Nashik]]===
The city is famous for its [[Nashik grape]] and vineyards. It is known as "The Wine Capital of India" owing to 26 wineries being located here out of a total of 46 throughout India. Several wine festivals and wine tasting tours are held in this region.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} [[Nashik]] is also surrounded by various forts and hills and has an abundance of hiking trails.

[[Statue of Lord Rama, Nashik]] is tallest statue of Lord Rama in Maharshtra state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-11 |title=70-foot tall statue of Lord Ram unveiled in Nashik's Tapovan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/70-foot-tall-statue-of-lord-ram-unveiled-in-nashiks-tapovan/article68744937.ece |access-date=2024-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The statue is located in Ramshristi Udyan, Tapovan Panchavati. The statue was built under the leadership of [[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale]], member of the Legislative Assembly from Nashik East Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/nashik/nashik-70-foot-statue-of-lord-shriram-to-be-unveiled-at-ramshrishti-udyan-in-tapovan-a519/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.lokmattimes.com}}</ref>

A 108 feet tall statue of the first Jain Tirthankar [[Rishabhanatha]] was consecrated at [[Mangi-Tungi|Mangi Tungi]] in 2016, which is the tallest Jain statue in the world. The place has now become a major pilgrimage and tourist destination in the state.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The city also has a lot of religious and mythological significance. Lord Rama lived in Panchavati during his exile as mentioned in the epic [[Ramayana]]. It is famous for its numerous temples like [[Kalaram Temple]], [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Trimbakeshwar Temple]] - one of the 12 [[Jyotirlinga]]s. The river [[Godavari River]], also known as the Ganga of the South, originates from the [[Brahmagiri (Maharashtra)|Brahmagiri Hills]] in Trimbakeshwar. The Nasik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha is one of the four [[Kumbh Mela]]s held every 12 years in Nashik.<ref>{{cite book |author=J. S. Mishra |title=Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pCXqynwwQcC&pg=PA17 |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0993-9 |pages=17 }}</ref>

===[[Pune]]===
[[Pune district]] has been at the center of [[History of Maharashtra]] for more than 400 years, beginning with the [[Deccan sultanates]] and followed by the [[Maratha Empire]]. The district has a number of mountain forts and buildings from these eras, in addition to shrines revered by Marathi Hindus (including five of the eight [[Ashtavinayaka]] [[Ganesha]] temples). [[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhis]] of the two most revered Marathi [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] saints ([[Dnyaneshwar]] and [[Tukaram]]) are in [[Alandi]]<ref>Glushkova, Irina. "6 Object of worship as a free choice." ''Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices, and Meanings'' 13 (2014).</ref> and [[Dehu]], respectively. The main temple of [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|Khandoba]], the family deity for most Marathi Hindus, is in [[Jejuri]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Feldhaus|first1=Anne|title=Connected places : region, pilgrimage, and geographical imagination in India|date=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4039-6323-9|page=214|edition=1.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsaADAAAQBAJ&q=jejuri&pg=PP1}}</ref>

The British designated Pune as the monsoon capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], and many buildings and parks from the era remain. [[List of hill stations in India|Hill stations]] such as [[Lonavala]] and [[Khandala]] also date back to the Raj, and remain popular with residents of Pune and Mumbai for holidays.<ref>{{cite book|title=Incredible India, Maharashtra|url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/maharashtra-unlimited/volume-3-issue-2---2014-maharashtra-unlimited.pdf?sfvrsn=2}}</ref> The Western part of Pune district is dotted with the ruins of many mountain forts from Deccan Sultanate and the Maratha empire eras respectively. These forts and the surrounding hills with forests are popular with people interested in trekking, hiking and [[heritage tourism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kohli|first1=M. S.|title=Mountains of India : tourism, adventure and pilgrimage|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publ. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173871351|pages=263–266|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Mountains+of+India%3A+Tourism%2C+Adventure+and+Pilgrimage+By+M.S.+Kohli+isbn}}</ref>

[[Bhigwan]], a catchment area of the [[Ujjani Dam]], is about {{anchor|95|km}} from Pune on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]], the Pune-Solapur highway. An area of about {{convert|18000|ha|sqmi}} has become a sanctuary for [[bird migration|migratory birds]].

In January 2021, the prison department of Maharashtra announced jail tourism at the [[Yerawada Central Jail|Yerawada jail]] where [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activists]] like [[Mahatma Gandhi|M. K Gandhi]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] were imprisoned. The visitor numbers to the prison will initially be capped at 50 per day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Sushant |title=Explained: What is Maharashtra's jail tourism initiative launched from Pune's Yerawada Jail? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-maharashtras-jail-tourism-initiative-punes-yerawada-jail-7164139/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=The Indian Express |issue=January 28, 2021 |date=2021}}</ref>

=== Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar ===
{{Main|Tourism in Marathwada}}
This city is also known as Aurangabad, in the central part of Maharashtra and attracts tourists for its natural beauty. The [[Ajanta Caves]] and [[Ellora Caves]], that lie on the outskirts of Aurangabad are internationally renowned for man-made caves and intricate carvings in them. Ajanta and Ellora Caves are UNESCO World Heritage sites.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ellora Caves|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajanta Caves|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/|access-date=2021-04-20|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Ellora is notable for having a unique monolithic vertically excavated building known as [[Kailasa Temple, Ellora]] and Ajanta Caves is notably for [[Lord Buddha]] in stone. Ancient Buddhist life has been depicted in the delicate stonework. While Ajanta is completely Buddhist caves, Ellora caves belong to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Summers are not advisable for touring as temperatures can reach up to and above 44 degrees C during the day. There are other famous places of interest like [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] (The Taj Mahal of Deccan), [[Daulatabad Fort]], [[Panchakki]], Sunheri Mahal, etc. Aurangabad has good connectivity by air, road, and railways.

''[[Aurangabad]]'' is the tourism capital of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aurangabad|url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/destination/aurangabad|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.maharashtratourism.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Nagpur ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2017}}
With a tradition of producing the best [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[Nagpur]] city is known as the ''City of Oranges''. Nagpur is also known as the second greenest city in India due to a number of trees in the city. The tourism in Nagpur is due to a large number of National Parks/Wildlife Sanctuaries surrounding Nagpur. All of these sanctuaries have Tiger as their major attractions. Two notable National Parks around Nagpur are [[Pench National Park]] around 60 km north of Nagpur, and [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project|Tadoba National Park]] around 180 km south of Nagpur. In recent years, [[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project|Tadoba National Park]] gained much importance among wildlife enthusiasts nationally and internationally due to the high probability of sighting Tigers. The other wildlife sanctuaries include [[Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary]] around 110 km east of Nagpur, [[Melghat Tiger Reserve]] around 260 km west of Nagpur, [[Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary]] 60 km southeast of Nagpur, [[Bor Wildlife Sanctuary]] 60 km southwest of Nagpur, [[Kanha National Park]] 260 km northeast of Nagpur, [[Satpura National Park]] 270 km northwest of Nagpur.

Beside these Nagpur has much historical significance. [[Deekshabhoomi]] - the place where [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] and lakhs of the so-called lower caste who deemed as [[Caste system in India|untouchables]] by [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste system]], embraced Buddhism. Another important place to visit is Tekadi Ganesh mandir on Sitabuildi fort complex. The city has other places of tourist importance such as Maharajbagh zoo, and Futala lake Chowpati, Nagpur is well connected with all major cities of India by roadways and railways, and also have an international airport. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (IATA: NAG, ICAO: VANP) is an international airport serving the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. In 2005, it was named after B. R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution.

=== Satara ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2017}}
[[Satara (city)|Satara]] lies on the western part of Maharashtra. It is known for tourist places like [[Mahabaleshwar]], [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Panchgani]] and rivers such as [[Koyna River|Koyna]] and [[Krishna]]. Mahabaleshwar and Panchgani are one of the famous tourist places in India. The [[Krishna River]] originates at Mahabaleswar near the Jor village in the extreme north of Wai district. The [[Kaas plateau]] is also one of the most popular tourist attractions in Satara. This plateau falls under the [[Sahyadri|Sahyadri Sub Cluster]] of [[Western Ghats]] which is now a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

== Nature tourism ==
Maharashtra has tremendous potential for nature tourism. Many private and public organizations have begun unique and innovative forms of nature tourism.

===Hill stations===
[[Image:Sydney point panchghani.jpg|right|thumb|View from Sydney Point, Panchgani in monsoon]]
During the [[British Raj|colonial rule]], the British developed many [[hill station]]s throughout India and in Maharashtra to escape the heat during the summer months.<ref name="kennedyDane">{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dane |title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft396nb1sf;brand=ucpress|access-date=19 Aug 2014}}</ref> Most of these are located on the hills of the [[Sahyadri]] range of the Western Ghats and close to the largest metropolitan areas in state, namely Mumbai and Pune. Chikhaldara and Toranmal are two places that are located on the [[Satpura Range]] which runs east to west on the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Popular colonial era hill stations in the state include
* [[Amboli, Sindhudurg district|Amboli]]
* [[Chikhaldara]] - in Satpura mountains
* [[Igatpuri]] - On main Mumbai–Bhusawal railway line
* [[Jawhar]]
* [[Karjat]] - On main Mumbai–Pune railway line
* [[Khandala]] - On main Mumbai–Pune railway line
* [[Lonavala]] - On main Mumbai–Pune railway line
* [[Mahabaleshwar]] - Summer capital of [[Bombay Presidency]] during the [[British Raj]]
* [[Matheran]] - linked to the main Mumbai–Pune railway line with a [[Matheran Hill Railway|narrow-gauge mountain train]].
* [[Panchgani]] - Close neighbour of Mahabaleshwar with many colonial-era boarding schools.
* [[Panhala]]
* [[Toranmal]]

[[Lavasa]] is a very recently developed township and is under private control.

== Religious Tourism ==
{{further|Religious tourism in Marathwada}}
Maharashtra boasts of a large number of popular and revered religious venues that are heavily frequented by locals as well as out-of-state visitors.

===Hindu places of pilgrimage===
A number of temples such as [[Bhimashankar Temple|Bhimashankar]], [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Trimbakeshwar]], [[Tulja Bhavani Temple|Bhavani]] of [[Tuljapur]], [[Shani Shingnapur]], [[Jyotiba Temple]], [[Ashtavinayaka]] [[Ganesha|Ganapati]] temples, [[Vithoba|Lord Pandurang]] temple at [[Pandharpur]] attract a huge number of Hindu devotees every year. [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|Khandoba temple]] of God [[Khandoba]] at [[Jejuri]] in the Pune district attract pilgrims from all over the Maharashtra where worshipers shower each other with ''Bhandar'' (turmeric powder).< [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Saibaba]] temple at [[Shirdi]] is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day and during religious festivals, this number can reach up to 300,000.

*[[Vithoba Temple]], Pandharpur, is the main center of worship for the Hindu deity [[Vithoba]], believed to be a local form of god [[Krishna]] or [[Vishnu]] and his consort [[Rukmini|Rakhumai]]. Vithoba devotees called [[Varkari]]s start marching from the resting places of Varkari saints from different regions of Maharashtra but mainly from [[Dehu]], and [[Alandi]] to [[Pandharpur]] in huge processions to reach Pandharpur on [[Shayani Ekadashi|Aashadhi ekadashi]] and Kartiki Ekadashi.[[Pandharpur]] and other places associated with the [[Varkari|Warkari]] sect such as Sant [[Tukaram]] memorial at [[Dehu]], and Samadhi of Sant [[Dnyaneshwar]] at [[Alandi]] remain popular throughout the year, and attract huge number of people from all over the state during religious observations.<ref>Patange, P., Srinithivihahshini, N. D. and Mahajan, D. M., 2013. "Pilgrimage and the environment: Challenges in a pilgrimage centre in Maharashtra, India". ''International Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 3(6), pp. 2269–2277.</ref>
[[File:Pandharpur 2013 Aashad - panoramio (10) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Vitthal Rukmini temple]]
Marathi Hindu families have a family deity called Kuldevta that they visit after many auspicious events. Important ancient Kuldevta temples that attract pilgrims in the state include:
*[[Renuka]]devi at [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]], considered a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]], is located in the Nanded district.
*[[Tuljapur]]-Temple of [[Tuljabhavani temple|Goddess Bhavani]]
*[[Kolhapur]] -Temple of [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Goddess Mahalaxmi or Ambabai]]
*[[Ambajogai]] -Temple of Yogeshwari, one of the 3 1/2 [[Shakta pithas]] in the state.
*[[Jejuri]] - Temple of [[Khandoba]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. |last2=Bhanu |first2=B. V. |title=People of India |date=2004 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |location=Mumbai |isbn=9788179911013 |page=LIX |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=Khandoba+god&pg=PR59 |access-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107124906/https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PR59&dq=Khandoba+god#v=snippet&q=Khandoba%20&f=false}}</ref>
Many temples or shrines of 19th and 20th century saints are very popular with pilgrims. The important ones include:
*[[Shegaon]], resting place of [[Gajanan Maharaj]], the late 19th/early 20th-century religious figure
*[[Akkalkot]], Temple /[[Matha]] dedicated to 19th century [[Swami Samarth]].
*[[Shirdi]], temple of Sai Baba - a hugely revered saint from late 19th/early 20th century with global following.<ref>{{cite journal|journal= International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage|last1=Shinde |first1=Kiran |title=Governance and Management of Religious Tourism in India |date=2018 |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.21427/D7K42M }}</ref>
*[[Gondavale]], samadhi of Gondavlekar Maharaj
Other places popular with devotees and pilgrims include:
*[[Mumbai]], Temple of [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai]]
*[[Mumbai]], [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai|Mahalakshmi temple in south Mumbai]]
*[[Shani Shingnapur]], Temple of [[Shani|God Shani (Shanidev)]]
*[[Ashtavinayaka]], 8 Abodes of [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]]
*[[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Trimbakeshwar]]

===Other religions and sects===
[[File:Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hazur Sahib Nanded]] is one of the holiest place in [[Sikhism]].]]
[[File:Statue Of Ahimsa-MangiTungi.jpg|right|thumb|108 feet Rishabdev Bhagwan at [[Mangi Tungi]]]]
*Mumbai, [[Haji Ali Dargah]], a popular mosque built in the sea off the coast of [[Worli]],
*Mumbai, [[Mount Mary Church, Bandra|Mount Mary church]] in the suburb of [[Bandra]]
*[[Nanded]], [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]] Gurudwara, the resting place of [[Sikh]] [[Guru Gobind Singh]].The city also has many shrines dedicated to Sufi saints.
*[[Parbhani]]: The city of Parbhani, in the Marathwada region of the state, is well known for Sufi shrine of the great saint Shah Turabul Haq. The annual two week fair in the honour of the saint in February attracts around half a million pilgrims to the city. Because of its popularity within Maharashtra, it is often called as Ajmer Sharif of Maharashtra.
*The [[Statue of Ahimsa]], a 108 ft idol of first Jain [[tirthankara]] [[Rishabhanatha]] carved in monolithic stone was consecrated at [[Mangi Tungi]] in February 2016. It is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest [[Jain]] idol in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Guinness-Book-to-certify-Mangi-Tungi-idol/articleshow/51275366.cms|title=Guinness Book to certify Mangi Tungi idol {{pipe}} Nashik News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref> It has become a major pilgrimage and tourist destination.
*Pune, [[Rajneesh|Osho]] International Meditation Resort. It attracts visitors from other parts of India and abroad.

==== Kumbhoj ====
{{Main|Kumbhoj}}
[[File:BahubaliKumbhoj.JPG|left|thumb|{{convert|28|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}}-high monolith of [[Bahubali]] at [[Kumbhoj]]]]
[[Kumbhoj]] is the name of an ancient town located in [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]. The town is about eight kilometers from Hatkanangale, about twenty seven kilometers from Kolhapur. The famous [[Jain]] pilgrimage centre where a {{convert|28|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}}-high statue of [[Bahubali]] is installed is {{convert|2|km}} from the Kumbhoj city.<ref>{{citation|last=Sangave|first=Vilas Adinath|author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave|title=The Sacred Shravanabelagola (A Socio-Religious Study)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ3S6CW5KKQC|year=1981|publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |page=91}}</ref>
==Tourism development==
[[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) is the state government owned official destination marketing organization (DMO) for promotion of Maharashtra tourism in the world. MTDC employs a range of marketing tools such as Tourism promotion Literature and publications in traditional media as well as digital marketing to promote tourism in the state. The corporation also arranges FAM tours and organizes Cultural Events and Festivals as tools to promote the state.<ref>Adesara, D. N., & Shah, J. A Deliberative study on promotional tools used by Top 5 Tourism states of India. ''Policy'', ''2016'', 17.</ref> Since inception in 1975, MTDC has been involved in the development and maintenance of various tourist locations of Maharashtra. MTDC owns and maintains resorts at key tourist centres throughout the state.

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="240" heights="200">
File:Kailasha temple at ellora.JPG|[[Kailasa Temple, Ellora|Kailasa Temple]] in [[Ellora Caves]]
File:Ajanta (63).jpg|[[Ajanta Caves]]
File:Pataleshwar Caves temple columns.jpg |Temple corridor of the [[Pataleshwar cave]] temple, built during the [[Rashtrakuta Empire]].
File:Bibi Ka Maqbara, Aurangabad, Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India (2006).jpg|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
File:Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Maharashtra, September 2012.jpg|[[Hazur Sahib Nanded]], 2nd holiest site in [[Sikhism]]
File:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus at night, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (2003).jpg|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
File:Taj Mahal Palace Hotel at night.jpg|[[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]]
File:Mumbai Downtown.jpg|[[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]]
File:Bombay Municipal Corporation.JPG|[[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]]
File:Clock Tower Mumbai University.jpg|[[Rajabai Clock Tower]] at the [[University of Mumbai]]
File:Pune ShaniwarWada DelhiGate.jpg|[[Shaniwarwada]]
File:Mumbai 03-2016 31 Gateway of India.jpg|[[Gateway of India]]
File:Mumbai 03-2016 72 Flora Fountain.jpg|[[Flora Fountain]]
File:Diksha Bhumi.jpg|[[Deekshabhoomi]]
File:Devgad beach, Maharashtra.jpg|Devgad Beach, Sindhudurg district
File:Tara in Tadoba Tiger Reserve AJTJ P1090339.jpg|[[Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve]] is famous for Jungle safari
File:BhimaShankar - panoramio (6).jpg|[[Bhimashankar Temple]] in Pune district is one of twelve [[Jyotirlinga]]
File:Tuljabhavani Mandir Mahadwar (Main entrance gate).jpg|Famous [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]] of [[Tuljapur]] town of [[Osmanabad district]].
File:Birds at Jayakwadi.jpg|Migratory birds at [[Jayakwadi Dam]], the main source of water for [[Marathwada]].
File:Grishneshwar temple in Aurangabad district.jpg|[[Grishneshwar]] [[Jyotirlinga]] in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]].
File:Parli Vaijnath Temple in AP W IMG 7914.jpg|A view of [[Parli Vaijnath Temple]], [[Beed district]].
File:Mumbai 03-2016 11 Haji Ali Dargah.jpg|The [[Haji Ali|Haji Ali Mosque]] was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under Islamic rule.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=15&contentid=2008080720080807031759454b559597f|title=Haji ali|access-date=2008-08-17|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=2008-08-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024183614/http://mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article|archive-date=2007-10-24}}</ref>
File:Daulatabad fort(erstwhile Deogiri fort), Aurangabad, India.jpg |[[Daulatabad Fort]] (Deogiri)
File:Pune India .jpg|[[Mula River (India)|Mula]] and [[Mutha River|Mutha]] rivers
File:Pandavleni Caves near Nasik.jpg|1 st century BCE [[Pandavleni Caves]] in Nashik
File:Lonar Sarovar lake Maharastra.jpg|[[Lonar Lake]] in Maharashtra by [[Impact crater|crater lake]] impact
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[https://www.kundalikarafting.org/ Kundalika River Rafting]- River Rafting in Kundalika River in Maharashtra

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Maharashtra}}

* [https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/ Official Website of Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tourism In Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Tourism in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]

Hadith

2026-03-24T10:55:21Z

ViolaCnr7137989: brief enhance details based on references and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Collections of sayings and teachings of Muhammad}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Hadit}}
{{Hadith}}{{Muhammad}}{{Use American English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
'''Hadith'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|d|ɪ|θ}}<ref>{{OED|hadith}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|h|ɑː|ˈ|d|iː|θ}};<ref>{{dictionary.com|Hadith|access-date=2011-08-13}}</ref> {{langx|ar|حديث|translit=ḥadīṯ}}, {{IPA|ar|ħadiːθ}}; {{abbr|pl.|plural}} '''{{transliteration|ar|aḥādīth}}''', {{lang|ar|أحاديث}}, {{transliteration|ar|DIN|''ʾaḥādīṯ''}},{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}}{{efn|The plural form of hadith in Arabic is {{transliteration|ar|aḥādīth}}, {{lang|ar|أحاديث}}, {{transliteration|ar|DIN|''{{'}}aḥādīth''}} but ''hadith'' is used instead in this article.}} {{IPA|ar|ʔaħaːdiːθ}}, {{lit|talk|discourse}}}} is the [[Arabic]] word for a 'report' or an 'account [of an event]'{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/HansWehrEnglishArabicDctionarySearchableFormat|title=Hans Wehr English&Arabic Dictionary|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|title=The Laws of Islam|date=26 March 2016|publisher=Enlight Press|isbn=978-0994240989|url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf|access-date=22 December 2017|ref=Modarresi|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|471}} and refers to the Islamic [[oral tradition]] of [[anecdote]]s containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] or his immediate circle ([[sahaba|companions]] in [[Sunni Islam]],<ref name="EIMW-2004-285">{{cite book |last1=Motzki |first1=Harald |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |volume=1 |date=2004 |publisher=Thomson Gale |page=285 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse/page/284/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Al-Bukhari |first=Imam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9E4egv4lKEC |title=Moral Teachings of Islam: Prophetic Traditions from Al-Adab Al-mufrad By Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl Bukhārī |publisher=Rowman Altamira |year=2003 |isbn=9780759104174}}</ref> [[Ahl al-Bayt]] in [[Shia]]).<ref name="Intro-hadith-vii">{{cite book |last1=al-Fadli |first1=Abd al-Hadi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nviq0AEACAAJ |title=Introduction to Hadith |date=2011 |publisher=ICAS Press |isbn=9781904063476 |edition=2nd |location=London |page=vii }}</ref>

After being compiled in the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hadiths began to be imposed by socio-political and spiritual authorities as the original words of Muhammad from the 14th century onward.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdhMDwAAQBAJ&dq=hadithist&pg=PA72 | title=The Retabulism | isbn=978-2-322-10408-6 | last1=Boutammina | first1=Nas E. | date=19 February 2018 | publisher=BoD - Books on Demand }}</ref> For many [[madhab|Muslim sects]], hadith was a reliable source for religious and moral guidance known as [[sunnah]], which ranks second to that of the [[Quran]] in authority,<ref name="EB">{{cite web |title=Hadith |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> widely respected in mainstream [[Islamic thought]], so that the majority of [[ahkam|Sharia rules]] derived from hadith rather than the Quran.<ref name="Forte-1978-2">{{cite journal|last1=Forte|first1=David F.|title=Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht|journal=Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review |date=1978|volume=1|page=2 |url=http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|"The full systems of Islamic theology and law are not derived primarily from the Quran. Muhammad's sunnah was a second but far more detailed living scripture, and later Muslim scholars would thus often refer to Muhammad as 'The Possessor of Two Revelations'".<ref name="JACBMM2014:18">[[#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.18</ref>|group=Note}} However, in the early Islamic society the use of hadith as it is understood today (documentation, isnads, etc.) came gradually. Sunnah originally meant a tradition that did not contain the definition of good and bad.<ref name="Juynboll">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Juynboll |first=G. H. A. |date=1997 |title=Sunna |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |volume=9 |pages=878–879}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web| url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/reference/glossary/term.SUNNAH.html | title=Sunnah | access-date=14 May 2024 | archive-date=5 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205042656/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/reference/glossary/term.SUNNAH.html | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Wehr">{{cite web |last1=Wehr |first1=Hans |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |url=https://giftsofknowledge.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hans-wehr-searchable-pdf.pdf |website=Hans Wehr Searchable PDF |access-date=15 June 2020 |page=369 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620203718/https://giftsofknowledge.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hans-wehr-searchable-pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OISO">{{cite web |title=Sunnah |url= http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e332 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616030931/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e332 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 June 2013 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1959 |orig-year=1950 |page=58}}</ref> Later, "good traditions" began to be referred to as sunnah and the concept of "Muhammad's sunnah" was established.<ref name="Juynboll" /> Muhammad's sunnah gave way to the "hadiths of Muhammad"{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}} which were being [[Oral tradition|transmitted orally]], then recorded in the corpuses that continued to be [[Hadith studies|collected, classified and purified according to various criteria]] in the following centuries. Scholars have [[Categories of Hadith|categorized hadith]] based on their reliability, sorting them into classifications such as ''[[sahih]]'' ('authentic'), ''[[Hasan (hadith)|hasan]]'' ('good'), and ''da'if'' ('weak').<ref>The Future of Muslim Civilisation by Ziauddin Sardar, 1979, page 26.</ref> This classification is subjective to the person doing this study<ref>These collections contain the hadiths that are generally considered most likely to be accurate. Furthermore, works compiled after the dissemination of the canonical collections have challenged the reliability of some of the hadiths in those collections. See {{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran/Origin-and-compilation |title=Qurʾān - Islamic Scripture, Compilation, Revelation | Britannica |date=13 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> and differences in classification have led to variations in practices among the different [[Islamic schools and branches]].<ref name="JACBMM2014:8">[[#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.8</ref> The study of hadith is a central discipline in Islam, known as the [[hadith sciences]], and is also examined in the contemporary historiographical field of [[hadith studies]].

Statements attributed to Muhammad and used in [[Oral tradition|various conversations]] in the period after his death, which circulated orally for several centuries, began to be compiled by Islamic scholars known as muhaddiths in the 7th-10th centuries. Each hadith is associated with a [[Isnad|chain of narrators]] ({{Transliteration|ar|isnad}}), a lineage of people who reportedly heard and repeated the hadith from which the source of the hadith can be traced.<ref name=":0" /> The authentication of hadith became a significant discipline, focusing on the ''isnad'' (chain of narrators) and ''[[matn]]'' (main text of the report).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Jumu'a, Word by word translation of verse number 2-3 (Tafsir included) {{!}} الجمعة - Quran O |url=https://qurano.com/en/62-al-jumu-a/ |access-date=2021-01-31 |website=qurano.com |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=4}}{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=6-7}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Islahi |first=Amin Ahsan |author-link=Amin Ahsan Islahi |url=http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/DownloadContainer.aspx?id=71 |title=Mabadi Tadabbur-i-Hadith (translated as: "Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation") |publisher=Al-Mawrid |year=1989 |location=Lahore |language=ur |access-date=2 June 2011 |orig-year=transl. 2009}}</ref><ref name="H-EoI" /> This process aimed to address contradictions and questionable statements within certain narrations.<ref name="IatW-Lewis-44">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|title=Islam and the West|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0/page/44 44]|url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0|url-access=registration|quote=hadith.|access-date=28 March 2018|isbn=9780198023937}}</ref> Due to the gap in oral information between the recorded dates of Muhammad's life and the dates when these written accounts began to appear in sources, the reliability of this information is highly debated in academic circles.<ref name="Aisha Y. Musa 2013">Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed 22 May 2013.</ref><ref name="Neal Robinson 2013 pp. 85-89">Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0878402243}}, Chapter 7, pp. 85-89</ref> Historically, some sects of the [[Kharijites]] also rejected the hadiths, while [[Mu'tazilites]] rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and [[Ijma]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8c_DwAAQBAJ&dq=khawarij+rejected+the+hadith&pg=PA75 | title=Major Issues in Islam: The Challenges within and Without | isbn=978-0-7618-7017-3 | last1=Sindima | first1=Harvey J. | date=2 November 2017 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref><ref name="Lulu.com">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-M3IRh22moC&dq=some+mutazilites+rejected+hadiths&pg=PA63 | title=Science Under Islam: Rise, Decline and Revival | isbn=9781847999429 | last1=Deen | first1=Sayyed M. | year=2007 | publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref>

The science of hadith is often described as the world's strictest and most comprehensive fact preservation system ever developed.<ref>Chain of Command – Sciences of Hadith: The Master Reference (n.d.)Kalamullah.com</ref> Muslim scholars created a meticulously structured framework in which every transmitter was biographically examined, every chain of transmission was scrutinized for continuity, and every report was evaluated for internal coherence and historical plausibility.<ref>Melchert, Christopher. “The Theory and Practice of Hadith Criticism in the Mid Ninth Century,” in Islam at 250 (Brill, 2020). — Technical reconstruction of Sunni critics’ working methods</ref> Through these methods, [[Islam]] became the only civilization to construct a fully chain‑verified, narrator‑audited corpus of historical material, with layers of reliability assessment unmatched in other religious, [[academic]] and [[historiographical]] traditions,<ref>Schoeler, Gregor. The Oral and the Written in Early Islam. Routledge, 2006. — Early Islamic transmission ecology; comparative remarks on the singular role of isnād</ref> and the system has been frequently highlighted as the most disciplined fact authentication methods ever recorded in human history.<ref>Cook, Michael. “Eschatology and the Dating of Traditions,” in Hadith (Routledge, 2004) & “The Opponents of the Writing of Tradition in Early Islam” (Arabica)</ref><ref>Motzki, Harald. On the isnād cum matn method and early dating of reports (see surveys/analyses in journals and edited volumes).</ref><ref>Abu‑Alabbas, Belal. “The Principles of Hadith Criticism in the Writings of al‑Shāfiʿī and Muslim,” Islamic Law and Society 24 (2017): 311–335.</ref>

Western scholars participating in the field of hadith studies are generally skeptical of the value of hadith for understanding the true [[historical Muhammad]]. Reasons for skepticism include the late compilation of hadith (often complied centuries after Muhammad's death), difficulties in verifying chains of transmission, the prevalence of hadith fabrication, and doubts about the traditional methods of hadith authentication. This skepticism extends even to hadith classified as ''sahih'' by Muslim scholars, as such narrations may still reflect later historical or theological concerns rather than the authentic teachings of Muhammad.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Brown |first=Daniel W. |title=Western Hadith Studies |date=2020-01-02 |work=The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith |pages=39–56 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Daniel W. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118638477.ch2 |access-date=2024-06-26 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118638477.ch2 |isbn=978-1-118-63851-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Sfn|Little|2024|p=163}}

==Etymology==
In Arabic, the noun {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥadīth}} ({{lang|ar|حديث}}  {{IPA|ar|ħæˈdiːθ|IPA}}) means 'report', 'account', or 'narrative'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=203,ll=567,ls=0,la=796,sg=286,ha=128,br=219,pr=40,aan=125,mgf=199,vi=111,kz=400,mr=146,mn=240,uqw=319,umr=239,ums=186,umj=151,ulq=533,uqa=90,uqq=64|title=Mawrid Reader|work=ejtaal.net}}</ref><ref>''al-Kuliyat'' by Abu al-Baqa’ al-Kafawi, p. 370; Mu'assasah l-Risalah. This last phrase is quoted by al-Qasimi in ''Qawaid al-Tahdith'', p. 61; Dar al-Nafais.</ref> Its Arabic plural is {{transliteration|ar|ALA|aḥādīth}} ({{lang|ar|أحاديث}} {{IPA|ar|ʔæħæːˈdiːθ|}}).{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}} ''Hadith'' also refers to the speech of a person.<ref>''Lisan al-Arab'', by Ibn Manthour, vol. 2, p. 350; Dar al-Hadith edition.</ref>

==Definition / Evolution of the concept ==
In [[Islamic terminology]], according to Juan Campo, the term ''hadith'' refers to reports of statements or actions of Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism of something said or done in his presence.<ref name="H-EoI">{{cite book|last=Campo| first=Juan Eduardo |chapter=Hadith |title=Encyclopedia of Islam| year=2009 | publisher=Infobase | isbn=9781438126968 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=encyclopedia+islam+hadith&pg=PA280}}</ref> Classical hadith specialist [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] says that the intended meaning of ''hadith'' in religious tradition is something attributed to Muhammad, but that is not found in the Quran.<ref name="fath">{{cite book|last=al-Asqalani|first=Ahmad ibn 'Ali|title=Fath al-Bari|publisher=al-Matba'ah al-Salafiyyah|location=Egypt|volume=1|pages=193|language=ar|isbn=978-1-902350-04-2|year=2000}}</ref>

In contrast, according to the Shia Islam Ahlul Bayt Digital Library Project, "when there is no clear Qur'anic statement, nor is there a Hadith upon which Muslim schools have agreed. ... Shi'a ... refer to Ahlul-Bayt [the family of Muhammad] to derive the Sunnah of the Prophet, implying that while hadith is limited to the "Traditions" of Muhammad, the Shi'a Sunna draws on the sayings, etc. of the {{transliteration|ar|Ahlul-Bayt}}, i.e. the [[Imamah (Shia)|Imams]] of Shi'a Islam.<ref name="ABDLP-sunna">{{cite web|title=The Major Difference Between the Shi'a and the Sunni|url=https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team/major-difference-between-shia-and-sunni|website=Ahlul Bayt Digital Library Project|access-date=28 March 2018|date=2013-11-12}}</ref>

{{anchor|Sacred hadith}} Hadith may be ''[[Hadith Qudse|hadith qudsi]]'' (sacred hadith)—which some Muslims regard as the words of [[God in Islam|God]]<ref>Graham, William A. (1977). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6skqM6aP8C Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadith Qudsi]''. [[Walter de Gruyter]]. {{ISBN|3110803593}}.</ref>—or ''hadith sharif'' (noble hadith), which are Muhammad's own utterances.<ref name="Glasse-159">{{cite book|last1=Glasse|first1=Cyril|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|orig-year=1989 |date=2001|publisher=Altamira|page=159}}</ref> According to as-Sayyid ash-Sharif al-Jurjani, the hadith qudsi differ from the Quran in that the former are "expressed in Muhammad's words", whereas the latter are the "[[Revelation|direct words of God]]". A ''hadith qudsi'' need not be a ''sahih'' (sound hadith), but may be ''da'if'' (weak) or even ''mawdu''' (fabricated).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aslamna.info/hadith_qudsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418205832/http://www.aslamna.info/hadith_qudsi.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 April 2010|title=Qu'est-ce que le hadith Qudsi ?|work=aslamna.info}}</ref>

An example of a ''hadith qudsi'' is the hadith of [[Abu Hurairah]] who said that Muhammad said:
<blockquote>When God decreed the Creation He pledged Himself by writing in His book which is laid down with Him: My mercy prevails over My wrath.<ref>Related by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|al-Bukhari]], [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim]], [[Al-Nasa'i|an-Nasa'i]] and [[Ibn Majah]].</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=Need secondary source confirming that this is a hadith qudsi |date=November 2015}}</blockquote>

'''Non-prophetic hadith'''; Scholar [[Patricia Crone]] includes reports by others than Muhammad in her definition of hadith: "short reports (sometimes just a line or two) recording what an early figure, such as a [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of the prophet]] or Muhammad himself, said or did on a particular occasion, preceded by a chain of transmitters". However, she adds that "nowadays, hadith almost always means hadith from Muhammad himself."<ref name="Crone-wdwakaM-2008">{{cite web|last1=Crone|first1=Patricia|title=What do we actually know about Muhammad?|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/mohammed_3866jsp/|website=Open Democracy|access-date=16 April 2018|date=10 June 2008}}</ref> [[Joseph Schacht]] quotes a hadith of Muhammad that is used "to justify reference" in Islamic law to the [[sahabah|companions of Muhammad]] as religious authorities—"My companions are like lodestars."<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-19>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=19 }}</ref><ref name=tr-III-57,148>{{cite book |last1=Shafi'i |chapter=Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i, 57, 148 | title=Kitab al-Umm vol. vii |pages=248}}</ref><ref>see also {{cite web |url=http://www.livingislam.org/compst_e.html |title=The Hadith: "My Companions Are Like The Stars" |last1=Haddad |first1=GF |last2=Hajj Gibril |website=living islam }}</ref>

According to Schacht, (and other scholars)<ref>Ignaz Goldziher, ''The Zahiris: Their Doctrine and their History'', trans and ed. Wolfgang Behn (Leiden, 1971), 20 ff</ref><ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:7">[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.7</ref> in the first generations after the death of Muhammad, use of hadith from {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahabah]]}} ("companions" of Muhammad) and {{transliteration|ar|[[Tabi'un]]}} ("successors" of the companions) "was the rule", while use of hadith of Muhammad himself by Muslims was "the exception".<ref name="Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3" /> Schacht credits [[Al-Shafi'i]]—founder of the [[Shafi'i]] school of {{transliteration|ar|[[fiqh]]}} (or {{transliteration|ar|[[madh'hab]]}})—with establishing the principle of the using the hadith of Muhammad for Islamic law, and emphasizing the inferiority of hadith of anyone else, saying hadiths:
<blockquote>"... from other persons are of no account in the face of a tradition from the Prophet, whether they confirm or contradict it; if the other persons had been aware of the tradition from the Prophet, they would have followed it".<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=12 }}</ref><ref name=tr-III-intro>{{cite book |last1=Shafi'i |chapter=Introduction. Kitab Ikhtilaf Malid wal-Shafi'i | title=Kitab al-Umm vol. vii}}</ref></blockquote> This led to "the almost complete neglect" of traditions from the Companions and others.<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=4 }}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| footer = PERF No. 731, the earliest manuscript of [[Malik Ibn Anas|Mālik's]] Muwaṭṭaʾ, dated to his own time. Recto (left) has the contents of Bāb al-Targib fī-Sadaqah, 795 AD.<ref>N. Abbott, ''Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri: Qur'anic Commentary And Tradition'', 1967, Volume II, University of Chicago Press: Chicago (USA), p. 114.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PERF No. 731: The Earliest Manuscript Of Malik's Muwatta' Dated To His Own Time |url=https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf731 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.islamic-awareness.org}}</ref>
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Collections of hadith sometimes mix those of Muhammad with the reports of others. [[Muwatta Imam Malik]] is usually described as "the earliest written collection of hadith" but sayings of Muhammad are "blended with the sayings of the companions",<ref name=Intro-hadith-59>{{cite book|last1=al-Fadli|first1=Abd al-Hadi|title=Introduction to Hadith|date=2011|publisher=ICAS Press|location=London|isbn=9781904063476|page=59|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nviq0AEACAAJ}}</ref> (822 hadith from Muhammad and 898 from others, according to the count of one edition).<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zurqani |title=Commentary on Malik's Muwatta', 4 vols |volume=i |page=8 |location=Cairo |date=1310}}</ref>
In ''Introduction to Hadith'' by Abd al-Hadi al-Fadli, {{transliteration|ar|Kitab Ali}} is referred to as "the first hadith book of the {{transliteration|ar|[[Ahl al-Bayt]]}} (family of Muhammad) to be written on the authority of the Prophet".<ref name=Intro-hadith-62>{{cite book|last1=al-Fadli|first1=Abd al-Hadi|title=Introduction to Hadith|date=2011|publisher=ICAS Press|location=London|isbn=9781904063476|page=62|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nviq0AEACAAJ}}</ref> Hadiths were classified as follows according to the last person to whom they were attributed in the chain of narration; the acts, statements or approvals of Muhammad are called {{transliteration|ar|"Marfu hadith"}}, while those of companions are called {{transliteration|ar|"mawquf}} {{lang|ar|(موقوف)}} {{transliteration|ar|hadith"}}, and those of [[Tabi'un]] are called {{transliteration|ar|"maqtu'}} {{lang|ar|(مقطوع)}} {{transliteration|ar|hadith"}}.

=== Relationship with ''sunnah'' ===
The word {{transliteration|ar|[[sunnah]]}} is also used in reference to a normative custom of Muhammad or the early [[Ummah|Muslim community]].<ref name="H-EoI"/> [[Joseph Schacht]] describes hadith as providing "the documentation" of the {{transliteration|ar|sunnah}}.<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-3>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=3 }}</ref> Some sources ([[Khaled Abou El Fadl]]) limit hadith to verbal reports, with the deeds of Muhammad and reports about [[Sahabah|his companions]] being part of the {{transliteration|ar|sunnah}}, but not hadith.<ref name=ABC-abu-al-fadl>{{cite journal|last1=Abou El Fadl|first1=Khaled|title=What is Shari'a?|journal=ABC Religion and Ethics|date=22 March 2011 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/03/22/3170810.htm|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

Another source (Joseph A. Islam) distinguishes between the two saying:
<blockquote>Whereas the 'Hadith' is an oral communication that is allegedly derived from the Prophet or his teachings, the 'Sunna' (quite literally: mode of life, behaviour or example) signifies the prevailing customs of a particular community or people. ... A 'Sunna' is a practice which has been passed on by a community from generation to generation en masse, whereas the hadith are reports collected by later compilers often centuries removed from the source. ... A practice which is contained within the Hadith may well be regarded as Sunna, but it is not necessary that a Sunna would have a supporting hadith sanctioning it.<ref name="JAI">{{cite web|last1=Islam|first1=Joseph A.|title=THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HADITH AND SUNNA |url=http://quransmessage.com/articles/hadith%20and%20sunna%20FM3.htm|website=The Quran and Its Message|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref></blockquote>

Sunnah originally meant a tradition ([[urf]]) that did not mean good or bad.<ref name="Juynboll"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="Wehr"/><ref name="OISO"/><ref name="Oxford University Press"/> Later, "good traditions" began to be referred to as sunnah in Islamic community and the concept of "Muhammad's sunnah" was established.<ref name="Juynboll" /> Muhammad's sunnah gave way to the "hadiths of Muhammad" which were [[Oral tradition|transmitted orally]],{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}} then recorded in corpuses and [[Hadith studies|systematized and purified within following centuries]]. Hadiths were later placed in a respected place among the [[sources of sharia]] in many [[Madhab|Islamic sects]], and thus replaced the sunnah in the establishment of [[sharia]].

=== Similar literature===
Islamic literary classifications similar to hadith (but not {{transliteration|ar|sunnah}}) are {{transliteration|ar|maghazi}} and {{transliteration|ar|[[Prophetic biography|sira]]}}. They differ from hadith in that they are organized "relatively chronologically" rather than by subject.
*{{transliteration|ar|Sīrat}} (literally 'way of going' or 'conduct'), biographies of Muhammad, written since the middle of the eighth century. Similar writings called {{transliteration|ar|maghazi}} (literally 'raid') preceded the {{transliteration|ar|sīrat}} literature, focusing on military actions of Muhammad, but also included non-military aspects of his life.<ref name="pierce-17-18">{{cite book |last1=Pierce |first1=Matthew |title=Twelve Infallible Men |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press. |pages=17–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjS6CwAAQBAJ&q=difference+between+sira+and+biography&pg=PA17 |access-date=26 October 2019|isbn=9780674737075 }}</ref> Therefore, there is overlap in the meaning of the terms, although {{transliteration|ar|maghazi}} suggests military aspects rather than general biographical ones.
Other traditions of Islam related to hadith include:
*{{transliteration|ar|Khabar}} (literally news, information, pl. {{transliteration|ar|akhbar}}) may be used as a synonym for ''hadith'', but some scholars use it to refer to traditions about Muhammad's [[Sahaba|companions]] and their successors from the [[Tabi'un|following generation]], in contrast to hadith as defined as traditions about Muhammad himself. Another definition (by Ibn Warraq) describes them as "discrete anecdotes or reports" from early Islam that "include simple statements, utterances of authoritative scholars, saints, or statesmen, reports of events, and stories about historical events all varying in length from one line to several pages."<ref name=IWSoMatRoI2000:66>[[#IWSoMatRoI2000|Ibn Warraq, "Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam", 2000]]: p.66</ref>
*Conversely, {{transliteration|ar|athar}} (trace, remnant) usually refers to traditions about the companions and successors, though sometimes connotes traditions about Muhammad.

==Compilation and collections==
The hadith literature in use today is based on spoken reports in circulation after the death of Muhammad. Hadith were not promptly written down during Muhammad's lifetime or immediately after his death.{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}} Hadiths are oral cultural products consisting of words and deeds, the majority of which were documented several centuries after the time of Muhammad (Sunni sources, approximately 200–300 years and Shiite hadith books 400–500) and attributed to Muhammad through a chain of narrators over 1-2 mi away from where Muhammad is thought to have lived.

Different branches of Islam refer to different collections of hadith, although the same incident may be found in hadith from different collections. In general, the difference between Shi'a and Sunni collections is that Shia give preference to hadiths attributed to Muhammad's family and close companions (''[[Ahl al-Bayt]]''), while Sunnis do not consider family lineage in evaluating hadith and sunnah narrated by any of twelve thousand companions of Muhammad.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|title=Religions. Sunni and Shi'a|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1.shtml|website=BBC|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

===Sunni===
[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|A 14/15th-century manuscript of [[Sahih al-Bukhari]]]]
*In the Sunni branch of Islam, the canonical hadith collections are ''[[Kutub al-Sittah|the six books]]'', of which [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]] generally have the highest status. The other books of hadith are [[Sunan Abu Dawood]], [[Jami' al-Tirmidhi]], [[Al-Sunan al-Sughra]] and [[Sunan ibn Majah]]. However the [[Maliki]]s, one of the four Sunni "schools of thought" (''[[madhhab]]s''), traditionally reject Sunan ibn Majah and assert the canonical status of [[Muwatta Imam Malik]].

===Shia===
*In the [[Twelver]] Shi'a branch of Islam, the canonical hadith collections are ''[[the Four Books]]'': [[Kitab al-Kafi]], [[Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih]], [[Tahdhib al-Ahkam]], and [[Al-Istibsar]].
*The [[Ismaili]] shia sects use the [[Da'a'im al-Islam]] as their hadith collection.

===Ibadi===
*In the [[Ibadi]] branch of Islam, the main canonical collection is the [[Tartib al-Musnad]]. This is an expansion of the earlier [[Jami Sahih]] collection, which retains canonical status in its own right.

===Others===
*Some minor groups, collectively known as [[Quranists]], reject the authority of the hadith collections altogether.<ref name="Aisha Y. Musa 2013"/><ref name="Neal Robinson 2013 pp. 85-89"/>

==Impact==
The hadith have been called by American-[[Sunni]] scholar [[Jonathan A. C. Brown]] as "the backbone" of Islamic civilization.<ref name="JACBMM2014:6">[[#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.6</ref> Much of the early [[Islamic history]] available today is also based on the hadith, although it has been challenged for its lack of basis in primary source material and the internal contradictions of available secondary material.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Sayeed
| first = Asma
| editor-last =
| editor-first =
| title = Hadith
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Britannica Online
| date = 20 October 2023
| url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith#ref351492 }}</ref>

The hadith had a profound and controversial influence on ''[[tafsir]]'' (commentaries of the Quran). The earliest commentary of the Quran known as [[Tafsir Ibn Abbas]] is sometimes attributed to the companion Ibn Abbas. "Many thousands of times" more numerous than the verses of the Quran,<ref name=JACBMM2014:94>[[#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.94</ref> hadith have been described as resembling layers surrounding the "core" of Islamic beliefs (the Quran). Well-known, widely accepted hadith make up the narrow inner layer, with a hadith becoming less reliable and accepted with each layer stretching outward.<ref name=JACBMM2014:8/>

The hadith were used the form the basis of ''[[sharia]]'' (the religious law system forming part of the Islamic tradition), and ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence). The hadith are at the root of why there is no single ''fiqh'' system, but rather a collection of parallel systems within Islam. Some important elements, which are today taken to be a long-held part of Islamic practice and belief are not mentioned in the Quran, but are reported in hadiths.<ref name="JACBMM2014:18"/> The reports of Muhammad's (and sometimes his companions') behavior collected by hadith compilers include details of ritual religious practice such as the five {{transliteration|ar|[[salat]]}} (obligatory Islamic prayers) that are not found in the Quran, as well as everyday behavior such as table manners,<ref name=GotRMZK1975:100>[[#GotRMZK1975|An-Nawawi, ''Riyadh As-Salihin'', 1975]]: chapter 100</ref> dress,<ref name=GotRMZK1975:117-122>[[#GotRMZK1975|An-Nawawi, ''Riyadh As-Salihin'', 1975]]: chapters 117-122</ref> and posture.<ref name=GotRMZK1975:7>[[#GotRMZK1975|An-Nawawi, ''Riyadh As-Salihin'', 1975]]: chapters 127,128,310</ref> Hadith are also regarded by Muslims as important tools for understanding things mentioned in the Quran but not explained, a source for {{transliteration|ar|[[tafsir]]}} (commentaries written on the Quran). Therefore, Muslims usually maintain that hadiths are a necessary requirement for the true and proper practice of Islam, as it gives Muslims the nuanced details of Islamic practice and belief in areas where the Quran is silent. Details of the prescribed movements and words of [[Salah|the prayer]] (known as {{transliteration|ar|[[rak'a]]}}) and how many times they are to be performed, are found in hadith. However, hadiths differ on these details and consequently {{transliteration|ar|salat}} is performed differently by different hadithist Islamic sects.{{efn|Muslims have come to blows over differences in the proper ritual movement in {{transliteration|ar|salat}} prayer. In the 18th century, a man was "almost beaten to death" in the great mosque of Delhi for raising his hands during salat in the manner that revivalist preacher/scholar [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] had advocated.<ref name=JACBMM2014:65>[[#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.65</ref> The victim's assailants supported the doctrine of traditionalists of Hanafi {{transliteration|ar|fiqh}}, which held that one's hands should be raised only once during the ritual prayer, while Waliullah held that {{transliteration|ar|madhhab}} schools of {{transliteration|ar|fiqh}} had ignored authentic hadith, which made clear hands should be raised over ears multiple times during the praying of {{transliteration|ar|salat}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abu Hibban |last2=Abu Khuzaimah Ansari |title=Shaikh Shah Waliullahs Dehlawi's (1176H) Inclination in Fiqh and his Hanafiyyah – al-Allamah Shaikh Muhammad Ismaeel Salafi (1378H) |url=https://ahlulhadeeth.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/shaikh-shah-waliullahs-dehlawis-1176h-inclination-in-fiqh-and-his-hanafiyyah-al-allamah-shaikh-muhammad-ismaeel-salafi-1378h/ |website=ahl ul hadeeth |access-date=14 June 2018 |date=28 May 2015}}</ref>}}

[[Quranists]], on the other hand, believe that if the Quran is silent on some matter, it is because God did not hold its detail to be of consequence; and that some hadith contradict the Quran, proving that some hadith are a source of corruption and not a complement to the Quran.<ref name="Tschalaer-2017-31">{{cite book |last1=Tschalaer |first1=Mengia Hong |title=Muslim Women's Quest for Justice: Gender, Law and Activism in India |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=31 |isbn=9781108225724 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vYnDwAAQBAJ&q=quranists+are+a+minority+of+muslims&pg=PA31 |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

Hadiths were also deployed to legitimize [[Sufism]]’s more formal structures of brotherhoods ([[tariqa]]s), hierarchies of initiation, and rituals that were articulated from the 9th century onward. Some readings had a ceremonial value sanctifying occasions such as the ascent of a [[dynast]] or the birth of a child. (a religious scholar, religious or political leader)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran/Origin-and-compilation|title=Qurʾān - Islamic Scripture, Compilation, Revelation | Britannica|date=13 February 2025|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

==History, tradition and usage==
===History===
According to British historian of Arab world Alfred Guillaume, it is "certain" that "several small collections" of hadith were "assembled in Umayyad times."<ref name=Guillaume-1954-89>{{cite book|last1=Guillaume|first1=Alfred|title=Islam|date=1954|publisher=Penguin|page=89|edition=2nd (Revised)}} {{ISBN|0140135553}}</ref> There are conflicting reports as to whether recording hadiths from the pre-Umayyad period was recommended<ref>^ Tirmidhi, "‘Ilm," 12.</ref><ref>^ Collected in the Musnad of Ahmad (10\15-6\ 6510 and also nos. 6930, 7017 and 1720), Sunan Abu Dawud (Mukhtasar Sunan Abi Dawud (5\246\3499) and elsewhere.</ref> or prohibited, and there is no extant collection of hadiths from this period.<ref>Roman, provincial and Islamic law, Patricia Crone, p2</ref> (see:[[Ban on Hadith]])

In Islamic law, the use of hadith as it is understood today (hadith of Muhammad with documentation, isnads, etc.) came gradually. According to scholars such as [[Joseph Schacht]], [[Ignaz Goldziher]], and Daniel W. Brown, early schools of Islamic jurisprudence<ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:11>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.11</ref> used the rulings of the [[Sahabah|Prophet's Companions]], the rulings of the [[Caliph]]s, and practices that "had gained general acceptance among the jurists of that school". On his deathbed, Caliph [[Umar]] instructed Muslims to seek guidance from the Quran, the early Muslims (''[[muhajirun]]'') who emigrated to Medina with Muhammad, the Medina residents who welcomed and supported the ''[[muhajirun]]'' (the ''[[Ansar (Islam)|ansar]]'') and the people of the desert.<ref>Ibn Sa’d, ''Tabaqat'', III/1, 243. Cf G.H.A. Juynboll, ''Muslim Traditions: Studies in Chronology, Provenance and Authorship of Early Hadith'' (Cambridge, 1983; Juynboll, G.H.A., "Some New Ideas on the Development of Sunna as a Technical Term in Early Islam", ‘’Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam’’ 10 (1987): p.108, cited in {{cite book|last1=Brown |first1=Daniel W.|title=Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521570770 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown |access-date=10 May 2018 |page=10 }}</ref>

It was Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (150-204 AH), known as [[al-Shafi'i]],<ref>Joseph Schacht, ''The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence'' (Oxford, 1950, repre. 1964) esp. 6-20 and 133-137): Ignaz Goldziher, ''The Zahiris: Their Doctrine and their History'', trans and ed. Wolfgang Behn (Leiden, 1971), 20 ff...)]</ref><ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:7/> who emphasized the final authority of a hadith of [[Muhammad]], so that even the Quran was "to be interpreted in the light of traditions (i.e. hadith), and not vice versa."<ref>J. SCHACHT, ''An Introduction to Islamic Law'' (1964), supra note 5, at 47</ref><ref name="Forte-1978-13">{{cite journal|last1=Forte|first1=David F.|title=Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht |journal=Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review |date=1978|volume=1|page=13 |url=http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> While traditionally the Qur'an has traditionally been considered superior in authority to the sunna, Al-Shafi'i "forcefully argued" that the sunna was "on equal footing with the Quran", (according to scholar Daniel Brown) for (as Al-Shafi'i put it) "the command of the Prophet is the command of God."<ref>al-Shafii ‘’Kitab al-Risala’’, ed. Muhammad Shakir (Cairo, 1940), 84</ref><ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:8>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.8</ref> According to the scholars Harald Motzki and Daniel W. Brown the earliest Islamic legal reasonings that have come down to us were "virtually hadith-free", but gradually, over the course of second century [[Hijri year|A.H.]] "the infiltration and incorporation of Prophetic hadiths into Islamic jurisprudence" took place.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Harald | last = Motzki | title = The Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani as a Source of Authentic Ahadith of the First Century A.H. | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 50 | year = 1991 | page = 21| doi = 10.1086/373461 | s2cid = 162187154 }}</ref><ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:12>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.12</ref>

In 851 the rationalist [[Mu`tazila]] school of thought fell out of favor in the [[Abbasid Caliphate]].{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The Mu`tazila, for whom the "judge of truth ... was human reason,"<ref name=Martin>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Matthew|title=Mu'tazila - use of reason in Islamic theology|date=2013|publisher=Amazon|url=http://www.mutazila.net/|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> had clashed with traditionists who looked to the literal meaning of the Quran and hadith for truth. While the Quran had been officially compiled and approved, hadiths had not.
One result was the number of hadiths began "multiplying in suspiciously direct correlation to their utility" to the quoter of the hadith ([[Hadith studies#Muhaddith as school of thought|Traditionists]] quoted hadith warning against listening to human opinion instead of Sharia; [[Hanafite]]s quoted a hadith stating that "In my community there will rise a man called Abu Hanifa [the Hanafite founder] who will be its guiding light". In fact one agreed upon hadith warned that, "There will be forgers, liars who will bring you hadiths which neither you nor your forefathers have heard, Beware of them."<ref name=Goldziher-1967-127>{{cite book|last1=Goldziher|first1=Ignác|title=Muslim Studies, Vol. 1|date=1967|publisher=SUNY Press|page=127}} {{ISBN|0873952340}}</ref> In addition the number of hadith grew enormously. While [[Malik ibn Anas]] had attributed just 1720 statements or deeds to the Muhammad, it was no longer unusual to find people who had collected a hundred times that number of hadith.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
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| image1 = PERF No. 665.jpg
| image2 = PERFNo. 666.jpg
| footer = PERF No. 665: The earliest extant manuscript of The Sirah Of Prophet Muḥammad by [[Ibn Hisham]]. This manuscript is believed to be transmitted by students of Ibn Hishām (d. 218 AH /834 CE), perhaps soon after his death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERF No. 665: The Earliest Extant Manuscript Of The Sirah Of Prophet Muhammad By Ibn Hisham |url=https://www.islamic-awareness.org/hadith/perf665 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.islamic-awareness.org}}</ref><ref>N. Abbott, Studies In Arabic Literary Papyri: Historical Texts, 1957, Volume I, University of Chicago Press: Chicago (USA), p. 61.</ref>
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}}

Faced with a huge corpus of miscellaneous traditions supporting different views on a wide variety of controversial matters—some of them flatly contradicting each other—Islamic scholars of the Abbasid period sought to authenticate hadith. Scholars had to decide which hadith were to be trusted as authentic and which had been fabricated for political or theological purposes. To do this, they used a number of techniques that Muslims now call the [[hadith sciences|science of hadith]].<ref>Islam – the Straight Path, John Eposito, p.81</ref>

The earliest surviving hadith manuscripts were copied on papyrus. A long scroll collects traditions transmitted by the scholar and qadi 'Abd Allāh ibn Lahīʻa (d. 790).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khoury |first1=Raif Georges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFdPklB61kIC |title='Abd Allah ibn Lahi'a (97-174/715-790) |last2=Lahiah |first2=Abd Allah Ibn |last3=Lahīʻah |first3=ʻAbd Allāh Ibn |date=1986 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02578-2 |language=fr}}</ref> A ''Ḥadīth Dāwūd'' (''History of David''), attributed to [[Wahb ibn Munabbih]], survives in a manuscript dated 844.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Munabbih |first1=Wahb ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmiRyAEACAAJ |title=Wahb b. Munabbih |last2=Khoury |first2=Raif Georges |date=1972 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-01469-4 |language=de}}</ref> A collection of hadiths dedicated to invocations to God, attributed to a certain Khālid ibn Yazīd, is dated 880–881.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tillier |first=Mathieu |title=Supplier Dieu dans l'Égypte toulounide : Le florilège de l'invocation d'après Ḫālid b. Yazīd (IIIe/IXe siècle) |others=Naïm Vanthieghem |year=2022 |isbn=978-90-04-52180-3 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |oclc=1343008841}}</ref> A consistent fragment of the ''Jāmiʿ'' of the Egyptian Maliki jurist 'Abd Allāh ibn Wahb (d. 813) is finally dated to 889.<ref>{{Cite book |last=David-Weill |first=Jean |title=Le Djâmiʻ dʹIbn Wahb |publisher=Institut français d'archéologie orientale |year=1939–1948 |location=Cairo}}</ref>

===Shia and Sunni textual traditions===
{{Islam |texts}}
Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters. Narrators who sided with [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]] rather than [[Ali]], in the disputes over leadership that followed the death of Muhammad, are considered unreliable by the Shia; narrations attributed to [[Ali]] and the family of Muhammad, and to their supporters, are preferred. Sunni scholars put trust in narrators such as [[Aisha]], whom Shia reject. Differences in hadith collections have contributed to differences in worship practices and shari'a law and have hardened the dividing line between the two traditions.

====Extent and nature in the Sunni tradition====
In the Sunni tradition, the number of such texts is somewhere between seven and thirteen thousand,{{#tag:ref|See the references and discussion by Abdul Fattah Abu Ghuddah ''Thalathatu rasa'il fi ulum al-hadith; risalat abi dawud ila ahl makkata fi wasf sunanihi'', pg 36, footnote. Beirut: ''Maktaba al-Matbu'at al-Islamiyah'': 2nd ed 1426/2005.|group=Note}} but the number of ''hadiths'' is far greater because several ''isnad'' sharing the same text are each counted as individual hadith. If, say, ten companions record a text reporting a single incident in the life of Muhammad, hadith scholars can count this as ten hadiths. Thus, Musnad Ahmad, for example, has over 30,000 hadiths—but this count includes texts that are repeated in order to record slight variations within the text or within the chains of narrations. Identifying the narrators of the various texts, comparing their narrations of the same texts to identify both the soundest reporting of a text and the reporters who are most sound in their reporting occupied experts of hadith throughout the 2nd century. In the 3rd century of Islam (from 225/840 to about 275/889),{{#tag:ref|The earliest book, Bukhari's Sahih was composed by 225/840 since he states that he spent sixteen years composing it (''Hady al-Sari'', introduction to ''Fath al-Bari'', p. 489, Lahore: ''Dar Nashr al-Kutub al-Islamiya'', 1981/1401) and also that he showed it to Yahya ibn Ma'in<ref>(''Hady al-Sari'', introduction to ''Fath al-Bari'', p. 8</ref> who died in 233. Nasa'i, the last to die of the authors of the six books, died in 303/915. He probably completed this work a few decades before his death: by 275 or so.|group=Note}} [[Hadith terminology#Ṣaḥīḥ|hadith experts]] composed brief works recording a selection of about two- to five-thousand such texts that they felt to have been most soundly documented or most widely referred to in the Muslim scholarly community.{{#tag:ref|Counting multiple narrations of the same texts as a single text, the number of hadiths each author has recorded roughly as follows: Bukhari (as in Zabidi's ''Mukhtasar'' of Bukhari's book) 2134, Muslim (as in Mundhiri's ''Mukhtasar'' of Muslim's book) 2200, Tirmidhi 4000, Abu Dawud 4000, Nasa'i 4800, Ibn Majah 4300. There is considerable overlap amongst the six books so that Ibn al-Athir's ''Jami' al-Usul'', which gathers together the hadiths texts of all six books deleting repeated texts, has about 9500 hadiths.|group=Note}} The 4th and 5th century saw these six works being commented on quite widely. This auxiliary literature has contributed to making their study the place of departure for any serious study of hadith. In addition, Bukhari and Muslim in particular, claimed that they were collecting only the soundest of sound hadiths. These later scholars tested their claims and agreed to them, so that today, they are considered the most reliable collections of hadith.<ref>''Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah'', p. 160 Dar al-Ma’aarif edition</ref> Toward the end of the 5th century, [[Ibn al-Qaisarani]] formally standardized the Sunni canon into [[Al-Kutub al-Sittah|six pivotal works]], a delineation that remains to this day.<ref>[[Ignác Goldziher]], ''Muslim Studies'', vol. 2, p. 240. [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], 1889-1890. {{ISBN|0-202-30778-6}}</ref><ref>Scott C. Lucas, ''Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam'', p. 106. [[Leiden]]: [[Brill Publishers]], 2004.</ref><ref>[[Ibn Khallikan]]'s Biographical Dictionary, translated by [[William McGuckin de Slane]]. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Sold by [[Institut de France]] and [[Royal Library of Belgium]]. Vol. 3, p. 5.</ref>

Over the centuries, several different categories of collections have emerged. Some are more general, such as the ''muṣannaf'', the ''muʿjam'', and the ''jāmiʿ'', and some more specific, characterized either by the subjects covered, such as the ''sunan'' (restricted to legal-liturgical traditions), or by''their''s composition, such as the [[Forty hadith|''arbaʿīniyyāt'']] (collections of forty hadiths).<ref name="siddiqi">Muhammad Zubayr Siddiqi, ''Hadith Literature'', Cambridge, Islamic Texts Society, 1993, edited and revised by Abdal Hakim Murad.</ref>

====Extent and nature in the Shia tradition====
Shi'a Muslims seldom if ever use the [[six major hadith collections]] followed by the Sunnis because they do not trust many of the Sunni narrators and transmitters. They have their own extensive hadith literature. The best-known hadith collections are [[The Four Books]], which were compiled by three authors who are known as the 'Three Muhammads'.<ref name="Momen, Moojan 1985, p.174">Momen, Moojan, ''Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985, p.174.</ref> The Four Books are: ''Kitab al-Kafi'' by [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni]] al-Razi (329 [[Hijri year|AH]]), ''Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih'' by [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq|Muhammad ibn Babuya]] and ''Al-Tahdhib'' and ''Al-Istibsar'' both by [[Shaykh Tusi|Shaykh Muhammad Tusi]]. Shi'a clerics also make use of extensive collections and commentaries by later authors.

Unlike Sunnis, the majority of Shia do not consider any of their hadith collections to be sahih (authentic) in their entirety. Therefore, each individual hadith in a specific collection must be investigated separately to determine its authenticity. The Akhbari school, however, considers all the hadith from the four books to be authentic.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mohammad A. Shomali|title=Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices|date=2003|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=9781904063117|page=35|edition=reprint}}</ref>

The importance of hadith in the Shia school of thought is well documented. This can be captured by Ali ibn Abi Talib, cousin of Muhammad, when he narrated that "Whoever of our Shia (followers) knows our [[Shariah]] and takes out the weak of our followers from the darkness of ignorance to the light of knowledge (Hadith) which we (Ahl al-Bayt) have gifted to them, he on the day of judgement will come with a crown on his head. It will shine among the people gathered on the plain of resurrection."<ref name="Kafi2013"/> [[Hassan al-Askari]], a descendant of Muhammad, gave support to this narration, stating "Whoever he had taken out in the worldly life from the darkness of ignorance can hold to his light to be taken out of the darkness of the plain of resurrection to the garden (paradise). Then all those whomever he had taught in the worldly life anything of goodness, or had opened from his heart a lock of ignorance or had removed his doubts will come out."<ref name="Kafi2013"/>

Regarding the importance of maintaining accuracy in recording hadith, it has been documented that [[Muhammad al-Baqir]], the great-grandson of Muhammad, has said that "Holding back in a doubtful issue is better than entering destruction. Your not narrating a Hadith is better than you narrating a Hadith in which you have not studied thoroughly. On every truth, there is a reality. Above every right thing, there is a light. Whatever agrees with the book of Allah you must take it and whatever disagrees you must leave it alone."<ref name="Kafi2013">{{cite book|last1=ibn Ya’qub al-Kulayni|first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad|title=Kitab al-Kafi|date=February 2013|publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-9890016-2-5|edition=eBook}}</ref>{{rp|10}} Al-Baqir also emphasized the selfless devotion of Ahl al-Bayt to preserving the traditions of Muhammad through his conversation with [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]], an old companion of Muhammad. He (Al-Baqir) said, "Oh Jabir, had we spoken to you from our opinions and desires, we would be counted among those who are destroyed. We speak to you of the hadith which we treasure from the Messenger of Allah, Oh Allah grant compensation to Muhammad and his family worthy of their services to your cause, just as they treasure their gold and silver."<ref name="Kafi2013" /> Further, it has been narrated that [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the son of al-Baqir, has said the following regarding hadith: "You must write it down; you will not memorize until you write it down."<ref name= Kafi2013/>{{rp|33}}

===Modern usage===
Hadith as an Interpretation of the Quran:

{{blockquote|Move not your tongue with it, to hasten with recitation of it. Indeed, upon Us is its collection and its recitation. So when We have recited it, then follow its recitation. Then upon Us is Interpretation. Surah Al Qiyamah, verse 16–19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Qiyamah {{!}} 2 of 4 {{!}} al-Q̈iyamah {{!}} Chapter: 75 - Quran O |url=https://qurano.com/en/75-al-qiyama/2/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=qurano.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
[[File:Forty hadith nawawi taught by Sheikh Usama al Azhari in Sultan Hassan Mosque.JPG|thumb|[[Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith]] taught in the [[Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan]] in Cairo, Egypt]]

Modern approaches include criticism of the text and content in addition to classical approaches that don't go beyond the criticism of the chain of narrators called "sanad" in order to verify a hadith;{{Sfn|Brown|1999|p=157n5}} Weakness in the pronunciation of the text, the strange meaning, contrary to the dalil syar'i (evidences of sharia), and the mind, related to the priority of the mind, contains abominations, isra'iliyyat and bid'ah, not found in the main hadith book and exaggerates the reward or punishment for light deeds etc.<ref>{{cite journal | last4=Mustapha | first4=Ahmad Sharifuddin | last5=Muhammed | first5=Nik Kamal Wan | last6=Ahmad | first6=Shakila | last1=Kirin | first1=Arwansyah | url=https://journal.unisza.edu.my/jimk/index.php/jimk/article/view/582/461 | title=View of [The Criteria of Hadith Mawdu' in the Book of Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah wa al-Mawdu'ah by al-Albani] Kriteria Hadith Mawdu' dalam Kitab Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah wa al-Mawdu'ah oleh al-Albani | journal=Jurnal Islam Dan Masyarakat Kontemporari | date=30 April 2022 | volume=23 | issue=1 | pages=76–94 | doi=10.37231/jimk.2022.23.1.582 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The mainstream sects consider hadith to be essential supplements to, and clarifications of, the Quran, Islam's holy book, as well as for clarifying issues pertaining to Islamic jurisprudence. [[Ibn al-Salah]], a hadith specialist, described the relationship between hadith and other aspects of the religion by saying: "It is the science most pervasive in respect to the other sciences in their various branches, in particular to jurisprudence being the most important of them."<ref>''Ulum al-Hadith'' by Ibn al-Salah, p. 5, Dar al-Fikr, with the verification of Nur al-Din al-‘Itr.</ref> "The intended meaning of 'other sciences' here are those pertaining to religion," explains Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, "Quranic exegesis, hadith, and jurisprudence. The [[hadith sciences|science of hadith]] became the most pervasive due to the need displayed by each of these three sciences. The need hadith has of its science is apparent. As for Quranic [[exegesis]], then the preferred manner of explaining the speech of God is by means of what has been accepted as a statement of Muhammad. The one looking to this is in need of distinguishing the acceptable from the unacceptable. Regarding jurisprudence, then the jurist is in need of citing as an evidence the acceptable to the exception of the later, something only possible utilizing the science of hadith."<ref name="Nukat">Ibn Hajar, Ahmad. ''al-Nukat ala Kitab ibn al-Salah'', vol. 1, p. 90. Maktabah al-Furqan.</ref>

=== Western scholarship ===
Western scholarly criticism of hadith began in colonial India in the mid 19th century with the works of [[Aloys Sprenger]] and [[William Muir]]. These works were generally critical of the reliability of hadith, suggesting that traditional Muslim scholarship was incapable of determining the authenticity of hadith, and that the hadith tradition had been corrupted by widespread fabrication of fraudulent hadith. The late 19th century work of [[Ignaz Goldziher]], ''[[Muhammedanische Studien]]'' (''Muslim Studies''), is considered seminal in the field of Western hadith studies. Goldziher took the same critical approach as Sprenger and Muir, suggesting that many hadith showed anachronistic elements indicating that they were not authentic, and that the many contradictory hadith made the value of the entire corpus questionable.<ref name=":0" />

The work of [[Joseph Schacht]] in the 1950s sought to obtain a critical understanding of the chains of transmission of particular hadith, focusing on the convergence of transmission chains of particular hadith back to a single "common link" from who all later sources ultimately obtained the hadith, who Schacht considered to be the likely true author of the hadith, which could allow dating of when particular hadith began circulating. This method is widely influential in Western hadith scholarship, though has received criticism from some scholars.<ref name=":0" /> Schacht's arguments regarding the validity of hadith have been vigorously disputed by Muslim scholars like [[Muhammad Mustafa Azmi]], who contended that hadiths were written down already during Muhammads lifetime, and that large scale creation of fraudulent hadiths was implausible.<ref>Herbert Berg, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGZ-jIQGoMC&dq=m.m.+azami&pg=PT26 The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam: The Authenticity of Muslim Literature from the Formative Period]. Routledge Studies in the Qur'an. Transferred to digital publishing in 2005. he died in 20 December 2017 [[Routledge]], 2013. {{ISBN|9781136115226}} p.23-26</ref>

Some modern scholars have contested Schacht's assertion that the "common links" were likely forgers of the hadith, instead suggesting that they were avid collectors of hadiths, though their arguments for this have been criticised by other scholars.<ref name=":0" />

==Studies and authentication==
{{Further|Hadith studies|Hadith sciences}}
The two major aspects of a hadith are the text of the report (the ''matn''), which contains the actual narrative, and the chain of narrators (the ''isnad''), which documents the route by which the report has been transmitted.{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=4}}<ref name="H-EoI"/> The isnad was an effort to document that a hadith actually came from Muhammad, and Muslim scholars from the eighth century to the present have never ceased to repeat the mantra "The isnad is part of the religion—if not for the isnad, whoever wanted could say whatever they wanted."{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=4}} The ''isnad'' literally means "support", and it is so named because hadith specialists rely on it to determine the [[hadith terminology|authenticity or weakness of a hadith]].<ref>''Tadrib al-Rawi'', vol. 1, pp. 39–41 with abridgement.</ref> The ''isnad'' consists of a chronological list of the narrators, each mentioning the one from whom they heard the hadith, until mentioning the originator of the ''matn'' along with the ''matn'' itself.

The first people to hear hadith were the companions who preserved it and then conveyed it to those after them. Then the generation following them received it, thus conveying it to those after them and so on. So a companion would say, "I heard the Prophet say such and such." The Follower would then say, "I heard a companion say, 'I heard the Prophet.{{' "}} The one after him would then say, "I heard someone say, 'I heard a Companion say, 'I heard the Prophet ...<nowiki>''</nowiki>" and so on.<ref>''Ilm al-Rijal wa Ahimiyatih'', by Mualami, p. 16, Dar al-Rayah.</ref>

Authenticity of a hadith is primarily verified by its chain of transmission (''isnad'') in classical Islam. Because a chain of transmission can be a forgery, the status of authenticity given by Muslim scholars are not generally accepted by Orientalists or historians, who largely consider hadith to be unverifiable. [[Ignác Goldziher]] demonstrated that several hadiths do not fit the time of Muhammad chronologically and content-wise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schacht |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Schacht |title=Problems of Modern Islamic Legislation |journal=Studia Islamica |publisher=Brill |year=1960 |issue=12 |pages=99–129 |doi=10.2307/1595112 |jstor=1595112}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldziher |first=Ignaz |author-link=Ignác Goldziher |url=https://real.mtak.hu/125956/1/GI_Muhammedanische_Studien_708_058_Vol_2.pdf |title=Muhammedanische studien |year=1890 |language=de |trans-title=Muslim studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boodhoo |first=FK |url=https://www.academia.edu/42173450 |title=The Impact of Western Criticisms of Hadith on Muslim Scholarship |date=9 March 2020 |pages=4, 5 |language=en |quote=Among the various works published on the subject by Western scholars, two major works stood out and became the basis of future Western studies on hadith. The first one was “Muhammedanische Studien” (Muslim Studies) by Ignaz Goldziher in 1889 and 1890, and the second was “The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence” by Joseph Schacht published in 1950. Goldziher adopted a critical and historical-analytical approach to the study of hadith (Alshehri 2014). According to him there was no scientific guarantee to support the proposition that hadith reflected the actual words, action or consent of the Prophet. His studies on the subject led him to conclude that the bulk of hadith in existence was nothing more than the result of socio-religious growth that occurred in early Muslim society. According to Goldziher (1971), "hadith will not serve as a document for the history of the infancy of Islam, but rather as a reflection of the tendencies which appeared in the community during the mature ages of its development." Among the issues that led Goldziher to such conclusion was the fact that there were fewer hadith during the early stages of Islam compared to the later eras, and there were fewer narrations attributed to the senior companions as compared to the younger ones. Since a large portion of the traditions originated after the death of the Prophet and the companions, he concluded that there was an early large-scale fabrication of hadith by later generations to fulfil the legal need of the growing Muslim society and to fill in legal gaps that the Quran was not able to do (Goldziher 1973). }}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=July 2025}} As a result, Orientalists generally regard hadiths as having little value in understanding the life and times of the historical Muhammad but are instead valuable for understanding later theological developments in the Muslim community.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Lutz Berger "Islamische Theologie", Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG 2010 isbn 978-3-8252-3303-7 p. 29</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]], "In the early Islamic centuries there could be no better way of promoting a cause, an opinion, or a faction than to cite an appropriate action or utterance of the Prophet."<ref name="EMHME-80" /> To fight these forgeries, the elaborate tradition of [[hadith sciences]] was devised<ref name="EMHME-80">{{cite book |last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard |title=The End of Modern History in the Middle East |date=2011|publisher=Hoover Institution Press |pages=79–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGzsn4snUyEC&q=hadith+bernard+lewis&pg=PA80|access-date=28 March 2018|isbn=9780817912963 }}</ref> to authenticate hadith known as ''ilm al jarh'' or ''ilm al dirayah<ref name="EMHME-80" />''<ref name=50-Nasr>Nasr, S.H. ''Ideals and Realities of Islam'', 1966, p.80</ref> Hadith science use a number of methods of evaluation developed by early Muslim scholars in determining the veracity of reports attributed to Muhammad. This is achieved by:
*the individual narrators involved in its transmission,
*the scale of the report's transmission,
*analyzing the text of the report, and
*the routes through which the report was transmitted.

Based on these criteria, various classifications of hadith have been developed. The earliest comprehensive work in hadith science was [[Ramahurmuzi|Abu Muhammad al-Ramahurmuzi's]] ''al-Muhaddith al-Fasil'', while another significant work was [[Hakim al-Nishaburi|al-Hakim al-Naysaburi]]'s ''Ma‘rifat ‘ulum al-hadith''. Ibn al-Salah's [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|''ʻUlum al-hadith'']] is considered the standard classical reference on hadith science.<ref name="H-EoI"/> Some schools of Hadith methodology apply as many as sixteen separate tests.<ref name="Shafi"/>

In the Shia school of thought, there are two fundamental viewpoints of hadith: The [[Usuli]] view and the [[Akhbari]] view. The Usuli scholars emphasize the importance of scientific examination of hadiths through [[ijtihad]] while the Akhbari scholars consider all hadiths from the four Shia books as authentic
.<ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Kulayni |first1=Muhammad ibn Ya'qub |title=Al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=Islamic Seminary Incorporated |location=New York |isbn=9780991430864 |edition=Volume 6}}</ref>

===Biographical evaluation===
{{Main|Biographical evaluation}}
Biographical analysis (''[[Biographical evaluation|‘ilm al-rijāl]]'', lit. "science of people", also "science of ''Asma Al-Rijal'' or ''‘ilm al-jarḥ wa al-taʻdīl''", lit. "science of discrediting and accrediting"), in which details about the transmitter are scrutinized. This includes analyzing their date and place of birth; familial connections; teachers and students; religiosity; moral behaviour; literary output; their travels; as well as their date of death. Based upon these criteria, the reliability (''thiqāt'') of the transmitter is assessed. It is also determined whether the individual was actually able to transmit the report, which is deduced from their contemporaneity and geographical proximity with the other transmitters in the chain.<ref>Berg (2000) p. 8</ref><ref name="Shafi">{{cite web |last1=Shafi |first1=Mohammad |title=The HADITH - How it was Collected and Compiled |url=http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheHADITHHowitwasCollectedandCompiled.pdf |website=Dar al-Islam |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101075824/http://www.daralislam.org/portals/0/Publications/TheHADITHHowitwasCollectedandCompiled.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Examples of biographical dictionaries include: [[Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi]]'s ''[[Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal]]'', Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's ''Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb'' and [[al-Dhahabi]]'s ''Tadhkirat al-huffaz''.<ref>See:
* Robinson (2003) pp. 69–70;
* Lucas (2004) p. 15</ref>

===Scale of transmission===
Hadith on matters of importance needed to come through a number of independent chains,<ref name="Shafi"/> this was known as the scale of transmission. Reports that passed through many reliable transmitters in many ''isnad'' up until their collection and transcription are known as ''[[Hadith terminology#Mutawatir|mutawātir]]''. These reports are considered the most authoritative as they pass through so many different routes that collusion between all of the transmitters becomes an impossibility. Reports not meeting this standard are known as ''[[Hadith terminology#Ahaad|aahad]]'', and are of several different types.<ref name="H-EoI"/>

===Analyzing text===
According to Muhammad Shafi, Hadith whose isnad has been scrutinized then have their text or ''matn'' examined for:
*contradiction of the Quran;<ref name="Shafi"/>
*contradiction of reliable hadith;<ref name="Shafi"/>
*making sense, being logical;<ref name="Shafi"/>
*being a report about the importance of an individual (or individuals) transmitted only through their supporters or family, and which is not supported by reports from other independent channels.<ref name="Shafi"/>

===Terminology: admissible and inadmissible hadiths===
{{Main|Hadith terminology}}
Having been evaluated, hadith may be categorized. Two categories are:
*''ṣaḥīḥ'' (sound, authentic),
*''[[Hadith terminology#Ḍaʻīf|ḍaʿīf]]'' (weak)
Other classifications include:
*''[[Hadith terminology#Ḥasan|ḥasan]]'' (good), which refers to an otherwise ''ṣaḥīḥ'' report suffering from minor deficiency, or a weak report strengthened due to numerous other corroborating reports;
*''[[Hadith terminology#Mawḍūʻ|mawḍūʿ]]'' (fabricated),
*''[[Hadith terminology#Munkar|munkar]]'' (denounced), which is a report that is rejected due to the presence of an unreliable transmitter contradicting another more reliable narrator.<ref>See:
* "Hadith," ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online'';
* "Hadith," ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world''.</ref>
Both ''sahīh'' and ''hasan'' reports are considered acceptable for usage in Islamic legal discourse.

==Criticism==
{{Main|Historical criticism|Criticism of Hadith|Hadith rejectors}}
{{see also|Goldziher}}
The major points of intra-Muslim criticism of the hadith literature is based in questions regarding its authenticity.<ref name=wael>{{cite journal |last= B. Hallaq|first= Wael|title=The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem|journal=Studia Islamica|volume=89 (1999)|issue= 89|pages=75–90|jstor=1596086|date=1999 |doi= 10.2307/1596086}}</ref> However, Muslim criticism of hadith is also based on theological and philosophical Islamic grounds of argument and critique.

Historically, some sects of the [[Kharijites]] rejected the Hadith. There were some who opposed even the writing down of the Hadith itself for fear that it would compete, or even replace the [[Qur'an]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield"/> [[Mu'tazilites]] also rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and [[ijma]].<ref name="Lulu.com"/> For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting the hadiths was that "since its essence is transmission by individuals, [it] cannot be a sure avenue of our knowledge about the Prophetic teaching unlike the Qur'an about whose transmission there is a universal unanimity among Muslims".<ref name="Lulu.com"/>

With regard to clarity, Imam [[Ali al-Ridha]] has narrated that "In our Hadith there are Mutashabih (unclear ones) like those in al-Quran as well as Muhkam (clear ones) like those of al-Quran. You must refer the unclear ones to the clear ones."<ref name=Kafi2013/>{{rp|15}}

Muslim scholars have a long history of questioning the hadith literature throughout Islamic history. Western academics also became active in the field later (in [[Hadith studies]]), starting in 1890, but much more often since 1950.<ref>See Western scholarship section in [[Criticism of hadith]] re: Ignatz Goldziher, Josef Schacht, Patricia Crone, John Esposito, and Reza Aslan in particular.</ref>

Some Muslim critics of hadith even go so far as to completely reject them as the basic texts of Islam and instead adhere to the movement called [[Quranism]]. Quranists argue that the Quran itself does not contain an invitation to accept hadith as a second theological source alongside the Quran.<ref>{{cite web|title=DeRudKR - Kap. 27: Was bedeutet 'Gehorcht dem Gesandten'?|periodical=Alrahman|url=https://www.alrahman.de/die-erfundene-religion-und-die-koranische-religion-kapitel-27-was-bedeutet-gehorcht-dem-gesandten/|date=2006-03-06|language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Rashad|last=Khalifa|title=Quran, Hadith and Islam|publisher=Dr. Rashad Khalifa Ph.D.|date=2001|language=German|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-jNDwAAQBAJ|access-date=2021-06-12
}}</ref> Both [[Islamic modernism|modernist Muslims]] and Qur'anists believe that the problems in the [[Islamic world]] come partly from the traditional elements of the hadith and seek to reject those teachings.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://listverse.com/2016/04/08/10-forgotten-sects-of-major-world-religions/ | title=10 Forgotten Sects of Major Religions | date=8 April 2016 }}</ref>

Among the most prominent Muslim critics of hadith in modern times are the Egyptian [[Rashad Khalifa]], who became known as the "discoverer" of the [[Quran code]] (Code 19), the Malaysian [[Kassim Ahmad]] and the American-Turkish [[Edip Yüksel]] (Quranism).<ref>Musa: ''Ḥadīth as scripture''. 2008, S. 85.</ref>

Western scholars, notably Ignaz Goldziher and Joseph Schacht among others, have criticised traditional [[hadith science]]s as being almost entirely focused on scrutinizing the chain of transmittors (''isnad'') rather than the actual contents of the hadith (''matn''), and that scrutiny of ''isnad'' cannot determine the authenticity of a hadith.<ref name="[183]-Coulson">N.J. Coulson, "European Criticism of Hadith Literature, in ''Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period'', editor A.F.L. Beeston et al. (Cambridge, 1983) "[the authentication of hadith] was confined to a careful examination of the chain of transmitters who narrated the report and not report itself. 'Provided the chain was uninterrupted and its individual links deemed trustworthy persons, the Hadith was accepted as binding law. There could, by the terms of the religious faith itself, be no questioning of the content of the report; for this was the substance of divine revelation and therefore not susceptible to any form of legal or historical criticism"</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="[Schacht-1950_163]">{{cite book |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |date=1950 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford |page=163}}</ref> Many Western scholars suspect that there was widespread fabrication of hadith (either entirely or by the misattribution of the views of early Muslim religious and legal thinkers to Muhammad) in the early centuries of Islam to support certain theological and legal positions.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to fabrication, it is possible for the meaning of a hadith to have greatly drifted from its original telling through the different interpretations and biases of its varying transmitters, even if the chain of transmission is authentic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoyland |first=Robert |date=March 2007 |title=Writing the Biography of the Prophet Muhammad: Problems and Solutions |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00395.x |journal=History Compass |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=581–602 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00395.x |issn=1478-0542|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Görke |first=Andreas |title=Muhammad |date=2020-01-02 |work=The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith |pages=75–90 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Daniel W. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118638477.ch4 |access-date=2024-06-29 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118638477.ch4 |isbn=978-1-118-63851-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> While some hadith may genuinely originate from firsthand observation of Muhammad (particularly personal traits that were not of theological interest, like his fondness for [[tharid]] and sweets), Western scholars suggest that it is extraordinarily difficult if not impossible to determine which hadith accurately reflect the historical Muhammad.<ref name=":2" /> Orthodox Muslims, including compilers of the accounts (in particular hadith), agree the original sources contained many falsified historical accounts, but maintain that the science of hadith has determined their accuracy. Revisionists dispute this.<ref name=62-crone/> One concern is that rather than decreasing in number over time as they were lost or forgotten, the number of hadith increased, a red flag that fabrications must have been added. [[Patricia Crone]] argues that it is impossible to find a "core" of authentic hadith because we do not know when the fabrication of them started.
<blockquote>Bukhari [810–870 CE] is said to have examined a total of 600,000 traditions attributed to the Prophet; he preserved some 7000 (including repetitions), or in other words dismissed some 593,000 as inauthentic. If Ibn Hanbal [ (780–855 CE)] examined a similar number of traditions, he must have rejected about 5700, his collection containing some 30,000 (again including repetitions). Of Ibn Hanbal's traditions, 1,710 (including repetitions) are transmitted by the [[Companions of the Prophet|companion]] [[Ibn Abbas|Abd Allah ibn Abbas]] [(619–687 CE)]. Yet less than fifty years earlier one scholar had estimated that Ibn Abbas had only heard nine traditions from the Prophet, while another thought that the correct figure might be ten. If Ibn Abbas had heard ten traditions from the Prophet in the years around 800, but over a thousand by about 850 CE, how many had he heard in 700 or 632? Even if we accept that ten of Ibn Abbas' traditions are authentic, how do we identify them in the pool of 1,710?<ref name=62-crone>Crone, P., ''Roman, Provincial, and Islamic Law'', p.33</ref><ref name=IROoI2000:119-120>[[#IROoI2000|Ibn Rawandi, "Origins of Islam", 2000]]: p.119-120</ref></blockquote>

Hadith scholar [[Muhammad Mustafa Azmi]] has disputed the claims made by Western scholars about the reliability of traditional hadith criticism.<ref name="[Azmi-1996_154]">{{cite book |last1=Azmi |first1=Muhammad Mustafa |title=On Schacht's Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |date=1996 |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |page=154}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam
}}
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Index of Islam-related articles]]
* [[Categories of Hadith]]
* [[Criticism of hadith]]
* [[Hadith studies]]
* [[Hadith terminology]]
* [[Islamic honorifics]]
* [[Kutub al-Sittah]]
* [[List of fatwas]]
* [[List of hadith authors and commentators]]
* [[List of hadith collections]]
* [[Oral Torah]]
**[[Talmud]]
* [[Prophetic biography]]
* [[Sacred tradition]]
* ''[[Sharia]]''
* ''[[Tafsir]]''

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last=Berg | first=H. | title=The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim literature from the formative period | publisher= Routledge | year=2000 | isbn=0-7007-1224-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown |first1=Daniel W.|title=Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521570778 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown |access-date=10 May 2018 |ref=DWBRTMIT1996}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RPcYgx5u_MC |title=Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65394-7 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Jonathan A. C. |author-link1=Jonathan A.C. Brown |year=2004 |title=Criticism of the Proto-Hadith Canon: Al-daraqutni's Adjustment of the ''Sahihayn'' |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1093/jis/15.1.1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Jonathan A.C.|title=The Canonization of al-Bukhārī and Muslim|date=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=9789004158399|url=https://islaambooks.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/the-canonization-of-al-bukhari-and-muslim-by-jonathan-brown.pdf|access-date=3 October 2017}}
* {{cite book |last1= Brown |first1= Jonathan A.C. |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |title= Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World ''(Foundations of Islam)'' |date=2009 |publisher= [[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn= 978-1851686636 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Brown|first1 = Jonathan A.C.|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|date = 2014|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1780744209|url=https://archive.org/stream/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh/misquoting-muhammad-pbuh_djvu.txt |access-date=4 June 2018 |ref=JACBMM2014}}
*{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/1596086| issn = 0585-5292| issue = 89| pages = 75–90| last = Hallaq| first = Wael B.| title = The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem| journal = Studia Islamica| year = 1999| jstor = 1596086| s2cid = 170916710}}
*{{cite book |editor-link=Ibn Warraq |editor=Ibn Warraq |title=The Quest for the Historical Muhammad |date=2000 |publisher=Prometheus |pages=15–88 |chapter=1. Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam |ref=IWSoMatRoI2000}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Little |first=Joshua |date=2024 |title='Where did you learn to write Arabic?': A Critical Analysis of Some Ḥadīths on the Origins and Spread of the Arabic Script |url=https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/35/2/145/7619635 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=145–178 |doi=10.1093/jis/etae008|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book | last=Lucas | first=S. | title=Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Articulation of Sunni Islam | publisher= Brill Academic Publishers | year=2004 | isbn=90-04-13319-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Muhyi ad-Din Abu Zakariyya Yahya bin Sharaf an-Nawawi |title=Riyadh as-Salihin |trans-title= Gardens of the Righteous |url= https://new.alislam.org/library/books/gardens-of-righteous |translator=Mauhammad Zafulla Khan |publisher=Olive Branch Press |location=New York |date=1975 |access-date=18 May 2018 | ref=GotRMZK1975}}
* {{cite book | last=Robinson | first=C. F. | title=Islamic Historiography | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year=2003 | isbn=0-521-62936-5}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | author = Robson, J. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]] |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online| title = Hadith| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | issn = 1573-3912}}
* Schacht, Joseph (1950). The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon
* {{cite book|last1=Senturk|first1=Recep|title=Narrative Social Structure: Anatomy of the Hadith Transmission Network, 610-1505|date=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, CA|isbn=9780804752077}}
* {{cite book|last1=Swarup|first1=Ram|author-link=Ram Swarup|title=Understanding Islam through Hadis|date=1983|publisher=Voice of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788185990736|url=http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/hadith.html|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010085154/http://freelyreceive.net/metalogos/files/hadith.html|url-status=dead}}

==Further reading==
* Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari by Arabic Virtual Translation Center (New York 2019, Barnes & Noble {{ISBN|9780359672653}})
* English Translation of over 60,000 Basic Ahadith Books from Ahl Al-Bayt, [https://www.hubeali.com/ Online Shia Islamic Articles, Books, Khutbat, Calendar, Duas] ( including Bihar ul Anwaar)
* ''1000 Qudsi Hadiths: An Encyclopedia of Divine Sayings''; New York: Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2012) {{ISBN|978-1-4700-2994-4}}
* {{cite book | author = Gauthier H.A. Joynboll | url = https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfCanonicalHadith/page/n685 | title = Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith | language = en | via = [[Internet Archive|archive.org]] | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] | location = London and Boston | year = 2013 | pages = 839 | doi = 10.1163/ej.9789004156746.i-804 | isbn = 978-9004156746 | oclc = 315870438 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20181122222436/https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopediaOfCanonicalHadith/Encyclopedia%20of%20Canonical%20Hadith_djvu.txt | archive-date = 22 November 2018 | url-status = live}}
* {{cite book | last=Lucas | first=S. | title=The Arts of Hadith Compilation and Criticism | publisher=University of Chicago |year=2002 |oclc=62284281}}
* Musa, A. Y. ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam'', New York: Palgrave, 2008. {{ISBN|0-230-60535-4}}
* [[Fred Donner|Fred M. Donner]], ''Narratives of Islamic Origins'' (1998)
* Tottoli, Roberto, "Hadith", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 231–236.

=== Online ===
* [https://seekeveryday.com/jumma-mubarak-hadees-in-urdu-hadith-on-jumuah-friday-with-images/ Hadith by Topics and advice of PBUH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222182540/https://quotescrowd.com/hadith-by-topics-and-advice-of-pbuh-hadees-nabvi-in-urdu/ |date=22 December 2022 }}
* [https://wasail-al-shia.net Wasa'il al-Shia] A Comprehensive Treasury of Shia Islamic Jurisprudential Hadith.

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q234343|c=Category:Hadith|n=no|b=no|v=Islam/Hadith|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Portal:Hadith|wikt=Hadith|species=no}}
* '''Hadith search engines''' – Search by keyword(s) to find relevant hadith(s) (including narrator):
** [https://sunnah.com sunnah.com] – find hadith(s) in English and Arabic
** [https://www.islamicity.org/hadith/ islamicity.org] – find hadith(s) in English and Arabic, including quick lesson and explanation
** [http://ahadith.co.uk/ ahadith.co.uk] – find hadith(s) in English (NOTE: after entering keywords, click the "GO" button once or, if needed, twice)
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith "Hadith"] in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Hadith|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Hadis |short=x}}

{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Sunni hadith literature|state=collapsed}}
{{Shia hadith literature|state=collapsed}}
{{Depictions of Muhammad|state=collapsed}}
{{Religious books}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hadith| ]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Islamic theology]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]

National Power Training Institute

2026-03-21T15:29:58Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{Short description|Indian government technical school}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Power Training Institute
| native_name =
| image =NPTI Logo.png
| motto = Praveenyam Paropavarthishcha
| mottoeng = Together in Pursuit of Excellence
| head_label = Director-General
| head = Dr. Tripta Thakur
| established = {{start date and age|1965}}
| free_label = Headquarters
| free = [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| city =
| coor = {{Coord|28.462222|N|77.314722|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|npti.gov.in/}}
}}

[[File:Npti at night.jpg|thumb|240px|alt=NPTI Corporate Office, Faridabad at Night.|NPTI Corporate Office, [[Faridabad]].]]

'''National Power Training Institute (NPTI)''', is a government training institution under [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]] in Faridabad, India.

==History==

The National Power Training Institute (NPTI) grew continuously through the tenure of Indian governments. The Institute, which previously conducted training only in thermal power generation has now equipped itself to conduct training in all segments of the power sector i.e. generation, transmission and distribution. In the last four decades of its existence NPTI has trained thousands of engineers, supervisors and technicians from most of the Electricity Boards, public and private sector utilities and personnel from developing nations.
<ref name=aboutnptisr>[<nowiki>http://www.nptisr.com/AboutUs.htm</nowiki> About NPTI Southern Region][[BP:LINKSTOAVOID|[Link may contain Malware – disabled]]]{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{West Bengal University of Technology}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Electric power in India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned energy companies]]
[[Category:Government agencies for energy (India)]]
[[Category:Education in Faridabad]]
[[Category:Companies based in Haryana]]
[[Category:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
[[Category:Education in Delhi]]
[[Category:Training organisations in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Power (India)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Nagpur]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1965]]

Sonal Giani

2026-03-15T04:48:01Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created the entry w/ sources

{{short description|Indian LGBTIQ+ activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sonal Giani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = LGBTQ rights activist
| organisation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| website = {{URL|sonalgiani.com}}
}}

'''Sonal Giani''' is an Indian [[LGBTQ]] activist and actress. Known for her advocacy and youth work, she focuses on the social impact of India's anti-LGBTQ law, [[Section 377]]. She is the co-founder of LGBTQ youth initiatives ''Yaariyan'' and ''Umangin''.

== Early life ==
Giani grew up in [[Goa]], India and has a twin sister.<ref name="Maheshwri2013">{{Cite magazine |title=Connected Hum Tum: Meet the superwomen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/connected-hum-tum-meet-the-superwomen/articleshow/20521171.cms |last=Maheshwri |first=Neha |website=[[indiatimes.com]] |date=June 11, 2013 |access-date=June 2, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She [[came out]] to first her mother, followed by her father after the [[Delhi High Court]] judgement which [[Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi|struck down Section 377]].<ref name="De2018">{{Cite magazine |title=I was outed without my consent: Sonal Giani |url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/i-was-outed-without-my-consent-sonal-giani-109212.html |last=De |first=Hemchhaya |magazine=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |date=November 6, 2018 |access-date=June 2, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> At age 19, she was [[outed]] without her consent, leading to feelings of [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name="Magan2019">{{Cite web |title=17 Indian LGBTQI+ Trailblazers Whose Courage Helped Others Love & Live Freely |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/women/lgbt-trailblazers-from-india/ |last=Magan |first=Srishti |website=[[ScoopWhoop]] |date=June 11, 2019 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She describes facing backlash, including [[sexual harassment]] and finding graffiti aimed at her in washrooms.<ref name="S2023">{{Cite magazine |title=LGBTQ+ employees are finding acceptance in Indian companies, but inclusivity challenges exist still |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/deep-dive/story/lgbtq-employees-are-finding-acceptance-in-indian-companies-but-inclusivity-challenges-exist-still-377657-2023-04-17 |last1=S |first1=Vidya |last2=Mitter |first2=Sohini |magazine=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2013, Giani appeared in the [[reality television]] show ''Connected Hum Tum''.<ref name="Fernandes2020">{{Cite web |title=6 most prominent Indian LGBT activists |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/indian-lgbt-activists-history-month/ |last=Fernandes |first=Kasmin |website=TheCSRJournal.in |date=October 19, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The program followed Giani for over a year, documenting her life and her relationship with her female partner at the time.<ref name="Iyer2018">{{Cite news |title=Out and Proud: Sonal Giani on how she came to terms with her sexuality, and found happiness |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/out-and-proud-sonal-giani-on-how-she-came-to-terms-with-her-sexuality-and-found-happiness-4333479.html |last=Iyer |first=Harish |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=February 5, 2018 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Giani also discussed her bisexuality on the show.<ref name="Fernandes2020" />

== Career and activism ==

Giani worked as an advocacy manager at the [[Humsafar Trust]], a nonprofit that works to improve [[LGBTQ]] rights.<ref name="Iyer2018" /> She cites this job as helping herself heal and "dream of a bias-free, equal world".<ref name="De2018" /> In her role, Giani provided assistance to people facing blackmail or extortion under Indian law based on their sexuality.<ref name="Dore2015">{{Cite magazine |title=How Section 377 Is Being Exploited By The Police and Blackmailers To Extort Men |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/how-section-377-became-payday-extortionists-and-police-alike |last=Dore |first=Bhavya |magazine=[[The Caravan]] |date=November 3, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

{{quote box|width=35em|
|text=The root of this widespread discrimination and marginalization against LBT individuals is not because of hatred amongst the society but because of their utter ignorance towards it.
|salign=right
|source=Sonal Giani<ref name="Khandelwal2023">{{Cite web |title=Situational Analysis and Needs Assessment of Lesbians, Bisexuals Women and Transmasculine Community in India – IMPRI Impact and Policy Research Institute |url=https://impriinsights.in/situational-analysis-and-needs-assessment-of-lesbians-bisexuals-women-and-transmasculine-community-in-india-impri-impact-and-policy-research-institute/ |last=Khandelwal |first=Krishti |website=ImpriInsights.in |date=June 26, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

Giani is a co-founder of ''Yaariyan'' and ''Umang'', two LGBTQ youth groups in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="S2017">{{Cite web |title=8 Inspiring Indian LGBTQ Individuals Who Raged Fearless Wars & Emerged Victorious! |url=https://thebetterindia.com/106115/list-lqbtq-famous-personalities-pride-month/ |last=S |first=Lekshmi Priya |website=[[The Better India]] |date=June 23, 2017 |access-date=June 8, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, she became the delegate for Asia and the Pacific on the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]] Programme Coordinating Board.<ref name="NGO">{{Cite web |title=Meet Sonal Giani, our new NGO Delegate for Asia & the Pacific |url=https://unaidspcbngo.org/news/sonal-giani-appointed-as-new-ngo-delegate/ |website=unaidspcbngo.org |access-date=June 8, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609020049/https://unaidspcbngo.org/news/sonal-giani-appointed-as-new-ngo-delegate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also works at [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] as a senior advisor.<ref name="S2023" />

Giani considers [[same-sex marriage]] a "distant dream" in India, and the lack of this right as a cause of [[discrimination against LGBTQ people]].<ref name="Ratnam2015">{{Cite news |title=Rainbow Wedding |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xXMuJadSoAYIKtUqyIjS8O/Rainbow-wedding.html |last=Ratnam |first=Dhamini |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=July 11, 2015 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She cites the need to educate others to address these root causes, both in terms of [[sex education]] and better understanding of LGBTQ individuals.<ref name="Khandelwal2023" />

== See also ==

* [[LGBTQ rights in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giani, Sonal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Bisexual rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Goa]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jai Bhim (film)

2026-03-07T21:39:48Z

ViolaCnr7137989: brief refine details for consistency additionally and updated info for consistency

{{short description|2021 film by T. J. Gnanavel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai Bhim
| image = Jai Bhim film poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[T. J. Gnanavel]]
| writer = T. J. Gnanavel
| producer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jyothika]]|[[Suriya]]}}
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|Suriya|[[Lijomol Jose]]|[[K. Manikandan|Manikandan]]}}
| cinematography = [[S. R. Kathir]]
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| studio = [[2D Entertainment]] [[Amazon Studios]]
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|11|02}}
| runtime = 164 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim censored with A certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/06/suriyas-jai-bhim-censored-with-a-certificate-27116.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163040/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/06/suriyas-jai-bhim-censored-with-a-certificate-27116.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jai Bhim''''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|eɪ|_|b|iː|m}} {{Translation|[[Jai Bhim|Victory to Bhim]]}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film directed by [[T. J. Gnanavel]]. It was produced by [[Jyothika]] and [[Suriya]] under the banner of [[2D Entertainment]]. The film stars Suriya, [[Lijomol Jose]] and [[K. Manikandan|Manikandan]] with [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], and [[Rao Ramesh]] in supporting roles. The film is about police bias and state violence against a marginalised community.<ref name=":0" /> ''Jai Bhim'' is based on a 1993 [[Cuddalore]] incident that involves a legal case fought by [[K. Chandru]], who later became a judge;<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2021 |title=सूर्या की फ़िल्म 'जय भीम' किस घटना और किस शख़्स पर बनी है? |trans-title=Suriya's film ''Jai Bhim'' is based on which incident and on which person? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59190852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107013616/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-59190852 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS18 |first=NOVEMBER 03, 2021 |date=3 November 2021 |title=Suriya's Jai Bheem is Based on This 1993 Cuddalore Incident |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suriyas-jai-bheem-is-based-on-this-1993-cuddalore-incident-4400087.html |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=News18}}</ref> it revolves around Sengeni and Rajakannu, a couple from the [[Irula people|Irular]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2021 |title=Meet Justice K Chandru, the inspiration behind Suriya's 'Jai Bhim' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/watched-suriyas-jai-bhim-meet-the-real-chandru/article37321197.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104152306/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/watched-suriyas-jai-bhim-meet-the-real-chandru/article37321197.ece |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Police arrested Rajakannu and he later went missing from the police station. Sengeni seeks the help of lawyer Chandru to seek justice for her husband.

The film was announced in April 2021, and principal photography began that month with the filming of sequences in [[Chennai]] and [[Kodaikanal]]. Production was halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]; filming resumed in July 2021 and was completed that September. [[S. R. Kathir]] handled the cinematography and [[Philomin Raj]] was the editor. [[Sean Roldan]] composed the film's music and score. The film's title is a reference to a slogan used by followers of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].

''Jai Bhim'' was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]], prior to [[Diwali]], on 2 November 2021 as part of a multi-film deal signed by 2D Entertainment. The film received nationwide acclaim from critics, who praised the story, performances of Suriya, Lijomol Jose and Manikandan, direction and social message. Several publications have listed ''Jai Bhim'' as one of the best Tamil and Indian films of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=7 best & top-rated Tamil movies of 2021 on ZEE5, Amazon Prime Video & more to watch before the year ends |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/best-top-rated-tamil-movies-of-2021-on-zee5-amazon-prime-video-more-to-watch-before-the-year-ends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120193710/https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/best-top-rated-tamil-movies-of-2021-on-zee5-amazon-prime-video-more-to-watch-before-the-year-ends/ |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=February 2026}}
In 1993, Rajakannu and Sengeni, a couple from the [[Irula people|Irula]] tribe, work in the fields of [[Caste system in India|upper-caste]] men to control the numbers of rats and venomous snakes. Rajakannu is called to capture a snake at a rich man's dwelling. The next day, a burglary at the house is reported when the man's wife reports jewellery missing from her closet and suspicion falls upon Rajakannu. The police invade Rajakannu's home, wallop and unlawfully detain Sengeni, who is pregnant. The police also arrest and torture Rajakannu's brother Iruttappan, his sister Pachaiammal and his brother-in-law Mosakutty to extract information about Rajakannu's whereabouts. The police release Sengeni but imprison Rajakannu and torture him to make him confess to the crime. Later, Sengeni is informed about the abscondment of all three detained men, and the police further threaten her to divulge their whereabouts.

Mythra, who [[adult education|teaches adults]] from the Irula tribe, learns about [[K. Chandru|Chandru]], a lawyer who fights cases for tribal communities, and persuades him to seek justice for Sengeni. After listening to Sengeni's story, Chandru files a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' case in court, which advises them to file in a lower court. Chandru asks for a witness examination, which is not the procedure in a ''habeas corpus'' case. Chandru cites the [[Rajan case]] and the court yields. The [[Solicitor General of India|Solicitor General]] appears for the police and argues, based on the police officers' evidence, Rajakannu and the other two men absconded from police custody the night they were arrested. Chandru discovers that the police were committing perjury and asks the court to investigate [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Gurumurthy, [[head constable]] Veerasamy and constable Kirubakaran.

[[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]] Ram Mohan takes over the legal case and says the three accused men have fled to [[Kerala]]. Varadarajulu, Iruttapan's employer, acknowledges Iruttapan informed him he had fled after committing a robbery. Chandru discovers the three policemen went to Kerala to make a telephone call to Varadarajulu and that Guru mimicked Iruttapan's voice. Upon Chandru's request, the court appoints [[Inspector-general_of_police#India|Inspector General]] Perumalsamy as the lead officer in the case. After searching for weeks, Chandru, Perumalsamy gets an idea to search in the districts around [[Cuddalore]], and goes to the border station in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. While searching the files of unidentified corpses found in the prior 6 months, the duo find out that the Police had recovered Rajakannu's corpse on a road close to the border of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] the day after he supposedly fled, and they had cremated his body in accordance with the law. Both believe Rajakannu did not die due to a car accident but due to his murder in custody.

Chandru talks to the pathologist who conducted Rajakannu's postmortem in [[JIPMER]]; he believes Rajakannu's death was due to a broken rib cage that could have been caused by a car running over him. Veerasamy admits to Ram Mohan that Rajakannu died in custody due to torture. Veerasamy called Guru after Rajakannu's death. Guru tells Veerasamy to say both had escaped and left Rajakannu on the road, framing his death as a car accident. Mosakutty and Iruttapan were sent to another jail in Kerala. After hearing this, Ram Mohan advises them to maintain their narrative in court. Chandru checks the police station's call history and tells the court that a call to Guru's residence was made at 9:10 p.m., which does not corroborate Veerasamy's evidence. Chandru asks for more time to investigate.

Chandru, Mythra, Sengeni and the Irular tribe campaign against the injustice that happened. Chandru finds the police coerced Irutappan to call Varadarajulu. Chandru looks into the jails near the stations where Guru had worked earlier and finds some cases odd. Mythra locates Iruttapan and Mosakutty in a jail near [[Dharapuram]], and they testify in court about the torture all three of them underwent and how the police officers killed Rajakannu. Perumalsamy says the police officers took bribes from the actual thief to cover the matter up. Chandru also says they found tyre marks on the road near Rajakannu's corpse, which exactly match the ones in the police truck of Guru's station. The footprints have also matched Guru's and Kiruba's footprints. After hearing this evidence and final representations from both sides, the court announces the verdict to conduct an expedited murder-trial against the three cops and orders their immediate arrests. The court praises Perumalsamy and Chandru for their hardwork. Sengeni is awarded ₹3 lakhs (equivalent to ₹18 lakh or US$23,000 in 2020) and half a ground land in her village as compensation, and Iruttappan, Mosakutty and Pachaiamma are awarded ₹2 lakhs (equivalent to ₹12 lakh or US$15,000 in 2020) each. Sengeni thanks Chandru for his help, and Chandru attends the inauguration of Sengeni's new house, fulfilling Rajakannu's dream to buy Sengeni a new home.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suriya]] as Adv. [[K. Chandru]]
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as Sengeni Rajakannu
* [[K. Manikandan|Manikandan]] as Rajakannu
* [[Rajisha Vijayan]] as Mythra
* [[Prakash Raj]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Perumalsamy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as [[Prosecutor|PP]] Chellapandiyan<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* Baby Joshika Maya as Alli Rajakannu<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate general]] Ram Mohan<ref name="Telangana Today">{{Cite web |last=Ravichander |first=L. |date=5 November 2021 |title='Jai Bhim' offers a wonderful cinematic experience |url=https://telanganatoday.com/jai-bhim-offers-a-wonderful-cinematic-experience |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214020955/https://telanganatoday.com/jai-bhim-offers-a-wonderful-cinematic-experience |archive-date=14 December 2021 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>
* Tamizh as [[Sub-inspector]] Gurumoorthy<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Here's The Link Between Suriya's Jai Bhim And Vikram Prabhu's Upcoming Taanakkaran |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/heres-the-link-between-suriyas-jai-bhim-and-vikram-prabhus-upcoming-taanakkaran-4400156.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106031937/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/heres-the-link-between-suriyas-jai-bhim-and-vikram-prabhus-upcoming-taanakkaran-4400156.html |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as [[Head Constable]] Veerasamy<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* Bala Hasan as Constable Kirubakaran<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* M. Chinraasu as Irutappan<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* Subatra Robert as Pachaiyammal
* Rajendran as Mosakutty<ref name="Opening Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Jai Bhim |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[2D Entertainment]] |year=2021 |time=3:17 to 3:43 |time-caption=Opening credits from}}</ref>
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Radhakrishnan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]],<ref name="Opening Credits" /> State Police Chief
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Sankaran Narayan Iyer<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Gunasekaran<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Albi Antony<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* Jaya Rao as Kathirvel<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Sujatha Sivakumar]] as Subbulakshmi<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* Ravi Venkatraman as Inspector Bashyam<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=22 October 2021 |title=Jai Bhim trailer out. Suriya asks tough questions as he fights for tribals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jai-bhim-trailer-out-suriya-asks-tough-questions-as-he-fights-for-tribals-1868045-2021-10-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022171120/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jai-bhim-trailer-out-suriya-asks-tough-questions-as-he-fights-for-tribals-1868045-2021-10-22 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
* [[Sibi Thomas]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Ashok Varadhan<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* Raja Rani Pandian as Rajan<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* Shankar Sundaram as Sathyadev<ref name="Telangana Today" />
* [[Jijoy Rajagopal]] as Munnar Rajesh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishnu |first=Anandha |date=2 December 2021 |title='ജയ് ഭീമി'ൽ ഇരുളരെ അഭിനയം പഠിപ്പിച്ചതിൻ്റെ മുഴുവൻ ക്രെഡിറ്റും എനിക്കല്ല, ഇതൊരു കൂട്ടായ ശ്രമത്തിൻ്റെ ഫലമാണ്'; ജയ് ഭീമിലെ കഥാഗതിയെ തന്നെ മാറ്റി മറിച്ച ആ ചായക്കടക്കാരൻ, ഇരിങ്ങാലക്കുടക്കാരൻ ജിജോയ് പറയുന്നു! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/jai-bhim-actor-jijoy-pulikal-rajagopalan-exclusive-interview/articleshow/87962107.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214021928/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/jai-bhim-actor-jijoy-pulikal-rajagopalan-exclusive-interview/articleshow/87962107.cms |archive-date=14 December 2021 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ml}}</ref>
* Sanjay Swaroop as Judge<ref name="Telangana Today" />
* Kumar Natarajan as Judge
* [[Bava Chelladurai]] as Krishnan
* David Solomon Raja as Sasikumar Pandian
* Anagoor Raaju as Rajakannu's uncle
* Deepa as Irutappan's wife
* Kaveri as Mosakutty's wife
* Bigil Siva as Dr. Mahesh
* Sivaranjani as Gunasekaran's wife
* V. Renganathan as Rajakannu's employer
* Srikanth as Rice Mill Owner
* Rajesh Balachandiran as Nataraj
* [[Aravinth Seiju]] as Madhan
* Pandian as Rajan
* P. R. Kaalishwaran as Kalyani
* S. Ravi as Elumalai
* K. Raju as Vinod
* P. R. George as Rajesh
* Batman as Ravi
* Kulotungan as jewellery shop owner
* Dhanasekar as a tea shop owner
* Ramachandran as Judge
* Dayalan as jailor
* Yuva as Arunachalam
* Dandapani as Ramasamy
* Ashokan as Kaaliappan
* Saravanan as Sekhar
* Deva as Sankar
* Kumarasamy as Janakiraman
* Subramanian as Rangarajan
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In March 2020, media reported [[Suriya]] would be collaborating with [[T. J. Gnanavel]], director of ''[[Kootathil Oruthan]]'' (2017), for a legal drama film based on tribal people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2020 |title=Suriya to team up with Kootathil Oruvan director TJ Gnanavel? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-to-team-up-with-kootathil-oruvan-director-tj-gnanavel-1653458-2020-03-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008113530/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-to-team-up-with-kootathil-oruvan-director-tj-gnanavel-1653458-2020-03-07 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It was further stated that the film would be based on a true incident in 1993, and Suriya plays the role of a lawyer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2020 |title=Suriya to play a lawyer in next flick |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/03/22000900/1221257/Suriya-to-play-a-lawyer-in-next-flick.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163038/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2020/03/22000900/1221257/Suriya-to-play-a-lawyer-in-next-flick.vpf |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> His role is based on retired [[Madras High Court]] justice and former senior advocate [[K. Chandru]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2 November 2021 |title=Suriya: 'Jai Bhim' made me realise how ordinary people can also be heroes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriya-jai-bhim-made-me-realise-how-ordinary-people-can-also-be-heroes/article37296553.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102025053/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriya-jai-bhim-made-me-realise-how-ordinary-people-can-also-be-heroes/article37296553.ece |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> who campaigned for justice for a woman of the [[Irula people|Irular tribe]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2021 |title=Suriya's 'Jai Bheem' is based on a 1993 legal battle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-jai-bheem-is-based-on-a-1993-legal-battle/articleshow/84857462.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803113539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-jai-bheem-is-based-on-a-1993-legal-battle/articleshow/84857462.cms |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Suriya's lawyer avatar in Jai Bhim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-lawyer-avatar-in-jai-bhim/articleshow/84679364.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726070745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriyas-lawyer-avatar-in-jai-bhim/articleshow/84679364.cms |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The tribeswoman's husband Rajakannu was arrested and later disappeared from the police station. In the hope of justice for Rajakannu, she sought the help of Chandru, who investigated the matter and brought justice to the woman and her family.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Is Suriya's 'Jai Bheem' based on a real incident? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suriya-s-jai-bheem-traces-a-real-incident-from-1993-suirya-next-movie-update-tamil-news-292090 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802045908/https://www.indiaglitz.com/suriya-s-jai-bheem-traces-a-real-incident-from-1993-suirya-next-movie-update-tamil-news-292090 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Gnanavel met the lawyer and interacted with him for several weeks to understand more about the case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=25 October 2021 |title=Why Suriya's 'Jai Bhim' could be the most important film in his career |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-suriyas-jai-bhim-could-be-the-most-important-film-in-his-career/article37163015.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028075007/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-suriyas-jai-bhim-could-be-the-most-important-film-in-his-career/article37163015.ece |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The development team took a workshop from actor–director [[R. Madhavan]] on quickly making a biopic of a prominent individual, following the actor's work on ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=Cfgu8a4pk-F |user=actormaddy |title=With my Brother @actorsuriya … all about #Rocketrythefilm. |author-link=R. Madhavan |date=2 July 2022 |access-date=4 October 2023 |url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/actormaddy/2873503024438202245}}</ref>

The film's technical crew were composer [[Sean Roldan]], editor [[Philomin Raj]], videographer [[S. R. Kathir]], production designer Jacki and stunt-coordinator duo Anbariv.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=23 July 2021 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim first-look poster out, actor to play lawyer in film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-s-jai-bhim-first-look-poster-out-on-his-birthday-actor-to-play-a-lawyer-1831818-2021-07-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725064059/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-s-jai-bhim-first-look-poster-out-on-his-birthday-actor-to-play-a-lawyer-1831818-2021-07-23 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Suriya 39 titled Jai Bhim |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/23/suriya-39-titled-jai-bhim-25648.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005065856/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/23/suriya-39-titled-jai-bhim-25648.html |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film's title ''Jai Bhim'', which is based on [[Jai Bhim|a slogan]] used by followers of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], was announced on 23 July 2021 with a first-look release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=24 July 2021 |title=Jai Bhim first look: Suriya plays a lawyer in his next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-39-first-look-suriya-plays-a-lawyer-in-jai-bhim-7418953/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814131915/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/suriya-39-first-look-suriya-plays-a-lawyer-in-jai-bhim-7418953/ |archive-date=14 August 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The title was already taken by director [[Pa. Ranjith]], a follower of Ambedkar's ideologies, and Suriya said Ranjith gave the film crew the title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=" 'ஜெய் பீம்' படத் தலைப்பை பா.ரஞ்சித்திடம் இருந்து பெற்றோம்: அவருக்கு பெரிய மனசு"- சூர்யா |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/120556/We-got-the-title-of-Jai-bhim-from-director-Pa-Ranjith-says-actor-Suriya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028142737/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/120556/We-got-the-title-of-Jai-bhim-from-director-Pa-Ranjith-says-actor-Suriya |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2021 |title=சூர்யாவின் 'ஜெய் பீம்' படத்துக்கும், பா.ரஞ்சித்துக்கும் என்ன சம்பந்தம் ? |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/jul/24/what-is-the-connection-between-suriya-jai-bhim-and-pa-ranjith-3666398.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725051025/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/jul/24/what-is-the-connection-between-suriya-jai-bhim-and-pa-ranjith-3666398.html |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The project was formally announced in April 2021 with Suriya producing the film under the banner [[2D Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=Suriya turns busy shooting for a couple of films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-turns-busy-shooting-for-a-couple-of-films/articleshow/82047276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424082445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-turns-busy-shooting-for-a-couple-of-films/articleshow/82047276.cms |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initially, [[Roshini Haripriyan]] was approached for the role of Sengeni but the role eventually went to [[Lijomol Jose]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2022 |title=2 சூப்பர் ஹிட் படங்களுக்கு 'நோ' சொன்ன 'பாரதி கண்ணம்மா' ரோஷினி: எது தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/bharathi-kannamma-serial-fame-roshini-haripriyan-says-no-to-jaibhim-sarpatta-parambarai/articleshow/88372110.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311045048/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/bharathi-kannamma-serial-fame-roshini-haripriyan-says-no-to-jaibhim-sarpatta-parambarai/articleshow/88372110.cms |archive-date=11 March 2022 |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> In May 2021, [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film actor [[Rajisha Vijayan]] signed for a pivotal role after her Tamil debut with ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2021 |title='Karnan' actress Rajisha Vijayan signs her third Tamil film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karnan-actress-rajisha-vijayan-signs-her-third-tamil-film/articleshow/82366250.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516193301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karnan-actress-rajisha-vijayan-signs-her-third-tamil-film/articleshow/82366250.cms |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[K. Manikandan]] signed to portray Rajakannu after agreeing to Gnanavel's condition of spending an extended time with Irular tribespeople to learn their lifestyle without committing to other projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=15 November 2021 |title=Manikandan, Inconspicuous Yet Striking |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-movies-manikandan-inconspicuous-yet-striking-kaala-jai-bhim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803045117/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-movies-manikandan-inconspicuous-yet-striking-kaala-jai-bhim |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began in [[Kodaikanal]] in mid-April 2021; Suriya joined the sets despite filming for ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' (2021) in [[Karaikudi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=Suriya latest pics from shooting spot goes viral |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/suriya-latest-pics-from-shooting-spot-goes-viral.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163040/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/suriya-latest-pics-from-shooting-spot-goes-viral.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Because production of ''Etharkkum Thunindhavan'' was halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], Suriya began working on ''Jai Bhim'' with the filming in Kodaikanal,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2021 |title=In pics: Suriya's new look from the sets of TJ Gnanavel's 'Suriya 39' go viral |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pics-suriya-s-new-look-sets-tj-gnanavel-s-suriya-39-go-viral-148418 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507005454/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pics-suriya-s-new-look-sets-tj-gnanavel-s-suriya-39-go-viral-148418 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> which was also interrupted by the pandemic and the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|subsequent lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2021 |title=Suriya to play a lawyer in TJ Gnanavel's next? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-to-play-a-lawyer-in-tj-gnanavels-next-news-tamil-vfhfTVjhachhg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507164721/https://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-to-play-a-lawyer-in-tj-gnanavels-next-news-tamil-vfhfTVjhachhg.html |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In July 2021, shooting of the film resumed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2021 |title=Update of Suriya's next with Gnanavel and Rajisha Vijayan |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/update-of-suriyas-next-with-gnanavel-and-rajisha-vijayan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163039/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/update-of-suriyas-next-with-gnanavel-and-rajisha-vijayan.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2021 |title=Smiles are back in Kollywood as film shoots resume |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/07/03011504/1304530/Smiles-are-back-in-Kollywood-as-film-shoots-resume.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163049/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2021/07/03011504/1304530/Smiles-are-back-in-Kollywood-as-film-shoots-resume.vpf |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2021 |title=Suriya to shoot for Pandiraj's film in Karaikudi! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-to-shoot-for-pandirajs-film-in-karaikudi-news-tamil-vhffuAaidaidc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706002635/https://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-to-shoot-for-pandirajs-film-in-karaikudi-news-tamil-vhffuAaidaidc.html |archive-date=6 July 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Principal photography was completed by September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Tamil Star Suriya to Start Filming for Siva's Next Before 'Vaadivasal' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-star-suriya-to-start-filming-for-sivas-next-before-vaadivasal-4228157.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163109/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-star-suriya-to-start-filming-for-sivas-next-before-vaadivasal-4228157.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
In October 2021, the final copy of ''Jai Bhim'' was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], which gave the film an [[A certificate|"A" (adults-only) certificate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=South Star Suriya's Jai Bhim Gets A Certificate |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/south-star-suriyas-jai-bhim-gets-a-certificate-4294943.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163042/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/south-star-suriyas-jai-bhim-gets-a-certificate-4294943.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> It is the first time a Suriya-starrer was given this rating since ''[[Rakta Charitra 2]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Suriya's 'Jai Bhim' gets A certificate! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-gets-a-certificate-news-tamil-vkgkeVdjhfbgg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006132501/https://www.sify.com/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-gets-a-certificate-news-tamil-vkgkeVdjhfbgg.html |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Jai Bhim (soundtrack)}}
Sean Roldan composed the film score and soundtrack, and [[Yugabharathi]], [[Raju Murugan]] and [[Arivu]] wrote lyrics. The five-track [[Soundtrack album|original soundtrack album]] was preceded by the singles "Power",<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Power song from Suriya's Jai Bhim is powerful |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/power-song-from-suriya-jai-bhim-is-powerful-7578487/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019112845/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/power-song-from-suriya-jai-bhim-is-powerful-7578487/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> "Thala Kodhum"<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Jai Bhim: Suriya starrer third single Thala Kodhum is all about humility towards people |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jai-bhim-suriya-starrer-third-single-thala-kodhum-all-about-humility-towards-people-925978 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028144213/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jai-bhim-suriya-starrer-third-single-thala-kodhum-all-about-humility-towards-people-925978 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> and "Sendumalli". The album was released through music-streaming platforms on 1 November 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roldan |first=Sean |author-link=Sean Roldan |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6lnhwWrPtqaHso8PvPxhNR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029133018/https://open.spotify.com/album/6lnhwWrPtqaHso8PvPxhNR |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> and the sixth song "Manniley Eeramundu" was released as a [[bonus track|bonus single]] on 15 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=Manniley Eeramundu (From "Jai Bhim") |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2NjfN4FiLeDdkVnePqkPnD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118051925/https://open.spotify.com/album/2NjfN4FiLeDdkVnePqkPnD |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
On 5 August 2021, 2D Entertainment signed a four-film deal with the streaming service [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=25 August 2021 |title=Inside 2D Entertainment's four-film deal with Amazon Prime Video India: Why Suriya's productions are going digital |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-2d-entertainments-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-india-why-suriyas-productions-are-going-digital-9907941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905154704/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-2d-entertainments-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-india-why-suriyas-productions-are-going-digital-9907941.html |archive-date=5 September 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> As part of this deal, four of the studio's upcoming projects would premiere on Prime Video while bypassing theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=5 August 2021 |title=Amazon Signs Indian Star Suriya's 2D Entertainment to Multi-Film Direct-to-Digital Deal |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/suriya-jai-bhim-amazon-india-1235035178/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807232251/https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/suriya-jai-bhim-amazon-india-1235035178/ |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=6 August 2021 |title=Amazon inks deal with Tamil star Suriya's 2D Entertainment |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-inks-deal-with-tamil-star-suriya-s-2d-entertainment-11628227164229.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163041/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-inks-deal-with-tamil-star-suriya-s-2d-entertainment-11628227164229.html |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> ''Jai Bhim'' was scheduled for a streaming release during November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2021 |title=Tamil star Suriya inks four-film deal with Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/05/tamil-star-suriya-inks-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-2340535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811050739/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/aug/05/tamil-star-suriya-inks-four-film-deal-with-amazon-prime-video-2340535.html |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Suriya's 2D inks four film deal with Amazon Prime Video, 'Jai Bhim' to release in Nov |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriyas-2d-inks-four-film-deal-amazon-prime-video-jai-bhim-release-nov-153475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921095001/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriyas-2d-inks-four-film-deal-amazon-prime-video-jai-bhim-release-nov-153475 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

On 2 October, the producers announced the film would be released worldwide on 2 November 2021 ahead of the [[Diwali]] festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2021 |title=Suriya's 'Jai Bhim' to premiere November 2 on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-to-premiere-november-2-on-amazon-prime-video/article36774729.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008004652/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-to-premiere-november-2-on-amazon-prime-video/article36774729.ece |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2021 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on November 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/01/suriya-s-jai-bhim-to-premire-on-amazon-prime-video-on-november-2-27007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001095908/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/oct/01/suriya-s-jai-bhim-to-premire-on-amazon-prime-video-on-november-2-27007.html |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=5 reasons we can't wait for Suriya's Jai Bhim, coming up this Diwali on Prime Video |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/10/28/suriya-jai-bhim-movie-diwali-festival-must-watch-on-prime-video.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028085957/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/10/28/suriya-jai-bhim-movie-diwali-festival-must-watch-on-prime-video.html |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> ''Jai Bhim'' was screened at the ninth edition of Noida International Film Festival on 23 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim to be Screened at Noida Film Festival on January 23 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-to-be-screened-at-noida-film-festival-on-january-23-4679732.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120195901/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-to-be-screened-at-noida-film-festival-on-january-23-4679732.html |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The film was also shown as part of the "World Competition" segment at the 20th edition of [[Pune International Film Festival]], which was held in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title='Jai Bhim' in World Competition segment of Pune film fest |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/02/17192628/1344184/Jai-Bhim-in-World-Competition-segment-of-Pune-film-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083354/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/02/17192628/1344184/Jai-Bhim-in-World-Competition-segment-of-Pune-film-.vpf |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Jai Bhim'' received critical acclaim, with praise for the script; performances of Suriya, Lijomol Jose and Manikandan; direction; and technical aspects.<ref name="independent3">{{Cite web |last=Sachdeva |first=Maanya |date=11 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim: Glowing reviews for 'hard-hitting, honest' Indian film that 'outranks Shawshank Redemption' on IMDb |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/jai-bhim-suriya-movie-review-imdb-b1955747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113063420/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/jai-bhim-suriya-movie-review-imdb-b1955747.html |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=7|average=7.8|ref=yes}}

Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote: "''Jai Bhim'' is a solid film held together by craftly [sic] writing, thoughtful filmmaking, restrained performances and a true incident of the justice system restoring hope".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim Review: A No Holds Barred Film on Institutional Violence |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-a-no-holds-barred-film-on-institutional-violence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101063633/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-a-no-holds-barred-film-on-institutional-violence/ |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]'' critic [[Saibal Chatterjee]] gave the film three-and-a-half out of five, writing: "The amalgamation of the lead actor's charisma, the urgency of the theme and the force of the no-holds-barred storytelling results in an immersive and riveting film that calls attention to the plight of an oppressed community languishing on the fringes of society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim Review: Suriya Is In Formidable Form In Riveting Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jai-bhim-review-suriya-is-in-formidable-form-in-riveting-film-3-5-stars-2595653 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101093654/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jai-bhim-review-suriya-is-in-formidable-form-in-riveting-film-3-5-stars-2595653 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> S. Srivatsan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "'Jai Bhim' is perhaps one of the boldest films to have come out of Tamil cinema. It doesn't dare turn its back on hitting where it hurts the most, and its politics is not weighed down by the presence of a star like Suriya."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=1 November 2021 |title='Jai Bhim' movie review: Suriya is earnest and the film is honest. Yet, there are trade-offs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jai-bhim-movie-review/article37281228.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101112627/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/jai-bhim-movie-review/article37281228.ece |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Manoj Kumar R. gave the film four out of five, writing: "Suriya feels natural and very comfortable in the role of a firebrand advocate. It is as if he's not just performing the lines written by the director, but he really believes in every word and gesture he delivers in this film."<ref name="New Indian Express">{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim review: Suriya delivers a powerful film on discrimination |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jai-bhim-review-suriya-delivers-a-powerful-film-on-discrimination/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101120750/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jai-bhim-review-suriya-delivers-a-powerful-film-on-discrimination/ |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' also gave the film four out of five, writing: "As a courtroom drama and investigative thriller, based on real events, ''Jai Bhim'' is head and shoulders above the average fare".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim review: Suriya's courtroom drama is disturbing, well-enacted |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-review-suriya-s-courtroom-drama-disturbing-well-enacted-157138 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101070233/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-review-suriya-s-courtroom-drama-disturbing-well-enacted-157138 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three-and-a-half out of five, praising the film's defiant moments, Lijomol Jose's powerful portrayal of Sengeni, and Manikandan's impactful performance, while appreciating the charming depiction of the relationship between Sengeni and Rajakannu..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim Review: Jai Bhim is raw, real and brutal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/jai-bhim/ottmoviereview/87109980.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127183801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/jai-bhim/ottmoviereview/87109980.cms |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
Ashameera Aiyyappan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film four out of five and called the film "hard-hitting and intense," noting its realism and nuanced portrayal of the marginalized community without reducing them to stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim movie review: Suriya leads a decisively realistic courtroom drama that reflects contradictions Ambedkar spoke of |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-leads-a-decisively-realistic-courtroom-drama-that-reflects-contradictions-ambedkar-spoke-of-10101851.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101063853/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-leads-a-decisively-realistic-courtroom-drama-that-reflects-contradictions-ambedkar-spoke-of-10101851.html |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'s}} Haricharan Pudipeddi commended the realistic courtroom sequences, Suriya's mature performance as a lawyer, and Manikandan's gut-wrenching portrayal of helplessness. He also praised Lijomol Jose's casting as a strong, defiant woman..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim movie review: Suriya headlines a powerful film about fighting for the oppressed and police brutality |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-headlines-a-powerful-film-about-fighting-for-the-oppressed-and-police-brutality-101635747465220.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101144651/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-headlines-a-powerful-film-about-fighting-for-the-oppressed-and-police-brutality-101635747465220.html |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
A critic from ''[[Onmanorama]]'' emphasized that ''Jai Bhim'' is more than a courtroom drama, calling it a "much-needed film" with lasting relevance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Litty |date=2 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim movie review: Pain of the downtrodden, voice of the voiceless |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/11/02/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-movie-disturbing-and-relevant.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102093603/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2021/11/02/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-movie-disturbing-and-relevant.html |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>
Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film four-and-a-half out of five and described the film as a milestone in Tamil cinema, highlighting its focus on caste discrimination, injustice, and the lack of humanity in the system.."<ref name="Janani">{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim Movie Review: Suriya's hard-hitting tale about caste injustice and police brutality is a must-watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-s-hard-hitting-tale-about-caste-injustice-and-police-brutality-is-a-must-watch-1871899-2021-11-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101063424/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jai-bhim-movie-review-suriya-s-hard-hitting-tale-about-caste-injustice-and-police-brutality-is-a-must-watch-1871899-2021-11-01 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan, writing for ''[[Cinema Express]]'' acknowledged the film's importance in documenting the oppression of a community, even though it lacked strong adversaries for the protagonist. He praised Suriya's performance and his role as a "saviour" and "victim" of his conscience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim Movie Review: A star argues for justice in this well-intentioned courtroom drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/nov/01/jai-bhim-movie-reviewa-star-argues-for-justice-in-this-well-intentioned-courtroom-drama-27605.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101151921/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/nov/01/jai-bhim-movie-reviewa-star-argues-for-justice-in-this-well-intentioned-courtroom-drama-27605.html |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
Harish Wankhede from ''The Hindu'' described the protagonist as an Ambedkarite hero who fights for tribal dignity, while portraying Sengeni as a dignified claimant of justice rather than a powerless victim..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harish S. Wankhede |date=11 November 2021 |title=A slogan no longer sectarian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-slogan-no-longer-sectarian/article37425163.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211630/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-slogan-no-longer-sectarian/article37425163.ece |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
The film was made available for screening at the [[94th Academy Awards]] but was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Official: 'Jai Bhim' enters Oscar's race |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-jai-bhim-enters-oscars-race/articleshow/89037032.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124045341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-jai-bhim-enters-oscars-race/articleshow/89037032.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim and Mohanlal's Marakkar fail to make the cut for Oscar nominations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriya-s-jai-bhim-and-mohanlal-s-marakkar-fail-make-cut-oscar-nominations-160787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083350/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriya-s-jai-bhim-and-mohanlal-s-marakkar-fail-make-cut-oscar-nominations-160787 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"|Award
! scope="col"|Date of ceremony
! scope="col"|Category
! scope="col"|Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col"|Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Huading Awards]]
|1 December 2022
| Best Global Picture
| [[2D Entertainment]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=The winners of the 34th Huading Awards have been announced: Jai Bhim for Best Global Picture and Denis Villeneuve for Best Global Director |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221201005932/en/The-winners-of-the-34th-Huading-Awards-have-been-announced-Jai-Bhim-for-Best-Global-Picture-and-Denis-Villeneuve-for-Best-Global-Director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230083453/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20221201005932/en/The-winners-of-the-34th-Huading-Awards-have-been-announced-Jai-Bhim-for-Best-Global-Picture-and-Denis-Villeneuve-for-Best-Global-Director |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[Business Wire]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Boston International Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2" |5 May 2022
| Best Actress
| [[Lijomol Jose]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=Suriya-Starrer 'Jai Bhim' Wins Big At Boston International Film Festival, Bags Two Awards |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/suriya-starrer-jai-bhim-wins-big-at-boston-international-film-festival-bags-two-awards-568966.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531172759/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/suriya-starrer-jai-bhim-wins-big-at-boston-international-film-festival-bags-two-awards-568966.html |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=[[Indiatimes]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cinematography
|[[S. R. Kathir]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row"|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |December 2022
|Best Film
|[[2D Entertainment]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim bags 5 Vikatan Awards including best film, best actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriyas-jai-bhim-bags-5-vikatan-awards-including-best-film-best-actor-101671694770535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103043513/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/suriyas-jai-bhim-bags-5-vikatan-awards-including-best-film-best-actor-101671694770535.html |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[T. J. Gnanavel]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Suriya]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Lijomol Jose]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Critics Choice Film Awards
| rowspan="2" |March 2022
|Best Film
|''Jai Bhim'' – [[2D Entertainment]]
| {{nominated}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2022: Jai Bhim, Sherni, Sardar Udham Nominated |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-awards-2022-jai-bhim-sherni-sardar-udham-nominated |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083350/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-awards-2022-jai-bhim-sherni-sardar-udham-nominated |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2022 nominations include Suriya's Jai Bhim, Chaitanya Tamhane's The Disciple |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2022-nominations-include-suriyas-jai-bhim-chaitanya-tamhanes-the-disciple-10395721.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083350/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2022-nominations-include-suriyas-jai-bhim-chaitanya-tamhanes-the-disciple-10395721.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Lijomol Jose]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="6"| [[67th Filmfare Awards South|9 October 2022]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| [[2D Entertainment]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2022 |title=Nominations for the 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010163447/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022_-55551.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2022 |title=Winners List : 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010211808/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-for-the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-55592.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Gnanavel|[[T. J. Gnanavel]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Suriya|[[Suriya]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Manikandan|[[K. Manikandan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Jose|[[Lijomol Jose]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Raj|[[Prakash Raj]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |Noida International Film Festival
| rowspan="3" |23 January 2022
| Best Film
| ''Jai Bhim'' – [[2D Entertainment]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title='Jai Bhim' wins three awards at Noida International Film Festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/24/jai-bhim-wins-three-awards-at-noida-international-film-festival-2410791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125001949/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/jan/24/jai-bhim-wins-three-awards-at-noida-international-film-festival-2410791.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=Suriya-starrer Jai Bhim wins three awards at Noida International Film Fest |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/suriya-starrer-jai-bhim-wins-three-awards-at-noida-international-film-fest-2430505.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083351/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/suriya-starrer-jai-bhim-wins-three-awards-at-noida-international-film-fest-2430505.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Suriya]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| [[Lijomol Jose]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10–11 September 2022]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Suriya|[[Suriya]]}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite news |title=The 10th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations |url=https://siima.in/index.php/siima-votings-2022/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831211124/https://siima.in/index.php/siima-votings-2022/ |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Jose|[[Lijomol Jose]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor – Tamil
| {{sort|Manikandan|[[K. Manikandan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress – Tamil
| {{sort|Vijayan|[[Rajisha Vijayan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Tamil|Best Cinematographer – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Kathir|[[S. R. Kathir]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="7" | 13 February 2026
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web|language=ta|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-to-2022-vijay-sethupathi-dhanush-suriya-and-nayanthara-among-top-winners-for-2016-2022-11055900|title=தமிழக அரசு திரைப்பட விருதுகள் 2016 - 2022: மாநகரம், அறம், அசுரன், பரியேறும் பெருமாள், ஜெய்பீம் படங்களுக்கு விருது!|date=29 January 2026|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=29 January 2026|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129191145/tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-2016-to-2022-vijay-sethupathi-dhanush-suriya-and-nayanthara-among-top-winners-for-2016-2022-11055900}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Lijomol Jose]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[T. J. Gnanavel]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|Tamizh
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[K. Manikandan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|[[Arivu]]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== Controversies ==

''Jai Bhim'' attracted opposition by the [[Vanniyar]] caste group Vanniyar Sangam, the parent organisation of [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK),<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2013 |title=Senior Ramadoss arrested |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/nation/story_16846810.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141706/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130501/jsp/nation/story_16846810.jsp |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=27 May 2018 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> regarding a scene involving sub-inspector Gurumoorthy, which the PMK leaders said insults the community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=PMK leader claims 'Jai Bhim' insults Vanniyars, questions Suriya |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pmk-leader-claims-jai-bhim-insults-vanniyars-questions-suriya-715150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113181922/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pmk-leader-claims-jai-bhim-insults-vanniyars-questions-suriya-715150 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref name="dilute">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Name-politics will dilute Jai Bhim's message, actor Suriya responds to 'insult to Vanniyar' claim by Ramadoss |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/name-politics-jai-bhim-actor-suriya-insult-to-vanniyar-response-ramadoss-7619466/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112091110/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/name-politics-jai-bhim-actor-suriya-insult-to-vanniyar-response-ramadoss-7619466/ |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> PMK leader [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] wrote a letter asking questions about the film and saying it defamed the community.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=TK |first=Smitha |date=17 November 2021 |title='Jai Bhim' Controversy: Why are Vanniyars Offended by Actor Suriya's Film? |url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/jai-bhim-kollywood-suriya-controversy-irular-tribe-tamil-nadu-caste-vanniyar-pmk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118051925/https://www.thequint.com/explainers/jai-bhim-kollywood-suriya-controversy-irular-tribe-tamil-nadu-caste-vanniyar-pmk |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> In the film, an image of a pot of fire, a symbol of the Vanniyar community, is seen on a wall calendar in the sub-inspector's residence.<ref name=":4" />

Ramadoss criticised the choice of name for the character Gurumoorthy, which he said defames PMK leader [[Kaduvetti Guru]]. While the film uses the names of the individuals in the case for their on-screen characters, the sub-inspector's character was not given the analogous individual's name, which was Anthonysamy.<ref name=":4" /> Suriya said the film's team had no intention of hurting any individual or a particular community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=Suriya responds to Anbumani Ramadoss's claim that Jai Bhim insults Vanniyars |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriya-responds-anbumani-ramadoss-s-claim-jai-bhim-insults-vanniyars-157510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111215113/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriya-responds-anbumani-ramadoss-s-claim-jai-bhim-insults-vanniyars-157510 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Suriya responds to PMK leader Anbumani Ramadoss, says 'Jai Bhim' doesn't target any group |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/nov/12/suriya-responds-to-pmk-leader-anbumani-ramadoss-says-jai-bhim-doesnt-target-any-group-2382768.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115040112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/nov/12/suriya-responds-to-pmk-leader-anbumani-ramadoss-says-jai-bhim-doesnt-target-any-group-2382768.html |archive-date=15 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He also said: "Through the film, questions have been raised against those in power, it should not be turned into name-politics and diluted".<ref name="dilute" />

Amid threats from supporters of the PMK and the Vanniyar Sangam, police protection was given to Suriya's residence in [[T. Nagar]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim: Police protection given to Suriya's Chennai home after threats |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-police-protection-given-suriyas-chennai-home-after-threats-157693 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117035756/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-police-protection-given-suriyas-chennai-home-after-threats-157693 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Suriya Gets Police Protection Over 'Jai Bhim' Controversy, PMK Member Booked |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/suriya-gets-police-protection-over-jai-bhim-controversy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117053059/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/suriya-gets-police-protection-over-jai-bhim-controversy |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Filmmakers, including [[Vetrimaaran]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Vetrimaaran supports Suriya over Jai Bhim Row: No one can be made feel lesser for doing the right thing |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vetrimaaran-supports-suriya-over-jai-bhim-row-no-one-can-be-made-feel-lesser-doing-right-thing-942502 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116170400/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/vetrimaaran-supports-suriya-over-jai-bhim-row-no-one-can-be-made-feel-lesser-doing-right-thing-942502 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], [[Pa. Ranjith]], [[C. S. Amudhan]], [[Prakash Raj]]—who appeared in the film, [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] publicly spoke in favour of Suriya,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim: 'We stand with Suriya,' say Vetrimaaran, Lokesh Kanagaraj, Prakash Raj and Sathyaraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jai-bhim-suriya-gets-support-from-vetrimaaran-lokesh-kanagaraj-prakash-raj-7626749/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117072028/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jai-bhim-suriya-gets-support-from-vetrimaaran-lokesh-kanagaraj-prakash-raj-7626749/ |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> while associations such as [[South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Don't criticise Suriya: South Indian Film Chamber to PMK amid Jai Bhim row |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dont-criticise-suriya-south-indian-film-chamber-pmk-amid-jai-bhim-row-157665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116094037/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dont-criticise-suriya-south-indian-film-chamber-pmk-amid-jai-bhim-row-157665 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Tamil Film Active Producers Association, and [[Nadigar Sangam]] raised objections to the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Vetrimaaran, Bharathiraja, Sathyaraj, and others come together for Suriya! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vetrimaaran-bharathiraja-sathyaraj-and-others-come-together-for-suriya-news-tamil-vlreV9bjejdai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117052635/https://www.sify.com/movies/vetrimaaran-bharathiraja-sathyaraj-and-others-come-together-for-suriya-news-tamil-vlreV9bjejdai.html |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The hashtag #WeStandWithSuriya started trending on [[Twitter]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=#WeStandWithSuriya: Social media support pours in for actor amid Jai Bhim row |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/westandwithsuriya-social-media-support-pours-actor-amid-jai-bhim-row-157617 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115085107/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/westandwithsuriya-social-media-support-pours-actor-amid-jai-bhim-row-157617 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> to which Suriya responded by thanking fans for their "overwhelming support".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title="Overwhelming Support": Actor Suriya After Threat Over Jai Bhim Scene |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jai-bhim-suriya-overwhelming-support-actor-suriya-after-threat-over-jai-bhim-scene-2614616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118051934/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/jai-bhim-suriya-overwhelming-support-actor-suriya-after-threat-over-jai-bhim-scene-2614616 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=17 November 2021 |title=Amid Jai Bhim row, Suriya thanks fans for standing by him |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amid-jai-bhim-row-suriya-thanks-fans-for-standing-by-him-1877777-2021-11-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118051927/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amid-jai-bhim-row-suriya-thanks-fans-for-standing-by-him-1877777-2021-11-17 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Gnanavel apologised on Twitter, saying he takes responsibility for the controversy and blaming Suriya was unfair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim row: Director TJ Gnanavel apologizes to Vanniyar community, says 'it is unfair to hold Suriya responsible' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jai-bhim-row-director-tj-gnanavel-apologizes-to-vanniyar-community-says-it-is-unfair-to-hold-suriya-responsible-101637558315153.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122061224/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jai-bhim-row-director-tj-gnanavel-apologizes-to-vanniyar-community-says-it-is-unfair-to-hold-suriya-responsible-101637558315153.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> On 11 August 2022, [[Madras High Court]] quashed criminal proceedings against Suriya and Gnanavel for allegedly hurting the sentiment of the Vanniyar community in the film. The complainant said the film intended to incite violence and hostility on a particular community but the court said no such instance had been recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2022 |title=Case against Suriya's Jai Bhim quashed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/case-against-suriyas-jai-bhim-quashed-8085050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529025230/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/case-against-suriyas-jai-bhim-quashed-8085050/ |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

A scene in which Prakash Raj's character [[Inspector General of Police#India|IGP]] Perumalsamy slaps a pawnbroker for speaking in Hindi and tells him to speak in Tamil sparked controversy on social media and was opposed by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |date=22 December 2021 |title=How cinema is used as a vehicle for hate politics in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-cinema-used-vehicle-hate-politics-tamil-nadu-159010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211110005/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-cinema-used-vehicle-hate-politics-tamil-nadu-159010 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Some commentators stated it promotes anti-Hindi sentiment while others said Perumalsamy slaps the pawnbroker for trying to confuse him and evade questioning by speaking in a language he does not understand when he can speak in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim: Twitter Reacts to Prakash Raj Slapping a Man For 'Speaking in Hindi' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/jai-bhim-prakash-raj-slapping-man-for-speaking-hindi-twitter-reactions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102162203/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/jai-bhim-prakash-raj-slapping-man-for-speaking-hindi-twitter-reactions |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=What's this row over Jai Bhim? Explained |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jai-bhim-row-prakash-raj-slapping-hindi-speaking-man-sparks-language-debate-1872739-2021-11-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103074954/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jai-bhim-row-prakash-raj-slapping-hindi-speaking-man-sparks-language-debate-1872739-2021-11-03 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Prakash Raj responded to this by saying: "they did not see the agony of the tribal people, they did not see and feel terrible about the injustice, they saw only the slap. That is all they understood; this exposes their agenda", but confirmed that the pawnbroker, who knows Tamil, was trying to evade questioning by speaking in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2021 |title=Prakash Raj on misplaced backlash to Jai Bhim, and working across languages |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/prakash-raj-jai-bhim-suriya-tamil-cinema-131762 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106174606/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/prakash-raj-jai-bhim-suriya-tamil-cinema-131762 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021 |website=News9live}}</ref>

According to [[Bharathiraja]], president of Tamil Film Active Producers Association:
<blockquote>Cinema has influenced and been a catalyst for social change on multiple occasions ... ''Jai Bhim'' is also one such creation that is part of efforts to instigate social change ... Viewing [Suriya] as someone who is against positive change in society or encouraging violence against him, is wrong and sets the wrong example. The best thing to do would be to let an art stand for itself without infringing the creators' artistic freedom. If this trend goes on, filmmakers will have to wait outside the houses of politicians to seek their approval before they could go ahead with a script and shoot a film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim row: Bharathiraja-led Tamil producers association backs Suriya |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-row-bharathiraja-led-tamil-producers-association-backs-suriya-157681 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116123301/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-row-bharathiraja-led-tamil-producers-association-backs-suriya-157681 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref></blockquote>

== Legacy and Impact ==
''Jai Bhim'' has received an overwhelming response from members of the film fraternity, including [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Sivakarthikeyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Jai Bhim Twitter Reactions: Chief Minister MK Stalin, Kamal Haasan Other Celebs Praise Suriya Starrer |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/jai-bhim-twitter-reactions-chief-minister-mk-stalin-kamal-haasan-other-celebs-praise-suriya-starrer-5082693/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103141232/https://www.india.com/entertainment/jai-bhim-twitter-reactions-chief-minister-mk-stalin-kamal-haasan-other-celebs-praise-suriya-starrer-5082693/ |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 |website=[[India.com]]}}</ref> [[K. Chandru|Justice K. Chandru]], who was closely associated with the film from the story discussions to post-production work, stated in an interview with ''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai|The Federal]]'': "the film is not a mere retelling of Sengini's tragic tale, but is more about throwing light on the larger picture of the victimisation of vulnerable communities like the Irula tribe".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavitha |date=6 November 2021 |title=Surya was told no fight, no love: Justice Chandru on making of 'Jai Bhim' |url=https://thefederal.com/features/surya-was-told-no-fight-no-love-justice-chandru-on-making-of-jai-bhim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107052730/https://thefederal.com/features/surya-was-told-no-fight-no-love-justice-chandru-on-making-of-jai-bhim/ |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Federal}}</ref> [[M. K. Stalin]], the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], praised the film, saying it had occupied his thoughts all night long.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=1 November 2021 |title=Stalin: 'Jai Bhim' made my heart heavy, recalled my time in prison |url=http://www.dtnext.in/amp/News/TamilNadu/2021/11/01194945/1326982/Stalin-Jai-Bhim-made-my-heart-heavy-recalled-my-time-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106031937/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/News/TamilNadu/2021/11/01194945/1326982/Stalin-Jai-Bhim-made-my-heart-heavy-recalled-my-time-.vpf |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> He stated the film's core issue reminded him of his own time in prison when arrested in 1976 under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] (1971) during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]], and that his heart felt very heavy after watching the film.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} He congratulated Suriya and Gnanavel, and the entire film unit, saying he wished more such films were made. He complimented Suriya's donation of {{INRConvert|10|m}} to the Pazhangudi Irular Trust for their education.<ref name=":02" /> Responding to Stalin's compliments, Suriya said: "I am running out of words. The compliments of the Chief Minister have fulfilled the intent of ''Jai Bhim''", and thanked the politician on behalf of the team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2021 |title=Actor Suriya meets CM Stalin, donates Rs 1 cr towards education of Irular students |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-suriya-meets-cm-stalin-donates-rs-1-cr-towards-education-irular-students-157153 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102173605/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-suriya-meets-cm-stalin-donates-rs-1-cr-towards-education-irular-students-157153 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Suriya promised to open a fixed deposit of {{INR}}10 lakh in the name of Parvati Ammal. He said: "The interest accrued for the FD will be handed over to Parvati Ammal every month and it will be ensured that the amount goes to her children after her death".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2021 |title=Actor Suriya to donate Rs 10 lakh to Jai Bhim's real-life protagonist |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/actor-suriya-to-donate-rs-10-lakh-to-jai-bhim-s-real-life-protagonist-1050674.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114142328/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/actor-suriya-to-donate-rs-10-lakh-to-jai-bhim-s-real-life-protagonist-1050674.html |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

''Jai Bhim'' was the most popular Indian film of 2021 according to [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=IMDb top 10 of 2021: Jai Bhim is most popular movie of the year; Aspirants is most popular web series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/imdb-top-10-of-2021-jai-bhim-is-most-popular-movie-aspirants-is-most-popular-web-series-7664180/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211203247/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/imdb-top-10-of-2021-jai-bhim-is-most-popular-movie-aspirants-is-most-popular-web-series-7664180/ |archive-date=11 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2021 |title='Jai Bhim' and 'Aspirants' take top place on IMDB's top movies and web-series lists of 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jai-bhim-and-aspirants-take-top-place-on-imdbs-top-movies-and-web-series-lists-of-2021/article37908561.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215060932/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jai-bhim-and-aspirants-take-top-place-on-imdbs-top-movies-and-web-series-lists-of-2021/article37908561.ece |archive-date=15 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Jai Bhim'' also became the most-searched film of 2021 on [[Google]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=Google Year in Search 2021: 'Jai Bhim', Shershaah', 'Radhe' most-searched films in India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/google-year-in-search-2021-jai-bhim-shershaah-radhe-most-searched-films-in-india-7804361.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208114022/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/google-year-in-search-2021-jai-bhim-shershaah-radhe-most-searched-films-in-india-7804361.html |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhavani |first=Divya Kala |date=8 December 2021 |title='Jai Bhim' to 'Vakeel Saab': The 10 most searched-for South Indian films in 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/google-trends-most-searched-for-tamil-telugu-malayalam-films-2021/article37893872.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208095242/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/google-trends-most-searched-for-tamil-telugu-malayalam-films-2021/article37893872.ece |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Raj Shinde, a critic at the Indian website ''[[ThePrint]]'', cited ''Jai Bhim'' as an example of how Indian cinema evolved to produce anti-caste films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=2021 was the year of anti-caste cinema – from Jai Bhim to Karnan |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/2021-anti-caste-cinema-jai-bhim-karnan/784452/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222231253/https://theprint.in/opinion/2021-anti-caste-cinema-jai-bhim-karnan/784452/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> Several publications, including ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2021 |title=Jai Bhim, Sarpatta Parambarai and Master: The best and worst of Tamil cinema in 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jai-bhim-sarpatta-parambarai-master-the-good-and-the-bad-of-tamil-cinema-2021-yearender-7683572/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=Jai Bhim to Maanaadu: Best Tamil cinema of 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-maanaadu-best-tamil-cinema-2021-159279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102123929/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jai-bhim-maanaadu-best-tamil-cinema-2021-159279 |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=From Karnan to Jai Bhim and Master: Best of Tamil cinema in 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/from-karnan-to-jai-bhim-and-master-best-of-tamil-cinema-in-2021-101640701168928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102062238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/from-karnan-to-jai-bhim-and-master-best-of-tamil-cinema-in-2021-101640701168928.html |archive-date=2 January 2022 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=Most memorable Tamil films of 2021, from Karnan, Sarpatta Parambarai to Mandela, Jai Bhim |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/most-memorable-tamil-films-of-2021-from-karnan-sarpatta-parambarai-to-mandela-jai-bhim-10244351.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230140216/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/most-memorable-tamil-films-of-2021-from-karnan-sarpatta-parambarai-to-mandela-jai-bhim-10244351.html |archive-date=30 December 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> and ''[[India Today]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=31 December 2021 |title=Year-ender 2021: Jai Bhim to The Great Indian Kitchen, Best South films of the year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/year-ender-2021-jai-bhim-to-the-great-indian-kitchen-best-south-films-of-the-year-1894486-2021-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231132218/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/year-ender-2021-jai-bhim-to-the-great-indian-kitchen-best-south-films-of-the-year-1894486-2021-12-31 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> listed ''Jai Bhim'' as one of the best Tamil films of 2021. According to the social networking site [[Letterboxd]], it was listed in the 15th position of "highest rated International films of 2021".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Letterboxd's Highest-Rated Int'l Films: 'Sardar Udham', 'Jai Bhim' Score Spots |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/letterbox-year-in-review-2021-highest-rated-international-films-jai-bhim-joji-sardar-udham-sarpatta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114214840/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/letterbox-year-in-review-2021-highest-rated-international-films-jai-bhim-joji-sardar-udham-sarpatta |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> It was also fourth in the list of films that were tweeted about most in 2021, according to a report published by [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=Vijay's Master to Pawan Kalyan's Vakeel Saab, South films ruled Twitter trends in 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijays-master-to-pawan-kalyan-s-vakeel-saab-south-films-ruled-twitter-trends-in-2021-101639051529538.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221070722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijays-master-to-pawan-kalyan-s-vakeel-saab-south-films-ruled-twitter-trends-in-2021-101639051529538.html |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2021 |title=Vijay's 'Master' and Ajith's 'Valimai' most tweeted-about movies in India in 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-master-and-ajiths-valimai-most-tweeted-about-movies-in-india-in-2021/article37908149.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192742/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-master-and-ajiths-valimai-most-tweeted-about-movies-in-india-in-2021/article37908149.ece |archive-date=11 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A scene from the film was listed on [[The Oscars]]' official [[YouTube]] channel as a part of the segment "Scene at the Academy",<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2022 |title=A poignant scene from Suriya's Jai Bhim receives a spot in The Oscars's YouTube library |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/a-poignant-scene-from-suriyas-jai-bhim-receives-a-spot-in-the-oscars-youtube-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311045001/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/a-poignant-scene-from-suriyas-jai-bhim-receives-a-spot-in-the-oscars-youtube-library |archive-date=11 March 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[Vogue India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2022 |title=Watch: Montage from Tamil movie 'Jai Bhim' on the Oscars YouTube channel |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1015506/watch-montage-from-tamil-movie-jai-bhim-on-the-oscars-youtube-channel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120193706/https://scroll.in/reel/1015506/watch-montage-from-tamil-movie-jai-bhim-on-the-oscars-youtube-channel |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> with T. J. Gnanavel talking about making the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2022 |title=Scene from Suriya's Jai Bhim make it to Oscars' library, first Tamil film to earn this honour. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/scene-from-suriya-s-jai-bhim-make-it-to-oscars-library-first-tamil-film-to-earn-this-honour-watch-101642493278297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217111430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/scene-from-suriya-s-jai-bhim-make-it-to-oscars-library-first-tamil-film-to-earn-this-honour-watch-101642493278297.html |archive-date=17 February 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2022 |title=Video about Suriya's Jai Bhim makes its way to Oscars' YouTube channel |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/video-about-suriya-s-jai-bhim-makes-its-way-oscars-youtube-channel-159985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120193705/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/video-about-suriya-s-jai-bhim-makes-its-way-oscars-youtube-channel-159985 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film's screenplay was published as a book and was made available at the [[Chennai Book Fair]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Suriya's Jai Bhim screenplay released as a book |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-screenplay-released-as-a-book/96789389 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425063848/https://mirchi.in/stories/movies/suriyas-jai-bhim-screenplay-released-as-a-book/96789389 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15097216}}

{{2D Entertainment}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s legal drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 controversies]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Amazon MGM Studios films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Karl Marx]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films about lawsuits]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. J. Gnanavel]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1993]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Irula-language films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Legitimacy of Queen Victoria

2026-03-07T08:46:59Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{Short description|Speculation over the parentage of Queen Victoria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}[[File:Queen Victoria 1887.jpg|thumb|Queen Victoria]]
The parentage of [[Queen Victoria]] has been the subject of speculation. It has been suggested that her biological father was not [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]. This suggestion has largely centred on the familial incidence of [[hereditary diseases]] and [[circumstantial evidence]], and is not widely believed.

==Succession crisis==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}[[File:Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales.jpg|left|thumb|Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales]]
[[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]] was the only daughter of the Prince Regent (later King [[George IV]]). Her and her stillborn son's death in 1817 set off a race between the Prince Regent's brothers, the six surviving younger sons of King [[George III]], to see who could father a legitimate heir. Some of the brothers had been previously involved in scandals. [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]], the second in line to the throne, was amicably separated from his wife, [[Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia]], who was already past childbearing age. The sixth son, [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex]], had contracted two marriages in contravention of the [[Royal Marriages Act 1772]] (as had the Prince Regent before his marriage to [[Caroline of Brunswick|Charlotte's mother]]). Three brothers, the third, fourth and seventh in line to the throne, married in 1818: [[William IV|Prince William, Duke of Clarence]]; [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]]; and [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge]]. The fifth son, [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]], was already married but had no living children at the time.

The Duke of Clarence married Princess [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]]. Though he had been able to father ten illegitimate children with [[Dorothea Jordan]], an earlier mistress, none of his children by his wife survived childhood. The second daughter, [[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence|Elizabeth]], lived the longest, being born on 10 December 1820 and dying on 4 March 1821. The next son to produce an heir was the Duke of Cambridge, whose son [[Prince George, Duke of Cambridge|George]] was born on 26 March 1819. He would be displaced two months later by the birth of a daughter to the Duke of Kent and [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], his wife. Their first and only child was [[Queen Victoria|Princess Victoria]]. She was born on 24 May 1819, just three days before the son of the Duke of Cumberland, also called [[George V of Hanover|George]].

Both George III and the Duke of Kent died in January 1820. The Prince Regent became George IV and Victoria was third in line to the throne after her uncles, the Duke of York and Duke of Clarence (the future William IV). She would ultimately take the throne as Queen Victoria in 1837.
[[File:Victoria succession.png|center|A pedigree showing the succession of Victoria to the throne]]

==Controversy==
[[File:Sir John Conroy, 1st Bt by Henry William Pickersgill.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Portrait of John Conroy]]'' by [[Henry William Pickersgill]], 1837
]]{{More citations needed section|date=October 2025}}
Rumours about Victoria's parentage centred on a controversial [[Irish people|Irish]] soldier and adventurer called [[Sir John Conroy]] who was her mother's private secretary and the [[comptroller]] of her household. The Duchess of Kent was the same age as Conroy, whereas she was nineteen years younger than her husband; the court gossiped openly about their relationship. After the Duke's death, Conroy [[Kensington System|assumed a parental role towards Victoria that she bitterly resented]]. This caused a near permanent rift between Victoria and her mother, as well as between the Duchess and her brother-in-law, William IV. Conroy expected that when Victoria became queen he would be made her private secretary, but instead one of her first acts as monarch was to dismiss him from her household.

The belief that the Duchess and Conroy were lovers was widespread. When asked by [[Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville|Charles Greville]] whether he believed they were lovers, the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] replied that he "supposed so".<ref>{{cite book|first=Christopher |last=Hibbert |author-link=Christopher Hibbert |title=Queen Victoria: A Personal History |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-306-81085-5 |page=27}}</ref> The Duke later recounted a story that when Victoria was young she had caught Conroy and the Duchess engaged in what were diplomatically called "some familiarities".<ref>{{harvp|Hibbert|2001|p= 27}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Longford |author-link=Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford|title=Queen Victoria: Born to Succeed |publisher=Pyramid Books |location=New York |year=1965 |asin=B001Q77XAQ|page=118}}</ref> Wellington reported that she told [[Baroness Louise Lehzen]], who told her close ally, Madame de Späth, who confronted the Duchess about her behaviour. According to Wellington, the Duchess of Kent was furious and promptly dismissed de Späth.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kate|last=Williams|author-link=Kate Williams (historian) |title=Becoming Queen Victoria: The Tragic Death of Princess Charlotte and the Unexpected Rise of Britain's Greatest Monarch |publisher=Ballantine Books|year=2010 |isbn=978-0-345-46195-7 |page=211}}</ref> Victoria, when queen, appears to have disputed the story, stating that her mother's piety would have prevented any undue familiarity with Conroy.<ref>{{harvp|Longford|1965|p= 119}}.</ref>

==Genetics==
[[A. N. Wilson]] suggested that Victoria's father could not have been the Duke of Kent for two reasons:
* The sudden appearance of [[haemophilia|hæmophilia]] in [[Haemophilia in European royalty|the descendants of Victoria]]. The illness did not exist in the royal family before.
* The supposed disappearance of [[porphyria]] from the descendants of Victoria. According to Wilson, the disease was prevalent in the royal family before Victoria but not afterwards.<ref>{{cite book |first = A. N. |last = Wilson |title = The Victorians |publisher = Hutchinson |year = 2002 |isbn = 0-09-179421-8 |page = 25 }}</ref>
The argument was first proposed in (Potts and Potts, 1995).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Potts |first=D. M. |title=Queen Victoria's gene |last2=Potts |first2=W. T. W. |date=1995 |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=978-0-7509-0868-9 |location=Stroud}}</ref>

Both arguments can be countered. Since most hæmophilia is [[X-linked]] (most importantly, [[Haemophilia B|hæmophilia B]], which is now known to be what Queen Victoria passed to her descendants), in order for a father to transmit the condition he must have it himself, but Conroy was healthy. Hæmophiliacs were unlikely to survive in the early nineteenth century due to the lack of effective treatments.<ref>{{cite book |last = Packard |first = Jerrold |year = 1973 |title = Victoria's Daughters |location = New York |publisher = St. Martin's Press |pages = 43–44 }}</ref> Indeed, life expectancy was 11 years or younger, even into the later half of the twentieth century,<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210104-overview |title = Hemophilia Overview |journal = EMedicine |publisher = webMD |first1 = Dimitrios P. |last1 = Agaliotis |first2 = Robert A. |last2 = Zaiden |first3 = Saduman |last3 = Ozturk |name-list-style = amp |date = 24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is still as low in developing countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Konkle |first1 = Barbara A. |last2 = Josephson |first2 = Neil C. |last3 = Nakaya Fletcher |first3 = Shelley M. |last4 = Thompson |first4 = Arthur R. |name-list-style = amp |date = September 22, 2011 |url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1495/ |title = Hemophilia B |journal = GeneReviews |editor1-last = Pagon |editor1-first = R.A. |editor2-last = Adam |editor2-first = M. P. |editor3-last = Bird |editor3-first = T. D. |display-editors = etal |location = Seattle |publisher = University of Washington |pmid = 20301668 }}</ref> Nor is there evidence of hæmophilia in either Conroy's ancestors or descendants, or any mention of any hæmophiliacs in any document associated with the Kents. It is likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because the Duke of Kent was 50 when Victoria was conceived; hæmophilia-causing mutations arise more frequently in the children of older fathers,<ref>{{cite magazine |author-link = Victor A. McKusick |last = McKusick |first = Victor A. |year = 1965 |title = The Royal Hemophilia |magazine = Scientific American |volume = 213 |page = 91 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link = Steve Jones (biologist) |last = Jones |first = Steve |year = 1993 |title = The Language of the Genes |location = London |publisher = HarperCollins |isbn = 0-00-255020-2 |page = 69}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Jones |first = Steve |year = 1996 |title = In the Blood: God, Genes and Destiny |location = London |publisher = HarperCollins |isbn = 0-00-255511-5 |page = 270}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Ruston |first = Alan R. |year = 2008 |title = Royal Maladies: Inherited Diseases in the Royal Houses of Europe |location = Victoria, British Columbia |publisher = Trafford |isbn = 978-1-4251-6810-0 |pages = 31–32 }}</ref> and spontaneous mutations account for about 30% of cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hemophilia.org/NHFWeb/MainPgs/MainNHF.aspx?menuid=181&contentid=46&rptname=bleeding|title=Hemophilia B (Factor IX)|publisher=National Hemophilia Foundation|year=2006|access-date=20 June 2010}}</ref>

With regard to porphyria, there is no genetic evidence that the royal family even had the disease, and its diagnosis in George III's case (and others) has been questioned.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1 = Peters |first1 = Timothy J. |last2 = Wilkinson |first2 = D. |year = 2010 |title = King George III and Porphyria: A Clinical Re-Examination of the Historical Evidence |doi = 10.1177/0957154X09102616 |magazine = History of Psychiatry |volume = 21 |issue = 1|pages = 3–19 |pmid = 21877427 }}</ref> Not all porphyria is passed down genetically, and even if the diagnosis of hereditary porphyria is correct, it may well have continued among descendants of Queen Victoria. Her daughter [[Victoria, Princess Royal]], as well as ''her'' daughter, [[Princess Charlotte of Prussia|Charlotte of Prussia]], are suspected to have suffered from it, as is another descendant of Queen Victoria's, [[Prince William of Gloucester]].<ref>{{cite book |author1-link = John C. G. Röhl |last1 = Röhl |first1 = John C. G. |last2 = Warren |first2 = Martin |last3 = Hunt |first3 = David |name-list-style = amp |year = 1998 |title = Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe |location = London |publisher = Bantam Press |isbn = 0-593-04148-8 }}{{page needed|date= January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLGhimIiFPoC&dq=porphyria+empress+victoria&pg=PA394 | isbn=9781851093557 | title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion | date=5 May 2003 | publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref>

Concrete evidence on the origins of the hæmophilia disease and paternity of Victoria could be achieved with a [[DNA]] test of her or her parents' remains, but no such study has been sanctioned by the royal family.<ref>{{cite book|first=Helen |last=Rappaport|author-link=Helen Rappaport |title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion|publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85109-355-7 |page = 195 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first = Katherine |last = Hudson |title = A Royal Conflict: Sir John Conroy & the Young Victoria |publisher = Hodder & Stoughton |year = 1994 |ISBN= 9780340607497}}
{{refend}}

{{Queen Victoria}}

[[Category:Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:British urban legends]]
[[Category:Legitimacy law|Victoria]]

Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj

2026-03-07T06:19:37Z

ViolaCnr7137989: adjust intro based on references and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj
| image = Narnarayan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Narnarayan Dev]] murti at this temple
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| district = Kutch
| location = [[Bhuj]]
| deity = {{bulleted list|[[Nar Narayan]]|[[Radha Krishna]]}}
| festivals=[[Janmashtami]], [[Holi]], [[Radhastami]], [[Diwali]]
| year_completed = 15 May 1823
| creator = Shri [[Swaminarayan]]
| website = www.swaminarayan.faith
}}
'''Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj''' ([[Devnagari]]: श्री स्वामिनारायण मंदिर, भुज) is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Bhuj]]. This temple was constructed by [[Swaminarayan]], founder of the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Nar Narayan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.swaminarayan-oldham.org/temples_page.htm | title=Swaminarayan Temples}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|2001|p=29}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bhuj Swaminarayan Temple logo.JPG|left|100px|thumb|Bhuj Swaminarayan Temple Logo]]
[[File:Old Bhuj Temple.jpg|thumb|The temple, part destroyed by the earthquake]]
[[File:Bhuj Swaminarayan Mandir main gate.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Main gate of the temple]]

This mandir comes under the [[Narnarayan Dev Gadi]]. According to legend, senior devotees Gangarambhai jethi Sundarjibhai, Jigneshwarbhai and others from the [[Bhuj]] region of [[Kutch]] went to [[Gadhada]] where Swaminarayan was attending a ''Fuldol festival''. In that festival, the devotees of Bhuj met Swaminarayan and requested him to construct a temple in Bhuj.<ref name="Lifeand">{{cite web | url=http://www.swaminarayan-oldham.org/Life_and_Faith_Book/Chapter4_Swaminarayan_Sampraday/Ch4__Life_and_Faith.htm#_Bhuj_–_Kutch| title=Life and Faith of Swaminarayan: Bhuj - Kutch}}</ref>

Swaminarayan asked ''Vaishnavananand Swami'' to proceed with a team of the saints to Bhuj and construct a temple. Vaishnavanand Swami and the accompanying saints went to Bhuj in 1822, camped at the place neighbouring the land of temple drew plans of the temple, complex, executed the plans with minute details and within a short span of one year, they built a temple abode of [[NarNarayan Dev|Nar Narayan Dev]].<ref name="Lifeand" />

== Gujarat earthquake ==
[[File:Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|New Temple]]
{{Main|Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj (New temple)}}

The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake]] on 26 January 2001 destroyed much of the city of Bhuj, including this temple. There are plans to construct a [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj (New temple)|new temple]] a short distance away from the site.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.swaminarayan-oldham.org/temples_page.htm | title=Swaminarayan Temples: Bhuj}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jan/26quak2.htm?mh | title='We have to get on with our lives' | date=27 January 2002 | publisher=Rediff | first=Savera R | last=Someshwar | access-date=21 October 2018 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Shri Swaminarayan Temples|Swaminarayan Temples]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite book
|last=Williams
|first=Raymond
|year=2001
|title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-65422-7
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030525222217/http://www.swaminarayansatsang.com/temples/templesdetails.asp?Mandirid=83 Swaminarayan Mandirs Worldwide - Bhuj]
* [http://www.bhujdham.com/ Shree NarNarayan Dev Nutan Mandir Mahotsav 2010 - Bhuj]

==External links==
{{commons category|Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj}}
* [https://www.swaminarayan.faith/ Temple Official Website]
* [http://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/all-about-swaminarayan-temple-bhuj-001168.html All about Swaminarayan Mandir]
* [http://www.bhujdham.com/ Shree NarNarayan Dev Nutan Mandir Mahotsav 2010 - Bhuj]

{{Swaminarayan Sampraday}}

{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]

List of Malayalam films of 1998

2026-03-07T04:46:48Z

ViolaCnr7137989: minor edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Malayalam films}}

The following is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s released in 1998.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! colspan='2' | Opening !!Film !! Cast !! Director !! Music director !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 5
| ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]]'' ||[[Nagma]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha|KPAC Lalitha]], [[Cochin Haneefa]]||[[Rajasenan]] || [[Berny Ignatius]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Kudumba Vaarthakal]]'' ||[[Jagadish]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], Rehana Navas || Ali Akbar || [[Berny-Ignatius]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 26
| ''[[Kanmadam]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Manju Warrier]] || [[A. K. Lohithadas]] || [[Raveendran]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''F E B'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''[[Nakshatratharattu]]'' || [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] || [[K. Shankar]] || [[Mohan Sithara]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 23
| ''[[Pranayavarnangal]]'' || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Divyaa Unni|Divya Unni]]||[[Sibi Malayil]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Elavamkodu Desam]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]||[[K. G. George]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 13
| ''[[Kusruthi Kuruppu]]'' ||[[Jayaram]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]|| Venugopan || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Sidhartha (1998 film)|Sidhartha]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] || [[Jomon (director)|Jomon]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 26
| ''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]'' ||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Sukumari]], || Sandhya Mohan || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 8
| ''[[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]]'' ||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]||[[Raghunath Paleri]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''Gloria Fernandes from USA'' || [[Babu Antony]], [[Reena (actress)|Reena]] || [[P. G. Vishwambharan]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 21
| ''[[Kaikudunna Nilavu]]'' || [[Jayaram]], [[Ranjitha]], [[Dileep]], [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] || [[Kaithapram]] ||
|-
| ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Jayaram]], [[Manju Warrier]]
|| [[Sibi Malayil]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 3
| ''[[Anuragakottaram]]'' || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Suvalakshmi]] || [[Vinayan]] || [[Ilayaraja]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 9
| ''[[Kallu Kondoru Pennu]]'' || [[Vijayshanti]], [[Suresh Gopi]] || [[Shyamaprasad]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Oru Maravathoor Kanavu]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Divyaa Unni|Divya Unni]]||[[Lal Jose]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 18
| ''[[Oro Viliyum Kathorthu]]'' || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sukumari]], [[Suma Kanakala]]||[[V. M. Vinu]] || [[Berny-Ignatius]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 16
| ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Mammootty]], [[Juhi Chawla]]||[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] || [[Ouseppachan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 19
| ''[[Mangalya Pallakku (film)|Mangalya Pallakku]]'' || [[Sreenivasan]], [[Jagadish]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] || Vinod Roshan || BalabhaskarRajamani ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 30
| ''[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Nandhini]]||[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] || [[Raveendran]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 4
| ''[[Punjabi House]]'' || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]||[[Rafi Mecartin]] || [[Suresh Peters]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"|'''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 1
| ''[[British Market]]'' || [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || Nizar || Rajamani ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 15
| ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]'' || [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]], [[Sreenivasan]] || [[Sreenivasan]] || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] ||
|-
| ''[[Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham]]'' ||[[George Vishnu]]. [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]]|| Kalabhavan Ansar || [[Berny-Ignatius]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#edefff; textcolor:#000;"| 23
| ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' || [[Mohanlal]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]||[[Venu Nagavalli]] || [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"|'''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 3
| ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Sulekha]] || Rajan Sankaradi || [[Ouseppachen]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 6
| ''Mayajalam'' || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Vineetha]] || Balu Kiriyath || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' || [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Jomol]] || [[Anil Kumar (film director)|Anil]] || [[Berny Ignatius]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 29
| ''[[Sneham (1998 film)|Sneham]]'' || [[Jayaram]], [[Jomol]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]||[[Jayaraj]] || [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;"| 30
| ''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]]'' || [[Jayaram]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] || [[Rajasenan]] || [[Berny-Ignatius]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sundarakilladi]]'' || [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] || Muralikrishnan || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"|'''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;"| 25
| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] || [[Jose Thomas]] || [[Nadirsha]] ||
|-
| ''Dravidan'' ||[[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Rajan P Dev]]|| Mohan Kupleri || [[S. P. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
|
|
|''Aaghosham''
|[[Manoj K. Jayan|Manoj K Jayan]], [[Suvarna Mathew]]
|T. S. Saji
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Aalibabayum Aarara Kallanmarum]]''
|[[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Jagadish|Jagadheesh]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
|
|[[Berny-Ignatius|Berny Ignatius]]
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Achaammakkuttiyude Achaayan]]''
|[[Rajan P. Dev|Rajan P Dev]], [[Srividya]], [[Jagadish]]
|[[Rajan P. Dev|Rajan P Dev]]
|
|
|- yet to sort
| || ||''[[Ayushman Bhava (1998 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]''||[[Jayaram]], [[Divyaa Unni|Divya Unni]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| Suresh Vinu
| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Chenapparambile Aanakkariyam]]''||[[Sudheesh]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
| Nissar
| ||
|-
|
|
|''Chitrashalabham''
|[[Jayaram]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Jomol]]
|K. B. Madhu
|
|
|-
| || ||''[[Daya (film)|Daya]]''||[[Manju Warrier]], Krishna
| [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] || [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]''||[[Jomol]], Chanchal
| [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Graama Panchaayathu]]''||[[Jagadish]], [[Kaveri]]
| [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]]
| [[Berny–Ignatius|Berni Ignatious]]
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Harthaal]]''
|[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Vani Viswanath|Vani Vishwanath]]
|
|
|
|-
| || ||''[[Ilamura Thamburan]]''||[[Manoj K Jayan]], [[Vani Viswanath]]
| || [[Raveendran]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Kalapam]]''||[[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Praveena]]
| Baiju Kottarakkara
| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Kattathoru Penpoovu]]''||[[Thilakan]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
| [[Mohan Kupleri]]
| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Magician Mahendralal from Delhi]]''||[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| || ||
|-
| || ||''[[Malabaril Ninnoru Manimaaran]]''||[[Jagadish]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]]
| || ||
|-
| || ||''[[Manjukalavum Kazhinju]]''||[[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
| || [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Manthrikumaran]]''||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]
| [[Thulasidas]]
| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Manthri Kochamma]]''||[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
| || [[Mohan Sithara]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Mattupetti Machan]]''||[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sreelakshmi]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]], [[Maathu]]
| [[Jose Thomas]]
| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Ormacheppu]]''||[[Lal (actor)|Lal]], Chanchal, [[Dileep]]
| [[Lohithadas]]
| [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Poothiruvathira Ravil]]''||[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]], [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]]
| || ||
|-
| || ||''[[Samaantharangal]]''||[[Balachandra Menon]], [[Maathu]]
| [[Balachandra Menon]]
| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Sooryaputhran]]''||[[Jayaram]], [[Divyaa Unni|Divya Unni]]
| [[Thulasidas]]
| [[Ouseppachan]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Sooryavanam]]''||[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]
| || ||
|-
| || ||''[[Thakazhi (film)|Thakazhi]]''|| || [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
| [[Raveendran]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Thalolam (movie)|Thalolam]]''||[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Sreelakshmi]]
| [[Jayaraj]]
| [[Kaithapram]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[Thattakam]]''|| [[Kaithapram]], [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| Ramesh Das
| [[Kaithapram]]
|
|-
| || ||''[[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]]''||[[Mammootty]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Vani Viswanath|Vani Vishwanath]], [[Divyaa Unni|Divya Unni]]|| [[Shaji Kailas]]|| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Thirakalkkappuram]]''||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Manju Warrier]]
| Anil Adithyan
| ||
|-
| || ||''[[Kulirkaattu]]''|| || || ||
|-
| || ||''[[Meenthoni]]''|| || || ||
|-
| || ||''[[Aaraam Jaalakam]]''|| || || ||
|}

==Dubbed films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| ''[[Dravidam]]''||Bhanu Chander|| || || ||
|}

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1998 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films Of 1998}}
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films| 1998]]
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|1998]]
[[Category:Lists of 1998 films by language|Malayalam]]
[[Category:1998 in Indian cinema]]

Shikari (1991 film)

2026-03-04T06:16:09Z

ViolaCnr7137989: add citations for accuracy also and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shikari
| image = Shikari (1991 film).jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Umesh Mehra]] Latif Faizev
| producer = Parvesh Mehra
| writer = Vinay Shukla, Roskov Nikolai, Ulmas Umerbekov
| studio = Eagle Films
| cinematography = S. Pappu, L. Travitsky
| editing = M. S. Shinde
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]] [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] Irina Kushnareva [[Amrish Puri]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1991|4|12}}
| runtime = 140 min.
| country = India Soviet Union
| language = Hindi Russian
| budget =
}}

'''''Shikari''''' ({{translation|"Hunter"}}), also known as '''''Shikari: The Hunter''''' in India and '''''Po Zakonu Dzhungley''''' (По закону джунглей, ''The Law of the Jungle'') in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], is a 1991 film, jointly directed by [[Umesh Mehra]] and Latif Faiziyev, mostly shot in [[Russia]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Irina Kushnareva, [[Varsha Usgaonkar]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], and [[Amrish Puri]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Reviews: Shikari - Good Entertainer|journal=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|date=19 April 1991}} - {{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540364|title=Shikari Cast & Crew|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Shikari'' is the story of Shankar ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]), who earns his living by doing road shows along with Chanchal. Shankar happens to see a circus poster featuring Natasha (Irina Kushnareva) and begins to dream of working with her. By chance Shankar receives an offer to work in a Russian circus troupe where Natasha is also employed.

==Cast==
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Adarsh Kumar / Fakira
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Shankar Kumar
* [[Irina Kushnareva]] as Natasha
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Chanchal
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Chanchal's Father
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Bob
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Nahar Singh
* [[Dara Singh]] as Bajrangi
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Mrs. Bajrangi
* [[Amrit Pal (actor)|Amrit Pal]] as Hari Singh
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Raja Sahib
* [[Rucha Gujrati]] as Young Chanchal
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Young Adarsh/Fakira
* Master Bunty as Young Shankar
* Makhmud Ismilov as Makhham

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shikari
| type = Film
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Weston Musicassettes/[[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Anu Malik]] and the lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Shikari-The-Hunter-1991/RBoQ8XL7GqE_|title=Shikari Songs|publisher=[[Saavn]]|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Mere Dost Hindustani"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 2
| "I Love You"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 3
| "Main Hoon Aflatoon"
| [[Sudesh Bhosale]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
|-
| 4
| "Duniya Mein Kitne Watan"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], Mohammed Aziz, Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 5
| "Koki Koki Koki"
| [[Anu Malik]], Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 6
| "Duniya O Duniya"
| Sudesh Bhosale, Sapna Mukherjee
|-
| 7
| "Eena Meena Maeena Mo"
| Mohammed Aziz
|-
| 8
| "Ye Duniya Ek Circus Hai"
| Sudesh Bhosale
|-
| 9
| "Jo Aata Hai"
| [[Amrish Puri]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0170416|Shikari}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films shot in Russia]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Soviet multilingual films]]
[[Category:1991 Soviet films]]
[[Category:1991 Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian-language action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Umesh Mehra]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Soviet action films]]

{{1990s-USSR-film-stub}}
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kiladi Kittu

2026-03-03T22:22:04Z

ViolaCnr7137989: added page for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kiladi Kittu
| image = Kiladi Kittu.jpg
| director = [[K. S. R. Das]]
| story = M. D. Sundar
| producer = D. T. S. Rao Y. R. Ashwath Narayana Rao D. S. Narasinga Rao
| screenplay = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] (dialogue)
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Rajinikanth]]
| music = Mohan Kumar
| editing = P. Venkateshwara Rao, [[K. S. R. Das]]
| released = {{Film date|1978|03|03|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
}}

'''''Kiladi Kittu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕಿಲಾಡಿ ಕಿಟ್ಟು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[K. S. R. Das|K.S.R. Das]]. The film starred [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Rajinikanth's Kannada movies one must watch on his birthday, today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajinikanths-kannada-movies-one-must-watch-on-his-birthday-today/photostory/79695157.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120225656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajinikanths-kannada-movies-one-must-watch-on-his-birthday-today/photostory/79695157.cms |archive-date=20 November 2021 |access-date=23 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The music for the film was composed by Mohan Kumar. The director remade the film in Telugu in 1981 as ''Black Cobra''.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Kittu
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Inspector Srikanth
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
* [[Pandhari Bai]]
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Geetha
* [[Vajramuni]]
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
* [[Shivaram]]
* [[Sudha Rani|Baby Jayashree]]
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimha Raju]] as Achchanna
* [[T. N. Balakrishna]] as Muttanna
* [[Shakti Prasad]]
* [[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]]
* [[Chethan Ramarao]]
* [[Mysore Lokesh]]
* [[Fighter Shetty]]
}}

== Production ==
Jayashree, later known as Sudha Rani, was three years old when signing the film, her debut. Her brother Murali appeared as the younger version of Rajinikanth's character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anien |first=Tini Sara |date=5 June 2020 |title=Sudharani: I faced camera first when I was just three |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sudharani-i-faced-camera-first-when-i-was-just-three-846146.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921111917/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sudharani-i-faced-camera-first-when-i-was-just-three-846146.html |archive-date=21 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of ''Kiladi Kittu'' was composed by Mohan Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilaadi Kittu Kannada Film EP Vinyl Record by Mohan Kumar |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kilaadi-kittu-kannada-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-mohan-kumar-2/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223103637/https://mossymart.com/product/kilaadi-kittu-kannada-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-mohan-kumar-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiladi Kittu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |date=1979-01-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/hu/album/kiladi-kittu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1721251194 |work=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231223102935/https://music.apple.com/hu/album/kiladi-kittu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1721251194 |url-status=live |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Taavare Hoovu Yee Ninna
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Hoovante Hennu
| extra2 = [[Yesudas]]
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length2 = 3:16
| title3 = Nanna ninna Olavu Madhura
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics3 = [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Madilalli Maguvagi Naanu
| extra4 = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics4 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Ee Cheluvu Seleva Naguvu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics5 = R. N. Jayagopal
| length5 =
| title6 = Manasanu Kodu
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1364239}}

{{K. S. R. Das}}

[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. R. Das]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Mansinhji II

2026-03-03T22:06:13Z

ViolaCnr7137989: New Initial Details W/ Refs

{{Short description|Maharana Raj Sahib of Dhrangadhra}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mansinhji II {{small|{{nobold|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|size=90%}}}}}}
| title = [[His Highness]] [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]]
| image = H.H. Man Singh, Raja of Dhrangadhra.jpg
| caption = HH Maharana Raj Mansinhji II Sahib
| succession = [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Maharana Raj Sahib of Jhalavad]]
| reign = 1869-1900
| predecessor = [[Ranmalsinhji II]]
| successor = [[Ajitsinhji of Dhrangadhra|Ajitsinhji]]
| birth_date = 11 January 1837
| birth_place = Manmehlat Palace, [[Dhrangadhra State]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1900|12|02|1837|df=y}}
| death_place = Manmehlat Palace, [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra State]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*''[[#Family|Details]]''
*[[Vaghela]] Rupali Kuwarba
*[[Jadeja]] Jiji Kunwarba
*[[Gohil dynasty|Gohil]] Kasi Kunwarba
*[[Gohil dynasty|Gohil]] Kesaba kunwarba
*[[Chauhan dynasty| Chauhan]] Hamji kunwarba}}
| issue = Jaswantsinhji Sajjansinhji
| issue-link = #Family
| issue-pipe = Among 6 others
| full name = Mansinhji II Ranmalsinhji Jhala
| house = [[File:Drapeau Dhrangadhra.png|25px]] [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]
| father = [[Ranmalsinhji II]]
| mother = Bairaj kunwarba [[Jadeja]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
| dynasty = [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]]
| module =
}}
[[Highness|HH]] [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] '''Mansinhji II Ranmalsinhji''' [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]], {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCSI|}}, was the 42nd ruler of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Jhalavad]] from 1869 to 1900. He was granted a personal salute of [[15-guns salute|15-guns]] during his reign. He was succeeded by his grandson [[Ajitsinhji of Dhrangadhra|Ajitsinhji]].

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
He was born on 11 January 1837 at Manmehalat Palace, [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]] to [[Maharana]] [[Ranmalsinhji II]] and Maharani Bairaj kunwarba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mayne |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBU-AQAAMAAJ&q=Mansinhji+II |title=History of the Dhrangadhra State |date=1921 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |language=en}}</ref>

=== Reign ===
He succeeded his father Ranmalsinhji II on 28 October 1869 at Jhallesvar Vat Palace, [[Halvad]]. He was promoted to personal salute of [[15-guns salute|15-guns]] and was awarded [[Knight Commander of the Star of India|KCSI]] on 1 January 1877 at the Delhi Durbar of 1877. He received a ''Sanad'' of adoption in 1890.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilberforce-Bell |first=Harold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmZDAAAAYAAJ&q=mansinhji+II+dhrangadhra |title=The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times |date=1980 |publisher=Ajay Book Service |language=en}}</ref>

He extended education facilities, improved the [[transport infrastructure]], reformed the revenue assessments and building hospitals. He built the first girls school and an English school in [[Dhrangadhra]] and many Gujarati schools in villages nearby. He also built Prince of Wales Hospital in [[Dhrangadhra]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeeRRf0EhnIC&q=maharana+Mansinhji |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&dq=mansinhji+II+dhrangadhra&pg=PA38 |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Death and succession ===
He died on 2 December 1900, succeeded by his grandson [[Ajitsinhji of Dhrangadhra|Ajitsinhji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=maharana+Mansinhji&pg=PA387 |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Family ==
He had 5 wives and 6 Children: 3 sons and 3 daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dhranga7 |url=https://www.royalark.net/India/dhranga7.htm |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.royalark.net}}</ref>

=== Wives ===
*Rupali Kuwarba [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]], daughter of Thakore Jalamsinhji of Bhadarwa
*Jiji Kunwarba [[Jadeja]], daughter of Sangaji Sahib of Khijdia, in [[Dhrol State|Dhrol state]]
*Kasi Kunwarba [[Gohil dynasty|Gohil]], daughter of Thakore Shri Pratapsinhji of [[Palitana State]]
*Kesaba kunwarba [[Gohil dynasty|Gohil]], daughter of Thakore Shri Sursinhji Pratapsinhji of [[Palitana State]]
*Hamji kunwarba Chauhan of [[Chhota Udaipur State]]
=== Children ===
*Jaswantsinhji, [[Ajitsinhji of Dhrangadhra|Ajitsinhji]]'s father
*Sajjansinhji
*Natwarsinhji
*Raj Kunwarba, married to [[Highness|HH]] [[Maharaja]] Ranjit Singh of [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]]
*Takht Kunwarba, married to [[Highness|HH]] [[Maharaja]] [[Madho Singh II]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]]
*Gulab Kunwarba, married to [[Highness|HH]] [[Maharawal]] [[Shalivahan Singh]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]

== Titles ==

* 1837-1869: Patvi Namdar [[Raja (title)|Rajkumar]] [[Shri]] Mansinhji II Ranmalsinhji Sahib, [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]
* 1869-1877: Shri Shaktimant Jhaladipati Mahamandleshwar [[Maharana]] Sriraj [[Sir]] Mansinhji II Ranmalsinhji [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]], [[Maharana]] Raj Sahib of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]]
* 1877-1900: Shri Shaktimant Jhaladipati Mahamandleshwar [[Maharana]] Sriraj [[Sir]] Mansinhji II Ranmalsinhji [[Maharaja Bahadur|Sahib Bahadur]], [[Maharana]] [[Raja|Raj]] Sahib of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Dhrangadhra]],[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]

== Awards and honours ==

* Prince of Wales Medal, 1875
* '''KCSI''': [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]], 1877
* '''KIH''': [[Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal]], 1877

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{morecat|date=October 2025}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]

Stotra

2026-02-28T03:43:35Z

ViolaCnr7137989: quick update

{{Short description|Sanskrit work meaning "ode" or "eulogy"}}
{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''''Stotra''''' (Sanskrit: [[wikt:स्तोत्र|स्तोत्र]]) is a [[Sanskrit]] word that means "ode, eulogy or a [[hymn]] of praise."<ref name=monierwilliamsstotra>Monier Williams, Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Article on '''[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/indexcaller.php?input=HK&output=SktRomanUnicode&citation=stotra Stotra]'''</ref>{{Sfn|Apte|1965|p=1005}} It is a literary genre of Indian religious texts designed to be melodically sung, in contrast to a ''[[shastra]]'' which is composed to be recited.<ref name=monierwilliamsstotra/> 'Stotra' derives from 'stu' meaning 'to praise' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=Stotra |url=https://www.hindupedia.com/en/stotra |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref>

A stotra can be a prayer, a description, or a conversation, but always with a poetic structure. It may be a simple poem expressing praise and personal devotion to a deity for example, or poems with embedded spiritual and philosophical doctrines.<ref name="Nayar1992"/>

A common feature of most stotras other than Nama stotras is the repetition of a line at the end of every verse. For example, the last line of every verse in the Mahiṣāsura Mardinī Stotra ends in "Jaya Jaya Hē Mahiṣāsura-mardini Ramyakapardini śailasute."

Many stotra hymns praise aspects of the divine, such as [[Devi]], [[Shiva]], or [[Vishnu]]. Relating to word "''stuti''", coming from the same Sanskrit root ''stu-'' ("to praise"), and basically both mean "praise". Notable stotras are ''[[Shiva Tandava Stotram]]'' in praise of Shiva and [[Ram Raksha Stotra|''Rama Raksha Stotra'']], a prayer for protection to [[Lord Rama|Rama]].

Stotras are a type of popular devotional literature. Among the early texts with Stotras are by Kuresha,{{Clarify|reason=|date=August 2018}} which combine [[Ramanuja]]'s Vedantic ideas on qualified [[monism]] about [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and [[Brahman]] (ultimate, unchanging reality), with temple practices.<ref name="Nayar1992" /> Stotras are key in Hindu rituals and blessings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2024-09-20 |title=Stotra: Significance and symbolism |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/stotra |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology and definition==
''Stotra'' comes from the Sanskrit root ''stu-'' which means "to praise, eulogize or laud" combined with the ''ṣṭran suffix''.<ref name="Nayar1992">{{cite book| author=Nancy Ann Nayar| title=Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja| year=1992| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447032551|pages=ix-xi}}</ref> Literally, the term refers to "poems of praise".<ref name=nayar1516>{{cite book| author=Nancy Ann Nayar| title=Poetry as Theology: The Śrīvaiṣṇava Stotra in the Age of Rāmānuja| year=1992| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447032551|pages=15–16}}</ref> The earliest trace of stotras are Vedic, particularly in the ''[[Samaveda]]''.<ref name=nayar1516/>

The genre of stotras spans from refined, personal works of poetic phrase such as ''kavya'' to impersonal lists of a deity's names (''nama-stotras'') that can function like mantras through repetition. Historically linked to Vedic hymns and other lyrical poetry, stotras appear in many South Asian traditions, including [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Shaivism]], and [[Vaishnavism]], and are often included in larger works like the [[Mahabharata]], [[Ramayana]], and various [[Puranas]] and [[Hindu tantric literature|Tantras]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stainton |first=Hamsa |title=Poetry as prayer in the Sanskrit hymns of Kashmir |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-088982-1 |location=Oxford ; New York |pages=2-4}}</ref>

==Example==
[[File:God marriage AS.jpg|thumb|right|A seated Ardhanarishvara with both the vahanas]]
The following is a Peterson translation of a Stotra by the Tamil poet [[Appar]] for [[Ardhanarishvara]], the Hindu concept of a god who incorporates both the masculine and the feminine as inseparable halves.<ref name=goldberg94/>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
An earring of bright new gold one ear,
a coiled conch shell sways on the other,
On one side he chants the [[Vedas|Vedic]] melodies,
on the other, he gently smiles,
Matted hair adorned with sweet [[Cassia fistula|konrai]] blossoms on one half of his head,
and a woman's curls on the other, he comes.
The one the nature of his form, the other of hers,
And both are the very essence of his beauty.
</poem>
|Appar, Ardhanarishvara Stotra|<ref name=goldberg94>{{cite book|author=Ellen Goldberg|title=Lord Who Is Half Woman, The: Ardhanarisvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective| year=2012| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0791488850| pages=91–96}}</ref>}}

== Nama-stotra ==
The ''nama-stotra'' is based on chanting a litany of names for a deity. The [[Sahasranama]], a type of ''nama-stotra,'' is a litany of a thousand names for a particular deity. [[Sahasranama]] means "1000 names"; Sahasra means 1000 and nama means names. For example, [[Vishnu Sahasranama]] means 1000 names of Vishnu.<ref>[https://www.hindupedia.com/en/Vishnu_Sahasranamam Vishnu Sahasranamam] on Hindupedia, the Online Hindu Encyclopedia</ref> Other ''nama-stotra''s may include 100 or 108 epithets of the deity. According to Hinduism, the names of God are valuable tools for devotion.

==Notable stotras==
===Stotras for Siva===
*''[[Shiva Tandava Stotram|Śiva Tāṇḍava Stotra]]''
*''[[Shiv Mahimna Stotra|Śiva Mahimna Stotra]]''
*''[[Panchakshara Stotra|Panchākṣara Stotra]]''
*Nataraja Stotra
*[[Asitakrutam Shivastotram|Asitakṛtam Śivastotram]]
*[[Dakshinamurthy Stotram|''Dakshinamūrti Stotra'']]

===Stotras for Devi===
*''[[Mahishasura Mardini Stotra|Mahiṣāsura Mardinī Stotra]]''
*[[Ashtalakshmi Stotram|''Aṣṭalakshmī Stotra'']]
*''Agasti Lakshmi Stotra''
*''[[Annapurna Stotra|Annapūrṇa Stotra]]''
*''Radha Sahasranama Stotra''<ref>Rita Thyagarajan, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrNyYldbm3I Sri Radha Sahasranama]</ref><ref>Yaśodā Kumāra Dāsa, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqJBVCHGfHY Sri Radha Sahasranama Stotram]</ref>
* Lalita Sahasranama Stotra
* Bala Tripurasundari Sahasranama Stotra<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nidhi |first=Stotra |date=2022-04-16 |title=Sri Bala Tripurasundari Sahasranama Stotram 1 - śrī bālā tripurasundarī sahasranāma stōtram 1 |url=https://stotranidhi.com/en/sri-bala-sahasranama-stotram-in-english/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Stotra Nidhi |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_2rAk3gBCA |title=Sri Bala Sahasranamam |date=2023-04-04 |last=Srividya Tantram |access-date=2025-11-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* Bhavani Sahasranama Stotra<ref>Durga Lal Sharma Raj Purohit Kishtavad, [https://archive.org/details/bhavani-sahasranama-stavaraj-durga-lal-sharma-raj-purohit-kishtavad Bhavani Sahasranama Stavaraj]</ref><ref>''[https://archive.org/details/rnwc_shri-bhavani-sahasra-nam-stotram-chaukhamba-stotra-granth-mala-9-sanskrit-chaukh/page/n23/mode/2up Shri Bhavani Sahasra Nam Stotram],''Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratisthan, Delhi</ref><ref>Swami Nirdosha, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JFS5aGcTm8 Bhavani Sahasranama Stotram]</ref>
* Dakaradi Sridurga Sahasranama Stotra
* Durga Sahasranama Stotra<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iquBJsZyBLI Durga Sahasranama Stotram] chanting in Sanskrit</ref>
* Gayathri Sahasranama Stotra<ref>Bengaluru Sister, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1L5lw6LE6o Sri Gayathri Sahasranama]</ref>
* Kali Sahasranama Stotra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astro Mantra® Official {{!}} The Astro Products Store |url=https://www.astromantra.com/kali-sahastranaam/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Astro Mantra |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LauyKyOjeos |title=Kali Sahasranamam Stotram |date=2023-08-03 |last=Rajalakshmee Sanjay - Topic |access-date=2025-11-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* Kalika Sahasranama Stotra<ref>[https://stotranidhi.com/en/sri-kalika-sahasranama-stotram-in-english/ Stotranidhi.com]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/Kalika_Sahasranama_Stotra_From_Kalika_Kulasarvasva Kalika Sahasranama Stotra (From Kalika Kulasarvasva)]</ref>
* Lalitarahasya Sahasranama Stotra
* Lakshmi Sahasranama Stotra<ref>L[https://www.hindupedia.com/en/Lakshmi_Sahasranama_Stotram akshmi Sahasranama Stotram], translated by P.R.Ramachander</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRIQAitIcCo Lakshmi Sahasranama Stotram] with lyrics</ref>
* Minakshi Sahasranama Stotra
* Parvati Sahasranama Stotra<ref>[https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/pArvatIsahasranAmastotram.html Shri Parvati Sahasranama Stotram] in Sanskrit</ref><ref>Koushik K, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6y_nx7EuhdQ Parvati Sahasranama] from Kurma Purana</ref>
* Saraswati Sahasranama Stotra<ref>[https://vignanam.org/english/sarasvati-sahasra-nama-stotram.html Sarasvati Sahasra Nama Stotram]</ref><ref>[https://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/details/skandapurana50.html Essence of Skanda Purana] by Kamakoti Peetham</ref><ref>Prema Rangarajen, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s33xvWjF36E Saraswati Sahasranama Stotram]</ref>
* Sita Sahasranama Stotra<ref>Prem Prakesh Dubey, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8v65FdRIms&t=8s Sri Sita Sahasranama Stotram]</ref><ref>Anika Aggarwal, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LivdRqBdNXM Sri Sita Sahasranama Stotram] with lyrics</ref>
* Sodasi Rajarajeswari Sahasranama Stotra<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4JhIHzNqCo&t=5s Shri Rajarajeswari Sahasranama Stotram] chanting</ref>
* Syamala Sahasranama Stotra<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhM2ZF9USJI Shri Syamala Sahasranama] Chants by Dr.R.Thiagarajan</ref>

===Stotras for Vishnu & avatara===
*''[[Hayagriva Stotra|Hayagrīva Stotra]]''
*''[[Hari Stotra]]''
*[[Vishnu Sahasranama|Vishnu Sahasranama Stotra]]
*Narasimha Kavacham Stotra
*''[[Ram Raksha Stotra|Rāma Raksha Stotra]]''
* Venkatesa Sahasranama Stotra
* Santanagopala Sahasranama Stotra
* Rakaradi Srirama Sahasranama Stotra
* Makaradi Srirama Sahasranama Stotra
* Lakshminarasimha Sahasranama Stotra
* Kakaradi Krishna Sahasranama Stotra

===Stotras for other Gods & Goddesses===
*''[[Maruti Stotra|Māruti Stotra]]''
* Anjaneya Sahasranama Stotra<ref>Tangirala Lakshmi Murty, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gdwaq4evPX0 Sri Hanuman, Anjaneya Sahasranamam]</ref>
* Surya Sahasranama Stotra<ref>Rajalakshmee Sanjay, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGmKswbZci8 Surya Sahasranama]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gG6RJjx8AU Surya Sahassthranaam] by Rattan Mohan Sharma</ref>
* Sanaischara Sahasranama<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2ruilUQvnU Shri Sanaischara Sahasranama], Chants by Dr.R.Thiagarajan</ref>

===In Christianity===
In the Tamil Language the word Sthoththiram(ஸ்தோத்திரம்) is derived from this Sanskrit word. Among Tamil Christians it means "praise" and is used as a greeting, the Bible, and in songs.

===General / Philosophical Stotras===
*[[Dvadasha stotra|''Dvādaśa Stotra'']] by [[Madhvacharya]]
*Mohamudgara Stotra (Bhaja Govindam) by [[Shankaracharya|Sankaracharya]]

==Jainism==
*''[[Bhaktamara Stotra]]''
*''[[Uvasagharam Stotra]]''

==See also==
*''[[Khadgamala]]''
*[[List of suktas and stutis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Citation | last=Apte | first=Vaman Shivram | year=1965 | title=The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary | place=Delhi | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | edition=Fourth revised and enlarged | isbn=81-208-0567-4}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514200843/http://stotra.teluguthesis.org/ Read Stotras in multiple languages] (archived 14 May 2011)
*[http://www.dvaita.org/stotra/alphaList.html Alphabetical List of the Stotras]
*[https://stotra.in/ Read Samskrit Stotra with their English Translation and English Transcription]

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]
[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Chants]]
[[Category:Stotras]]

Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan

2026-02-28T00:29:09Z

ViolaCnr7137989: quick correct layout for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Caste-related violence in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{update|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=2008 caste riots in Rajasthan
|partof=the [[Caste-related violence in India]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=23 May 2008 – 17 June 2008 and 17 December 2010 – 7 January 2011
|place=[[Rajasthan]]
|result=37 people dead, several hundred injured, destruction of state property<ref name="AP">{{cite news|title=37 killed in caste riots in India|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=2008-05-26|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5grq638-RMoECrIVSTc4sQrilxAwQD90SH5902|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529123325/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5grq638-RMoECrIVSTc4sQrilxAwQD90SH5902|archive-date=29 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

The '''Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan''' were a series of protests in [[Rajasthan]] state, [[India]], during 2008, and in later years. Violence erupted in the state of Rajasthan on 23 May 2008 when police fired on protesters belonging to the [[Gurjar]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] who were demanding a special status under [[Reservation in India|India's reservation system]]. In retaliation, the protesters lynched a policeman in the [[Bharatpur district]] of Rajasthan. In response, police shot at protesters as they tried to damage railway lines and government property. At least 15 were killed on the spot.<ref>{{cite web|title=37 killed in caste riots in India|url=http://thedailystar.net|access-date=15 February 2017|publisher=RSI LAB}}</ref>

On 24 May, the [[Indian army]] was called in to help address the violence as another 15 people were killed when police shot at a mob of protesters trying to torch a police station in Sikandra.

Thousands of protesters blocked a rail route between [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. Highways had also been blocked, and state authorities cancelled many buses. Getting almost nothing from the government for their demand of a 5% quota for government jobs, Gurjars again went on to agitate in 2010. They jammed trains on the Jaipur-Delhi and Mumbai-Delhi routes. Unlike the unrest in 2008, there was no violence in 2010. In May 2015, a similar protest was organized and over thousands of Gujjars blocked railway tracks halting train traffic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Led by Col. Kirori Singh Bainsla, Gujjars block Rail Route in Rajasthan for Quota in Govt Jobs|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/gujjars-revive-agitation-for-quota-in-rajasthan-govt-institutions-hit-rail-services/|access-date=22 May 2015|agency=ANI|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=22 May 2015}}</ref>
==Background==
Gurjars— a farming and trading community — are classified by the government as an "Other Backward Class". They are part of the caste system that does not face as much exclusion or discrimination in Indian society. The Gurjar community feels it has been economically and educationally left behind and it wants to be reclassified as a [[Scheduled Tribe]]. They demand scheduled tribe status so that they can qualify for government jobs and state college seats reserved solely for such groups. The Indian government has put in place an affirmative action plan that sets aside job and educational quotas for the disadvantaged groups that it classifies as Scheduled Tribes and [[Scheduled Caste]]s. These tribes, the government believes, need extra assistance to overcome centuries of neglect.<ref name="smh">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/many-die-as-indian-caste-demands-lower-status/2008/05/25/1211653847364.html|title=Many die as Indian caste demands lower status|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=2008-05-26 | date=26 May 2008}}</ref>

The state government, however, has so far declined to change their status. Instead, it has announced that Rs. 2.82 billion ([[United States dollar|$]] 67 million) will be spent to improve schools, clinics, roads and other infrastructure in Gurjar-dominated areas. However, Gurjar leaders have said that they "do not want money". [[COL.Kirori Singh Bainsla]], the head of the main Gurjar protest organisation issued a statement — "We do not accept the economic package."<ref name="smh" />

In 2007-2008, Gurjars in Rajasthan fought police. At least 72 people were killed in that violence.
In the wake of the ongoing Gurjar agitation in neighbouring Rajasthan, high alert had been sounded in the border districts of Madhya Pradesh to check any spread of violence.<ref name="smh" />
Rajasthan Chief Minister Vasnundhara Raje called them dacoits and Gunda.<ref name="hhi">{{cite news|url=http://www.hhinews.com/index.php/20080618100/National-News/Gujjar-Agitation-ends-in-Rajasthan.html|title=Gujjar Agitation ends in Rajasthan|publisher=[[HHI News]]|access-date=2008-06-18}}</ref> Due to elections she agreed for reservation.But in 2008 elections BJP lost in Rajasthan.

In 2015 , again Kirodi Singh Bainsla starts protests by stopping trains and roads in Karoli, Dausa, Bhartpur, Sawai Madhopur etc. Then Vasundhara Raje gave 1% reservation to Gujjars, Rebaris, Luhars, Banjaras, Gadiya under MBC category.

In 2019, Congress CM Ashok Gehlot increase reservation of MBC from 1% to 5%. The Gurjar vote bank would have shifted towards the Congress, so the BJP inducted [[Kirori Singh Bainsla]] into the BJP to attract the [[Gurjar]] votebank.

==Violence==
Gurjars mainly targeted the Jaipur-Delhi, Jaipur-Agra, and the Mumbai-Delhi transport routes as they believed it would capture the attention of the government and media altogether and resorted to violence when security forces tried to clear the roads and railways. Many Gurjars alleged the role of home minister and chief minister as provocative and oppressive. They blamed the government for giving the agitation a violent turn by firing at people gathering around Patoli village whose bodies were then preserved using salt and ice for the duration of the entire period of agitation. The demand for punishment for those responsible for killing the villagers was added to that of gaining the reservation. The news of dead bodies lying without cremation attracted many Gurjars from far off areas and even other states which added to the numbers of agitators who were now beyond the control of the police or the rapid action force and thus the Indian Army was called in. However, the violence only stopped after some assurances from the government.
Police in [[Sikandara|Sikandra]] town fired at protesters who torched a police station and two buses and shot and wounded a policeman, said Amanjit Singh Gill, Rajasthan's director-general of police. Protesters also burned down a police station in the nearby village of Chandra Guddaji, Gill said. Fifteen demonstrators died Friday when police fired live ammunition and tear gas to halt rioting, said Singh. A police officer was also beaten to death. At least 70 injured people were hospitalized in [[Jaipur]], the state capital, and the town of Dausa.<ref name="AP"/>

Demonstrators blocked a major highway linking Jaipur to [[Agra]] — site of the world-famous [[Taj Mahal]] monument — stranding thousands of people. Thousands of army, police, and paramilitary forces patrolled villages to control the violence.

Sporadic violence began again on 26 May when more than 36 towns observed a [[bandh]] to protest the police firing into the crowds. Six wagons of a goods train on its way to Agra derailed near Bandikui station in [[Dausa]] district due to tampering of rail tracks, allegedly by the Gurjars. Northern railway cancelled nine trains passing through Rajasthan and diverted several others to different routes.<ref name="zee1">{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=445193&archisec=NAT|title=Train, bus services affected due to Gujjar agitation |publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2008-05-27}}</ref>

==Security forces' action==
The [[Indian Army]], the [[Rapid Action Force]], jawans of the [[Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]], besides the [[Rajasthan police]], carried out patrolling in the troubled districts of Lalshot [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]], [[Karauli district|Karauli]] and [[Dausa district|Dausa]] as at least a dozen places, including [[Alwar]], [[Kotputli]], and [[Kekri, Rajasthan|Kekri]] in [[Ajmer]], [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] and Rayla in [[Bhilwara]] observed ''bandhs'' (closure or curtailing of city businesses, offices and civilian activity due to security fears).

==Government's response==
The Gurjar agitation was the outcome of years of negligence from the government in addressing the demands of Gurjars for their educational and economic progress, according to the Gurjar leaders their demands were just and they deserved reservation as the main occupation of Gurjars in areas where they lived in majority (Karauli, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Dausa, Dholpur) was agriculture and animal husbandry but they were deprived of reservation due to the political influence of rival communities who were not willing to share the benefits of reservation with the Gurjars and the Gurjar vote bank was considered to be smaller than the other communities by the government. Therefore, it was the mindset of the government to deny any reservation to the Gurjars. The government had earlier crushed a protest of farmers demanding water in [[Tonk district]] by firing at them and were employing similar tactics when a small mob was about to gather near [[Patoli village]] on the first evening of the agitation. A few villagers were killed in the firing. This incident backfired on the government and the agitation intensified as the Gurjars considered the villagers killed in the firing as 'martyrs' and a sense of sympathy and anger spread throughout the state. Consequently, major national highways (Jaipur-Agra, Jaipur-Delhi) were blocked and the Mumbai-Delhi rail line was also blocked at various places. The government which was not expecting such a backlash was forced to call in the Indian Army to maintain law and order. Jagan Gurjar, a ''[[dacoit]]'' from the [[Chambal River|Chambal ravines]] also participated in the agitation and was seen waving rifles on various T.V news channels.
Rajasthan Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]] on 25 May said there is a limit to everything and that her government will not allow Gurjars to take the state to "ransom".
"It is shocking that notorious dacoits and ''[[goonda]]'' elements, wielding arms and ammunition, have joined [[Kirori Singh Bainsla]] and are indulging in arson and violence. Such things will not be tolerated," Raje stated. The government will not allow anyone to take the state to ransom and law and order into their own hands, she warned. Raje alleged "a political party from a neighbouring state was instigating and pumping money" to fuel the violence in the state. She said the government is open for talks to resolve the issue in a peaceful manner and regretted that Bainsla has been rejecting her appeals. Expressing anguish over the violent incidents that have rocked the state since the past two days resulting in the deaths of 37 people, Raje said there is a limit for "bearing such violence and arson" and warned of stringent action against those who take the state to ransom. She said it was very unfortunate that the violence comes in the wake of the [[2008 Jaipur bombings|Jaipur bombings]] which claimed 66 lives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200805251867.htm|title=Raje warns of strong action against law breakers |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2008-05-26|location=Chennai, India|date=25 May 2008}}</ref>

On 26 February, the Chief Minister announced that she would write to the [[Prime Minister of India]] recommending placing Gurjars in the category of de-notified tribes, setting aside a reservation of 4-6 per cent for them. With post-mortem examination and the last rites yet to be performed on the bodies of 18 persons killed in police firing, the Rajasthan government on made it clear that a commando operation would be the "last option" for the recovery of the bodies now in the custody of large congregations of Gurjars at Karwadi village in [[Bayana]] tehsil of Bharatpur and at Sikandra in [[Dausa district]]. "We could have recovered the bodies in less than two hours using force. However, we will not do that considering the chances of further bloodshed," Home Minister Gulab Chand Kataria said. Parliamentary Affairs Minister [[Rajendra Singh Rathore]] told journalists here that the "Gurjar reservation is a national issue. The Cabinet has decided to write to the Prime Minister requesting him to convene a meeting of Chief Ministers to review the National Scheduled Tribe Policy document of 2006."<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052757420100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528011704/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/27/stories/2008052757420100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2008|title=Rajasthan not to use force|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2008-05-27|location=Chennai, India|date=27 May 2008}}</ref>

However, on 27 May Kirori Singh Bhainsla rejected Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje's proposal for additional reservation for the agitating community. Bainsla's rejection of the proposal was unexpected, as he had earlier welcomed Raje's move to recommend in a letter to the Prime Minister four to six percent special reservation for the community.<ref name="zee2">{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=445265&sid=NAT|title=Bainsla terms Raje's letter as 'farce', vows to continue stir |publisher=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2008-05-27}}</ref>

==Political reactions==
Congress MP [[Sachin Pilot]], after being denied permission to visit [[Dausa district]] to meet agitating Gurjar leaders. He demanded, the Rajasthan government led by Vasundhara Raje must quit as it had lost the moral right to rule after the death of 35 people in clashes, saying,
"The Vasundhara Raje government has lost its moral right and constitutional authority to continue in power. It has to admit the misgivings and must quit office now. You cannot terrorize a community."

==Other states==
[[Madhya Pradesh]], another state with a large Gurjar population, was put on alert after the violence. Delhi was also affected for two days due to heavy agitation of this community in mostly parts of Delhi.<ref>[http://delhidekho.com/cms/index.php/Latest/Gujjar-agitation-in-Delhi-/-NCR.html Gujjar agitation in Delhi]</ref> Community members, who have decided to assemble at [[Gwalior]] in Madhya Pradesh along with the bodies of those killed in the agitation.<ref name="MP" /> To keep control of the situation, additional police forces have been deployed in [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]] and [[Chambal Division|Chambal]], keeping in view the large number of Gurjars residing in the region.<ref name="MP" /> Police were also keeping a strict vigil on the Rajghat bridge on the highway of Rajasthan border.<ref name="MP">{{cite news |url= http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/lifestyle/alert-in-mp-due-to-gujjar-stir-in-rajasthan_10052294.html|title=Alert in MP following violence|work=Thaindian News|access-date=2008-05-26}}</ref> In western districts of [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] like [[Ghaziabad]], [[Baghpat]] and [[Gautam Buddha Nagar]] public transport like train and buses was affected till couple of weeks due to agitation of Gurjar Community.

==See also==
*[[Caste-related violence in India]]

==References==
<references/>
{{Caste in India|History=Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan}}
{{Discrimination}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2008 Gurjar Unrest in Rajasthan}}
[[Category:History of Rajasthan (1947–present)]]
[[Category:2008 in India|Gurjar Unrest in Rajasthan, 2008]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Violence in India]]
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]
[[Category:Reservation in India]]
[[Category:Indian caste movements]]

Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)

2026-02-22T19:53:11Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhupendra Singh dangi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|5|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sagar district|Bamora]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Home and Transport]], [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Government]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start1 = 21 December 2013
| term_end1 = 11 December 2018
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = *Govind Singh Rajput
*[[Bala Bachchan]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = December 2013
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Khurai (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]]
| predecessor = Arunodaya Choubey
| successor =
| office3 = [[Member of the Parliament]] In [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2013
| constituency3 = [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
| predecessor3 = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
| successor3 = [[Laxmi Narayan Yadav]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = [[Sagar University]]
| education = Bachelor of Laws
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Bhupendra Singh''' (born 20 May 1960) is an [[Indian politician]] and a former minister in charge of Home Affairs, IT & Transport as well as Urban Development and Housing in [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].

From 2013 to December 2018, he was a cabinet minister in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], for the IT and transport department, later in 2016 his IT department has been switched with home department after [[Babulal Gaur]] skipped the post. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]], he was elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar Lok Sabha constituency]] of Madhya Pradesh after two consecutive losses in assembly election 2003 & 2008 from Surkhi & Khurai respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/frmWinnerList.aspx |title=Election Commission of India-General Elections 2009 Results |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627024230/http://eciresults.nic.in/frmWinnerList.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://mpinfo.org/mpinfostatic/english/council/cabinetmin/ministersindex.asp :: Department Of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh ::] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720050909/http://mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/council/cabinetmin/ministersindex.asp |date=20 July 2017 }}. Mpinfo.org. Retrieved on 2017-04-03.</ref>

He was also a member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] during 1993-2003 from Surkhi.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4508 |title = Fifteenth Lok Sabha Member's Bioprofile |accessdate = 14 February 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120101005949/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4508 |archive-date = 1 January 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Currently he is ex-minister for Urban Development & Housing, Govt. of M.P.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://mpinfo.org/mpinfostatic/english/council/cabinetmin/ministersindex.asp Department of public relation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720050909/http://mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/council/cabinetmin/ministersindex.asp |date=20 July 2017 }}

__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhupendra}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sagar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Israt Sultana Elen Bhutto

2026-02-18T00:55:01Z

ViolaCnr7137989: basic added section as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Israt Sultana Elen Bhutto
| office = Member of Parliament
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| spouse = [[Zulfiker Ali Bhutto]]
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| native_name = ইসরাত সুলতানা ইলেন ভুট্টো
| native_name_lang = bn
}}

'''Israt Sultana Elen Bhutto''' is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and a member of parliament from [[Jhalokati-2|Jhalokathi-2]].<ref>{{cite news |title=17 women leaders ready to fight from Barishal division |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/175857 |accessdate=23 January 2019 |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041550/http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/175857 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Following the death of her husband, Member of Parliament [[Zulfiker Ali Bhutto]], his widow was elected to represent the Jhalokati-2 constituency during a 2000 by-election. Running as a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party|Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)]] candidate, she secured the seat and successfully defended it in the [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001 general election]] by defeating [[Amir Hossain Amu]] of the [[Awami League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991,1996,2001Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |url=http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=128 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229000444/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=128 |archive-date=2008-12-29 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=votemonitor.net}}</ref>. She continued her political career and was eventually re-elected to the [[2026 Bangladeshi general election|13th Bangladeshi Parliament]] under the BNP banner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=BNP candidate Israt Sultana wins Jhalakathi-2 {{!}} News |url=https://www.bssnews.net/news/360703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217073339/https://www.bssnews.net/news/360703 |archive-date=2026-02-17 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=BSS}}</ref>

== Lawsuit ==
She faced a 2006 lawsuit from her brother-in-law, Chunnu Mollah—who alleged her involvement in her husband’s death<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lawmaker sued for 'killing' husband |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/2006/05/27/d605270704102.htm |access-date=2026-02-17 | date=27 May 2006 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhutto, Israt Sultana Elen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Jhalokati Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jhalokati District]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:Bhutto family]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Aditya Birla Payments Bank

2026-02-17T00:58:04Z

ViolaCnr7137989: quick enhance section and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|Indian bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Aditya Birla Payments Bank
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2016|02|19|df=yes}}
| fate = Closed (2019)
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = {{ubl |Dev Bhattacharya (Non-Executive Director)|Sudhakar Ramasubramanian (MD & CEO)}}
| products = Savings Account, BHIM ABPB UPI, ABPB Wallet, ABPB Payments Gateway
| services = Banking, Payments & Payments Systems, UPI, NEFT, IMPS, Third Party Loan Referral, Digital wallet, Group Insurances
| parent = [[Grasim Industries|Grasim Industries Limited]] (51%) [[Idea Cellular|Idea Cellular Limited]] (49%)
| website ={{url |https://www.adityabirla.bank/}}
}}

'''Aditya Birla Payments Bank''' Limited (ABPB) was a [[payments bank]] started as a joint venture by Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd. and [[Idea Cellular]].<ref name=hbl>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/aditya-birla-nuvo-forms-jv-with-idea-cellular-for-payments-bank/article8257857.ece|title=Aditya Birla Nuvo forms JV with Idea Cellular for payments bank|date=19 February 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> Launched on 22 February 2018, it is the fourth payments bank to begin operations since issuance of licenses to 11 firms by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/aditya-birla-idea-payments-bank-begins-operations/articleshow/63034052.cms|title=Aditya Birla Idea Payments Bank begins operations|date=22 February 2018|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=43207|title=Aditya Birla Idea Payments Bank Limited commences operations|date=22 February 2018|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

On 20 July 2019, Aditya Birla Payments Bank announced that it would be shutting down operations subject to the receipt of requisite regulatory consents and approval.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditya Birla Idea Payments Bank to close operations - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/aditya-birla-idea-payments-bank-to-close-operations/articleshow/70309203.cms |website=The Times of India|date=20 July 2019 }}</ref>

==History==
Aditya Birla Nuvo (now [[Grasim Industries|Grasim Industries Limited]]) was one of the 11 entities to receive an in-principle approval by [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) to set-up payments banks in India, in August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/grasim-gets-investors-nod-to-merge-ab-nuvo-with-itself/article9622529.ece|title=Grasim gets investors' nod to merge AB Nuvo with itself|date=7 April 2018|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> Post the in-principle approval, RBI had issued a license to Aditya Birla Payments Bank under Section 22 (1) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to commence with the business of payments bank in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adityabirlanuvo.com/pdf/ABNLSELetter-april17.pdf|title=ABNLSELetter-april17|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413030434/http://www.adityabirlanuvo.com/pdf/ABNLSELetter-april17.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Aditya Birla Payments Bank earlier operated as IMCSL (Idea Mobile Commerce Services Ltd) as a brand of Idea Cellular Ltd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/idea-mobile-commerce-to-merge-with-aditya-birla-idea-payments/articleshow/52044168.cms|title=Idea Mobile Commerce to merge with Aditya Birla Idea Payments|date=29 April 2016|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

Aditya Birla Nuvo Limited holds 51 percent shares while the remaining 49 percent are with Idea Cellular.<ref name=hbl />

Aditya Birla Payments Bank, which was a joint venture between [[Aditya Birla Group|Aditya Birla Nuvo]] and [[Idea Cellular]], discontinued its banking business within 2 years of its inceptions due to lack of funds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aditya Birla Group closes its banking business within 2 years of operations - ET BFSI|url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/banking/aditya-birla-group-closes-its-banking-business-within-2-years-of-operations/70298448|access-date=2020-07-23|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* {{Official website|https://www.adityabirla.bank/}}

[[Category:Payments banks]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2016]]
[[Category:Online payments]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2016]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]

Ichalkaranji

2026-02-14T08:17:36Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{Short description|Town in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Lead too short|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ichalkaranji
| settlement_type = City
| nickname = The Textile Hub,
Manchester of Maharashtra
| image_skyline = Rajwada.jpg
| image_alt = Ichalkaranji
| image_caption = Ichalkaranji Palace (Rajwada) - DKTE's TEI
| pushpin_map = #Maharashtra #India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = y
| mapframe = Yes
| pushpin_map_alt = Ichalkaranji city
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7|N|74.47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = ------
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 49.84
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 539
| population_total = 287,570
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 151
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 416115/16/17
| area_code = 0230
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-09, MH-51
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hatkanangale (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hatkanangale]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation]]
| official_name =
| blank_name_sec1 = Website
| blank_info_sec1 = [https://ichalkaranjimnp.in/ Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation]
}}

'''Ichalkaranji''' ({{audio|Ichalkaranji.ogg|pronunciation}}[[Help:IPA/Marathi|[it͡səlkəɾəɳd͡ʒiː]]]) is a city located in the [[Kolhapur district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Info |first=Travelo |date=2025-02-28 |title=Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra city Guide: Where To Go, Stay, Eat, And shop in India’s best city {{!}} TraveloInfo [Updated-2025] |url=https://traveloinfo.com/ichalkaranji-maharashtra-tour-guide/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Travelo Info |language=en-US}}</ref> known for its prominent textile and engineering industries. Often referred to as the “Manchester of Maharashtra,”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichalkaranji, India - all you need to know |url=https://www.citities.com/City/IN/Ichalkaranji |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.citities.com |language=en}}</ref> the city is one of the country’s leading centres for grey fabric production and hosts a dense network of [[power loom]]s, processing units, and garment manufacturers. Ichalkaranji has experienced rapid industrial growth since the mid‑20th century,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ichalkaranji, DKASC College, Ichalkaranji |url=https://www.dkasc.ac.in/About%20Ichalkaranji |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.dkasc.ac.in}}</ref> evolving from a small princely town into a major economic hub with strong cooperative and entrepreneurial traditions.

==History==
The history of Ichalkaranji is described in [[iarchive:StoryOfIchalkaranji|''The Story of Ichalkaranji'']] (1929) by English historian Horace George Franks. He notes that the city experienced frequent political unrest and women of the ruling [[House of Ichalkaranji]] actively participated in state affairs with influence comparable to men. A prominent example is Anubai, wife of Venkat Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichalkaranji {{!}} Royal Ghorpade Dynasty Archive |url=https://www.rgda.uk/ichalkaranji |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=RoyalGhorpadeArchive |language=en}}</ref>

In 1892, Shrimant [[Narayan Rao]] Babasaheb became the eighth ruler of the House of Ichalkaranji. As a ruler, he is known for implementing modernizing reforms across all governed areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ichalkaranji, DKASC College, Ichalkaranji |url=https://www.dkasc.ac.in/About%20Ichalkaranji |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.dkasc.ac.in}}</ref> Narayan Rao was well educated, with particular attention given to subjects that would help him navigate the complexities of administration. He also travelled extensively throughout the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]], visiting [[Java]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka), and [[Myanmar|Burma]]. He also made 3 journeys to [[England]] and mainland [[Europe]].

Narayan Rao Babasaheb was widely regarded as a patron of culture and an enlightened leader.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goheen |first=John L. |title=Glimpses of Ichalkaranji |publisher=J L Goheen |page=41}}</ref> Narayan Rao actively encouraged the study of art and [[Indian classical music]], as well as providing financial support for art exhibitions in [[Pune]] and [[Mumbai]]. His interest in nurturing artistic talent would also lead to his endowment of scholarships at several art colleges in [[Maharashtra]] and students pursuing professional studies abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Venkatesh Mahavidyalaya,Ichalkaranji |url=https://www.venkateshcollege.com/society.php#:~:text=In%201892%20Shrimant%20Narayanrao%20Babasaheb,town%20in%20every%20possible%20way. |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.venkateshcollege.com}}</ref>

During the reign of Narayan Rao, Ichalkaranji grew into a thriving [[Industrial city|industrial town]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Times of India directory and yearbook including who's who}}</ref> Narayan Rao's economic reforms fostered the growth of a large [[textile industry]], noted for its decentralized and cooperative organization. Throughout his reign, Narayan Rao provided [[Subsidy|subsidies]] and free land to weavers and other promising businessmen. In 1904, Narayan Rao encouraged Vitthalrao Datar, a young [[entrepreneur]] from Ichalkaranji, to install a [[power loom]]. One of Narayan Rao's European journeys took him to [[Denmark]], where he observed the country's thriving [[co-operative|cooperative]] business sector and was impressed with its success. Upon his return to India, he sought to implement the principles of European [[cooperative ownership]] in order to modernize the [[Economy of India|economy]] of his realm.

==Geography and climate==
{{climate chart
|Ichalkaranji
|12|29|2.8
|14|32|2.1
|19|36|3.3
|22|38|3.5
|25|38|24.4
|24|34|114.2
|22|30|115.6
|21|29|119.6
|21|30|121.6
|19|32|60.8
|15|30|10.7
|12|28|6.5
|source=[http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:7902289&weadegreetype=C,+IND+forecast:averagesm&setunit=C MSN Weather]
|float=right
|clear=left
}}

Ichalkaranji is located at {{Coord|16.7|N|74.47|E}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ichalkaranji, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Ichalkaranji.html |access-date=2016-10-29 |website=Fallingrain}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|538|m|ft}}.

Ichalkaranji and other cities in the region receive substantial rainfall in the summer months. This is attributed to the [[Western Ghats]], which separates the [[Deccan Plateau]] from the Western coast of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=G. |last2=Smith |first2=R. B. |date=December 2016 |title=Impacts of the Western Ghats on Regional Precipitation in the Summer Monsoon |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.A53A0259Z/abstract |journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts |language=en |volume=2016 |pages=A53A–0259 |bibcode=2016AGUFM.A53A0259Z }}</ref>

Ichalkaranji (Hatkanangale T.; 16° 40' N; 74° 25' E; p.27,423; 8.7 square miles), lies in the Panchganga Valley about {{convert|18|mi|km|spell=in}} east of [[Kolhapur]] and half a mile north of the river. It is {{convert|6|mi|km|spell=in}} southeast of [[Hatkanangale railway station]]. The town consists of seven [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]].

{| class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse"
|-
! City Summary
! Numbers
|-
| City Area
| 29.84km2
|-
| Total Length of roads in City
| 421.78 K.M.
|-
| Number of IMC Gardens
| 5
|-
| Number of IMC Cultural Centers
| 7
|-
| Air-conditioned Drama Theatre
| 2
|-
| Number of IMC Vegetable Markets
| 3
|-
| Post Offices
| 5
|-
| Telephone Exchange
| 4
|-
| Police station
| 3
|-
| Electrical Sub Station
| 5
|-
| Total Hospitals in IMC area
| 197
|-
| Blood Banks
| 3
|-
| Number of IMC Swmming Pool
| 2
|-
| Sports Stadium
| 2
|-
| Wrestling ground with Stadium
| 1
|-
| IMC Yoga and Gymnasium Center
| 1
|-
| Number of IMC Bio-Medical West Centers
| 3
|-
| Number of IMC Slaughter House
| 1
|-
| Number of IMC Water storage reservoirs
| 9
|-
| Number of IMC water treatment plant
| 2
|-
| Total Number of IMC Buildings
| 75
|-
| Cinema Hall
| 16
|-
| Marriage Hall
| 35
|-
| Total numbers of Spinning Mills
| 11
|-
| Total number of Yarn Sizing Units
| 150
|-
| Number of High-Schools
| 57
|-
| International Schools
| 3
|-
| Number of Colleges
| 13
|-
| Engineering College
| 3
|}

==Administration==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}

The civil administration of the city is managed by the Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Corporation – Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation |url=https://ichalkaranjimnp.in/about-corporation/#:~:text=The%20civic%20administration%20of%20the,a%20municipal%20council%20in%201904.&text=Ichalkaranji%20is%20located%20at%2016.7,538%20metres%20(1768%20ft). |access-date=2025-05-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> The municipality oversees engineering works, health, sanitation, water supply, administration, and taxation in the city. The corporation is led by a Municipal President who is assisted by a Municipal Chief Officer and members of the council. The city is divided into 65 wards, with each council member (also known as councilor) serving terms of five years. The citizens directly elect the Municipal President. The Municipal Chief Officer presides over the Municipal Council. Its activities include developing new layouts and roads, town planning, and land acquisition. The city's [[Electrical grid|power grid]] is managed by the [[Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited]] (MAHADISCOM).

The citizens of Ichalkaranji elect one representative to the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] (state council) to represent the constituency of Ichalkaranji. Regional representatives (MLA) to the state council themselves play a role in the civil administration. On July 18, 2010 representative [[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar]] installed 21 letterboxes in the city in response to numerous complaints and suggestions from the public. In November 2019, the citizens of Ichalkaranji elected Prakash Awade as their MLA. Ichalkaranji city, being a part of the larger [[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangale Lok Sabha constituency]], also elects one member (MP) to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]. From 2009 to 2019, [[Raju Shetti]] served as MP. Following the [[2019 Indian general election|General Election of 2019]], [[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane|Dhairyasheel Sambhaji Rao Mane]] from the [[List of political parties in India|party]] [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] has served as MP.

Politics in the city are dominated by three political parties: the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP). The city is on the brink of a public health and environmental emergency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/City-plans-to-go-clean-seeks-central-funds/articleshow/6238864.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103045623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/pune/28290877_1_sewage-treatment-cleanliness-healthy-city |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-11-03 |title=City plans to go clean, seeks central funds |date=2010-07-31 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=February 2025}}

==Demographics==
As per provisional [[Census of India|Census]] reports, the population of Ichalkaranji in 2011 was 287,570; 149,691 male residents and 137,879 female residents respectively. Ichalkaranji has an average [[Literacy Rate]] of 85.98%,<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=Ichalkaranji (M Cl) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=640455 |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171009170414/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=640455 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 91%, while female literacy is 66%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. According to the 2011 census estimate, Ichalkaranji is the [[List of most populous cities in India|151st most populous city in India]].

The city's population as shown above excludes newly developed industrial and residential areas, villages that have been annexed by Ichalkaranji (known as part of the city) but have gram panchayat such as [[Kabnur]], Yadrao, and [[Korochi]] etc. Village [[Shahapur, Ichalkaranji]] was included in Ichalkaranji Municipal Council in 1985. With these areas included, the population is 325,709 of which 169,870 are males and 155,839 are females.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-08-20 |title=Letterbox still the lifeline in textile town – DNA – English News & Features – Top News – dnasyndication.com |url=http://3dsyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNPUN30104 |access-date=2016-10-29 |website=3dsyndication |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810202114/http://3dsyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNPUN30104 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and most spoken language, but [[Kannada]] is also spoken natively owing to history of the region. Other spoken languages are [[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]].

==Business and economy==
Considering the {{INR}} 150 billion sales of textile products and nominal 20% net profit and 257,572 Population of the city, [[per capita income]] of Ichalkaranji is ₹ {{formatnum:416472}}.{{Original research inline|date=February 2025}}{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} Ichalkaranji also ranks among cities with high ownership rates of consumer products such as home appliances and [[fast-moving consumer goods]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Abhay Vaidya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-ranks-8th-in-rich-stakes/articleshow/567168.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103045629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-18/pune/28341503_1_sugar-belt-pune-ranks-lists |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Pune ranks 8th in 'rich' stakes|date=18 March 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2010-09-20}}</ref>

==Industry==
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
Approximately 40% of new [[automobile]] sales in [[Kolhapur]] district is from Ichalkaranji [[Catchment area (human geography)|Catchment area]]. [[Maruti Suzuki]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero]], [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]], [[Honda]] and [[TVS Motor]] have authorized sales and services centres in Ichalkaranji. [[Maruti Suzuki|Suzuki]] and [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] also have their service centers in Ichalkaranji.

Ichalkaranji is one of the fastest-growing industrial areas in [[Maharashtra]] and has even been termed the "'''Manchester of Maharashtra'''". Having mixed communities from all parts of India this is a cosmopolitan town by true means. The city's economy is driven predominantly by the [[textile industry]]. Engineering is the second largest industry in the city. There is much progressive agriculture in the area surrounding the city. There are at least 14 banking companies in the city with almost all banks in India having a branch in the city. Textile goods manufactured in the city are sold all over India as well as exported to various parts of the world. Traders use the Centralized Online Real-time Exchange [[Core Banking]] facility for financial transactions. [[Indian Settlement Systems]] such as Real-time gross settlement [[Real Time Gross Settlement|RTGS]] and National Electronic Funds Transfer [[National Electronic Funds Transfer|NEFT]] System is also available in almost all branches of banks in the city. Despite all these Bankers clearing house in the city processes approximately 12,000 [[Cheque]]s on each working day. [[Clearing house (finance)|Clearing house]] is managed by the [[State Bank of India]].{{citation needed |date=June 2022}} CTS clearing has been started. Most of the [[Insurance]] companies in India have offices in the city.

===Textile industry===
Ichalkaranji, popular as the 'Manchester of Maharashtra', has about 25 spinning units with about 1.25 lakh power looms, 20,000 semi-automatic looms and 9,000 shuttle-less looms to run till December 2018, with a daily turnover of nearly {{INRConvert|10|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/textile-mill-owners-yield-to-striking-workers-demands/article4469719.ece|title=Textile mill owners yield to striking workers' demands|date=2 March 2013|access-date=3 March 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> apart from numerous power and hand processing houses. The town produces one crore meter of yarn every day which translates into a business of Rs 45 crore a day. Of the total production, 15 percent is directly exported while another 40 percent is for indirect export after processing. According to locals, over 50,000 weavers depend on their livelihood working in the power looms in town.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

Before 1980, Ichalkaranji was known for cotton [[poplin]], [[dhoti]], and cotton [[sari]]s. In the mid-1980s, weavers of the city started producing [[denim]], [[canvas]], [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]], and [[fabric]] for school uniforms ([[khaki drill]]). Fabrics such as [[seersucker]], [[Oxford]], [[herringbone (cloth)|herringbone]], [[ripstop]], [[chambray (fabric)|chambray]], [[tweed (cloth)|tweed]], and [[twill]] made in or around the Ichalkaranji city are used by many domestic and international fashion brands such as [[Raymond]]'s of India, [[Armani]], [[Banana Republic]], [[Hugo Boss]], and [[Paul Smith (fashion designer)|Paul Smith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soktas.com.tr/en/index-en.html |title=SOKTAS |access-date=2010-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318060058/http://www.soktas.com.tr/en/index-en.html |archive-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>

==Spinning==
In 1962 the Deccan Co-operative [[Spinning (textiles)|Spinning]] Mill Ltd. came into existence in Ichalkaranji, which was the first [[Co-operative]] Spinning Mill in Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ichcluster.in/about/about_ichalkaranji.html |title=Ichalkaranji Textile Development Cluster Limited |access-date=2010-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311185651/http://www.ichcluster.in/about/about_ichalkaranji.html |archive-date=11 March 2010}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, with over 20 modern spinning mills this region has become one of the major centers for spinning mills in India.<ref name="New policy to give a boost to the textile industry in Ichalkaranji">{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/sep/190910-textile-ministry-textile-parks-cotton-belt.htm|title=Textile parks in cotton belt|author=Vinod Kumar Menon|date= 19 September 2010|publisher=MiD DAY Infomedia|access-date=23 September 2010|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Some of these spinning mills are 100% export-oriented Units of cotton [[yarn]].

Yarn [[sizing]] is a preparatory process before the weaving that gives strength to yarn. The city has approximately 175 sizing units, which work for 24 hours a day and 6 days a week.

===Agriculture===
The city is surrounded by five [[sugar refineries]]. Annually they process over 5000000 [[metric ton]]s of sugarcane, as of 2009 sugarcane prices of ₹2600 per ton.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/farmers\-protests-in-pawar\s-home-turf-impact-sugar-supply/407497/ |title=Farmers' protests in Pawar's home turf impact sugar supply | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2010-09-09 |access-date=2016-10-29|last1=Jog |first1=Sanjay }}</ref> Sugarcane farmers itself bring in approximately Rs. 13000000000 ($13billion) to the economy of the city's [[Catchment area (human geography)|Catchment area]]. Four out of five sugar mills have Co-generation plants. The oldest of these five sugar mills is Deshbhakta Ratnappa Kumbhar Panchganga Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd, founded by Dr. [[Ratnappa Kumbhar]], an [[Indian independence activists|Indian independence activist]] who signs the final draft of the [[Constitution of India]]. Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd, one of the leading sugar companies in India, has set up a [[Bagasse]] based 30 [[Megawatt]] [[Cogeneration]] power plant in Ichalkaranji.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sunder Iyer |date=2009-07-23 |title=Deshbhakta Ratnappa Kumbhar Panchaganga SSK, Ichalkaranji Installs 30 MW turbine |url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/electronic-components/2009072329959.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727094826/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/electronic-components/2009072329959.htm |archive-date=27 July 2009 |access-date=2016-10-29 |website=Indiaprwire.}}</ref>

==Education and research==
Ichalkaranji has around 100 high schools with 3 international schools, around 20 colleges offering degree-level education in Arts, science, and commerce fields, 3 engineering colleges, 1 technical education institute and 1 research institute in engineering.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} Most of the schools and colleges are private and public or "municipal schools" (run by the local municipal council). The schooling system mainly offers [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] as well as other boards such as the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and so on. Marathi is the main language of instruction followed by English and Hindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Now-schools-can-teach-in-2-languages/articleshow/1516877.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811120206/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-05/mumbai/27795527_1_medium-regional-language-primary-education |url-status=live |archive-date=2011-08-11 |title=Now, schools can teach in 2 languages |date=2006-05-05 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref>

==Media and communication==
''Mahasatta'' is the local newspaper of the city, while other Marathi language newspapers such as ''[[Sakaal]]'', ''[[Pudhari]]'', ''[[Loksatta]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'', ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'', [[Maharashtra Times]], and ''[[Saamna]]'' are popular. Major English dailies in the city are [[The Times of India]], [[The Indian Express]] [[Business Standard]] and [[The Economic Times]]. Major Hindi dailies in the city [[Navbharat Times]], Lokmat Samachar (By lokamat group) and Vyapar (Hindi) of Janmabhoomi Group.

Star Maajha, Zee Marathi, [[Doordarshan]] Sahyadri, Colors Marathi, Sony Marathi and Me Marathi are popular television channels. English and Hindi entertainment and news channels are watched as well. Ichalkaranji has had FM Radio services running for the last few years. Though Radio Tomato (Pudhari Publications). 94.3 MHz, [[Radio Mirchi]] (98.3 MHz) tops the popularity rating along with [[All India Radio]] FM (102.7 MHz).

[[Broadband Internet access]], provider in the city is DataOne by [[BSNL]] Fixed Line telecom services are offered alongside [[GSM]] and [[Code division multiple access]] (CDMA) mobile services. Cell phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are [[Vodafone Essar]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], BSNL, [[Reliance Communications]], [[Idea Cellular]], [[Aircel]] and [[Tata Indicom]]. Recently{{when|date=July 2021}} a [[3G]] service has been launched by [[Vodafone Essar]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], BSNL, [[Reliance Communications]], [[Idea Cellular]], [[Aircel]] and [[Tata Indicom]]. The work for laying [[Fibre optics]] for [[4G]] is in progress.{{citation needed |date=June 2022}}

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}}
Ichalkaranji is well connected by the neighboring cities and national highways by road. [[MSRTC]] runs bus service to [[Sangli]] and [[Kolhapur]] every 15 minutes from Ichalkaranji. The public transport is mainly provided by [[MSRTC]], [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] and private buses which serve to all major destinations in Maharashtra, [[Karnataka]] and Andhra Pradesh. Private bus services are connected to major cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Aurangabad|Sambhaji Nagar]], [[Nashik]], [[Shirdi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Solapur]], [[Surat]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Panjim]]. [[MSRTC]] provides bus service from Ichalkaranji to [[Kolhapur]] and [[Sangli]] every 15 minutes. [[Sangli railway station]] is also connected to the city via bus services. From Sangli railway station, there are several trains to Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Goa, Mysuru, Hubli, Belgaum, Surat, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Ajmer, Agra, Gwalior, Jhansi, Puducherry, Tirunelveli(Kanyakumari), Guntakal, Tiruchirappalli, Ratlam, Kota, Nagpur, Itarsi, Chitaurgarh, Abu Road, Gandhidham etc. Sangli station is convenient to reach from Ichalkaranji. Even though railway stations and the Kolhapur airport are nearby Ichalkaranji itself is not connected by rail or air.

The nearest [[Train station|railway stations]] are:
* [[Hatkanangale railway station|Hatkanangale]] – 6 km
* [[Sangli railway station]] – 28 km
* [[Rukadi]] – 12 km
* Valivade – 18 km
* [[jaysingpur]] – 15 km

The nearest [[airport]]s are:
* [[Kolhapur]] – 30 km ([[Maharashtra]])
* [[Belgaum|Belgaon]] – 110 km ([[Karnataka]])
* [[Pune]] – 250 km ([[Maharashtra]])
* [[Mumbai]] – 389 km ([[Maharashtra]])
* [[Sambhajinagar (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]− 400 km([[Maharashtra]])

==Notable people==


* [[Kallappa Awade]], politician
* [[Raju Awale]], politician
* [[Jayesh Bugad]], speed skater.
* [[Mirashi Buwa]], classical singer.
* [[Anant Ramachandra Gokhale]], advocate of women's education and author
* [[Suresh Ganpati Halvankar]], politician
* [[Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar]], classical singer
* [[Subhash Khot]], mathematician, theoretical computer scientist
* [[Ratnappa Kumbhar]], politician and independence activist
* [[Rajaram Mane]], politician
* [[Vaishnavi Powar]], kho kho player

==See also==
* [[Ichalkaranji Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[List of princely states of British India (by region)]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[Textile industry]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kolhapur.gov.in/economy/https://www.kolhapur.gov.in Kolhapur Economy – Government of India]

{{Princely states of the Deccan States Agency}}

{{fabric}}
{{Kolhapur district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ichalkaranji| ]]
[[Category:Textile industry in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]

Babusapalya

2026-02-12T23:00:56Z

ViolaCnr7137989: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Babusapalya
| other_name = Babusahebpalya
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| imagesize = 320
| image_caption = 
The 60 Feet high Ganesha Statue in Babusabpalya
| pushpin_map = India Bangalore
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bengaluru, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0248533|N|77.6468212|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Bangalore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Telephone code]]
| area_code = 91-80
| registration_plate = KA 03, KA 53
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[K. R. Pura Assembly constituency|K. R. Pura (AC 151)]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bengaluru North]]
}}

'''Babusapalya''', also known as '''Babusahebpalya''', is a suburb in [[Bangalore]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. Babusapalya is famous for the 60 feet Lord Ganesha Statue. It is located approximately 14 kilometers from Bangalore City railway station. Babusabpalya is approximately 5 kilometers from K R Puram railway station.

==Politics==
Babusapalya belongs to [[Horamavu Ward]] (Ward Number:25) which is the most populated of the city's 198 wards, going by Census 2011. Less than a decade ago, Horamavu's population was 28,167. The population has more than trebled, indicating the pace of growth in the city. The elected Corporator, Radhamma of INC won the BBMP 2015 elections with 24,756 with a victory margin of 8,534 votes defeating N Bharathi of BJP.

B A Basavaraj of the Indian National Congress (INC) was elected as the Member of Legislative assembly from this constituency in 2013 and 2018 Karnataka Assembly election. It is a part of the Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency. Shobha Karandlaje of the bjp is the present MP from this Lok Sabha constituency.

==History==
In 1940s, a business man named "Babu Saheba" settled in this village. The village is named after him.
==Places of interest==
The 60 feet high Ganesha Statue, situated adjacent to the Outer Ring Road, is the prime landmark of Babusapalya. Other landmarks include the Logos Retreat Centre and St. Joseph's Church, St. Vincent Pallotti School, and the scenic Chelekere Lake
<ref name="Chelekere Lake">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ichangemycity.com/bangalore/photos/lake-view-the-abandoned-chele-kere |title=Photos of Lake View the Abandoned ChelleKere, Bangalore - I Change My City |access-date=21 January 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126103106/http://www.ichangemycity.com/bangalore/photos/lake-view-the-abandoned-chele-kere |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is in the heart of the suburb and is home to many birds and reptiles. The walking park is adjacent to the ring road.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Bangalore topics|left}}

}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North Bengaluru]]

A. Venkatesh (director)

2026-01-18T21:03:50Z

ViolaCnr7137989: redirect edit

#REDIRECT [[A. Venkatesh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
}}

Polur Temple, Kozhikode

2026-01-14T06:57:16Z

ViolaCnr7137989:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}

'''Polur Subramanya Swamy Temple of Kozhikode''', once the capital of [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] of [[India]], is one of the area's oldest [[temples]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Welcome to Kerala window|url = https://www.keralawindow.net/templesofkozhikode.html|website = www.keralawindow.net|accessdate = 2015-09-21}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=How old is this temple? Age or year of construction should be stated|date=January 2026}} This temple is located 12 km away from [[Kozhikode]] city in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] and 3 km away from Parambil Bazar and Muzhikkal. The exact place is Polor in [[Kuruvattoor]] Panchayath.

== History of the temple ==

Sree Porlathiri King was the dominant [[king]] of this place,{{When|date=January 2026}} providing the area's name. Polurappan (Sree Subramanya Swamy) and [[Ganapathi]], [[Vettakkorumakan]], Ayyapan and [[Devi]] are worshiped here. Subramanya Swamy faces to the [[west]]. A Polurappan statute sits as if he is [[meditating]] or writing.

== Festivals ==

People celebrate Thaipuyam as the birth day of Subramanya Swamy. It is the main festival of this temple, which takes place in the month of [[Makaram]].

Just outside the temple is a Sarppa Kavu and Sarppa [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] is done there once ina year.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|11.31402|75.83938|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kozhikode district]]

Dhruvatara Joshi

2026-01-03T12:42:08Z

ViolaCnr7137989: Made A Info

{{Short description|Indian sitarist, scholar, and composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:D.T.Joshi.jpg|thumb|Dhruvatara Joshi]]
'''Pandit Dhruvatara Joshi''' (Dhrubatara Joshi) or '''Joshiji''' (1912–1993) was an exponent of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Classical Music]]. A sitarist, vocalist, scholar and composer,<ref name="Devidayal, N.">{{Cite book |last=Devidayal |first=Namita |title=The sixth string of Vilayat Khan |date=2018 |publisher=Context |isbn=978-93-87578-90-6 |location=Chennai}}</ref> Joshi ji was trained in the traditions of the [[Etawah gharana|Etawah Gharana]]<ref name="Mukherjea, K.">{{Cite journal |last1=Mukherjea |first1=K. |last2=Manuel |first2=P. |year=2010 |title=Radhika Mohan Maitra: His Life and Times |journal=Asian Music |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=180–197 |doi=10.1353/amu.0.0065 |jstor=40930326}}</ref> and the [[Agra gharana|Agra Gharana]] of the [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani Classical Music.]]

== Early life ==
Born in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India on 1 October 1912,<ref name="Ghosh_T">{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Tapasi |title=Pran piya: Ustad Vilayat Hussain Khan, his life and contribution to the world of music |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0855-4 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> he was the son of Taradutta Joshi and Dr. Manorama Devi. He held a master's degree in Philosophy from the [[University of Lucknow]].<ref name="Ghosh_T" />

== Career ==

Pandit Joshi shifted from Lucknow to Kolkata, to learn sitar under the tutelage of [[Enayat Khan|Ustad Enayat Khan]] of the [[Etawah gharana|Etawah Gharana]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2004 |title=Vilayat Khan - Innovative maestro of the sitar |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/articles-in-foreign-media.htm?dtl/14744/Vilayat+Khan++Innovative+maestro+of+the+sitar |website=Minstery of Internal Affairs Media Center}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh, N.">{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Nikhil |title=The Oxford encyclopaedia of the music of India |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565098-3 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> after meeting the Ustad in an instrument shop.<ref name="Mukherjea, K." /> [[Enayat Khan|Ustad Enayat Khan]], the father of [[Vilayat Khan|Ustad Vilayat Khan]], often referred to Joshiji as his eldest son.<ref name="Devidayal, N." /> Pandit Joshi has been deemed a guiding figure for the young Ustaad Vilayat in the string tradition <ref>{{Cite web | author=Sorrell, N. | title=Vilayat Khan : Innovative maestro of the sitar | website=The Independent | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/vilayat-khan-549666.html | date=2004-03-24}}</ref><ref name="Devidayal, N." /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=P. |year=2004 |title=Khan of grace |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30221812.ece |access-date=1 June 2024 |publisher=Frontline}}</ref> After Ustaad Enayat's untimely demise, he shifted to vocal music <ref>সেন, ডি.পি., সঙ্গীত ও সঙ্গীত গুণী:স্মৃতিকথা-ধ্রুবতারা জোশী,স্মৃতির কয়েক পাতা,নতুন চিঠি,শরৎ, ১৯৯৩:১৮১-৭</ref> under the tutelage of Aftab-e-mausiqi Ustad [[Faiyaz Khan]] as a "gandabandh shagird" <ref name="Ghosh_T" /> as per instructions of [[Enayat Khan|Ustad Enayat Khan]] . Gradually he became a specialist in [[Dhrupad]], [[Dhamar (music)|Dhamar]], [[Khyal|Khayal]] and [[Thumri]], characteristic of the [[Agra gharana|Agra Gharana]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Pandit Joshi served the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) in the capacity of Deputy Chief Producer.<ref name="Devidayal, N." /><ref name="Ghosh_T" /> His presentation on ''Experiments in Orchestration of Indian Music'' in the AIR music symposia has been preserved by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, in edited volume.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofindianm00indi/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Aspects of Indian music : a series of special articles and papers read at the music symposia arranged by All India Radio |date=1957 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India}}</ref> Later, he joined the [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]], Khairagarh as the pioneering Dean of the music faculty.<ref name="Ghosh_T" /> Further, he served the [[Visva-Bharati University|Vishva Bharati University]], in Shantiniketan, as the Head of the Department of Classical Music.<ref name="Ghosh_T" /><ref name="Ghosh, N." /> Today, Joshiji's biography is taught in the university as a part of the C-XIV (Practical) course in Masters of Music in Hindustani Classical Music.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Visva-Bharati Sangit-Bhavana - Curriculum for Postgraduate Course Masters in Music in Hindusthani Classical Music, Visva-Bharati | publisher=Department of Hindusthani Classical Music | url=https://visvabharati.ac.in/iqac/uploads/syllabus/sangit/2_m_music_hcm.pdf}}</ref> He founded the Padmaja Naidu College of Music, at the [[University of Burdwan]].<ref name="Ghosh_T" />

== Awards and Recognitions ==
Pandit Dhruvatara Joshi has composed numerous bandishes under the pen name of "Premrang", "Rasik Piya" in Hindi and "Junu Lakhanbhi" in Urdu.<ref>Chaudhuri, D (2005), "Guldasta": Prof. D.T. Joshi and His Compositions, 2005, Sanjay Prakashan, Delhi</ref><ref name="Ghosh_T" /> His notable compositions include the melancholy "बिन देखे जीयेरा नहीं माने" (Bin Dekhe Jiera Nahin Maane).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Pandit Joshi has been a recipient of numerous accolades, awards and recognitions. Some notable mentions include "Sangeet Acharya" award by [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]], Fellowship of the [http://www.upsna.ac.in Uttar Pradesh Sangeet Natak Academy] in 1974, [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]] Award in 1981, Bhuwalka Award of Sangeet Saurabh in 1984<ref name="Ghosh_T" /> and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] in 1979 by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741165264_Dhruv%20Tara%20Joshi.pdf | title=I present to you, Sir Shri Dhruva Tara Joshi | website=www.sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh, N." /><ref>{{Cite web | website=The Tribune | year=2023 | title=Sangeet Natak akademi awards: Doyens of Arts as Fellows for Life | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/sangeet-natak-akademi-awards-doyens-of-arts-as-fellows-for-life-483215}}</ref>

He has been awarded a Doctors of Letters (D.Litt.) by the Rabindra Bharati University and the University of Burdwan.<ref name="Ghosh_T" /> Also, he has been invited to share his experiences in national broadcaster platforms including [[All India Radio]]<ref name="Ghosh_T" /><ref>AKASHVANI: Vol. XLIII, No. 48. (26 November 1978 )(79 vols). New Delhi: All India Radio (AIR)</ref>

==Legacy ==
Pandit Dhruvatara Joshi died on 28 September 1993 in [[Bardhaman]], West Bengal, India.<ref name="Ghosh_T" /> He is survived by his students including Vidushi [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]], Vidushi [[Subhra Guha]],<ref>Alaghband‐Zadeh, Chloë (2013) Analysing ţhumrī. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London</ref> Prof. [[Kalyan Mukherjea]], Dr. Sharmishtha Sen, Professor Mohan Singh Khangura, Prof. Tapasi Ghosh,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Faculty profile - Prof. Tapasi Ghosh | url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/Home-Sc/Tapasi-Ghosh.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307190540/https://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/Home-Sc/Tapasi-Ghosh.pdf | archive-date=2022-03-07}}</ref> Ustaad Golam Imam, Prof. Sabyasachi Sarkhel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sabyasachisarkhel.com/about-sabyasachi|title=Sabyasachi Sarkhel|first=Sabyasachi|last=Sarkhel|website=Sabyasachi Sarkhel}}</ref> Randhir Roy (Esraj), Alpana Munshi,<ref name="Ghosh_T" /> [[Shampa Reza]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Dhruvatara}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]

Swargate metro station

2025-12-17T18:06:43Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created basic data v1...

{{short description|Pune Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Swargate
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line = Purple}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Full view of Swargate metro station entrance.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Swargate]], [[Pune]], Maharashtra 411030
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.49959|73.85781|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → Train Terminates Here Platform-2 → [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = SGT
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|09|29}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Purple|left1=Mandai|to-left1=PCMC Bhavan|to-right1=Swargate}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Swargate''' is an underground metro station serving as the southern terminal of the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Pune Metro]]. It was opened on 29 September 2024 as the final extension of Pune Metro Phase I.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM to inaugurate Pune Metro section of District Court to Swargate|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059884|date=2024-09-28 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=pib.gov.in}}</ref> It is further being developed as a [[multimodal transport]] hub, which will provide seamless integration of metro services with the [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] and [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|MSRTC]] [[Swargate bus station|Swargate bus stations]]. Additionally, retail and commercial establishments will be built over the station on a [[public–private partnership]] model.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Ajay |date=25 May 2023 |title=Building Pune: Metro’s first commercial outlet, multi-modal transit hub coming up above Swargate underground station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/building-pune-metros-first-commercial-outlet-multi-modal-transit-hub-coming-up-above-swargate-underground-station-8628300/ |archive-url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/building-pune-metro-s-first-commercial-outlet/docview/2818651046/se-2 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=Swargate Multimodal Hub: Press Release |url=https://www.punemetrorail.org/download/Pune-Metro-Swargate-Multimodal-Hub-Bhoomipujan.pdf |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=www.punemetrorail.org}}</ref>

When the operations were started here, commuters faced issues while buying online tickets at the underground station due to weak network signals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dastane |first=Sarang |date=2024-10-03 |title=Weak signals stymie online booking, commuters queue up for Metro tickets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/online-ticket-buying-troubles-weak-signals-cause-long-queues-at-punes-swargate-metro-station/articleshow/113915059.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Bharti Airtel]] became the first operator to upgrade the sites along the 17.4km long PCMC–Swargate route with additional deployment of in-building solutions along the 6km long underground stretch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Airtel becomes the first service provider to offer seamless connectivity along Pune's newly constructed Metro route |url=https://www.airtel.in/press-release/10-2024/airtel-becomes-the-first-service-provider-to-offer-seamless-connectivity-along-punes-newly-constructed-metro-route |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=[[Airtel India]]}}</ref>

The extension of the Purple Line from Swargate to [[Katraj]] was approved by the [[Government of India]] on 16 August 2024. Named as Line–1B, this section will include three underground stations on a 5.46km long route. The official ground breaking ceremony took place on 29 September 2024 and is expected to be completed by February 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=Cabinet approves Pune Metro Phase-1 project extension towards south from Swargate to Katraj spanning 5.46 km |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2046089 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Swargate track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Mandai}}
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P1'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=510 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''M'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=510|Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="510" |Towards ← [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]] '''Next Station:''' [[Mandai metro station|Mandai]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|http://www.punemetrorail.org/station/swargate/}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgWePzVnevg Details of Swargate Multi-Modal Transport Hub] on [[YouTube]] (in [[Marathi language|Marathi]])

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]
{{Pune Metro}}

Teru Malleshvara Temple, Hiriyur

2025-12-16T13:34:17Z

ViolaCnr7137989: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Teru Malleshvara swamy
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu Temple
| image_skyline = Gopura over entrance to the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Teru Malleshvara temple in ''Dravidian'' style at Hiriyur
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.95|N|76.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 630
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Teru Malleshvara''' [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple (also spelt '''Teru Malleshwara''') is a [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara era]] temple in [[Hiriyur]] [[town]] near the historically important [[Chitradurga]] city in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. Hiriyur is situated on the right bank of the Vedavati river.<ref name="karnataka">{{cite web|title=Hiriyur|url=http://www.chitradurga.nic.in/tourspot.html|publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka, Fort Road, Chitradurga|accessdate=3 June 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071602/http://www.chitradurga.nic.in/tourspot.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The "Teru Malleshvara" fair (''[[Yatra|Jatra]]'', a religious gathering with festivities) is celebrated annually for a week starting from the full moon in January or February (called ''magha'').{{cn|date=October 2020}} The Teru Malleshvara temple is a protected monument under the Karnataka state division of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]<ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=Protected Monuments in Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple exhibits the ''[[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]'' style of architecture with a tall ''[[gopura]]'' (superstructure over entrance gate). The ceiling of the ''[[mantapa|mukhmantapa]]'' (entrance hall) has [[mural]]s depicting scenes from the "Shivpurana" (Hindu [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] epics) and the [[Ramayana]] (the Hindu [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] epic).<ref name="karnataka"/> The temple dates built around c.1466, during rule of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name="date">{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/temples.htm|title=Temples of Karnataka|work=|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Entrance into mantapa at the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur.JPG|Entrance into ''mukha[[mantapa]]'' (entrance hall) at the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur
File:Kannada language inscription in the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur.JPG|[[Kannada language]] inscription in the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur
File:Rear view of the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur.JPG|Ornate ''Dravidian'' style ''[[shikhara]]'' (superstructure over shrine) and ''sala'' roofs over ''[[mantapa]]'' walls in the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]

Maulana Azad Central Library

2025-11-30T10:01:22Z

ViolaCnr7137989: New Initial Entry From Scratch.

{{Short description|Library in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Maulana Azad Central Library
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| country = India
| location = [[Bhopal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.25834|77.40935|display=inline,title}}

| website = [http://maclbhopal.org official website]
}}
The '''Maulana Azad Central Library''' is a public library located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Established in 1908 by [[Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Sultan Jahan Begum]], the then Nawab of Bhopal, the library was originally known as the Edward Museum.<ref>https://www.dreamstime.com/govt-maulana-azad-central-library-bhopal-red-stone-structure-one-oldest-beautiful-buildings-city-was-built-image189267334</ref> In 1955, it was renamed in honor of [[Maulana Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], India's first Minister of Education. The library is housed in a red [[sandstone]] structure, exemplifying early 20th-century [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], and was declared a protected monument under the Archaeological Sites and Remains Act in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-09 |title=A peek into the Bhopal city's heritage libraries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/a-peek-into-the-bhopal-citys-heritage-libraries/articleshow/67449333.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MACL, Bhopal catalog |url=http://maclbhopal.org/cgi-bin/koha/pages.pl?p=about |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=maclbhopal.org}}</ref>

==History==
The building that now houses the Maulana Azad Central Library was constructed in 1908 to serve as the Edward Museum, intended to display gifts and artifacts received by the Bhopal royal family. The museum was inaugurated in 1909 by [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]], the then Viceroy of India. In 1955, the structure was repurposed as a public library and named after Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2014-05-22 |title=Library goes digital: Pick your read at just a click |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/library-goes-digital-pick-your-read-at-just-a-click/articleshow/35463918.cms |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Collections==
The library boasts a collection of over 100,000 books and manuscripts in multiple languages, including Hindi, English, Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit. It houses rare texts, some over a century old, and serves as a repository of knowledge on various subjects such as literature, science, history, and culture. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopal: Even In Digital Era, Many Youths Go To Libraries Daily |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-even-in-digital-era-many-youths-go-to-libraries-daily |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities and services==
To cater to the needs of students and researchers, the library offers several facilities:

Reading Halls: Three main reading halls accommodate approximately 600 students daily. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2025 |title=Five central libraries being operated in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/state-editions/five-central-libraries-being-operated-in-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

Study Cabins: 32 cabin-style study rooms have been developed to provide individual study spaces.

Digital Access: The library has initiated the digitization of its collection, allowing users to access materials online.
The Times of India

Braille Section: A dedicated section for visually impaired readers includes Braille books and resources.<ref name=":0" />

Wi-Fi Connectivity: Free Wi-Fi is available to facilitate digital learning and research.

Seminars and Workshops: The library regularly organizes seminars, interactive sessions, and workshops to engage the academic community.<ref>http://maclbhopal.org/cgi-bin/koha/pages.pl?p=libraryservices</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{website|http://maclbhopal.org/|MCAL official website}}

[[Category:Public libraries in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhopal]]

T. H. P. Chentharasseri

2025-11-08T14:23:49Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created new stub v1...

{{Short description|Indian historian (1928–2018)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = T.H.P. Chentharassery
| image = Chentharasseri1.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| birth_name = Thiruvan Heera Prassad Chentharassery
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1928|07|29}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2018|07|27|1928|07|29}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_place= [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Historian]]
}}

'''Thiruvan Heera Prassad Chentharassery''' (29 July 1928 – 27 July 2018), better known as '''T. H. P. Chentharasseri''', was an Indian [[historian]] from [[Kerala]]. He was one of the leading Keralan historians on the study of the [[caste system]] in India.

==Life and career==
He was born in Ennikkattu tharavadu Othara Thiruvalla Pathanamthitta as the son of Kannan Thiruvan and Aninjan Anima, and resided at Pattom Thiruvananthapuram. His father Thuvan was the Thiuvalla Area Secretary for the organization Sadhujana Paripalana Sankham.

He attended Othara Primary School, Chengannur Government High School, Kottayam Karappuzha NSS High School, Changanassery St. Berchman's College, Thiruvananthapuram Mar Ivanios College and Thiruvananthapuram MG College. He was an employee in the Accountant General Office.<ref>{{cite book|author= T.H.P. Chentharasseri |title=Viplavakariyaya Anandatheerthan|year=2012|publisher=Kerala Sahithya Academy |isbn=978-81-7690-212-0|pages=84}}</ref>

==External links==
* [https://nastiknation.org/product-category/books-by/t-h-p-chentharassery/ Books by and on THP Centharasseri]

==References==
<references/>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chentharasseri, T. H. P.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]

Sobbala

2025-11-02T03:33:16Z

ViolaCnr7137989: created initial details more to come...

{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0305|80.5052}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = V Krishna Rao<ref>{{Cite web |title= Panchayat Development Plan Campaign|url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Sobbala''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This village is part of [[Lingala, NTR district|Lingala]] revenue<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2023-05-07 |title=భూ మేతలో కొత్త మలుపు! |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/krishna/a-new-turn-in-land-grazing-1063133.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> and it is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S4.7 Registered MNREGA Labour Classified Report |url=https://mnregaweb2.nic.in/netnrega/rsby_rep.aspx?flag_debited=S&lflag=local&state_code=02&State_name=ANDHRA+PRADESH&district_code=0218&District_name=%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D+%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF+%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D&Block_code=0206012&Block_name=Gampalagudem&fin_year=2023-2024&page=b&fin=2023-2024&Digest=UekjSPr8VJZE1dgx9CpY7w |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=mnregaweb2.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeseva Authorized Centers Details |url=https://ap.meeseva.gov.in/Imeeseva2/MeesevaAuthorisedCentresList.aspx??enc=FjldAy9XFMCs/e0wnOMusWePVUOwRYIewqzW3fhqM5XWR7G23S4/DMi3LxgyfH8PHPbQ0GW+9Ms8MqrdD6Pnng== |website=Meeseva |series=2156}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Raman Vijayan

2025-10-22T02:42:10Z

ViolaCnr7137989: adjust section additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian footballer and manager}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Raman Vijayan
| image =
| fullname = Raman Vijayan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1973|6|4}}
| birth_place = [[Kandramanickam]], [[Sivaganga]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| height = 188 cm
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala Women]] (head coach)
| years1 = 1996-1997
| years2 = 1997–1998
| years3 = 1998–1999
| years4 = 2000–2001
| years5 = 2001–2002
| years6 = 2002–2003
| years7 = 2004–2005
| clubs1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubs2 = [[FC Kochin|Kochin]]
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubs4 = [[Mahindra United]]
| clubs5 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| clubs6 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| clubs7 = [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| caps2 = 18
| goals2 = 10
| caps3 = 29
| goals3 = 14
| caps4 = 25
| goals4 = 7
| caps5 = 12
| goals5 = 1
| caps6 = 1
| goals6 = 0
| caps7 = 36
| goals7 = 15
| nationalyears1 = 1996–2001
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 30
| nationalgoals1 = 7
| manageryears1 = 2012
| managerclubs1 = [[Delhi Dynamos]]
| manageryears2 = 2012–2014
| managerclubs2 = [[South United FC|South United]]
| manageryears3 = 2015
| managerclubs3 = [[Chennai FC|Chennai]]
| manageryears4 = 2015–2016
| managerclubs4 = [[Delhi Dynamos]] (assistant coach)
| manageryears5 = 2017–2018
| managerclubs5 = [[Chennai United]]
| manageryears6 = 2023–2025
| managerclubs6 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| manageryears7 = 2025–
| managerclubs7 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala Women]]
}}

'''Raman Vijayan''' (born 4 June 1973) is an Indian football coach and former footballer. He is the founder of Noble Football Academy and Raman Vijayan Soccer School. He is currently serving as the head coach of the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]].<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/raman-vijayan-named-gokulam-kerala-womens-team-head-coach/articleshow/122591282.cms</ref>

Raman is one of two Indian footballers, the other being [[Baichung Bhutia]], to be the top scorer in the old [[NFL India|National Football League]] after he scored 10 goals during the [[1997–98 Indian National Football League|1997–98]] season.

==Club career==
Raman started his footballing career with [[East Bengal FC]] before the National Football League began in 1996. After the 1997-98 season, Raman became the top scorer in the NFL that season after he scored 10 goals.<ref name="the-aiif.com">{{Cite web |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3010 |title=The AIFF |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715062554/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=3010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Later in his career, he went on to play for [[Kolkata Port Trust|CPT]] in the [[Calcutta Football League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html|title=Season ending transfers 2008|access-date=7 May 2013|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716134425/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International==
Raman has represented the [[India national football team]] during his playing career.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

==Coaching career==
For the [[2012 I-League 2nd Division]] Raman was hired to coach [[Bangalore]] side [[KGF Academy]].<ref name="the-aiif.com" />

After coaching [[South United F.C.|South United]], Vijayan went back to Tamil Nadu to coach Chennai FC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raman Vijayan to use his wealth of experience|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/raman-vijayan-to-use-his-wealth-of-experience/article6908701.ece|accessdate=1 July 2015|work=The Hindu|date=18 February 2015|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728113849/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/raman-vijayan-to-use-his-wealth-of-experience/article6908701.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2015, it was announced that Vijayan would become the assistant coach at [[Indian Super League]] side [[Delhi Dynamos FC|Delhi Dynamos]]. He would also be the technical director of the team's grassroots program.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former India footballer Raman Vijayan signs as Delhi Dynamos assistant coach|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-former-india-footballer-raman-vijayan-signs-delhi-dynamos-assistant-coach-2323882.html|accessdate=2 July 2015|work=FirstPost|date=2 July 2015|archive-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704232655/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-former-india-footballer-raman-vijayan-signs-delhi-dynamos-assistant-coach-2323882.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
*[[SAFF Championship]]: [[1997 SAFF Gold Cup|1997]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Bronze medal: [[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999]]

'''Bengal'''
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: [[1996–97 Santosh Trophy|1996–97]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|title=India 1996/97 – List of Champions: Santosh Trophy|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=13 February 2014|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Mikael|last2=Jönsson|first3=Josef|last3=Bobrowsky|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018092132/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html}}</ref> [[1998–99 Santosh Trophy|1998–99]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal lift record sixth crown |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr05/sports.htm#11 |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=5 April 1999 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428084646/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr05/sports.htm#11 }}</ref>

'''East Bengal'''
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: [[1996 Indian Federation Cup|1996]]

'''Individual'''
* [[National Football League (India)]] Golden Boot: [[1997–98 National Football League (India)|1997–98]]<ref>{{cite web |title= From the History Book|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |website=All India Football Federation |publisher=the-aiff.com |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717033518/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=1965 |archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Leading Goal Scorers |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflsco04.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828213707/http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflsco04.htm |archive-date=28 August 2004 |date=14 May 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{I-League Golden Boot}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayan, Raman}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:FC Kochin players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:South United FC managers]]
[[Category:I-League 2 managers]]