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Rhea Raj

2026-05-07T18:06:20Z

Vinod6176: stub - done

{{Short description|American singer-songwriter (born 2000)}}
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| image_upright = yes
| caption =
| birth_name = Rhea Sri Rajagopalan<ref name=ASCAP>{{Cite web |title=Rajagopalan Rhea Sri |url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/writer/729162631/RAJAGOPALAN%20RHEA%20SRI |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=ASCAP}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|4|5|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Stamford, Connecticut]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts]]
| relatives = [[Lara Raj]] (sister)
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter}}
| years_active = 2016–present<ref name=":0" />
| awards =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[electropop]]|[[dance music]]<ref>{{cite web | url =https://bollywoodchronicle.com/international-sensation-rhea-raj-making-wonders-with-her-enchanting-voice-across-the-globe/|title = International sensation Rhea Raj making wonders with her enchanting voice across the globe | website = bollywoodchronicle.com/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323083203/https://bollywoodchronicle.com/international-sensation-rhea-raj-making-wonders-with-her-enchanting-voice-across-the-globe/ |archive-date = March 23, 2020 }}</ref>}}
| website = {{URL|rhearaj.com}}
}}
}}

'''Rhea Sri Rajagopalan'''<ref name=ASCAP /> (born April 5, 2000),{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} known professionally as '''Rhea Raj''', is an American singer-songwriter. She released her first album, ''Hunter'', in 2024.

== Early life ==
Rhea Raj was born in [[Stamford, Connecticut]], to Indian parents, Kavita Raj and Sri Rajagopalan. Her parents are both ethnically [[Tamils|Tamil]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellyexpress.com/the-2-am-singer-rhea-raj-is-indian-by-birth/|title=The "2 AM" singer Rhea Raj is Indian by birth|last=Reeta|date=June 1, 2019|website=Tellyexpress|language=en-US|access-date=March 22, 2020|archive-date=March 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322003717/https://www.tellyexpress.com/the-2-am-singer-rhea-raj-is-indian-by-birth/|url-status=live}}</ref> She grew up in [[Plano, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Rhea Raj - Voyage LA Magazine {{!}} LA City Guide |url=http://voyagela.com/interview/meet-rhea-raj-rhea-raj-misschief-records-nyc-la/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323070002/http://voyagela.com/interview/meet-rhea-raj-rhea-raj-misschief-records-nyc-la/ |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |access-date=2025-08-31 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Her mother ran a [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatnatyam]] dance school, which led Rhea to begin her interest in music.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/a-blend-of-music-and-dance-rhea-raj-surely-is-a-one-of-a-kind-artist-of-today-s-time|title=Rhea Raj, surely is a one of a kind artist of today's time|last=Glamsham|website=Glamsham|date=March 23, 2020 |language=en|access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> She has been musically trained since age 10.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/a-blend-of-music-and-dance-rhea-raj-surely-is-a-one-of-a-kind-artist-of-todays-time/ar-BB11yP4Q|title=A blend of music and dance.. Rhea Raj, surely is a one of a kind artist of today's time|website=www.msn.com|access-date=March 30, 2020|archive-date=February 19, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219235948/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/a-blend-of-music-and-dance-rhea-raj-surely-is-a-one-of-a-kind-artist-of-todays-time/ar-BB11yP4Q|url-status=live}}</ref> Her younger sister, [[Lara Raj]], is also a singer, and is part of girl group [[Katseye]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voyagela.com/interview/meet-lara-raj-lara-raj-hollywood/|title=Meet Lara Raj|website=Voyage LA Magazine|date=July 30, 2020|access-date=November 24, 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2016: ''American Idol'' ===
Raj appeared in the [[American Idol (season 15)|fifteenth season]] of ''[[American Idol]]'' in 2016. She progressed from the audition stage but failed to pass the Hollywood Week round.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/idol-worship/6843764/american-idol-recap-auditions|title='American Idol' Recap: Fourth Night of Auditions Returns to Little Rock and Denver|date=January 14, 2016|magazine=Billboard|access-date=March 22, 2020|archive-date=March 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322072130/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/idol-worship/6843764/american-idol-recap-auditions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2018/04/ex-american-idol-contestant-rhea-raj-talks-new-music-feminism-and-more/|title=Ex American Idol Contestant Rhea Raj Talks New Music, Feminism and More!|date=April 17, 2018|website=Urban Asian|language=en-US|access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref>

=== 2018–present: Solo career===
After graduating high school, Raj founded the [[record label]] Misschief Records in 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Pawa|first=Anjana|title=Rhea Raj: 'I want to share my culture with the world'|url=https://joysauce.com/rhea-raj-i-want-to-share-my-culture-with-the-world/|work=[[JoySauce]]|date=December 19, 2023|access-date=February 23, 2026|language=en-US}}</ref> Raj began her career as a solo artist in 2019 with the singles "2AM" and "You're a Star".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Rhea Rajagopalan p/k/a Rhea Raj |url=https://www.songhall.org/profiles/rhea-raj |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Songwriters Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, she was selected by [[Broadcast Music, Inc.|BMI]] to receive the Abe Olman Scholarship Award from the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]].<ref name=":6" />

She studied at the [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts]]' Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music where she met [[Jacob Kasher Hindlin]].<ref name=":5" /> She later signed with Hindlin's publishing company, Livelihood Music Company.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rhea Raj |url=https://livelihoodmc.com/rhea-raj-2/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |language=en-US|website=Livelihood Music Company}}</ref>

In 2023, Raj was selected as the [[Spotify]] x [[Gold House]] Artist of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhea Raj |url=https://goldhouse.org/people/rhea-raj/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Gold House |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Raj released her debut studio album, ''Hunter'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2019/06/royalty-by-upsidedown-happy-singh-rhea-raj-will-make-you-shake-a-leg/|title=Royalty By UpsideDown, Happy Singh & Rhea Raj Will Make You Shake A Leg|date=June 10, 2019|website=Urban Asian|language=en-US|access-date=March 22, 2020|archive-date=March 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322003654/https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2019/06/royalty-by-upsidedown-happy-singh-rhea-raj-will-make-you-shake-a-leg/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Mier |first1=Tomás |title=Rising Pop Star Rhea Raj Dances Through a Moody Sci-Fi World in Flirtatious Video for 'Hush' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rhea-raj-drops-hush-video-album-hunter-1235046974/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=June 27, 2024 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627160631/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rhea-raj-drops-hush-video-album-hunter-1235046974/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a stripped down version, ''Hunter (Tamed edition)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Year of the Hunter |url=https://bazaarvietnam.vn/year-of-the-hunter-rhea-raj/ |website=Harper's Bazaar Việt Nam |date=December 4, 2024 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204190545/https://bazaarvietnam.vn/year-of-the-hunter-rhea-raj/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, Raj released her follow-up EP, ''Commotion''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelunacollective.co/journal/qa-rhea-raj/ |title=Q&A: Rhea Raj Burns It All Down and Rebuilds in “COMMOTION” EP|website=Luna Collective}}</ref> Its lead single "Haute Couture" with [[Aliyah's Interlude]] received a [[Fortnite]] emote. Later that year, Raj went on her first headlining tour to promote the EP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiablooming.com/2025/10/19/rhea-raj-announces-first-headline-tour/ |title=Rhea Raj Announces First Headline Tour |website=Asia Blooming}}</ref>

== Discography ==
;Studio albums

* ''Hunter'' (2024)

;Extended plays
* ''Commotion'' (2025)

;Singles

*"2AM" (with [[UpsideDown (DJ)|UpsideDown]]) (2019) <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Rhea Raj Artist page on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/au/artist/rhea-raj/644922067 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
*"MVP" (2021)<ref name=":2" />
*"Venom" (2021)<ref name=":2" />
*"In Ur Hands" (2021)<ref name=":2" />
*"Outside" (2022)<ref name=":2" />
*"Taste That (Mwah)" (2023)<ref name=":2" />
*"Atmosphere" (2023)<ref name=":2" />
*"Oops! Ur Single Now" (2023)<ref name=":2" />
*"OUT OF BODY" (2023)<ref name=":2" />
*"MESSY" (2024)<ref name=":2" />
*"HUSH" (2024)<ref name=":2" />
*"DIGITAL BABE" (2024)<ref name=":2" />
*"PRAY ON IT" (Feat [[Talwiinder]] & [[Yung Raja]]) (2025)<ref name=":2" />
*"Haute Couture" (with [[Aliyah's Interlude]]) (2025)<ref name=":2" />
*"Mumbai" (2025)<ref name=":2" />
*"Haute Couture with [[Aliyah's Interlude]] (Slush Puppy Remix)" (2025)<ref name=":2" />
*"Killer" (2025)<ref name=":2" />

;Features (tracks Rhea features on)
*"fw me(dirty)" [[Knock2]] (2025)<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Songwriting Credits
!Year
!Artist
!Album
!Song
|-
|2025
|[[Knock2]] and Rhea Raj
|
|
|-
|2025
|Rhea Raj and [[Aliyah's Interlude]]
|
|"Haute Couture"
|-
|2025
|[[Maroon 5]] featuring [[Lisa (rapper)|Lisa]]
|''[[Love Is Like]]''
|"[[Priceless (song)|Priceless]]"
|}

== Tours ==

=== Headlining ===
* Commotion Tour (2025)<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1975608142215147722 |user=rhearaj |title=I’M BEYOND EXCITED TO PRESENT ‘COMMOTION’ MY FIRST EVER HEADLINE TOUR. PRE-SALE STARTS TOMORROW AT 10AM LOCAL. AND GENERAL SALE THIS FRIDAY 🪷 SIGN UP FOR MY MAILING LIST TO RECEIVE THE CODE FOR PRE-SALE 🩷 http://RHEARAJ.LNK.TO/MAILING |first=Rhea |last=Raj |date=2025-10-07 |access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TOUR |url=https://www.rhearaj.com/tour |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Rhea Raj |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!City
!Country
!Venue
|-
|December 2
|Chicago
|United States
|Beat Kitchen
|-
|December 4
|Toronto
|Canada
|[[The Garrison]]
|-
|December 6
|New York City
| rowspan="3" |United States
|[[Mercury Lounge]]
|-
|December 7
|Washington D.C.
|Pearl Street Warehouse
|-
|December 9
|Los Angeles
|[[Roxy Theatre (West Hollywood, California)|The Roxy]]
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Rhea}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Stamford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Singers from New York City]]
[[Category:Singers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Singer-songwriters from Connecticut]]
[[Category:American women songwriters]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American women pop singers]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:American female models of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American singers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:New York University Tisch School of the Arts alumni]]

Vinod Sharma (author)

2026-05-03T16:48:10Z

Vinod6176: bio - done

{{Short description|Indian brain science trainer and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Vinod Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|07|11}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Memory training|Memory trainer]], [[Author]], [[Entrepreneur]]
| years_active = 2007–present
| organization = Brainywood Foundation
| known_for = [[Memory]] training, [[Brain]]-based learning methods
| title = Co-founder and Vice-President
}}

'''Dr. Vinod Sharma''' (born 11 July 1982) is an Indian [[Memory training|memory trainer]], author, and [[entrepreneur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chand |first=Prakash |title=Dr. Vinod Sharma's Notable Works Transform Learning Through Brain Science Techniques |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/insights/report-dr-vinod-sharma-s-notable-works-transform-learning-through-brain-science-techniques-3206621 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He is associated with the Brainywood Foundation.

== Early life and education ==
Vinod Sharma was born in [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. His father, Suresh Sharma, worked as a Deputy Secretary at the [[Rajasthan Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/from-exam-stress-to-brain-power-revolution-dr-vinod-sharma-s-bold-mission-is-disrupting-india-s-education-system/ar-AA20QG6U?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* ''Memory and Brain Science''<ref>https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/india-to-the-world-stage-dr-vinod-sharmas-quest-for-memory-training-records-and-global-recognition-in-brain-science</ref>
* ''Brain Science Experience''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=India to the World Stage: Dr. Vinod Sharma's Quest for Memory Training Records and Global Recognition in Brain Science. |url=https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/national/india-to-the-world-stage-dr-vinod-sharma%E2%80%99s-quest-for/article-16598 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=english.dainikjagranmpcg.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Brainywood Brain Science Complete Guide for Coach''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venugopal |first=Sreelekha |date=2026-04-10 |title=Revolutionizing education in India: How Dr. Vinod Sharma and Brain Science Labs are making learning stress-free and effective |url=https://news24online.com/information/revolutionizing-education-in-india-how-dr-vinod-sharma-and-brain-science-labs-are-making-learning-stress-free-and-effective/800430/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-06 |title=Dr. Vinod Sharma: The Brain Science Guru Reshaping the Mind of Millions Through Scientific Learning Methods. |url=https://bhaskardigital.com/dr-vinod-sharma-the-brain-science-guru/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Mashtishk Vigyan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Vinod Sharma Leads A Learning Revolution With Brain Science-Based Education In India |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/dr-vinod-sharma-leads-a-learning-revolution-with-brain-science-based-education-in-india |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-05-30 |title=बचपन लौटेगा फिर! अजमेर के लेखक ने लिखी 'आप भी बन सकते हैं चाचा चौधरी' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/promote-reading-habit-in-kids-initiative-to-connect-children-with-books-by-keeping-them-away-from-mobile-addiction-rajasthan-news-rjs25053001889 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* Best Mind and Mnemonic Trainer Award (2016)
* India Book of Records recognition (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-14 |title=From Exam Stress to Brain Power Revolution: Dr Vinod Sharma's Bold Mission Is Disrupting India's Education System |url=https://www.india.com/money/from-exam-stress-to-brain-power-revolution-dr-vinod-sharmas-bold-mission-is-disrupting-indias-education-system-8380472/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://indiabookofrecords.in/largest-memory-training-session/</ref>
* Asia Book of Records<ref>{{Cite web |last=abradmin |date=2018-08-16 |title=LARGEST MEMORY TRAINING SESSION - Asia Book of Records |url=https://www.asiabookofrecords.com/largest-memory-training-session/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate from World Record University (UK)<ref>https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/395703-largest-memory-lesson</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Memory training]]
* [[Cognitive psychology]]
* [[Learning]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Education writers]]
[[Category:Self-help writers]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]

Chakradhar Singh

2026-04-21T12:01:57Z

Vinod6176: created a bio

{{Short description|Raja of Raigarh from 1924 to 1947}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chakradhar Singh
| title = [[Raja]],
| titletext =
| more =
| type =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =

| succession =
| moretext =
| reign = 1924 – 1947
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = Raja Natwar Singh
| successor = Lalit Kumar Singh

| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|08|19|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|10|07|1905|08|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort = 
| issue = 
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-type =
| full name =
| era name =
| era dates =
| father = Raja Bhup Deo Singh of Raigarh
| mother =

| occupation =
}}
'''Raja Chakradhar Singh ''' (19 August 1905<ref name=y/> −7 October 1947<ref name=x/>) was the [[Raja]] of [[Raigarh State|Raigarh]] and Chief of [[Bargarh]] ruled by [[Gonds|Gond dynasty]]. He was the ruler of [[Princely state of Raigarh]] from 1924 till his death in 1947. He was son of [[Bhup Deo Singh|Raja Bhup Deo Singh]], who died in 1917.<ref name=i/>

==Early life==
He completed his education from [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]].<ref name=r>{{cite web |title=King Chakradhar Singh |url=http://raigarh.gov.in/chakradharsamaroh/kingchakradhar.html |publisher=Raigarh district, Official website |accessdate=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622015137/http://raigarh.gov.in/chakradharsamaroh/kingchakradhar.html |archivedate=22 June 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> He succeeded to throne of Raigrah upon death of his elder brother, [[Raja Natwar Singh]] in 1924. The government management however continued till 1927 when Raja was invested with powers.<ref name=y>Raigarh darbar by P. D. Ashirwadam
Agam Kala Prakashan, 1990 On the contribution of Chakradhar Singh, Raja of Raigarh, 1905–1947, to Kathak dance and Hindustani music.</ref><ref name=i>{{cite book|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey edited by Arnold Wright|date=1922|pages=625–626|isbn=9788120619654|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Raja+of+Raigarh+Chakradhar+Singh+brother+of&pg=PA549-IA7|last1=Bond|first1=J. W.|last2=Wright|first2=Arnold|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref><ref name=m>Memoranda on the Indian States 1939– Page 118</ref><ref>Report on the Administration of the Feudatory States of the Central Provinces 1921 pp:37–38</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Volume 100 by S. S. Shashi|date=1996|publisher=Anmol Prakashan|page=6|isbn=9788170418597|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_cvAQAAIAAJ&q=Raja+of+Raigarh+Chakradhar+Singh}}</ref>

==Music==
He was a great patron of Indian arts, classical dance, music invited to his capital music and dance-experts from different parts of the country. His contribution has been important in the development of the classical form of [[Kathak]]. During the reign of Raja Chakradhar Singh, experts of both the gharanas, namely, Jaipur and Lucknow gained prominent positions and were patronised by him.<ref name=x-p64>Indian Dance: The Ultimate Metaphor by Shanta Serbjeet Singh – 2000 – Page 64</ref><ref name=toi/> Even experts from [[Benares gharana]] were in his court.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Kathak fusion leaves audience mesmerized|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Kathak-fusion-leaves-audience-mesmerized/articleshow/24788218.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140117063900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-28/bhopal/43461730_1_kathak-maharaja-chakradhar-singh-dance-form|url-status=live|archive-date=17 January 2014|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2013}}</ref> The [[Kathak#Raigarh Gharana|Raigarh Gharana]] of [[Kathak]] was established by him during his reign, which produced many luminaries, dancers, singers and musicians due to his patronage and philanthropy.<ref name=x>The India Magazine of Her People and Culture by A. H. Advani- Volume 6 – 1985– Page 250 October 7, 1947, was a sad day for the artistes, art lovers and the people of Raigarh. Raja Chakradhar Singh died suddenly and the haven of music he created came to a standstill leaving everyone bereft</ref><ref name=kk>{{cite book|title=Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art By Sunil Kothari |date=1989 |pages=70–73 |isbn=9788170172239 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAbMS6ynGJ8C&q=Raja+of+Raigarh+Chakradhar+Singh&pg=PA74|last1=Kothari|first1=Sunil|publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref><ref>The Journal of the Music Academy, Madras – Volume 62 -1991 – Page 157</ref> Among the noted Kathak exponents to have served his court were Pandit Jaggannath Prasad of Jaipur Gharana and Guru Kalaka Prasad and his sons of Lucknow Gharana.<ref name=r/> He invented a new dance form by mixing different dance forms, which led to foundation of Raigarh Gharana.<ref name=r/> Raigarh Gharana thus founded by Raja Chakradhar Singh, although the youngest of all gharanas, has its own compositions of [[thumri]]s, [[ghazal]]s, ''todas'' and ''bols'' which are unique in themselves.<ref name=y/><ref name=toi/>

Chakradhar Singh was himself a great exponent of [[tabla]] and [[pakhawaj]].<ref name=x/> He was himself also a good dancer and musician. His patronage extended to all dancers irrespective of their [[gharana]].<ref name=k>India's Kathak Dance Past, Present, Future: – Page 28</ref> His name is often taken with [[Wajid Ali Shah]] of [[Awadh]] as a patron of classical Indian dance and music, especially with respect to Kathak dance and [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref name=y/><ref name=kk/><ref name=k/><ref>Classical and Folk Dances of India 1963– Page 77</ref> Among the dancers and musicians to have performed or served his court were Pandit Makhan Lal Chaturvedi, Dr. Ramkumar Verma, Pandit Mahaveer Prasad Dwivedi, Pandit Padumlal Punnalal Bakshi. Even [[Sanskrit]] language writers like Pandit Sadashiv Das, Pandit Sharda Prasad, Pandit Kashi Dutt Jha served him, through them he translated a lot of music and dance literature in Sanskrit.<ref name=r/>

In 1938, Chakradhar Singh headed the first All India Music Conference held at [[Allahabad]].<ref name=r/> In this conference Chakradhar Singh went with his team of 60 artists.<ref name=r/> In 1939, the conference organised a welcome party for [[Viceroy of India]], where Kathak dancer [[Karthik Kalyan]] presented the dance and was assisted by Chakradhar Singh, who played tabla.<ref name=r/> He was given title of ''Sangit Samrat - (King of Music)'' by the [[The Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Lord Linlithgow]] at this conference. In 1943 conference at [[Khairagarh]], he again played [[tabla]] for the dance performance of Kalyan Das.<ref name=r/>

He had a very good knowledge of Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu and Oriya and has written several books on Indian traditional music such as<ref name=r/>
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''Alkapuri Tilasmi''
* ''Bairagadiya Rajkumar''
* ''Joshe Pharhad''
* ''Kavya Kanan''
* ''Mayachakra''
* ''Moorj Paran Pushpakar''
* ''Mriganayni''
* ''Nartan Sarwasya''
* ''Nigare Pharhad''
* ''Prem ke Teer''
* ''Raag Ratna Manjusha''
* ''Ramyaras''
* ''Ratnahar''
* ''Taal Toynidhi''
* ''Taalbal Pushpakar''
{{div col end}}

==Death==
Raja Chakaradhar Singh died on 7 October 1947<ref name=y/><ref name=x/> just after [[independence of India]]. After his death, [[Lalit Kumar Singh]], his son succeeded him to the throne of Raigarh and ruled briefly before the [[Raigarh State]] was merged into [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] on 14 December 1947.<ref name=zz/>

The princely states of [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]], [[Raigarh State|Raigarh]], [[Sakti State|Sakti]], [[Sarangarh State|Sarangarh]] and [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]] were united later to form the [[Raigarh district]].<ref name=zz>Publication by Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics – 1973– Issue 61 – Page 346</ref><ref>India Today 1992– Page 74</ref>

His second son [[Surendra Kumar Singh (politician)|Surendra Kumar Singh]] was a politician of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=z>{{cite news|title=पूर्व कांग्रेस सांसद सुरेन्द्र कुमार सिंह का निधन|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/former-congress-mp-surendra-kumar-singh-passes-away/260613|accessdate=31 May 2017|agency=Zee News|date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

==Legacy==
There is a music academy established after him, as his memorial at [[Raigarh]].<ref name=r/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chakradhar}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Raigarh]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Tabla players]]
[[Category:History of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century drummers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]

S. V. S. N. Varma

2026-04-21T02:56:40Z

Vinod6176: info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. V. S. N. Varma
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
| term_start = 2 June 2014
| term_end = 24 May 2019
| predecessor = [[Vanga Geetha]]
| successor = [[Dorababu Pendem]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Srivatsavai Satyanarayana Varma''', popularly known as '''S. V. S. N. Varma''', is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh 2019 Candidate Information |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5250https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5250 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Varma was elected as the member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Pithapuram Assembly constituency]] in [[East Godavari district]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/curious-case-of-pithapuram/article6017366.ece | title=Curious case of Pithapuram | date=16 May 2014 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=K. N. Murali | last=Sankar | accessdate=9 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=4179 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tdp-mla-svsn-varma-s-daughter-dies-115072200633_1.html TDP MLA SVSN Varma's daughter dies]</ref>

== Political career ==
Varma embarked on his political journey with the TDP. During the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009 Assembly elections]], he entered the fray as an MLA candidate representing the party in Pithapuram. However, he faced defeat at the hands of [[Vanga Geetha]] from the [[Praja Rajyam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Shaik Ahmed |date=2024-04-24 |title=Jagan hopes YSR Congress to win 175 Assembly, 25 Lok Sabha seats in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.newstap.in/andhra-pradesh/jagan-hopes-ysr-congress-to-win-175-assembly-25-lok-sabha-seats-in-andhra-pradesh-1532242 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.newstap.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Pithapuram Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Dorababu Pendem of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pithapuram-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153597.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In the subsequent [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 elections]], Varma chose to contest as an independent MLA candidate after being denied a ticket by the TDP. Despite this setback, Varma emerged victorious, defeating [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]’s [[Dorababu Pendem|Pendem Dorababu]], and securing his first term as an MLA with a 57 percent vote share.

In the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Assembly elections]], Varma once again vied for an MLA seat from Pithapuram. This time, the TDP extended him a ticket. Varma garnered 36.67 percent of the votes, while Dorababu secured 44.71 percent of the vote share.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murthy |first=Sistla Dakshina |date=2024-04-23 |title=AP Polls: Who is Varma and why Pawan Kalyan is banking on him in Pithapuram |url=https://newsmeter.in/regional/andhra-pradesh/ap-polls-who-is-varma-and-why-pawan-kalyan-is-banking-on-him-in-pithapuram-728199 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=newsmeter.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-22 |title=Pawan Kalyan's entry thrusts Pithapuram into limelight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/pawan-kalyans-entry-thrusts-pithapuram-into-limelight/articleshow/108690034.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Electoral performance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="60%"
|-
! S.No
! Year
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
! Margin
! Result
|-
|1
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pithapuram Assembly constituency|Pithapuram]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|45,587
|30.50
| - 1,036
|{{lost}}
|-
|2
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|97,511
|57.59
| + 47,080
|{{won}}
|-
|3
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|68,467
|36.68
| - 14,992
|{{lost}}
|}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, SVSN}}
[[Category:Politicians from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rājmatī stepwell

2026-04-19T16:37:20Z

Vinod6176: stub - done

{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singhpur stepwell
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Stepwell
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_relief =yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Possible location in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.58|N|78.10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ashoknagar district|Ashoknagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 300
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Rājmatī stepwell''' (24°41'10.7095"N, 78°06'26.4485"E) is a water management structure dating to the end of the 1400s. It is located a short distance north of Singhpur village near [[Chanderi]] in [[Ashoknagar district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The [[stepwell]] was built by Rājamatī who is named in the inscription inserted in one of the walls of the structure.<ref>H. N. Dvivedī, ग्वालियर राज्य के अभिलेख (Gwalior, 1947), no. 303; Pushpa Prasad, "A Curious Step-well Stone Inscription of V.S. 1535," ''U.P. Historical Review'' 4 (1987), 72-81; M. Willis, ''Inscriptions of Gopakṣetra'' (London: British Museum, 1996), pp. 38-39.</ref>

[[File:Rajmati stepwell, interior.jpg|thumb|left|Rājmatī stepwell, interior, dated by inscription to VS 1535/1479 CE.]]

The inscription, composed in a mixture of [[Sanskrit]] and [[old Hindi]], presents an unusual biography of Rājamatī, the patron. She is said by the text to have received gifts from the Sultans of the seven leading kingdoms of the time, and built the water facility for travellers as an honourable act of public piety (''dānadharma'').<ref>Saarthak Singh, "Rethinking the Regional in Rājamatī’s World: Placemaking, Patronage and the Performance of Polity in Chanderi, c. 1479," ''South Asian Studies'' 39, no. 2 (2023): 186-206, DOI: 10.1080/02666030.2023.2287842.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rājmatī stepwell}}
[[Category:Stepwells in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1400s]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ashoknagar district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madhya Pradesh]]

Boro Muolkoi

2026-04-18T21:30:14Z

Vinod6176: created new data.

{{Short description|Village in Dima Hasao district, Assam, India}}
{{orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Boro Muolkoi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Boro Muolkoi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Boro Muolkoi Aerial View
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.10952|N|92.89690|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dima Hasao]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1917
| founder = Rohauvung Parate & Alien Bapui
| named_for =
| government_type = Headman/Chief
| governing_body = Boro Muolkoi Village Authority
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 11.05
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 519
| population_as_of = 2011 Census of India
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Locally Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]] & [[Thiek]]
| demographics1_title2 = Most common
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 788818
| area_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| registration_plate = AS 08-X XXXX
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Boro Muolkoi''', also known as 'Boro Mulkoi', is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village in [[Dima Hasao]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Full list of villages of Dima Hasao district in Assam state | url=https://www.viewvillage.in/villages-of-district/dima-hasao-299 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://hmarram.com/hmar-churches/boro-muolkoi-centenary-souvenir-1921-2021-presbyterian-church-of-india/
| title = Boro Muolkoi Gospel Centenary Souvenir (1921-2021) – Presbyterian Church…
| website = Hmarram.com
| access-date = 17 September 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2243356/
| title = Conversation about fieldwork in Boro Muolkoi village
| website = UNT Digital Library
| date =
| access-date = 17 September 2025
}}</ref>

located in the [[Haflong|Haflong subdivision]] of [[Dima Hasao district]], in the state of [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Boro Mulkoi Village Population - Haflong - Dima Hasao, Assam | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/298417-boro-mulkoi-assam.html }}</ref>
It was established in 1917.<ref>{{cite web | title=Harengajao Pin Code - 788818, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search north-cachar-hills Post Office Address | url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/north-cachar-hills/harengajao-pincode-788818.html }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Census of India – Village Directory|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40994|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Detailed Project Report for Dima Hasao|url=https://www.slnaiwmpassam.gov.in/assets/DPR/DPR%20Dima%20Hasao.pdf|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Boro Muolkoi'' is a blend of words from [[Bangla language|Bangla]] and [[Hmar language|Hmar]]:
* '''Boro''' means ''big'' in [[Bengali language|Bangla]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Haricharan |title=Bangla Abhidhan (Bengali Dictionary) |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |year=2003 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of বড় (boro) |url=https://www.english-bangla.com/index.php?word=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC |website=English-Bangla.com |access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref>
* '''Muol''' means ''hills'' in [[Hmar language|Hmar]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapui |first=Vanlal Tluonga |title=Hmar–English Dictionary |publisher=Self-published |location=Guwahati |year=2006}}</ref>
* '''Koi''' (or ''Kawi'') means ''zigzag'' in [[Hmar language|Hmar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hmar Dictionary |url=https://hmardictionary.com |website=Hmar Online Dictionary |access-date=2025-07-05}}</ref>

Thus, the name can be interpreted as "Big Zigzag Hills", referring to the geographical nature of the region.

== History ==
Boro Muolkoi was founded in '''1917''' and is one of the oldest [[Hmar people|Hmar]]-inhabited villages in the [[Dima Hasao]] region.<ref name="auto"/> The village is primarily inhabited by the owner Bapui, Parate & Thiek clan, a subgroup of the [[Hmar people]].

== Language ==
Although the residents belong to [[Hmar people|Hmar]], the most commonly spoken language is "Ṭhiek Ṭawng" (''Ṭhiek Dialect''), from the Ṭhiek sub-clan of the Hmar tribe.<ref name="UNT1">{{cite web |title=Ṭhiek Language Resource |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/TKLR/ |website=UNT Digital Library |publisher=University of North Texas |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="UNT2">{{cite web |title=Conversation about fieldwork in Boro Muolkoi village |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2243356/ |website=UNT Digital Library |publisher=University of North Texas |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
[[Hmar language|Hmar]] is used as a secondary language, especially in inter-village communication, religious activities, and education. Other languages like [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Hindi]], and [[English language|English]] are also occasionally used. The village still largely uses the "Ṭhiek Ṭawng" (Ṭhiek Dialect), a dialect used by a sub-clan of the [[Hmar people]].

== Geography ==
Located in the rugged hills of [[Dima Hasao]] (formerly '''North Cachar Hills'''), Boro Muolkoi is known for its hilly, zigzag terrain, which reflects the meaning of its name.

== Demographics ==
According to the '''2011 Census of India''', '''Boro Mulkoi''' has a total population of '''519''', of which '''265''' are males and '''254''' are females, living in '''102''' households.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract - Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40994 |website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Dima Hasao |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/880 |website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Assam |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Boro Muolkoi is governed by a traditional headman system led by a ''Gaon Bura'' which means ''Lal'' (Chief) and supported by a Village Cabinet. It falls under the [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council]] (NCHAC).

== See also ==
*[[Haflong]]
*[[Dima Hasao]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dima Hasao district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Dhanaha Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:30Z

Vinod6176: created new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Dhanaha 
| type = SLA
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[West Champaran district|Paschim Champaran]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Bagaha Lok Sabha constituency|Bagaha]]
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2010
}}
'''Dhanaha Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[West Champaran district|Paschim Champaran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
It was part of [[Bagaha Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 1. Bagaha | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Dhanaha Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Sudama Mishra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jogendra Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ranglal Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Yogendra Shrivastava
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="3" |Hardev Prasad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Nardeshwar Kushwaha
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Shyam N. Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Vishnu Prasad Kushwaha
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |Rajesh Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: See [[Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]''}}
|}
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp01.htm |title = 1 - Dhanaha Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|27|04|04|N|84|16|37|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Pratibad (1948 film)

2026-04-16T18:10:47Z

Vinod6176: created - done

{{Short description|1948 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{distinguish|Pratibad}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pratibad
| image = Poster of Pratibad.jpg
| caption = Poster of the film
| director = [[Hemchander Chunder]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratibad (1948) |url=https://indiancine.ma/FFG |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
| producer = [[New Theatres]]
| writer = Binoy Chatterjee
| starring = {{ubl|Bharati Devi|[[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]]|[[Purnendu Mukherjee]]|[[Devi Mukherjee]]|[[Chandrabati Devi]]|[[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]]|Manoranjan Bhattacharya}}
| music = [[Pankaj Mullick]]
| distributor = Aurora Films
| released = {{Film date|1948|6|19|df=y}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jugantar. Vol:11 ; Issue:262 (19 June 1948) |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP262-1-2-12-165 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Endangered Archives Programme |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}
'''''Pratibad''''' ({{Translation|Protest}}), also known as '''''Oonch Neech''''' ({{Translation|High and low}}) is a 1948 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film directed by [[Hemchander Chunder]] and produced by [[New Theatres]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratibad (1948) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MzM2 |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=পটেশ্বরী সুমিত্রা, নিজের জীবনেও হারান স্বামীকে, ছেলের জন্মের চারদিন পরেই বর আত্মহত্যা করেন - The mysterious life story of Sumitra Devi, the dreamy heroine of the Golden Age |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/the-mysterious-life-story-of-sumitra-devi-the-dreamy-heroine-of-the-golden-age/tid/167209 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref>{{sfn|Gouranga Prasad Ghosh|1982|p=256}} The film was dubbed in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] under the title ''Oonch Neech''.{{sfn|Gouranga Prasad Ghosh|1982|p=256}} The cinematic production presents a repudiation of [[Caste-related violence in India|discriminatory practices predicated upon caste-based affiliations]]. The narrative follows Malati, an inherent of untouchability, who opposes her sister Madhabi who aspires to terminate caste discrimination. Malati refuses Narendra's proposal as she is in love with Ranjan. However, her emotional equilibrium is disrupted when Ranjan confesses to her that he is actually in love with her sister Madhabi. Further revelation of her adoption by Beniprasad, after the death of her biological father Hari, a [[Chandala]] exacerbates her mental distress. The narrative then follows her [[catharsis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=প্রতিবাদ (১৯৪৮) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/VlhwdFdpODBSMWR2TVhCRk9XbDRSV2cxVTNNMWR6MDk= |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref> The film stars Bharati Devi, [[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]], [[Purnendu Mukherjee]], [[Devi Mukherjee]], [[Chandrabati Devi]], [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]] and Manoranjan Bhattacharya.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Malati, the daughter of the late Beniprasad, is inherently prejudiced against individuals from lower castes, and this stance is starkly contrasted by her sister Madhabi's aspirations to eradicate caste-based discrimination. Malati rejects Narendra's proposal, as she is in love with Ranjan. However, her emotional equilibrium is disrupted when Ranjan confesses his love for her sister Madhabi, leaving Malati to grapple with a profound psychological turmoil.

The revelation of her adoption by Beniprasad, coupled with the discovery that her biological father, Hari, was a Chandala, further compounds her mental distress. The narrative subsequently unfolds her journey towards catharsis, tracing the trajectory of her emotional transformation and introspection.

== Cast ==
* Bharati Devi as Malati
* [[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]] as Madhabi
* Purnendu Mukherjee as Narendra
* [[Devi Mukherjee]] as Ranjan
* [[Chandrabati Devi]]
* [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]]
* Manoranjan Bhattacharya
* Kalipada Sarkar
* Rajlakshmi Devi
* Mohan Majumder
* Dipali Goswami
* Prafullabala

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |title=Sonar Dag |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Son%C4%81ra_d%C4%81ga/GKrnAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |publisher=Yogomaya Prakashani |author=Gouranga Prasad Ghosh |volume=1 |language=Bn |asin=B0B5RM7D37 |date=1982 |access-date=6 April 2026}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name |id=0158858}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/oonch-neech/ Oonch Neech] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
{{Subject bar
|commons =
|commons-search =
|d-search = Q107026479
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Films
|portal3 = Society
}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:1948 drama films]]
[[Category:1940s Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:New Theatres films]]

Jatani Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:17Z

Vinod6176: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jatani}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jatani
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 115
| type = SLA
| map_image = 115-Jatani.svg
| map_caption = Jatani Assembly constituency in [[Khordha district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| established = 1974
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,47,101{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Jatani''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Khordha district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=115|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009|work= empoweringindia.org|quote= Constituency: Jatni (115) District: Khordha|accessdate= 22 April 2014|archive-date= 24 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125608/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=115|url-status= usurped}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Jatani]], Jatani block and 6 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Gadahaladia, Keranga, Malipur, Tangiapada, Pubusahi and Nalipada-Arjunpur) of Khurda block and 10 GPs (Padhanasahi, Chandaka, Darutheng, Andharua, Paikerapur, Mendhasal, Tamando, Nanput, Kantabad and Ranasinghpur) of Bhubaneswar block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp51.htm|title= 51 - Jatni Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 22 April 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|39.06}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.94}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.92}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.85}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.59}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.98}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.24}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|53.49}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.56}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|61.96}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|51.39}}
}}

Since its formation in 1974, 12 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Jatani constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Candidate">{{cite web|title= Jatni Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/jatni.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 April 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jatani Assembly Election Results 2024: Jatani Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/jatani-constituency-result-18115 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="Candidate" />
|Bhagirathi Badajena
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|[[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Sarat Chandra Paikray
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Sarat Chandra Paikray
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Satyapriya Mohanty
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Biswaranjan Badajena by a margin of 25,221 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jatani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
|votes = 68,162
|percentage = 39.06
|change = {{increase}}0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswaranjan Badajena
|votes = 42,941
|percentage = 24.61
|change = {{increase}}8.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Jena
|votes = 42,629
|percentage = 24.43
|change = {{decrease}}18.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,449
|percentage = 0.83
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,221
|percentage = 14.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,74,518
|percentage = 70.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Suresh Kumar Routray]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]] by a margin of 7,522 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jatani<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Suresh Kumar Routray]]|votes=68,841|percentage=42.94|change={{increase}}4.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]] |votes=61,319|percentage=38.24|change={{decrease}}3.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Biswaranjan Badajena |votes=26,256|percentage=16.37|change={{increase}}4.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above |votes=1,284|percentage=0.80|change=|Symbol=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,522|percentage=4.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,60,312|percentage=67.46|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Bhagirathi Badajena defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Suresh Kumar Routray]] by a margin of 5747 votes.<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jatani<ref name=election2014/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Bhagirathi Badajena
|votes = 60,976
|percentage = 41.92
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
|votes = 55,229
|percentage = 37.97
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sudipta Kumar Ray
|votes = 17,085
|percentage = 11.74
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,564
|percentage = 1.08
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,747
|percentage = 3.95{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,469
|percentage = 70.35
|change = {{up}}9.85
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,06,792
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Suresh Kumar Routray]] by a margin of 14,925 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=14925 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jatani<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Balabantaray]]
|votes = 55,573
|percentage = 47.85
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
|votes = 40,648
|percentage = 35.00
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sarat Chandra Paikray
|votes = 8,756
|percentage = 7.54
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sudipta Ray
|votes = 7,812
|percentage = 6.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,925
|percentage = 12.85{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,16,142
|percentage = 60.50{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 63.31%}}
|change = {{down}}2.81
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,91,962
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khordha district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.17|85.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]

Akal Sena

2026-04-13T04:54:16Z

Vinod6176: Put up some post v1

{{Short description|First standing Sikh army created by Guru Hargobind (1606 – 1699)}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Akal Sena
| native_name = ਅਕਾਲ ਸੈਨਾ
| image = Akal Sena Flag.svg
| alt = Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi in Hadiara, Lahore district showcasing the Nishan Sahib flag of the Akal Sena during the time of Guru Hargobind
| caption = Reconstructed Flag of the Akal Sena of a [[Katar (dagger)|Kattar push-dagger]] and overlaid [[Dhal (shield)|Dhal shield]] as depicted in a mural from Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi in Hadiara, Lahore district showcasing the [[Nishan Sahib|Akal Dhuja]] flag of the Akal Sena during the time of Guru Hargobind
| dates = 15 June 1606 – 13 April 1699
| allegiance = [[Sikh Gurus]]
| branch = [[Nihang|Akali-Nihang]] Pathan regiment Risaldari (cavalry)
| type = *[[Policing]] (1606 – 1612)
*[[Army]] (1612 – 1699)
| garrison = [[Akal Takht|Akal Bunga]], [[Amritsar]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| colors = *Yellow (during/after the tenure of Guru Hargobind Sahib)
*Navy (during the tenure of Guru Gobind Singh)
| battles = *[[Early Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
*[[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)]]
*[[Ahom–Mughal conflicts]]
| battles_label = Wars
| commander1 = *[[Guru Hargobind]] (1606 – 1644)
*[[Guru Har Rai]] (1644 – 1661)
*[[Guru Har Krishan]] (1661 – 1664)
*[[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] (1664 – 1675)
*[[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1675 – 1699)
| commander1_label = Gurus
| commander2 = *[[Bidhi Chand|Bidhi Chand Chhina]]
*[[Bhai Gaura]]
*Baba Praga
*Bhai Jattu
*Bhai Peda
*Bhai Langah
*Bhai Jati Mall
*Bhai Lakhi
*Rai Jodh
*[[Baba Gurditta]]
*Painde Khan (later defected to the Mughals)
| commander2_label = Commanders
| commander3 = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|20 px]] [[Khalsa Fauj]]
| commander3_label = Successor
| identification_symbol = [[File:Artwork of Guru Tegh Bahadur's name in Perso-Arabic script with a tiger found on the reputed Tegha (sword) of his.jpg|125px]][[File:Image of the personified sword, Kalika, found on the reputed Tegha (sword) of Guru Hargobind.png|125px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Iconography
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
The '''Akāl Sena''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਅਕਾਲ ਸੈਨਾ; meaning 'Army of the [[Akal Purakh|Immortal]]', '[[God in Sikhism|God]]'s Army', or 'Eternal Army'; alternatively transcribed as '''Akaal Sena''')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |title=Reflections on 1984 |date=2014 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |isbn=978-0-9554587-3-6 |pages=16–17 |oclc=898056748}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |journal=Abstracts of Sikh Studies |location=Chandigarh, India |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=54}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://assets-global.website-files.com/5e29591964852b5d27d96ea4/5f81773f8455f6dab3dc6a2e_State%20of%20the%20Panth%202019-Akal%20Takht-Final-digital.pdf |title=Akal Takht Sahib: Timeless Sovereign Throne – State of the Panth, Report 4 |date=March 2019 |publisher=Sikh Research Institute |quote=Akal Takht Sahib became the seat of Sikh power and gave the Sikhs a rallying point as a symbol of Sikh sovereignty. It is from the Akal Takht Sahib that the Guru administered justice like a king in a court, accepted gifts of arms and horses, and awarded honors and punishment. Guru Hargobind Sahib, for example, is noted as having 800 horses in the stables, 300 troopers on horseback, and 60 men with firearms at all times. This tradition was carried forward by Guru Harirai Sahib, the seventh Guru, who maintained an army that consisted of 2,200 mounted soldiers. This army of the Akal Takht Sahib came to be called the Akal Sena (immortal army), and its warriors were honored as the Akalis (the immortals)}}</ref> was the Sikh military force established by the sixth [[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Hargobind]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Ikram Ali |title=A Book of Readings on the History of the Punjab: 1799-1947 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab |year=1970 |volume=20 of Research Society of Pakistan publication, Research Society of Pakistan |pages=676}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal Singh |title=Politics of Sikh homeland, 1940-1990 |date=1994 |publisher=Ajanta Publications |isbn=81-202-0419-0 |location=Delhi |pages=323 |oclc=32242388}}</ref> It was the first standing Sikh army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Swati |title=Good Earth Punjab Travel Guide |publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited |year=2006 |isbn=978-93-80262-17-8 |edition=2nd |pages=26}}</ref> It was also known as the '''Akali Dal''' (Gurmukhi: ਅਕਾਲੀ ਦਲ, 'Immortal Brigade').<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kamalroop |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34369/chapter-abstract/291509332?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |series=Oxford Handbooks Online |pages=459–470 |chapter=38. Sikh Martial Art (Gatkā) |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699308.013.022 |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Mural of Guru Hargobind on horseback while accompanied by a flagbearer and hunting dog from Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi, Hadiara, Lahore district (bright flash version).jpg|thumb|Mural of Guru Hargobind on horseback while accompanied by a flag-bearer and hunting dog and escorted by the Akal Sena, from Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi, Hadiara, Lahore district]]
During the time period of [[Guru Arjan]], an enemy of the Sikhs and the brother of Arjan, named [[Prithi Chand]], instigated a local Mughal official named Sulahi Khan to destroy the Sikhs and the Guru.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8382-075-2 |pages=68–69}}</ref> Sulahi Khan conjured up an excuse that he was collecting tax to justify him leading a small contingent against the Sikhs at Amritsar.<ref name=":14" /> Due to the local residents of Amritsar fearing for their personal safety, Guru Arjan left the city to prevent tragedy.<ref name=":14" /> Arjan made his way to Wadali and then from there to Raur.<ref name=":14" /> After Wadali was ransacked by [[Dacoity|bandits]], Guru Arjan returned and stayed there for two years to provide security for the local residents.<ref name=":14" />

Guru Arjan had advised his son, Hargobind, to become martially trained when he was a youth.<ref name=":1" /> The Akal Sena came into being at the same time of the consecration of the [[Akal Bunga]] on the 15 June 1606.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Dr Kuldip |url=http://panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=40833&page=1&CategoryID=12&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=1&viewall=1 |title=Akal Takht Ate Khalsa Panth |location=Chandigarh |page=2 |ref=PL-000788 |access-date=21 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021194818/http://panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=40833&page=1&CategoryID=12&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=1&viewall=1 |archive-date=21 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dilgeer |first1=Harjinder Singh |title=The Akal Takht |date=1980 |publisher=Sikh University Press |location=Jalandhar}}</ref> Guru Hargobind believed that the Sikh faith was not limited to spiritual pursuits but martial power and temporal authority was vital as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deol |first=Satnam Singh |date=2019-04-03 |title=Sikh ethnonationalism and militancy: manifestation and prognosis |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2018.1491289 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=183–209 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2018.1491289 |s2cid=149695516 |issn=1463-1369 |quote=Guru Hargobind (1595-1644), the sixth Guru decreed that sacred obligations of the Sikh leaders as well as disciples were not curtailed only to the religious matters but Sikhs should be marshaled and militarized to be compatible to the uncomplimentary political situations. He further built the Akal Takht (Throne of Immortal) in the premise of the Darbar Sahib as a symbol of the reconciliation and cohabitation of religion and politics.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> There are various views as to why the [[Sikhs|Sikh community]] and faith was martialized, with one theory being it was caused by the growing religious fundamentalism of the [[Mughal emperors]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syan |first=Hardip Singh |date=August 2011 |title=EARLY SIKH HISTORIOGRAPHY: The Issue of 'Doxa' |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17448727.2011.593297 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2011.593297 |s2cid=142930089 |issn=1744-8727|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some scholars, notably Trilochan Singh, argue that the roots for the martial tradition in Sikhism date back further to the guruship of Guru Arjan, pre-dating Guru Hargobind's militarization reforms and enactments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2870&page=1&CategoryID=1 |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography |publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |year=1967 |pages=24–25}}</ref>

== Purpose ==
{{Blockquote|text=The Akaal Takhat and the Akaal Sena (God's army) the Sikhs, would protect and uphold the integrity of faith promulgated by [[Harimandir Sahib|Harmander Sahib]] and all it stood for. The Sikhs would become renowned for their bravery as warriors, who protect the integrity and faith of one and all. They would fight oppression and tyranny, relinquishing risk to life; they would make daring attacks on foes, defending their strong principles of righteousness.|author=Harjinder Singh|title=Reflections on 1984 (2014)|source=pages 16–17}}
It had been described as an "elite army corps" for the Sikh community to meet the "Mughal challenge".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=2002 |title=The Sikh Review |journal=The Sikh Review |location=Calcutta |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre |volume=50 |issue=577–588 |pages=29}}</ref> Sikhs were called upon to bring horses and equipment for the army, which they obliged.<ref name=":3" /> The warriors of the Akal Sena came to be known as ''Akalis'' (the immortals).<ref name=":2" />

== History ==

=== Guru Hargobind ===
[[File:Painting of Guru Hargobind and his army, the Akal Sena, at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Guru Hargobind and his army, the Akal Sena, at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, circa 19th century]]
The army was founded by [[Guru Hargobind]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Whiting |first=J. R. S. |title=Religions for today. |date=1991 |publisher=Thornes |others=J. R. S.. Whiting |isbn=0-7487-0586-4 |edition=3rd |pages=67 |oclc=24669427}}</ref><ref name=":12a">{{Cite book |title=Two Gurus One Message: The Buddha and Guru Nanak: Legacy of Liberation, Egalitarianism and Social Justice |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |author1=Savinder Kaur Gill |author2=Sonam Wangmo |year=2019 |series=Teachings of Buddha and the Sikh Gurus |pages=19}}</ref> During his time, it consisted of 700-800 horses, 300-500 cavalrymen, 60 musketeers, and 60 artillery men.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khushwant Singh |url= |title=A History of the Sikhs |date=1977 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= |volume=1 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=64 |oclc=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Balwant Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, a Biography |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1979 |pages=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prithi Pal Singh |title=The history of Sikh gurus |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=81-8382-075-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=81 |oclc=297207913}}</ref>{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=483}} The Akal Sena fought major battles against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]] and its allies, winning all four of the major battles in-which Hargobind was leader, as well as more minor skirmishes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Sikh history from Persian sources : translations of major texts |date=2001 |publisher=Tulika |others=J. S. Grewal, Irfan Habib, Indian History Congress. Session |isbn=81-85229-17-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=4 |oclc=47024480 |quote=Even Guru Hargobind was sent as a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior on account of the arrears of fine imposed upon Guru Arjan. However, this was not the only cause of Guru Hargobind's difficulties. He had begun to wear the sword and adopted the appearance of a soldier; he used to hunt and to maintain servants. He came into armed conflict with the gumashtas (officials) of Shah Jahan and had to leave Ramdaspur for Kartarpur in the Jalandhar Doab. There too he had to fight quite a few battles before he moved to Phagwara and then to Kiratpur in the territory of the refractory hill chief Tara Chand. There too, Guru Hargobind maintained seven hundred horses in his stables, three hundred horsemen, and sixty musketeers. His headquarters served as a place of refuge for refractory individuals. The Dabistan, thus, provides extremely useful evidence on the change in the attitude of the Mughal Emperors towards the Gurus and the change in the attitude of Guru Hargobind towards the State.}}</ref> The first commanders of the Akal Sena were [[Bidhi Chand|Bidhi Chand Chhina]], Baba Jattu, Baba Peda, and Baba Praga, commanding a force around 400 strong.{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8}}<ref name="NirdrSingh1998">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nirdr |url=https://www.academia.edu/35835682 |title=The Fighting Traditions and Fighting Arts of the Traditional Sikh Warriors the Beloved of Guru Gobind Singh Ji the Akali Nihangs |publisher=Budha Dal and Tarna Dal |year=1998 |edition=2nd }}</ref> Later a special regiment of [[Pashtuns|Pathans]] led by Painde Khan joined the Akal Sena.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prithi Pal Singh |title=The history of Sikh gurus |date=2006 |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=81-8382-075-1 |location=New Delhi |pages=82 |oclc=297207913}}</ref>

Initially, the Akal Sena was a policing force that was an army only nominally.{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8}} It was only after the [[Bandi Chhor Divas|release of the sixth Guru]] from the prison of [[Gwalior Fort]] in 1612 that the force began to take on more shape, as 52 [[Rajput]] kings also gained freedom from the prison, who then accompanied the Guru as many of them had lost their polity to conquests and absorptions by the Mughal empire.{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8}} The Guru established an [[Akhara]] ([[Indosphere|Indic]] military training centre or arena) the same year in [[Amritsar]], it was called the Ranjit Akhara (alt. spelt as 'Ranjeet').{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thind |first=Inder Singh |title=Gatka - Traditional Gatka Comprehensive Training Guide |publisher=White Falcon Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-89530-67-4 |pages=ix |chapter=Foreword by Gen. Kuldip Singh |quote=Guru Hargobind Sahib ji, the 6th Guru, improved upon the art of warfare and carried out innovative changes. As a result, skill of weapon use was rejuvenated. The training arenas were called 'Ranjeet Akhara'; an invincible.}}</ref> Rajput converts to the Sikh faith had given the new institution much strength and information regarding the art of war.{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8}}

'''Battles'''

The Akal Sena fought many battles under Guru Hargobind. The first was the [[Battle of Rohilla]] in 1621 which occurred after Akal Sena soldiers killed Bhagwan Das Ghererh, a relative of [[Chandu Shah|Chandu]], over his blasphemous remarks. His body was dumped in the nearby river. On hearing the news of the two sons of Chandu, Rattan and Karam Chand appealed to the Mughal governor of [[Jalandhar]], Abdul Khan, who then led an army of 15,000. The Akal Sena was smaller in number, but managed to defeat the Mughal army killing Abdul Khan, Rattan Chand, Karam Chand and the other generals along with 14,000 soldiers. Bhai Jatu was killed in this battle.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbMFCZyAcnQC |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |page=860 |access-date=31 July 2010}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.ITheSikhGurus1469-1708/page/n175/mode/2up |title=History of the Sikhs:The Sikhs Gurus (1469-1708) |publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal 1994 |page=164}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Fauja |url=https://archive.org/details/guru-tegh-bahadur-martyr-and-teacher |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and teacher |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi university, PATIALA |year=1975 |page=10}}</ref><ref>Gurbilas Patashahi 6 Chapter 14</ref>

Following this battle the Akal Sena fought in no major battles until the [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)|Battle of Amritsar]] which occurred on April 14 of 1634.{{sfn|Dhillon|1988|p=122}} It was a two-day battle which began over a hunting dispute between Guru Hargobind and the Mughals. The Mughals attacked the Akal Sena and a minor scuffle occurred. Blows were exchanged and many Mughals died. The Mughals were forced to fall back. {{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}} This was used as an excuse for Shah Jahan to send an army of 7,000 under the command of general Mukhlis Khan, Shamas Khan, Murtaza Khan, and Mustafa Khan. The Akal Sena was only 700 in number under the lead of Guru Hargobind, [[Bhatt Kirat]], Bhai Bhanno, Bhai Peda Das, Rao Bulla, and Painde Khan.<ref name="Macauliffe1909">{{cite book |last1=Macauliffe |first1=Max Arthur |title=The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors, Vol 4 |date=1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}} [[wikisource:en:Index:The Sikh Religion, its gurus, sacred writings and authors Vol 4.djvu|Wikisource]]</ref>{{Rp|96}}{{sfn|Jaques|2007|p=47}} The Akal Sena was not prepared for a fight as they were busy preparing for the Guru Hargobind's daughter's wedding. It was a two-day battle. On the first day the Mughals took over [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]] and attacked the home of Guru Hargobind. On the second day the Akal Sena launched a counterattack. Bhai Banno was killed in battle after which Guru Hargobind took command. The battle ended when Guru Hargobind killed Mukhlis Khan in hand-to-hand combat. All the Mughal generals were killed with no Mughal soldier surviving.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}<ref name="Macauliffe1909" />

This battle proved that Guru Hargobind and the Akal Sena were powerful and not a small militia. The victory cemented Guru Hargobind and the Akal Sena's presence and destroyed ideas of Mughal invincibility.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=534-536}}
[[File:Mural_of_Guru_Hargobind_(with_Bhai_Lakhu,_Bhai_Tiloka,_Bhai_Jetha,_Bhai_Bidhi_Chand,_and_Baba_Buddha)_from_an_unidentified_Samadhi_located_near_Gurdwara_Bhai_Than_Singh_at_Kot_Fateh_Khan,_Attock,_Punjab.jpg|thumb|Mural of Guru Hargobind, with Bhai Lakhu, Bhai Tiloka, Bhai Jetha, [[Bidhi Chand|Bhai Bidhi Chand]], and [[Baba Buddha]], from an unidentified [[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi]] located near Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh at Kot Fateh Khan, Attock, Punjab]]
In revenge over recent Mughal defeats [[Shah Jahan]] stole Guru Hargobind's horses and kept them in [[Lahore]]. Bhai Bidhi Chand broke into [[Lahore Fort]] and brought the horses back to Guru Hargobind. Guru Hargobind knew of Mughal retaliation coming and prepares for battle. The Akal Sena number's 3,000 and is aided with Rai Jodh's army of 1,000.<ref name=":13">Gurbilas Patashahi 6 Chapter 19</ref> The Akal Sena and Rai Jodh's army moves into a jungle near a lake in order to have a better position in battle.<ref name=":13" /> Shah Jahan sends to Mughal generals Lala Beg, the governor of [[Kabul]], and Qumae Beg his brother with an army of 36,000. A deadly battle ensues in which the Akal Sena uses [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics to win. Both Mughal generals are killed and 35,000 Mughal soldiers are killed along with 100 surrendering. 1200 soldiers of the Akal Sena also fall in the battle.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":03">Suraj Granth Raas 7</ref>

==== Betrayal of Painde Khan ====
[[File:Mural depicting the Battle of Kartarpur (April 1635) from Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi, Hadiara, Lahore district.jpg|thumb|Mural depicting the Akal Sena fighting the [[Battle of Kartarpur]] (April 1635) from Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi, Hadiara, Lahore district]]
Painde Khan, a [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] general of the Akal Sena, had double-crossed his former master and mentor, Guru Hargobind, and sided with the Mughal forces.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |title=The Sikh Gurus. |date=2015 |publisher=Hay House Publishing |isbn=978-93-84544-45-4 |oclc=968092357 |quote=At this point, however, the Guru Hargobind fell out with his famous general, Painde Khan. The relationship deteriorated to such an extent that Painde Khan and his son-in-law, Asman Khan, were both dismissed from the Guru's service. Painde Khan went to the Mughal court and offered his services against the Guru. "I have been with the Guru for many years. I know all his strengths and all his weaknesses. If you send a strong army with me, I am sure I can defeat the Guru,' claimed Painde Khan. The Mughals decided to take advantage of this offer. So in 1634, a large force under Kale Khan (the brother of Mukhlis Khan) along with Painde Khan and Asman Khan was sent out against the Guru. It is said that on the eve of the battle, Dhirmal, Guru Hargobind's grandson, wrote a secret letter to Painde Khan promising to help the invading forces with information about the Guru's army. The Guru had taken up position in Kartarpur and the Mughal forces surrounded him from all sides. The defence of the town was divided among his generals Bidhi Chand, Jati Mai, Lakhi, and Rai Jodh. The Mughal army attacked the town and a fierce and bloody battle followed. The Guru's sons, Tegh Bahadur and Gurditta, fought with great skill and courage. In fact Tegh Bahadur wielded his sword so well that he caused great harm to the Mughal army and it seemed that the battle would go in favour of the Guru's forces. Some of the remaining Mughal generals now called upon Painde Khan. 'Where is your knowledge of the Guru's forces? If you really have such knowledge you must use it'}}</ref> Since he served as a general in the Sikh army, he was convinced he could use that as an advantage and persuaded the Mughals to assist him in this affair against a common enemy due to his inner knowledge.<ref name=":10" /> He was accompanied by Kale Khan the governor of [[Peshawar]], Kutab Khan the [[Faujdar]] of [[Jalandhar]] and his son-in-law Anwar Khan. The army was accompanied by plunderers and [[mujahedeen]] who all together numbered from 52,000 - 100,000.{{sfn|Macauliffe|1909|p=198}}<ref>Gurbilas Patashai 6 Chapter 20</ref><ref>Suraj Granth Raas 8</ref> Painde Khan and the vast majority of his army were killed in the [[Battle of Kartarpur]] at the hands of Guru Hargobind during a duel between the two.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Tejinder Kaur |title=Essence of Sikhism – 5: The Lives and Teachings of the Sikh Gurus |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-259-1946-9 |edition=Reprint |pages=48}}</ref> In his last moments, the Guru showed mercy for the man he had loved and raised as his own and shielded him from the sun's direct rays with his shield as he lay dying and offered a prayer for him.<ref name=":11" />

=== Guru Har Rai ===
[[File:Detail of an equestrian painting of Guru Har Rai kept in the Sursinghwala collection.jpg|thumb|Detail of an equestrian painting of Guru Har Rai kept in the Sursinghwala collection]]
[[Guru Har Rai]] mostly kept the peace during his [[Guru Gaddi|guruship]], avoiding major conflicts for the most part, but he still maintained a large size for the Akal Sena, consisting of 2,200 mounted soldiers.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhir |first=Krishna S. |title=The Wonder That Is Urdu |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-208-4301-1 |pages=206}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> However, this period was not a totally pacifist one for the Akal Sena, as Har Rai had deployed the army against [[Aurangzeb]]'s troops in-support of [[Dara Shikoh]]. This is recorded in a Sikh source, the ''Mahimā Parkāsh Vārtak'', which states that Har Rai deployed the Akal Sena at [[Goindval|Goindwal]] to prevent Aurangzeb's forces from pursuing the fleeing Dara Shikoh, after the latter had lost the [[Battle of Samugarh]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Opinderjit |title=Global Sikhs: Histories, Practices and Identities |last2=Jakobsh |first2=Doris R. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-84735-2 |series=Routledge Critical Sikh Studies |quote=During the time of the seventh Guru, the emphasis on armed conflict with the Mughals receded, but Guru Har Rai held court and kept a regular force of Sikh horsemen. He had favorable relations with Dara Shikoh (eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan and heir apparent to the Mughal throne), who sought the Guru's help while he was fleeing in front of the army of his younger brother Aurangzeb, after his defeat in the battle of Samugrah on May 29, 1658. According to Mahimà Prakäsh Värtak, Guru Har Rai deployed his own troops at the ferry at Goindval to delay Aurangzeb's army, which was pursuing Dara Shikoh at his heels}}</ref> Guru Har Rai did not let the Akal Sena stall during these times of peace but rather he was responsible for further developing it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lalrinawma |first=V. S. |title=Major faith traditions of India |date=2007 |publisher=ISPCK |others=I.S.P.C.K. |isbn=978-81-7214-961-1 |location=Delhi |pages=329 |oclc=166255543}}</ref>

=== Guru Har Krishan ===
{{Expand section|Please add details of the eighth Guru's military intrigues (if any exist from authentic source)|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Khem Singh Bedi Haveli fresco 10.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting [[Guru Har Krishan]] holding ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' (court) with armed followers from the [[Bedi Mahal]]]]
Not much is known about the Akal Sena during the leadership of the [[Guru Har Krishan]]. Sources on his life are scarce.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |author2=Louis E. Fenech |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |page=41}}</ref> However, he maintained the army of the Akal Sena and an entourage of armed followers guarding him.<ref>{{Cite book |title=World religions for healthcare professionals |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |others=Siroj Sorajjakool, Mark F. Carr, Julius J. Nam |isbn=978-0-7890-3812-8 |location=New York |pages=79 |oclc=444447904}}</ref>

=== Guru Tegh Bahadur ===
Originally named Tyag Mal, the ninth Guru was renamed as '[[Tegh Bahadur]]' meaning "Brave Swordsman"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=English Translation of “बहादुर” {{!}} Collins Hindi-English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> after the valor he displayed fighting in the [[Battle of Kartarpur]], alongside his elder brother [[Baba Gurditta|Gurditta]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Kohli |first=Surinder Singh |date=1996 |department=Guru Tegh Bahadur - The Ninth Nanak (1621 - 1675) |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/fundamental_issues/ch12.html |journal=Fundamental Issues in Sikh Studies |title=Section II - Sikh History |location=Chandigarh, India |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Biography |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1975 |pages=26}}</ref> The guru is noted as having been skilled in his usage of the ''[[kirpan]]'' sword.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jawandha |first=Nahar Singh |title=Glimpses of Sikhism |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-93-80213-25-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=163 |oclc=895111680}}</ref> During his guruship, he mostly avoided conflict and was occupied by his missionary tours throughout the Indian subcontinent, focused on spreading Sikhism and meeting with local congregations of Sikhs that had been widely spread-out throughout the land.<ref name=":7" />

Whilst [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] was in [[Dhaka]], Raja Ram Singh petitioned that the Akal Sena assist him in his crushing of a rebellion led by King [[Supangmung|Chakradhwaj Singha]] of the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom Kingdom]] in [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] (located in [[Assam]]) in [[Northeast India|north-eastern India]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Randhir |first=G. S. |title=Sikh Shrines in India |date=February 1990 |publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-2260-4 |pages=83–87 |chapter=Assam}}</ref> The Guru agreed to the request because he had plans to visit that region anyways to rebuild a monument of [[Guru Nanak]]'s ''udasi'' (travel tour) to the area. The Guru and his forces reached the region in February 1669. Whilst stationed in [[Dhubri]], Kamrup near the bank of a river, an encampment of the Akal Sena with Guru Tegh Bahadur had come under attack from the other side of the river by local Assamese forces.<ref name=":8" /> The Sikhs were able to defeat the enemy using archery.<ref name=":8" /> Afterwards, the Guru made peace with the locals after the latter informed him that they were rebelling to resist the conquests of the Mughal empire and to protect their sovereignty.<ref name=":8" /> Later on, the [[Ahom king]] honoured the Guru at the [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamakhya shrine]] after Guru Tegh Bahadur brokered peace between the [[Mughal army|imperial Mughal army]] under the command of Raja Ram Singh and the local Ahom resistance.<ref name=":8" />

Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by beheading on the orders of [[Aurangzeb]], partly because the Mughal emperor had grown jealous over the growing wealth and success of the Akal Sena army of the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Terhune |first=Lea |title=California's Pioneering Punjabis: An American Story |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |others=I.J. Singh |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-4396-7678-3 |pages=30}}</ref>

=== Guru Gobind Singh ===
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] changed the [[Sikh chola|uniform]] and colours of the Akal Sena to blue after witnessing his youngest son, [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]], donning such garbs in this colour.{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8–9}} Even after the Guru had implemented reforms to the Akal Sena, he believed it was not enough and something different must be done.{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8–9}} Therefore, Guru Gobind Singh formalized the [[Khalsa]] order in Anandpur in the year 1699, which absorbed the functionalities and institution of the Akal Sena into the [[Khalsa Fauj]].{{R|name=NirdrSingh1998|page=8–9}}<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2020-04-14 |title=Who are Nihang Sikhs? 'Guru di laadli fauj' warrior sect in news for chopping off cop's hand |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/who-are-nihang-sikhs-guru-di-laadli-fauj-warrior-sect-in-news-for-chopping-off-cops-hand/401331/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |quote=The Nihangs trace their origins to the founding of the Khalsa Panth by the 10th Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh, around 1699. Many claim the sect to be "guru di laadli fauj" (the guru’s favourite army). The armed sect is believed to have emerged from the Akaal Sena, a band of soldiers of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru. Later, the Akaal Sena metamorphosed into the ‘Khalsa Fauj’ of the 10th guru.}}</ref>

== Dissolution ==
The Akal Sena was absorbed into the [[Khalsa Fauj]] of the [[Khalsa]] order formalized by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] on 13 April 1699, on the day of the [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi]] festival.<ref name=":5" />

== Legacy ==
The [[Nihang|Akali-Nihang]] tradition ultimately traces itself back to the establishment of the Akal Sena.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

== Symbols ==

=== Flags ===
The [[Nishan Sahib]] was first raised by Guru Hargobind at the consecration of the Akal Bunga in 1606.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13a">{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |author=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=3 |location=Patiala |pages=239–240 |oclc=29703420}}</ref> The flag during this time was known as the ''Akal Dhuja'' ("the immortal flag") or ''Satguru ka Nishan'' (standard of the true Guru).<ref name=":13a" /><gallery>
File:Sikh Basanti.svg|Sikh Basanti (yellow) [[Nishan Sahib]] (flag) as introduced by Guru Hargobind
</gallery>

== Timeline of the Akal Sena ==

* 30 May 1606 – Martyrdom of [[Guru Arjan]]
* 15 June 1606 – Akal Sena established
* 1612 – Ranjit Akhara established in Amritsar
* 1621 – [[Battle of Rohilla]] (also known as battle of Hargobindpur)
* 1628 or 14 April 1634 – [[Battle of Amritsar (1634)|Battle of Amritsar]]<ref name=":7" />
* 1628 or 1630 – Battle of Gobindpur (near [[Sri Hargobindpur|Hargobindpur]])<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rishi |title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony : Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. |date=2015 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-93-5150-504-4 |location=New Delhi |oclc=1101028781 |quote=The cordial relationship the Sikh leaders enjoyed with Jehangir did not continue with his son, Shahjahan. The Sikhs fought five battles, namely the battle of Amritsar (1628 AD), the battle of Hargobindpur (1630 AD), the battles of Lara and Gurusar (December 1634 AD), and the battle of Kartarpur (1635 AD), against the Mughal forces during the reign of Shahjahan.}}</ref>
* 1631 – Battle of Mehraj<ref name=":7" />
* 15 October 1634 – [[Battle of Lahira]]
* December 1634 – Battles of Lara and Gurusar<ref name=":9" />
* 1634 or 25 April 1635 – [[Battle of Kartarpur]]<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" />
* 1 July 1635 - Battle of Nangal Gujjran<ref name="Encyclopedia2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhreferenceboo0000dila/page/655/mode/2up|title=The Sikh reference book|author= Harajindara Siṅgha Dilagīra|date=1997|pages=655|isbn=978-0-9695964-2-4 }}</ref>
* 1657–1661 – [[Mughal war of succession (1657–1661)|Mughal war of succession]] and protection of Dara Shikoh from Aurangzeb's wrath<ref name=":6" />
* February 1669 – Akal Sena reaches [[Dhubri]] in [[Kamrup region|Kamrupa]], to assist with putting down a rebellion by a local ruler against Mughal imperialism but instead broker a peace after their encampment is attacked and they meet with local forces<ref name=":8" />
* 1682 – [[Battle of Anandpur (1682)|Battle Of Anandpur (1682)]]
* 1685 – [[Battle of Anandpur (1685)|Battle Of Anandpur (1685)]]
* 18 September 1686 – [[Battle of Bhangani]]
* 4 April 1691 – [[Battle of Nadaun]]
* 1695 – [[Battle of Anandpur (1695)]]
* 1696 – [[Battle of Guler (1696)|Battle of Guler]]
* 13 April 1699 – Founding of the [[Khalsa|Khalsa Panth]] and dissolution of the Akal Sena

== See also ==
* [[Sant Sipahi]]
* [[Miri piri]]
* [[Shastar Vidya]]
* [[Gatka]]
* [[Sikh chola]]
* [[Katar (dagger)]]
* [[Akal Ustat]]
* [[Sikh Khalsa Army]]
* [[Deg Tegh Fateh|Degh Tegh Fateh]]
* [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|Dharamyudh]]

== References ==
<references />

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |title=Sikhism, Origin and Development |first=Dalbir Singh |last=Dhillon |year=1988 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors }}
* {{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZFBp89UInUC&pg=PA574 |access-date=31 July 2010 |year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-269-0858-5 }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Syan |first=Hardip Singh |title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-350-16099-6 |volume=4 of Library of South Asian history and culture}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ishwar |title=The Brief History of Budha Dal: From the Establishment of Akal Sena to the Creation of Budha Dal |date=19 September 2022 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88815-377-2 }}

[[Category:Sikh military]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Sikhs]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1699]]

Lakhbir Singh Rai

2026-04-07T22:21:04Z

Vinod6176: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
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| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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}}
'''Lakhbir Singh Rai''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]<ref name="Committee on Government Assurances">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050545/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]]<ref name="Committee on Subordinate Legislation">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=46&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency|2022}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Fatehgarh Sahib
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Lakhbir Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

KSR Bengaluru–Coimbatore Uday Express

2026-03-31T14:21:51Z

Vinod6176: Done

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}{{Infobox rail service
| color = FFC97F
| name = KSR Bengaluru-Coimbatore Uday Express
| logo =
| image = Bengaluru Coimbatore Uday Express.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = KSR - CBE arriving at {{rws|Salem Junction}}
| type = [[Uday Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|06|08}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}} (SBC)
| stops = 6
| end = {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} (CBE)
| distance = {{convert|419|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hrs 45 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair Car, Reserved Seating
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Yes
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities = Cafeteria
| trainnumber = 22665 / 22666
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Double Decker]] + [[LHB coach|LHB-Uday]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| speed = {{cvt|64|km/h|0||abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = {{KSR Bengaluru-Coimbatore UDAY Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22665 / 22666 '''KSR Bengaluru–Coimbatore Uday Express''' is the 1st [[Uday Express]] series double-decker AC chair train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}} of [[Karnataka]] and {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. It is currently being operated with 22665/22666 train numbers on all days in a week basis.<ref>[https://www.hungryforever.com/irctc-installs-first-ever-automatic-food-vending-machine-in-uday-express/ IRCTC Installs First Ever Automatic Food Vending Machine In Uday Express Get F&B News delivered to your inbox View this in app]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/uday-express-coimbatore-bengaluru-double-decker-train-schedule-fare-route/1198115/ | title=UDAY Express double-decker Coimbatore–Bengaluru train starts today! Check schedule, fare, other details here | date=8 June 2018 | newspaper=Financial Express | first=Devanjana | last=Nag | accessdate=22 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/new-double-decker-train-between-bengaluru-and-coimbatore/articleshow/64511826.cms New double-decker train between Bengaluru and Coimbatore]</ref><ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6652&did=1528347830704A0DCF4A6ED6503269BDA9BA361610A16 INTRODUCTION OF UDAY EXPRESS TRAINS BETWEEN COIMBATORE – KSR BENGALURU – COIMBATORE]</ref><ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/uday-express-utkrisht-double-decker-air-conditioned-yatri-coimbatore-bengaluru-train/1194390/ UDAY Express: Indian Railways new double-decker Coimbatore-Bengaluru train ready for flag off this week]</ref> It operates at an average speed of 65 km/h.

==Coach composition==

Utkrisht Double Decker Air Conditioned Yatri Express will be double-decker trains with 40% additional passenger capacity. They will run overnight on busy route by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.

This UDAY Express when introduced had a total of 10 AC coaches; 3 coaches with dining facility with seating capacity of 104 seats each and 5 coaches without dining with seating capacity of 120 seats. The remaining two will be power cars. However, because of low occupancy by passengers, 3 coaches of Double Decker AC Chair Car were replaced with 5 non-AC Chair Car making it a 12 coaches train.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |15
|-
|'''22666'''
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|22px]]
|EOG
|C1
|C2
|C3
|C4
|C5
|C6
|C7
|D1
|D2
|D3
|D4
|D5
|DL1
|-
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF5733;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFC97F;" |15
|-
|'''22665'''
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|22px]]
|DL1
|D5
|D4
|D3
|D2
|D1
|C7
|C6
|C5
|C4
|C3
|C2
|C1
|EOG
|}

The train shares rake with [[Chennai-KSR Bengaluru AC Double Decker Express]]

== Service ==

It averages 62 km/h as 22665 Uday Express starts from {{stnlnk|Bengaluru City Junction}} covering 419 km in 8 hrs 45 mins and 61 km/h as 22666 Uday Express starts from {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} covering 419 km in 8 hrs 55 min. {{notelist}}

== Schedule ==
The schedule of this 22666/22665 KSR Bengaluru - Coimbatore Jn UDAY Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#FFC97F;" |''SBC - CBE - SBC UDAY Express''
|+
! colspan="2" |22666
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="2" |22665
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
| ----
|05:45
|'''[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]]'''
|21:00
| ----
|-
|06:18
|06:20
| [[Tiruppur railway station|Tiruppur]]
|19:38
|19:40
|-
|07:05
|07:10
|[[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]
|18:50
|18:55
|-
|08:02
|08:05
|[[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]]
|17:52
|17:55
|-
|10:36
|10:37
|[[Kuppam railway station|Kuppam]]
|15:42
|15:43
|-
|12:02
|12:03
|[[Krishnarajapuram railway station|Krishnarajapuram]]
|14:34
|14:35
|-
|12:40
| ----
|''' [[Bangalore City railway station|KSR Bengaluru City Junction]]'''
| ----
|14:15
|}

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[WAP-7]] of [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] Locomotive Shed on its entire journey.

==See also==

*[[Chennai–Bangalore Double Decker Express]]
*[[Visakhapatnam–Guntur Uday Express]]
*[[Coimbatore–Bengaluru Cantonment Vande Bharat Express]]
*[[Uday Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ksr-bengaluru-coimbatore-uday-express-22665/52246/136/41 22665/KSR Bengaluru - Coimbatore Uday Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/coimbatore-ksr-bengaluru-uday-express-22666/52245/41/136 22666/Coimbatore - KSR Bengaluru Uday Express]
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Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

2026-03-28T14:28:21Z

Vinod6176: correct page based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian government energy scheme}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation = PMUY
| native_name = Ujjawala Yojana
| logo =Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) logo.png
| country = [[India]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| ministry = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Energy]]
| key_people = [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| launched = {{Start date and age|2016|05|01|df=y}}
| launch_place = [[Ballia]]
| current_status = Active

| website ={{URL|https://www.pmujjwalayojana.com}}
}}
'''Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana''' ('''PMUY''', translation: Prime Minister's Lightening Scheme) was launched by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi]] on 1 May 2016 to distribute 50 million [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] connections to women of [[Below Poverty Line]] (BPL) families.<ref>{{citation |title=Scheme for LPG to BPL families to be launched in Odisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Scheme-for-LPG-to-BPL-families-to-be-launched-in-Odisha/articleshow/52625599.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raja|first=Aditi|title=Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: "UPA govt left coffers empty, making it difficult for us" |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/upa-left-empty-coffers-amit-shah-in-dahod-2802047/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Modi's pet projects PMUY, Urja Ganga to cross Himalayan borders to Nepal |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/modi-s-pet-projects-pmuy-urja-ganga-to-cross-himalayan-borders-to-nepal-117032800477_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=28 March 2017 }}</ref> A budgetary allocation of {{INRConvert|80|b}} was made for the scheme. The scheme was replaced by the Ujjwala Yojana 2.0 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM to launch Ujjwala 2.0 on 10th August |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1743813 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Although the scheme has expanded access to clean cooking technologies, the use of polluting fuels remains common, particularly in rural India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persistence of Solid Fuel Use in Rural North India|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/3/special-articles/persistence-solid-fuel-use-rural-north-india.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=epw.in|date=17 January 2020 }}</ref>

== Overview ==
In the first year of its launch, the connections distributed were 22 million against the target of 15 million. As of 23 October 2017, 30 million connections were distributed, 44% of which were given to families belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.<ref>{{citation |title=Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: 3 cr LPG connections already issued, Oil Min seeks to serve another 3 cr beneficiaries |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-3-cr-lpg-connections-already-issued-oil-min-seeks-to-serve-another-3-cr-beneficiaries/914691/lite/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=1 November 2017 }}</ref> The number crossed 58 million by December 2018.<ref name="cnbc1218">{{citation |last=Sharma |first=Anshu |title=Government expands eligibility criteria to meet Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana target |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/energy/government-expands-eligibility-criteria-to-meet-pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-target-1728431.htm |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=19 December 2018 }}</ref>

In 2018 Union Budget of India, its scope was widened to include 80 million poor households.<ref>{{citation |title=Budget 2018: Ujjwala scheme to cover 80 million families, says Arun Jaitley |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zrbl91l8aL1bIgpyEY4nDN/Budget-2018-Ujjwala-scheme-to-cover-80-million-families-sa.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=1 February 2018 }}</ref> 21,000 awareness camps were conducted by oil marketing companies (OMC).<ref name="cnbc1218" /> The scheme led to an increase in LPG consumption by 56% in 2019 as compared to 2014.<ref>{{citation |title=Ujjwala scheme boosts India's LPG consumption to a record high in FY19 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ujjwala-scheme-boosts-india-s-lpg-consumption-to-a-record-high-in-fy19-119050300261_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=3 May 2019 }}</ref>

The highly popular scheme has benefited over 14.6 million BPL families in Uttar Pradesh, 8.8 million in [[West Bengal]], 8.5 million in Bihar, 7.1 million in [[Madhya Pradesh]], 6.3 million in [[Rajasthan]] and 3.24 million in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{citation |title=PMUY: How to avail full benefits of Ujjwala Yojana
|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pmuy-how-to-avail-full-benefits-of-ujjwala-yojana-1568387408556.html |work= [[Live Mint]] |date=14 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Factsheet Details">{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/FactsheetDetails.aspx?Id=148555 | title=Factsheet Details }}</ref>

On 7 September 2019, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] distributed a fuel cylinder to the 8th crore beneficiary under this scheme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/eight-croreth-beneficiary-of-ujjwala-scheme-plans-biryani-on-new-connection-1567956591922.html | title=Eight croreth beneficiary of Ujjwala scheme plans biryani on new connection! | date=8 September 2019 }}</ref>

In the Union Budget of 2021–2022, the government announced that 1 crore more connections will be provided under this scheme. The Prime Minister launched the Ujjwala Scheme II on 10 August 2021 to provide fuel to 1 crore families who were left out of the first scheme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1743813 | title=PM to launch Ujjwala 2.0 on 10th August }}</ref>

At the 107th [[Indian Science Congress]] held in January 2020 in [[Bengaluru]], Narendra Modi declared that technology has helped India "in recognizing the 8 crore [80 million] women who were still using coal or wood for cooking" and also "in understanding how many new distribution centres must be built, with the help of technology".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-india-needs-logical-temperament-to-give-direction-to-socioeconomic-development-pm/story-82yJdEd1bKJXjBp8s7q4oK.html | title = Rural India's economic strength linked to young scientists: PM in Bengaluru | date = 3 January 2020 | journal = [[Hindustan Times]] | location = Bengaluru | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103061146/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-india-needs-logical-temperament-to-give-direction-to-socioeconomic-development-pm/story-82yJdEd1bKJXjBp8s7q4oK.html | archive-date = 3 January 2020 | url-status = live}}</ref>

The National Family Health Surveys demonstrate significant improvement in access to [[Clean cooking|cleaner cooking fuels]] due to PMUY. Yearly growth in access to cleaner fuel accelerated around 2015 and increased by almost seven times, from 0.8% in rural areas before 2015 to 5.6% after.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=New Welfarism of Modi govt represents distinctive approach to redistribution and inclusion|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/national-family-health-survey-new-welfarism-of-indias-right-7114104/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The International Energy Agency termed Ujjwala Yojana a "game-changer in ending [[energy poverty]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2019 |title=International Energy Agency hails PM's Ujjwala scheme, says it's a 'game-changer in ending energy poverty' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-international-energy-agency-hails-pm-s-ujjwala-scheme-says-it-s-a-game-changer-in-ending-energy-poverty-2773804 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

India's Gas cylinder penetration has improved from 62 percent in May 2016 to 99.8 percent on 1 April 2021.<ref name="Factsheet Details"/>

On 30 December 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the home of the 10 crore beneficiary of the Ujjwala scheme.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-visits-10th-crore-beneficiary-of-ujjwala-scheme-in-ayodhya/article67690995.ece | title=PM Modi visits 10th crore beneficiary of Ujjwala scheme in Ayodhya | work=The Hindu | date=30 December 2023 | last1=Kumar | first1=Mayank }}</ref>

[[Rajasthan]] CM [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]] announced that the rate of the cylinder will be Rs 450 in Rajasthan under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sumaiya |date=2023-12-27 |title=Beneficiaries of Ujjwala scheme in Rajasthan will now get domestic gas cylinder for Rs 450. |url=https://www.thelocalreport.in/beneficiaries-of-ujjwala-scheme-in-rajasthan-will-now-get-domestic-gas-cylinder-for-rs-450/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Local Report |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Statistics==
To increase the number of beneficiaries under the Ujjwala scheme, by renovating the structure, it is easy to bring the last mile beneficiaries under the scheme, so the government also tried to renovate the structures. Direct and indirect employments were also increased through it.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pmuy.gov.in/index.aspx | title=PMUY : Home }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Item
|1 Apr 2014
|1 Apr 2022
|Growth %
|-
|No. of Bottling plants in Nos.
|186
|202
|9%
|-
|Bottling Capacity in TMPTA
|13535
|21573
|59%
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Item
|1 Apr 2014
|1 Apr 2022
|Growth %
|-
|Total distributors
|13896
|25269
|82%
|-
|Distributors Catering to rural areas
|6724
|17375
|158%
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Item
|1 Apr 2014
|1 Apr 2022
|Growth %
|-
|Domestic Customers
|14.52
|30.53
|110%
|-
|PMUY Customers
|0
|9
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Item
|FY 2014–15
|FY 2021–22
|Growth %
|-
|Domestic LPG sales in TMT
|16041
|25502
|59%
|-
|Total LPG sales including commercial in TMT
|17639
|28577
|62%
|}

==Ujjwala Scheme 1.0 State Wise Statistics==

On 7 September 2019, the number of beneficiaries under Ujjwala Scheme I touched 8 crore. Number of beneficiaries state wise.<ref name="Factsheet Details"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://popbox.co.in/released-connections.html | title=State-wise PMUY Connections Released }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|S.No
|States / Union Territories
|Number of connections released as on 31–03–2017
|Number of connections released as on 22–05–2019
|Total connection
|-
|1
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1,189
|7,878
|9,067
|-
|2
|Andhra Pradesh
|63,428
|3,43,221
|4,06,649
|-
|3
|Arunachal Pradesh
|
|39,565
|39,565
|-
|4
|Assam
|2
|28,37,505
|28,37,507
|-
|5
|Bihar
|24,76,953
|78,98,945
|10,375,898
|-
|6
|Chandigarh
|
|88
|88
|-
|7
|Chhattisgarh
|11,05,441
|26,92,109
|37,97,550
|-
|8
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli
|3,211
|14,106
|17,317
|-
|9
|Daman and Diu
|73
|423
|496
|-
|10
|Delhi
|516
|73,555
|74,071
|-
|11
|Goa
|954
|1,070
|2,024
|-
|12
|Gujarat
|7,52,354
|25,22,246
|32,74,600
|-
|13
|Haryana
|2,78,751
|6,79,727
|9,58,478
|-
|14
|Himachal Pradesh
|1,601
|1,12,889
|1,14,490
|-
|15
|Jammu and Kashmir
|2,65,787
|10,65,226
|13,31,013
|-
|16
|Jharkhand
|5,36,912
|28,92,151
|34,29,063
|-
|17
|Karnataka
|15,840
|28,20,262
|28,36,102
|-
|18
|Kerala
|11,241
|2,09,826
|2,21,067
|-
|19
|Lakshadweep
| -
|289
|289
|-
|20
|Madhya Pradesh
|22,39,821
|64,43,604
|86,83,425
|-
|21
|Maharashtra
|8,58,808
|40,70,602
|49,29,410
|-
|22
|Manipur
|25
|1,30,922
|1,30,947
|-
|23
|Meghalaya
|
|1,40,252
|1,40,252
|-
|24
|Mizoram
|
|25,722
|25,722
|-
|25
|Nagaland
|
|49,462
|49,462
|-
|26
|Odisha
|10,11,955
|42,29,797
|52,41,752
|-
|27
|Puducherry
|760
|13,388
|14,148
|-
|28
|Punjab
|2,45,008
|12,08,880
|14,53,888
|-
|29
|Rajasthan
|17,22,694
|56,97,192
|74,19,886
|-
|30
|Sikkim
|
|7,782
|7,782
|-
|31
|Tamil Nadu
|2,72,749
|31,47,742
|34,20,491
|-
|32
|Telangana
|41
|9,23,911
|9,23,952
|-
|33
|Tripura
|
|2,38,221
|2,38,221
|-
|34
|Uttar Pradesh
|55,31,159
|1,29,59,693
|1,84,90,852
|-
|35
|Uttarakhand
|1,13,866
|3,52,768
|4,66,634
|-
|36
|West Bengal
|25,20,479
|80,61,694
|1,05,82,173
|-
|
|India
|2,00,31,618
|6,40,13,768
|9,19,44,331
|}

== Criticism ==
The effectiveness of the Ujjwala scheme has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/congress-sandesh/comment/the-dark-truth-of-pm-ujjwala-scheme |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en}}</ref> Complaints of corruption<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=Complaints of alleged corruption/irregularities against Petronet LNG CEO: Pradhan - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/complaints-of-alleged-corruption/irregularities-against-petronet-lng-ceo-pradhan/74774706 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref> included delayed installations,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Committee Reports |url=https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> high consumption rates,<ref name=":1" /> and lack of data on environmental or women's benefits.<ref name=":1" />

Almost 90 [[lakh]] beneficiaries refused refills due to high prices,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=2022-05-12 |title=Ujjwala scheme {{!}} 90 lakh beneficiaries do not get refills |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ujjwala-scheme-90-lakh-beneficiaries-do-not-get-refills/article65407569.ece |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and over 1.18 [[crore]] bought no refills, highlighting implementation failures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Porecha |first=Maitri |date=2023-08-31 |title=One in four Ujjwala Yojana beneficiaries took zero or one LPG cylinder refills last year despite ₹200 subsidy, RTI data reveals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-in-four-ujjwala-yojana-beneficiaries-took-zero-or-one-lpg-cylinder-refills-last-year-despite-200-subsidy-rti-data-reveals/article67255260.ece |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Ujwala Scheme Subsidy==
The Cabinet approved a subsidy of Rs.200 per 14.2 kg LPG cylinder for up to 12 refills per year.The total expenditurewill be Rs.6,100 crore for financial year 2022-23 and Rs.7,680 crore for 2023–24. Average LPG consumption of PMUY consumers has increased by 20 percent from 3.01 refills in 2019–20 to 3.68 in 2021–22.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1910516 | title=Cabinet approves targeted subsidy to Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Consumers }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/govt-extends-rs-200-subsidy-on-lpg-cylinder-under-ujjwala-scheme-by-1-year-11679676142158.html | title=Govt extends ₹200 subsidy on LPG cylinder under Ujjwala scheme by 1 year | date=24 March 2023 }}</ref> Gross gas cylinder consumption increased to 3.71 in 2022-23 and 3.8 in 2023–24.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/262/AS76.pdf?source=pqars|title=Consumption status under PMUY |website=sansad.in}}</ref>

The government has increased the subsidy for poor women under the Ujjwala scheme to Rs. 300 per cylinder for the next financial year. The subsidy of Rs. 300 per cylinder was applicable for the current financial year, ending on March 31. Union Minister for Commerce and Industry, Piyush Goyal informed that the Economic Affairs Committee of the Cabinet has now decided to extend this subsidy until 2024–25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Big news for the beneficiaries of Ujjwala Yojana, they will continue to get subsidy of Rs 300 on LPG. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/national/ujjwala-yojana-know-updates |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.microsave.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/201012_Indias-LPG-cooking-gas-subsidy-reform.pdf#:~:text=In%202009%2C%20the%20Government%20of,stated%20its%20intention%20to%20limit</ref>

==History==

* On 16 October 2009, the Government of India launched the RGGLV (Rajiv Gandhi Gram LPG Vidarak Yojana) scheme, which aims to increase LPG penetration and establish LPG distributors in remote and inaccessible areas.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vikaspedia.in/energy/policy-support/others | title=Vikaspedia Domains }}</ref>
* In 2009, the government also launched a scheme to provide one-time financial assistance for LPG connections to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. The assistance was provided through the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Fund of the government's Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
* In 2015, Rajiv Gandhi Gram LPG Vidarak scheme was discontinued.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/rural-lpg-scheme-halted/114458/ | title=Narendra Modi govt halts Rajiv Gandhi Gramin LPG Vitaran scheme | date=6 August 2015 }}</ref>
* From 2009 to 2016, 1.62 crore households were provided with LPG before the Ujjwala scheme.
On 31 March 2016, the subsidy for purchase of fuel given to below poverty line households through the Corporate Social Responsibility Fund was discontinued.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/government/pradhan-mantri-ujjwala-yojana-separating-fact-from-fiction | title=Modi's Gas for the Poor Scheme Marred by Data Inflation, Poor Implementation }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Yearwise India's LPG connection<ref>https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Respol-published-paper_1-s2.0-S0048733320302705-main.pdf</ref><ref>https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2023/apr/doc2023420183001.pdf</ref><ref>https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/mar/doc2024315325001.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2024/4/25082.pdf</ref><ref>https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/184/AU5339_KDcWvQ.pdf?source=pqals</ref><ref>https://ddnews.gov.in/en/indias-lpg-connections-more-than-double-in-a-decade-reach-32-83-crores-in-2024/</ref><ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1575403&reg=3&lang=2</ref><ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=154355&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=2</ref>
|-
! Year !! No of LPG Connection (in Cr) !! No of PMUY Connection (in Cr)
|-
| 1977 || 0.32 ||
|-
| 1984 || 0.8 ||
|-
| 1990 || 1.96 ||
|-
| 2001 || 5.78<ref>https://ppac.gov.in/uploads/whatsnew/1708084478_LPG_Profile_Report_1_1_2024%20_Web.pdf</ref> ||
|-
| 2005 || 8 ||
|-
| 2009 || || RGGLV Launched<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=89760&reg=3&lang=2</ref>
|-
| 2011 || 11.4 ||
|-
| 2012 || 12.61 ||
|-
| 2013 || 13.9 ||
|-
| 2014 || 14.52 ||
|-
| 2015 || 14.86 ||
|-
| 2016 || 16.6 || PMUY I launched
|-
| 2017 || 19.9 || 2
|-
| 2018 || 22.4 || 3.56
|-
| 2019 || 26.5 || 7.18
|-
| 2020 || 27.9 || 8.02
|-
| 2021 || 28.9 || 8 (PMUY II Launched)
|-
| 2022 || 30.5 || 8.99
|-
| 2023 || 31.40 || 9.58
|-
| 2024 || 32.42 || 10.32
|-
| 2025 || 32.89 || 10.33
|}

==See also==
* [[Atal Pension Yojana]] (A pension Yojana)
* [[DigiLocker]] (easier access to online identity proof and services)
* [[Har ghar jal]] (water connection for each house)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] (affordable housing for all)
* [[Ration card (India)]] (food security card)
* [[Saubhagya scheme]] (electrification of all houses)
* [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (toilet for all houses)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://pmuy.gov.in Official Website]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
[[Category:Projects established in 2016]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]

Josip Broz Tito

2026-03-17T21:48:08Z

Vinod6176: update

{{Short description|Leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980}}
{{Redirect2|Tito|Josip Broz|other people with the same name|Tito (disambiguation)|his grandson|Joška Broz}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Josip Broz Tito
| native_name = {{nobold|Јосип Броз Тито}}
| image = Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Official portrait, 1962
| office = [[President of Yugoslavia]]
| vice_president = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1= {{nowrap|[[Aleksandar Ranković]] (1963–1966)}} [[Koča Popović]] (1966–1967) }}
| prime_minister = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=''Himself'' (1953–1963) [[Petar Stambolić]] (1963–1967) [[Mika Špiljak]] (1967–1969) [[Mitja Ribičič]] (1969–1971) [[Džemal Bijedić]] (1971–1977) [[Veselin Đuranović]] (1977–1980)}}
| term_start = 14 January 1953
| term_end = 4 May 1980
| predecessor = [[Ivan Ribar]]{{ref label|a|a}}
| successor = [[Lazar Koliševski]]{{ref label|b|b}}
| office1 = [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]]
| president1 = Ivan Ribar ''Himself'' (from 1953)
| term_start1 = 29 November 1945
| term_end1 = 29 June 1963
| predecessor1 = [[Ivan Šubašić]]{{ref label|c|c}} ''Himself''{{ref label|d|d}}
| successor1 = [[Petar Stambolić]]
| office2 = Prime Minister of [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|DF Yugoslavia]]
| monarch2 = [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]
| president2 = [[Ivan Ribar]]{{ref label|e|e}}
| term_start2 = 29 November 1943
| term_end2 = 29 November 1945
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = ''Himself''{{ref label|d|d}}
| office3 = [[President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|President]] of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]
| term_start3 = 5 January 1939
| term_end3 = 4 May 1980
| predecessor3 = [[Milan Gorkić]]{{ref label|f|f}}
| successor3 = [[Stevan Doronjski]]{{ref label|g|g}}
| office4 = 1st [[Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]]
| term_start4 = 1 September 1961
| term_end4 = 5 October 1964
| predecessor4 = ''Office established''
| successor4 = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| birth_name = Josip Broz
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|5|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kumrovec]], Austria-Hungary
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|5|4|1892|5|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ljubljana]], SR Slovenia, Yugoslavia
| resting_place = [[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|House of Flowers]], Belgrade, Serbia
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|44|47|12|N|20|27|06|E}}
| spouse = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1= {{ubl
|{{marriage|{{ill|Pelageya Belousova|sh|Pelagija Belousova}}|1920|1936|end=divorced}}
|{{marriage|{{ill|Lucia Bauer|sh|Lucija Bauer}}|1936|1937|end=died}}
|{{marriage|[[Herta Haas]]|1940|1943|end=divorced}}
|{{marriage|[[Jovanka Budisavljević]]|1952}}
}}
}}
| partner = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=
[[Davorjanka Paunović]] (1943⁠–⁠1946)
}}
| children = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=
5, including {{ill|Žarko Broz|lt=Žarko|sh|Žarko Broz}}, [[Mišo Broz|Mišo]]
}}
| party = [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] (1920–1980) [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia]] (1910–1916){{sfn|Dedijer|1952|p=25}}
| allegiance = {{tree list}}
* [[Austria-Hungary]]
* [[Russian SFSR]]
* [[Yugoslavia]]
{{tree list/end}}
| branch = [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] [[Red Army]] [[Yugoslav People's Army]]
| service_years = 1913–1915 1918–1920 1941–1980
| rank = [[Marshal of Yugoslavia|Marshal]] (1943–1980)
| commands = [[Yugoslav Partisans|National Liberation Army]] Yugoslav People's Army (supreme commander)
| battles = [[World War I]] [[Russian Civil War]] [[World War II]]
| awards = [[Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito|Full list]]
| signature = Tito signature.svg
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background: lavender;
| title = Central institution membership
| bullets = on
| 1934–1980: Member, [[Politburo of the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|4th]], [[Politburo of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|5th]], [[Executive Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|6th]], [[Executive Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|7th]], [[Presidency of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|8th]], [[Presidency of the 9th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|9th]], [[Presidency of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|10th]], [[Presidency of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|11th]] Presidency
| 1936–1966: Member, [[Secretariat of the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|4th]], [[Secretariat of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|5th]], [[Secretariat of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|6th]], [[Secretariat of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|7th]], [[Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|8th]] Secretariat
| 1934–1980: Member, [[Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|4th]], [[Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|5th]], [[Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|6th]], [[Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|7th]], [[Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|8th]], [[Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|10th]], [[Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|11th]] Central Committee
}}
----
{{Plainlist |indent=0.6 | {{Ordered list |list_style_type=lower-alpha |item_style=text-align: left;
| {{note|a}} As [[President of the Presidency of the People's Assembly]].
| {{note|b}} As [[President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia|President of the Presidency]].
| {{note|c}} As Prime Minister of the [[Yugoslav government-in-exile]]
| {{note|d}} As Prime Minister of [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|DF Yugoslavia]]
| {{note|e}} As Chairman of the Presidium of the [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia|AVNOJ]]
| {{note|f}} As General Secretary of the [[Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Central Committee]]
| {{note|g}} As President of the [[Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Presidency of the LCY]]
}} }}
| relations = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=
[[Joška Broz]] (grandson) [[Svetlana Broz]] (granddaughter) [[Saša Broz]] (granddaughter)
}}
}}
'''Josip Broz'''{{efn|{{lang-sh-Cyrl|Јосип Броз}}, {{IPA|sh|jǒsip brôːz|pron|audio=Sr-JosipBrozTito.ogg}}}} (7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as '''Tito''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|t|oʊ}} {{Respell|TEE|toh}}),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Tito|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tito|access-date=10 March 2023|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044446/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tito|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|{{lang-sh-Cyrl|links=no|Тито}}, {{IPA|sh|tîto|pron}}}} was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician<ref name=britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito |title=Josip Broz Tito |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430022203/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito |url-status=live }}</ref> who led [[Yugoslavia]] as [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia|prime minister]] from 1943 to 1963 and as [[President of Yugoslavia|president]] from 1953 until his death in 1980. He was the longtime leader of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]], supreme commander of the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] during [[World War II]], and was one of the founders of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. The political ideology and policies associated with his rule are known as ''[[Titoism]]''.

Tito was born in [[Kumrovec]] in present-day [[Croatia]], then part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest [[sergeant major]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]. After being wounded and captured by the Russians during [[World War I]], he was sent to a work camp in the [[Ural Mountains]]. Tito participated in the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917 and the [[Russian Civil War]]. Upon his return to the [[Balkans]] in 1920, he entered the newly established [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], where he joined the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]]. Having assumed control over the party by 1937, Tito became [[Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|its general secretary]] in 1939 and led it until his death. During World War II, after the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Axis invasion of Yugoslavia]], he led the Yugoslav [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla movement]], the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]] (1941–1945), often regarded as the most effective [[Resistance during World War II|resistance movement]] in [[German-occupied Europe]].<ref name="JJR2013_OxfordPress">{{cite book|author-first=Rhodri |author-last=Jeffreys-Jones |title=In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC&pg=PA87 |year= 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-958097-2 |page=87}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Batinić |first=Jelena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KVwCQAAQBAJ |title=Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1107091078 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall|last=Bremmer|first=Ian|year=2007|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7472-2|page=175}}</ref> By the end of 1943, the Partisans, with [[Yugoslavia and the Allies|the Allies' backing]], took power in Yugoslavia.

After the war, Tito served as the [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia|prime minister]] (1943–1963{{efn|Tito was elected Prime Minister of [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]], the antecedent state to the post-war [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|FPR/SFR Yugoslavia]], upon the formation of its [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|provisional government]] in March 1943.}}), [[President of Yugoslavia|president]] (1953–1980; from 1974 [[president for life]]), and [[marshal of Yugoslavia]], the highest rank of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA). In 1945, under his leadership, Yugoslavia became a [[communist state]], eventually renamed the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Despite being a founder of the [[Cominform]], his party became the first member—and he the only leader during [[Joseph Stalin]]'s lifetime—to defy [[Soviet hegemony]] in the [[Eastern Bloc]], resulting in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the organisation in 1948 in the [[Tito–Stalin split]]. Alongside other leaders and [[Marxist]] theorists such as [[Edvard Kardelj]] and [[Milovan Đilas]], he initiated the idiosyncratic model of [[socialist self-management]]. Tito wavered between supporting a centralised or more decentralised federation, and ended up favouring the latter to keep [[ethnic tension]]s under control. Thus, the constitution delegated much power to each republic. A powerful [[cult of personality]] arose around him and was sustained for several years after his death.<ref name="personality-cult">
* {{Cite book |last=Palmberger |first=Monika |year=2016 |title=How generations remember: Conflicting histories and shared memories in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina |series=Global Diversities |quote=Josip Broz Tito became the central figure of the second Yugoslavia and established a cult around himself that would persist for some years, even after his death. |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-45062-3 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-45063-0 |doi-access=free |page=56}}
* {{Cite web |editor-last=Esch |editor-first=Valeska |year=2016 |url=https://www.aspeninstitute.de/wp-content/uploads/2016-Democratization-in-the-Western-Balkans-.pdf |title=Democratization in the Western Balkans: Promoting Multi-Ethnic Open Societies to Counter Radicalization and Polarization |publisher=[[Aspen Institute Germany]] |page=103 |quote=“brotherhood and unity” ({{lang|sh|bratstvo i jedinstvo}}) and the “after Tito – Tito” ({{lang|sh|I posle Tita – Tito}}) [...] pointed to the fact that after the death of Marshall Josip Broz in 1980, the politics of the regime would not change (almost an oath of allegiance). Nevertheless, by the mid of the 1980s, and in particular in the subsequent years, those regime slogans, because of the internal conditions of the country (high inflation, social and economic crisis, falling legitimacy of the political elites, growing nationalism and tensions etc.) barely had any real meaning.}}
</ref> Following Tito's death, Yugoslavia's leadership was transformed into an annually rotating presidency, giving representation to all its nationalities, and to prevent an authoritarian leader. Twelve years later, as [[Revolutions of 1989|communism collapsed in Eastern Europe]] and ethnic tensions escalated, Yugoslavia [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|broke into several independent states]] and descended into [[Yugoslav Wars|a decade of interethnic wars]], the [[List of wars by death toll|deadliest conflict]] in Europe's [[Post-war|postwar]] history until the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]].

Historians critical of Tito view his presidency as [[authoritarian]],<ref>
* {{Cite book|author-last=Andjelic |author-first=Neven |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: The End of a Legacy |publisher=Frank Cass |year=2003 |page=36 |isbn=978-0-7146-5485-0}}
* {{Harvnb|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Walter R. |title=Tito, Mihailović, and the Allies 1941–1945 |date=1973 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, NJ |page=309 |quote=Churchill, who said that Tito was a dictator ...}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pavlowitch |first1=Stevan K. |title=Tito--Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment |date=1992 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus, OH}}
</ref> while others characterise him as a [[benevolent dictator]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Shapiro |author-first1=Susan G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqWFQ1WKlkC&pg=PA180 |title=The Curtain Rises: Oral Histories of the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe |author-last2=Shapiro |author-first2=Ronald |publisher=McFarland |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7864-1672-1 |pages=180 |quote=...All Yugoslavs had educational opportunities, jobs, food, and housing regardless of nationality. Tito, seen by most as a benevolent dictator, brought peaceful co-existence to the Balkan region, a region historically synonymous with factionalism. |ref=Shapiro_2004}}</ref> He was popular in Yugoslavia and abroad,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dobbs |first=Michael |date=26 May 1977 |title=At 85, Tito Looks Healthy and Wealthy, Is Called Wise |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/26/at-85-tito-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-is-called-wise/1cbafe46-bdf1-4257-8b0c-c12fa703f3f3/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130192523/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/26/at-85-tito-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-is-called-wise/1cbafe46-bdf1-4257-8b0c-c12fa703f3f3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bokovoy |first1=Melissa Katherine |last2=Irvine |first2=Jill A. |last3=Lilly |first3=Carol S. |title=State-society Relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1997 |page=36 |isbn=0-312-12690-5 |quote=...Of course, Tito was a popular figure, both in Yugoslavia and outside it, and he was respected internationally, including by the leadership of both superpowers.}}</ref> and remains so in the former countries of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pantovic |first=Milivoje |date=16 November 2016 |title=Vucic Rivals Tito as Serbia's Best Leader, Poll Shows |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/11/16/vucic-still-less-popular-than-tito-11-16-2016/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=BalkanInsight |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210184547/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/11/16/vucic-still-less-popular-than-tito-11-16-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tito was viewed as a unifying symbol,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cottam |first1=Martha L. |last2=Dietz-Uhler |first2=Beth |last3=Mastors |first3=Elena |last4=Preston |first4=Thomas |title=Introduction to political psychology |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2009 |page=243 |isbn=978-1-84872-881-3 |quote=...Tito himself became a unifying symbol. He was charismatic and very popular among the citizens of Yugoslavia.}}</ref> with his internal policies maintaining the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as a co-founder of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="nonaligned-chief">{{cite book |last=Willetts |first=Peter |title=The Non-aligned Movement: The Origins of a Third World Alliance |year=1978 |page=xiv}}</ref> With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both [[Cold War]] blocs, he received a total of [[List of awards and honours received by Josip Broz Tito|98 foreign decorations]], including the [[Legion of Honour]] and the [[Order of the Bath]].

==Early life==
===Pre-World War I===
[[File:Tito hiša1.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|left|Tito's birthplace in the village of [[Kumrovec]], Croatia]]
Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892{{refn|group=lower-alpha|After Tito became president of Yugoslavia, he celebrated his birthday on 25 May to mark [[Operation Rösselsprung (1944)|the unsuccessful 1944 Nazi attempt on his life]]. The Germans found forged documents that stated 25 May was Tito's birthday and attacked him on that day.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=43}}}} in [[Kumrovec]], a village in the northern [[Croatia]]n region of [[Zagorje]]. At the time, it was part of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] within the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Despite there being "not the slightest doubt" about the name, date and location of Tito's birth, many people in all parts of the former Yugoslavia give credence to various rumours about his origins.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=42}} (see the section {{section link||Language and identity dispute}})}} He was the seventh or eighth child of Marija ({{nee|Javeršek}}) and Franjo Broz. His parents had already had a number of children die in early infancy.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=44}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=44}} Broz was christened and raised as a [[Roman Catholic]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=45}} His father was a [[Croat]] whose family had lived in the village for three centuries, while his mother was a [[Slovenes|Slovene]] from the village of [[Podsreda]]. Franjo had inherited a {{convert|10|acre|adj=on|order=flip}} estate and a good house, but he was unable to make a success of farming. Josip spent a significant proportion of his pre-school years living with his maternal grandparents at Podsreda, where he became a favourite of his grandfather Martin Javeršek. By the time he returned to Kumrovec to begin school, he spoke [[Slovene language|Slovene]] better than [[Croatian language|Croatian]],{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=5}} and had learned to play the piano.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=46}} Despite his mixed parentage, Broz identified as a Croat like his father and neighbours.{{sfn|Minahan|1998|p=50}}{{sfn|Lee|1993|p=9}}{{sfn|Laqueur|1976|p=218}}

In July 1900,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=46}} Broz entered primary school at Kumrovec. He completed four years of school,{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=5}} failing 2nd grade and graduating in 1905.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}} As a result of his limited schooling, throughout his life, Tito was poor at spelling. After leaving school, he initially worked for a maternal uncle and then on his parents' family farm.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=5}} In 1907, his father wanted him to immigrate to the United States but could not raise the money for the voyage.{{sfn|West|1995|p=32}}

Instead, aged 15 years, Broz left Kumrovec and travelled about {{convert|60|mi|km|order=flip}} south to [[Sisak]], where his cousin Jurica Broz was doing army service. Jurica helped him get a job in a restaurant, but Broz soon got tired of that work. He approached a [[Czechs|Czech]] [[locksmith]], Nikola Karas, for a three-year apprenticeship, which included training, food, and [[room and board]]. As his father could not afford to pay for his work clothing, Broz paid for it himself. Soon after, his younger brother Stjepan also became apprenticed to Karas.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|pp=5–6}}

During his apprenticeship, Broz was encouraged to mark [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] in 1909, and he read and sold ''Slobodna Reč'' ({{lit|Free Word}}), a socialist newspaper. After completing his apprenticeship in September 1910, Broz used his contacts to gain employment in [[Zagreb]]. At age 18, he joined the Metal Workers' Union and participated in his first labour protest.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=6}} He also joined the [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia]].{{sfn|Dedijer|1952|p=25}}

He returned home in December 1910.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=54}} In early 1911, he began a series of moves in search of work, first in [[Ljubljana]], then [[Trieste]], Kumrovec and Zagreb, where he worked repairing bicycles. He joined his first strike action on May Day 1911.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=6}} After a brief period of work in Ljubljana,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=54}} between May 1911 and May 1912, he worked in a factory in [[Kamnik]] in the [[Kamnik–Savinja Alps]]. After it closed, he was offered redeployment to [[Čenkov]] in [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)|Bohemia]]. On arriving at his new workplace, he discovered that the employer was trying to bring in cheaper labour to replace the local Czech workers, and he and others joined successful strike action to force the employer to back down.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Ridley notes that since his death, there have been stories written about this period in his life, some of which state that he married a Czech girl in 1912, with whom he had a son. According to Ridley, these stories are "almost impossible to verify".{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=55}}}}

Driven by curiosity, Broz moved to [[Plzeň]], where he was briefly employed at the [[Škoda Works]]. He next travelled to [[Munich]] in [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. He also worked at the [[Mercedes-Benz|Benz]] car factory in [[Mannheim]] and visited the [[Ruhr]] industrial region. By October 1912, he had reached Vienna. He stayed with his older brother Martin and his family and worked at the Griedl Works before getting a job at [[Wiener Neustadt]]. There he worked for [[Austro-Daimler]] and was often asked to drive and test the cars.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=55–56}} During this time, he spent considerable time [[fencing]] and dancing,{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=55}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|pp=6–7}} and during his training and early work life, he also learned German and passable [[Czech language|Czech]].{{sfn|West|1995|p=33}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Ridley notes that some popular biographers falsely claim that he married for a second time in Vienna and had a son.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=57}}}}

===World War I===
In May 1913,{{sfn|West|1995|p=33}} Broz was [[conscript]]ed into the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]]{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=58}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|When he was conscripted into the army, his date of birth was recorded as 5 March 1892.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=43}}}} for his compulsory two years of service. He successfully requested to serve with the [[Royal Croatian Home Guard|25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment]] garrisoned in Zagreb. After learning to ski during the winter of 1913 and 1914, Broz was sent to a school for [[non-commissioned officer]]s (NCO) in [[Budapest]],{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} after which he was promoted to [[sergeant major]]. At age 22, he was the youngest of that rank in his regiment.{{sfn|West|1995|p=33}}{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Vinterhalter states that he was promoted to sergeant after completing non-commissioned officer (NCO) training.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=64}}}} At least one source states that he was the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=59}} After winning the regimental fencing competition,{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} Broz came in second in the army fencing championships in Budapest in May 1914.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=59}}

Soon after the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, the 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment marched toward the [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbian]] border. Broz was arrested for [[sedition]] and imprisoned in the [[Petrovaradin fortress]] in present-day [[Novi Sad]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=62}} He later gave conflicting accounts of this arrest, telling one biographer that he had threatened to desert to the Russian side but also claiming that the whole matter arose from a clerical error.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} A third version was that he had been overheard saying that he hoped the Austro-Hungarian Empire would be defeated.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=40}} After his acquittal and release,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=62–63}} his regiment served briefly on the [[Serbian Campaign of World War I|Serbian Front]] before being deployed to the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] in [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] in early 1915 to fight against [[Russian Empire|Russia]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} In his account of his military service, Broz did not mention that he participated in the failed Austrian invasion of Serbia, instead giving the misleading impression that he fought only in Galicia, as it would have offended Serbian opinion to know that he fought in 1914 for the Habsburgs against them.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=40}} On one occasion, the [[Reconnaissance|scout]] [[platoon]] he commanded went behind the enemy lines and captured 80 Russian soldiers, bringing them back to their own lines alive. In 1980 it was discovered that Broz had been recommended for an award for gallantry and initiative in reconnaissance and capturing prisoners.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=41–42}} Tito's biographer Richard West wrote that Tito actually downplayed his military record as the Austrian Army records showed that he was a brave soldier, which contradicted his later claim to have opposed the Habsburg monarchy and his self-portrait of himself as an unwilling conscript fighting in a war he opposed.{{sfn|West|1995|p=41}} Broz's fellow soldiers regarded him as ''kaisertreu'' ("true to the Emperor").{{sfn|West|1995|p=43}}

On 25 March 1915,{{refn|group=lower-alpha|West gives the date as 21 March,{{sfn|West|1995|p=42}} and Ridley says 4 April.}} Broz was wounded in the back by a [[Circassia]]n cavalryman's [[lance]]{{sfn|Gilbert|2004|p=138}} and captured during a Russian attack near [[Bukovina]].{{sfn|Frankel|1992|p=331}} In his account of his capture, Broz wrote: "suddenly the right flank yielded and through the gap poured cavalry of the Circassians, from Asiatic Russia. Before we knew it they were thundering through our positions, leaping from their horses and throwing themselves into our trenches with lances lowered. One of them rammed his two-yard, iron-tipped, double-pronged lance into my back just below the left arm. I fainted. Then, as I learned, the Circassians began to butcher the wounded, even slashing them with their knives. Fortunately, Russian infantry reached the positions and put an end to the orgy".{{sfn|West|1995|p=42}} Now a [[prisoner of war]] (POW), Broz was transported east to a hospital established in an [[Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery|old monastery]] in the town of [[Sviyazhsk]] on the [[Volga]] river near [[Kazan]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} During his 13 months in hospital, he had bouts of [[pneumonia]] and [[typhus]], and learned Russian with the help of two schoolgirls who brought him Russian classics by such authors as [[Tolstoy]] and [[Turgenev]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}}{{sfn|West|1995|p=42}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=64}}

[[File:Комплекс зданий земской больницы.JPG|thumb|The [[Sviyazhsk Assumption Monastery]], where Tito recuperated from his wounds|alt=a colour photograph of a brown multi-storey building]]
After recuperating, in mid-1916, Broz was transferred to the Ardatov POW camp in the [[Samara Governorate]], where he used his skills to maintain the nearby village grain mill. At the end of the year, he was transferred to the [[Kungur]] POW camp near [[Perm, Russia|Perm]] where the POWs were used as labour to maintain the newly completed [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} Broz was appointed to be in charge of all the POWs in the camp.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=65}} During this time, he became aware that camp staff were stealing the [[Red Cross parcel]]s sent to the POWs. When he complained, he was beaten and imprisoned.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=7}} During the [[February Revolution]], a crowd broke into the prison and returned Broz to the POW camp. A [[Bolshevik]] he had met while working on the railway told Broz that his son was working in engineering works in [[Petrograd]], so, in June 1917, Broz walked out of the unguarded POW camp and hid aboard a goods train bound for that city, where he stayed with his friend's son.{{sfn|Swain|2010|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=66–67}} The journalist [[Richard West (journalist)|Richard West]] has suggested that because Broz chose to remain in an unguarded POW camp rather than volunteer to serve with the Yugoslav legions of the [[Royal Serbian Army|Serbian Army]], he was still loyal to the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], undermining his later claim that he and other Croat POWs were excited by the prospect of revolution and looked forward to the overthrow of the empire that ruled them.{{sfn|West|1995|p=43}}

Less than a month after Broz arrived in Petrograd, the [[July Days]] demonstrations broke out, and Broz joined in, coming under fire from government troops.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=67}} In the aftermath, he tried to flee to [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]] in order to make his way to the United States but was stopped at the border.{{sfn|West|1995|p=44}} He was arrested along with other suspected Bolsheviks during the subsequent crackdown by the [[Russian Provisional Government]] led by [[Alexander Kerensky]]. He was imprisoned in the [[Peter and Paul Fortress]] for three weeks, during which he claimed to be an innocent citizen of Perm. When he finally admitted to being an escaped POW, he was to be returned by train to Kungur, but escaped at [[Yekaterinburg]], then caught another train that reached [[Omsk]] in [[Siberia]] on 8 November after a {{convert|2000|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip}} journey.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=67–68}} At one point, police searched the train looking for an escaped POW, but were deceived by Broz's fluent Russian.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=67}}

In Omsk, local Bolsheviks stopped the train and told Broz that [[Vladimir Lenin]] had seized control of Petrograd. They recruited him into an [[Red Guards (Russia)|International Red Guard]] that guarded the Trans-Siberian Railway during the winter of 1917 and 1918. In May 1918, the anti-Bolshevik [[Czechoslovak Legion]] wrested control of parts of Siberia from Bolshevik forces, the [[Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk)|Provisional Siberian Government]] established itself in Omsk, and Broz and his comrades went into hiding. At this time, Broz met a 14-year-old local girl, {{ill|Pelagija Belousova{{!}}Pelagija "Polka" Belousova|sh|Pelagija Belousova}}, who hid him and then helped him escape to a [[Kazakh people|Kazakh]] village {{convert|40|mi|km|order=flip}} from Omsk.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=71}} Broz again worked maintaining the local mill until November 1919, when the [[Red Army]] recaptured Omsk from [[White forces]] loyal to the [[Provisional All-Russian Government]] of [[Alexander Kolchak]]. He moved back to Omsk and married Belousova in January 1920.{{refn|group=lower-alpha|West states that the marriage occurred in mid-1919.{{sfn|West|1995|p=45}}}} At the time of their marriage, Broz was 27 years old and Pelagia Belousova was 14. They divorced in the 1930s in Moscow.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=76}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Marko Stričević je u Sibiru našao obitelj prve supruge o kojoj Tito nikad nije govorio. 'Oteo ju je po stepskoj tradiciji, bilo joj je 14 godina' |url=https://www.telegram.hr/kultura/marko-stricevic-je-u-sibiru-nasao-obitelj-prve-supruge-o-kojoj-tito-nikad-nije-govorio-oteo-ju-je-po-stepskoj-tradiciji-bilo-joj-je-14-godina/ |website=Telegram.hr |last1=Hr |first1=Telegram }}</ref> Broz later wrote that during his time in Russia, he heard much talk of Lenin, a little of Trotsky, and "as for Stalin, during the time I stayed in Russia, I never once heard his name".{{sfn|West|1995|p=45}} Tito joined the Communist Party in 1920 in Omsk.<ref name=":0" /> In the autumn of 1920, he and his pregnant wife returned to his homeland, by train to [[Narva]], by ship to [[Stettin]], then by train to Vienna, where they arrived on 20 September. In early October, Broz returned to Kumrovec in what was then the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] to find that his mother had died and his father had moved to [[Jastrebarsko]], near Zagreb.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=8}} Sources differ over whether Broz joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] while in Russia, but he said that the first time he joined the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] (CPY) was in Zagreb after he returned to his homeland.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=77}}

==Interwar communist activity==
===Communist agitator===
{{stack|float=right|[[File:Milorad Drašković wiki photo.jpg|thumb|The assassination of the Minister of the Interior, [[Milorad Drašković]], led to the outlawing of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Communist Party]].|alt=black and white photograph of a male in formal attire]]}}
Upon his return home, Broz was unable to gain employment as a metalworker in Kumrovec, so he and his wife moved briefly to Zagreb, where he worked as a waiter and took part in a waiters' strike. He also joined the CPY.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=77–78}} The CPY's influence on the political life of Yugoslavia was growing rapidly. In the 1920 elections, it won 59 seats and became the third-strongest party.{{sfn|Vucinich|1969|p=7}} In light of difficult economic and social circumstances, the regime viewed the CPY as the main threat to the system of government.{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=82}} On 30 December, the government issued a Proclamation ({{lang|sh|[[Obznana]]}}) outlawing communist activities, which included bans on propaganda, assembly halls, stripping of civil service for servants and scholarships for students found to be communist.{{sfn|Mahmutović|2013|pp=268–269}} Its author, [[Milorad Drašković]], the Yugoslav Minister of the Interior, was assassinated by a young communist, [[Alija Alijagić]], on 2 August 1921. The CPY was then declared illegal under the Yugoslav [[State Security Act]] of 1921,{{sfn|Trbovich|2008|p=134}} and the regime proceeded to prosecute party members and sympathisers as [[political prisoners in Yugoslavia|political prisoners]].{{sfn|Mahmutović|2013|pp=268–269}}

Due to his overt communist links, Broz was fired from his employment.{{sfn|Swain|2010|p=9}} He and his wife then moved to the village of [[Veliko Trojstvo]] where he worked as a mill mechanic.{{sfn|West|1995|p=51}}{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=84}} After the arrest of the CPY leadership in January 1922, Stevo Sabić took over control of its operations. Sabić contacted Broz, who agreed to work illegally for the party, distributing leaflets and agitating among factory workers. In the contest of ideas between those that wanted to pursue moderate policies and those that advocated violent revolution, Broz sided with the latter. In 1924, Broz was elected to the CPY district committee, but after he gave a speech at a comrade's [[Catholic]] funeral, he was arrested when the priest complained. Paraded through the streets in chains, he was held for eight days and was eventually charged with creating a public disturbance. With the help of a [[Serbian Orthodox]] prosecutor who hated Catholics, Broz and his co-accused were acquitted.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=80–82}} His brush with the law had marked him as a communist agitator, and his home was searched on an almost weekly basis. Since their arrival in Yugoslavia, Pelagija had lost three babies soon after their births and one daughter, Zlatica, at the age of two. Broz felt the loss of Zlatica deeply. In 1924, Pelagija gave birth to a boy, Žarko, who survived. In mid-1925, Broz's employer died, and the new mill owner gave him an ultimatum: give up his communist activities or lose his job. So, at age 33, Broz became a professional revolutionary.{{sfn|West|1995|p=54}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=83–85}}

===Professional revolutionary===
The CPY concentrated its revolutionary efforts on factory workers in the more industrialised areas of Croatia and Slovenia, encouraging strikes and similar action.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=87}} In 1925, the now unemployed Broz moved to [[Kraljevica]] on the [[Adriatic]] coast, where he started working at a shipyard to further the aims of the CPY.{{sfn|Auty|1970|p=53}} During his time in Kraljevica, he acquired a love of the warm, sunny Adriatic coastline that lasted for the rest of his life, and throughout his later time as leader, he spent as much time as possible living on [[Yugoslav training ship Galeb|his yacht]] while cruising the Adriatic.{{sfn|West|1995|p=55}}

While at [[Kraljevica]], he worked on Yugoslav [[torpedo boat]]s and a pleasure yacht for the [[People's Radical Party]] politician, [[Milan Stojadinović]]. Broz built up the trade union organisation in the shipyards and was elected as a [[union representative]]. A year later, he led a shipyard strike and soon after was fired. In October 1926, he obtained work in a railway works in [[Smederevska Palanka]] near [[Belgrade]]. In March 1927, he wrote an article complaining about the [[exploitation of workers]] in the factory, and after speaking up for a worker, he was promptly sacked. Identified by the CPY as worthy of promotion, he was appointed secretary of the Zagreb branch of the Metal Workers' Union and, soon thereafter, the union's whole Croatian branch. In July 1927, Broz was arrested along with six other workers, and imprisoned at nearby [[Ogulin]].{{sfn|West|1995|p=56}}{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=88–89}} After being held without trial for some time, he went on a hunger strike until a date was set. The trial was held in secret, and he was found guilty of being a member of the CPY. Sentenced to four months' imprisonment, he was released from prison pending an appeal. On the CPY's orders, Broz did not report to court for the hearing of the appeal, instead going into hiding in Zagreb. Wearing dark spectacles and carrying forged papers, Broz posed as a middle-class technician in the engineering industry, working undercover to contact other CPY members and coordinate their infiltration of trade unions.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=90–91}}

[[File:Josip Broz Tito in prison 1928.jpg|thumb|left|Tito's [[mug shot]] after arrest for communist activities in 1928|alt=a series of three black and white head and shoulders photographs]]

In February 1928, Broz was one of 32 delegates to the conference of the Croatian branch of the CPY. During the conference, he condemned factions within the party, including those that advocated a [[Greater Serbia]] agenda within Yugoslavia, like the long-term CPY leader [[Sima Marković]]. Broz proposed that the executive committee of the [[Communist International]] purge the branch of factionalism and was supported by a delegate sent from Moscow. After it was proposed that the Croatian branch's entire central committee be dismissed, a new central committee was elected, with Broz as its secretary.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=95–96}} Marković was subsequently expelled from the CPY at the Fourth Congress of the [[Comintern]], and the CPY adopted a policy of working for the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=96}} Broz arranged to disrupt a meeting of the [[Yugoslav Social-Democratic Party|Social-Democratic Party]] on May Day that year; in a melee outside the venue, police arrested him. They failed to identify him, charging him under his false name for a breach of the peace. He was imprisoned for 14 days and then released, returning to his previous activities.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=96–97}} The police eventually tracked him down with the help of a police informer. He was ill-treated and held for three months before being [[Bombers' trial|tried in court in November 1928]] for his illegal communist activities,{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=98–99}} which included allegations that police had planted the bombs found at his address.{{sfn|West|1995|p=57}} He was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=101}}

===Prison===
[[File:Tito i Moša Pijade u zatvoru.jpg|thumb|Tito (left) and his ideological mentor [[Moša Pijade]] while they were imprisoned in the Lepoglava jail, 1930s|alt=a black and white photograph of two men]]
After Broz's sentencing, his wife and son returned to Kumrovec, where sympathetic locals looked after them, but then one day, they suddenly left without explanation and returned to the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=102–103}} She fell in love with another man, and Žarko grew up in institutions.{{sfn|West|1995|p=59}} After arriving at [[Lepoglava prison]], Broz was employed in maintaining the electrical system and chose as his assistant a middle-class Belgrade Jew, [[Moša Pijade]], who had been given a 20-year sentence for his communist activities. Their work allowed Broz and Pijade to move around the prison, contacting and organising other communist prisoners.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=103–104}} During their time together in Lepoglava, Pijade became Broz's ideological mentor.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=36–39}} After two and a half years at Lepoglava, Broz was accused of attempting to escape and was transferred to [[Maribor]] prison, where he was held in solitary confinement for several months.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=106}} After completing the full term of his sentence, he was released, only to be arrested outside the prison gates and taken to Ogulin to serve the four-month sentence he had avoided in 1927. He was finally released from prison on 16 March 1934, but even then, he was subject to orders that required him to live in Kumrovec and report to the police daily.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=107–108 & 112}} During his imprisonment, the political situation in Europe had changed significantly, with the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]] in Germany and the emergence of right-wing parties in France and neighbouring Austria. He returned to a warm welcome in Kumrovec but did not stay long. In early May, he received word from the CPY to return to his revolutionary activities and left his hometown for Zagreb, where he rejoined the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=109–113}}

The Croatian branch of the CPY was in disarray, a situation exacerbated by the escape of the executive committee of the CPY to Vienna in Austria, from which they were directing activities. Over the next six months, Broz travelled several times between Zagreb, Ljubljana and Vienna, using false passports. In July 1934, he was blackmailed by a smuggler but pressed on across the border and was detained by the local ''[[Heimwehr]]'', a paramilitary Home Guard. He used the Austrian accent he had developed during his war service to convince them that he was a wayward Austrian mountaineer, and they allowed him to proceed to Vienna.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=113}}{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=147}} Once there, he contacted the General Secretary of the CPY, [[Milan Gorkić]], who sent him to Ljubljana to arrange a secret conference of the CPY in Slovenia. The conference was held at the summer palace of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana|Roman Catholic bishop of Ljubljana]], whose brother was a communist sympathiser. It was at this conference that Broz first met [[Edvard Kardelj]], a young Slovene communist who had recently been released from prison. Broz and Kardelj subsequently became good friends, with Tito later regarding him as his most reliable deputy. As he was wanted by the police for failing to report to them in Kumrovec, Broz adopted various pseudonyms, including "Rudi" and "Tito". He used the latter as a pen name when he wrote articles for party journals in 1934, and it stuck. He gave no reason for choosing the name "Tito" except that it was a common nickname for men from the district where he grew up. Within the Comintern network, his nickname was "Walter".{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=114–115}}{{sfn|West|1995|p=62}}{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=151}}

===Flight from Yugoslavia===
[[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Tito i Edvard Kardelj (1910-1979) (cropped).JPG|alt=two black and white mugshots|left|thumb|[[Edvard Kardelj]] (left) met Tito in 1934 and they became close friends]]
During this time, Tito wrote articles on the duties of imprisoned communists and on trade unions. He was in Ljubljana when [[Vlado Chernozemski]], an assassin for the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO) and instructor for the Croatian ultranationalist organisation [[Ustaše]], assassinated [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|King Alexander]] in Marseilles on 9 October 1934. In the crackdown on dissidents that followed his death, it was decided that Tito should leave Yugoslavia. He travelled to Vienna on a forged Czechoslovak passport, where he joined Gorkić and the rest of the [[Politburo]] of the CPY. It was decided that the Austrian government was too hostile to communism, so the Politburo travelled to [[Brno]] in [[Czechoslovakia]], and Tito accompanied them.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=116–117}} On Christmas Day 1934, a secret meeting of the Central Committee of the CPY was held in Ljubljana, and Tito was elected as a member of the Politburo for the first time. The Politburo decided to send him to Moscow to report on the situation in Yugoslavia, and in early February 1935, he arrived there as a full-time official of the Comintern.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=117–118}} He lodged at the main Comintern residence, the [[Hotel Lux]] on [[Tverskaya Street]] and was quickly in contact with [[Vladimir Ćopić]], one of the leading Yugoslavs with the Comintern. He was soon introduced to the main personalities in the organisation. Tito was appointed to the secretariat of the Balkan section, responsible for Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=120}} Kardelj was also in Moscow, as was the Bulgarian communist leader [[Georgi Dimitrov]].{{sfn|West|1995|p=62}} Tito lectured on trade unions to foreign communists and attended a course on military tactics run by the Red Army, and occasionally attended the [[Bolshoi Theatre]]. He attended as one of 510 delegates to the [[Seventh World Congress of the Comintern]] in July and August 1935, where he briefly saw [[Joseph Stalin]] for the first time. After the congress, he toured the [[Soviet Union]] and then returned to [[Moscow]] to continue his work. He contacted Polka and Žarko, but soon fell in love with an Austrian woman who worked at the Hotel Lux, Johanna Koenig, known within communist ranks as Lucia Bauer. When she became aware of this liaison, Polka divorced Tito in April 1936. Tito married Bauer on 13 October of that year.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=121–122}}

After the World Congress, Tito worked to promote the new Comintern line on Yugoslavia, which was that it would no longer work to break up the country and would instead defend the integrity of Yugoslavia against Nazism and Fascism. From a distance, Tito also worked to organise strikes at the shipyards at Kraljevica and the coal mines at [[Trbovlje]] near Ljubljana. He tried to convince the Comintern that it would be better if the party leadership were located inside Yugoslavia. A compromise was arrived at, where Tito and others would work inside the country, and Gorkić and the Politburo would continue to work from abroad. Gorkić and the Politburo relocated to Paris, while Tito began to travel between Moscow, Paris and Zagreb in 1936 and 1937, using false passports.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=122–123}} In 1936, his father died.{{sfn|Vinterhalter|1972|p=49}}

[[File:Španski borci.jpg|thumb|[[Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War|Yugoslav volunteers]] fighting in the [[Spanish Civil War]]|alt=black and white photograph of men firing weapons]]

Tito returned to Moscow in August 1936, soon after the outbreak of the [[Spanish Civil War]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=124}} At the time, the [[Great Purge]] was underway, and foreign communists like Tito and his Yugoslav compatriots were particularly vulnerable. Despite a laudatory report written by Tito about the veteran Yugoslav communist [[Filip Filipović (politician)|Filip Filipović]], Filipović was arrested and shot by the Soviet secret police, the [[NKVD]].{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=126–127}} However, before the Purge really began to erode the ranks of the Yugoslav communists in Moscow, Tito was sent back to Yugoslavia with a new mission, to recruit [[Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War|volunteers]] for the [[International Brigades]] being raised to fight on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. Travelling via Vienna, he reached the coastal port city of [[Split, Croatia|Split]] in December 1936.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=129}} According to the Croatian historian [[Ivo Banac]], the reason the Comintern sent Tito back to Yugoslavia was to purge the CPY.{{sfn|Banac|1988|p=64}} An initial attempt to send 500 volunteers to Spain by ship failed, with nearly all the volunteers arrested and imprisoned.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=129}} Tito then travelled to Paris, where he arranged the volunteers' travel to France under the cover of attending the [[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne|Paris Exhibition]]. Once in France, the volunteers crossed the [[Pyrenees]] to Spain. In all, he sent 1,192 men to fight in the war, but only 330 came from Yugoslavia; the rest were expatriates in France, Belgium, the U.S. and Canada. Fewer than half were communists, and the rest were social-democrats and anti-fascists of various hues. Of the total, 671 were killed in the fighting, and 300 were wounded. Tito himself never went to Spain, despite speculation that he had.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pavlaković |first=Vjeran |editor-last=Stojaković |editor-first=Krunoslav |others=Hodges, Andrew (proofreader) |url=https://europeanmemories.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Vjeran_pavlakovic_spain_.pdf |title=Yugoslav Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War |page=65 |journal=Research Paper Series of Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Southeast Europe |number=4 |publisher=[[Rosa Luxemburg Foundation]] |access-date=1 August 2023 |via=Eurom – The European Observatory on Memories |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320174621/https://europeanmemories.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Vjeran_pavlakovic_spain_.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Between May and August 1937, he travelled several times between Paris and Zagreb, organising the movement of volunteers and creating a separate [[Communist Party of Croatia]]. The new party was inaugurated at a conference at [[Samobor]] on the outskirts of Zagreb on 1–2 August 1937.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=131–133}} Tito played a crucial role in organizing the return of the Yugoslav volunteers from German concentration camps to Yugoslavia when the decision was made to mount an armed resistance in Yugoslavia, the 1941 [[Uprising in Serbia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pavlaković |first1=Vjeran |title=The Spanish Civil War and the Yugoslav Successor States |journal=Contemporary European History |date=2020 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=279–281 |doi=10.1017/s0960777320000272 |s2cid=225510860 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/spanish-civil-war-and-the-yugoslav-successor-states/A727D0D13ED59ED96550D823C701EECD |access-date=31 July 2023 |quote=Although there is no evidence that Tito actually crossed into Spain during the war, we know that he was crucial in coordinating the Yugoslav volunteers from Paris and subsequently organising their return from German labour camps once the decision to mount an armed resistance in Yugoslavia was made in 1941.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===General Secretary of the CPY===
In June 1937, Gorkić was summoned to Moscow, where he was arrested, and after months of NKVD interrogation, he was shot.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=134}} According to Banac, Gorkić was killed on Stalin's orders.{{sfn|Banac|1988|p=64}} West concludes that despite being in competition with men like Gorkić for the leadership of the CPY, it was not in Tito's character to have innocent people sent to their deaths.{{sfn|West|1995|p=63}} Tito then received a message from the Politburo of the CPY to join them in Paris. In August 1937, he became acting [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia|General Secretary of the CPY]]. He later explained that he survived the Purge by staying out of Spain, where the NKVD was active, and also by avoiding visiting the Soviet Union as much as possible. When first appointed as general secretary, he avoided travelling to Moscow by insisting that he needed to deal with some disciplinary issues in the CPY in Paris. He also promoted the idea that the upper echelons of the CPY should be sharing the dangers of underground resistance within the country.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=134–135}} He developed a new, younger leadership team that was loyal to him, including the Slovene Edvard Kardelj, the Serb, [[Aleksandar Ranković]], and the Montenegrin, [[Milovan Đilas]].{{sfn|West|1995|pp=63–64}} In December 1937, Tito arranged for a demonstration to greet the French foreign minister when he visited Belgrade, expressing solidarity with the French against Nazi Germany. The protest march numbered 30,000 and turned into a protest against the neutrality policy of the Stojadinović government. It was eventually broken up by the police. In March 1938, Tito returned to Yugoslavia from Paris. Hearing a rumour that his opponents within the CPY had tipped off the police, he travelled to Belgrade rather than Zagreb and used a different passport. While in Belgrade, he stayed with a young intellectual, [[Vladimir Dedijer]], who was a friend of Đilas. Arriving in Yugoslavia a few days ahead of the ''[[Anschluss]]'' between Nazi Germany and Austria, he made an appeal condemning it, in which the CPY was joined by the Social Democrats and trade unions. In June, Tito wrote to the Comintern, suggesting that he should visit Moscow. He waited in Paris for two months for his Soviet visa before travelling to Moscow via Copenhagen. He arrived in Moscow on 24 August.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=136–137}}

[[File:Josip Broz Tito's fake Canadian ID, 1939.jpg|thumb|Fake Canadian ID, "Spiridon Mekas", used for returning to Yugoslavia from [[Moscow]], 1939]]

On his arrival in Moscow, Tito found that all Yugoslav communists were under suspicion. The NKVD arrested and executed nearly all of the CPY's most prominent leaders, including over 20 members of the Central Committee. Both Tito's ex-wife Polka and his wife Koenig/Bauer were arrested as "imperialist spies". Both were eventually released, Polka after 27 months in prison. Tito therefore needed to make arrangements for the care of Žarko, who was 14. He placed him in a boarding school outside [[Kharkov]], then at a school at [[Penza]], but he ran away twice and was eventually taken in by a friend's mother. In 1941, Žarko joined the Red Army to fight the invading Germans.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=137}} Some of Tito's critics argue that his survival indicates he must have denounced his comrades as [[Trotskyists]]. He was asked for information on a number of his fellow Yugoslav communists, but according to his own statements and published documents, he never denounced anyone, usually saying he did not know them. In one case, he was asked about the Croatian communist leader Kamilo Horvatin, but wrote ambiguously, saying that he did not know whether he was a Trotskyist. Nevertheless, Horvatin was not heard of again. While in Moscow, he was given the task of assisting Ćopić to translate the ''[[History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)]]'' into [[Serbo-Croatian]], but they had only got to the second chapter when Ćopić too was arrested and executed. He worked on with a fellow surviving Yugoslav communist, but a Yugoslav communist of German ethnicity reported an inaccurate translation of a passage and claimed it showed Tito was a Trotskyist. Other influential communists vouched for him, and he was exonerated. A second Yugoslav communist denounced him, but the action backfired, and his accuser was arrested. Several factors were at play in his survival: his working-class origins, lack of interest in intellectual arguments about socialism, attractive personality, and capacity to make influential friends.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=138–140}}

While Tito was avoiding arrest in Moscow, Germany was placing pressure on Czechoslovakia to cede the [[Sudetenland]]. In response to this threat, Tito organised a call for Yugoslav volunteers to fight for Czechoslovakia, and thousands of volunteers came to the Czechoslovak embassy in Belgrade to offer their services. Despite the eventual [[Munich Agreement]] and Czechoslovak acceptance of the annexation and the fact that the volunteers were turned away, Tito claimed credit for the Yugoslav response, which worked in his favour. By this stage, Tito was well aware of the realities in the Soviet Union, later saying he "witnessed a great many injustices" but was too heavily invested in communism and too loyal to the Soviet Union to step back.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|pp=140–141}} After restoring the image of a decisive, coherent and non-fractional CPY to the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International|Comintern executives]], Tito was by October 1938 reassured that the party would not be disestablished; he was then tasked to compile two resolutions on plans of future CPY activities. Hoping to return to Yugoslavia before the [[1938 Yugoslavian parliamentary election]] in December, Tito requested permission to do so from Comintern's [[Georgi Dimitrov]] several times, saying that his stay in Moscow was greatly prolonged, but to no avail.{{sfn|Filipič|1979|pp=18}} The Comintern formally ratified his resolutions on 5 January 1939, and he was appointed General Secretary of the CPY.{{sfn|Ridley|1994|p=135}} After his appointment to the party's highest position of leadership, the newly formed [[Politburo]] of the Central Committee retained the old leadership team of Tito, Kardelj, Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković, and [[Ivo Lola Ribar]] (the representative of [[SKOJ]]) and expanded it with [[Franc Leskošek]], [[Miha Marinko]] and [[Josip Kraš]], and by the end of 1939 and start of 1940, [[Rade Končar]] and [[Ivan Milutinović]].{{sfn|Filipič|1979|pp=21}}

==World War II==
{{See also|World War II in Yugoslavia}}

===Resistance in Yugoslavia===
[[File:Tito predaje zastavu Prvoj proleterskoj brigadi.jpg|thumb|Tito inspects the [[1st Proletarian Brigade (Yugoslav Partisans)|1st Proletarian Brigade]]. Next to him are: [[Ivan Ribar]], [[Koča Popović]], [[Filip Kljajić (Yugoslav Partisan)|Filip Kljajić]] and [[Ivo Lola Ribar]]]]

On 6 April 1941, [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces [[invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded Yugoslavia]]. On 10 April 1941, [[Slavko Kvaternik]] proclaimed the [[Independent State of Croatia]], and Tito responded by forming a Military Committee within the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY).{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=52}} Attacked from all sides, the [[Royal Yugoslav Army|armed forces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] quickly crumbled. On 17 April 1941, after [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] and other members of the government [[Yugoslav government-in-exile|fled the country]], the remaining representatives of the government and military met with German officials in [[Belgrade]]. They quickly agreed to end military resistance. Prominent communist leaders, including Tito, held the [[May consultations]] to discuss the course of action to take in the face of the invasion. On 1 May 1941, Tito issued a pamphlet calling on the people to unite in a battle against the occupation.{{sfn|Kocon|Jeličić|Škunca|1988|p=84}} On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee appointed Tito [[commander-in-chief]] of all national liberation military forces. On 1 July 1941, the Comintern sent precise instructions calling for immediate action.{{sfn|Roberts|1987|p=24}}

[[File:Tito and Ivan Ribar in 1943.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.7|Tito and [[Ivan Ribar]] at [[Sutjeska National Park|Sutjeska]] in 1943]]
Tito stayed in Belgrade until 16 September 1941, when he, together with all members of the CPY, left Belgrade to travel to rebel-controlled territory. To leave Belgrade Tito used documents given to him by Dragoljub Milutinović, who was a ''[[voivode]]'' with the [[collaborationism|collaborationist]] [[Pećanac Chetniks]].{{sfn|Nikolić|2003|pp=29}} Since Pećanac was already fully co-operating with Germans by that time, this fact caused some to speculate{{who|date=October 2019}} that Tito left Belgrade with the blessing of the Germans because his task was to divide rebel forces, similar to Lenin's arrival in Russia.{{sfn|Nikolić|2003|pp=30}} Tito travelled by train through [[Stalać]] and [[Čačak]] and arrived to the village of [[Robaje]] on 18 September 1941.{{sfn|Nikolić|2003|pp=29}}

Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic [[Chetnik movement]], Tito's [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]] succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "[[Republic of Užice]]". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader [[Draža Mihailović]] on 19 September and 27 October 1941.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shadows on the Mountain: The Allies, the Resistance, and the Rivalries That Doomed WWII Yugoslavia|last=Kurapovna|first=Marcia|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-08456-4|page=87}}</ref> It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews, and that more than 2,000 Jews fought directly for Tito.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/231.html|title=1941: Mass Murder|publisher=The Holocaust Chronicle|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=22 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122021300/http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/231.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by [[Koča Popović]]) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade.{{sfn|Ramet|2006|pp=152–153}} In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as a civilian government. The [[Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia]] (AVNOJ) convened in [[Bihać Republic|Bihać]] on 26–27 November 1942 and in [[Jajce]] on 29 November 1943.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book |first=Richard C. |last=Hall |title=War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |pages=36, 350 |isbn=978-1610690317}}</ref> In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for the post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In [[Jajce]], a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member [[National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia|National Committee of Liberation]] (NKOJ; five communist members) as a de facto [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|provisional government]].{{sfn|Ramet|2006|pp=157}} Tito was named President of NKOJ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791223,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791223,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Rebirth in Bosnia|work=Time Magazine|date=19 December 1943|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Marshal Tito during the Second World War in Yugoslavia, May 1944.jpg|thumb|Tito and the [[Supreme Headquarters (Yugoslav Partisans)|Partisan Supreme Command]], 14 May 1944]]

With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the [[Balkans]], the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=104}} This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the [[Raid on Drvar]] (''Operation Rösselsprung''), an [[airborne assault]] outside his [[Drvar]] headquarters in [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=104}}

After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of [[Chetnik]] collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from [[Draža Mihailović]] to Tito. [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]], American President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] joined Soviet Premier [[Joseph Stalin]] in officially recognising Tito and the Partisans at the [[Tehran Conference]].{{sfn|Tomasevich|Vucinich|1969|p=121}} This resulted in Allied aid being parachuted behind Axis lines to assist the Partisans. On 17 June 1944 on the [[Dalmatia]]n island of [[Vis (island)|Vis]], the [[Treaty of Vis]] ({{lang|sh|Viški sporazum}}) was signed in an attempt to merge Tito's government (the [[AVNOJ]]) with the government in exile of King Peter II.{{sfn|Banac|1988|pp=44}} The [[Balkan Air Force]] was formed in June 1944 to control operations that were mainly aimed at aiding his forces.{{sfn|Roberts|1987|pp=229}}

[[File:Tito-Churchill.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.8|Tito and British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] in 1944 in [[Naples]], Italy]]

On 12 August 1944, Winston Churchill met Tito in [[Naples]] for a deal.{{sfn|Petrović|2014|pp=579}} On 12 September 1944, [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|King Peter II]] called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were "traitors",{{sfn|Ramet|2006|pp=158}} by which time Tito was recognised by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the [[Prime Minister of Yugoslavia]], in addition to the commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav forces. On 28 September 1944, the [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union]] (TASS) reported that Tito signed an agreement with the [[Soviet Union]] allowing "temporary entry" of Soviet troops into Yugoslav territory, which allowed the [[Red Army]] to assist in operations in the northeastern areas of Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|Vucinich|1969|p=157}} With their strategic right flank secured by the Allied advance, the Partisans prepared and executed a massive general offensive that succeeded in breaking through German lines and forcing a retreat beyond Yugoslav borders. After the Partisan victory and the end of hostilities in Europe, all external forces were ordered off Yugoslav territory.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In the autumn of 1944, the communist leadership adopted a political decision on the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)#Yugoslavia|expulsion of ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia]]. On 21 November, a special decree was issued on the confiscation and nationalisation of ethnic German property. To implement the decision, 70 camps were established in Yugoslav territory.{{sfn|Mikola|2008|p=147}} In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities during [[Bleiburg repatriations]], and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, according to some scholars, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Dizdar |first=Zdravko |author-link=Zdravko Dizdar |title=An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross |type=original scientific article |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/27516 |pages=117–193 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092831/https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/27516 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters of the [[Slovene Partisans|Slovene Partisan Army]] prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramet |first1=Sabrina P. |author-link1=Sabrina P. Ramet |last2=Matić |first2=Davorka |title=Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2007 |page=274 |isbn=978-1-58544-587-5}}</ref>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Event in Zagreb in honour of Tito.jpg|thumb|Celebration of liberation in [[Zagreb]] in 1945 dedicated to Tito, in presence of Orthodox dignitaries, the Catholic cardinal [[Aloysius Stepinac]], and the Soviet military ''attaché'']]

On 7 March 1945, the [[Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|provisional government]] of the [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]] (DFY) was assembled in [[Belgrade]] by Josip Broz Tito, while the provisional name allowed for either a republic or monarchy. This government was headed by Tito as provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister and included representatives from the royalist government-in-exile, among others [[Ivan Šubašić]]. In accordance with the agreement between resistance leaders and the government-in-exile, post-war elections were held to determine the form of government. In November 1945, Tito's pro-republican [[People's Front of Yugoslavia|People's Front]], led by the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]], won the elections with an overwhelming majority, the vote having been boycotted by [[monarchist]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=1998 Information Please Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/1998informationpbru00brun|url-access=registration|last=Brunner|first=Borgna|year=1997|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-395-88276-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/1998informationpbru00brun/page/342 342]}}</ref> During the period, Tito evidently enjoyed massive popular support due to being generally viewed by the populace as the liberator of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z|last=Nolan |first=Cathal|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-32383-6|page=1668}}</ref> The Yugoslav administration in the immediate post-war period managed to unite a country that had been severely affected by ultra-nationalist upheavals and war devastation, while successfully suppressing the nationalist sentiments of the various nations in favour of tolerance, and the common Yugoslav goal. After the overwhelming electoral victory, Tito was confirmed as the Prime Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the DFY. The country was soon renamed the [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] (FPRY) (later finally renamed into Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRY). On 29 November 1945, King [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]] was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. The Assembly drafted the republican [[1946 Yugoslav Constitution]] soon afterwards.

Yugoslavia organised the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] ({{lang|sh|Jugoslavenska narodna armija}}, JNA) from the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisan movement]] and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leffler|first=Melvyn P.|title=The Cambridge History of the Cold War|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83719-4|page=201}}</ref> The [[State Security Administration]] ({{lang|sh|Uprava državne bezbednosti}}, UDBA) was formed as the new secret police, along with a [[security agency]], the [[OZNA|Department of People's Security]] ({{lang|sh|Organ Zaštite Naroda (Armije)}}, OZNA). Yugoslav intelligence was charged with imprisoning and bringing to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators; controversially, this included [[Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše|catholic clergy involved with the Ustaše]]. [[Draža Mihailović]] was found guilty of [[Collaborationism|collaboration]], [[high treason]] and war crimes and was executed by firing squad in 1946.

Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the [[Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia]], [[Aloysius Stepinac]] on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September 1945. The next year, Stepinac was arrested and put on [[Aloysius Stepinac#Trial|trial]], which some saw as a show trial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sindbaek |first=Tia |date=2012 |title=Usable History: Representations of Difficult Pasts in Yugoslavia – 1945 and 2002 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |page=55 |isbn=978-8779345683}} "The trial was also covered in numerous newspapers outside Yugoslavia, largely perceived as a classic communist show trial, and Stepinac as a martyred religious leader."</ref> In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican [[excommunicated]] Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting [[Ustaše]] terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855498,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160540/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855498,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2007|title=Excommunicate's Interview|work=Time Magazine |date=21 October 1946|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939610,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114084443/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939610,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2009|title=The Silent Voice|work=Time Magazine|date=22 February 1966|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the "[[Informbiro period]]", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the [[Eastern Bloc]] states.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

In the first post-war years, Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow; indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Majstorović |first1=Vojin |title=The Rise and Fall of the Yugoslav-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1948 |url=https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/pi/index.php/pi/article/view/9274/7384 |journal=Past Imperfect |language=en |doi=10.21971/P7160P |date=8 October 2010 |volume=16 |s2cid=153861530 |doi-access=free |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210084221/https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/pi/index.php/pi/article/view/9274/7384 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 1946 to 1948, Tito actively engaged in building an alliance with neighbouring communist [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]], with the intent of incorporating Albania into Yugoslavia.<ref name="Dranqoli2011">{{cite journal |last1=Dranqoli |first1=Albina |title=History Studies Volume 3/2 2011 Tito's attempt to integrate Albania into Yugoslavia, 1945–1948 |journal=History Studies |date=2011 |volume=3 |url=https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423902522.pdf |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301051851/https://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423902522.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Enver Hoxha]], the then communist ruler of Albania, in the summer of 1946 Tito promised Hoxha that the Yugoslav province of [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo|Kosovo]] would be ceded to Albania.{{sfn|Banac|1988|p=214}} Despite the decision of unification being agreed upon by Yugoslav communists during the [[Bujan Conference]], the plan never materialised.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Judah |first1=Tim |title=The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |date=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=UK |isbn=978-0-300-15826-7 |page=132}}</ref> In the first post-war years in Kosovo, Tito enacted the policy of banning the return of [[Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo|Serb colonists]] to Kosovo, in addition to enacting the first large-scale primary education program of the [[Albanian language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sell |first1=Louise |title=Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |date=2002 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=North Carolina |isbn=978-0822332237 |page=75}}</ref>

During the immediate post-war period, Tito's Yugoslavia had a strong commitment to [[orthodox Marxist]] ideas. Harsh repressive measures against dissidents and "[[enemies of the state]]" were common from government agents,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=Christian Axboe|date=2021|title=Imprisoning "Enemies of the State" in a Communist Dictatorship: The Record of Tito's Yugoslavia, 1945–1953|url=https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01041|journal=Journal of Cold War Studies|volume=23|issue=4|pages=124–152|doi=10.1162/jcws_a_01041|s2cid=241566445|issn=1520-3972|url-access=subscription}}</ref> although not known to be under Tito's orders, including "arrests, show trials, forced collectivisation, suppression of churches and religion".{{sfn|Forsythe|2009|p=47}} As the leader of Yugoslavia, Tito displayed a fondness for luxury, taking over the royal palaces that had belonged to the [[House of Karađorđević]] together with the former palaces used by the [[House of Habsburg]] in Yugoslavia.{{sfn|West|1995|pp=196–197}} His tours across Yugoslavia in his luxury [[Tito's Blue Train|Blue Train]] closely resembled the royal tours of the Karađorđević kings and Habsburg emperors and in Serbia. He also adopted the traditional royal custom of being a godfather to every 9th son, although he modified it to include daughters as well after criticism was made that the practice was sexist.{{sfn|West|1995|p=197}} Just like a Serbian king, Tito would appear wherever a 9th child was born to a family to congratulate the parents and give them cash.{{sfn|West|1995|p=197}} Tito always spoke very harshly of the Karađorđević kings in both public and private (through in private, he sometimes had a kind word for the Habsburgs), but in many ways, he appeared to his people as sort of a king.{{sfn|West|1995|p=197}}

==Presidency==
===Tito–Stalin split===
{{Main|Tito–Stalin split|Informbiro period}}

[[File:Resolucija VII. kongresa o prihodnjih nalogah ZKJ.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edvard Kardelj]], [[Aleksandar Ranković]] and Tito in 1958]]

Unlike other states in east-central Europe liberated by allied forces, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited support from the [[Red Army]]. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only strengthened his position in his party and among Yugoslavians, but caused him to be insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its interests than other Bloc leaders, who had more reasons to recognise Soviet efforts in liberating their countries. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J34leeCdXFQC&q=soviet+spy+ring+yugoslav+party+1945&pg=PT120|title=Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia|last=West|first=Richard|year=2012|publisher=Faber|isbn=978-0571281107|language=en|chapter=12 The Quarrel with Stalin}}</ref>

[[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Ho Chi Minh, Josip Broz Tito and Edvard Kardelj, Beograd, avgust 1957.jpg|thumb|Tito with North Vietnamese leader [[Ho Chi Minh]] in [[Belgrade]], 1957|left]]
In the aftermath of World War II, armed incidents occurred between Yugoslavia and the [[Western Bloc|Western Allies]]. Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of [[Istria]] as well as the cities of [[Zadar]] and [[Rijeka]]. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate [[Trieste]] as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing criticism from the West. In 1946, the [[Yugoslav Air Force]] shot down two US transport aircraft. The passengers and crew of the first plane were secretly interned by the Yugoslav government. The second plane and its crew were a total loss. The US was outraged and sent an ultimatum to the Yugoslav government, demanding release of the Americans in custody, U.S. access to the downed planes, and full investigation of the incidents.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Wooldridge |first=Dorothy Elizabeth |title=Yugoslav–United States Relations, 1946–1947 Stemming From the Shooting of U.S. Planes Over Yugoslavia, August 9 and 19, 1946 |date=May 1971 |access-date=19 March 2022 |type=MA |publisher=Rice University |url=https://repository.rice.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0b75a0b1-3956-4938-bf2b-9d21dcdf3d6d/content |location=Houston, Texas |archive-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409091817/https://repository.rice.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/0b75a0b1-3956-4938-bf2b-9d21dcdf3d6d/content |url-status=live }}</ref> Stalin was opposed to what he felt were provocations, as he believed the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after World War II and when U.S. had operational nuclear weapons, whereas the USSR had yet to conduct its first test. Tito was openly supportive of the communists in the [[Greek Civil War]], while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, though he did support the Greek communists politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modelled his development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito wrote that "We study and take as an example the Soviet system, but we are developing socialism in our country in somewhat different forms".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&pg=PA326|title=History of the Balkans: Volume 2|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27459-3|language=en|page=326}}</ref>

The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]] (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes and accused them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them. Tito's response on 17 May suggested the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the [[Cominform]], fearing Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800593,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902231053/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800593,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2007|title=No Words Left?|work=Time Magazine|date=22 August 1949|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> An invasion of Yugoslavia was planned for 1949, via the combined forces of neighbouring Soviet satellite states of Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania, followed by the removal of Tito's government. On 28 June, the other member countries of the Cominform expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past...six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY. The Hungarian and Romanian armies were expanded in size and, together with Soviet ones, massed on the Yugoslav border. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; "I will shake my little finger, and there will be no more Tito," Stalin remarked.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laar |first=M. |year=2009 |title=The Power of Freedom. Central and Eastern Europe after 1945 |publisher=Centre for European Studies |page=44 |url=http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111025246/http://www.poweroffreedombook.com/preview_PoF.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> The expulsion banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe underwent purges of alleged "Titoists". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In one correspondence between them, Tito openly wrote:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Medvedev |first1=Zhores A. |last2=Medvedev |first2=Roy A. |last3=Jeličić |first3=Matej |last4=Škunca |first4=Ivan |year=2003 |title=The Unknown Stalin |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-58567-502-9 |pages=70}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Stalin. Stop sending assassins to murder me. We have already caught five, one with a bomb, another with a rifle. [...] If this doesn't stop, I will send one man to Moscow and there will be no need to send another.}}
[[File:Goli otok zatvor.jpg|thumb|The [[Goli Otok]] prison]]
One consequence of the tension between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union was Tito's decision to begin large-scale repression against enemies of the government. This repression was not limited to known and alleged [[Stalinists]], but included members of the Communist Party, or anyone exhibiting sympathy towards the Soviet Union. Prominent partisans, such as [[Vlado Dapčević]] and [[Dragoljub Mićunović]], were victims of this repression, which lasted until 1956 and was marked by violations of human rights.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAyizpsg-Z8C&q=Accommodating+National+Identity:+New+Approaches+in+International+and+Domestic+Law |title=Accommodating National Identity: New Approaches in International and Domestic Law|last=Tierney|first=Stephen |year=2000|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1400-6|page=17}} "''Human rights were routinely suppressed...''"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Matas|1994|p=37}} "Human rights violations were observed in silence... It was not only that the wide list of verbal crimes flouted international human rights law and international obligations Yugoslavia had undertaken. Yugoslavia, a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, paid scant regard to some of its provisions."</ref> Tens of thousands of political opponents served in forced labour camps, such as [[Goli Otok]] (Barren Island), and hundreds died. A disputed, but feasible number, put forth by the Yugoslav government in 1964, places the number of Goli Otok inmates incarcerated between 1948-56 to be 16,554, with fewer than 600 having died during detention. The facilities at Goli Otok were abandoned in 1956, and jurisdiction of the now-defunct political prison was handed over to the government of the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]].

[[File:Tito i Hrushchov.jpg|thumb|Tito and Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in [[Skopje]] after the [[1963 Skopje earthquake|1963 earthquake]]]]
Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] (ECA). Still, Tito did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the USSR relaxed, and Tito began to receive aid from the [[Comecon]] as well. In this way, Tito played East–West antagonism to his advantage. Instead of choosing sides, he was instrumental in kick-starting the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], which functioned as a "third way" for countries interested in staying outside the East–West divide.<ref name="nonaligned-chief" />

The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia, but for the global development of socialism. It was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the world, as Tito became the first, and only successful, socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the Cominform. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito international recognition, but triggered instability often referred to as the [[Informbiro period]]. Tito's form of communism was labelled "[[Titoism]]" by Moscow, which encouraged purges and repression against suspected and accused "Titoites'" throughout the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1958071600 |last=Piotrow |first=Phyllis Tilson |author-link=Phyllis Tilson Piotrow |journal=Editorial Research Reports 1958 |title=Tito and the Soviets |date=1958 |volume=2 |publisher=CQ Researcher |doi=10.4135/cqresrre1958071600 |s2cid=264566567 |access-date=14 March 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314204334/https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1958071600 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Trotskyists considered Tito to be an 'unconscious Trotskyist' because of the split. However, this was rejected by [[Ted Grant]] in 1949 who asserted there were no fundamental principled differences between Stalin and Tito. He said they were both 'proletarian [[Bonapartists]]' ruling [[deformed workers' state]]s – Tito modelling his regime on that of Stalin's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ted Grant – Reply to David James |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/grant/1949/james.htm |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=www.marxists.org |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208094312/https://www.marxists.org/archive/grant/1949/james.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Fabrike_Radnicima_-_panoramio.jpg|right|thumb|"{{lang|sh|Fabrike radnicima}}" ("Factories to the workers") as declared by Tito was the slogan of the Yugoslav [[socialist self-management]] system]]
In June 1950, the [[Parliament of Yugoslavia|National Assembly]] supported a crucial bill written by [[Milovan Đilas]] and Tito regarding "[[socialist self-management]]", a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced [[profit sharing]] and [[workplace democracy]] in previously state-run enterprises, which then came under direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the social order in Yugoslavia. Tito succeeded [[Ivan Ribar]] as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953, becoming the official [[head of state]].<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book |editor1-last=Banks |editor1-first=Arthur S. |editor2-last=Muller |editor2-first=Thomas C. |title=Political Handbook of the World: 1998 |date=1998 |publisher=CPS Publications |location=Binghamton, New York |isbn=978-1-349-14951-3 |page=1029 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6mFCwAAQBAJ&q=tito+%22inaugurated%22+president+of+yugoslavia+January+1953&pg=PA1029 |access-date=13 January 2021 |language=English}}</ref> After Stalin's death, Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss the normalisation of relations between the two nations. [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Nikolai Bulganin]] visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologised for wrongdoings by Stalin, signing the [[Belgrade declaration]]. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signalled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,862216-1,00.html|title=Discrimination in a Tomb|magazine=Time|date=18 June 1956|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022094826/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,862216-1,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rapprochement]] between the two countries would not last long, as Yugoslav leadership took an increasingly explicit posture of non-alignment in the aftermath of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. Relations further deteriorated in the 1960s because of Yugoslav economic reforms which consciously linked Yugoslavia to the international system, as well as Tito's support for the [[Prague Spring]], which found much of its inspiration in Yugoslav market socialism, and opposition to the subsequent [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Terry |first1=Sarah Meiklejohn |title=Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe |date=1984 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-03131-7 |pages=131–132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpdiBRch02sC&q=Yugoslavia+Soviet+Union+1960s&pg=PA132}}</ref>

The Tito–Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the [[Slánský trial]] in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges to discourage the spread of the idea of a "national path to socialism", which Tito espoused.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nt.gmnews.com/news/2005-03-08/Front_Page/082.html|title=Film, discussion to focus on 1952 Slansky trials|access-date=7 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615165940/http://nt.gmnews.com/news/2005-03-08/Front_Page/082.html|archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

===Non-Alignment===
{{Main|Non-Aligned Movement|Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement}}

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru’s tour of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1961 (01).jpg|thumb|Tito receiving Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] in [[Belgrade]], 1961]]
Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], India's [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Indonesia's [[Sukarno]] and Ghana's [[Kwame Nkrumah]], in an action called The Initiative of Five, thus establishing strong ties with [[Third World]] countries. This move improved Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. Tito saw the Non-Aligned Movement as a way of presenting himself as a world leader of an important bloc, that would improve his bargaining power with the eastern and western blocs.{{sfn|West|1995|p=281}} In September 1961, Tito became the first [[Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]].

Tito's foreign policy led to relationships with various governments, such as exchanging visits with Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] of Ethiopia, where a street was named in his honour. In 1953, Tito visited Ethiopia, and in 1954, the Emperor visited Yugoslavia.{{sfn|West|1995|p=282}} Tito's motives in befriending Ethiopia were self-interested as he wanted to send graduates of Yugoslav universities (whose standards were lower than Western universities, thus making them unemployable in the West) to work in Ethiopia, one of the few countries willing to accept them.{{sfn|West|1995|p=281}} As Ethiopia did not have much of a health care or university system, Selassie, from 1953 encouraged Yugoslav graduates, especially with medical degrees, to work in his empire.{{sfn|West|1995|p=282}} Reflecting his tendency to pursue closer ties with Third World nations, from 1950 Tito permitted Mexican films to be shown in Yugoslavia, where they became popular, especially ''Un día de vida'', which became a hit when it premiered in Yugoslavia in 1952.{{sfn|McKee Irwin|2010|p=160}} The success of Mexican films led to the "[[Yu-Mex]]" craze of the 1950s–60s as Mexican music became popular, and it was fashionable for Yugoslav musicians to don [[sombrero]]s and sing Mexican songs in Serbo-Croatian.{{sfn|McKee Irwin|2010|pp=161–162}}

[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt and Josip Broz Tito 1953.jpg|thumb|Josip Broz Tito greeting former U.S. first lady [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] during her July 1953 visit to Yugoslavia]]
Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the [[Cold War]] and establishing ties with developing countries. Tito's belief in [[self-determination]] caused the 1948 rift with Stalin and, consequently, the [[Eastern Bloc]]. His speeches often reiterated that neutrality, and co-operation with all countries, would be natural as long as they did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with Western nations were generally cordial.

[[File:Predsednik Tito in Sukarno ter predsednik Ljudske skupščine LRS Miha Marinko s soprogami v Postojnski jami 1960.jpg|thumb|Tito and [[Sukarno]] at the [[Postojna Cave]], 1960]]
In the early 1950s, Yugoslav-Hungarian relations were strained as Tito made little secret of his distaste for the Stalinist [[Mátyás Rákosi]], and his preference for the "national communist" [[Imre Nagy]].{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=495}} Tito's decision to create a "[[Balkan Pact (1953)]]" by signing an alliance with NATO members Turkey and Greece was regarded as tantamount to joining NATO in Soviet eyes, and his vague talk of a neutralist Communist federation of Eastern European states was seen as a threat in Moscow.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=495–496}} The [[Embassy of Serbia, Budapest|Yugoslav embassy in Budapest]] was seen by the Soviets as a centre of subversion in Hungary, they accused Yugoslav diplomats and journalists, sometimes with justification, of supporting Nagy.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=496–497}} However, when the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] broke out, Tito accused Nagy of losing control, as he wanted a Communist Hungary independent of the Soviet Union, not the overthrow of Hungarian communism.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=497–498}} On 31 October 1956, Tito ordered the Yugoslav media to stop praising Nagy and he quietly supported the Soviet intervention on 4 November to end the revolt, as he believed that a Hungary ruled by anti-communists would pursue irredentist claims against Yugoslavia, as had been the case during the interwar period.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=497–498}} To escape from the Soviets, Nagy fled to the Yugoslav embassy, where Tito granted him asylum.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=501}} On 5 November, Soviet tanks shelled the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest, killing the Yugoslav cultural attache and other diplomats.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=505}} Tito's refusal to turn over Nagy, despite increasingly shrill Soviet demands, served his purposes well with Western relations, as he was presented in the West as the "good communist" who stood up to Moscow.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=503–504}} On 22 November, Nagy and his cabinet left the embassy on a bus that took them into exile in Yugoslavia, after the new Hungarian leader, [[János Kádár]], promised Tito in writing they would not be harmed.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=505}} Much to Tito's fury, when the bus left the embassy, it was boarded by KGB agents who arrested the Hungarian leaders.{{sfn|Granville|1998|p=505}} Nagy's execution almost led Yugoslavia to break off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, and in 1957 Tito boycotted the Moscow ceremonies for the 40th [[October Revolution Day|anniversary of the October Revolution]], the only communist leader who did not attend.{{sfn|Granville|1998|pp=505–506}}

[[File:Tito-Kekkonen-1964.jpg|thumb|Tito and Finnish president [[Urho Kekkonen]] in [[Helsinki]], 1964]]
Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide,<ref name="Socialism of Sorts"/> whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]]; [[Egypt]]'s [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], Indian politicians [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Indira Gandhi]]; British Prime Ministers [[Winston Churchill]], [[James Callaghan]] and [[Margaret Thatcher]]; U.S. Presidents [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]] and [[Jimmy Carter]]. Other leaders and heads of state that Tito met included [[Che Guevara]], [[Fidel Castro]], [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Pierre Trudeau]] [[Willy Brandt]], [[Helmut Schmidt]], [[Georges Pompidou]], [[Elizabeth II]], [[Hua Guofeng]], [[Kim Il Sung]], [[Sukarno]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Suharto]], [[Kenneth Kaunda]], [[Gaddafi]], [[Erich Honecker]], [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], [[János Kádár]], [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Urho Kekkonen]]. He also met celebrities.

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F032669-0029, Bonn, Brandt mit Staatspräsident Tito.jpg|thumb|Tito and German chancellor [[Willy Brandt]] in [[Bonn]], 11 October 1970]]
Yugoslavia provided major assistance to anti-colonialist movements in the Third World. The Yugoslav delegation was the first to bring the demands of the [[Algerian National Liberation Front]] (FLN) to the UN. In January 1958, the [[French Navy]] boarded the ''Slovenija'' cargo ship off [[Oran]], whose holds were filled with weapons for the insurgents. Diplomat Danilo Milić explained that "Tito and the leading nucleus of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] really saw in the Third World's liberation struggles, a replica of their own struggle against the fascist occupants. They vibrated to the rhythm of the advances or setbacks of the FLN or [[Viet Cong]]."<ref name=mo>{{cite news |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/08/DERENS/58989 |newspaper=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] |last=Dérens |first=Jean-Arnault |author-link=:fr:Jean-Arnault Dérens |date=August 2018 |page=16 |title=Au temps de la Yougoslavie anticoloniale |trans-title=In the time of anti-colonial Yugoslavia |language=fr |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032148/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/08/DERENS/58989 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thousands of Yugoslav [[military advisor]]s travelled to [[Guinea]] after its decolonisation and as the French government tried to destabilise the country. Tito covertly helped left-wing liberation movements to destabilise the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He saw the murder of [[Patrice Lumumba]] in 1961 as the "greatest crime in contemporary history". The country's military academies hosted left-wing activists from [[SWAPO]] (Namibia) and the [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania]] (South Africa) as part of Tito's efforts to undermine [[apartheid]]. In 1980, the [[intelligence service]]s of South Africa and Argentina plotted to return the 'favour', by covertly bringing 1,500 anti-urban communist guerrillas to Yugoslavia. The operation was aimed at overthrowing Tito and was planned during the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow so that the Soviets would be too busy to react. The operation was abandoned due to Tito's death.<ref name="mo" />

[[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Elizabeth II i Josip Broz Tito,1972, u Beogradu.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|left|Tito with [[Elizabeth II]] in [[Belgrade]], 1972]]
In 1953, Tito travelled to Britain for a state visit and met with [[Winston Churchill]]. He also toured [[Cambridge]] and visited the University Library.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/NgGe1fPW |title=Pathe News films of state visit |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629203150/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/NgGe1fPW |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tito visited India from December 1954 to January 1955.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.titoville.com/partthree.html |title=Josip Broz Tito Chronology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001109100200/http://www.titoville.com/partthree.html |archive-date=9 November 2000}}</ref> After his return, he removed many restrictions on Yugoslavia's churches and spiritual institutions.

Tito developed warm relations with [[Burma]] under [[U Nu]], travelling to the country in 1955 and 1959, though he did not receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, [[Ne Win]]. Tito had a close friendship with Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]] of [[Cambodia]], who preached an eccentric mixture of monarchism, [[Buddhism]] and socialism, and, like Tito, wanted his country to be neutral in the Cold War.{{sfn|West|1995|p=283}} Tito saw Sihanouk as a kindred soul who, like him, had to struggle to maintain his backward country's neutrality in the face of rival blocs.{{sfn|West|1995|p=283}} By contrast, Tito disliked President [[Idi Amin]] of [[Uganda]], whom he saw as thuggish and possibly insane.{{sfn|West|1995|p=284}}

Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia was rare among Communist countries in having diplomatic relations with right-wing, [[anti-communist]] governments. Yugoslavia was the only communist country that had diplomatic relations with [[Alfredo Stroessner]]'s [[Paraguay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+py0106)|title=Paraguay: A Country Study: Foreign Relations|quote=Foreign policy under Stroessner was based on two major principles: nonintervention in the affairs of other countries and no relations with countries under [[Marxist]] governments. The only exception to the second principle was Yugoslavia.|access-date=11 April 2009|archive-date=9 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109060555/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+py0106)|url-status=live}}</ref> Yugoslavia sold arms to the staunchly anti-communist regime of [[Guatemala]] under [[Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García]], during the [[Guatemalan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/reorg.html#Ref193 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018224238/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/reorg.html#Ref193 |archive-date=18 October 2002 |title=Reorganizacion de los actores del enfrentamiento (1971–1978) |trans-title=Reorganization of the actors of the confrontation (1971–1978) |publisher=Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program |date=17 June 2013 |access-date=26 August 2017 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rostica |first=Julieta Carla |title=Dictaduras y lógica de dominación en Guatemala (1954–1985) |trans-title=Dictatorships and logic of domination in Guatemala (1954–1985) |url=http://jornadasjovenesiigg.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/107/2015/04/Rostica-Julieta-Poder.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707010011/http://jornadasjovenesiigg.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/107/2015/04/Rostica-Julieta-Poder.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2024 |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=es}}</ref> Notable exceptions to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries include [[Spain under Franco]], the [[Greek junta]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348956847 |last=Ristović |first=Milan |journal=Balcanica |issue=LI |title=Yugoslav-Greek Relations from the End of the Second World War to 1990 |publisher=[[Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade]] |doi-access=free |doi=10.2298/BALC2051257R |year=2020 |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> and [[Chile under Pinochet]]; Yugoslavia was one of many countries that severed diplomatic relations with Chile after [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|Salvador Allende was overthrown]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryruleinch00john|url-access=registration|last1=Valenzuela|first1=Julio Samuel|last2=Valenzuela|first2=Arturo|year=1986|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/militaryruleinch00john/page/316 316]}}</ref>

===Reforms===
[[File:Rogova mesnica v Mariboru 1957.jpg|thumb|A butcher shop in [[Maribor]] adorned with a portrait of Tito, 1957]]
Starting in the 1950s, Tito's government permitted Yugoslav workers to go to western Europe, especially West Germany, as ''[[Gastarbeiter]]'' ("guest workers").{{sfn|West|1995|p=286}} The exposure of many Yugoslavs to the West and its culture led many Yugoslavians to view themselves as culturally closer to Western Europe than Eastern Europe.{{sfn|West|1995|p=271}} In the autumn of 1960, Tito met President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] meeting. They discussed a range of issues from arms control to economic development. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutrality was "neutral on his side", Tito replied that neutrality did not imply passivity but meant "not taking sides".<ref name="Lees">{{cite book |last=Lees |first=Lorraine M. |title=Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War, 1945–1960 |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2010 |pages=233, 234 |isbn=978-0271040639}}</ref> On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name from "Federal People's Republic" to "Socialist Federal Republic" of Yugoslavia. [[Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Economic]] reforms encouraged [[Small business|small-scale]] [[private enterprise]] (up to five full-time workers; most of these were [[family business]]es and largest in [[agriculture]])<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Raymond H. |date=29 October 1972 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/29/archives/capitalism-is-alive-but-not-so-well-in-yugoslavia-future-of-private.html |title=Capitalism Is Alive but Not So Well in Yugoslavia |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425181732/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/29/archives/capitalism-is-alive-but-not-so-well-in-yugoslavia-future-of-private.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and greatly relaxed restrictions on religious expression.<ref name="Socialism of Sorts">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942012,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122220854/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942012,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2007 |title=Socialism of Sorts |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 June 1966 |access-date=27 April 2010 |quote=Today, as the rest of Eastern Europe begins to catch on, Yugoslavia remains the most autonomous, open, idiosyncratic and unCommunist Communist country anywhere on earth. ...Families are being encouraged by the Communist government to indulge in such capitalist practices as investing in restaurants, inns, shoe-repair shops and motels. ...Alone among Red peoples, Yugoslavs may freely travel to the West. ...Belgrade and the Vatican announced that this month they will sign an agreement according new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to teach the catechism and open seminaries.}}</ref> Tito subsequently toured the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protests Mark Tito's Chile |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19630923&id=S7FOAAAAIBAJ&pg=7241,3185693 |location=Toledo, Ohio, USA |date=23 September 1963 |agency=Toledo Blade |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309031708/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19630923&id=S7FOAAAAIBAJ&pg=7241,3185693 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=48568|title=Komunistički progoni Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini 1945–1990|journal=National Security and the Future|volume=9|issue=3|pages=41–72|last=Lučić|first=Ivica|year=2008|access-date=26 April 2010|archive-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812044906/http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=48568|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the beginning of the 1960s, foreign observers noted that the country was “booming” and that, meanwhile, Yugoslav citizens enjoyed far greater freedoms than those in the Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern Bloc. Literacy increased exponentially and reached 91%, healthcare was free at all levels, and life expectancy rose to 72 years.<ref>[[Michel Chossudovsky]], International Monetary Fund, World Bank; ''The Globalisation of Poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms''; Zed Books, 2006; (University of California) {{ISBN|1-85649-401-2}}</ref>

[[File:TitoCallingCard.jpg|thumb|left|Tito's calling card from 1967]]
In 1966, an agreement with the [[Holy See]], fostered in part by the death in 1960 of the anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb [[Aloysius Stepinac]] and shifts in the church's approach to resisting communism originating in the [[Second Vatican Council]], accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to catechise and open seminaries. The agreement also eased tensions, which had prevented the naming of new bishops in Yugoslavia since 1945. Holy See and Yugoslavia reconciled [[Holy See–Yugoslavia relations|their relations]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vukićević |first=Boris |title=Foreign Policy Doctrine of the Holy See in the Cold War Europe: Ostpolitik of the Holy See |journal=The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations |volume=49 |year=2018 |issn=0544-1943 |location=Ankara, Turkey |publisher=[[Ankara University]] |pages=117–138 |doi=10.1501/Intrel_0000000319|doi-access=free }}</ref> and worked together on achieving peace in [[Vietnam]].<ref name="Jutarnji">{{cite web |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/detalji-neocekivane-suradnje-dviju-suprotstavljenih-strana-kako-su-tito-i-sveta-stolica-dosli-na-ideju-da-zajedno-pokusaju-zaustaviti-rat-u-vijetnamu-6920370 |title=Kako su Tito i Sveta Stolica došli na ideju da zajedno pokušaju zaustaviti rat u Vijetnamu |date=11 January 2018 |publisher=[[Jutarnji list]] |first=Hrvoje |last=Klasić |author-link=Hrvoje Klasić |access-date=9 February 2021 |language=sh |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718173518/https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/svijet/detalji-neocekivane-suradnje-dviju-suprotstavljenih-strana-kako-su-tito-i-sveta-stolica-dosli-na-ideju-da-zajedno-pokusaju-zaustaviti-rat-u-vijetnamu-6920370 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tito's new socialism met opposition from traditional communists culminating in a conspiracy headed by [[Aleksandar Ranković]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836660,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902232353/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836660,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2007|title=Unmeritorious Pardon|work=Time Magazine |date=16 December 1966|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> Allegedly, the charge on which he was removed from power and expelled from the LCY was that he [[Covert listening device|bugged]] Tito's working and sleeping quarters as well as those of many other high government officials. For almost 20 years, Ranković was at the head of the [[State Security Administration]] (UDBA), as well as Federal Secretary of Internal Affairs. His position as a party whip and Tito's way of controlling and monitoring the government and, to a certain extent, the people bothered many, especially the younger generation of government officials who were working toward a more liberal Yugoslav society. In the same year, Tito declared that communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia's course by the force of their arguments (implying an abandonment of Leninist orthodoxy and development of [[liberal socialism]]).<ref name="Payne">{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley |title=Spain: A Unique History |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=2011 |page=227 |isbn=978-0299249335}}</ref> 

On 1 January 1967, Yugoslavia became the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843306,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155734/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843306,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Beyond Dictatorship |magazine=Time |date=20 January 1967|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. His plan called for Arabs to recognise the state of Israel in exchange for [[Israeli-occupied territories|territories Israel newly occupied]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841036,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155726/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841036,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Still a Fever|magazine=Time |date=25 August 1967|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

In 1968, Tito offered to fly to [[Prague]] on three hours' notice if Czechoslovak leader [[Alexander Dubček]] needed help in facing down the Soviets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838544,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838544,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |title=Back to the Business of Reform|work=Time Magazine|date=16 August 1968|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> In April 1969, Tito removed generals [[Ivan Gošnjak]] and [[Rade Hamović]] in the aftermath of the [[invasion of Czechoslovakia]] due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tito Orders Quiet Purge of Generals|first=David|last=Binder |newspaper=Dayton Beach Morning Journal|date=16 April 1969}}</ref>

[[File:Arrival ceremony for President Tito of Yugoslavia, on the South grounds of the White House - NARA - 194385.tif|thumb|right|Tito with U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]] at the [[White House]], 28 October 1971]]
In 1971, the Federal Assembly reelected Tito as president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time. In his speech before the Federal Assembly, he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments to provide an updated framework on which the country would be based. The amendments provided for a collective presidency, a 22-member body consisting of elected representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces. The body would have a single chairman of the presidency, and chairmanship would rotate among six republics. When the Federal Assembly failed to agree on legislation, the collective presidency would have the power to rule by decree. Amendments also provided for a stronger cabinet with considerable power to initiate and pursue legislation independently from the Communist Party. [[Džemal Bijedić]] was chosen as the Premier. The new amendments aimed to decentralise the country by granting greater autonomy to republics and provinces. The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs, defence, internal security, monetary affairs, free trade within Yugoslavia, and development loans to poorer regions. Control of education, healthcare, and housing would be exercised entirely by the governments of the republics and the autonomous provinces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903055-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155751/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903055-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Tito's Daring Experiment|magazine=Time |date=9 August 1971|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Tito's greatest strength, in the eyes of the western communists,<ref name="Mitchell">{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Laurence |title=Serbia |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2010 |page=23 |isbn=978-1841623269}}</ref> had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country. It was Tito's call for [[brotherhood and unity]], and related methods, that held together the people of Yugoslavia.<ref name="Rogel">{{cite book |last=Rogel |first=Carole |title=The Breakup of Yugoslavia and the War in Bosnia |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186 |url-access=registration |quote=Tito's successors were less committed than he was to preserving Yugoslav unity; some even plotted the state's dismemberment. Tito in a way was the country's last unifying force; for many he was the glue that had held Yugoslavia together until 1980. |access-date=5 July 2013 |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313299186 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186/page/16 16]}}</ref> This ability was put to a test several times during his reign, notably during the [[Croatian Spring]] (also referred as the {{lang|sh|Masovni pokret}} or Maspok for short, meaning "Mass Movement") when the government suppressed both public demonstrations and dissenting opinions within the Communist Party. Despite this suppression, much of Maspok's demands, including for decentralisation, were later realised with the new constitution, heavily backed by Tito himself against opposition from the [[League of Communists of Serbia|Serbian branch of the party]], who favoured centralisation.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} On 16 May 1974, the new [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution|Constitution]] was passed, and the 82-year-old Tito was named [[president for life]]. But the 1974 constitution caused issues for the Yugoslavian economy and distorted its market mechanism, leading to escalation of ethnic tensions.<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=1942875 | last1=Estrin | first1=Saul | title=Yugoslavia: The Case of Self-Managing Market Socialism | journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives | year=1991 | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=187–194 | doi=10.1257/jep.5.4.187 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Tito's visits to the U.S. avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about socialism in Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tito Greeted By Kennedy as Pickets March Outside |page=1 |date=17 October 1963 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who frequently burned the [[Flag of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav flag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=AMichener greets Tito on arrival in Canada |page=46 |date=3 November 1971 |work=The Leader Post |agency=Canadian Press}}</ref> During a visit to the United Nations in the late 1970s, emigrants shouted "Tito murderer" outside his New York hotel, which he protested to United States authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Tito Protest Planned |page=A8 |date=5 March 1978 |work=Herald-Journal |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

==Final years and death==
{{See also|Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito|Breakup of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Wars}}
[[File:Stevan Kargujevic, TIto,povratak iz Havane, 79.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Tito in 1979]]
After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state, transferring much of it to the prime minister who was the head of government, but retained the final word on all major policy decisions as president and head of state and as the head of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. The 40th anniversary of his [[Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|communist party leadership]] was observed on the Youth Day of 1977 throughout Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dobbs |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Dobbs (journalist) |date=26 May 1977 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/26/at-85-tito-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-is-called-wise/1cbafe46-bdf1-4257-8b0c-c12fa703f3f3/ |title=At 85, Tito Looks Healthy and Wealthy, Is Called Wise |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130192523/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/05/26/at-85-tito-looks-healthy-and-wealthy-is-called-wise/1cbafe46-bdf1-4257-8b0c-c12fa703f3f3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He continued to [[List of international trips made by Josip Broz Tito|travel abroad]] and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with the [[China|Chinese leadership]] that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman [[Hua Guofeng]] visited Yugoslavia in 1979. In 1978, Tito travelled to the U.S. During the visit, strict security was imposed in Washington, D.C., owing to protests by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups.<ref>{{cite news|title=Carter Gives Tito Festive Welcome|agency=Associated Press|date=7 March 1978}}</ref>

[[File:Grob Josipa Broza Tita.jpg|thumb|right|Tito's tomb at the [[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|House of Flowers]], a mausoleum within the [[Museum of Yugoslavia]] in Belgrade, Serbia]]
Tito became increasingly ill over the course of 1979. During this time, ''Vila Srna'' was built for his use near [[Morović]] in the event of his recovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Reportaza/187450/Raj-u-koji-Broz-nije-stigao |title=Raj u koji Broz nije stigao |publisher=[[Blic]] |date=2 May 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114081813/http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Reportaza/187450/Raj-u-koji-Broz-nije-stigao |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 January and again on 12 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the [[Ljubljana University Medical Centre|Medical Centre in Ljubljana]], the capital city of the [[SR Slovenia]], with [[peripheral vascular disease|circulation problems in his legs]]. Tito's stubbornness and refusal to allow doctors to follow through with the necessary amputation of his left leg played a part in his eventual death of [[gangrene]]-induced infection. His adjutant later testified that Tito threatened to take his own life if his leg was ever amputated and that he had to hide Tito's pistol in fear that he would follow through on his threat. After a private conversation with his sons Žarko and [[Mišo Broz]], he finally agreed, and his left leg was amputated due to arterial blockages. The amputation proved to be too late, and Tito died at the Medical Centre of Ljubljana on 4 May 1980, three days short of his 88th birthday.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The [[Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito|state funeral of Josip Broz Tito]] drew many world statesmen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33364|title=Josip Broz Tito Statement on the Death of the President of Yugoslavia|author=Jimmy Carter|date=4 May 1980|access-date=26 April 2010|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823020139/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33364|url-status=dead}}</ref> It attracted government leaders from 129 states.<ref>{{cite book |last=Glenny |first=Misha |date=2012 |title=The Balkans|publisher=Penguin Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/balkansnationali00mish/page/622 622] |isbn=978-0-670-85338-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/balkansnationali00mish/page/622 }}</ref> Based on the number of attending politicians and state delegations, at the time it was the [[List of largest funerals|largest state funeral]] in history; this concentration of dignitaries would be unmatched until the [[List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II|funeral of Pope John Paul II]] in 2005 and the [[List of dignitaries at the memorial service of Nelson Mandela|memorial service of Nelson Mandela]] in 2013.<ref name="vidmar166">{{cite book|title=Josip Broz Tito – Ilustrirani življenjepis|last=Vidmar|first=Josip|author2=Rajko Bobot|author3=Miodrag Vartabedijan|author4=Branibor Debeljaković|author5=Živojin Janković|author6=Ksenija Dolinar|year=1981|publisher=Jugoslovenska revija|page=166}}</ref> Those who attended included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers, and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 countries out of 154 UN members at the time.<ref name=Ridley>{{cite book |title=Tito: A Biography |last=Ridley |first=Jasper |author-link=Jasper Ridley (historian) |year=1996 |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-0-09-475610-6 |page=19}}</ref>

Reporting on his death, ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote:
{{blockquote|Tito sought to improve life. Unlike others who rose to power on the communist wave after WWII, Tito did not long demand that his people suffer for a distant vision of a better life. After an initial Soviet-influenced bleak period, Tito moved toward radical improvement of life in the country. Yugoslavia gradually became a bright spot amid the general grayness of Eastern Europe.|''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 May 1980.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Raymond H.|title=Giant Among Communists Governed Like a Monarch|url=https://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/tito-obit.pdf|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 May 1980|archive-date=29 May 2023|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529031709/http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/topics/tito-obit.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Tito was interred in the [[House of Flowers (mausoleum)|House of Flowers]], a mausoleum in Belgrade which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the [[Museum of Yugoslav History]] (formerly called "Museum 25 May" and "Museum of the Revolution"). The museum keeps the gifts Tito received during his presidency. The collection includes original prints of ''[[Los Caprichos]]'' by [[Francisco Goya]], and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://actualidad.terra.es/cultura/articulo/hallan-goya-tito-milosevic-belgrado-2920598.htm|title=Hallan un grabado de Goya en la casa de Tito y Milosevic en Belgrado|publisher=Terra|date=28 November 2008|access-date=28 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113221723/http://actualidad.terra.es/cultura/articulo/hallan-goya-tito-milosevic-belgrado-2920598.htm|archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref>

==Evaluation==
Dominic McGoldrick writes that as the head of a "highly [[centralised]] and [[oppressive]]" [[regime]], Tito wielded tremendous power in Yugoslavia, with his [[authoritarian]] rule administered through an elaborate [[bureaucracy]] that routinely suppressed [[human rights]].{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}} The main victims of this repression during the first years were known and alleged [[Stalinists]], such as [[Dragoslav Mihailović]] and [[Dragoljub Mićunović]], but in later years, even some of the most prominent of Tito's collaborators were arrested. On 19 November 1956, [[Milovan Đilas]], perhaps the closest of Tito's collaborators, widely regarded as his possible successor, was arrested because of his criticism of Tito's regime. [[Victor Sebestyen]] writes that Tito "was as brutal as" [[Stalin]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sebestyen |first=Victor |date=2014 |title=1946: The Making of the Modern World |publisher=Macmillan |page=148 |isbn=978-0230758001 |quote=Tito was as brutal as his one-time mentor Stalin, with whom he was later to fall out but with whom he shared a taste for bloody revenge against enemies, real or imagined. Churchill called Tito 'the great Balkan tentacle', but that did not prevent him from making a similar deal like the one he had made with the Soviets.}}</ref> The repression did not exclude intellectuals and writers, such as [[Venko Markovski]], who was arrested and sent to jail in January 1956 for writing poems considered anti-Titoist.

Even if, after the [[reform]]s of 1961, Tito's presidency had become comparatively more liberal than other communist regimes, the Communist Party continued to alternate between [[liberalism]] and repression.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=34}} Yugoslavia managed to remain independent from the Soviet Union, and its brand of [[socialism]] was in many ways the envy of [[Eastern Europe]], but Tito's Yugoslavia remained a tightly controlled [[police state]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EY_xAgAAQBAJ&q=Tito's+Yugoslavia+was+a+tightly+controlled+police+state&pg=PT73|title=Tell it to the world, Eliott Behar|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4597-2380-1}}</ref> According to [[David Matas]], outside the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia had more [[political prisoners]] than all of the rest of Eastern Europe combined.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=36}} Tito's secret police were modelled on the Soviet [[KGB]]. Its members were ever-present and often [[Extrajudicial punishment|acted extrajudicially]],{{sfn|Corbel|1951|pp=173–174}} with victims including middle-class intellectuals, liberals and democrats.{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=1391}} Yugoslavia was a signatory to the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], but scant regard was paid to its provisions.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=37}} 

[[File:Arrival ceremony for state visit of Josip Tito, President of Yugoslavia - NARA - 178242-restored.jpg|thumb|left|Tito with U.S. president [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], 7 March 1978]]
Tito's Yugoslavia was based on respect for nationality, though Tito ruthlessly purged any flowerings of nationalism that threatened the Yugoslav federation.{{sfn|Finlan|2004}} But the contrast between the deference given to some ethnic groups and the severe repression of others was sharp. Yugoslav law guaranteed nationalities the right to use their language, but for ethnic Albanians, the assertion of ethnic identity was severely limited. Almost half of [[political prisoners in Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia's political prisoners]] were ethnic Albanians imprisoned for asserting their ethnic identity.{{sfn|Matas|1994|p=39}}

Yugoslavia's post-war development was impressive, but the country ran into economic snags around 1970 and experienced significant unemployment and inflation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqvpudh8dasC&q=Unemployment+in+Tito%27s+Yugoslavia&pg=PA3694|title=The 20th Century O–Z: Dictionary of World Biography| page= 3694|author=Frank N. Magill|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=978-1136593697}}</ref>

Declassified documents from the CIA state in 1967, it was already clear that although Tito's economic model had achieved growth of the [[gross national product]] around 7%, it also created frequently unwise industrial investment and a chronic deficit in the nation's [[balance of payment]]. In the 1970s, uncontrolled growth often created chronic inflation, which Tito and the Party could not fully stabilise or moderate. Yugoslavia also paid high interest on loans compared to the [[LIBOR]] rate, but Tito's presence eased investors' fears since he had proven willing and able to implement unpopular reforms. By 1979 with Tito's passing on the horizon, a global downturn in the economy, consistently increasing unemployment and growth slowing to 5.9% throughout the 1970s, it had become likely that "the rapid economic growth to which the Yugoslavs [had] become accustomed" would aggressively decline.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYzo_TJ1BM4C&q=tito+economy&pg=PA25|title=Yugoslavia: From "national Communism" to National Collapse: US Intelligence, page 312|publisher=National Intelligence Council|year=2006|isbn=978-0160873607}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mises.ca/the-economy-of-titos-yugoslavia-delaying-the-inevitable-collapse|title=The Economy of Tito's Yugoslavia: Delaying the Inevitable Collapse|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute Canada|year=2014|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024012054/https://www.mises.ca/the-economy-of-titos-yugoslavia-delaying-the-inevitable-collapse/|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the passing of the [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution]], Tito initiated what, according to A. Ross Johnson of the [[United States Department of State]], "constituted the first effort in postwar Yugoslavia (and the first attempt in any Communist system) to establish [[Formality|depersonalised]] and [[institutionalised]] 'rules of the game' in Party decision-making bodies intended to apply to the [[Succession planning|period of succession]]".{{sfn|Johnson|1983|p=30}} This system created a [[President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia|state]] and [[President of the Presidency of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia|party presidency]] that was [[Collective leadership|governed collectively]], each limited to one year [[term of office]].{{sfn|Johnson|1983|p=31}} But this system might have contributed to the collapse of Yugoslavia, according to professor Robert M. Hayden: "While perhaps no federal structure could have contained the political pressures of Yugoslavia in 1989/91, the flaws of the 1974 constitution served to ensure that they became unmanageable, thus making civil war virtually inevitable. Responsibility for the war must thus be shared, between the Slovenes, whose actions destroyed the federal structure, [[Slobodan Milošević]], whose aggressive politics goaded the Slovenes into doing so, and the drafters of the constitution, who made the chimaera of a "confederation" seem a reasonable constitutional structure."{{sfn|Hayden|1992|p=29}}

==Legacy==
{{See also|List of places named after Josip Broz Tito|Yugo-nostalgia}}
[[File:Titov spomenik.jpg|thumb|Statue of Tito in the village of his birth, [[Kumrovec]], 2007]]
[[File:Sarajevo 03 09 09 (29) (3908687427).jpg|thumb|Tito memorabilia in a market in [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2009]]
Tito is credited with transforming Yugoslavia from a poor nation to a middle-income one that saw vast improvements in women's rights, health, education, urbanisation, industrialisation, and many other areas of human and economic development.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Perović|first1=Latinka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ovgswEACAAJ|title=Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective|last2=Roksandić|first2=Drago|last3=Velikonja|first3=Mitja|last4=Höpken|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Bieber|first5=Florian|date=2017|publisher=Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia|isbn=978-86-7208-208-1}}</ref> A 2010 poll found that as many as 81% of Serbians believe that life was better under Tito.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2010|title=Serbia Poll: Life Was Better Under Tito|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/24/for-simon-poll-serbians-unsure-who-runs-their-country/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Balkan Insight|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130083348/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/24/for-simon-poll-serbians-unsure-who-runs-their-country/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tito also ranked first in the "[[Greatest Croatian]]" poll which was conducted in 2003 by the Croatian weekly news magazine ''[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]''.<ref name="rezultati">{{cite magazine|url=http://arhiva.nacional.hr/clanak/13694/tito-je-jedini-hrvatski-drzavnik-koga-je-svijet-prihvacao-kao-svjetsku-licnost|title=Tito je jedini hrvatski državnik koga je svijet prihvaćao kao svjetsku ličnost|trans-title=Tito is the only Croatian statesman accepted by the world as a global personality|language=Croatian|magazine=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]]|date=6 January 2004|issue=425|author=Robert Bajruši|accessdate=24 November 2020|archivedate=25 February 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225055827/http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/13694/tito-je-jedini-hrvatski-drzavnik-koga-je-svijet-prihvacao-kao-svjetsku-licnost}}</ref>

During his life and especially in the first year after his death, several places were [[List of places named after Tito|named after Tito]]; several of these have since returned to their original names.{{fact|date=January 2026}} For example, [[Podgorica]], formerly Titograd (though [[Podgorica's international airport]] is still identified by the code TGD), and [[Užice]], formerly known as Titovo Užice, which reverted to its original name in 1992. Streets in Belgrade, the capital, have all reverted to their original pre-World War II and pre-communist names as well. In 2004, [[Antun Augustinčić]]'s statue of Broz in his birthplace of [[Kumrovec]] was decapitated in an explosion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E3DE1639F93BA15751C1A9629C8B63 |title=Bomb Topples Tito Statue |work=The New York Times |date=28 December 2004 |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110001314/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E3DE1639F93BA15751C1A9629C8B63 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was subsequently repaired. Twice in 2008, protests took place in what was then Zagreb's Marshal Tito Square (since 2017 the [[Republic of Croatia Square]]), organised by a group called Circle for the Square ({{lang|sh|Krug za Trg}}), with an aim to force the city government to rename it to its previous name, while a counter-protest by Citizens' Initiative Against [[Neo-Nazism in Croatia|Ustašism]] ({{lang|sh|Građanska inicijativa protiv ustaštva}}) accused the "Circle for the Square" of [[historical revisionism]] and [[neo-fascism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dalje.com/hr-zagreb/spremni-smo-braniti-antifasisticke-vrijednosti-rh/214432 |title=Spremni smo braniti antifašističke vrijednosti RH |publisher=Dalje |date=13 December 2008 |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507203035/http://dalje.com/hr-zagreb/spremni-smo-braniti-antifasisticke-vrijednosti-rh/214432 |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Croatian president [[Stjepan Mesić]] criticised the demonstration to change the name.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2008 |title=Thousands of Croats demand Tito Square be renamed |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/02/11/nb-10 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615175324/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/02/11/nb-10 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |access-date=28 April 2010 |publisher=SETimes}}</ref>

In the Croatian coastal city of [[Opatija]] the main street (also its longest street) still bears the name of Marshal Tito.{{fact|date=January 2026}} [[Rijeka]], third largest city in [[Croatia]], also refuses to change the name of one of the squares in the city centre named after Tito.{{fact|date=January 2026}} There are streets named after Tito in numerous towns in Serbia, mostly in the country's north ([[Vojvodina]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} One of the main streets in downtown [[Sarajevo]] is called [[Marshal Tito street (Sarajevo)|Marshal Tito Street]], and Tito's statue in a park in front of the [[University of Sarajevo|university]] campus (ex. [[Yugoslav People's Army|JNA]] barrack "Maršal Tito") in [[Marijin Dvor]] is a place where Bosnians and Sarajevans still today commemorate and pay tribute to Tito. The largest Tito monument in the world, about {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} high, is in Tito Square ({{langx|sl|Titov trg}}), the central square in [[Velenje]], Slovenia.<ref name="DEDIST">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/325-spomenik-josipu-brozu-titu-v-velenju |title=Spomenik Josipu Brozu Titu v Velenju |trans-title=The Monument to Josip Broz Tito in Velenje |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |first1=Alenka |last1=Bartulovič |editor1-first=Mateja |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines |access-date=12 March 2012 |language=sl |date= |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028032717/http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/325-spomenik-josipu-brozu-titu-v-velenju |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.velenje-tourism.si/en/307 |title=Monument of Josip Broz |publisher=Tourist Information and Promotion Center Velenje |access-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208211813/http://www.velenje-tourism.si/en/307 |archive-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> One of the main bridges in Slovenia's second largest city of [[Maribor]] is Tito Bridge ({{langx|sl|Titov most}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maribor-pohorje.si/tito-s-bridge.aspx |title=Slovenia-Maribor: Tito's Bridge (Titov most) |publisher=Maribor |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414084430/http://maribor-pohorje.si/tito-s-bridge.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The central square in [[Koper]], the largest Slovenian port city, is named Tito Square.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2011 |title=Saša S: Tito square smile in Koper |url=http://www.pano.si/2011/04/tito-square-smile-in-koper.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525184723/http://www.pano.si/2011/04/tito-square-smile-in-koper.html |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date=10 November 2012 |publisher=Pano}}</ref> The main-belt asteroid [[1550 Tito]], discovered by Serbian astronomer [[Milorad B. Protić]] at [[Belgrade Observatory]] in 1937, was named in his honour.<ref name="springer" />

The Croat historian [[Marijana Belaj]] wrote that for some people in Croatia and other parts of the former Yugoslavia, Tito is remembered as a sort of secular saint, mentioning how some Croats keep portraits of Catholic saints together with a portrait of Tito on their walls as a way to bring hope.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=78}} The practice of writing letters to Tito has continued well after his death with several websites in former Yugoslavia devoted entirely as forums for people to send him posthumous letters, in which they often write about personal problems.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=78}} Every year on 25 May, several thousand people from the former Yugoslavia gather in Tito's hometown of Kumrovec<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/63024-several-thousand-admirers-of-tito-aelebrate-day-of-youth-in-kumrovec |title=Several Thousand Admirers of Tito Celebrate Day of Youth in Kumrovec |publisher=Total Croatia News |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022150805/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/63024-several-thousand-admirers-of-tito-aelebrate-day-of-youth-in-kumrovec |url-status=dead }}</ref> and his resting place, House of Flowers,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/zimski-vrt-s-prostorima-za-rad-i-odmor-josipa-broza-tita-posjecuju-brojni-gosti-evo-sto-se-nalazi-u-kuci-cvijeca-i-kada-je-sagraden-mauzolej-1240740 |title=Zimski vrt s prostorima za rad i odmor Josipa Broza Tita posjećuju brojni gosti, evo što se nalazi u 'Kući cvijeća' i kada je sagrađen mauzolej |trans-title=Many guests visit Josip Broz Tito's winter garden with work and rest areas, here is what is in the 'House of Flowers' and when the mausoleum was built |language=sh |newspaper=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310025443/https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/zimski-vrt-s-prostorima-za-rad-i-odmor-josipa-broza-tita-posjecuju-brojni-gosti-evo-sto-se-nalazi-u-kuci-cvijeca-i-kada-je-sagraden-mauzolej-1240740 |url-status=live }}</ref> to pay tribute to his memory{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=71}} and celebrate the former country's [[Youth Day#Yugoslavia|Youth Day]], which in the Yugoslav era was one of the biggest annual celebrations and was marked by the [[Relay of Youth]] with a birthday pledge to Tito. Belaj wrote that much of the Tito cult's posthumous appeal centres around Tito's everyman persona and his image as a "friend" to ordinary people, in contrast to the way in which [[Stalin]] was depicted in [[Joseph Stalin's cult of personality|his cult of personality]] as a cold, aloof, godlike figure whose extraordinary qualities set him apart from ordinary people.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=77}} Most of those who come to Kumrovec on 25 May to kiss Tito's statue are women.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|pp=84–85}} Belaji wrote that the Tito cult's appeal today owes less to communism, observing that most people who come to Kumrovec do not believe in communism, than to nostalgia for Tito's Yugoslavia and affection for an "ordinary man" who became great.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|p=87}} Tito was not a Croat nationalist, but the fact that Tito became the world's most famous Croat, serving as the leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and being seen as an important world leader, inspires pride in certain quarters of Croatia.{{sfn|Belaj|2008|pp=81, 87}}

Every year a "Brotherhood and Unity" relay race is organised in Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia that ends on 25 May at the "House of Flowers", Tito's final resting place. At the same time, runners in Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina set off for Kumrovec. The relay is a leftover from the [[Relay of Youth]] from Yugoslav times, when young people made a similar yearly trek on foot through Yugoslavia that ended in Belgrade with a massive celebration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/relay-for-tito-leaves-montenegro-en-route-to-belgrade |title=Relay for Tito leaves Montenegro en route to Belgrade |date=3 May 2013 |publisher=Balkan Insights |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=6 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506092051/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/relay-for-tito-leaves-montenegro-en-route-to-belgrade |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Tito and Me]]'' ({{lang-sh-Cyrl-Latn|Тито и ја|Tito i ja}}), a Yugoslav comedy film by Serbian director [[Goran Marković]], was released in 1992.

In the years following Yugoslavia's dissolution, historians started highlighting that human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia under Tito,{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}}<ref name=Cohen>{{cite book| title=Group Psychotherapy and Political Reality: A Two-Way Mirror|last1=Cohen|first1=Bertram D.|last2=Ettin|first2=Mark F.|last3=Fidler|first3=Jay W.|year=2002|publisher=International Universities Press|isbn=978-0-8236-2228-3|page=193}}</ref> particularly in the first decade before the Tito–Stalin split. On 4 October 2011, the [[Slovenian Constitutional Court]] found a 2009 naming of a street in Ljubljana after Tito to be unconstitutional.<ref name="Slovenia Times">{{cite news |title=Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional |newspaper=Slovenia Times |date=5 October 2011 |url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221230506/http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional |url-status=dead }}</ref> While several public areas in [[Slovenia]] (named during the Yugoslav period) already bear Tito's name, on the issue of renaming an additional street [[Tito street decision in Slovenia|the court ruled]] that:
{{blockquote|The name "Tito" does not only symbolise the liberation of the territory of present-day Slovenia from fascist occupation in World War II, as claimed by the other party in the case but also grave violations of human rights and basic freedoms, especially in the decade following World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odlocitve.us-rs.si/usrs/us-odl.nsf/o/AB6C747BE8DF7AF3C125791F00404CF9 |title=Text of the decision U-I-109/10 of the Constitutional Court of Slovenia, issued on 3 October 2011, in Slovene |access-date=8 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026195013/http://odlocitve.us-rs.si/usrs/us-odl.nsf/o/AB6C747BE8DF7AF3C125791F00404CF9 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

But the court made clear that the purpose of the review was "not a verdict on Tito as a figure or on his concrete actions, as well as not a historical weighing of facts and circumstances".<ref name="Slovenia Times"/> Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito, notably ''Tito Square'' in [[Velenje]], incorporating a 10-meter statue.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Some scholars have named Tito as responsible for the [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)#Yugoslavia|systematic eradication]] of the ethnic German ([[Danube Swabian]]) population in [[Vojvodina]] by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nationalities.<ref>John R. Schindler: "Yugoslavia’s First Ethnic Cleansing: The Expulsion of the Danubian Germans, 1944–1946", pp. 221–229, Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley, eds. ''Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe'' {{ISBN|0-88033-995-0}}.</ref>

==Family and personal life==
[[File:Josip Broz Tito, Prva poseta Negotinu 11.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jovanka Broz]] and Tito in [[Negotin]], 1959]]
Tito was married several times and had numerous affairs. In 1918 he was brought to [[Omsk]], Russia, as a prisoner of war. There he met {{ill|Pelagija Belousova|sh|Pelagija Belousova}}, who was then 14; he married her a year later, and she moved with him to Yugoslavia. They had five children, but only their son {{ill|Žarko Leon Broz|ru|Броз, Жарко|sh|Žarko Broz}}<ref name="Stana">{{cite book |title=Tito u Bjelovaru |last=Koprivica-Oštrić |first=Stanislava |year=1978 |publisher=Koordinacioni odbor za njegovanje revolucionarnih tradicija |page=76}}</ref> (born 4 February<ref name="Stana"/> 1924) survived.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=39}} When Tito was jailed in 1928, Belousova returned to Russia. After the divorce in 1936, she remarried.

In 1936, when Tito stayed at the [[Hotel Lux]] in Moscow, he met the Austrian {{ill|Lucia Bauer|sh|Lucija Bauer}}. They married in October 1936, but the records of this marriage were later deliberately erased.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=44}}

In 1940, he married [[Herta Haas]].<ref name="mandc">{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1539668.php/Tito-s-ex-wife-Hertha-Hass-dies |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128231725/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1539668.php/Tito-s-ex-wife-Hertha-Hass-dies |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2013 |title=Tito's ex wife Hertha Hass dies |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=9 March 2010 |access-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> Tito left for Belgrade after the [[April War]], leaving Haas pregnant. In May 1941, she gave birth to their son, [[Mišo Broz|Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz]]. Throughout his relationship with Haas, Tito maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with [[Davorjanka Paunović]], who, under the codename "Zdenka Horvat", served as a courier in the resistance and became his personal secretary. Haas and Tito suddenly parted company in 1943 in [[Jajce]] during the second meeting of [[AVNOJ]] after she reportedly walked in on him and Davorjanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blic.rs/drustvo.php?id=72155 |title=Titova udovica daleko od očiju javnosti |publisher=Blic |date=28 December 2008 |access-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214122230/http://www.blic.rs/drustvo.php?id=72155 |archive-date=14 December 2009 }}</ref> The last time Haas saw Broz was in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/u-96-godini-umrla-bivsa-titova-supruga-herta-haas-clanak-108015 |title=U 96. godini umrla bivša Titova supruga Herta Haas |publisher=Večernji list |date=9 March 2010 |access-date=29 April 2010 |archive-date=12 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312083558/http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/u-96-godini-umrla-bivsa-titova-supruga-herta-haas-clanak-108015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Davorjanka died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1946, and Tito insisted that she be buried in the backyard of the [[Beli Dvor]], his Belgrade residence.{{sfn|Borneman|2004|pp=160}}

[[File:Beograd Beli dvor na Dedinju.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beli dvor|Beli Dvor]] in [[Belgrade]], one of Tito's residences]]

His best-known wife was [[Jovanka Broz]]. Tito was just shy of his 60th birthday and she was 27 when they married in April 1952, with state security chief [[Aleksandar Ranković]] as the best man. Their marriage came about somewhat unexpectedly since Tito actually rejected her some years earlier when his confidante {{ill|Ivan Stevo Krajačić|sr}} originally presented her to him. At that time, she was in her early 20s, and Tito objected to her upbeat personality. Not one to be easily discouraged, Jovanka continued working at [[Beli Dvor]], where she managed the staff and eventually got another chance.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} But their relationship was not happy. It had gone through many, often public, ups and downs, with episodes of infidelity and even allegations of preparation for a ''coup d'état'' by the latter pair. Certain unofficial reports suggest Tito and Jovanka formally divorced in the late 1970s, shortly before his death, but during Tito's funeral, she was present in an official capacity as his wife and later claimed inheritance rights.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} The couple had no children.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Tito's grandchildren include [[Saša Broz]], a theatre director in Croatia; [[Svetlana Broz]], a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia and Herzegovina; [[Joška Broz|Josip Broz]] (better-known as [[Joška Broz]]), a politician in Serbia; Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia and Herzegovina.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

[[File:Brijuni 20170417 panorama.jpg|thumb|left|330px|[[Brijuni Islands]], location of the summer residence]]
As president, Tito had access to extensive (state-owned) property associated with the office and maintained a lavish lifestyle. In Belgrade, he resided in the official residence, the Beli Dvor, and maintained a separate private home at 10 Užička Street. The [[Brijuni Islands]] were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on. The pavilion was designed by [[Jože Plečnik]] and included a zoo. Close to 100 foreign heads of state visited Tito at the island residence, along with film stars such as [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Richard Burton]], [[Sophia Loren]], [[Carlo Ponti]], and [[Gina Lollobrigida]]. On the island of Brijuni, a museum displays photos of the many visitors that Tito received over more than three decades.<ref name="BW-Briuni">{{cite journal |last1=Gutbrod |first1=Hans |title=BRIJUNI OR BRIONI: REVIEWING TITO'S LUXURY ISLAND |journal=Baltic Worlds |date=15 October 2022 |url=https://balticworlds.com/brijuni-or-brioni-reviewing-titos-luxury-island/ |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022084529/https://balticworlds.com/brijuni-or-brioni-reviewing-titos-luxury-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Plavi voz - dnevna soba.jpg|thumb|Lounge in the Blue Train]]
Another residence was maintained at [[Lake Bled]], while the grounds at [[Karađorđevo (Bačka Palanka)|Karađorđevo]] were the site of "diplomatic hunts". By 1974 Tito had at his disposal 32 official residences, large and small,{{sfn|Barnett|2006|pp=138}} the yacht ''[[Yugoslav yacht Galeb|Galeb]]'' ("seagull"), a [[Boeing 727]] as the presidential aeroplane, and the [[Tito's Blue Train|Blue Train]].<ref name="Draskovic">{{cite book |last=Draskovic |first=Milorad |title=East Central Europe |year=1982 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |isbn=978-0313299186 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186/page/371 371] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313299186/page/371 }}</ref> After his death, the presidential Boeing 727 was sold to [[Aviogenex]], the ''Galeb'' remained docked in Montenegro, and the Blue Train was stored in a Serbian train shed for over two decades.<ref>{{cite web | title = Titov avion leti za Indonežane | website = Blic | date = 16 March 2004 | url = http://www.blic.rs/stara_arhiva/svet/59349/Titov-avion-leti-za-Indonezane | access-date = 15 July 2013 | archive-date = 13 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001411/http://www.blic.rs/stara_arhiva/svet/59349/Titov-avion-leti-za-Indonezane | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = The Blue Train | last = Andric | first = Gordana | website = Balkan Insight | date = 4 December 2010 | url = http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/the-blue-train | access-date = 15 July 2013 | archive-date = 12 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224745/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/the-blue-train | url-status = live }}</ref> While Tito was the person who held the office of president for by far the longest period, the associated property was not private, and much of it continues to be used by national governments, as public property or for use by high-ranking officials.

Tito claimed to speak [[Serbo-Croatian]], German, Russian, and some English.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Socialist Thought and Practice]]|title=Socialist Thought, and Practice|volume=11–12|page=91|quote=As regards the knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Yugoslav, German, Russian and partly English. It is obvious that he had a good knowledge of foreign languages. Comrade Tito had mastered the first rudiments of the German language already as an apprentice, and he perfected his knowledge later when working abroad; he had learnt Russian as a prisoner-of-war and in the course of his stay in Russia during the October Revolution}}</ref> His official biographer and then fellow Central Committee-member [[Vladimir Dedijer]] said in 1953 that he spoke "Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]".{{sfn|Dedijer|1953|pp=413}} At the 38th [[World Esperanto Congress]] held in Zagreb in 1953, Tito revealed his knowledge of [[Esperanto]], which he had learned during his time in prison.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/07/29/archives/tito-surprises-esperanto-group-leaders-by-knowledge-of-language.html |title=Tito Surprises Esperanto Group Leaders By Knowledge of Language Acquired in Jail |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=6 |date=29 July 1953 |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017180723/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/07/29/archives/tito-surprises-esperanto-group-leaders-by-knowledge-of-language.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his youth, Tito attended Catholic Sunday school and was later an altar boy. After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty helping the priest remove his vestments, Tito did not cross another church's threshold. As an adult, he identified as an atheist.{{sfn|Sherwood|2013|pp=129}}

Every federal unit had a town or city with historical significance to [[World War II]] renamed to include Tito's name. The largest of these was [[Titograd]], now [[Podgorica]], the capital city of [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]]. With the exception of Titograd, the cities were renamed simply by the addition of the adjective ''Titov'' 'Tito's'. The names reverted to their original names after the [[Fall of Communism]]. The cities were:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Republic''' !! '''City''' !! '''Original name'''
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| [[Titov Drvar]] (1981–1991)
| [[Drvar]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Croatia.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatia]]
| [[Titova Korenica]] (1945–1991)
| [[Korenica]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of North Macedonia (1946–1992).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]
| [[Titov Veles]] (1946–1996)
| [[Veles (city)|Veles]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Montenegro.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
| [[Titograd]] (1948–1992){{refn|group=note|name=a|the capital of Montenegro.}}
| [[Podgorica]]{{refn|group=note|name=a}}
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of SR Serbia.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Serbia]]
:: [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo|Kosovo]]
:: [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Vojvodina]]
| [[Užice|Titovo Užice]] (1947–1992)
: [[Titova Mitrovica]] (1981–1991)
: [[Titov Vrbas]] (1983–1992)
| [[Užice]]
: [[Kosovska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]]
: [[Vrbas (town)|Vrbas]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Slovenia (1945-1991).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
| [[Titovo Velenje]] (1981–1990)
| [[Velenje]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"| {{reflist|group=note}}
|}

===Language and identity dispute===
In the years after Tito's death and up to the present, many [[conspiracy theories]] have been put forward suggesting the existence of several people who were actually Tito, none with any serious evidence to support them.{{sfn|Barnett|2006|page=18|loc="Origin"}} Serbian journalist [[Vladan Dinić]] argued in ''Tito Is Not Tito'' that three separate people had identified as Tito.<ref>{{cite web|title=BILA SU TRI TITA|author=Vladan Dinić|publisher=Svedok|url=http://www.svedok.rs/index.asp?show=79124|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007173705/http://www.svedok.rs/index.asp?show=79124|archive-date=7 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tito's personal physician, Aleksandar Matunović, wrote a book<ref>{{cite book|author=Aleksandar Matunović|title= Enigma Broz – ko ste vi druže predsedniče?|year=1997|location=Belgrade}}</ref> about Tito in which he questioned his true origins, noting that Tito's habits and lifestyle could mean only that he was from an aristocratic family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Titov život ostaje enigma|author=Vladimir Jokanović|date=3 May 2010|publisher=NSPM|url=http://www.nspm.rs/prenosimo/titov-zivot-ostaje-enigma.html?alphabet=l|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306034743/http://www.nspm.rs/prenosimo/titov-zivot-ostaje-enigma.html?alphabet=l|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, media coverage was given to a declassified [[NSA]] study in ''Cryptologic Spectrum'' that concluded Tito had not spoken Serbo-Croatian like a native speaker. The report noted that his speech had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that "a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole" assumed Tito's identity was included with a note that this had happened during or before the Second World War.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Is Yugoslav President Tito Really a Yugoslav?|journal=Cryptologic Spectrum|url=http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_spectrum/is_yugoslav.pdf|id=(b) (3)-P.L. 86-36|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511130906/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_spectrum/is_yugoslav.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref> The report notes [[Draža Mihailović]]'s impressions of Tito's Russian origins after he had personally spoken with Tito.

However, the NSA's report was disputed by Croatian experts. The report failed to recognise that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local [[Kajkavian]] dialect of Zagorje. His strong accent, present only in Croatian dialects, which Tito was able to pronounce perfectly, is the strongest evidence for his Zagorje origins.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/tajna-sluzba-nije-znala-samo-jednu-sitnicu---da-postoje-kajkavci/1121913/ | title=Tajna služba nije znala samo jednu sitnicu – da postoje kajkavci | last=Jozić | first=Željko | work=[[Jutarnji list]] | date=24 August 2013 | language=hr | access-date=24 August 2013 | archive-date=29 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429233038/http://www.jutarnji.hr/tajna-sluzba-nije-znala-samo-jednu-sitnicu---da-postoje-kajkavci/1121913/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Origin of the name "Tito"===
As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920, Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party, including "Rudi", "Walter", and "Tito".<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, ''Tito Speaks'', 1953, p. 80.</ref> Broz himself explains:

{{blockquote|It was a rule in the Party in those times not to use one's real name, in order to reduce the chances of exposure. For instance, if someone working with me was arrested, and flogged into revealing my real name, the police would easily trace me. But the police never knew the real person hiding behind an assumed name, such as I had in the Party. Naturally, even the assumed names often had to be changed. Even before going to prison, I had taken the name of Gligorijević, and of Zagorac, meaning the 'man from Zagorje'. I even signed a few newspaper articles with the second.

Now I had to take a new name. I adopted first the name of Rudi, but another comrade had the same name and so I was obliged to change it, adopting the name Tito. I hardly ever used Tito at first; I assumed it exclusively in 1938, when I began to sign articles with it. Why did I take this name 'Tito' and has it special significance? I took it as I would have any other, because it occurred to me at the moment. Apart from that, this name is quite frequent in my native district. The best-known Zagorje writer of the late eighteenth century was called [[Tituš Brezovački|Tito Brezovački]]; his witty comedies are still given in the Croatian theatre after more than a hundred years. The father of [[Ksaver Šandor Gjalski]], one of the greatest Croatian writers, was also called Tito.<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, ''Tito Speaks'', 1953, p. 81</ref>}}

==Awards and decorations==
{{main|Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito}}

Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from [[SFR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the [[Order of the National Hero]] on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions ([[Order of the White Lion]], [[Polonia Restituta]], and [[Order of Karl Marx|Karl Marx]]). The most notable awards included the French [[Legion of Honour]] and [[National Order of Merit (France)|National Order of Merit]], the British [[Order of the Bath]], the Soviet [[Order of Victory]], the Japanese [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], the West German [[Federal Cross of Merit]], and the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]].

The decorations were seldom displayed, however. After the [[Tito–Stalin split]] of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953, Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function, and then (with rare exception) only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons. The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980.<ref name="Bilo je časno živjeti s Titom">{{cite book|last1=Badurina|first1=Berislav|last2=Saračević|first2=Sead|last3=Grobenski|first3=Valent|last4=Eterović|first4=Ivo|last5=Tudor|first5=Mladen|title=Bilo je časno živjeti s Titom|publisher=Vjesnik|year=1980|page=102}}</ref> Tito's reputation as one of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] leaders of [[World War II]], along with his diplomatic position as the founder of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], was primarily the cause of the favourable international recognition.<ref name="Bilo je časno živjeti s Titom"/>

===Domestic awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |1st row
| colspan="6" | {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order_of_the_National_Hero_BAR.png|width=106}} {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order_of_the_National_Hero_BAR.png|width=106}} {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order_of_the_National_Hero_BAR.png|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="6" |[[Order of the People's Hero]] {{ref|a|[a]}}{{ref|b|[b]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |2nd row
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Orden slobode.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the Hero of socialist labour Rib.png|width=104}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the National liberation Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the Battle flag Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Orden jugoslovenske zastave1(traka).png|width=106}}
|-
|[[Order of the Yugoslav Great Star]]
|[[Order of Freedom (Yugoslavia)|Order of Freedom]]
|[[Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour]]
|[[Order of National Liberation]]
|[[Order of the War Banner]]
|Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Sash
|-
! rowspan="2" |3rd row
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the partisan star with golden wreath Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order Republic Golden wreath RIB.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of merits for the people with golden star Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the brotherhood and unity with golden wreath Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of the National army with laurer wreath Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order of military merits with the great star Rib.png|width=106}}
|-
|[[Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia)|Order of the Partisan Star with Golden Wreath]]
|Order of the Republic with Golden Wreath
|Order of Merits for the People with Golden Star
|Order of Brotherhood and Unity with Golden Wreath
|Order of the People's Army with Laurel Wreath
|[[Order of Military Merit (Yugoslavia)|Order of Military Merits with Great Star]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |4th row
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Order for courageousness Rib.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=Commemorative Medal of the Partisans - 1941 RIB.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=10 Years of the Yugoslav Army Medal RIB.png|width=108}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=20 Years of the Yugoslav Army Medal RIB.png|width=108}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=30 Years of the Yugoslav Army Medal RIB.png|width=108}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=medal|ribbon=30 Years of the Victory over Fascism Medal RIB.png|width=106}}
|-
|[[Order of Bravery (Yugoslavia)|Order of Bravery]]
|[[Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941]]
|10 Years of the Yugoslav People's Army Medal
|20 Years of the Yugoslav People's Army Medal
|30 Years of the Yugoslav People's Army Medal
|30 Years of the Victory over Fascism Medal
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | '''Note 1:''' {{note|a}} Awarded 3 times. '''Note 2:''' {{note|b}} All state decorations of the former Yugoslavia are now defunct.
|}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|20em|refs=

<ref name="springer">{{cite book|last= Schmadel | first = Lutz D.|title= Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher= Springer Berlin Heidelberg|page= 123|date= 2007|isbn= 978-3-540-00238-3|doi= 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1551 |chapter= (1550) Tito }}</ref>

}} 

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* {{cite book |last=Pavlowitch |first=Stevan K. |author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch |title=Tito--Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment |year=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/titoyugoslaviasg00pavl }} {{limited access}} {{link note|note=online free to borrow}}
* {{cite book |last=Pavlowitch |first=Stevan K. |author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch |title=Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia |year=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231700504 }} {{closed access}} {{link note|note=excerpt and text search}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Petrović |first=Vladimir |url=https://zdjp.si/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/petrovic.pdf |title=Josip Broz Tito's summit diplomacy in the international relations of socialist Yugoslavia 1944–1961 |publisher=Institute of Contemporary History |location=Belgrade |year=2014 |pages=577–592 |type=original scientific article |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716222433/https://zdjp.si/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/petrovic.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book| last = Ramet| first = Sabrina Petra| author-link = Sabrina Petra Ramet| year = 2006| title = The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005| publisher = Indiana University Press| location = Bloomington| isbn = 978-0-253-34656-8| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC| archive-date = 23 December 2024| access-date = 18 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241223083112/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC| url-status = live}}
* {{cite book| last=Ridley| first =Jasper| author-link=Jasper Ridley (historian)| title = Tito: A Biography| year = 1994| publisher = Constable and Company| location = London| isbn = 978-0-09-475610-6}}
* {{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Walter R.| author-link = Walter Roberts (writer)| year = 1987| title = Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945| publisher = Duke University Press| location = New Brunswick, New Jersey| isbn = 978-0-8223-0773-0| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC}}
* {{cite book| last = Swain| first = Geoffrey| title = Tito: A Biography| year = 2010| publisher = I.B. Tauris| location = London| isbn = 978-1-84511-727-6| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BFgBAwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book| last = Sherwood| first = Timothy H.| title = The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LcodAAAAQBAJ| year = 2013| publisher = Lexington Books| isbn = 978-0-7391-7431-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tomasevich |first1=Jozo |last2=Vucinich |first2=Wayne S. |title=Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci |url-access=registration |year=1969 |publisher=University of California Press }}
* {{cite book| last = Tomasevich| first = Jozo| author-link = Jozo Tomasevich| year = 1975| title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks| publisher = Stanford University Press| location = Stanford, California| isbn = 978-0-8047-0857-9| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ| ref = refTomasevich1975}}
* {{cite book| last = Tomasevich| first = Jozo| year = 2001| title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration| publisher = Stanford University Press| location = Stanford, California| isbn = 978-0-8047-3615-2| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC| archive-date = 17 March 2025| access-date = 18 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250317111535/https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC| url-status = live}}
* {{cite book| last = Trbovich| first = Ana S.| title = A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration| year = 2008| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford| isbn = 978-0-19-533343-5}}
* {{cite book| last = Calic| first = Marie-Janine| title = A History of Yugoslavia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KqOWDwAAQBAJ| publisher = [[Purdue University Press]]| location = West Lafayette, Indiana| isbn = 978-1-55753-838-3| year = 2019}}
* {{cite book| last = Vinterhalter| first = Vilko| title = In the Path of Tito...| year = 1972| publisher = Abacus Press| location = Tunbridge Wells, England| isbn = 978-0-85626-011-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Vucinich| first = Wayne S.| year = 1969| title = Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment| chapter = Interwar Yugoslavia| publisher = University of California Press| location = [[Berkeley, California]]| oclc = 652337606| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a--6hauBIb4C}}
* {{cite book| last = West| first = Richard| title = Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia| url = https://archive.org/details/titorisefallofyu00rich| url-access = registration| year = 1995| publisher = Carroll & Graf| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-7867-0191-9}}
{{refend}}

 '''Journals and papers'''
----
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dimić |first=Ljubodrag |author-link=Ljubodrag Dimić |title=Tito and Krushchev 1953–1956: Coming together, reconciliation, disappointment |journal=Journal of Central and East European Studies |year=2003 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=423–456}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dimić |first=Ljubodrag |author-link=Ljubodrag Dimić |title=Yugoslavia and Security in Europe during the 1960s (Views, Attitudes, Initiatives) |journal=Токови историје |year=2016 |issue=3 |pages=9–42 |url=http://tokovi.istorije.rs/cir/uploaded/3%202016/Dimic%20(1).pdf |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430162639/http://tokovi.istorije.rs/cir/uploaded/3%202016/Dimic%20(1).pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Filipič |first=France |author-link=:sl:France Filipič |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/219145 |title=Prije četrdeset godina |trans-title=Forty Years Ago |journal=Časopis za suvremenu povijest |volume=11 |number=2–3 |year=1979 |issn=1848-9079 |publisher=Croatian Institute of History |location=Zagreb, Croatia |language=sh }}
* {{cite journal |last=Granville |first=Johanna |title=Hungary, 1956: The Yugoslav Connection |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=50 |issue=3 |date=May 1998 |pages=493–505 |doi=10.1080/09668139808412549}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mahmutović |first=Vahidin |journal=Annals of the Faculty of Law of the University of Zenica |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=130843 |title=Politički osuđenici u KZ Zenica u periodu 1918–1941. godine |trans-title=Political prisoners in [[Zenica prison|KZ Zenica]] during the period of 1918–1941 |pages=267–277 |publisher=[[University of Zenica]] |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=12 |language=sh |issn=1986-5791 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201011454/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=130843 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=McKee Irwin |first=Robert |title=Mexican Golden Age Cinema in Tito's Yugoslavia |journal=The Global South |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=Spring 2010 |pages=151–166 |doi=10.2979/gso.2010.4.1.151 |jstor=10.2979/gso.2010.4.1.151 |s2cid=145443397}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hayden |first=Robert M. |author-link= |year=1992 |title=The Beginning of the End of Federal Yugoslavia: The Slovenian Amendment Crisis of 1989 |journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies |doi=10.5195/cbp.1992.108 |number=1001 |pages=1–37 |url=https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/view/108/109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602075551/https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/view/108/109 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |doi-access=free |url-status=live }}
* {{cite report |last=Johnson |first=A. Ross |author-link= |year=1983 |title=Political Leadership in Yugoslavia: Evolution of the League of Communists |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |location= |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA412414.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602075449/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA412414.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Perović |first=Jeronim |author-link= |year=1983 |title=The Tito-Stalin Split: A Reassessment in Light of New Evidence |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=9 |number=2 |pages=32–63 |url=https://edoc.unibas.ch/8702/1/project_muse_214754.pdf |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |doi=10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.32 |jstor=26926016 |s2cid=154278864 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605022912/https://edoc.unibas.ch/8702/1/project_muse_214754.pdf |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Batty |first=Peter |title=Hoodwinking Churchill: Tito's Great Confidence Trick |year=2011 |publisher=Shepheard-Walwyn |isbn=978-0-85683-282-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Đilas |first=Milovan |title=Tito: The Story from Inside |year=2001 |publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=978-1-84212-047-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Huot |first=Major Louis |title=Guns for Tito |year=1945 |publisher=L. B. Fischer }}
* {{cite book |last=Maclean|first=Fitzroy|title=Disputed Barricade|date=1957|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London}}, also Published as {{cite book |title=The Heretic |url=https://archive.org/details/FitzroyMacleanTheHereticTheLifeAndTimesbOk.xyz|year=1957}}
* {{cite book |last=Maclean|first=Fitzroy|title=Eastern Approaches|date=1949|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|title-link=Eastern Approaches}}
* {{cite book|last=Maclean |first=Fitzroy |title= Tito: A Pictorial Biography |year=1980 |publisher = McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-044671-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pirjevec |first1=Jože |author-link1=Jože Pirjevec |title=Tito and His Comrades |date=2018 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres |isbn=978-0-299-31770-6 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Vukcevich |first=Boško S. |title=Tito: Architect of Yugoslav Disintegration |year=1994 |publisher=Rivercross Publishing |isbn=978-0-944957-46-2}}

===Historiography and memory===
* {{cite book |last=Beloff |first=Nora |title=Tito's Flawed Legacy: Yugoslavia and the West Since 1939 |year=1986 |publisher=Westview Pr |isbn=978-0-8133-0322-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=QszKDwAAQBAJ&dq=TITO+Yugoslavia&pg=PT15 online]
* {{cite book |last=Carter |first=April |title=Marshal Tito: A Bibliography |year=1989 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-28087-0}}
* Cicic, Ana. "Yugoslavia Revisited: Contested Histories through Public Memories of President Tito." (2020). [https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1423089/FULLTEXT01.pdf online]
* Cosovschi, Agustin. "Seeing and Imagining the Land of Tito: Oscar Waiss and the Geography of Socialist Yugoslavia." ''Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires'' 17.1 (2022). [https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/4033 online]
* Foster, Samuel. ''Yugoslavia in the British imagination: Peace, war and peasants before Tito'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021) [https://books.google.com/books?id=d40vEAAAQBAJ&dq=TITO+Yugoslavia&pg=PR1 online]. See also [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2022.2055599?journalCode=rege20 online book review]
* Trošt, Tamara P. "The image of Josip Broz Tito in post-Yugoslavia: Between national and local memory." in ''Ruler Personality Cults from Empires to Nation-States and Beyond'' (Routledge, 2020) pp. 143–162. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Darin-Stephanov/publication/364647540_Ruler_Personality_Cults_from_Empires_to_Nation-States_and_Beyond_Symbolic_Patterns_and_Interactional_Dynamics/links/63550a0c12cbac6a3ee961ae/Ruler-Personality-Cults-from-Empires-to-Nation-States-and-Beyond-Symbolic-Patterns-and-Interactional-Dynamics.pdf#page=158 online]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/index.htm Josip Broz Tito Archive] at [[marxists.org]]
* Josip Broz Tito, [https://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A4803 ''The Yugoslav peoples fight to live''], 1944.
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=1944-06-22_Aviation_In_The_News|description=Aviation in the News, 1944/06/22}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/017524}}

{{Josip Broz Tito}}
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Vijay Jagirdar

2026-03-15T08:48:29Z

Vinod6176: stub

{{Short description| Ashoka Chakra recipient}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix = [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Jamuna Nagar, [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 1 November 1984
| death_place = Jamuna Nagar, [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_cause = [[Mob lynching]]
| citizenship = {{Flag|India}}
| occupation =
| known_for = Saving his neighbour's family during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
| father =
| awards = [[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
}}
'''Vijay Jagirdar''', [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]], was posthumously awarded India's highest peacetime gallantry award, the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]], for his exemplary bravery in saving his neighbour's family during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] in [[Indore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अशोक चक्र श्री विजय जागीरदार |url=https://shauryasaga.com/2024/07/03/ashok-chakra-shree-vijay-jagirdar/ |website=Shauryasaga}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vijay Jagirdar was a resident of Jamuna Nagar, [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Riots ==
Following the [[assassination of Indira Gandhi]] by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984, several mobs initiated the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]], which quickly turned violent across India.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Report - Government of India, Ministry of Defence |publisher=Ministry of Defence |pages=130 |language=English}}</ref> On the evening of 1 November 1984, a mob of about 150 people attacked the house of Balbir Singh, a neighbour of Vijay Jagirdar.<ref>{{Cite book |title=India, a Reference Annual |pages=734 |language=English}}</ref> The ferocious mob, armed with knives and sticks, sought to kill Balbir Singh and his family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Yogesh Chandra |title=Ashok Chakra Shauryagatha |date=2007 |publisher=Manjuli Prakashan |isbn=9788188170463 |language=Hindi}}</ref> During this violence, Jagirdar's family, who lived opposite [[Lalbagh Palace]], gave shelter to the Sikh family. Seeing the gravity of the situation, Jagirdar came forward to confront the mob.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhanedhar |first=Reva |title=Saga of Valour Param Vir Chakra and Ashoka Chakra Winners |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2015 |isbn=9788123020013}}</ref> He pleaded with them not to harm the innocent Balbir Singh and his family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=Rashmi |title=Ashoka Chakra Recipients |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |language=English}}</ref> However, the mob ignored his request. When Jagirdar tried to forcibly stop them, he was severely beaten, losing consciousness. He was rushed to the hospital, but succumbed to his injuries within half an hour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Jagirdar |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3675 |website=Gallantry Awards}}</ref>

== Award ==
Jagirdar sacrificed his life to save his neighbour's family from a ferocious mob, without regard for his own safety. He was posthumously awarded the Ashoka Chakra.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indore: लाड़ली के लिए शहीद को भूली सरकार, दंगों में शहादत देने वाले विजय जागीरदार को समर्पित सड़क का नाम बदला |url=https://www.amarujala.com/amp/madhya-pradesh/indore/government-forgot-the-martyr-for-indore-ladli-renamed-the-road-dedicated-to-vijay-jagirdar |work=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagirdar, Vijay}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]

Mohan Mishra

2026-03-14T16:11:04Z

Vinod6176:

{{Short description|Indian physician (1937–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Mishra
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|05|19}}
| birth_place = Koilakh, [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2021|5|6|1937|5|19}}
| death_place = [[Laheriasarai]], [[Darbhanga]], Bihar
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Physician
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Manjula Mishra
| domesticpartner =
| children = Matangi, Muktakeshi, Narottam, Udbhatt
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Dr Rajendra Prasad Oration Award Delhi Administration Award Wishing Shelf Award
}}
'''Mohan Mishra''' (19 May 1937 - 6 May 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रख्यात डॉक्टर मोहन मिश्र का हार्ट अटैक से निधन, बिहार में शोक की लहर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-renowned-padmashree-doctor-mohan-mishra-died-of-heart-attack-in-darbhanga-4017038.amp.html |access-date=7 May 2021 |publisher=Live Hindustan |date=7 May 2021}}</ref> was an Indian physician, known for his studies on [[Visceral leishmaniasis]], (''Kala Azar'') and its treatment using [[Amphotericin B]], regarded by many as a pioneering attempt.<ref name="India Medical Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2014/01/26/dr-neelam-kler-to-be-conferred-with-padma-bhushan-award/ | title=India Medical Times | publisher=India Medical Times | date=2014 | access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="News Room Post">{{cite web | url=http://www.newsroompost.com/dr-mohan-mishra-awarded-padma-shri/ | title=News Room Post | publisher=News Room Post | date=2014 | access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Darbhanga-doctor-Mohan-Mishra-gets-Padma-Shri/articleshow/29370670.cms | title=TOI | publisher=TOI | date=26 January 2014 | access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2014, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of medicine.<ref name="Padma 2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 | title=Padma 2014 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=25 January 2014 | access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Mohan Mishra was born in Koilakh, in the [[Madhubani district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]] on 19 May 1937.<ref name="TOI" /> After securing his medical credentials, Dr. Mishra started his career as a resident medical officer at [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]] (DMCH) in 1962 where he continued till 1995. During his stint at the DMCH, he took a sabbatical in 1970 to secure MRCP from the UK. In 1979, Mishra became the Professor of the General Medicine department. Another higher degree of FRCP was obtained in 1984 from Edinburgh and two years later, in 1986, he became the Head of the Department of General Medicine at the DMCH.<ref name="India Medical Times" /><ref name="News Room Post" /> He also secured an FRCP from London in 1988. Dr. Mishra retired in 1995, voluntarily ending his career at the DMCH.<ref name="TOI" />

==Legacy==
Mishra's studies on [[Visceral leishmaniasis]] are considered by many as his most notable contribution.<ref name="India Medical Times" /> [[Leishmaniasis]], the second largest parasitic killer after [[Malaria]]<ref name="Leishmaniasis">{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/ | title=Leishmaniasis | publisher=WHO | date=2014 | access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> and known locally as ''Kala Azar'', was a common disease in the area and, after extensive research<ref name="News Room Post" /> funded by the [[World Health Organization]], Dr. Mishra proposed the use of [[Amphotericin B]] (Fungizone) to combat the disease through an article he published in [[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]] in 1991.<ref name="TOI" /> The proposal is regarded as a pioneering one<ref name="News Room Post" /> and the drug is the one most commonly used the world over to treat Kala Azar.<ref name="TOI" />

Mishra is also credited with research on arsenic in drinking water. His studies on the subject, assisted by his son, Narottam Mishra<ref name="India Through Alien Eyes" /> who is an information scientist at the [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]], have been successful in finding a cost-effective way to eliminate arsenic from drinking water by using food-grade [[alum]].<ref name="News Room Post" /><ref name="TOI" />

He has shown that Brahmi ([[Bacopa monnieri]]), a herb traditionally used in [[India]], can be effective in the treatment of [[Dementias]]. This study is registered in a [[WHO]] Primary Registry (ISRCTN18407424).<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN18407424 | title=ISRCTN - ISRCTN18407424: Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri Linn) in the treatment of dementia| doi=10.1186/ISRCTN18407424| last1=Mishra| first1=Mohan| last2=Mishra| first2=Ajay Kumar| doi-access=free| url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1186/ISRCTN18407424|title = Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri Linn) in the treatment of dementia|last1 = Mishra|first1 = Mohan|last2 = Mishra|first2 = Ajay Kumar | doi-access=free }}</ref>

His study was presented as an eposter at the Innovation in Medicine 2018 RCP annual conference, London 25–26 June 2018 (RCP18-EP-196: BRAHMI (Bacopa monnieri Linn) in the Treatment of Dementias- A Pilot Study) and it has been published in Future Healthcare Journal.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.7861/futurehosp.6-1-s69|pmid = 31363591|pmc = 6616698|title = Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri Linn) in the treatment of dementias – a pilot study|journal = Future Healthcare Journal|volume = 6|issue = Suppl 1|pages = 69|year = 2019|last1 = Mishra|first1 = Mohan|last2 = Mishra|first2 = Ajay Kumar|last3 = Mishra|first3 = Udbhatt}}</ref>

Dr. Mishra is the author of ''A Textbook of Clinical Medicine'', published by the Oxford University Press<ref name="News Room Post" /><ref name="TOI" /> and ''Clinical Methods in Medicine'' a guide on clinical examination of patients.<ref name="News Room Post" /><ref name="Clinical Methods in Medicine">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-XHC_UA-gEC | title=Clinical Methods in Medicine | publisher=BI Publications | date=2006 | access-date=5 November 2014 | author=Mohan Mishra | pages=232| isbn=9788172252298 }}</ref>
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-XHC_UA-gEC | title=Clinical Methods in Medicine | publisher=BI Publications | date=2006 | access-date=5 November 2014 | author=Mohan Mishra | pages=232| isbn=9788172252298 }}

He has also written several non fiction books such as:<ref name="News Room Post" /><ref name="TOI" />
* ''Unfinished Story: A History of the Indian Freedom Movement 1857-1947''<ref name="Unfinished Story: A History of the Indian Freedom Movement 1857-1947">{{cite web | url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=301047 | title=Unfinished Story: A History of the Indian Freedom Movement 1857-1947 | publisher=National Library | date=1988 | access-date=5 November 2014 | author=Mohan Mishra | pages=137}}</ref>
* ''Building an Empire - Chanakya Revisited''<ref name="Building an Empire - Chanakya Revisited">{{cite book | title=Building an Empire - Chanakya Revisited | publisher=Rupa and Co | author=Mohan Mishra | year=2004 | pages=300 | isbn=978-8129104755}}</ref>
* ''Mangal Pandey to Lakshmibai: A Story of the Indian Mutiny 1857''<ref name="Mangal Pandey to Lakshmibai: A Story of the Indian Mutiny 1857">{{cite book | title=Mangal Pandey to Lakshmibai: A Story of the Indian Mutiny 1857 | publisher=PublishAmerica | author=Mohan Mishra | year=2009 | pages=130 | isbn=978-1448919260}}</ref>
* ''India Through Alien Eyes''<ref name="India Through Alien Eyes">{{cite book | title=India Through Alien Eyes | publisher=Balboa Press | author=Mohan Mishra, Narottam Mishra | year=2012 | pages=180 | isbn=978-1452504537}}</ref>

Mishra has also written many articles in international scientific journals such as [[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]] and [[British Medical Journal]].<ref name="News Room Post" />

Mohan Mishra lived in Bengali Tola in [[Laheriasarai]], the twin city of [[Darbhanga]], in North Bihar<ref name="TOI" /> engaging himself with social activities such as free medical camps in remote villages in the [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]], [[Jhanjharpur]] and [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] districts.<ref name="News Room Post" /><ref name="TOI" />

==Positions==
Mohan Mishra has served on two expert committees on Kala Azar set up by the [[Government of Bihar]] and the [[Government of India]] and has been an expert member of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC).<ref name="News Room Post" /><ref name="TOI" /> He has also served as the Inspector of the [[Medical Council of India]] for the master's degree examinations of [[Assam University]], [[Silchar]] and [[Tamil University]], [[Tanjavur]].<ref name="News Room Post" /> His research paper presentations at various national and international scientific conferences included the annual conferences of the Association of Physicians of India and the [[World Congress of Cardiology]], held in 1986 at Washington DC.<ref name="News Room Post" />

==Awards and recognition==
Mohan Mishra is a recipient of the Dr Rajendra Prasad Oration award which the [[Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences|Rajendra Prasad Memorial Research Institute]], Patna conferred on him for his studies on Kala Azar.<ref name="News Room Post" /> He has been honoured by the Delhi Administration for his literary work on the [[Indian freedom movement]]. His book, ''India Through Alien Eyes'', won the ''Wishing Shelf Award'' in 2012.<ref name="News Room Post" /><ref name="TOI" /> The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], in 2014, by including him in the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic day]] honours.<ref name="TOI" /><ref name="Padma 2014" />

==Publications==
* {{cite web | title=A Textbook of Clinical Medicine | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=1976 | author=Mohan Mishra | pages=228}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-XHC_UA-gEC | title=Clinical Methods in Medicine | publisher=BI Publications | date=2006 | access-date=5 November 2014 | author=Mohan Mishra | pages=232| isbn=9788172252298 }}
* {{cite book | title=India Through Alien Eyes | publisher=Balboa Press | author=Mohan Mishra, Narottam Mishra | year=2012 | pages=180 | isbn=978-1452504537}}
* {{cite web | url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=301047 | title=Unfinished Story: A History of the Indian Freedom Movement 1857-1947 | publisher=National Library | date=1988 | access-date=5 November 2014 | author=Mohan Mishra | pages=137}}
* {{cite book | title=Building an Empire - Chanakya Revisited | publisher=Rupa and Co | author=Mohan Mishra | year=2004 | pages=300 | isbn=978-8129104755}}
* {{cite book | title=Mangal Pandey to Lakshmibai: A Story of the Indian Mutiny 1857 | publisher=PublishAmerica | author=Mohan Mishra | year=2009 | pages=130 | isbn=978-1448919260}}

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Leishmaniasis]]
* [[Amphotericin B]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Mohan}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]

Nepal–Sikh war

2026-03-14T04:41:13Z

Vinod6176: stub

{{Original research|date=July 2025|reason=}}{{Short description|1809 conflict in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Nepal-Sikh war
| date = March 1809 – August 1809
| place = [[Kangra Fort]]
| result = Sikh victory
*Gurkhas retreat
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]] [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Kangra.svg|25px]] [[Kangra State]] 
[[File:Bilaspur_flag.svg|25px]] [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur State]] '''Supported by:''' [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Patiala State]] [[File:Flag_of_the_Princely_State_of_Tehri_Garhwal.svg|25px]] [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal Kingdom]] 
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Nepal (1775–1962).svg|18px]] [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| commander1 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Ranjit Singh]] [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Dewan Mokham Chand|Mokham Chand]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Nepal (1775–1962).svg|18px]] [[Amar Singh Thapa]]
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unconfirmed
| casualties2 = Unconfirmed
| image = Palace of erstwhile Arki Princely State, Himachal Prades, India.jpg
| caption = Arki Fort in [[Himachal Pradesh, India]]
| territory = [[Kangra State]] annexed by the Sikh Empire
}}

The '''Nepal–Sikh war''' was a small conflict in 1809 between the forces of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] under [[Amar Singh Thapa]] and the [[Sikh Empire]] under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title= The Sikhs: Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ra19YSPDliQC&pg=PA140|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page=139 & 140}}</ref><ref name=Pradhan>K. L. Pradhan, ''Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839'' (New Delhi, 2012), pp. 42–43.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Northey |first=W. Brook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMIZYF38ss0C&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA56 |title=The land of the Gurkhas, or, The Himalayan kingdom of Nepal |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1329-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The confrontation between Nepal and the [[Sikhs]] had its genesis in the expansionist policy of the Nepalese ''[[mukhtiyar]]'' (head of government) [[Bhimsen Thapa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Company |first=Indus Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCfhaVcul4C&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA40 |title=Gazetteer of the Kangra District: 1883-84. Kangra |date=1994 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-024-8 |language=en}}</ref> He endeavored to add [[Kumaon Kingdom]], having been incorporated into Nepal in 1791, to its west as far as the river [[Sutlej]]. This expedition was entrusted to the ''[[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]]'' [[Amar Singh Thapa]], who was later reinforced by the ''Kaji'' [[Nain Singh Thapa]]. In 1807, [[Kangra Fort]], on the west bank of the Sutlej, was put under siege. By early 1809, most of the land of [[Kangra State|Kangra]] ''[[jagir]]'' had been incorporated into Nepal, although the fort still held out. ''[[Raja]] [[Sansar Chand]]'' of [[Kangra State|Kangra]] took refuge among the [[Sikhs]] in the [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sijapati|first=Alisha|date=October 2, 2021|title=The Gorkhali defeat at Kangra|url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/the-gorkhali-defeat-at-kangra/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120070210/https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/the-gorkhali-defeat-at-kangra/|archive-date=November 20, 2021|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Nepali Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

At first, the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] ''[[Maharaja]]'' [[Ranjit Singh]] was reluctant to assist the ruler of Kangra,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA459 |title=The Rough Guide to India |last2=Guides (Firm) |first2=Rough |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-089-3 |language=en}}</ref> but a Nepalese push towards the [[Kashmir Valley]] changed his mind.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=Manjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA28 |title=Social, Cultural, and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-089-7 |language=en}}</ref> Kashmir was effectively an independent territory, riven by [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] factions and coveted by both Sikhs and Gurkhas. The Sikh ruler dispatched a force which raised the siege of Kangra on 24 August 1809.

== War ==
The Maharaja recalled [[Dewan Mokham Chand|Diwan Mohkam Chand]] from the Kangra expedition in March 1809 and directed him to reach Phillaur. After the settlement of affairs with the British government, Maharaja Ranjit Singh again turned his attention towards Kangra. The Gurkha general [[Amar Singh Thapa]] had been at war for quite some time with Raja Sansar Chand in the Kangra valley and had besieged the fort of Kangra. Sansar Chand lost hope for life. Therefore, he sent his brother Fateh Singh to the Maharaja to seek help. The Maharaja demanded the possession of the fort of Kangra in return for help; to which Sansar Chand agreed. The Maharaja set-out with full preparations and reached Kangra accompanied his army<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA315 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref> by the end of May. All the feudal chiefs were present with their respective militias. The hill Chiefs who were well- acquainted with the routes of the hilly terrain were ordered to block all passages so as to stop all means of procurement of provisions and equipment for the Gorkha army.

Amar Singh Thapa sent a letter to Maharaja Ranjit Singh asking him to surrender and let them keep the fort from his forces and let the Gurkhas capture Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parry |first=Jonathan P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUnaAAAAQBAJ&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PT30 |title=Caste and Kinship in Kangra |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-54592-4 |language=en}}</ref> Ranjit Singh did not accept.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Broadcasting |first=India Ministry of Information and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5GpmoJ3BBIC&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA79 |title=Himachal Pradesh |date=1956 |publisher=Bright Publications |isbn=978-81-7199-465-6 |language=en}}</ref> The next morning supply routes of the Gurkha army had been closed by the Sikhs.<ref name="auto3"/> They waited for ammunition and food of the Gurkhas to run out and after a few weeks the Gurkhas started eating their horses and camels,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=J. Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIkVCgAAQBAJ&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA103 |title=The Kuhls of Kangra: Community-Managed Irrigation in the Western Himalaya |date=2011-06-01 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-80091-2 |language=en}}</ref> diseases like Cholera started rising and many died due to lack of medical supplies.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Alka |first=Grover B. L. & Mehta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkRxDwAAQBAJ&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PA140 |title=A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to The Modern Times), 32e |date=2018 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-93-5253-434-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The Gurkhas in their mad frenzies of their 'last fight' before death madly ran into the muzzles of the Sikh forces, unplanned.<ref name="auto"/> After a month of starvation and bad conditions the Gurkhas made a charge onto the Ganesh Valley,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Niraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-TzDwAAQBAJ&dq=gurkha+sikh+kangra&pg=PT36 |title=Himalayan Bridge |last2=Driem |first2=George van |last3=Stobdan |first3=Phunchok |date=2020-11-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-21551-9 |language=en}}</ref> Sikhs conquered the Kangra Fort and fired their superior artillery onto the Gurkhas.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhry |first=Minakshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlRuAAAAMAAJ&q=gurkha+sikh+kangra |title=Himachal, a Complete Guide to the Land of Gods |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-1000-8 |language=en}}</ref> Their bow and arrows could not match to the Sikh cannons, after the gunpowder had finished 1,000 Sikh cavalrymen attacked the Gurkhas killing almost all of them. <ref name="auto2"/>The remaining forces of Nain Singh Thapa arrived at Guler Fort. The violence ended after some time.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04MeAAAAMAAJ&q=gurkha+sikh+kangra |title=The Secular Maharaja: A Biography of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=1985 |publisher=Manas |isbn=978-0-8364-1543-8 |language=en}}</ref>

The Maharaja finding an opportune time to drive them out of Guler<ref name="auto1"/> launched an attack and occupied their positions about a mile (1.06 km.) in front of the fort. A pitched battle ensued. The Gurkhas fought dauntlessly but the had to make a tactical retreat. Thereafter, they gave a pitched battle near the Sutlej where many Gurkhas died in the river, or drowned while holding off the attackers.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Aftermath==
After the Gurkhas suffered heavy losses, a monthly tribute was offered to Maharaja Ranjit Singh by the Kingdom of Nepal, in exchange for the Sikhs to end eastward expansion past [[Sangla, India|Sangla]], which had been where the Gurkhas had retreated past due to Sikh borders encompassing the town of Sangla.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite book |last=Johar |first=Surinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04MeAAAAMAAJ&q=gurkha+sikh+kangra |title=The Secular Maharaja: A Biography of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |date=1985 |publisher=Manas |isbn=978-0-8364-1543-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nepal-Sikh War}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Sikhs]]
[[category:conflicts in 1809]]
[[category:Wars involving Nepal]]
[[Category:1809 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1809 in India]]

Velcheru Narayana Rao

2026-03-12T03:16:41Z

Vinod6176: bio

{{short description|Indian author, critic}}
{{Family name hatnote|Velcheru|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Velcheru Narayana Rao
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{plainlist|
*Author
*Critic
*Researcher
*Translator
}}
| education = Ph.D. (1974)
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]] [[Osmania University]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children = [[Sarayu Rao]]
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
}}
'''Velcheru Narayana Rao''' is an Indian author, critic, and [[literary translator]]. He is a professor at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] in the Department of South Asian Studies. His work is primarily focused on [[Telugu literature]] for which he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour conferred by [[Sahitya Akademi]], in February 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=P. Sujatha |date=27 February 2021 |title=Kendra Sahitya Akademi award for Velcheru Narayana Rao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-for-velcheru-narayana-rao/article33945737.ece |website=The Hindu |via=}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Velcheru Narayana Rao was born in Ambakhandi, [[Srikakulam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Veluri |first=Venkateswara Rao |date=July 2007 |title=నారాయణరావుగారి గురించి నాలుగు మాటలు |url=https://eemaata.com/em/issues/200707/1119.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=eemaata |language=te}}</ref> He later moved to [[Eluru]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":1" /> He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] from Sir C. R. Reddy College in Eluru.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date= |title=Velcheru Narayana Rao CV |url=http://www.mesas.emory.edu/home/assets/pdf/cv/CV_VNRao_Nov2010.pdf |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514091954/http://www.mesas.emory.edu/home/assets/pdf/cv/CV_VNRao_Nov2010.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 }}</ref> He obtained his [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] from [[Andhra University]] in 1968, and later obtained a diploma in linguistics from [[Osmania University]] in 1970.<ref name=":0" /> He earned a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from Andhra University in 1974.<ref name=":1" />

== Work ==
In 1971, Narayana Rao was appointed a lecturer in the Department of South Asian Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In 1987 he became a professor at the university. He has also been a visiting professor at the [[University of Chicago]] and [[Emory University]].<ref name=":2" />

Narayana Rao has translated several [[Telugu language]] books into [[English language|English]] including [[Gurajada Apparao]]'s ''[[Kanyasulkam]]'' as ''Girls for Sale: Kanyasulkam'', ''A Play from Colonial India'' and [[Allasani Peddana]]'s Manu Charitramu as ''The Story of Manu''. He has co-authored books with [[David Dean Shulman|David Shulman]] and [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] such as ''God on the Hills: Temple Songs from Tirupati'' and ''Textures of Time: Writing History in South India''. He also wrote a book on Telugu poetry titled ''Hibiscus on the Lake: Twentieth Century Telugu Poetry from India''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi fellowship for Professor Narayana Rao |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/feb/27/sahitya-akademi-fellowship-for-professor-narayana-rao-2269694.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
*1998 (with [[David Dean Shulman|David Shulman]]), ''A Poem at the Right Moment: Remembered Verses from Premodern South India'', University of California Press.
*2002 (with David Shulman and [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]), ''Textures of Time: Writing History in South India'', Paris, Seuil, Permanent Black, Delhi.
*2002 (with David Shulman), ''Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology'', University of California Press, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
*2002 (with David Shulman), ''The Sound of the Kiss, or the Story that Must be Told. Pingali Suranna's Kaḷāpūrṇōdayamu'', Columbia University Press.
*2002 (with David Shulman), ''A Lover's Guide to Warangal. The Kridabhiramamu of Vallabharaya'', Permanent Black, New Delhi.
*2006 (Translation, with David Shulman) ''The Demon's Daughter: A Love Story from South India'', (by Piṅgaḷi Sūrana) SUNY Press, Albany.
*2005 (with David Shulman), ''God on the Hill: Temple poems from Tirupati'', Oxford University Press, New York.
*2012 (With David Shulman) ''Srinatha: The Poet who Made Gods and Kings'', Oxford University Press.
*2015 (Translation of [[Allasani Peddana]], with David Shulman) ''The Story of Manu''. Murti Classical Library of India.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://alc.wisc.edu/staff/narayana-rao-velcheru/ Narayana Rao] at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Velcheru Narayana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rao family|Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]

{{India-writer-stub}}
{{India-translator-stub}}

Balod district

2026-03-11T14:03:29Z

Vinod6176: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balod district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Kapileswar Shiva Temple Group and Baori-BALOD-CHHATTISGARH-DSC001.jpg
|photo2a = Rajhara Forest Area (3).jpg}}
| image_caption = Kapileswar Shiva Temple, Rajhara Forest and Mountains
| image_map =
| mapframe = yes
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Balod
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Durg
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Balod]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3,527
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 826165
| population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/>
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1022
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://balod.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Balod district''' is a district within the state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Its headquarters are in [[Balod]].

It has a District & Sessions Court which was inaugurated on 2 October 2013 by Justice [[Sunil Kumar Sinha]]. Deepak Kumar Tiwari joined as the first District & Sessions Judge at Balod.

==Administration==
In Balod, the First Collector is Amrit Khalko, and the First A.S.P. is D.L. Manhar.

==Divisions==
There's 7 tehsil's in District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=तहसील {{!}} District Balod, Government of Chattisgarh {{!}} India |url=https://balod.gov.in/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251216153756/https://balod.gov.in/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2/ |archive-date=2025-12-16 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=balod.gov.in |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

1. [[Balod]]

2. [[Dundi]]

3. Mary Bungalow Deori

4. [[Lohara, Durg|Dundi Lohara]]

5. [[Arjunda]]

6. [[Gunderdehi]]

7. [[Gurur]]

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Balod district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11368/download/14481/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.11}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|chartreuse|4.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.45}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.46}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

The population of the district as per 2011 census is 826,165, of which 105,498 (12.77%) live in urban areas. Balod has a sex ratio of 1021 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 8.28% and 31.36% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Durg|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/356/download/1072/DH_2011_2210_PART_A_DCHB_DURG.pdf|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Balod district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value1 = 93.07 |color1 = peachpuff
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 4.88 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.05 |color3 = grey
}}
As of the 2011 census, 93.07% of the population spoke [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and 4.88% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Chhattisgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10198/download/13310/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2200.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://balod.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Balod district
|North = [[Durg district]]
|Northeast = [[Durg district]]/[[Dhamtari district]]
|East = [[Dhamtari district]]
|Southeast = [[Dhamtari district]]
|South = [[Kanker district]]
|Southwest = [[Rajnandgaon district]]
|West = [[Rajnandgaon district]]
|Northwest = [[Rajnandgaon district]]
}}

{{Balod district}}

[[Category:Balod district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

SP Stadium metro station

2026-03-07T17:47:36Z

Vinod6176: Enhanced article with new information

{{notability|date=January 2024}}
{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = SP Stadium
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image = SP Stadium metro station.jpg
| address = Kamla Society, Swastik Society, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380014
| coordinates = {{coord|23.03987|72.56164|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platforms = 2 (2 [[side platforms]])
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|30 September 2022}}
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Blue|left=Commerce Six Road|to-left=Thaltej Gam|right=Old High Court|to-right=Vastral Gam}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''SP Stadium''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India. This metro station consists of the main [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad]] along with HL College of Commerce and Joggers Park in [[Navarangpura]]. This metro station was opened to the public on 30 September 2022.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = SP Stadium track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Commerce Six Road}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Old High Court}} {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Vastral Gam metro station|Vastram Gam]] '''Next Station:''' [[Old High Court metro station|Old High Court]] '''''Change at the next station for '''{{Rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Thaltej metro station|Thaltej]] '''Next Station:''' [[Commerce Six Road metro station|Commerce Six Road]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Siege of Sirhind

2026-03-06T20:25:57Z

Vinod6176: quick fix

{{Not to be confused with|Battle of Chappar Chiri|Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Battle of Sirhind (1764)|text=[[Battle of Chappar Chiri]], known alternatively as the Battle of Sirhind, or the [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)]] and [[Battle of Sirhind (1764)]]}}
{{Short description|1710 conflict}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Sirhind
| partof = [[Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
| image =
| caption =
| date = 12–14 May 1710
| place = Sirhind (modern [[Punjab, India]])
| territory =
| result = Sikh victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|30px]] First Sikh State

| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|20px]] [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]
* [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.png|20px]] [[Bhai Fateh Singh Ji|Fateh Singh]]}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px}} Sucha Nand{{Executed}}
| casualties1 = 500
| casualties2 = Unknown
| units2 =
| units1 =
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}

The '''siege of Sirhind''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire]] and Sikh forces in 1710. The Sikhs besieged, stormed, captured, plundered and razed the city of [[Sirhind]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06k5ygAACAAJ|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=948|author= Jacques, Tony|publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA51 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |date=2011-11-03 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |page=51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W.H. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/page/64/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Sikhism |year=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140252606 |page=64}}</ref> after defeating and beheading [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]].<ref name="sarsa"/>{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=132}}<ref name="max">{{Cite book |last=Macauliffe |first=Max Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMeclUzAh9sC&pg=PA248 |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05547-5 |page=248 |language=en |orig-date=1909}}</ref><ref name="gan">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1989 |page=84 |orig-date=1950}}</ref>

==Background==
The city of Sirhind was anathema to the Sikhs who were raged to take vengeance upon the Mughal regime of Sirhind, under whom the two young children of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] were executed on the order of the [[Nawab|Governor]] of Sirhind, Wazir Khan and his [[dewan]], Sucha Nand.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469-1838|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsikhs1401khus/page/105/mode/1up?view=theater
|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2004|isbn=9780195673081|page=105}}</ref> Some prominent towns on the way to Sirhind were captured and plundered including [[Sonipat|Sonepat]], [[Kaithal]], [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], [[Shahabad Markanda|Shahabad]], [[Mustafabad, Haryana|Mustafabad]] and [[Sadaura|Sadhaura]],{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=128}} as they could provide military assistance to the Mughal government of Sirhind.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit|url= https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/n28/mode/2up|title= Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century|page=28|date=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans Kaur|url=https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n139/mode/1up |year=2001|isbn=9788176293006|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |page=124}}</ref> Due to consistent victories, many plunderers, looking to prey upon the riches within the walls of Sirhind, also followed Banda Singh Bahadur and his Sikh troops on his march to Sirhind.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=129}}

==Siege==
After defeating and killing Wazir Khan in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]], Banda Singh Bahadur and his forces began their march to Sirhind, roughly 10 miles from the battlefield. The gates of the city were closed, and the guns mounted on the fort's walls maintained steady fire on the Sikhs and managed to inflict considerable losses upon them. Fighting resumed on May 13, the fort guns had managed to kill 500 of Banda's troops, in response, the Sikhs fired a deadly volley on the fort guns, rendering them useless and attacked the city gates, successfully managing to open some of them.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=132}}<ref name="max"/><ref name="gan">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1989 |page=84 |orig-date=1950}}</ref>

== Capture ==
On 14 May 1710, Banda and his army entered and captured Sirhind, and an immense destruction of life and property ensued shortly after.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=132}}<ref name="max" /><ref name="gan" /> Sucha Nand was captured alive and later executed,{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=133}}<ref name="max"/> whereas other Hindus who contributed to the crimes of Wazir Khan were punished.<ref name="gan"/> Banda seized two [[crore]]s (20 million) worth of government treasury and moveable property which was moved to [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh, Bilaspur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121502481 |edition=3rd |page=14 |orig-date=1937}}</ref>

=== Atrocities on Muslims ===
A number of accounts point to general atrocities committed by Banda's troops on the Muslim community and their vassals in Sirhind; however during the expedition numerous Muslim tombs were spared including the [[Mazar (mausoleum)|mausoleums]] of [[Rauza Sharif|Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani]] leading to doubts on the extent.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Madra |first1=Amandeep Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1cBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves: Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810) |last2=Singh |first2=P. |date=2016-09-27 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US (Springer) |isbn=978-1-137-11998-8 |page=92 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Hari Ram Gupta]] noted that several notable Muslims saved their lives by converting to Sikhism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121502481 |edition=3rd |page=14 |orig-date=1937}}</ref> Yogesh Snehi noted that Banda Singh Bahadur destroyed imperial mosques and the fort of Sirhind during his raid, where the two young sons of Guru Gobind Singh were executed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YiUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66 |title=Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality |date=2019-04-24 |publisher=co-published by Taylor & Francis and the Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-0-429-51563-7 |page=66 |language=en}}</ref> [[Vidya Dhar Mahajan|V.D. Mahajan]] also writes that thousands of Muslims were killed during the siege.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305508/page/n259/mode/2up |title=India Since 1526 |date=1971 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=9788121911450 |page=232 |language=en}}</ref> [[The New Cambridge History of India]] notes that the Sikhs massacred those who did not readily convert to Sikhism and destroyed the city buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://archive.org/details/the-new-cambridge-history-of-india-vol.-1-part-7/The%20New%20Cambridge%20History%20of%20India%2C%20Vol.%201%2C%20Part%203/page/256/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The New Cambridge History of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0521400275 |volume=1, Part 3 |page=257 |author-link=John F. Richards}}</ref> According to [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]], allegations of desecrations of mosques were unfounded since the mausoleum of Shaikh Ahmad Mujaddid Alif Sani, which was the most magnificent buildings in the city, was left untouched after the battle. He further castigates the writers of the Siyar-ul-Mutakherin and Muntakhib-ul-Lubab for exaggerating Sikh atrocities, the statements of which were repeated by later writers like Mohammad Latif.<ref name="gan" /> He goes on to write that the Muslim populace, due to their affiliation with persecution and religious intolerance towards the poor and innocents, was subject to indiscriminate plunder by the Sikhs impelled by the memory of the execution of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and the host of plunderers and irregulars ravenously plundered and avenged personal animosities. Only the Muslims who disguised themselves and hid themselves in the houses of Hindus were able to escape injury. Likewise the Hindus who were guilty of crimes against the innocents were punished and the city was spared from complete destruction as local Hindus appealed for forgiveness, and amnesty was granted to the city inhabitants after a large ransom was paid to Banda Singh Bahadur.<ref name="baha">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=Life of Banda Singh Bahadur |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |pages=67–69 |orig-date=1935}}</ref><ref name="gan" /> [[Khafi Khan]]'s and Latif's account of the siege has also been criticized by Dr. Harbans Sagoo,{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=143}} S.S. Gandhi,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=S.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/35/mode/2up |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century:Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |publisher=Singh Bros |year=1999 |isbn=9788172052171 |page=33}}</ref> and Gokul Chand Narang as erroneous, lacking critical analysis and understanding, and on the basis of the chroniclers being Muslims and therefore ostensibly impartial to their regime.<ref name="baha" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Panjab Past and Present: Volume 22 |date=1988 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |page=76 |quote=Certain allegations against Banda, viz., the exhumation of grave, desecration of mosques or setting them ablaze, forcible conversions to Sikhism after the sack of Sirhind, Sadhaura or other places, have been examined by Ganda Singh and finds no iota of truth... a statement of G. C. Narang, which says that the standing of the mausoleum of Ahmad Shah after the Muslims lost Sirhind is itself a sufficient evidence of the exaggeration in Latif's statement, which nevertheless is corroborated by Khafi Khan.}}</ref><ref name="gan" />

== Aftermath ==
After the conquest of Sirhind, Banda Singh ousted the Muslim officers from all 28 [[Pargana|parganahs]] of the Sirhind division and replaced them with his own men.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73329/page/n69/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab |publisher=The Minerva Book Shop |page=47|date=1944}}</ref> He appointed Baj Singh as the Governor of Sirhind and Ali Singh of Salaudi as his deputy, and struck coins.<ref name="singha">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6B20l9AeQC&pg=PA9|title=Sikh Studies|page=9|author=Dr H.S. Singha|publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2005|isbn=9788170102588}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=14}}<ref name="gan"/> Although the Mughals could regain control of the urban areas of Sirhind, they were unable to police the countryside, allowing Banda and his men to establish a parallel authority within those areas by levying taxes, raiding towns and trade routes and striking their own coinage.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fenech|first=Louis E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=52|date=2014|isbn=9780191004117}}</ref> Banda Singh made [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh, Bilaspur]] as the capital of the First Sikh State, made his own administrative arrangements, appointed his own [[Faujdar|faujdars]], [[Dewan|diwans]] and kardars (tax officers), and used his own inscribed and authorized seal on his orders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA83|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab Volumes 2-3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=83|date=1998|isbn=9780521637640}}</ref> He further abolished the [[Zamindar|zamindari system]] (feudal system) and distributed land among the [[Ryot|peasants]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaur|first=Madanjit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG4MycGdpjAC&pg=PA241|title=Guru Gobind Singh: Historical and Ideological Perspective|publisher=Unistar Books|page=241|date=2007|isbn=9788189899554}}</ref>

After the victory, due to the reports of intolerance and prejudiced treatment by Muslims from towns of [[Saharanpur]], Behar, [[Nanauta]] and [[Jalalabad, Shamli|Jalalabad]], Banda marched to engage the [[Mughal army|Imperial Mughal Army]] in battle.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab |last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282887/page/n61/mode/1up |year=1944|publisher=Minerva book shop |page=47}}</ref> With the entire province of Sirhind under his possession, Banda Singh became popular as the defender of the faith and champion of the oppressors.{{sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=134}}

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Samana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |volume=4 |edition=3rd, illustrated |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-8121501651 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Sirhind]]
[[Category:1710 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1710]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century sieges]]
[[Category:1710s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]

Yuddho

2026-03-04T03:45:07Z

Vinod6176: formatting fix

{{Short description|2005 Indian action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yuddho
| image = Yuddho.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]|[[Debashree Roy]]|[[Jeet (Actor)|Jeet]]|[[Koel Mallick|Koel]]|[[Kaushik Banerjee]]|[[Bharat Kaul]]|[[Rajatava Dutta]]}}
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor =
| cinematography = K V RAMANNA
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|07|29|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050718/asp/calcutta/story_4998896.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218113518/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050718/asp/calcutta/story_4998896.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2007|title=JUDDHA
|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=19 November 2008|date= 18 July 2005|location=[[Calcutta]], India}}
</ref>|df=y}}
| country = India
| budget = {{INR}} 1.5 crore<ref name=r1>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050829/asp/calcutta/story_5169894.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111111951/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050829/asp/calcutta/story_5169894.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2006|title=Big clash means big cash|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=19 November 2008|date=29 August 2005 |location=[[Calcutta]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 3.5 crore<ref name=r5>{{cite web|title=Flashback 2005|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/flashback-2005/cid/1653881|website=The Telegraph|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220546/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/flashback-2005/cid/1653881|url-status=live}}</ref>
| runtime = 166 mins
| language = Bengali
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| screenplay = [[N.K. Salil]] [[Ravi Kinagi]] (story) <ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=গোখরো তো বাস্তুসাপ, অনেকের বাড়িতেই থাকে, মানুষ পুজো করে: এন কে সলিল|url=https://thewall.in/special-interview-of-nk-salil-dialogue-writer/|access-date=2021-06-09|website=The Wall|language=en-US|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609095922/https://thewall.in/special-interview-of-nk-salil-dialogue-writer/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Yuddho''''' (or '''''Juddho'''''; English: '''''War''''') is a 2005 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[action drama film|vigilante action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ravi Kinagi|Ravi Kinnagi]]. Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films|Shrikant Mohta]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], it stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] (for the first time together), [[Debashree Roy]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Bharat Kaul]] and [[Kaushik Banerjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=10974|title=Bengali films lucrative?
|publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]|access-date=24 November 2008|date=19 August 2005|last=Biswas|first=Pradip}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The story revolves around a police officer who is falsely accused of murdering his wife and imprisoned as he has been investigating a rape case that involves the younger brother of a powerful MLA. The officer then manages to evade the prison and get his revenge.

The screenplay and dialogue of the film were written by [[N.K. Salil|N. K. Salil]]. The music of the film was composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]], with the action sequences by Judo Ramu.<ref name=":0" /> It was an all-time blockbuster at the box office with a long run consisting of 180 days in the theatres and also became the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2005|highest-grossing Bengali film of 2005]].<ref name=r5 />

Massively, ''Yuddho'' got positive reviews from the critics and audiences. Choreography of the car and bike chasing sequences was praised by the critics, with performances by the entire cast particularly the electrifying chemistry among [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] and [[Rajatava Dutta]]. After the broadcast of [[Sangeet Bangla]], all the songs of the film aired on it and became chartbusters breaking all records during its release.

==Plot==
[[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Agnishwar Ray, a stone hearted and honest police officer who is very loyal to his duty, is called the '''Baap'' (father) ''of all the criminals''<nowiki/>'. According to his theory, he always gives a every criminal a chance of redemption. On any additional meetings, the criminal goes to hospital or morgue. His aggressive approach keeps him being transferred to other stations. His 25th transfer is to [[Uttarpara]] police station. His wife, Sandhya Roy, is pleased with their relationship and does not attribute an angry nature to Agnishwar's behavior.

In the Keyatola area of Uttarpara, there lives a good-hearted local vagabond gangster named Surya Sinha. Other goons and the police avoid him intensely. Agnishwar confronts Surya at the police station about being agoon and Surya warns Agnishwar that if he enters Keyatola there will be trouble. Agnishwar is in Keyatola and they fight but he cannot be arrested because Agnishwar must go to his ill wife.

Meena, the daughter of the reputed teacher of the locality Master Moshai, has been brutally [[Gang rape|gang-raped]], and left to die, after attending with friend Barsha a college function. Ranjit Saha, the younger brother of the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] named Joy Chand Saha, abducts Meena and Barsha, the latter escapes. Surya learns of the assault by Ranjit on Meena and attacks Ranjit at his home. Ranjit's bodyguards call the police and Surya is detained.

Agnishwar learns from Surya why Ranjit was attacked. Ranjit is arrested and Barsha agrees to give evidence in court. MLA Saha seeks revenge by having the henchman Kallu kill Agnishwar's pregnant wife Sandhya while marketing. Kallu attacks her, but the attempt to kill her is thwarted when Surya sees Sandhya attacked. Agnishwar is thankful to Surya and comes to learn that Surya wants to be a police officer but for the circumstances that made him a goon.

The MLA gets Agnishwar put in prison and his wife Sandhya murdered. Agnishwar starts his revenge; he slowly kills all the persons responsible for putting him behind bars and the attempted killing of his wife, ending with the death of the MLA and himself at the hands of Surya, who has by now become a police officer.

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as DSP Agnishwar Roy
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Surya Sinha, A local gangster from Keyatola turned Sub-inspector
* [[Debashree Roy]] as Sandhya Roy
* [[Koel Mullick|Koel]] as Barsha Sinha
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Joy Chand Saha, MLA of Uttarpara
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Deepak Ghoshal, Agnishwar Roy's junior in the department
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Ranjit Saha, Joy Chanda Saha's younger brother
* [[Sumit Ganguly]] as Kaalu, Joy Chand Saha's henchman
* [[N.K. Salil]] as constable Haripada
* Ashok Mukherjee as DG Uttam Dutta
* Sanjib Dasgupta as DSP Arun Pradhan
* Mrityun Hazra as Ratan Basak

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Yuddho
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Bandhan (2004 film)|Bandhan]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Shubhodrishti]]
| next_year = 2005
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Yuddho
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Kichu Aasha Khonje Bhasha
| single1date = 29 November 2017
| single2 = Tomar O Chokhete
| single2date = 28 December 2018
| single3 = Baisakhete Pratham Dekha
| single3date = 28 December 2018
| single4 =
| single4date =
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Gautam Susmit]], Priyo Chattopadhyay
| all_music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| title1 = Kichu Aasha Khonje Bhasha
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal
| length1 = 4:54
| title2 = Baisakhete Pratham Dekha
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:19
| title3 = Tomar O Chokhete
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Sadhna Sargam]]
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Shure Shure
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Babul Supriyo, Jeet Gannguli, Shreya Ghoshal, Sonu Nigam, Sadhna Sargam
| length4 = 4:46
| title5 = Sadher Lau
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Miss. Jojo, Jeet Gannguli
| length5 = 5:01
}}

==Production==

Initially, the role of Mrs. Sandhya Roy was offered to [[Rachna Banerjee]] and then to [[Rituparna Sengupta]]. After both of them refused to play the role, it was offered to Debashree Roy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reader.magzter.com/reader/4l1kbpspakg6hk1vk990gt26802514464055/268025#page/12|title=এ কোন রচনা!|website=reader.magzter.com|publisher=[[Anandalok]]|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609052214/https://reader.magzter.com/reader/4l1kbpspakg6hk1vk990gt26802514464055/268025#page/12|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}
{{Rabi Kinagi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yuddho (2005 Film)}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rabi Kinagi]]
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action drama films]]

Nallavan (2010 film)

2026-03-03T20:46:42Z

Vinod6176: fixed layout further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nallavan
| image = Nallavan (2010 movie poster).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Film director|Aji John]]
| producer = Anil Mathew S. Murukan
| writer = {{ubl|Aji John|Ajith Nambiar}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jayasurya]]|[[Mythili]]}}
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]] Saanand George Grace (SGG)(Background score)
| cinematography = Manoj Pillai Pradip Nair
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = Anil Mathew S Murugan for Bethestha Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|7|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nallavan''''' ({{Translation|The good man}}) is a 2010 [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Film director|Aji John]], and stars [[Jayasurya]] and [[Mythili]]. The story of this film inspired by the bestseller Papillon, a novel written by Henri Charrière details Papillon's purported incarceration and subsequent escape from the French penal colony of French Guiana and covers a 14-year period between 1931 and 1945. Nallavan is produced by Anil Mathew
S Murugan for Bethestha Productions <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Master-of-reinvention/article16269091.ece|title=Master of reinvention|first=Nita|last=Sathyendran|date=26 June 2010|access-date=26 April 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/jul/04/nallavan-166948.html|title=Nallavan|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nallavan-review-malayalam-pclxCxecbebcj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124101230/https://www.sify.com/movies/nallavan-review-malayalam-pclxCxecbebcj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2022|title=Nallavan|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jul/12/south-nallavan-review.htm|title=Review: Nallavan has nothing new to offer|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=Movies.rediff.com|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie starts from the [[Kerala]] high court, when the police bring Kocherukkan ([[Jayasurya]]), a man who had committed two murders and escaped jail four times, but is again caught by the police. He escapes yet again with the help of his friend Murukan ([[Sudheesh]]), and recollects his colourful memory.

Kocherukkan was a happy youth who lived an ordinary life in a quiet village somewhere in the border of [[Tamil Nadu]] and Kerala. He is in love with Malli ([[Mythili]]), an agile, adventurous, cheerful girl of 17. Both of them are orphans, and Malli has a landlord. The [[wikt:tumultuous|tumultuous]] life of Kocherukkan and Malli takes a sudden change when Malli's landlord Chandrashekhara Vazhunnor ([[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]) and his driver Devarajan ([[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]]) decide to get her married to his relative Chitharanjan ([[Suraj Venjarammood]]). Malli and Kocherukkan elope with the help of Shaji ([[Bijukuttan]]) and Shangu ([[Anoop Chandran]]), Kocherukkan's friends. They meet a guy named Kumareshan ([[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]) on the way, who tries to kidnap Malli, but Kocherukkan hits him with a stone and they flee. They reach [[Pollachi]] and start living with Murukan. Kocherukkan and Malli go to the registrar's office to get married but since Malli was only 17 and Kocherukkan was 20, the registrar ([[Kochu Preman]]) asks them to return after a year when they are legally entitled to get married.

A year later, Kocherukkan was spotted by Kumareshan, who was the [[sub-inspector]] of the area and he arrests Kocherukkan for his personal enmity and for blinding him in the right eye. He puts all the false charges on Kocherukkan including immoral trafficking and robbery. But he runs off from the court to meet Malli and they get married. But he reports back to police the same day since police arrests Murukan instead of Kocherukkan and tortures him.

Kocherukkan is sent to the jail again. This time Malli gets to know from newspaper that Kocherukkan is a wanted criminal now, through Devarajan and her stepfather Narayanan ([[Manianpilla Raju]]). She returns to the landlord and dismisses her relation. Kocherukkan escapes from jail again and finds Malli murdered in a desert. He is arrested again with one more crime of murder. Kumareshan also traps him in another murder, this time that of Vazhunnor with the help of Devarajan and Raghavan ([[Jayan Cherthala]]) who is an ex-prisoner in Kocherukkan's jail.

Back to the present, Kocherukkan escapes again for the fifth time, questions Narayanan and understands that Kumareshan is behind his Malli's murder. He goes to Kumareshan's house and kills both Raghavan and Devarajan. He calls Kumareshan and challenges him to meet him in the same place where he killed Malli. Kumareshan arrives at the place and tells him that he already killed Murukan and proceeds to show Murukan's corpse to Kocherukkan. Kocherukkan gets beaten up by Kumareshan at first, but when he recollects how Kumareshan killed Malli and Murukan, Kocherukkan eventually fights back and kills Kumareshan. But before he could die, Kocherukkan tells Kumareshan that he could have proved his innocence to Malli before he could kill her. The police then arrives to arrest him but he runs away, and few gunshots are heard, while the frame shows Kocherukkan joining hands and running away with Malli.

== Cast ==
* [[Jayasurya]] as Kocherukkan
* [[Mythili]] as Malli, Kocherukkan's love interest
** [[Esther Anil]] as Young Malli
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Kumaresan
* [[Sudheesh]] as Murukan
* [[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Chitharanjan
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Shaji
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Chandrashekhara Vazhunnor, Malli's landlord
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Narayanan
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Shangu
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Raghavan
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Devarajan
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Santhosh, the registrar of the marriage office
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Murukan's mother
* [[Sona Nair]] as Prosecutor Rajalakshmi Warrier
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Vazhunnor's wife

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nallavan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Mohan Sithara
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2010|07|08}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[World Music]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack of the film was composed by Mohan Sithara. "Pudichachu" is an "Adipoli dance" type [[Tamil language|Tamil]]/[[Malayalam]] song, "Thoomallike" is a [[Romance (music)|romantic]] Malayalam song, and "Maayakkanavu" is an emotional Malayalam song.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Pudichachu | extra1 = Anwar Sadath, Jisha, Sangeetha | length1 = 5:08
| title4 = Maayakkanavu | extra4 = Arun Gopan | length4 = 4:40
| title5 = Thoomallike Allithen Mallike | extra5 = Latha Krishna, Santhosh Raj | length5 = 4:15
| title6 = Nallavan | extra6 = Prameela, Sanandh George (vocals) | length6 = 2:46
| title7 = Theme Music | extra7 = | length7 = 0:47
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1836070}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aji John]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language crime thriller films]]

Guru Sishyulu (1990 film)

2026-03-03T18:22:02Z

Vinod6176: Done

{{short description|1990 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Incomprehensible English|date=February 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guru Sishyulu
| image = Guru Sishyulu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Ganesh Patro]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = M. D. Sundar
| based_on = ''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]'' (Hindi)(1987)
| producer = M. Purna Prakash S. Sambasiva Rao
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Sumalatha]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayakam
| editing = R. Vital S. B. Mohan
| studio = Srilatha Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|01|26}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Guru Sishyulu''''' ({{Translation|''Teacher-Student''}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]]. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sumalatha]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], with music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227 |pages=874}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Soon-to-be released prisoners Raja and Babu meet Manohar, who has been sentenced to death. He tells them what happened: his sister Sumathi was abducted by a taxi driver abducts her, and raped to death by Muddu Krishna. Manohar files the case by grabbing the taxi driver. Muddu Krishna's elder brother Raja Shekaram, a tycoon, collaborates with his ally Jairam and corrupt Inspector Paramasivam by murdering the taxi driver and incriminating Manohar. Raja and Babu take an oath to shield Manohar and fracture his hand to postpone the death sentence. Soon after their release, they start up their play. Firstly, the duo digs up the evidence of Paramasivam’s lucre and confines him. With his aid, Raja posts himself as a Muddu Krishna‘s bodyguard. Babu crushes with Raja Shekaram’s daughter, Chitra. Besides, Raja loves Paramasivam’s daughter, Inspector Geeta. Startlingly, the heels seize Manohar’s parents with a pre-existing rivalry. They endeavor to revive his blackout father, Narayana Rao, for a pot of gold.

Meanwhile, Babu forges as a moneybag and fixes his match with Chitra. Just before the wedding, Babu seeks his dowry from Raja Shekaram to admit their guilt and free the Manohar. Discerning his reality, Raja Shekaram expels him. Ergo, Raja & Babu gamely create conflicts between the knaves. At this, they sense Manohar's parents are being held captive by them, who are secured. Here, as a flabbergast, Raja detects Manohar’s parents as his own, who have split in childhood. Parallelly, Babu rages, spotting Narayana Rao charging him as his parents hit the man. Thus, a brawl erupts between the besties, resolved by divulging the past. Indeed, Narayana Rao is a sincere Inspector. At that time, DIG Prabhu, Babu’s father, gives him a call with Paramasivam to locate a criminal, Solomon, who holds info about a hidden treasure. Accordingly, Raja Shekaram & Jairam also went on their hunt to capture it. Solomon dies in the crossfire, and he unearths the secret to Narayana Rao before leaving his breath. Therefore, the crooks clutch him. In Narayana Rao’s veil, Jairam slays Prabhu & his wife to trap him. He succeeds in fleeing but turns insane in that mishap. At last, Raja & Babu cease the baddies, safeguard the treasure, and prove Manohar guiltless. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriages of Raja & Geeta and Babu & Chitra.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Raja
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Babu
* [[Sumalatha]] as Geeta
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Chitra
* [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Jairam
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Inspector Paramashivam
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Muddu Krishna
* [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Rama Krishna]] as Raja Shekaram
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Manjula
* [[Hema Sundar]] as Narayana Rao
* [[Maharshi Raghava]] as Manohar
* [[Mada Venkateswara Rao]]
* Telephone Satyanarayana as D.I.G. Prabhu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya]]. Music released on Echo Audio Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Sishyulu |url=https://avdigital.in/products/guru-sishyulu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903114705/https://avdigital.in/products/guru-sishyulu |archive-date=3 September 2019 |access-date=3 September 2019 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> All the songs were retained from ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (1988), the Tamil remake of ''Insaf Ki Pukar'', except for "Mattuga Chittuga".{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dorikavu Dorikavu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Jingidi Jingidi Beauty
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Edo Nippu
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Kurchi Kosam Kusti
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 4:36
| title5 = Mattuga Chittuga
| extra5 = Chitra
| length5 = 4:18
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0319467}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1990 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Madurai Meenakshi (film)

2026-03-03T04:56:20Z

Vinod6176: cleaned up references as per guidelines and corrected details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madurai Meenakshi
| image = Madurai Meenakshi DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = P. Amirtham
| producer = A. Gunanithi
| screenplay = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| story = P. Harirajan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Selva (actor)|Selva]] [[Ranjitha]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = P. Amirtham
| editing = P. Venkateswara Rao
| studio = Poomalai Productions AKM Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|02|24}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Madurai Meenakshi''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by P. Amirtham and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]] from a story by P. Harirajan. The film stars [[Selva (actor)|Selva]] and [[Ranjitha]], with [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Pradeep Shakthi]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Sabitha Anand]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 24 February 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=madurai meenatshi ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/madurai%20meenatshi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217164218/http://www.cinesouth.com/films/cast/newfilmdb/madurai%20meenatshi.html |archive-date=17 December 2004 |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2021}}
Madurai, a traffic police who dreams to become a police inspector, lives with his mother Maragatham. One day, he clashes with Meenakshi, the daughter of the corrupt home minister Ulaganathan. Meenakshi uses her father's clout to change Madurai's duty, and Madurai becomes her house guard. Meenakshi spends her time in humiliating the poor Madurai. Kumarasamy, his brother Kulasekaran, and his sister-in-law Gomathi run a free school for blind children in their property. The prime minister orders Ulaganathan to buy their property. But they refuse to sell it, so Ulaganathan's henchmen kill Kumarasamy. In the meantime, Madurai and Meenakshi fall in love. Ulaganathan gets to know of their love and transfers Madurai to the local police station. Inspector Rudra and Ulaganathan decide to buy Kulasekaran's property by force and to send Madurai behind bars. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Selva (actor)|Selva]] as Madurai<ref name="Kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர். |date=21 March 1993 |title=மதுரை மீனாட்சி |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1993-03-21/kalki1993-03-21.pdf |access-date=20 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=33–34 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
*[[Ranjitha]] as Meenakshi<ref name="Kalki" />
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Maragatham
*[[Captain Raju]] as Ulaganathan
*[[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Inspector Rudra
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Kumarasamy
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Kulasekaran
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Gomathi
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Brammayya
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Stephen
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]]
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Judge
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Madasamy
}}

== Production ==
The dialogues were written by [[AR Murugadoss]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=29 October 2011 |title=AR Murugadoss – Man with the midas touch |url=http://www.southscope.in/tamil/article/ar-murugadoss-man-midas-touch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101070513/http://www.southscope.in/tamil/article/ar-murugadoss-man-midas-touch |archive-date=1 November 2011 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=[[South Scope]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[M. Karunanidhi]] and [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asogan – Madurai Meenakshi – Maanagar Kurtram |url=https://isaishop.com/item/asogan-madurai-meenakshi-maanagar-kurtram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029100251/https://isaishop.com/item/asogan-madurai-meenakshi-maanagar-kurtram |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=IsaiShop}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "I Love You Meena" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:38
|-
| "Maalai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || 4:17
|-
| "Neethi Mandram" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 3:11
|-
| "Thanga Kunam" || K. S. Chithra, Chorus || 2:13
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Madurai Meenakshi'' was released on 24 February 1993.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathinagiri |first=R. |title=Time capsule of Kalaignar |publisher=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] |year=2007 |pages=68 |oclc=680676772}}</ref> A petition was filed against the film for negative portrayal of politicians; however, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] rejected the plea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 1993 |title=Karunanidhi film allowed |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bollAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1001%2C1394410 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520045937/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bollAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1001%2C1394410 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Deva's music but said Amirtham's cinematography was better than his direction.<ref name="Kalki" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=February 2024}}

100 Feet Road, Bengaluru

2026-02-25T14:45:09Z

Vinod6176:

{{Short description|Road in Bangalore, India}}
{{redirect-distinguish|100 Feet Road|Inner Ring Road, Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Indiranagar Shopping Hundred Feet Road, Indiranagar Bangalore by night.JPG|thumb|Hundred Feet Road by night]]
'''Dr S. K. Karim Khan Road,''' commonly known as '''100 Feet Road Indira Nagar'''. It is a road in the Indian city of Bangalore that links Old Madras Road with [[Old Airport Road, Bangalore|Old Airport Road]].

100 Feet Road passes through four distinct sections within [[Indiranagar, Bangalore|Indiranagar]]. Starting from Old Madras Road, 100 Feet Road passes through Indira Nagar 1st Stage, Indiranagar 2nd Stage, then the posh [[Defence Colony]] and finally HAL 2nd Stage ending up at the Domlur Flyover connecting to Old Airport Road. The 100 Feet Road Section in Defence Colony was first built in the 1960s by the Mysore Sub-Area Officers Housing Colony, Binnamangla which is known as posh Defence Colony. The Defence Colony section on both the east and west side of 100 Feet Road has biggest size plots measuring up to a maximum of {{convert|80|ft|m}} by {{convert|110|ft|m}}. In the 1970s after the formation of the Indira Nagar layout by BDA, sections of the 100 Feet Road were built to connect HAL 2nd Stage, Indira Nagar 1st and 2nd Stage to Defence Colony. Starting in the 1990s till present day, almost all of the residential plots on 100 Feet Road have become commercial giving 100 Feet Road a distinct signature for food and shopping in Bangalore.

In 2014 it was named Dr S. K. Karim Khan Road after the renowned Kannada Poet and folklorist.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/indiranagar-100ft-road-to-be-renamed-as-dr-sk-karim-khan-road/article6357623.ece Indiranagar 100-ft Road to be renamed as Dr. S.K. Karim Khan Road]</ref> 100 Feet Road is a residential and commercial hub with the major Old Airport Road – [[Intermediate Ring Road]] flyover junction at one end.<ref name=maplandia>{{cite web|title=KFC(indira nagar 100 ft road) Map {{!}} Bangalore Satellite Map|url=http://www.maplandia.com/india/karnataka/bangalore-urban/bangalore/streets/kfc-indira-nagar-100-ft-road/|publisher=maplandia.com|access-date=2 September 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Indiranagar Shopping A Store on Hundred Feet Road.JPG|thumb|right|Store located on Hundred Feet Road, by night]]
Once lined with residential houses on either side, 100 Feet Road has, over the last few years, turned into a commercially important high-street in Bangalore with numerous retail stores, book shops, ayurvedic centers, hotels restaurants, cafes, pubs and bars. While Bangalore has always been known as the "Pub City" of India, this was largely due to the number of pubs around M. G. Road. Indiranagar and more specifically 100 Feet Road is slowly wresting this importance away.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

[[Indiranagar, Bangalore|Indiranagar]] 100 Feet Road, over the years has turned into India's top food beverage hub, setting behind, the Park Street in Kolkata and [[Hauz Khas]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Bangalores-Indiranagar-100-Feet-Road-12th-Main-Indias-top-food-beverage-hub/articleshow/33650753.cms Indiranagar 100-ft Road India's top Food and Beverage Hub]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Bangalore'''
|Northwest = Indiranagar Double Road
|North = Old Madras Road
|Northeast = New Thippasandra Main Road
|West = Indiranagar Double Road
|Centre = Indiranagar 100 Feet Road
|East = [[Jeevan Bima Nagar]], Indiranagar 80 Feet Road
|Southwest = [[Domlur]]
|South = [[Old Airport Road, Bangalore|Old Airport Road]]
|Southeast = Old Airport Road
}}

[[Category:Roads in Bengaluru]]

Gangauli halt

2026-02-24T04:16:30Z

Vinod6176: general refined details for accuracy additionally and added references

#REDIRECT [[Gangauli Halt railway station]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Rathnakar (actor)

2026-02-20T14:36:03Z

Vinod6176: done - done

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{about||the politician|Kimmane Rathnakar|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rathnakar
| image = Rathnakar (actor).jpeg
| caption =
| birth_name = Kollur Manjunatha Rathnakar
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=ymd|1931|04|11}}
| birth_place = [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director}}
| years_active = 1955 – 2010
| height =
| net_worth =
| spouse = Mookambike (died 1992)
| children = 3
| father = Manjunatha Bhatta
| mother = Nagavenamma
| family =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|09|21|1931|04|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]
| awards =
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Kollur Manjunatha Bhatta Rathnakar''' (11 April 1931 - 21 September 2010) was an Indian actor and director, known for his work in [[Kannada film industry]]. He is best known for his comic roles in movies including [[Kanyarathna]] (1963), [[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]] (1965), [[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]] (1981), [[Hosa Belaku]] (1982) and [[Halli Meshtru]] (1992).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/98417/artiste-ratnakar-passes-away.html|title=Artiste Ratnakar passes away|work=Deccan Herald|date=21 Sep 2010|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/veteran-kannada-actor-rathnakar-dead/694214|title=Veteran Kannada actor Rathnakar dead|date=21 Sep 2010|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/rathnakar|title=Actor Rathnakar filmography|website=Chiloka.com|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref> He turned director with the 1968 movie ''[[Bhagya Devathe]]'' starring [[Dr. Rajkumar]].<ref name="m.youtube.com">{{cite web |title=ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರನ್ನು ಡೈರೆಕ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ಒಟ್ಟು ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು ಎಷ್ಟು ಜನ ಗೊತ್ತಾ..? ; Naadu Kanda Rajkumar - Ep 218| url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=550Q0qwqcv4| website=[[YouTube]] | date=1 November 2025 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rathnakar was born in [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]] in a family of priests. His father Manjunatha Bhatta was one of the priests at [[Mookambika Temple, Kollur]]. Being the only child in the family, Rathnakar refused the job of priest and came to [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/birthday-special-all-kannada-comedy-actor-rathnakar-036709.html|title=ಅರ್ಚಕರಾಗಬೇಕಿದ್ದ ರತ್ನಾಕರ್ ಹಾಸ್ಯರತ್ನರಾದ ಕಥೆ ಇದು|trans-title=This is the story of Comedy King Rathnakar, who was supposed to be a priest|language=Kannada|author=Naveen MS|work=Filmibeat|date=11 Apr 2019|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early days & theatre life ===
Rathnakar left home at the age of 12 and came to Mysore. He worked in a Choultry on Seethavilasa road and used to sing near temples in Mysore. Sorat Ashwath and [[Dikki Madhava Rao]] who heard his singing, introduced him to theatre personality H.L.N. Simha. Rathnakar became a permanent member of Simha's troupe and went on to act plays with [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Pandari Bai]].<ref name="RATHNAKAR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/When-laughter-fades-away.../article16137627.ece|title=When laughter fades away...|author=Muralidhara Khajane|work=The Hindu|date=19 Aug 2010|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref>

=== Entry to films ===
Rathnakar made his debut in the 1955 movie ''Vichitra Prapancha''.<ref name="RATHNAKAR"/> Apart from comic roles, he also worked as assistant director in many movies and later co-directed [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in the 1968 movie ''[[Bhagya Devathe]]'' along with cinematographer R.Madhusudhan.<ref name="m.youtube.com"/> He is famous for his squeaky trembling trademark voice. In his five decade career, Rathnakar has played variety of roles as teacher, singer, priest, palm reader, vendor in more than 300 films. His last movie was [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s [[Aptharakshaka]] in 2010.

== Death ==
Rathnakar died on 21 September 2010 in Mysore, due to respiratory problems and other age related ailments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Actor-Ratnakar-passes-away/articleshow/6602650.cms|title=Actor Ratnakar passes away|work=Times of India|date=21 Sep 2010|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/sep/22/veteran-actor-ratnakar-passes-away-189035.html|title=Veteran actor Ratnakar passes away|work=New Indian Express|date=22 Sep 2010|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref> Survived by his 3 sons, Rathnakar donated his eyes to JSS hospital eye bank.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-veteran-kannada-actor-km-rathnakar-passes-away-1441243|title=Veteran Kannada actor KM Rathnakar passes away|work=DNA India|date=21 Sep 2010|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2005 - [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] by [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref name="AWARD">{{Cite news|url=https://www.justkannada.in/front-page/comedianratnakarfansmemorymemory/|title=ಅಭಿಮಾನಿಗಳಿಂದ ಹಾಸ್ಯನಟ ರತ್ನಾಕರ್ ಅವರ ನೆನಪಿನ ಸ್ಮರಣೆ|language=Kannada|trans-title=Actor Rathnakar remembered by his fans|date=21 Sep 2020|access-date=13 Oct 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Government|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|access-date=2020-10-28|website=karnataka.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=27 January 2020|title=Kannada Rajyotsava awards presented to 32 achievers at Republic Day function {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kannada-rajyotsava-awards-presented-to-32-achievers-at-republic-day-function/articleshow/73642675.cms|access-date=2020-10-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Aryabhata Award''<ref name="AWARD"/>

== Selected filmography ==
'''As actor'''
* ''Vichitra Prapancha'' (1955)
* ''Dharma Vijaya'' (1959)
* ''Dashavatara'' (1960)
* ''[[Veera Kesari]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]''
* ''Katari Veera'' (1966)
* ''Katha Sangama'' (1976)
* ''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'' (1981)
* ''Nyaya Ellide'' (1982)
* ''[[Ananda Bhairavi (film)|Ananda Bhairavi]]'' (1983)
* ''Onde Goodina Hakkigalu'' (1987)...Subba Rao
* ''[[Hosa Jeevana]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]'' (1990)...priest
* ''[[Ganeshana Maduve]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Gauri Ganesha]]'' (1991)...Rathnakara
* ''[[Lankesha]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Ondagona Baa]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010)

'''As director'''
* ''[[Bhagya Devathe]]'' (1968)
* ''Bandhavya'' (1972)
* ''Shani Prabhava'' (1977)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=6120755}}

[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:1931 births]]

Tower of Silence

2026-02-13T02:32:58Z

Vinod6176: new - done

{{Short description|Zoroastrian excarnation structure}}
{{Other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Parsee Tower of Silence, Bombay.jpg|thumb|Early 20th century drawing of the ''dakhma'' on Malabar Hill, Bombay (now Mumbai)|300x300px]]{{Zoroastrianism sidebar}}
[[File:Interior view of Tower of Silence.jpg|thumb|338x338px|Interior view of ''dakhma'']]A '''''dakhma''''' ({{langx|fa|دخمه}}), also known as a '''Tower of Silence''' ({{langx|fa|برجِ خاموشان}}), is a circular, raised structure built by [[Zoroastrians]] for [[excarnation]] (that is, the [[Disposal of the dead|exposure of human corpses]] to the [[Weather|elements]] for [[decomposition]]), in order to avoid contamination of the soil and other natural elements by the dead bodies.<ref name="Russell-2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Russell |first=James R. |author-link=James R. Russell |title=BURIAL iii. In Zoroastrianism |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/burial-iii |volume=IV/6 |pages=561–563 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=1 January 2000 |issn=2330-4804 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517012152/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/burial-iii |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Huff-2004">{{cite book |last1=Huff |first1=Dietrich |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNqmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA593 |editor-last=Stausberg |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Stausberg |title=Zoroastrian Rituals in Context |chapter=Archaeological Evidence of Zoroastrian Funerary Practices |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Numen Book Series |volume=102 |pages=593–630 |doi=10.1163/9789047412502_027 |isbn=90-04-13131-0 |issn=0169-8834 |lccn=2003055913}}</ref><ref name="Malandra-2013">{{cite book |last=Malandra |first=W. W. |year=2013 |chapter=Iran |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1xbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |editor-last=Spaeth |editor-first=Barbette Stanley |editor-link=Barbette Spaeth |title=The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=122 |doi=10.1017/CCO9781139047784.009 |isbn=978-0-521-11396-0 |lccn=2012049271}}</ref> [[Scavenger|Carrion birds]], usually [[vulture]]s, and other scavengers, consume the flesh.<ref name="Russell-2000"/><ref name="Huff-2004"/> Skeletal remains are gathered into a central pit where further weathering and continued breakdown occurs.<ref name="Russell-2000"/><ref name="Huff-2004"/>

==Ritual exposure by Iranian peoples==
{{Main|Ancient Persia|Zoroastrians in Iran}}

Zoroastrian [[ritual]] [[Disposal of the dead|exposure of the dead]] is first attested in the mid-5th century BCE [[Histories (Herodotus)|''Histories'']] of [[Herodotus]], an [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[historian]] who observed the custom amongst [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] expatriates in [[Asia Minor]] (however, there is no mention of the use of towers, as this is first documented in the early 9th century CE).<ref name="Russell-2000"/><ref name="Huff-2004"/> In Herodotus' account (in ''Histories'' i.140), the Zoroastrian funerary rites are said to have been "secret"; however they were first performed after the body had been dragged around by a bird or dog. The corpse was then [[Embalming#Religious practices|embalmed]] with wax and laid in a trench.<ref name="stausberg 2004">{{cite book |last1=Stausberg |first1=Michael |title=Die Religion Zarathushtras: Geschichte, Gegenwart, Rituale |date=2004 |publisher=Verlag W. Kohlhammer |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3170171206 |chapter=Bestattungsanlagen|pages=204–245|volume=3}}</ref>

Writing on the culture of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]], [[Herodotus]] reports on the Persian burial customs performed by the [[magi]], again, kept secret, according to his account. However, he writes that he knows they expose the body of male dead to dogs and birds of prey, then they cover the corpse in wax, and then it is buried.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii|title=Herodotus iii. Defining the Persians |encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Iranica|edition=online|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129214830/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii|archive-date=29 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Achaemenid custom for the dead is recorded in the regions of [[Bactria]], [[Sogdia]], and [[Hyrcania]], but not in Western Iran.<ref name=iranica-mihrmihroe /><ref name="Grenet 2000">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Grenet |first1=Frantz |title=BURIAL ii. Remnants of Burial Practices in Ancient Iran |pages=559–561 |date=January 2000 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/burial-ii |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=IV|id=Fasc. 5–6}}</ref>

The discovery of [[Ossuary|ossuaries]] in both [[Eastern Iran|Eastern]] and [[Western Iran]] dating to the 5th and 4th centuries BCE indicate that bones were sometimes isolated, but separation occurring through ritual exposure cannot be assumed: burial mounds,<ref>{{citation|last=Falk|first=Harry|title=Soma I and II|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=52|issue=1|date=1989|pages=77–90|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00023077|s2cid=146512196 }}</ref> where the bodies were wrapped in wax, have also been discovered. The tombs of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid emperors]] at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]] and [[Pasargadae]] likewise suggest non-exposure, at least until the bones could be collected. According to legend (incorporated by [[Ferdowsi]] into his {{Transliteration|fa|[[Shahnameh]]}}; {{lit.|The Book of Kings}}), [[Zoroaster]] himself is interred in a tomb at [[Balkh]] (in present-day [[Afghanistan]]).

The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] historian [[Agathias]] has described the Zoroastrian burial of the [[Military of the Sasanian Empire|Sasanian general]] [[Mihr-Mihroe]]: "the attendants of Mermeroes took up his body and removed it to a place outside the city and laid it there as it was, alone and uncovered according to their traditional custom, as refuse for dogs and horrible carrion".<ref name=iranica-mihrmihroe>''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]'', edited by Ehsan Yar-Shater, Routledge & Kegan Paul Volume 6, Parts 1–3, p. 281a.</ref><ref name="Boyce mihroe">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Boyce |first1=Mary |title=CORPSE, disposal of, in Zoroastrianism |orig-date=First published 15 December 1993 |pages=279–286 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/corpse-disposal-of-in-zoroastrianism |date=October 31, 2011 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=VI |id=Fasc. 3|quote=Agathias described at second hand the disposal of the body of the Persian general Mihr-Mihrōē, who died in 555: 'Then the attendants of Mihr-Mihrōē took up his body and removed it to a place outside the city and laid it there as it was, alone and uncovered according to their traditional custom, as refuse for dogs and horrible carrion birds'{{hairspace}} }}</ref>

Towers are a much later invention and are first documented in the early 9th century CE.<ref name="Boyce 1975"/> The funerary ritual customs surrounding that practice appear to date to the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid era]] (3rd–7th CE). They are known in detail from the supplement to the ''[[Shayest ne Shayest]]'', the two ''[[Rivayat]]'' collections, and the two ''Saddar''s.

One of the earliest literary descriptions of such a building appears in the late 9th-century [[Epistles of Manushchihr]], where the technical term is {{lang|pal|astodan}}, 'ossuary'. Another term that appears in the 9th- to 10th-century texts of Zoroastrian tradition (the so-called "[[Pahlavi books]]") is {{lang|pal|dakhmag}}; in its earliest usage, it referred to any place for the dead.

==Rationale==
The doctrinal rationale for exposure is to avoid contact with earth, water, or fire, all three of which are considered sacred in the Zoroastrian religion.<ref name="Huff-2004"/><ref name="Malandra-2013"/>

Zoroastrian tradition considers human [[cadaver]]s and animal corpses (in addition to cut hair and nail parings) to be ''[[Nasu (Zoroastrianism)|nasu]]'', i.e. unclean, polluting.<ref name="Russell-2000"/><ref name="Huff-2004"/><ref name="Malandra-2013"/> Specifically, {{lang|ae|Nasu}} the corpse demon ({{lang|ae|[[daeva]]}}), is believed to rush into the body and contaminate everything it comes into contact with.<ref name="Malandra-2013"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Brodd |first=Jeffrey |title=World Religions |publisher=Saint Mary's Press |date=2003 |location=Winona, MN, USA |isbn=978-0-88489-725-5}}</ref> For this reason, the {{lang|ae|[[Videvdad|Vīdēvdād]]}} (an ecclesiastical code whose title means, 'given against the demons') has rules for disposing of the dead as safely as possible.<ref name="Russell-2000"/> Moreover, the {{lang|ae|Vīdēvdād}} requires that graves, and raised tombs as well, must be destroyed.<ref name="Russell-2000"/><ref name="Boyce 1975">{{cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |title=A history of Zoroastrianism: Early period |date=1975 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004294004 |pages=156–165, 325–330 |chapter=The Zoroastrian Funeral Rites |volume=1|doi=10.1163/9789004294004_014}}</ref>

To preclude the pollution of the sacred elements: earth ({{lang|ae|[[zam|zām]]}}), water ({{lang|ae|[[aban|āpas]]}}), and fire ({{lang|ae|[[Atar|ātar]]}}), the bodies of the dead are placed at the top of towers and there exposed to the sun and to scavenging birds and [[necrophagous]] animals such as wild dogs.<ref name="Russell-2000"/><ref name="Huff-2004"/><ref name="Malandra-2013"/> Thus, as an early-20th-century Secretary of the Bombay Parsi community explained: "[[putrefaction]] with all its concomitant evils ... is most effectually prevented."<ref name="jjmodi">{{citation|last=Modi|first=Jivanji Jamshedji |mode=cs1 |title=The Funeral Ceremonies of the Parsees |date=1928|publisher=Anthropological Society of Bombay |type= Monograph |edition=Fourth |url=https://www.avesta.org/ritual/funeral.htm|access-date=2005-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207235536/http://avesta.org/ritual/funeral.htm|archive-date=2005-02-07|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Modi|first1=Jivanji Jamshedji |date=2011 |orig-date=Reprint of 2nd edition (1937), originally published by Jehangir B. Karani's Sons: Bombay |editor1-last=Peterson|editor1-first=Joseph H.|title=The Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees |ref=none |publisher=Avesta.org|location=Kasson, Minnesota, US|url=https://zoroastrians.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/religious-ceremonies-jj-modi.pdf|pages=55–58}}{{ubl|In the explanation quoted, Modi quotes from a "short description of the tower with a plan as given by Mr. Nusserwanjee Byrawjee, the late energetic Secretary of the public charity funds and properties of the Parsi community." (p. 57).}}</ref>

==In current times==
===Structure and process===
Modern-day towers, which are fairly uniform in their construction, have an almost flat roof, with the perimeter being slightly higher than the centre. The roof is divided into three concentric rings: the bodies of men are arranged around the outer ring, women in the second ring, and children in the innermost ring. The ritual precinct may be entered only by a special class of [[pallbearer]]s, called {{lang|ae|nusessalars}}, from the {{langx|ae|nasa a salar|italic=yes}}, consisting of the word elements, {{lang|ae|-salar}} ('caretaker') and {{lang|ae|nasa-}} ('pollutants').

Once the bones have been bleached by the sun and wind, which can take as long as a year, they are collected in an [[ossuary]] pit at the centre of the tower, where—assisted by [[Lime (material)|lime]]—they gradually disintegrate, and the remaining material, along with rainwater run-off, seeps through multiple coal and sand filters before being eventually washed out to sea.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sunavala |first1=Nergish |title=Defunct Tower of Silence lives on in the heart of an Andheri residential colony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/defunct-tower-of-silence-lives-on-in-the-heart-of-an-andheri-residential-colony/articleshow/44954598.cms |access-date=1 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=28 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref>{{r|jjmodi}}

The precipitous decline in the vulture population in India due to poisoning has led the Parsi community to explore alternatives to standard dakhmas.<ref name="guard">{{Cite news |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |department=Pakistan |accessdate=2024-05-19 |date=2024-05-04 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/04/vulture-shortage-threatens-zoroastrian-burial-rites-india-iran-pakistan |title='Our culture is dying': vulture shortage threatens Zoroastrian burial rites |first=Sonia |last=Gulzeb}}</ref>
[[File:Torre del silencio, Yazd, Irán, 2016-09-21, DD 65.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yazd Tower of Silence]], Iran. The building is no longer in use.]]
[[File:Doodentoren van de Zoroastriërs.jpg|thumb|left|An early 20th century photograph of an Iranian tower of silence]]

===Iran===
[[File:Tower of Silence (Yazd) 006.jpg|thumb|The central pit of the (now-defunct) [[Yazd Tower of Silence]], Iran]]
In the Iranian Zoroastrian tradition, the towers were built atop hills or low mountains in locations distant from population centres. In the early 20th century, Iranian Zoroastrians gradually discontinued their use and began to favour burial or [[cremation]].<ref name="Boyce 1979"/>

The decision to change the system was accelerated by three considerations: the first problem arose with the establishment of the [[Dar ul-Funun (Persia)|Dar ul-Funun]] medical school. Since Islam considers dissection of corpses as an unnecessary form of mutilation, thus forbidding it,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aramesh |first=Kiarash |date=30 May 2009 |title=The Ownership of Human Body: An Islamic Perspective |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine |volume=2 |page=4 |pmid=23908718 |pmc=3713940 }}</ref> there were no corpses for study available through official channels. The towers were repeatedly broken into, much to the dismay of the Zoroastrian community.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Secondly, while the towers had been built away from population centres, the growth of the towns led to the towers now being within city limits.<ref name="Boyce 1979"/> Finally, many of the Zoroastrians found the system outdated.<ref name="Boyce 1979">Boyce, Mary (1979), Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London: Routledge, pp. 221–222</ref> Following long negotiations between the {{lang|ae|anjuman}} societies of [[Kerman]], and [[Tehran]], the latter gained a majority and established a cemetery some {{convert|10|km}} from Tehran at Ghassr-e Firouzeh (Firouzeh's Palace). The graves were lined with rocks and plastered with cement to prevent direct contact with the earth. In Kerman, older orthodox Zoroastrians continued to maintain a tower for a few years after a cemetery was built. Yazdi Zoroastrians continued using the Tower of Silence until the city asked them to close it in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kestenberg Amighi |first=Janet |title=The Zoroastrians of Iran: A history of transformation and survival |publisher=Mazda Press |year=2022}}</ref>

===India===
{{see also|Indian vulture crisis}}
[[File:BombayTempleOfSilenceEngraving.jpg|thumb|A late-19th-century engraving of a Zoroastrian Tower of Silence in [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay)]]
Following the rapid expansion of the Indian cities, the squat buildings are today in or near population centres, but separated from the metropolitan bustle by gardens or forests. In [[Parsi people|Parsi]] Zoroastrian tradition, exposure of the dead is also considered to be an individual's final act of charity, providing the birds with what would otherwise be destroyed.

In the late 20th century and early 21st century, the [[Indian vulture crisis|vulture population on the Indian subcontinent declined]] by over 97% as of 2008, primarily due to [[diclofenac]] poisoning of the birds following the introduction of that drug for livestock in the 1990s,<ref>{{cite news|last=Tait |first=Malcolm |title=India's vulture population is facing catastrophic collapse and with it the sacrosanct corporeal passing of the Parsi dead |date=10 October 2004 |work=The Ecologist |url=https://theecologist.org/2004/oct/01/fate-indias-vultures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223031/http://www.theecologist.org/archive_detail.asp?content_id=325 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/jan/31/india.conservationandendangeredspecies| title=Cattle drug blamed as India's vultures near extinction|newspaper=The Guardian| date=31 January 2006}}</ref> until banned for cattle by the [[Government of India]] in 2006. The few surviving birds are often unable to fully consume the bodies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Swan |first1=Gerry |last2=Naidoo |first2=Vinasan |last3=Cuthbert |first3=Richard |last4=Green |first4=Rhys E |last5=Pain |first5=Deborah J |last6=Swarup |first6=Devendra |last7=Prakash |first7=Vibhu |last8=Taggart |first8=Mark |last9=Bekker |first9=Lizette |last10=Das |first10=Devojit |last11=Diekmann |first11=Jörg |last12=Diekmann |first12=Maria |last13=Killian |first13=Elmarié |last14=Meharg |first14=Andy |last15=Patra |first15=Ramesh Chandra |last16=Saini |first16=Mohini |last17=Wolter |first17=Kerri |title=Removing the threat of diclofenac to critically endangered Asian vultures |journal=PLOS Biology |date=January 2006 |page=e66 |volume=4 |issue=3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040066 |pmid=16435886|pmc=1351921|display-authors=3 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2001, Parsi communities in India were evaluating [[captive breeding]] of vultures and the use of "solar concentrators" (which are essentially large mirrors) to accelerate decomposition.<ref>{{citation|last=Srivastava|first=Sanjeev|title=Parsis turn to solar power|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1443789.stm|date=18 July 2001|periodical=BBC News South Asia|access-date=9 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630211902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1443789.stm|archive-date=30 June 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Some have been forced to resort to burial, as the solar collectors work only in clear weather. Vultures used to dispose of a body in minutes, and no other method has proved fully effective.

The right to use the Towers of Silence is a much-debated issue among the Parsi community. The facilities are usually managed by the {{lang|ae|anjumans}}, the predominantly conservative local Zoroastrian associations. These usually consist of a nine-member board, including five priests. In accordance with Indian statutes, these associations have domestic authority over trust properties and have the right to grant or restrict entry and use, with the result that the associations frequently prohibit the use by the offspring of a "mixed marriage", that is, where one parent is a Parsi and the other is not.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004491274/back-1.xml|last1=Palsetia |first1=Jesse S. |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of identity in Bombay city |date=2001 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004491274 |pages=320–337 |chapter=Epilogue: Identity and the Present-Day Parsis |doi=}}</ref>

The towers remain in use as sacred locations for the Parsi community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.101india.com/people/my-visit-tower-silence-helped-me-come-terms-death |title=My Visit To The Tower Of Silence Helped Me Come To Terms With Death |access-date=2020-12-09 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126054456/https://www.101india.com/people/my-visit-tower-silence-helped-me-come-terms-death |url-status=dead }}</ref> Organized tours can be taken to the site.<ref>{{cite news |author1=|title=Citizen groups oppose heritage tour of Parsi Tower of Silence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/citizen-groups-oppose-heritage-tour-of-parsi-tower-of-silence/story-FWgvfu1izNo6Wacu68Kd2M.html |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Digital Streams Ltd |date=10 December 2016 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> Non-members may not enter the towers;<ref>[https://beyonder.travel/india/sky-burial-tower-of-silence-and-birds-of-prey/ Tower of Silence, Sky Burial and Birds of Prey]</ref> in [[Mumbai]], visitors are shown a model of a tower.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protests don't hinder heritage walk at Tower of Silence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/protests-don-t-hinder-heritage-walk-at-tower-of-silence/story-LqQV2Trhft6pHEdO2MfGRN.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Burial tree]]
* {{annotated link|Disposal of human corpses}}
* [[Fire temple]], Zoroastrian place of worship
* [[Natural burial]]
* [[Seth Modi Hirji Vachha]], builder of the first Bombay (Mumbai) {{lang|ae|dakhma}} (1672)
* [[Sky burial]]
* {{lang|ae|[[Vayu-Vata|Vāyu-Vāta]]}}, ''air'' ({{lang|ae|vāyu}}) as a sacred element and the Zoroastrian divinity of ''wind''

== References ==
{{Reflist|28em}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Towers of Silence}}
{{Wiktionary}}

{{refbegin}}

* [https://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd5sbe.htm ''Vendidad'' Fargard 5, Purity Laws], as translated by [[James Darmesteter]]
* {{citation|last=Wadia|first=Azmi|chapter=Evolution of the Towers of Silence and their Significance|editor-last=Godrej|editor-first=Pheroza J.|editor2-last=Mistree|editor2-first=Firoza Punthakey|title=A Zoroastrian Tapestry|location=New York|publisher=Mapin|date=2002}}
** Excerpted in {{cite magazine|title=''A Zoroastrian Tapestry'' (book extract) |magazine=The Hindu - Sunday Magazine |url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/07/21/stories/2002072100130200.htm|date=21 July 2002|archive-date=7 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030107132954/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/07/21/stories/2002072100130200.htm}}
* Lucarelli, Fosco (February 9, 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161119174530/http://socks-studio.com/2012/02/09/towers-of-silence-zoroastrian-architectures-for-the-ritual-of-death/ "Towers of Silence: Zoroastrian Architectures for the Ritual of Death"], ''Socks-Studio''
* {{citation|last1=Kotwal|first1=Firoze M.|last2=Mistree|first2=Khojeste P.|chapter=Protecting the Physical World|pages=337–365|editor-last=Godrej|editor-first=Pheroza J.|editor2-last=Mistree|editor2-first=Firoza Punthakey|title=A Zoroastrian Tapestry|location=New York|publisher=Mapin|date=2002}}
* {{cite journal|author1= منصور خواجه پور [Khajepour, Mansour]|author2= زینب رئوفی [Raoufi, Zeinab]|title=راهبردی نظری برای باززنده‌سازی دخمه‌های زرتشتیان در ایران (نمونۀ موردی : دخمۀ زرتشتیان کرمان)|journal=ماهنامه علمی پژوهشی باغ نظر [Bagh-e-Nazar: The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center for Art, Architecture & Urbanism]|date=June 2018|volume=15|issue=61|pages=57–70|doi=10.22034/bagh.2018.63865|trans-title=A Theoretical Approach to Restoration of Zoroastrians' Tower of Silence (Dakhma) in Iran (A Case study of tower of silence of Kerman)|language=fa, en}}
* Harris, Gardiner (29 November 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/30/world/asia/cultivating-vultures-to-restore-a-mumbai-ritual.html "Giving New Life to Vultures to Restore a Human Ritual of Death"], ''The New York Times''
* {{Skeptoid| id=4323| number=323| title= 8 Spooky Places, and Why They're Like That| date= August 14, 2012| quote= 1. Zoroastrian Towers of Silence| access-date=}}
* {{citation|last=Boyce|first=Mary|author-link=Mary Boyce|title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|publisher=Routledge|location=London|date=1979|pages=156–162}}
* {{citation|last=Boyce|first=Mary|chapter=Death among Zoroastrians|title=Encyclopædia Iranica|volume=7|date=1996|issue=2|location=Cosa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v7f2/v7f263.html|access-date=2007-08-15|archive-date=2007-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106095624/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v7f2/v7f263.html|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Death customs]]
[[Category:Persian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Religion and death]]
[[Category:Towers in India]]
[[Category:Towers in Iran]]
[[Category:Zoroastrianism]]

Pur, Bhiwani

2026-02-12T08:19:51Z

Vinod6176:

{{One source|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = (Purya)
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = none
| pushpin_map_alt = Location in Haryana, India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.9515|N|76.0906|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bawani Khera]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =Ganesh/Deepanshu
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,961
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = De facto
| demographics1_info1 =[[Haryanvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =127032
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pur''' is a [[village]] in the [[Bawani Khera]] [[tehsil]] of [[Bhiwani district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. It lies on the border with [[Hisar district]], {{convert|20|km}} north of the district headquarters at [[Bhiwani]], {{convert|6|km}} west of Bawani Khera and around {{convert|240|km}} from the state capital [[Chandigarh]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the [[2011 Census of India]]}}, the village had 1,248 households with a total population of 6,961 of which 3,682 were male and 3,279 female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pur village|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=62739|publisher=[[Census of India]]|accessdate=31 July 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Over the following decades, the settlement expanded as additional households were established around the original habitation site. Generations descending from the early Tanwar lineage—locally recalled through names such as Bagdi, Agdi, Prahlad and Dharampal—are regarded as having contributed to the early socio-agricultural development of the village.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Pur gradually integrated into the administrative framework of [[Bawani Khera]] tehsil and the wider agrarian economy of the [[Bhiwani district]]. Despite modern development, the village retains cultural and architectural elements that reflect its early formation and long-standing oral history.

==Temples==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
* [[Shri Hanuman Mandir, Salangpur|Sri Hanuman Mandir]]
* [[Sri Ram Mandir]]
* [[Sri Goga Ji Maharaj Mandir]]
* [[Shiv Mandir, Ambarnath|Shiv Mandir]]
* [[Paramhans Baba Harihar Mandir]]
* [[Durga Mata Mandir]]
* [[Baba Lal mandir]]
* [[Guru Ravidas Mandir]]
*[[Bhya Duj Mandir]]
* [[Saiyad Baba Mazar]]
* [[Baba Bhairav Mandir (Dera)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwani district]]

{{Bhiwani-geo-stub}}

Gurnam Singh

2026-02-07T20:13:01Z

Vinod6176: adjust lead additionally and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Gurnam Singh Grewal
|image = Gurnam Singh ex-CM Punjab India.jpg
|caption =
|office = 6th [[Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
|term_start = 8 March 1967
|term_end = 25 November 1967
|predecessor = [[Giani Gurmukh Singh Mussafir]]
|successor = [[Lachhman Singh Gill]]
|term_start1 = 17 February 1969
|term_end1 = 27 March 1970
|predecessor1 = [[President's rule]]
|successor1 = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|02|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Narangwal]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1973|05|31|1899|02|25|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname =
|nationality = Indian
|party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|otherparty =
|spouse =
|children =
|residence =
|profession = Politician
|Alma Mater =
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|footnotes =
| office3 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of opposition in Punjab assembly]]
| term_start3 = 11 March 1962
| term_end3 = 5 July 1966
| predecessor3 = [[Gopal Singh Khalsa]]
| successor3 = [[President rule]]
| term_start4 = 1 November 1966
| term_end4 = 8 March 1967
| predecessor4 = [[President rule]]
| successor4 = [[Gian Singh Rarewala]]
| term_start5 = 24 November 1967
| term_end5 = 23 August 1968
| predecessor5 = [[Gian Singh Rarewala]]
| successor5 = [[Harinder Singh (Punjab politician)|Harinder Singh]]
| website = https://www.gurnamsingh.org/
}}

'''Gurnam Singh''' (25 February 1899 – 31 May 1973) was an Indian politician and the 6th [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] from 8 March 1967 to 25 November 1967, and again between 17 February 1969 to 27 March 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/members/showcm.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-12-21 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213075808/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/members/showcm.asp |archive-date=2007-02-13 }}</ref> He was the first [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] Chief minister of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akali CMs|url=http://www.shiromaniakalidal.org.in/akali-cms/|access-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624073436/http://www.shiromaniakalidal.org.in/akali-cms/|archive-date=24 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> His ministry fell due to defection of [[Lachhman Singh Gill]], who became the next Chief Minister with the support of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He died in an air crash in Delhi on 31 May 1973.

==Early life==
Singh was born in [[Narangwal]], [[Ludhiana]] on 25 February 1899 in a Grewal [[Jat people|Jatt]] family.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grewal|first1=Dr Dalvinder Singh|url=http://grewalbrotherhood.com/pdfs/english/Origin%20of%20Grewals.htm|title=ORIGIN OF GREWALS|access-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122134401/http://grewalbrotherhood.com/pdfs/english/Origin%20of%20Grewals.htm|archive-date=22 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=While Badal shines, other ex-CMs' villages remain its poor cousins|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140121/main7.htm|access-date=10 June 2014|newspaper=The Tribune|date=21 January 2014}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]].<ref name=tribune1>{{cite news|title=Gurnam Singh's birth anniversary to be celebrated|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb11/punjab.htm#7|access-date=10 June 2014|newspaper=The Tribune|date=11 February 1999}}</ref> He captained the [[field hockey|hockey]] team of [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]].<ref name=tribune2>{{cite news|last1=Dhanoa|first1=S. S.|title=The multi-faceted personality of Gurnam Singh|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb27/saturday/head2.htm|access-date=10 June 2014|newspaper=The Tribune|date=27 February 1999}}</ref>

==Law career==
Singh practiced [[Law]] in [[Lyallpur]] (Present day [[Faisalabad]], [[Pakistan]]). Later he served as the president of the Bar Association, there. During the [[Partition of India#Punjab|partition of Punjab]], Singh moved to [[Punjab, India]]. He was made the judge of the PEPSU and Punjab High Courts in 1950. He retired from this post in 1959.<ref name=tribune1/><ref>{{cite web|title=Hon'ble Former Judges|url=http://highcourtchd.gov.in/?trs=former_judges|publisher=Punjab & Haryana High Court, Chandigarh|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

==Political career==
In 1959, he joined [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]. In 1962, he became the member of [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha]] from Raikot. He defeated congress candidate [[Inder Mohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Punjab_1962.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref> Akali Dal president [[Sant Fateh Singh]] made Gurnam Singh the head of the legislative wing of the party. He served as the leader of opposition in [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha]] from 1962 to 1967. In 1967, he won from Qila Raipur constituency, which he defended in 1969 too.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Punjab%201967.pdf|publisher=ECI|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%20Punjab%201969.pdf|publisher=ECI|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref> In 1967 he became the first non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]] of Punjab. He led a coalition government of Akali Dal, [[Jana Sangh]] and communists. However, his government could not complete the full term. He again became chief minister in 1969. Later he served as [[High Commissioner]] of India in [[Canberra]], [[Australia]].<ref name=tribune2/><ref>{{cite news|title=A gentleman-politician|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010304/ldh1.htm|access-date=10 June 2014|newspaper=The Tribune|date=4 March 2001}}</ref>

==Death==
Singh died in an air crash in Delhi on 31 May 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://megassembly.gov.in/proceedings/1973/23-07-1973.htm |title=Proceedings, Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |publisher=Megassembly.gov.in |access-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurnam}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, India| Singh, Gurnam]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in India]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Shiromani Akali Dal]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1973]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]

Bhanu Jayanti

2026-02-01T16:24:22Z

Vinod6176: Put up a details and citations

{{Short description|Observance celebrated in Nepal and India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Bhanu Jayanti
| image = Bhanubhakta Acharya painting.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]
| type = patriotic
| observedby = [[Nepal]] and [[India]]
| significance = Commemorates the Nepali-language writer [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]
| date = 29th day of the Nepali month of [[Ashadha]]
| scheduling = same day every year
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto =
}}
'''Bhanu Jayanti''' ({{Langx|ne|भानु जयन्ती|lit=}}) is an observance annually celebrated on the 29th day of the Nepali month of [[Ashadha]] (13 July) to commemorate Nepali writer [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]] (1814– 1868) who translated the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' from [[Sanskrit]] to Nepali for the first time. During the observance, many people add a [[garland]] to statues of Bhanubhakta, participate in the [[Parade|parades]], and remember his contribution to the [[Nepali language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Tanuj |date=12 July 2022 |title=Bhanu Jayanti: History and its significance for Gorkha community |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/festival/2022/07/12/bhanu-jayanti-history-and-its-significance-for-gorkha-community/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Bhanubhakta Acharya}}
[[Bhanubhakta Acharya]] was born on 13 July 1814 (29 Ashadh 1871 [[Vikram Samvat|BS]]) in the village of [[Chundi Ramgha]], [[Tanahun District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=Bhanu Bhakta Acharya: 5 reasons why a poet became a household name in Nepal |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/bhanu-bhakta-acharya-nepal-aadikavi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713043312/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/bhanu-bhakta-acharya-nepal-aadikavi.html |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=OnlineKhabar |language=en-GB}}</ref> Acharya set out to translate the [[Valmiki]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' in the [[Nepali language]], which is widely considered to be the first Nepali epic.<ref name="biz">{{cite news |date=27 June 2016 |title=English translation of Bhanubhakta's 'Ramayana' released |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher= |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/english-translation-of-bhanubhakta-s-ramayana-released-116062700412_1.html |via=Business Standard}}</ref> Due to this, the author, Bhanubhakta Acharya is known as ''Adikavi'' (first poet) in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2022 |title=Bhanu Jayanti 2022: Date, history and significance of the day |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/bhanu-jayanti-2022-date-history-and-significance-of-the-day-101657435338970.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Celebrations ==
During Bhanu Jayanti, high officials including the [[President of Nepal]], and the [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] remember Acharya's contribution to the [[Nepali language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samiti |first=Rastriya Samachar |date=13 July 2022 |title=Bhanu Jayanti, Guru Purnima being observed today |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/bhanu-jayanti-guru-purnima-being-observed-today |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikari |first=Priyanka |date=13 July 2018 |title=PM Oli urges new generation to follow ideals of Bhanubhakta |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-oli-urges-new-generation-to-follow-ideals-of-bhanubhakta |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref> The people who participate in the [[Parade|parades]], chant slogans praising Bhanubhakta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikari |first=Priyanka |date=13 July 2018 |title=Morning procession held to mark 205th Bhanu Jayanti |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/morning-procession-held-to-mark-205th-bhanu-jayanti |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref> The statues of Bhanubhakta throughout Nepal and India are [[Garland|garlanded]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhungel |first=Pankaj |date=12 July 2022 |title=Ahead of Bhanu Jayanti, Sikkim unveils life-size statue of Nepali poet |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2022/07/12/ahead-of-bhanu-jayanti-sikkim-unveils-life-size-statue-of-nepali-poet/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Bhanu Puraskar ==
During the occasion of Bhanu Jayanti, the [[Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim]], gives out prestigious award named after Bhanubhakta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KN Sharma announced as Bhanu Puraskar 2022 awardee; Seva Shree honours for nine achievers |url=http://sikkimexpress.com/kn-sharma-announced-as-bhanu-puraskar-2022-awardee-seva-shree-honours-for-nine-achievers |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nepali language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayanti, Bhanu}}
[[Category:Annual events in Nepal]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:July observances]]
[[Category:Nepali language]]
[[Category:Public holidays in India]]
[[Category:Birthdays by person]]

Aleeza Khan

2026-01-27T00:47:25Z

Vinod6176: added info

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aleeza Khan
| occupation = Actress
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|08|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2004–present
}}

'''Aleeza Khan''' is an Indian actress, known for ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]'' (2006) and ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' (1998).<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aleeza-Khan-gets-replaced-in-Qubool-Hai/articleshow/16915335.cms|title=Aleeza Khan gets replaced in Qubool Hai! - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 October 2012 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aleeza-Khan-to-replace-Shriya-Jha-in-Jhilmil-Sitaaron/articleshow/18987213.cms|title=Aleeza Khan to replace Shriya Jha in Jhilmil Sitaaron - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 March 2013 |publisher=}}</ref> She was almost finalised to play Nikhat in ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' but was replaced by [[Archana Taide]].<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aleeza-Khan-Harsh-Khurana-Shabnam-in-Qubool-Hai/articleshow/16364987.cms|title=Aleeza Khan, Harsh Khurana, Shabnam in Qubool Hai - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 September 2012 |publisher=}}</ref>

Aleeza's first notable role in television was in ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]'' on [[Zee TV]] as Gauri Garodia, one of the Garodia sisters. Her first movie was ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]''. Her other notable roles were Angana in ''[[Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka Aangan Hoga]]'' and Amrita in ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''.

Recently, she was seen in ''[[Maddam Sir]]'' where she played multiple roles, such as Pinky, Aparna Bhansal, Zeenat and Charulata in different episodes.

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Kesar]]''
| Neha
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''Karan – The Detective''
|
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
| Gauri Garodia / Gauri Akash Shah
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Love U Zindagi]]''
| Roop Dhillon
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aleeza-khan-in-fear-files/articleshow/17602661.cms|title=Aleeza Khan in Fear Files|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2012 |access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref>
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jhilmil Sitaaron Ka Aangan Hoga]]''
| Angana Saumya Chauhan
| [[Sahara One]]
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''
| Amrita Vikram Dhanrajgir
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Naam: Radha Mohan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-a-roller-coaster-ride-in-this-industry-but-i-love-it-says-aleeza-khan-who-is-seen-in-pyaar-ka-pehla-naam-radha-mohan/articleshow/102680542.cms|title=It's a roller coaster ride in this industry, but I love it, says Aleeza Khan|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>
| Advocate Devika Sahay
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3495800}}
* {{Instagram|iamaleezakhan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Aleeza}}
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Yog Raj Sharma

2026-01-14T05:30:24Z

Vinod6176: stub

{{Short description|Indian ophthalmologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yog Raj Sharma
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Prof. Yog Raj Sharma, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 08, 2015.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the Padma Shri Award to Yog Raj Sharma in 2015
| birth_date = 16 December 1950
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Ophthalmologist]]
| yearsactive = Since 1979
| known for = Vitreo-retinal surgery
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[American Academy of Ophthalmology|AAO]] Academic Achievement Award [[American Academy of Ophthalmology|AAO]] Front Row Surgical Video Award
}}

'''Yog Raj Sharma''' is an Indian [[ophthalmologist]]<ref>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.sunlighthealth.com/doctors/yog-raj-sharma/55340
| title=Sunlight Health
| publisher=Sunlight Health
| date=2015
| access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> and ex-chief of [[Regional Institute of Ophthalmology|Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences]] of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), New Delhi,<ref name="AIIMS">*{{cite web
| url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/spcenter/RPC/yrsharma/welcome.html
| title=AIIMS
| publisher=AIIMS
| date=2015
| access-date=4 March 2015
}}
*{{cite web
| url=http://www.webmedcentralplus.com/profile/5656
| title=Web Med
| publisher=Web Med
| date=2015
| access-date=4 March 2015
| archive-date=16 July 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716184054/https://www.webmedcentralplus.com/profile/5656
| url-status=dead
}}
{{cite book
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23Y0R7eh4osC&q=Yearbook+of+Ophthalmology+Chicago+and+London&pg=PA270
| title=Concise Textbook of Ophthalmology
| date=2015
| isbn=9788181478535
| access-date=4 March 2015
| author1=Sharma
| publisher=Elsevier India
}}
*{{cite web
| url=http://www.edubilla.com/award/padma-shri/yog-raj-sharma/
| title=Edubilla
| publisher=Edubilla
| date=2015
| access-date=4 March 2015
}}</ref> the apex body of the ''National Programme for the Control of Blindness'',<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2012;volume=37;issue=3;spage=139;epage=141;aulast=Vashist
| title=National Programme for the Control of Blindness
| publisher=National Programme for the Control of Blindness
| date=2015
| access-date=4 March 2015
| archive-date=21 May 2021
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521125746/https://www.ijcm.org.in/article.asp?issn=0970-0218;year=2012;volume=37;issue=3;spage=139;epage=141;aulast=Vashist
| url-status=dead
}}</ref> a [[Government of India]] initiative to reduce the prevalence of blindness in India.<ref name="NPCB">{{cite web
| url=http://npcb.nic.in/
| title=NPCB
| publisher=NPCB
| date=2015
| access-date=4 March 2015
| archive-date=7 October 2019
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007035708/http://www.npcb.nic.in/
| url-status=dead
}}</ref> He is the Chairman of the ''Task Force on Prevention and Control of Diabetic Retinopathy Group'' and the Co-Chairman of the ''National Task Force on Prevention of Blindness from Retinopathy of Prematurity'' under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] of the Government of India. An advisor to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. Sharma was honored by the [[Government of India]] in 2015 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref>
*{{cite web
|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952
|title=Padma Awards
|publisher=Padma Awards
|date=2015
|access-date=16 February 2015
|url-status=unfit
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952 |archive-date=28 January 2015}}
*{{cite web
| url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2015/01/26/dr-ambrish-mithal-dr-ashok-seth-to-be-conferred-with-padma-bhushan-award/
| title=India Medical Times
| publisher=India Medical Times
| date=26 January 2015
| access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> In 2005, Yog Raj Sharma's published article on "Pars plana vitrectomy vs scleral buckling in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment" in Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica and in November 2021, American society of retina specialists cited it as top 100 publications on retinal detachment management in the last ~121 years. Of these top hundred publications, only nineteen countries contributed, three of the contributing countries were Asian and from India this study was the sole contribution.{{cn|date=January 2023}} Dr Sharma called it 'the singular biggest achievement of his career" in an article published in Daily Excelsior, Jammu in December 2021.

==Biography==
Yog Raj Sharma was born in [[Jammu]] in the North Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref name="Daily Excelsior">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dr-yograj-sharma-jammu-selected-padamshree/ | title=Daily Excelsior | publisher=Daily Excelsior | date=28 January 2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> and did his early schooling at [[Government Sri Ranbir Model Higher Secondary School]], Jammu.<ref name="Greater Kashmir">{{cite web | url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2014/Apr/30/jammu-born-medico-new-head-of-aiims-eye-centre-55.asp | title=Greater Kashmir | publisher=Greater Kashmir | date=30 April 2014 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> He graduated in medicine (MBBS Hons) from the [[University of Kolkata]] in 1974 and secured a master's degree (MS) from the [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], (PGIMER) Chandigarh in 1978<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med">{{cite web | url=http://www.webmedcentralplus.com/profile/5656 | title=Web Med | publisher=Web Med | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015 | archive-date=16 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716184054/https://www.webmedcentralplus.com/profile/5656 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Daily Excelsior" /> where he did his senior residency for a year.<ref name="Web Med"/> He went to USA in 1979 to pursue higher studies, obtained a degree from the [[Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates]] (ECFMG) in 1979<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" /><ref name="Daily Excelsior" /> and continued there till 1982 as a member of faculty of ophthalmology and visual sciences at [[Yale University School of Medicine]].<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" /><ref name="Google Books">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23Y0R7eh4osC&q=Yearbook+of+Ophthalmology+Chicago+and+London&pg=PA270 | title=Concise Textbook of Ophthalmology | date=2015 | isbn=9788181478535 | access-date=4 March 2015| author1=Sharma | publisher=Elsevier India }}</ref> The next assignment was as a faculty member at the [[University of Maryland Hospital]], Baltimore<ref name="Google Books" /> where he stayed till 1984.<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" /> He returned to India and, in 1985, he took up the position of the assistant director at the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" /> In 1986, he joined the Vitreo-Retina Unit of Dr. R. P. Centre at [[AIIMS]] and became the professor of [[Eye surgery|VR Surgery]] in 2002.<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" />

Sharma is the Chief of Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences since 2012<ref name="Web Med" /><ref name="Daily Excelsior" /> and has held the position of a professor at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, [[United Arab Emirates University]] since 1992, reportedly the first ophthalmologist to be appointed at the university.<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Greater Kashmir" /> He heads two [[Government of India]] initiatives, the ''Task Force on Prevention and Control of Diabetic Retinopathy Group'' as its chairman and the ''National Task Force on Prevention of Blindness from Retinopathy of Prematurity'' as its co-chairman.<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Daily Excelsior" /> He also serves as an advisor to the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] and as a director of the ''South East Asia Centre for Ophthalmology''<ref name="SEARO">{{cite web | url=http://www.searo.who.int/regional_director/speeches/2014/rd-singh-r-p-centre/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012101838/http://www.searo.who.int/regional_director/speeches/2014/rd-singh-r-p-centre/en/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 October 2014 | title=SEARO | publisher=SEARO WHO | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> of the [[World Health Organization]].<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Edubilla">{{cite web | url=http://www.edubilla.com/award/padma-shri/yog-raj-sharma/ | title=Edubilla | publisher=Edubilla | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Daily Excelsior" /><ref name="Greater Kashmir" />

==Legacy and achievements==
Sharma, who is known to have introduced many innovations in vitreo-retinal surgery, have trained many professionals in the procedure in India and abroad and is credited with the performance of over 20,000 surgeries.<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" /> He has published 193 medical papers in national and international peer reviewed journals<ref name="Google Books" /><ref name="PubFacts">{{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/YogRaj+Sharma | title=PubFacts Profile | publisher=PubFacts | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> and holds a [[ResearchGate]] score of 34.86,<ref name="ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yog_Sharma2 | title=ResearchGate | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref> putting him in the upper 8 percent of the online repository publications,<ref name="AIIMS" /> with his citation index standing above 1000.<ref name="Greater Kashmir" /> He has authored eleven books<ref name="Greater Kashmir" /><ref name="Concise Textbook Of Ophthalmology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23Y0R7eh4osC&q=dr+yog+raj+sharma&pg=PP5 | title=Concise Textbook Of Ophthalmology | publisher=Elsevier |author1=Yog Raj Sharma |author2=Rajeev Sudan | year=2006 | isbn=9788181478535}}</ref> and has contributed 46 chapters<ref name="Google Books" /><ref name="Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksIDBAAAQBAJ&q=dr+yog+raj+sharma&pg=PR9 | title=Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology | publisher=Jaypeee Medical | author=H V Nema, Nitin Nema (authors), Y R Sharma (contributor) | year=2014 | pages=462 | isbn=9789350908525}}</ref> in books published by other authors.<ref name="AIIMS" /> The ''Year Book of Ophthalmology''<ref name="Year Book of Ophthalmology">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTCYAAAAQBAJ&q=The+Year+book+of+Ophthalmology | title=Year Book of Ophthalmology | publisher=Elsevier | editor=Christopher J. Rapuano | year=2013 | pages=276 | isbn=9781455773060}}</ref> carries 2 chapters and four abstracts written by Sharma.<ref name="AIIMS" /> He was also involved in many clinical trials conducted in India.<ref name="CTRI clinical trial">{{cite web | url=http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=611 | title=CTRI clinical trial | publisher=CTRI | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref>

Sharma has presented papers at 229 national and international conferences<ref name="Web Med" /> including the first international meeting on ''Light and Oxygen Toxicity to the Eye'' and has a scientific exhibit displayed at the [[American Academy of Ophthalmology]].<ref name="AIIMS" /> He was an invited guest speaker at the Annual Conference of American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco in 2006 and 2009 where he delivered lectures on ''Minimally Invasive Vitreous Surgery: Sutureless 20, 23 and 25 Gauge System'', ''Silicon Oil in Vitreo-Retinal Surgery'' and ''Wide Angle Vitreous Surgery''.<ref name="AIIMS" /> He is a peer reviewer for many international scientific journals and publications such as [[American Journal of Ophthalmology]], [[Indian Journal of Ophthalmology]], British Journal of Medical Groups, [[British Journal of Ophthalmology]], Paediatric Ophthalmology and [[Strabismus]] 2010<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" /> and has been the chief editor of ''Jaypee's Video Atlas of Vitreo-Retinal Surgery (with 12 DVD Roms)''.<ref name="Jaypee's Video Atlas of Vitreo-Retinal Surgery (with 12 DVD Roms)">{{cite book | title=Jaypee's Video Atlas of Vitreo-Retinal Surgery (with 12 DVD Roms) | publisher=Jay Pee Publishers | author=Yog Raj Sharma(Editor), Raj Vanthan Azad(Editor) | year=2009 | pages=135 | isbn=978-8184487268}}</ref>

==Positions and awards==
He is a life member of [[American Academy of Ophthalmology]], All India Ophthalmological Society, Delhi Ophthalmological Society, National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, Ocular Trauma Society of India, Glaucoma Society of India and Vitreo-retinal society of India.<ref name="AIIMS" /><ref name="Web Med" /> He is also a member of [[New York Academy of Sciences]], [[AIIMS]] Ophthalmic Research Association, [[American Academy of Ophthalmology|AAO]] International Faculty Registry, and [[American Academy of Ophthalmology|AAO]] Eye Care Volunteer Registry.<ref name="Web Med" /> ''[[Marquis Who's Who]] in Medicine and Healthcare''<ref name="Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare 2011-2012">{{cite book | url=http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/booksellers/publications/43-whos-who-in-medicine-and-healthcare-2011-2012 | title=Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare 2011-2012 | publisher=Marquis | date=November 2011 | pages=1632 | isbn=978-0-8379-0017-9 | archive-date=9 July 2016 | access-date=4 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709153009/http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/booksellers/publications/43-whos-who-in-medicine-and-healthcare-2011-2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> carried his name in its 2002-13 editions.<ref name="AIIMS" />

Sharma received ''Front Row Surgical Video Award'' in 2008 and ''Academic Achievement Award'' in 2009 from the [[American Academy of Ophthalmology]].<ref name="AIIMS" /> The [[Government of India]] included him the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list, in 2015, for the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Edubilla" /><ref name="India Medical Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiamedicaltimes.com/2015/01/26/dr-ambrish-mithal-dr-ashok-seth-to-be-conferred-with-padma-bhushan-award/ | title=India Medical Times | publisher=India Medical Times | date=26 January 2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Daily Excelsior" />

==See also==
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23Y0R7eh4osC&q=dr+yog+raj+sharma&pg=PP5 | title=Concise Textbook Of Ophthalmology | publisher=Elsevier |author1=Yog Raj Sharma |author2=Rajeev Sudan | year=2006 | isbn=9788181478535}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksIDBAAAQBAJ&q=dr+yog+raj+sharma&pg=PR9 | title=Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology | publisher=Jaypeee Medical | author=H V Nema, Nitin Nema (authors), Y R Sharma (contributor) | year=2014 | pages=462 | isbn=9789350908525}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yog_Sharma2 | title=ResearchGate | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.pubfacts.com/author/YogRaj+Sharma | title=PubFacts Profile | publisher=PubFacts | date=2015 | access-date=4 March 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Yog Raj}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:People from Jammu]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation

2026-01-11T01:39:35Z

Vinod6176: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian online ticketing, catering and tourism company}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
| logo_size = 150px
| logo = IRCTC Logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|542830}}|{{NSE|IRCTC}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE335Y01012}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1999|09|27|df=y|br=y}}
| location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = Sanjay Kumar Jain 
{{small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])}}
| products = Rail Neer
| area_served = India
| industry = Railways
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Electronic ticket|Online ticketing]]
*[[Catering]]
*[[Tourism]]
*[[Hospitality service]]s
}}
| owner = [[Government of India]] (62.4%)
| members = 66 million registered users<ref name="IRCTC">{{cite web|url=https://contents.irctc.co.in/en/adwithus.html|title=IRCTC ad with us|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>
| members_year = 2023
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|4675|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25"/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1580|c}} (FY24)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news|title=IRCTC Annual Report FY24|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/fdc59c22-152c-4d71-9bfb-65166a8dbe5b.pdf }}</ref>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1315|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25">{{cite news|title=IRCTC Annual Report FY25|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/earnings/irctc-share-price-q4fy25-results-net-profit-ticketing-revenue-dividend-19612028.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref>
| parent =
| subsid =
| caption =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.irctc.co.in}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation''' ('''IRCTC''') is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] that provides ticketing, catering, and tourism services for the state-owned [[Indian Railways]]. It was established in 1999 by the [[Government of India]] and operates under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]. In 2019, it was listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] with the Government holding a 67% ownership. As of December 2023, there are 66 million registered users with IRCTC with a daily average of 7.31 lakh tickets booked.

== History ==
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) was established on 27 September 1999, as a [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] completely owned by the [[Government of India]] through the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="BS">{{cite web|title=Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/i-r-c-t-c-23401.html|access-date=1 August 2023|publisher=Business Standard}}</ref> In May 2008, it was classed as a [[Miniratna]] public corporation, which allowed it a certain degree of financial autonomy.<ref name="BS"/> In 2018, then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]] [[Piyush Goyal]] stated that the government was exploring opportunities for disinvestment of IRCTC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Railways: Would you like railways to sell your personal data to a private company?|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/would-you-like-railways-to-sell-your-personal-data-to-a-private-company/articleshow/65115176.cms?from=mdr|date=21 July 2018|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827160610/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/would-you-like-railways-to-sell-your-personal-data-to-a-private-company/articleshow/65115176.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

The company was listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) in 2019, following which the Government of India's holding was reduced to 87%, with the remaining shares being publicly traded.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC IPO off to a strong start, subscribed 81% amid strong demand from retail on Day 1|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/irctc-ipo-off-to-a-strong-start-subscribed-37-retail-fully-grabbed-4488731.html|access-date=1 October 2019|work=Moneycontrol|date=30 September 2019|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001021130/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/irctc-ipo-off-to-a-strong-start-subscribed-37-retail-fully-grabbed-4488731.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Narayanan|first=KS Badri|title=With an oversubscription of 112 times, IRCTC's stock offer is a showstopper|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/at-over-111-times-irctc-ipo-gets-biggest-ever-subscription-for-psus/article29585681.ece|access-date=18 December 2020|work=Business Line|date=3 October 2019|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017105435/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/at-over-111-times-irctc-ipo-gets-biggest-ever-subscription-for-psus/article29585681.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2020, the Government of India divested another 20%, reducing its holding in the IRCTC to 67%.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC Offer For Sale Successful, Government Prunes Stake By 20%|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/irctc-offer-for-sale-successful-government-prunes-stake-by-20-2338093|access-date=18 December 2020|work=NDTV|date=13 December 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220052838/https://www.ndtv.com/business/irctc-offer-for-sale-successful-government-prunes-stake-by-20-2338093|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaur|first=Avneet|date=16 December 2020|title=11% down in a week, IRCTC share to come down after OFS share allotment: Analysts|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/11-down-in-a-week-irctc-share-to-come-down-after-ofs-share-allotment-analysts-11608081746369.html|access-date=18 December 2020|work=mint|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216023232/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/11-down-in-a-week-irctc-share-to-come-down-after-ofs-share-allotment-analysts-11608081746369.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 December 2020|title=Centre launches IRCTC share offer to raise Rs 4,374 crore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/centre-launches-irctc-share-offer-to-raise-rs-4374-crore-7100268/|access-date=18 December 2020|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211005456/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/centre-launches-irctc-share-offer-to-raise-rs-4374-crore-7100268/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2022, the government disinvested further 5% of its share, reducing its ownership to 62.4%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/govt-to-sell-5-of-its-holding-in-irctc-ofs-begins-tomorrow/article66263315.ece|title=Govt to sell 5% of its holding in IRCTC; OFS begins today|date=15 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In March 2025, IRCTC was accorded ''[[Public Sector Undertakings in India#List of Navratna|navaratna]]'' status by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=IRCTC, IRFC get 'navratna' status. What does it mean for the two railway PSUs? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/irctc-irfc-get-navratna-status-what-does-it-mean-for-the-two-railway-psus-11740996086491.html |access-date=14 March 2025 |work=[[Livemint]] |date=3 March 2025 }}</ref>

== Services ==
=== Ticketing and information ===
Online ticketing for Indian Railways was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> IRCTC provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through [[website]], [[smartphone app]]s and [[SMS]]. For Electronic tickets (e-tickets) booked online, IRCTC issues an electronic ticket with a reference [[Passenger name record|PNR]] on a successful booking.<ref name="ETIT">{{cite web|url=https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,283,363,438|title=E ticket and I ticket|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 January 2024}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Electronic tickets can be used for travel along with a valid photo identification and cancellation can be done online.<ref name="ETIT"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> For Internet tickets (I-tickets), while the booking is done online, physical tickets are sent to the customer through [[Mail|post]].<ref name="ETIT"/>

Reserved tickets may be booked up to 30 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket. In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list (WL) number is assigned. There are different types of wait-lists depending on the originating and destination stations of the train and the passenger including Roadside Station Waiting List (RSWL) when tickets are booked from the originating station to an intermediate station and Pooled Quota Waiting List (PQWL) where tickets booked to travel between specific sets of stations are pooled as a single category. A General Waiting List (GNWL) ticket has no such restrictions, and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets in the respective categories and get cancelled automatically if seats are not confirmed before the departure of the train.<ref>{{cite web|title=What do WL, RSWL, PQWL, GNWL on train tickets mean? Know all about railway codes|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-do-wl-rswl-pqwl-gnwl-on-train-tickets-mean-know-all-about-railway-codes-2898270/amp|access-date=27 April 2024| work=DNA}}</ref> [[Reservation against Cancellation|Reservation against cancellation tickets]] (RAC) is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal quota]] (TQ), which has a standalone waiting list (TQWL) and no refund is applicable on cancellation of confirmed tickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, IRCTC launched a loyalty program called Shubh Yatra for frequent travelers wherein passengers could avail discounts on all tickets by paying an upfront annual subscription fee.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 July 2011|title=IRCTC launches scheme for frequent travellers|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/irctc-launches-scheme-for-frequent-travellers/articleshow/9141156.cms|access-date=23 June 2023|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624102555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/irctc-launches-scheme-for-frequent-travellers/articleshow/9141156.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, IRCTC introduced the ''Rolling Deposit Scheme'' (RDS), a type of closed wallet wherein customers can book tickets using money already deposited.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-to-launch-rolling-deposit-scheme-for-e-ticket/articleshow/15902125.cms|title=IRCTC to launch 'Rolling Deposit Scheme' for e-ticket|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=28 August 2012|access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> In 2013, flight and hotel booking services were added as a part of online reservation services.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC website gets 4x faster|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/irctc-website-gets-4x-faster-books-7200-tickets-per-minute/|access-date=31 August 2013|archive-date=11 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911230211/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/irctc-website-gets-4x-faster-books-7200-tickets-per-minute/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, IRCTC launched a lighter version of its website to enable booking at low-speed internet connections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pnrstatusirctc.in/irctc-lite-version-tatkal-launched-know/|title=IRCTC Lite Version For Tatkal Launched|date=28 May 2016|work=IRCTC|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806180216/https://pnrstatusirctc.in/irctc-lite-version-tatkal-launched-know/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 August 2019, IRCTC launched a payment wallet named ''iMudra''.<ref>{{cite web|title=IRCTC iMudra payment wallet: Here's everything you need to know|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/irctc-imudra-payment-wallet-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/463943|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=6 August 2019|access-date=12 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806053451/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/irctc-imudra-payment-wallet-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/463943|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC launches iMudra wallet to provide you hassle-free payment experience|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-irctc-launches-imudra-wallet-to-provide-you-hassle-free-payment-experience-107740|website=Zee Business|access-date=12 March 2020|date=7 August 2019|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515015852/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-irctc-launches-imudra-wallet-to-provide-you-hassle-free-payment-experience-107740|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 August 2021, IRCTC introduced a smart card system through which unreserved train tickets can be bought either at railway stations or online.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC Latest News: Now You Can Easily Recharge Smart Cards To Get Unreserved Train Tickets|url=https://www.india.com/business/irctc-latest-news-now-you-can-easily-recharge-smart-cards-to-get-unreserved-train-tickets-check-here-how-4882060/|access-date=20 August 2021|work=India News|date=11 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820144449/https://www.india.com/business/irctc-latest-news-now-you-can-easily-recharge-smart-cards-to-get-unreserved-train-tickets-check-here-how-4882060/|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC provides train and ticketing related information to passengers through SMS.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/now-get-sms-delay-alerts-at-halt-stations-service-extended-to-1104-more-trains/articleshow/62356250.cms|title=Now get SMS delay alerts at halt stations; service extended to 1,104 more trains|date=3 June 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410071933/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/now-get-sms-delay-alerts-at-halt-stations-service-extended-to-1104-more-trains/articleshow/62356250.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:IRCTC Food Plaza.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A food plaza run by IRCTC]]

=== Catering and hospitality ===
IRCTC has exclusive rights for onboard catering of food on all trains operated by the Indian Railways. [[Pantry car]]s are attached to long and medium distance trains, where food may be prepared onboard or pre-cooked meals can be served depending on the type of the train and the accommodation class.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/eff_res/camtech/ElectricalEngineering/SubjectWise/Revision%20of%20Chapter%2014%20-%20Pantry%20Car%20and%20Mini%20Pantry%20Equipment%20of%20LHB%20Manual%20(Electrical).pdf|title=Pantry car equipment|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> IRCTC also operates food plazas, cafeterias and [[Railway refreshment room|refreshment rooms]] at various railway stations.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC orders closure of all onboard catering services in mail, express trains from Mar 22|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-orders-closure-of-all-onboard-catering-services-in-mail-express-trains-from-mar-22/articleshow/74736446.cms|access-date=12 August 2021|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812094726/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-orders-closure-of-all-onboard-catering-services-in-mail-express-trains-from-mar-22/articleshow/74736446.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, IRCTC launched e-catering services which allowed passengers to order food from private restaurants online or through phone and have it delivered to their seats.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC to resume e-catering services in phases from February|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/irctc-to-resume-e-catering-services-in-phases-from-february-101611327786297.html|access-date=12 August 2021|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=22 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812094726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/irctc-to-resume-e-catering-services-in-phases-from-february-101611327786297.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=eCatering|first=IRCTC|title=Authorized eCatering IRCTC Partners for Food delivery in train|url=https://www.ecatering.irctc.co.in/blog/authorized-ecatering-irctc-partners-for-food-delivery-in-train/|access-date=2 November 2023|publisher=IRCTC}}</ref> IRCTC also manages air-conditioned waiting lounges, retiring rooms and budget hotels at major railway stations.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 March 2023|title=IRCTC Railway Retiring Room Booking Online|url=https://pnrstatusirctc.in/railway-retiring-room-booking-how-to-book/|access-date=9 March 2023|work=IRCTC|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309104810/https://pnrstatusirctc.in/railway-retiring-room-booking-how-to-book/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=G|first1=Jasjeev|title=New Delhi Railway station: Luxury at railway station you may not know of|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/luxury-at-rly-station-you-may-not-know-of/articleshow/63071973.cms|access-date=30 August 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 February 2018|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830064124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/luxury-at-rly-station-you-may-not-know-of/articleshow/63071973.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rly give permission to zonal divisions to decide on reopening of retiring rooms|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ministry-of-railways-accords-permission-to-zonal-railways-to-decide-on-reopening-of-retiring-rooms-at-stations-11614772997621.html|access-date=30 August 2021|work=mint|date=3 March 2021|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830064126/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ministry-of-railways-accords-permission-to-zonal-railways-to-decide-on-reopening-of-retiring-rooms-at-stations-11614772997621.html|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC launched a [[bottled water]] brand "Rail Neer" in 2003, which is sold on trains and railway stations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Arora|first1=Rajat|title=Indian Railways {{!}} Rail Neer: Railways may put Rs 1k crore into 11 new Rail Neer bottling units|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-may-put-rs-1k-crore-into-11-new-rail-neer-bottling-units/articleshow/64281756.cms|access-date=20 August 2021|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=23 May 2018|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820112246/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-may-put-rs-1k-crore-into-11-new-rail-neer-bottling-units/articleshow/64281756.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Can Rail Neer Be The Ace In The Pack For IRCTC As It Navigates Coronavirus Turbulence?|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/can-rail-neer-be-the-ace-in-the-pack-for-irctc-as-it-navigates-coronavirus-turbulence-5577681.html|access-date=20 August 2021|work=Moneycontrol|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820112248/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/can-rail-neer-be-the-ace-in-the-pack-for-irctc-as-it-navigates-coronavirus-turbulence-5577681.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2003|title=Railways' bottled water plant goes on stream|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/railways-bottled-water-plant-goes-on-stream/articleshow/45591781.cms?from=mdr|access-date=25 October 2023|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the [[2025 Prayag Kumbh Mela]], IRCTC offered tent accommodations to visitors.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 December 2024 |title=IRCTC ensures facilities for Mahakumbh Mela 2025, luxury tent city open for bookings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/irctc-ensures-facilities-for-mahakumbh-mela-2025-luxury-tent-city-open-for-bookings/articleshow/116634245.cms?from=mdr |access-date=4 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Train operations ===
[[File:Maharajas'_Express_Train.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Maharajas' Express]], a luxury train operated by IRCTC]]
IRCTC operates luxury trains such as Maharajas' Express, [[Deccan Odyssey]] and other special tourist trains with varied classes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/journeysbyrail/great-train-journeys/10792418/The-Maharajas-Express-Great-Train-Journeys.html|title=Great Rail Journeys|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> These may include standard coaches, regular coaches with modifications and specially designed coaches with coupes, dedicated cabins and suites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goldenchariot.org/aboutUs|title=About us, Golden chariot|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

IRCTC also operates a few express trains in co-ordination with Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramachandran|first1=L. L.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529709032|title=Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited (IRCTC): Scaling Beyond Ticketing|last2=Radhakrishan Pillai|first2=R.|last3=Sebastian|first3=M. P.|date=2018|publisher=Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode|isbn=978-1-5297-0903-2|location=London|doi=10.4135/9781529709032}}</ref> In 2020, the IRCTC began operating the [[Lucknow–New Delhi Tejas Express|first private train]], a [[Tejas Express]] from [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Lucknow Junction railway station|Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news|date=7 October 2020|title=IRCTC's 'private' Tejas Express to resume services from October 17|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-tejas-express-trains-schedule-date-booking-6706583/|access-date=18 December 2020|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024115953/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-tejas-express-trains-schedule-date-booking-6706583/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways' first private train sees strong bookings. Delhi-Lucknow Tejas features|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-first-private-train-sees-strong-bookings-delhi-lucknow-tejas-trainfeatures-1569208587760.html|work=Mint|access-date=25 September 2019|date=23 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924164151/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-first-private-train-sees-strong-bookings-delhi-lucknow-tejas-trainfeatures-1569208587760.html|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC also operates the [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai Central Tejas Express]] and [[Kashi Mahakal Express (via Lucknow)|Kashi Makahal Express]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saluja|first=Nishtha|title=Tejas Express: Railways Minister Piyush Goyal to flag off India's second private train on Friday|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ahmedabad-mumbai-tejas-express-irctcs-second-train-to-be-flagged-off-on-jan-17/articleshow/73302421.cms?from=mdr|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521153233/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ahmedabad-mumbai-tejas-express-irctcs-second-train-to-be-flagged-off-on-jan-17/articleshow/73302421.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Travel and insurance ===
IRCTC also organizes package tours for domestic and foreign tourists.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 most luxurious trains in India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-most-luxurious-trains-in-india-check-here-2291454-2022-10-31|access-date=23 June 2023|work=India Today|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211092708/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-most-luxurious-trains-in-india-check-here-2291454-2022-10-31|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC also enables booking of various services including hotel, flight, taxi, and food delivery in co-ordination with third parties through the platform.<ref name="Governance Now">{{cite news|date=6 May 2016|title=Leaked data is not ours, claims IRCTC|url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/leaked-data-not-ours-claims-irctc-|access-date=14 December 2020|work=Governance Now|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925011253/http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/leaked-data-not-ours-claims-irctc-|url-status=live}}</ref>

IRCTC offers travel insurance for passengers through a third party insurer. In 2018, a security researcher reported that a free travel insurance scheme offered by IRCTC, which caused users on their app to be redirected to a third party insurer, had left the information of approximately 2 lakh passengers exposed for two years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Did IRCTC bug leave 2 lakh passengers' information exposed to hackers for 2 years?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/irctc-fixes-bug-that-had-left-2-lakh-passenger-information-exposed-after-2-years/story/289905.html|access-date=14 December 2020|work=Business Today|date=12 November 2018|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621190716/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/irctc-fixes-bug-that-had-left-2-lakh-passenger-information-exposed-after-2-years/story/289905.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How a free travel insurance offer on the Indian Railways website left data of 200,000 passengers exposed to hackers for two years|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/how-a-free-travel-insurance-offer-on-the-indian-railways-website-left-data-of-200000-passengers-exposed-to-hackers-for-two-years/articleshow/66604055.cms|access-date=14 December 2020|work=Business Insider|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524094752/https://www.businessinsider.in/how-a-free-travel-insurance-offer-on-the-indian-railways-website-left-data-of-200000-passengers-exposed-to-hackers-for-two-years/articleshow/66604055.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, IRCTC discontinued the insurance scheme before fixing the vulnerability that had left this data exposed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Christopher|first=Nilesh|title=IRCTC wakes up after 2 years to fix its security bug|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-wakes-up-after-2-years-fixes-its-security-bug/articleshow/66581292.cms?from=mdr|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513091751/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/irctc-wakes-up-after-2-years-fixes-its-security-bug/articleshow/66581292.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Others ===
In May 2020, the IRCTC made [[Aarogya Setu]], an app launched by Government of India, to track [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=Amid data privacy issues Indian Railways makes Aarogya Setu mandatory for passengers|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/amid-data-privacy-issues-indian-railways-makes-aarogya-setu-mandatory-for-passengers-1502887468.html|access-date=14 December 2020|work=The Statesman|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929075449/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/amid-data-privacy-issues-indian-railways-makes-aarogya-setu-mandatory-for-passengers-1502887468.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, the app was made mandatory for train travel.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2020|title=Indian Railways makes Aarogya Setu app mandatory for train travel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/railways-makes-installing-aarogya-setu-mobile-app-mandatory-for-travel/articleshow/75688497.cms|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2020, the government clarified that downloading the app was optional and not mandatory for train travel after a directive from the [[Karnataka High Court]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Plumber|first=Mustafa|date=12 June 2020|title=Aargoya Setu Installation Not Mandatory For Travel By Air, Rail: Centre Tells Karnataka HC|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/aargoya-setu-installation-not-mandatory-for-travel-by-air-rail-centre-tells-karnataka-hc-158240|work=Livelaw|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030515/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/aargoya-setu-installation-not-mandatory-for-travel-by-air-rail-centre-tells-karnataka-hc-158240|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, IRCTC announced that it is exploring on ways to increase revenues through the utilization of passenger data.<ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC may let outside entities access your data now|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/oct/04/irctc-may-let-outside-entities-access-your-data-now-1880930.html|date=4 October 2018|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/oct/04/irctc-may-let-outside-entities-access-your-data-now-1880930.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This raised concerns on sharing and safety of passenger data stored with IRCTC.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 2018|title=Threat to privacy: Is your data with IRCTC safe? Former railway minister Dinesh Trivedi has this to say|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/threat-to-privacy-is-your-data-with-irctc-safe-former-railway-minister-dinesh-trivedi-has-this-to-say/1273219/|access-date=21 December 2020|work=The Financial Express|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808111010/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/threat-to-privacy-is-your-data-with-irctc-safe-former-railway-minister-dinesh-trivedi-has-this-to-say/1273219/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]s, IRCTC officials used passenger [[e-mail]] data that had been provided to them to book tickets, in order to email pamphlets promoting Government welfare schemes and policies to [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|date=14 December 2023|title=Amid protest, Centre reaches out to Sikhs by email through IRCTC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/govt-reaches-out-to-sikhs-by-email-through-irctc/articleshow/79700466.cms|access-date=14 December 2023|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> IRCTC officials denied that e-mails were selectively targeted at members of the Sikh community.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 December 2020|title=IRCTC sends out nearly 2 crore emails in 5 days highlighting Modi's relationship with Sikh community|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-sends-out-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-highlighting-modis-relationship-with-sikh-community-7103570/|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214052422/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/irctc-sends-out-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-highlighting-modis-relationship-with-sikh-community-7103570/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|date=2020-12-13|title=IRCTC sends nearly 2 crore emails in 5 days flagging Narendra Modi's relationship with Sikhs|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/irctc-sends-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-flagging-narendra-modis-relationship-with-sikhs/article33321112.ece|access-date=14 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214101249/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/irctc-sends-nearly-2-crore-emails-in-5-days-flagging-narendra-modis-relationship-with-sikhs/article33321112.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Patronage ==
As of December 2023, there are 66 million registered users with IRCTC with a daily average of 7.31 lakh tickets booked.<ref name="IRCTC"/> IRCTC also enables various services in co-ordination with third parties where the same user data is shared.<ref name="Governance Now"/>

In 2016, [[Maharashtra Police]] reported a potential leak of personal information relating to 10 million users registered with IRCTC.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mehta|first=Manthank|date=5 May 2016|title=IRCTC website hacked, information of lakhs feared stolen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/IRCTC-website-hacked-information-of-lakhs-feared-stolen/articleshow/52116516.cms|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813035114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/irctc-website-hacked-information-of-lakhs-feared-stolen/articleshow/52116516.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> IRCTC set up a committee consisting of officials from the IRCTC and [[Centre for Railway Information Systems]] (CRIS) to examine the report and declared that the data with IRCTC was safe and some data shared with third parties might have been leaked.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2016|title=IRCTC denies data theft reports, sets up probe panel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/irctc-hack-data-theft-2785213/|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=The Indian Express|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108170956/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/irctc-hack-data-theft-2785213/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC Data Not Leaked, Everything Safe: Officials|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/irctc-data-not-leaked-everything-safe-officials-1403693|access-date=14 December 2020|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825073159/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/irctc-data-not-leaked-everything-safe-officials-1403693|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC hacking: Railways claims no leakage of 'sensitive' data|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/irctc-hacking-railways-claims-no-leakage-of-sensitive-data/article8561744.ece|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 May 2016|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411204547/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/irctc-hacking-railways-claims-no-leakage-of-sensitive-data/article8561744.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRCTC denies website hack, says everything is safe and secure|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/irctc-denies-website-hack-says-everything-is-safe-and-secure/articleshow/52117348.cms|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004134927/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/irctc-denies-website-hack-says-everything-is-safe-and-secure/articleshow/52117348.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2020, passenger data of more than 9 lakh individuals surfaced in dark web with IRCTC denying the leak.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 October 2020|title=User data of more than 900,000 leaked from IRCTC last year, resurfaces on dark web|url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/user-data-of-more-than-900-000-leaked-from-irctc-last-year-resurfaces-on-dark-web-71602848960804.html|access-date=14 December 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113111003/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/user-data-of-more-than-900-000-leaked-from-irctc-last-year-resurfaces-on-dark-web-71602848960804.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Catering and food service companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian travel websites]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

S. L. Narayanan

2026-01-09T03:11:33Z

Vinod6176: details - done

{{short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1998)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Narayanan|Sunilduth Lyna}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox chess player
| image = SLNarayanan23.jpg
| caption = S. L. Narayanan at FIDE Grand Swiss 2023
| full_name = Sunilduth Lyna Narayanan
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|01|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2015)
| rating =
| peakrating = 2695 (March 2024)
| peakranking = No. 40 (May 2024)
| FideID = 5058422 
}}

'''Sunilduth Lyna Narayanan''' (born 10 January 1998<ref name="Chess.com Profile">{{cite web |title=Narayanan S L |url=https://www.chess.com/players/narayanan-s-l |publisher=Chess.com |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>) is an Indian chess player. He earned the title of [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] in 2015 and is the 41st Grandmaster from [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banjan |first1=Priyadarshan |title=S.L. Narayanan becomes India’s 41st grandmaster |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/sl-narayanan-becomes-indias-41st-gm/ |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=14 November 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2026|1|post=,}} he is ranked No. 17 in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narayanan S L |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/5058422 |publisher=FIDE |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

==Early life ==
Narayanan was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.<ref name="Chess.com Profile"/> He was trained professionally by former Kerala State Champion P. Sreekumar, and subsequently by [[International Master]] Varugeese Koshy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srikanth |first1=Saishyam |title=The story of SL Narayanan - devoted to the game of chess |url=https://chessbase.in/news/Story-of-SL-Narayanan |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

== Career==
Narayanan won his first championship, the Kerala State Under 9 Championship, in August 2007. The same day, [[Kerala]] got their first Grandmaster, G. N. Gopal.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} Narayanan was the Under-11 Kerala State Chess champion in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |title=Precocious siblings turn heads at chess tourney |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2009/Oct/07/precocious-siblings-turn-heads-at-chess-tourney-94365.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012}}</ref> Under 13 State Champion in 2010, State Sub Junior Champion in 2011, State Junior Champion in 2012, and 2nd in State Senior in 2012.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} Narayanan won the silver medal for the Under 12 category in the [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]] which was held in Delhi in May 2010. In that tournament, he drew with Grandmaster Parimarjan Negi and beat WIM Kiran Manisha Mohanthy at age 12.<ref name="Commonwealth Chess Championship 2010"/> In July 2011, he attended training from Grandmaster Yevgeny Vladimirov at the Chess Camp ''First Move'' conducted by Lakshya and Flame School in [[Pune]], Maharashtra.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The first time Narayanan played against a grandmaster was in January 2010, during the Parsvnath Open Chess Tournament in [[Delhi]]. He was offered a walkover as his first-round opponent and third seed [[Ehsan Ghaem Maghami]] failed to turn up on time because of a delayed flight. However, the 11-year-old Narayanan declined the walkover and agreed to play Maghami, who went on to win the game. When asked about this, Narayanan said, "it is only fair to give him a chance; besides being able to play a GM is a big deal".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Anupma |title=Player loses but wins hearts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other/player-loses-but-wins-hearts/story-g54Ji9Yk3pTw3x8DGh6TAJ.html |access-date=7 January 2026 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=15 January 2010}}</ref>

== Chess career==

* 2010: Won silver in the under-16 category of the [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]] held in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Commonwealth Chess Championship 2010">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Chess Championships-2010 |url=https://s2.chess-results.com/tnr33848.aspx?lan=1&art=1&SNode=S0 |publisher=chess-results.com |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>
* 2011: In July, he won silver in the National Sub Junior Chess Championship held in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=37th National Sub Junior Chess Championship for boys July 2011 India FIDE Chess Tournament report |url=https://ratings.fide.com/report.phtml?event=56991 |publisher=FIDE |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> In September, he achieved 7th place in the 41st National Junior Chess Championship held in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=41st National Junior (Under-19) Chess Championship-2011 |url=https://s1.chess-results.com/tnr55831.aspx?lan=1&art=1&turdet=YES&SNode=S0 |publisher=chess-results.com |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>
* 2012: Played on the first board for the bronze medal-winning Indian team at the Under-16 [[Chess Olympiad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=WORLD YOUTH UNDER-16 CHESS OLYMPIAD - 2012 |url=https://s3.chess-results.com/tnr79880.aspx?lan=1&art=1&SNode=S0 |publisher=chess-results.com |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Won gold in the under-16 category of the Commonwealth Chess Championship. Achieved 7th in the open section.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowther |first1=Mark |title=Commonwealth Championship 2012 |url=https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/commonwealth-championship-2012 |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=The Week in Chess |date=1 December 2012}}</ref>
* 2013: Achieved 4th in the 43rd National Junior Chess Championship held in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=43rd National Junior (U-19) Open Chess Championship-2013 |url=https://s3.chess-results.com/tnr106083.aspx?lan=1&art=1&SNode=S0 |publisher=chess-results.com |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>
* 2014: Won gold in the 44th National Junior Chess Championship held in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aaron |first1=Arvind |title=Narayanan, Saranya Win National Junior |url=https://aicf.in/narayanan-saranya-win-national-junior/ |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=All India Chess Federation |date=2014}}</ref>
* 2015: Best junior in the Thailand Open held in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischer |first1=Johannes |title=Nigel Short wins Thai Open |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/nigel-short-wins-thai-open |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase |date=20 April 2015}}</ref> Won silver in the Asian Junior Chess Championship held in [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyz Republic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banjan |first1=Priyadarshan |title=Asian Junior & Girls Under-20 Championships, 2015 |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/asian-juniors-2015 |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=15 December 2015}}</ref>
* 2016: Won bronze in the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] held in [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowther |first1=Mark |title=World Juniors 2016 |url=https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/world-juniors-2016 |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=The Week in Chess |date=21 August 2016}}</ref> Won gold in the Asian Junior Blitz Chess Championship,<ref name="Asian Blitz 2016">{{cite news |last1=Banjan |first1=Priyadarshan |title=Asian Juniors: Aravindh and Uurtsaikh Asian Champions |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/asian-junior-final |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=14 May 2016}}</ref> silver in the Asian Junior Chess Championship,<ref name="Asian Blitz 2016"/> and bronze in the Asian Junior Rapid Chess Championship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banjan |first1=Priyadarshan |title=Asian Juniors Rapid: Vaishali's perfect nine |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/asian-juniors-rapid |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=4 May 2016}}</ref>
* 2017: Beat then-reigning world blitz champion [[Sergey Karjakin]] 1.5–0.5 in the [[Aeroflot Blitz]] championship held in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sagar |title=Aeroflot Open 2017 shows the depth in Indian chess |url=https://chessbase.in/news/aeroflot-2017-final |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=3 May 2017}}</ref>
* 2018: Won bronze in blitz in the 25th [[Abu Dhabi]] International Chess Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=25th Abu Dhabi International Chess Festival - Blitz |url=https://s3.chess-results.com/tnr370629.aspx?lan=1&art=1&rd=11&flag=30&SNode=S0 |publisher=chess-results.com |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Won bronze in the [[Zurich Christmas Open]] held in [[Zurich]], Switzerland in December.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schulz |first1=André |title=Zürich: Haik Martirosyan vor Rasmus Svane |url=https://de.chessbase.com/post/zuerich-haik-martirosyan-vor-rasmus-svane |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase |date=2 January 2019 |language=German}}</ref>
* 2019: Won a [[Chess.com#Titled Tuesday|Chess.com Titled Tuesday]], defeating a field including [[Hikaru Nakamura]] and [[Wesley So]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/sl-narayanan-wins-biggest-titled-tuesday-ever |title=SL Narayanan Wins Biggest Titled Tuesday Ever |last=Doggers (PeterDoggers) |first=Peter |website=Chess.com |date=8 January 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref> Champion of the first Ellobregat Open held in Spain. He was the third seed, and secured the title following a playoff win over second seed [[Mateusz Bartel]] of [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sagar |title=S.L. Narayanan wins the 1st Elllobregat Open 2019 |url=https://chessbase.in/news/SL-Narayanan-wins-Elllobregat-Open-2019 |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=12 December 2019}}</ref> Achieved 4th in the [[Asian Chess Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischer |first1=Johannes |title=Le Quang Liem wins Asian Continental Championship |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/le-quang-liem-wins-asian-continental-championships |access-date=9 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase |date=17 June 2019}}</ref> Won bronze in the [[Blitz chess|blitz]] event there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Continental Open and Women's Championships 2019 (Blitz game open group) |url=https://s2.chess-results.com/tnr448034.aspx?lan=1&art=1&turdet=YES&flag=30&SNode=S0 |publisher=chess-results.com |access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Achieved 4th in the Commonwealth Chess Championship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sagar |title=Abhijeet Gupta is Commonwealth Champion for a record fifth time |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/commonwealth-champion-for-a-record-five-times-abhijeet-gupta |access-date=8 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase |date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Qualified for the [[Chess World Cup 2019]], where he was knocked out in the first round after rapid tiebreaks against [[David Antón Guijarro]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowther |first1=Mark |title=FIDE World Cup 2019 |url=https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/fide-world-cup-2019 |access-date=8 January 2026 |publisher=The Week in Chess |date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
*2020: Won the Kerala Checkmate Covid 19 online blitz tournament, scoring 9/10. Contributed the prize money to the Kerala Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Shahid |title=Checkmate Covid-19 Online Blitz Open raises ₹451650 |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Checkmate-Covid-19-Online-Blitz-Open-raises-451650 |access-date=8 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase India |date=5 July 2020}}</ref> Faced [[Magnus Carlsen]] in round 1 of the Chess24 Banter Final, losing 0.5–5.5.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|title=Grandmaster Narayanan to take on world champion Carlsen {{!}} Chess News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/grandmaster-narayanan-to-take-on-world-champion-carlsen/articleshow/78240900.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Crowther |first1=Mark |title=chess24 Banter Series 2020 |url=https://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/chess24-banter-series-2020 |access-date=8 January 2026 |publisher=The Week in Chess |date=30 September 2020}}</ref>
*2021: In August, he finished second in the [[Riga Technical University Open]] "A" tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess-results.com/tnr554041.aspx?lan=1&art=4&turdet=YES&flag=30|title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - Riga Technical University Open 2021 - Tournament A|website=chess-results.com}}</ref> In October, he finished second in the ChessMood Open 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian GM SL Narayanan finishes second in chess tournament in Armenia|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/indian-gm-sl-narayanan-finishes-second-in-chess-tournament-in-armenia/articleshow/86970368.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian GM Iniyan wins chess tourney in Spain, GM S L Narayanan finishes second in Armenia|work=The Hindu|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-mood-open-indian-gm-s-l-narayanan-finishes-second/article36970804.ece}}</ref>
*2022: Achieved first in the 1st Grandiscacchi Catholica International Open.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schulz |first1=André |title=S.L. Narayanan wins Cattolica International |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/s-l-narayanan-wins-cattolica-international |access-date=8 January 2026 |publisher=ChessBase |date=9 March 2022}}</ref>
*2023: Won bronze in the [[Qatar Masters Open]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGourty |first1=Colin |title=Yakubboev Wins Qatar Masters After Heartbreaking Blunder By Arjun |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2023-qatar-masters-round-9 |access-date=7 January 2026 |publisher=Chess.com |date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE|name=Narayanan.S.L}}
* {{365Chess.com player|Narayanan.S.L}}
* {{Chessgames player|131304|Sunilduth Lyna Narayanan}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunilduth Lyna, Narayanan}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Divya S. Menon

2026-01-08T00:31:10Z

Vinod6176: created a article.

{{short description|Indian singer, anchor (born 1987)}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Divya S Menon
| image = Picture Taken during Australian show 2023.jpg
| birth_name = Divya S Menon
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes| 1987 | 03 | 14 }}
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Indian classical]], [[Malayalam]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Singer
* television anchor
}}
| website = {{URL|www.divyasmenon.com}}
| years_active = 2005–present
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

'''Divya S. Menon''' is an Indian musician and television anchor from [[Kerala]]. Divya is a playback singer in [[Malayalam cinema]], who has also recorded songs for Tamil and Telugu films.<ref name=Timesofindia>{{cite web |title=Luck plays a major factor in a singer's career |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Luck-plays-a-major-factor-in-a-singers-career-Divya-S-Menon/articleshow/36828330.cms}}</ref> Divya started anchoring musical shows in Asianet Cable Vision (Thrissur) and has done musical shows in Yes [[Indiavision]] (Mementos) and [[Kairali TV|Kairali Channels]] (Ganamela, Sing 'N' Win and Rain drops).

==Personal life==

Divya was born in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], to Soman Kurup, a mechanical engineer and his wife Meena Soman. She was introduced to the world of music as a child and started singing at an early age of seven.<ref name=thehindhu>{{cite web |title=On the hit track |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 January 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/On-the-hit-track/article14213451.ece}}</ref> Divya's father was on a transferable job and hence she attended schools including [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] and [[Bhavan's Vidya Mandir, Poochatty|Bhavans Vidhya Mandir]] across India. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in Commerce from [[Sree Kerala Varma College]], Thrissur and went on to pursue her master's degree in Fashion Designing from [[St. Teresa's College]], Ernakulam. She is married to Reghu Mohan on 20 August 2012 and is currently residing at [[Thrippunithura]], [[Kochi]], Kerala. The couple has a baby girl born on 31 October 2014.

==Career==

Divya was trained in Carnatic Music from the age of 12 years by Smt. Shakunthala Sheshadri, Mr. Sunil and Sri. Mangad Nadessan.Divya also received education in Hindustani Classical music from Ustad Fiyaz Khan and Sri Dinesh Devdas. She is also passionate about jewellery making and has conducted several exhibitions under her jewellery brand named "Jingles".

Divya S Menon started her film career by singing for the 2009 film ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]''. She was noticed by [[Shaan Rahman]] while anchoring music shows and picked her for [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] – [[Shaan Rahman]] debut album, Coffee @ MG Road.<ref name="DeccanChronicle">{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=Deccan Chronicle – This girl is born to 'Sing N Win'|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/girl-born-%E2%80%98sing-n-win%E2%80%99-409|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628175948/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/girl-born-%E2%80%98sing-n-win%E2%80%99-409|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is associated with [[Blogswara]] and have sung in multiple albums in the series.<ref name="BlogSwaraArtists">{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=Artists List|url=http://blogswara.org/artists.html#divya}}</ref><ref name="BlogSwaraSongs">{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=List of Songs for BlogSwara|url=http://blogswara.in/bls/category/divya-s-menon/|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118065608/http://blogswara.in/bls/category/divya-s-menon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Divya has sung in [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]'s super hit romantic movie, [[Thattathin Marayathu]] composed by [[Shaan Rahman]]. She has been associated with Vineeth – Shaan ventures, including [[Malarvadi Arts Club]].<ref name="MalayalamSongLyrics">{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=List of songs for Artist in MalayalamSongLyrics|url=http://www.malayalamsongslyrics.com/lyrics_new/showsinger.php?id=7657}}</ref> In 2014 the hit wedding song "Thudakkham Maangalyam" from [[Anjali Menon]]'s [[Bangalore Days]] gave her much popularity which she sang along with [[Vijay Yesudas]] and [[Sachin Warrier]] composed by [[Gopi Sunder]].<ref name="Indianexpress">{{cite web|date=25 January 2016|title=On a Musical High|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/jun/17/on-a-musical-high-625771.html}}</ref> In 2015 Divya was noticed more promptly when she sang the song "Puthumazhayai" from [[Martin Prakkat]]'s [[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]] composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] while the same song was sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] too. She also sang several ad jingles for various music composers both in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

== Discography ==

{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Title!! Film !! Language!! Composer!! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || "Adipoli Bhootham" || ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || rowspan="3" | [[Shaan Rahman]] ||
|-
| "Ayiram Kaatham" || ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2012 || "Anuraagam Anuraagam" || ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2013 || "Ennodu Koode" || ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Afzal Yusuf]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014 || "Rasool Allah" || ''[[Salalah Mobiles]]''
|Malayalam
| rowspan="3" |[[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
| "Mannil Pathiyum" || ''[[God's Own Country (2014 film)|God's Own Country]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Thudakkam Maangalyam" || ''[[Bangalore Days]]''
|Malayalam
| Won - NAFA Award , KVTV Award , Vanitha Film Awards
|-
| "Pattum Chutti Veli Pennu" || ''[[RajadhiRaja]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Karthik Raja]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2015 || "Mutholam Azagilu" || ''[[Namasthe Bali]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
| "Choolamittu" || rowspan="2" |''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]''
|Malayalam
|Gopi Sunder
|
|-
| "Ummarathee"
|Malayalam
|Gopi Sunder
|
|-
| "Manjiloode" || ''[[100 Days of Love]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Govind Menon]] ||
|-
| "Murugappaa" || ''[[Jamna Pyari]]''
|Malayalam
| rowspan="3" |[[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
| "Muthe Mohabathin" || ''Nikkah''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Puthumazhayai" || ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]''
|Malayalam
| Won NAFA Award , Won KVTV Award
|-
| rowspan="9" |2016 || "Ee Pulariyil" || ''[[Maalgudi Days]]''
|Malayalam
| Dr Praveen ||
|-
|"Okko Nakshatram" || rowspan="2" | ''[[Seethamma Andalu Ramayya Sitralu]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || rowspan="6" | [[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
|"Paravasame" ||
|-
| "Thodakkam Maangalyam" || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| "Adada Adada" || ''Ennul Aayiram''||
|-
|"Vaarthinkalee" || ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || Malayalam
| Won - Janmabhumi Awards , Nominated - 64th Filmfare Awards South, SIIMA
|-
| "Chithira Muthe" || ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Mayathe Ennum" || ''[[Dooram]]''
|Malayalam
| Mohammed Rizwan ||
|-
| "Neela Shankhu Pushpame" || ''Team 5''
|Malayalam
| rowspan="4" |[[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2017 || "Mohabathin" || '' [[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Chekkanum Pennum" || rowspan="2" |''[[Chunkzz]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Ithu Nava Sumasara"
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Nenje Nenje" || ''Kadam Kadha''
|Malayalam
| Deepankuran Kaithapram ||
|-
| "Nee Njangada" || rowspan="2" | ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]''
|Malayalam
| rowspan="11" |[[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
| "Pennale"
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Anthike Varikente" || rowspan="2" | ''[[Vimaanam]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Meghakanavinu"
|Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || "Njano Ravo" || rowspan="2" | ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]''
|Malayalam
|Nominated - Movie Streets Film Awards , RED FM Malayalam Music Awards
|-
| "Aazhikkulil"
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Aaarovarunora" || ''[[Mazhayathu]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "First Time" || ''[[Pantham]]''|| Telugu ||
|-
| "Neeyam Sooryan" || ''[[Kamuki]]''|| Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019 || "Konji Konji" ||''[[Irupathiyonnaam Noottaandu]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|"Inkem Inkem" || ''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' || Telugu || Introductory/Backing Vocals with Ajay Satyan
|-
| "Repa Kuda Veyanival" || ''[[Evvarikee Cheppoddu]]''|| Telugu || Sankar Sharma||
|-
| "Kandille Kandille" || ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' || Malayalam
| rowspan="3" |[[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
| "Shaadi Mein Aana" || rowspan="2" | ''[[Happy Sardar]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Pandithu Pande"
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Pon Tharame" || ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Shaan Rahman]] ||Won - QMH Analysis Awards
|-
| rowspan="9" |2020 || "Manikya Kiliye" || [[Shylock (2020 film)|''Shylock'']]
|Malayalam
| rowspan="7" |[[Gopi Sunder]] ||
|-
| "Manikya Kiliye" || ''Kuberan''|| Tamil ||
|-
| "Raletti" || rowspan="3" | ''[[World Famous Lover]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| "My Love" ||Malayalam||
|-
| "Kaneerilaliyunna"
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Jannanathi Poovale" || rowspan="2" | ''[[Joshua (2020 film)|Joshua]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Noorukanavukal"
|Malayalam
|
|-
| "Jaalame" || [[Trance (2020 film)|''Trance'']]
|Malayalam
| Jackson Vijayan ||
|-
|Thee Vitharunna
|''Silence [[Nishabdham]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Gopi Sunder]]
|
|-
|2021
|"Nirayunnu"
|''Gila''
|Malayalam
|Manukrishna
|
|-
|2023
|"Akashathalla"
|''[[Kunjamminis Hospital]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Ranjin Raj]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title='ആകാശത്തല്ല' പല തലമുറയിലെ ഗായകർ, പുതമയാർന്ന കാസ്റ്റിംഗ് ; ഇത് കാല്പനികത നിറഞ്ഞ ഒരു രഞ്ജിൻ രാജ് ഗാനം |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/aakashathalla-video-song-kunjamminis-hospital-vvk-rw6qyr |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|Yedhaki Oka Gaayam
|Kushi (2023 film)
|Telugu
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|
|-
|Vijanam oru Theeram
|Kushi (2023 film)
|Malayalam
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|
|-
|Sreematha
|Kallanum Bhagavathiyum
|Malayalam
|[[Ranjin Raj]]
|
|-
|Odiyamma
|Hi Nanna
|Malayalam
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|
|-
|Shoopara da
|Grrr
|Malayalam
|Tony Tarz
|
|}

== Awards ==

{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Film !! Category!! Nominated Song!! Result
|-
|2015||KVTV Awards|| rowspan="4" |''[[Bangalore Days]]''|| rowspan="2" |Best Playback Singer Female|| rowspan="4" |"Thudakkham Mangalyam"|| {{Won}}
|-
|2015
|NAFA Awards|| {{Won}}
|-
|2015
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]|| rowspan="2" |Popular Song of the Year|| {{Won}}
|-
|2015
|Mirchi Music Awards South|| {{Won}}
|-
|2016||KVTV Awards|| rowspan="2" |''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]''|| rowspan="3" |Best Playback Singer Female|| rowspan="2" |"Puthumazhayayi"|| {{Won}}
|-
|2016
|NAFA Awards|| {{Won}}
|-
|2016
|Janmabhumi Awards|| rowspan="4" |''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''|| rowspan="4" |"Vaarthinkalee"|| {{Won}}
|-
|2016
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South]]||[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam]]|| {{Nom}}
|-
|2016
|[[SIIMA]]||[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam]]|| {{Nom}}
|-
|2016
|Mirchi Music Awards South
|Best Playback Singer Female|| {{Nom}}
|-
|2017||Movie Streets Film Awards|| rowspan="2" |''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]''||Best Playback Singer Female|| rowspan="2" |"Njano Ravo"|| {{Nom}}
|-
|2017
|RED FM Malayalam Music Awards||Best Duet|| {{Nom}}
|-
|2019||QMH Analysis Awards||''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]''||Best Playback Singer Female||"Helen"|| {{Won}}
|}

== Albums ==

{| class = "sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Album!! Song !! Music!! Co-singer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || Coffee@ MG Road || Poonkuyile Poonkuyile ||[[Shaan Rahman]] ||[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|-
| Coffee@ MG Road || College ||[[Shaan Rahman]] || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Shaan Rahman]]
|-
|2012 || Dews of Love || Minnal Swapname || Anup Bhat || Govind
|-
|2013 || Pepper Band || Nathooonne || Vishnu Mohan || Vishnu Mohan
|-
|2015 || Vizhiyil || Nee Yen Munnil Vannu || Akshayjith || [[Sachin Warrier]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Divya S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan schools alumni]]
[[Category:Singers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Achyutananda Dasa

2025-12-23T03:09:13Z

Vinod6176: Put up new stub basic info

{{Short description|16th-century Indian devotional poet}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Achyutananda Dasa
| honorific_prefix = Mahapurusha
| image = Achyutananda 2.png
| caption = Odia Saint Achyutananda Das
| birth_date = {{birth date|1510|1|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Tripura village, [[Cuttack]], India
| death_date =
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Saint - Scholar, Poet, Seer, Author, Polymath, Social - Religious Reformer, Philosopher, Founder of Utkaliya Baishanavism
| native_name = ମହାପୁରୁଷ ଅଚ୍ୟୁତାନନ୍ଦ ଦାସ
| embed =
| native_name_lang = or
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| notable_works = ''Kaibarta Gita'', ''Haribamsa'', ''Sunya Samhita'' (Odiya) and many other
}}

{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
''Mahapurusa'' '''Achyutananda Dasa'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tour |first=Odisha |title=Sri Achyutananda Das Gadi, Nemala Cuttack |url=https://odishatour.in/nemala-achyutananda-pitha-cuttack/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Odisha Tour}}</ref> was a 16th-century poet seer and [[Vaishnava]] saint from [[Odisha]], India. He was considered to have the power to see the past, present and future. He was a prolific author, and one of the group of five, that led a revolution in spirituality in Odisha by translating [[Sanskrit]] texts into the Odia language for common people.

He was one of the famous five seers collectively called [[Odia literature#Panchasakhas|Panchasakha]], named [[Ananta Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Balarama Dasa]] and [[Jasobanta Dasa]] who translated the ancient [[Hindu]] scriptures into Odia, for the people of [[Odisha]]. Achyutananda Dasa was the most prolific writer of the Panchasakha<ref>Chaini, p. 7</ref> and wrote numerous books, many of which could be loosely translated as the Book of Prophecies. He is known as the ''Mahapurusa'' (a Great Person) for his vast knowledge on many subjects such as spirituality, Yoga, rituals, Yantra, Tantra, [[Ayurveda]], and other various shastras. His major works include ''Harivamsa'' (in Oriya), ''Kaibarta Gita'', ''Gopalanka-ogala'', ''Gurubhakti Gita'', ''Anakar-samhita'', ''Chahayalisa-patala'' etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=Kaivarta |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
As Achyutananda became a popular figure, much of his life began to become legend. He is famous for being one of the few who wrote about the social situation of his time<ref>Chaini, p. 14</ref> and this is a scholarly reason many study his writings. His poetry was often cryptic about himself, and written in code or analogies.<ref>Das, p. iii of preface</ref><ref name="Mukherjee 1981 p. 83">{{cite book | last=Mukherjee | first=P. | title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1981 | isbn=978-81-206-0229-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA83 | access-date=2022-01-27 | page=83}}</ref> He took birth in a [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family of village Tripura in [[Cuttack district]], his father Dinabandhu Mohanty was in the service of king [[Prataparudra Deva]] of [[Gajapati Empire]] and had received the designation of "Khuntia" from Prataprudra Deva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=Bhagabana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTduAAAAMAAJ&q=achyutananda+dasa+karana |title=Cultural History of Orissa, 1435-1751 |date=1997 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7488-654-5 |language=en}}</ref> His surname ''[[Dasa]]'' means servant of God.

== Birth ==
Achyutananda Dasa's mother was Padmavati, and his father was Dinabandhu Mohanty who held the post of "Khuntia (Temple gatekeeper)" in Jagannath temple of Puri, and his grandfather was Gopinatha Mohanty, a scribe in the [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Jagannath Temple]], Puri, his grandfather Gopinatha Mohanty was one of the private secretaries of King known by the name "'''Chamu Karana'''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallik |first=Basanta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zpuAAAAMAAJ&q=achyutananda+dasa+karana |title=Medieval Orissa: Literature, Society, Economy, Circa 1500-1600 A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Mayur Publications |language=en}}</ref> Achyutananda Dasa while describing his lineage mentions that his father was a Karana attendant employed in [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] while his grandfather was the royal scribe of the Gajapati Kings, however Achyutananda Dasa refuses to identify himself as a "Karana" despite taking birth in a Karana family as he refrained from following the customs and traditions of his family after becoming a Vaishnava.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Chittaranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z29tAAAAIAAJ&q=achyutananda+dasa+grandfather |title=Studies in Medieval Religion and Literature of Orissa |date=1951 |publisher=Visva-Bharati |language=en}}</ref> He took birth after his mother prayed at the pillar in front of the Jagannath Temple, and his father had a dream that the divine bird [[Garuda]] brought him a child. In legend he is believed to be an incarnation of Garuda. He left his samadhi at Nemalo village at Cuttack. His predecessors are Mahanta Gagananda Gosain, Mahanta Nigamananda Gosain and others.

=== Education ===
Achyutananda had a formal education in Puri. It is agreed by most texts that, like many contemporaries, he met Shri [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in his youth, and took mantra initiation from him. It is important to differentiate that he was an Utkaliya Vaishnava (ancient Odisha school of Vaishnavism, Jagannatha Temple tradition), not a [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] (which means Bengali Vaishnavism). He became the youngest of the Panchasakha.<ref>Sri Sri Mahapurusa Siddha Ashram, p. 5</ref>

== Panchasakha ==
Achyutānanda was part of the famous [[Odia literature|Panchasakha]] ('five friends'), who lived between 1450 and 1550 CE. The contemporaneous five saints – Achyutānanda Dasa, [[Ananta Dasa|Sisu Ananta Dasa]], [[Jasobanta Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannātha Dasa]], and [[Balarama Dasa|Balarāma Dasa]] - shaped [[Vaishnava|Vaiṣṇava]] philosophy, spiritualism and literature of [[Odisha]]. The trio of Achyutananda Dasa, Balarama Dasa, and Ananta Dasa of the Panchasakha group came from the community of [[Karan (caste)|Karanas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallik |first=Basanta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnZAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700 |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-522-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Two important factors set the Panchasakhas apart from other Indian Hindu Saints. They were the first to take the Hindu [[Sanskrit]] texts into the reach of the common people, by translating them into the local language ([[Odia language|Odia]]). This was first done by [[Sarala Dasa|Sāralā Dasa's]] translation of the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' in the mid-15th century, followed by Balarama Dasa's ''Jagamohana [[Ramayana]]'', Jagannath Dasa's ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and Achyutananda Dasa's ''[[Harivamsa]]''. The second aspect is their form of [[Odia literature|Odia]] Vaiṣṇavism, traditionally called ''Utkaliya Vaishnavism'', which sees God as the "Sunya Purusa" and the nature of the soul as being able to merge into the Absolute.

Some authors, such as N.N. Vasu, have depicted Odia Vaishnavism as 'Buddhist-Vaishnavism', since it does not accept [[Ramanuja]]'s [[Vishishtadvaita|Viśiṣṭādvaita]] philosophy (11th century), nor does it adhere to orthodox [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] created in the 16th century Bengal. Other scholars, such as Prabhat Mukerjee, have denied these claims supporting the different varieties of Vaishnava philosophy.<ref>Prabhat, p. 151-152</ref> Scholars debate the influence of the Panchasakha from the original Vaishnava Agama ([[Pancharatra]]s) while others source their ideas in Sahajayana Buddhism, and the [[Natha]] sampradaya.
<ref>Mishra, p. 44</ref> though the Panchasakhas saw [[Jagannatha]] as an incarnation of [[Vishnu]] as seen in the [[Dashavatara|Dasāvatara]] image on the main mantel of the [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Jagannatha Temple]].

== Utkaliya Vaishnavism ==
''Utkaliya Vaishnavism'' (sometimes called Odia Vaishnavism in modern literature) developed into its present state, in the 15th century. According to the Panchasakhas, Lord Jagannath is the "Purna-Brahma", and all the avatars of Vishnu emanate from Him, and also enter into Him at the end. Jagannatha was the chief god of the devotional sect. The chief ideal of the Panchasakhas was that as a bhakta they would be faithful, humble, learned, selfless, active, benevolent and affectionate.<ref>Chaini, Ratnakar, p. 13</ref> The Panchasakhas were against the caste system; they considered all beings as one. They translated the Sanskrit Classics into local language [[Odia language|Odia]]. Anyone could become a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]]
.<ref>Chaini, Ratnakar, p. 12</ref>

At the time of Shri [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]], his followers who came from Nadia, called later as [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya]], considered themselves greater or superior to the Utkaliya Vaishnavas and disregarded them.<ref>Chaini, Ratnakar p.6</ref> So there was a cold war between them. Because of the animosity between the sects, Shri Chaitanya conferred the title of 'Atibadi' (the greatest one) on [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]].<ref>Chaini, Ratnakar, p. 7</ref> The conflict of these two groups is evident in the ''Barana Charita Gita'' of Achyutananda and ''Jagannatha Charitamruta'' of Dibakara Dasa, and even in modern-day derogatory language of the Gaudiya Vaishnavas towards the Utkaliya Vaishnavas.

== Philosophical ideology of Achyutananda==

=== Sunya Purusa ===
<blockquote>
''nāhi tāhāra rūpa varṇa, adṛsha avarṇa tā cinha.'' 
''tāhāku brahmā boli kahi, śūnya brahmhati se bolāi.''

It has no shape, no colour, 
It is invisible and without a name 
This Brahman is called Sunya Brahman.<ref>Acyutānanda, ''Brahma Saṃhitā'', translated by Patnaik, p. 117</ref>
</blockquote>

Achyutananda (and the other four saints) believed in a concept of God ([[Vishnu]]) as [[Shunya|Sunya]] (emptiness, void, zero) called Sunya Purusa and/or Sunya Brahman. This sunya signifies a transcendental principle that eludes the conceptual nexus applied to human thinking as described in the [[Upanishads]].<ref>Patnaik, p. 106</ref> Achyutananda's culminating work is called the ''Sunya Samhita'' where he discusses this philosophy in depth.<ref>Chaini, p. 57</ref>
<blockquote>
''śūnyara ākāra viira śūnyara vicāra, śūnye thāi dekha vīra e sacarācara.'' 
''dekha e sacarācara śūnyare prakāsha, śūnyu ude hoicanti śūnyare vilāse.''

Oh vira look at the sunya 
By placing yourself in sunya, 
And meditate on mahasunya, 
Sunya itself is the form, 
Ground of all discriminating knowledge. 
Look at the whole world from the pedestal of sunya; 
You will find everything manifested in the sunya, 
Everything arises out of sunya and 
Everything flourishes in the Sunya Brahman.<ref>Acyutānanda, ''Śūnya Saṃhitā Cauṣaṭhī Ṭika'', translated by Patnaik p. 146</ref>
</blockquote>

The philosophy sees Sunya as being full or whole (''purna''), and this view of Brahman is sometimes called the ''Purna Sunya'' (the full/complete void). The Panchasakhas project the deity [[Jagannatha]] as the embodiment of the Sunya Purusa.<ref>Patnaik, p. 125</ref> Achyutananda uses a classical (pre-[[Ramanuja]]) concept of [[Vaishnavism]] that uses both form, and formless aspects of god. This is seen in his statement from the ''Gurubhakti Gita'' :
<blockquote>
''dui je deṇāre pakṣī uḍikari jāi, dui je cakṣure sehi saṃsāre khelai.'' 
''eka je na thile kaṇā dui gale anḍha, eṇukari nirguṇa saguṇa sehi bheda.''

A bird can only fly with both wings. It can have a perfect vision with both the eyes. In the absence of one, it becomes one-eyed, and in the absence of both, it is totally blind. Thus like two eyes Nirguna [god perceived as formless]and Saguna [god perceived with form] are chained together.<ref>Acyutananda, Gurubhakti Gita, translated by Chaini, p. 10</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Jnana-mishra bhakti-marga ===
The Panchasakhas were Vaishnavas by thought. But they differed from Chaitanya's path of devotion and preached ''Jnana-mishra bhakti'' or Devotion with mix of Wisdom. Chaitanya's path of devotion was known as Raganuga Bhakti Marga (brought to Odisha in 1509), which says all one needs is love (devotion) to reach God. The Panchasakhas believed that one needs a combination of love (bhakti) and wisdom (Jnana) to reach God. With one's knowledge, if one shows one's pure love (bhakti), one can definitely reach the Sunyatma. The Panchasakhas therefore promoted a Vaishnavism that involved study of scriptures, yoga, rituals, and devotion.<ref name="Odisha Review, June 2014">{{cite web|title=Chaitanya's Panchasakha and Lord Jagannath|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2014/Jun/engpdf/115-119.pdf|access-date=5 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Pinda-Brahmanda Tattwa ===
The concept of the Piṇḍa-Brahmāṇḍa is that the body (Piṇḍa) is a replica of the Universe (Brahmāṇḍa), or microcosm is a reflection of the macrocosm.<ref>Patnaik, p. 171 and Chaini p.59</ref> Many of the yogic teachings of Achyutananda are based on this core concept. His teachings are filled with references to outer locations existing as energies in the body.

=== Sabda Brahman ===
The concept of the Sabda Brahman is that God created the universe as sound, and that all things have sound vibration as their essence. The writings of Achyutananda are filled with mantras and esoteric concepts about sounds and their effects on consciousness. For example, in Achyutananda's ''Rama Rasa Boli'', the demon Ravanna is said to have meditated on the sound "Sleem" while focusing on the ten other sacred sounds (yoga-dasakhyara) to please Goddess Sita. Even more esoteric is this verse from the ''Sunya Rahasa'' where one can see the interwoven nature of internal yogic theory and sound found in Achyutananda's writings:
<blockquote>
Oh Jnanins: utter the name of Hari [God] 
May be you are the eldest or the youngest. 
Piercing six chakras blooms the lotus 
Near the ethereal void of air 
Between the Sutala and Rasatala 
The bee abides at the zenith of the void 
One is not a servant of the Lord just because they have a rosary 
Unless he utters the name of Krisna in his inner heart; 
The Name is the seed, rosary its robe 
Rosary is of no use if God's name is mindlessly uttered 
The three cords are the three triadic streams 
Make your oblations there 
Ayudhya, Dwarika, and the city of Gopa 
This knowledge is memorised by every soul.<ref>Shunya Rahasa, Canto 3, Verses 1–3, translated by Chaini, p. 43</ref>
</blockquote>

=== Author of Bhavishya Malika ===

Achyutananda Dasa, has written many scriptures. These sacred texts comprise 36 [[Samhita]]s, 72 [[Bhagavad Gita|Gitas]], 27 [[Genealogy|Genealogies]], and 100 [[Religious text|scriptures]] known as '[[Maalika|Bhavishya Malika]]'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malika Odia Predictions |url=https://archive.org/details/malika-odia-predictions/page/n1/mode/2up |website=Internet Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Achyutananda Das - Birth, Life, Predictions and Teachings |url=https://en.bhavishyamalika.com/achyutananda-das-bhavishya-malika |website=Bhavishya Malika}}</ref> [[Maalika|Bhavishya Malika]]<ref name=":1" /> is said to contain predictions that indicate the condition of the Kaliyug and events that would occur by the end of [[Kali Yuga|Kaliyug]].

===Social reformer===

Achyutananda Dasa, despite taking birth in a noble [[Karan (caste)|Karana]] family of his time, used to associate with communities like Keutas (Fishermen) and Gaudas (Cowherds) and wrote treatises for their communities to uplift their social status in [[Odia people|Odia society]], Acyutananda Dasa is also regarded by the above communities as their patron saint in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&dq=achyutananda+dasa+karana&pg=PA4 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian poets]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
*Chaini, Ratnakar. ''Achyutananda Das''. [[Sahitya Akademi]], Calcutta, 1998.
*Mansingha, Mayadhar. ''History of Oriya literature''. Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi,1962.
*Patnaik, Tandra. ''Sunya Purusa''. Utkal Studies in Philosophy XII. [[Utkal University]], [[Bubhaneswar]] in association with D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2005.
*Mishra, Ramprasad. ''Sahajayana: A Study of Tantric Buddhism''. Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, 1991.
*Mukherjee, Prabhat. ''History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa''. [[Asian Educational Services]], New Delhi, 1981.
*Sri Sri Mahapurusa Siddha Ashram. ''Glimpse of a Yogi; Sri Sri Mahapurusa Achyutananda Das''. Sri Sri Mahapurusa Achyutananda Trust, Sri Ram Nagar, Puri, Odisha, India, 1998.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071117111717/http://india_resource.tripod.com/orissa.html ''The History of Orissa: An Introduction'' from ''Pages from the history of India and the sub-continent (South Asian History)'' a non-commercial web project]
*Das, Alekh Prasad. ''Jibanara Daka; an autobiography'', 1994; published by Sri Lalita Prakasani, Bhubaneswar. Won Odisha [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy Award]] for autobiography in 2000.
*http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND/publikation/biborissa/biborissa.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702165825/https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND/publikation/biborissa/biborissa.htm |date=2 July 2020 }} :The library of the South Asian Institute (SAI), University of Heidelberg, has some references and recollections of the original works of Sri Achyutananda Das. An "Orissan Project" was undertaken some decades ago, funded by the German Research Council, as a part of the studies of the South Asian cultures. A number of references can be found in this library.

== External links ==

* http://www.garoiashram.org/english/index-eng.html#
* https://web.archive.org/web/20071105091526/http://www.sriachyuta.org/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20081019042242/http://www.trahiachyuta.com/sri.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110716184243/https://tagmeme.com/orissa/pothis.html
{{Jagannath}}
{{Odia literature}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]
[[Category:16th-century astrologers]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odissi music composers]]
[[Category:Odia Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Shudra Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]

Rakesh Kumar Yadav (athlete)

2025-12-20T22:13:35Z

Vinod6176: done - done

{{short description|Indian hammer thrower}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rakesh Kumar yadav
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname = Rakesh kumar Yadav
| nickname = Raky
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Ballia, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| height = 155
| weight = 55
| country = {{flagcountry|India}}
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Hammer throw]]
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals = 7
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb = outdoor: 70.16 m (17 July 2003, Indian record)
| updated = 19 September 2009
| medaltemplates =
| show-medals =
}}

'''Rakesh Kumar Yadav''' (born 01 july 1993) is an Indian [[track and field]] athlete from [[Uttar Pradesh]] who specializes in [[Hammer throw]]. Kumar set the Indian National record of 70.16m<ref name="afio">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianathletics.org/isr.php|title=Official Website of Athletics Federation of India: NATIONAL RECORDS as on 21.3.2009|publisher=Athletics Federation of INDIA|accessdate=2009-09-05|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174209/http://indianathletics.org/isr.php|archivedate=2009-08-05}}</ref> in the discipline on 17 July 2003 during the Second National Athletic Circuit Meet in [[Bangalore]]. He erased the 70.13 metre mark of [[Ishtiaq Ahamed]] set there in the year 2000.<ref name="tribu_jul03">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030718/sports.htm#12|title=Rakesh sets new mark in hammer throw|date=2003-07-17|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh|accessdate=2009-09-20}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Athletics}}
* {{Instagram|rakesh93_yadav}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Rakesh Kumar}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men hammer throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Vanhlupuii

2025-12-17T17:22:49Z

Vinod6176: starting

{{Short description|Indian vocalist (1946–2024)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vanhlupuii
| image = Vanhlupuii.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|6|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dawrpui]], [[Aizawl]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|03|30|1946|6|02|df=y}}
| death_place = Aizawl
| occupation = {{ubl|Vocalist|Gospel singer}}
| children = 3
| parents = [[Vankhama]]
| awards = Jyoty Prasad Agarwal Award for North East Outstanding Artist in 1978.
| website =
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| known for = Mizo vocalist and the only Top Grade Artist of All India Radio (AIR) from Mizoram
| spouse = Lalthuama
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Vanhlupuii''' (2 July 1946 – 30 March 2024) was an Indian [[Mizo people|Mizo]] vocalist and a Top Grade Artist of [[All India Radio]] (AIR)<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual list of Mizo Music Artist |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/music_artists/airaizawl.pdf |website=prasarbharati.gov.in |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref> from Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanhlupuii a liam ta |url=https://zalen.in/detail/vanhlupuii-a-liam-ta |website=zalen}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in Dawrpui, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], she was the daughter of the poet and composer [[Vankhama]] and Laldengi. She was also the granddaughter of the first Mizo pastor Vanchhunga. She began to learn music at the age of five, but had no formal training. She was the first Mizo woman to complete a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree. Along with B Lalzela, she was a founder of Central High School in Aizawl.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

==Career==
Her career with AIR began in 1957. She achieved a Grade 'A' in 1969 and eventually secured the title of Top Grade Artist. Vanhlupuii's repertoire spanned a range of genres, including English and Mizo songs. She formed a band named "The Beginners" with her brothers and friends, and the "Vans" along with her siblings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music – A Channel of Peace Contributed by Vanhlupuii |url=https://theindiapost.com/nation/north-east-post/music-%E2%80%93-a-channel-of-peace-contributed-by-vanhlupuii/ |website=theindiapost.com |access-date=31 March 2024 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331053436/https://theindiapost.com/nation/north-east-post/music-%E2%80%93-a-channel-of-peace-contributed-by-vanhlupuii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vanhlupuii performed in various cities in India and abroad, including at the Seventh Day Adventist Church conference in [[Utrecht]], Netherlands.

==Personal life and death==
Vanhlupuii married Lalthuama and they had three children. She died from a stroke and kidney disease on 30 March 2024, at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vanhlupuii kan chan ta |url=https://bengvarna.com/post/mz/mizoramnews/0/4289/Vanhlupuii+kan+chan+ta |website=bengvarna |date=30 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram mourns the loss of singer Vanlalhlupuii |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-mourns-the-loss-of-singer-vanlalhlupuii-944937-2024-03-30 |website=indiatodayne.in |date=30 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref>

==Awards==
*1980 LG Trophy
*Jyoty Prasad Agarwal Award for North East Outstanding Artist in 1978.
*Lelte Weely Lifetime Achievement Award
*Zolentu Singer of the Century
*1999 AIR, Top Grade Artist<ref>{{cite web |title=Only Mizo Top Grade Artist Of Akashvani Vanhlupuii Passes Away At 77 |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/only-mizo-top-grade-artist-of-akashvani-vanhlupuii-passes-away-at-77/ |website=newsonair.gov.in |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref>
*1966, 67, 68 Thalfavang Kut 1st Prize

== Discography ==
Vanhlupuii has recorded and published the following albums:<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizo rimawi khawvel tana mi hlu Vanhlupuii a liam ta |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/ |website=Vanglaini.org |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

# Thalai Huaisen (Otto Aizawl), 1984
# I hun tithianghlim la (USA), 1985
# Vankhama hlate (Otto Aizawl), 1991

== See also ==
* [[Mizo music]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{portal|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanhlupuii}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Singers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney disease]]

Aadyam Jolie Pinne Kalyanam

2025-12-13T20:59:45Z

Vinod6176: Put up basic pg initial version

{{Short description|2022 Indian TV mini-series}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| based_on =
| creator = Vimal Kumar Jisma Jiji
| starring = Vimal Kumar Jisma Jiji
| writer = Vimal Kumar Jisma Jiji
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| location = [[Amballoor]]
| cinematography = Athul Krishna Vishnu Nandan Asif Pav
| editor = Midhun Krishna
| network = [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|07|30}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2022|12|02}}
| company = J&V Pictures
| executive_producer =
| runtime = 120 minutes
| producer = J&V Pictures
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| list_episodes =
| music = Azim Roshan
| related =
}}

'''''Aadyam Jolie Pinne Kalyanam''''' ({{indic|lang=ml|indic=ആദ്യം ജോലി പിന്നെ കല്യാണം|trans=Malayāḷam|showlang=false}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language mini-series created by and starring Vimal Kumar and Jisma Jiji, along with Sharan S, Samarth Ambujakshan, Arya Jagadeesh and Smruthi Anish in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/jisma-and-vimals-webseries-aadyam-joli-pinne-kalyanam-gains-attention/articleshow/96338525.cms|title=Jisma and Vimal's webseries 'Aadyam Joli Pinne Kalyanam' gains attention|date=19 December 2022|access-date=27 December 2022|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/web-series/aadhyam-joli-pinne-kalyanam-web-series-review/articleshow/95954058.cms|title=ആദ്യം ജോലി പിന്നെ കല്യാണം നിരൂപണം; കല്യാണം കഴിക്കാന്‍ ചെറുക്കന് ജോലി നിര്‍ബന്ധമാണോ, പെണ്ണിന് ജോലി ഉണ്ടായാല്‍ പോരെ?|first=Aswini|last=P|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=27 December 2022|date=3 December 2022|language=ml}}</ref>

The series lasted for 4 episodes. The first episode titled was released on 30 July 2022 and the last episode on 2 December 2022.{{fact|date=December 2024}}

==Cast==
===Main===
*Vimal Kumar as Satheeshan
*Jisma Jiji as Revathi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/web-stories/entertainment/adyam-joli-pinne-kalyanam-web-series-fame-jisma-jiji-pics/photoshow/96113149.cms|title=സതീശന്റെ സ്വന്തം രേവതി! ജിസ്മയുടെ ചിത്രങ്ങൾ|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|access-date=27 December 2022|date=9 December 2022|language=ml}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*Sharan S as Raghu sir
*Smruthi Anish as Amminiyamma
*Samarth Ambujakshan as Vinod Amballoor
*Arya Jagadeesh as Sumi
*Midhun Krishna as Vishnu
*Sivaprasad Ajayan as Achal
*Adithya Shiju as Young Satheeshan
*Jess Sweejan as Young Revathy

===Guest===
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Antoney<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/social-media-celebrity-jisma-and-vimal-open-up-about-their-new-web-series-shooting-experience-089125.html|title='ഷൈൻ ചേട്ടൻ വെബ് സീരിസ് കാണുന്നുണ്ടായിരുന്നു, ജിസ്മയ്ക്കൊപ്പം അദ്ദേഹം അഭിനയിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്'; ജിസ്മയും വിമലും|first=Ranjina|last=P|date=12 December 2022|work=Filmibeat|access-date=27 December 2022|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/social/shine-tom-chacko-guest-appearance-in-malayalam-web-series-727122/|title=സീരീസിന്റെ ക്ലൈമാക്സിൽ അതിഥിതാരമായെത്തി ഷൈൻ; ഇതൊട്ടും പ്രതീക്ഷിച്ചില്ലെന്ന് ആരാധകർ|work=Indian Express|access-date=27 December 2022|date=3 December 2022|language=ml}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= | airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|07|30}}
| ShortSummary = Revathi is a government employee fed up with marriage proposals from her mother and colleagues and finally makes an excuse that she will get married only after actress [[Nayanthara]] gets married. Satheshan is an unemployed, easy-going youth and the go-to-go person for everyone. When Revathy complains of having to leave her mother alone after her marriage, her colleague mockingly suggests her to marry Satheshan, who is her neighbour. A bewildered Revathy propose Satheshan on hearing Nayanthara's marriage news. |LineColor = 000000 }}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|08|19}}
| ShortSummary = Both Revathy and Satheshan are shocked at the proposal but soon figure out their love for each other. Although, Amminiyamma, Revathy's mother becomes upset with the news as Satheshan is unemployed. Revathy challenges her that Satheshan will soon become a government employee like her by clearing the [[Public service commissions in India|PSC]] test and that they will be married after that.|LineColor = 000000}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|10|01}}
| ShortSummary = Satheshan starts preparing for PSC test while continuing his affair with Revathy. Revathy's one-side lover and colleague, Raghu sir tries to create problems in their lives by interfering in Revathy's office work. After a series of events in her office, Revathy decides that a man always does not require a job to get married if his partner has one. Satheeshan also agrees with her in the heat of the moment.|LineColor = 000000}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|12|02}}
| ShortSummary = Satheeshan soon regrets their decision to get married so quickly. But he soon changes his decision when he learns about Raghu sir's actions towards Revathy. Amminiyamma is still in disapproval but Revathy's headstrongness and clarity about her life and decisions changes her kind. Raghu sir turns up with a goon, Antoney and starts to throw something at the couple which was later revealed to be a popper. Antoney had enlightened him about the non-necessity of violence and the need makes sacrifices for other's happiness. Finally, Revathy and Satheshan gets married with everyone's blessings.|LineColor = 000000}}
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original Songs

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =

| title1 = Koode Neeyum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/5xSszzBQz5IjpjPgxQyCoQ?si=1bba1f000c0d46df|title=Koode Neeyum|website=Spotify|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
| extra1 = Rohan D M
| music1 = Azim Roshan
| lyrics1 = Hrishikesh Mundani
| length1 = 3:12

| title2 = Ente Officilulla Revathi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/jisma-jiji-and-vimal-kumar-shares-reel-video-on-aadhyom-kalyanam-pinne-joli-series-707699/|title=ഈ സ്നേഹത്തിന് ഞാനെന്തു തരും; ആരാധകരോട് രേവതി|work=Indian Express|access-date=27 December 2022|date=13 October 2022|language=ml}}</ref>
| extra2 = Azim Roshan
| music2 = Azim Roshan
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 1:38

| title3 = Athino Thinthino (Nadanpattu)
| extra3 = Koottam Arayankaavu
| music3 = Koottam Arayankaavu
| lyrics3 = Koottam Arayankaavu
| length3 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language web series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vimal Kumar]]

List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress

2025-12-07T17:53:05Z

Vinod6176: enhance article per sources and added references

#REDIRECT [[List of current state presidents of the Indian National Congress]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Lokpal Singh

2025-11-13T21:37:47Z

Vinod6176: new

{{short description|Raja of Panna (1893 – 1897)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]] [[Mahendra]]
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = {{circa|1893}} – {{circa|1897}}
| predecessor = [[Rudra Pratap Singh (ruler)|Rudra Pratap Singh]]
| successor = [[Madho Singh (ruler)|Madho Singh]]
| death_date = {{circa|1897}}
| issue = [[Madho Singh (ruler)|Madho Singh]]
| full name = Lokpal Singh Ju Deo
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| father = [[Nirpat Singh]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Lokpal Singh''' was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1893 until his death in 1897.
==Biography==
He was born as the second son of [[Nirpat Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sketch/fQxIAQAAMAAJ |title=Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality |date=1897 |publisher=Ingram brothers. |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref> Following the death of his brother, [[Rudra Pratap Singh (ruler)|Rudra Pratap Singh]], without an heir, he ascended the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]] in 1893.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC? |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=614 |language=en}}</ref> A daughter of his married Raghuraj Singh, [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Beri State|Beri]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoranda_on_Native_States_in_India_Toge/Rp92JkMbiaIC |title=Memoranda on Native States in India, Together with a List of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and Other Notables with Their Proper Forms of Address |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India |pages=50–51 |language=en}}</ref>

He died in 1898 and was succeeded by his son [[Madho Singh (ruler)|Madho Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chisholm |first=Hugh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopaedia_Britannica/R45VMKk-C7YC |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information |date=1911 |publisher=Encyclopædia britannica Company |pages=680 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

The Kutumb Foundation

2025-11-07T15:18:21Z

Vinod6176: data - done

{{distinguish|Kutumb (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
'''The''' '''Kutumb Foundation''' is a New Delhi{{En dash}}based NGO. It was founded in 2003. Kutumb is a nonprofit working to help disadvantaged young people empower themselves across Delhi NCR and India. They are committed to promoting the arts and the joy of learning through free library, storytelling, and literacy programming, as well as through capacity building workshops for organisations and educators, cultural programming, and life-skills based football programming; they do this using immersive theatre and drama tools. Kutumb believes in the critical importance of providing supportive learning environments for children and youth to develop into independent, creative, and empathetic critical thinkers, ready to confidently ask questions of themselves and the world around them, and reach their own conclusions. Kutumb's peer leaders are committed to applying what they have learned to their communities and working towards the need for a more compassionate, equitable, plural, and diverse future.
==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040903122739/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2003/11/22/stories/2003112200630300.htm "Goal of life"]. ''The Hindu''. 22 November 2003.
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100080200.htm "It's their kutumb, after all!"]. ''The Hindu Business Line''. 1 December 2003.
* [http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/kutumb-comes-to-the-rescue-1.337946 ''Gulf News'']
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/kutumb-making-waves/article3218839.ece ''The Hindu'']
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/discovering-us-in-them/article785782.ece ''The Hindu'']
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/staging-life-positively/article2273058.ece ''The Hindu'']

==External links==
*{{Official|http://kutumb.in/}}

[[Category:Educational charities]]
[[Category:Healthcare in Delhi]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Noida]]

Belize–India relations

2025-11-03T00:32:11Z

Vinod6176:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Infobox bilateral relations
| title = Belize–India relations
| party1 = Belize
| party2 = India
| map = Belize India Locator.png
| filetype =
| size =
| mission1 =
| mission2 =
| envoytitle1 =
| envoy1 =
| envoytitle2 =
| envoy2 =
}}
[[Belize]] and [[India]] maintain honorary consulates in each other's capital cities.

== Diplomatic relations ==
Belize and India maintain warm diplomatic relations.<ref name="bilatRelIndEmb">{{cite web|url=http://indembassy.org/eoi.php?id=India-Belize|title=India-Belize Relations|date=2013-08-27|access-date=2014-03-31|publisher=[[Embassy of India, Mexico]]|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331160420/http://indembassy.org/eoi.php?id=India-Belize}}</ref><ref name="indBelMzn">{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?36/Belize|access-date=2014-03-31|title=Honorary Consul of India|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331120323/http://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?36%2FBelize}}</ref> Belize and India are both member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and support each other on most issues on international fora.<ref name="bilatRelIndEmb"/> Belize and India also engage in dialogue through the [[Central American Integration System]] (SICA) that the former is a member of, on issues such as [[anti-terrorism]], [[climate change]] and [[food security]].

Several high-level visits between leaders of Belize and India have taken place.<ref name="MEAJan2016"/>

== Economic relations ==
Bilateral trade between Belize and India totaled US$45.4 million in 2013, up from US$23 million in the previous year. India exported $23 million worth of goods to Belize, and imported $22.4 million worth of commodities in 2013. The main commodities exported from India to Belize are textiles, organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and auto parts. The main imports from Belize are miscellaneous chemical products.<ref name="MEAJan2016">{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=India - Belize Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Belize_11_01_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429135053/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Belize_11_01_2016.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=6 February 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

On 18 September 2013, Belize and India signed a [[Tax Information Exchange Agreement]] in [[Belmopan]].<ref name="mea2014-01"/>

==Indian foreign aid==
India has often provided Belize with aid in the aftermath of natural disasters. India also provides Belize with a line of credit of US$30 million, as part of its foreign aid program for SICA countries.<ref name="MEAJan2016"/>

India donated Bajaj 3-wheelers, medicines, cricket equipment, and computers to the India Belize Friendship Computer Centre in St. John's College. In 2013, India sent a senior IPS officer to serve for a one-year period as Adviser to the Commissioner of Police of Belize, based on a request from the Belizean Prime Minister. The Prime Minister has also requested India to open a Vocational Training Centre in Belize City.<ref name="MEAJan2016"/>

Citizens of Belize are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEAJan2016"/>

== Cultural relations ==
Cultural troupes from the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] make visits to Belize.<ref name="mea2014-01">{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Belize__January_2014.pdf|date=2014-01-17|access-date=2014-03-31|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331120756/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Belize__January_2014.pdf|title=India-Belize Relations|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India)}}</ref>

The Belize Indian Merchants Association (BIMA) based in the Corozal Free Trade Zone, and the Belize Indian Community (BIC) based in Belize City, are two Indian community organisations in Belize. Both organisations have temples in Belize, which also serve as community centres.<ref name="MEAJan2016"/>

==Indians in Belize==
{{main|Asian Indians in Belize}}
The Indian community in Belize dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. They migrated from the Caribbean over a period of about 150 years and have been completely assimilated into the local culture. They are referred to in Belize as [[Asian Indians in Belize|Asian Indians]] or East Indians. As of January 2016, over 1,500 Indians reside in Belize, of which 200 are Indian citizens and the rest are persons of Indian origin. Most of the community is engaged in business and are of Sindhi origin.<ref name="MEAJan2016"/>

Asian Indians constitute approximately four per cent of the population of Belize.<ref name="cuny">{{cite web|url=https://caribbean.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2013/11/23/international-conference-on-the-indian-diaspora-in-belize-and-the-wider-caribbean/|access-date=2014-03-31|date=2013-11-23|title=International conference on The Indian Diaspora in Belize and the wider Caribbean - call for papers|archive-date=2014-03-31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331122854/https://caribbean.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2013/11/23/international-conference-on-the-indian-diaspora-in-belize-and-the-wider-caribbean/|publisher=[[The Graduate Center, CUNY]]}}</ref> As of January 2016, there were 7,000-8,000 Asian Indians in Belize.<ref name="MEAJan2016"/>

==Diplomatic missions==
* Belize has an honorary consulate in [[New Delhi]].<ref>[https://mfa.gov.bz/overseas/india/ Honorary consulate of Belize in New Delhi]</ref>
* India is accredited to Belize from its embassy in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] and has an honorary consulate in [[Belize City]].<ref>[https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?151/Mexico Embassy of India in Mexico]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indembassy.org/ Embassy of India in Mexico City]

{{Foreign relations of Belize}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belize-India relations}}
[[Category:Belize–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Belize|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]

Painting in Bihar

2025-10-24T09:23:23Z

Vinod6176:

{{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}
[[Bihar]] is a state in eastern [[India]] divided by the [[Ganges]] river, an area which was once an important center for culture and learning. A Neolithic settlement has been discovered at [[Chirand]] which contains rock paintings similar to those found in Spain's [[Cave of Altamira|Altamira]] and France's [[Lascaux]] regions. The tradition of painting has been handed down from generation to generation in the families of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] regions mainly by women. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and other milestones of the life cycle, like birth, [[Upanayanam]] (the sacred thread ceremony), and marriage. Other styles of this region include Tikuli, Manjusha, and Patna kalam.

== History ==

=== Prehistoric and Early ===
[[Prehistoric]] [[rock painting]]s have been discovered in the [[Kaimur hills]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rock Cut Cave Tour - Visit Bihar|date=7 March 2020 |url=https://thevisitbihar.com/rock-cut-cave-tour/|access-date=2021-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Nawada]] and [[Jamui]]. A [[Neolithic]] settlement was also discovered in the thick of the [[alluvium]], over the bank of the [[Ganges]] at [[Chirand]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-01.htm |title=Prehistoric era in Bihar |access-date=2021-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181914/http://yac.bih.nic.in/Da-01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[rock painting]]s depict prehistoric lifestyle and natural environment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=heritage university|url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume2/810-829.pdf}}</ref> The paintings display the sun, moon, stars, animals, plants, trees, rivers and are believed to represent love towards nature.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The paintings also highlight daily life of the early humans in Bihar, displaying hunting, running, dancing, and walking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/art_craft.htm#Rock%20|title=Paintings Rock painting at Kaimur |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205000953/http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/art_craft.htm|archivedate=2009-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ancient Asia journal|journal=Ancient Asia|date=13 November 2013|volume=4|pages=Art. 2|doi=10.5334/aa.12308|last1=Tiwary|first1=Sachin|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[rock painting]]s in [[Bihar]] are not only identical to those in central and southern India, but also are similar to those in Europe and Africa. The rock paintings of Spain's [[Cave of Altamira|Altamira]] and France's [[Lascaux]] are almost identical to those found in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discovery of rock paintings|url=http://kaimur.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202172246/http://kaimur.com/|archive-date=2009-02-02|access-date=2008-12-01}}</ref>

=== Mauryan Era ===
While we can be sure of Mauryan proficiency in Painting field based on the descriptions of [[Megasthenes]], unfortunately no proper representative has been found to date. Many centuries later, the paintings of the [[Ajanta Caves]], the oldest significant body of Indian painting, show there was a well-developed tradition, which may well stretch back to Mauryan times.

=== 17th to mid-20th ===
{{Main|Patna Qualam}}
Those who practiced this art form were the descendants of the [[Hindu]] artisans and painters. Facing Ban and persecution from the Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], these artisans found refuge, via [[Murshidabad]], in [[Patna]] during the late 18th century. Though [[Patna Qualam]] was an offshoot of the well-known India's Miniature Painting but Unlike Mughal painting, which focused on the royalty and court scenes, flag bearers of [[Patna Qualam]] were deeply influenced by daily life of common man. The [[Patna Qualam]] flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. In Patna they came under patronage of local [[Raja|Raja's]], Zamindras, aristocracy and often [[Indophile]] scions of the early East India and started a unique form of painting which came to be known as the Company painting, or [[Patna School of Painting]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Return of the 'Patna Kalam'|date=6 March 2010|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/56522/return-patna-kalam.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515084815/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/56522/return-patna-kalam.html|archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news|title=Patna Kalam Painting- Origin and Characteristics|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/patna-kalam-painting-origin-and-characteristics-1548754612-1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425113316/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/patna-kalam-painting-origin-and-characteristics-1548754612-1|archive-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> [[Patna School of Painting]] shared the characteristics of the Bihar painters, but whereas the Mughal style depicted only royalty and court scenes, the [[Patna]] artists used painting to display common man's Daily life, livelihood, [[Ritual]]s, [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja's]], [[bazaar]] scenes. They used the [[watercolour]]s on paper and on [[mica]]. The style's subject matter evolved to include scenes of Indian daily life, local rulers, festivals, and ceremonies. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the [[College of Arts and Crafts, Patna]] under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan.

=== Post Independence ===
{{Empty section|date=October 2022}}

== Vernacular ==

=== Mithila Painting ===
{{Main|Mithila painting}}
[[File:Devi4.jpg|thumb|Artist doing [[Mithila painting]]]]
One is [[Mithila painting]], a style of Indian painting used in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of Bihar. Traditionally, painting was one of the skills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], mainly by women. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and other milestones of the life cycle, like birth, [[Upanayanam]] (the sacred thread ceremony), and marriage.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33">Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art", Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33</ref> Mithila painting was traditionally done on huts' freshly plastered mud walls, but today it is also done on cloth, handmade paper, and canvas. Famous Mithila painters have included Smt Bharti Dayal, [[Mahasundari Devi]], the late [[Ganga Devi (painter)|Ganga Devi]], and Sita Devi. Mithila painting is also called [[Madhubani art]]. It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities like [[Krishna]], [[Rama|Ram]], [[Shiva]], [[Durga]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Saraswati]] from ancient epics. Natural objects like the sun, moon, and religious plants like [[tulsi]] are also widely painted, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally no space is left empty.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33" />

===Bhojpuri Painting===
Bhojpuri painting is a folk painting style that has flourished in the [[Bhojpuri region]] of Bihar thousands of years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Painting |url=https://www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/bhojpuri-painting.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=www.artsofindia.in |language=en}}</ref> This painting style is a type of wall painting primarily done on '''temple walls''' or on '''walls of the rooms of newly''' '''married couples''' and the main motifs are that of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Although in recent times motifs of natural objects and life and struggles of village people are also depicted to make the painting more acceptable among the common people and bring the style close to reality.

=== Tikuli Painting ===
[[File:TIkuli_Art_by_Ashok_Kumar_Biswas.jpg|thumb|Tikuli painting by Ashok Kumar Biswas]]
This style involved the making of small [[Bindi (decoration)|Bindi]] like dots from thin glass sheets and adorned with gold and silver foils. In modern times, it has been extended to other decorative items.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tikuli Painting – UMSAS|url=http://umsas.org.in/tikuli-painting/|access-date=2021-05-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Tikuli is a type of hand painting and its history spread over 800 years. The painting with its modern evolution and varied manifestations, find its origin in Patna, Bihar.

Tikuli art has a deep historical significance associated with it. Tikuli is the term that is locally used for bindis, which are essentially colorful dots that women wear as accessories between their eyebrows. The basic raw materials used in Tikuli craft is the MDF board and the colors. This is a unique product handcrafted by artisans. This crafts provide livelihood support to about 300-500 artisans families on regular basis in Digha, Danapur and Gai Ghat mahallas of Patna town of Bihar.

=== Manjusha Painting ===
{{Main|Manjusha Painting}}
[[File:Manjusha Painting of Map of Bihar.png|thumb|Manjusha Painting]]
Manjusha painting, a thick line is used and the hair is shown not with lines but with colors. There is a tradition of showing the five sisters of the poisonous together in a snake-form. Where the character has to show domination, the hair is kept open. The pictures depict Bihula with her open hairstyle and a portrait of Manjusha or Nag in front of it, while the drawing of Mansa depicts the nectar Kalash in the right hand of the goddess and the picture of Nag in the left hand. Embellishments are predominant in women's clothes. Pink, yellow and green colors are mainly used in painting. In some cases, the common auxiliary colors associated with these three colors, such as green and orange, are also used. Black color is used in the human shape to bring out the snake-venom. These colors have esoteric and symbolic meanings. The pink and yellow colors signify excitement and exuberance, while green is a symbol of gloom and growth. The traditional artist of Manjushapainting, Chakravarti Devi used natural colors. But now posters, water, oil and ‘acrylic color’ are being used.

=== Patna kalam ===
{{Main|Patna Qualam}}
[[File:Shiv_Lal.jpg|thumb|Tamtam (Horse-drawn carriage) – by Shiv Lal]]
Patna Kalam is regarded as an off-shoot of [[Mughal painting]], with influences from Persian and Company (British) styles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Patna Kalam - Patna School of Painting Bihar India|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/art-craft/patna-kalam.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175434/http://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/art-craft/patna-kalam.html|archive-date=25 December 2018|access-date=2018-12-25|website=www.bharatonline.com}}</ref> The portraits can be clearly seen having colours and linings from Mughal style, and the shading can be seen to be adopted from the British style.<ref>{{Citation|last=Rajya Sabha TV|title=RSTV Documentary - Patna Kalam|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N15kNy4i6co|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref> Diverging from the Mughal and Persian style of wide and exquisitely decorated borders, Patna Kalam primarily focused on the subject of the painting. Their main subjects were common man, local festivals, ceremonies, bazaar scenes, local rulers, and domestic activities. The paintings were done on diverse surfaces such as paper, mica, and even ivory diskettes, that were used as brooches.<ref name=":12"/>

A distinguishing characteristic of Patna Kalam is lack of any landscape, foreground or background. Another characteristic was the development in the shading of solid forms. Patna Kalam paintings are painted straightway with the brush without marking with pencil to delineate the contours of the picture and the procedure of painting is popularly known as 'Kajli Seahi.'<ref name=":22"/>

== Artist ==
{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
* Sh. Shyam Sharma
* Sh. Anil Bihari
* Sh. Vireshwar Bhattacharya

== Schools ==
[[College of Arts and Crafts, Patna]] - The School is an important center of [[fine arts]] (especially [[Patna Qualam]]) in [[Bihar]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==

* Blurton, T. Richard, ''Hindu Art'', 1994, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|0 7141 1442 1}}
* Chakraverty, Anjan, ''Indian Miniature Painting'', 2005, Lustre Press, {{ISBN|8174363343}}, 9788174363343
* [[Roy C. Craven|Craven, Roy C.]], ''Indian Art: A Concise History'', 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), {{ISBN|0500201463}}
* Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
* {{Cite web|last=Sardar|first=Marika|title=Islamic Art of the Deccan|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/decc/hd_decc.htm|access-date=2019-02-03|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}
* "Miniature painting", [https://web.archive.org/web/20130318231813/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/miniaturepainting.htm Centre for Cultural Resources and Training], Indian Government
* "Modern Indian painting", [http://ccrtindia.gov.in/modernindianpainting.php Centre for Cultural Resources and Training], Indian Government
* "Wall paintings", [http://ccrtindia.gov.in/wallpaintings.php Centre for Cultural Resources and Training], Indian Government

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|last=Havell|first=E. B.|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016181798#page/n9/mode/2up|title=Indian sculpture and painting|publisher=John Murray, London|year=1908|author-link=E. B. Havell}}
* {{cite book|last=Coomaraswamy|first=Ananda K.|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022942993#page/n3/mode/2up|title=Viśvakarmā; examples of Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, handicraft|publisher=London|year=1914|author-link=Ananda K. Coomaraswamy}}
* {{cite book|last=Havell|first=E. B.|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookofindian002882mbp#page/n5/mode/2up|title=A Handbook of Indian Art|publisher=John Murray, London|year=1920|author-link=E. B. Havell}}
* ''Indian Painting'', by [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]]. Published by Y. M. C. A. publishing house, 1960.
* ''Indian Painting'', by Philip S. Rawson. Published by P.Tisné, 1961.
* ''Indian Painting: The Scene, Themes, and Legends'', by Mohindar Singh Randhawa, John Kenneth Galbraith. Published by Houghton Mifflin, 1968.
* ''Indian Painting'', by Douglas E. Barrett, [[Basil Gray]]. Published by Skira, 1978. {{ISBN|0-8478-0160-8}}.
* Kossak, Steven. (1997). [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 ''Indian court painting, 16th–19th century.''] Metropolitan Museum of Art. {{ISBN|0-87099-783-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Lerner, Martin|url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105494|title=''The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections''|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1984|isbn=0-87099-374-7|location=New York}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&dq=Indian+Painters&pg=PA2 ''A History of Indian Painting: The Modern Period''] by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1994. {{ISBN|81-7017-310-8}}.
* [http://www.ramayanabook.com/ Ramayana by Valmiki illustrated with Indian miniatures from the 16th to the 19th century], Diane de Selliers Publisher, 2011, {{ISBN|978-2-903656-76-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Welch, Stuart Cary|url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1|title=''India: art and culture, 1300-1900''|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1985|isbn=978-0-944142-13-4|location=New York}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Art of Bihar}}

* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta.asp Archaeological Survey of India]
* Refer [https://artmessy.com/indian-art-forms/ Indian Art Forms]

; Online exhibits

* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm Metmuseum.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Painting}}
[[Category:Indian painting|*]]
[[Category:Indian art|painting]]
[[Category:Fine Arts of Bihar]]

Deenabandhu

2025-10-05T06:19:41Z

Vinod6176: created new info

{{Short description|Malayalam language newspaper}}
{{distinguish|Deenbandhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox newspaper
|name = Deenabandhu
|logo = 
|type = Daily and weekly newspaper
|format = [[Broadsheet]]
|image =
|owners = [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
|founded =
|political_position = Neo-liberal, Pro-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|publisher = [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
|chief_editor = [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]]
|language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|headquarters = [[Thrissur]]
|circulation =
|website =
|price =
}}

'''Deenabandhu''' is a defunct [[Malayalam]] language newspaper printed daily and published from the [[Thrissur city]], [[Kerala]] in India. The newspaper was the first periodicals published from [[Kingdom of Cochin]] which supported the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13234/8/08_chapter%201.pdf
|title=THE EVOLUTION OF PRESS IN KERALA
|publisher=Shodhganga
|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm
|title=HISTORY OF PRESS IN KERALA
|publisher=PRD
|access-date=31 July 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807035905/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm
|archive-date=7 August 2014
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==History==
Deenabandhu was started as a weekly on 26 January 1941 from [[Thrissur]] city with [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] as [[editor-in-chief]]. The newspaper was named after [[Charles Freer Andrews]], known affectionately as ''Deenbandhu'' or ''Friend of the Poor'', a name given by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for his contributions to the [[Indian Independence Movement]].
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Mineral%20Red/DEENABANDHU%20C.%20F.%20ANDREWS%20(PHILOSOPHER)
|title=DEENABANDHU C. F. ANDREWS (PHILOSOPHER)
|publisher=Indian Post
|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> Majority of the news came from the political movements from the Kochi state. The paper was also official organ of the ''[[Kochi rajya prajamandalam|Cochin Prajamandalam]]''. During the [[Quit India Movement]], the Editor and the staff were imprisoned. Later, the ''Deenabandu'' resumed publication in 1944 after the release of its staff from jail. In January 1946, the ''Deenabandu'' was turned into a daily newspaper and was shifted to [[Ernakulam]]. In 1962 due to financial difficulties, ''Deenabandu'' ceased publication.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://pressacademy.org/content/history-media-kerala
|title=HISTORY OF MEDIA IN KERALA
|publisher=Press Academy
|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:Mass media in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1941]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Malayalam-language newspapers]]

Charles Vinoth

2025-09-21T14:03:02Z

Vinod6176: created a entry.

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charles Vinoth
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|04|20|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2014{{ndash}}present
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Charles Vinoth''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in Tamil language films as a supporting actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-KK3Av5iRo|title=Actor Charles Vinoth "Madras Movie Villain" Interview Part 1 www.2daycinema.com|last=2DayCinema|date=22 October 2014|publisher=|accessdate=28 April 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his education, Vinoth briefly began a career in shipping before losing passion in the area. Vinoth has since been a regular in the Chennai theatre scene, working with the production house Dr. Shoe Maker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/Mundhirikkotte/article14624882.ece|title=Mundhirikkotte|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 June 2016|accessdate=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://life.dailymirror.lk/article/35/buzz_with_danu/13826/kalieaswari-srinivasan|title=Life Online - Kalieaswari Srinivasan|work=dailymirror.lk|accessdate=28 April 2017|archive-date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504152554/http://life.dailymirror.lk/article/35/buzz_with_danu/13826/kalieaswari-srinivasan|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vinoth entered the film industry and received his breakthrough with roles in two consecutive film by [[Pa. Ranjith]]. His work as the antagonist in ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014) won him a nomination for [[Vijay Award for Best Villain]], while he was also cast alongside [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' (2016). Away from work with Ranjith, Vinoth has also played negative characters ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' (2015) and ''[[Yeidhavan]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kabali-movie-review-rajinikanths-emotional-side-sans-usual-mass-avatar-687613|title='Kabali' movie review: Rajinikanth's emotional side sans usual mass avatar|first=Anu|last=James|work=ibtimes.co.in|date=24 July 2016 |accessdate=28 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kalakkalcinema.com/8-thottakkal-movie-review/W2iIlwW.html|title=8 Thottakkal Movie Review|work=kalakkalcinema.com|accessdate=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425032202/http://kalakkalcinema.com/8-thottakkal-movie-review/W2iIlwW.html|archive-date=25 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' || Maari ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' || Madhivadhanan "Madhi" ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]'' || Tamizh Maaran ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[Bairavaa]]'' || MLA ||
|-
| ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
|''[[Yeidhavan]]'' || Chidambaram ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Traffic Ramasamy (film)|Traffic Ramasamy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''[[Pon Manickavel (film)|Pon Manickavel]]'' || Kailash ||
|-
| ''[[Anti Indian]]'' || Subramani ||
|-
|''Gaadi Ulla Body'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022 || ''[[Kadamaiyai Sei]]'' || Raj ||<ref>{{Citation |title=Kadamaiyai Sei Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kadamaiyai-sei/movieshow/92211389.cms |access-date=2022-07-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Natchathiram Nagargiradhu]]'' || Sekar ||
|-
|''[[One Way (2022 Indian film)|One Way]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Rathasaatchi]]'' || Narayana ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''[[Theerkadarishi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Infinity (2023 film)|Infinity]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paramporul]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]'' || Shanmugam ||
|-
| ''[[Saala (film)|Saala]]'' || Thangadurai||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saala Movie Review: Old wine in a familiar bottle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/saala/movie-review/112699304.cms |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025 ||''[[Gevi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kumaara Sambavam]]'' || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6789634}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinoth, Charles}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

Alexander Manual Simon

2025-09-13T22:20:41Z

Vinod6176: small fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Alexandar Manual Simon''' was an Indian politician and former and first [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Travancore-Cochin]] assembly as [[Tamil Nadu Congress]] candidate from [[Vilavancode (State Assembly Constituency)|Vilavancode constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in 1952 election. This was the first election from this constituency and it happened before Kanyakumari district merged with [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://kerala.gov.in/ele_rep/1951.pdf Elections to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative assembly- 1951 and to the Madras assembly constituencies in the Malabar area] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143332/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ele_rep/1951.pdf |date=3 December 2008 }}</ref> He was elected again from Kollencode constituency as a Tamil Nadu Congress candidate in 1954 interim election.<ref>[http://kerala.gov.in/ele_rep/1954.pdf 1954 Travancore-Cochin interim election] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006112349/http://kerala.gov.in/ele_rep/1954.pdf |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simon, Alexandar Manual}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1952–1954]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1954–1956]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Tulsi Tanti

2025-09-09T17:16:55Z

Vinod6176:

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1958–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Tulsi R Tanti.JPG|thumb|Tulsi Tanti]]
'''Tulsi Tanti''' (2 February 1958 – 1 October 2022) was an Indian businessman best known for being the founder and chairman-cum-managing director of [[Suzlon]]. He was known as the "Wind man of India" (or India's 'Wind Man'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karmali |first=Naazneen |title=Tulsi Tanti, India's 'Wind Man' And Former Billionaire, Dies At 64 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2022/10/02/tulsi-tanti-indias-wind-man-and-former-billionaire-dies-at-64/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>) and was the president of the [[Wind power in India|Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association]] apart from being the chairman of [[ZF Wind Power Antwerpen]], the Belgium-based manufacturer of [[wind turbine]] gearboxes since May 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2022 |title='Wind man of India' Suzlon Energy chairman Tulsi Tanti passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/wind-man-of-india-suzlon-energy-chairman-tulsi-tanti-passes-away-1150149.html |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Tanti was acknowledged as one of the two richest energy entrepreneurs in the world in 2006,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Development policy as a way to manage climate change risks |date= 13 February 2015|others=Bert Metz, M. T. J. Kok |isbn=978-1-136-56819-0 |edition=2015 |location=London |pages=141 |oclc=1050521561}}</ref> and Suzlon was the largest wind power company in the world by market capitalization. He was in the eighth place in the [[List of Indians by net worth|India's Global Wealth Club List]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiscock |first=Geoff |title=India's global wealth club : the stunning rise of its billionaires and the secrets of their success |date=2008 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-82238-8 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |pages=30, 156 |oclc=173718757}}</ref> but also made it to the Forbes' list of Billionaire Blowups of 2008.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |date=March 2009 |isbn= |pages=1580 |issn=0974-6390}}</ref> In 2009, he had been awarded the [[Champions of the Earth]] award by [[UNEP]] in the Entrepreneurial Vision category. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2018/01/19/lessons-rich-famous/|title=Lessons from the rich and famous |publisher=The Indian Sun|date=19 Jan 2018}}</ref>

An engineer by profession, Tanti completed his Graduation in engineering from Birla Vishvkarma Mahavidyalaya, Tanti was originally the owner and manager of a small textile firm; beleaguered by erratic electricity supply, he bought a couple of wind turbines to solve the problem, and eventually branched out into wind power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lama |first=HRH the Dalai |title=The Leader's Way : Business, Buddhism and Happiness in an Interconnected World. |date=2011 |publisher=Nicholas Brealey Pub |others=Laurens van den Muyzenberg |isbn=978-1-85788-421-0 |location=London |oclc=784883396}}</ref>

Tanti died of cardiac arrest on 1 October 2022, at the age of 64.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Mumbai |date=2 October 2022 |title=Suzlon founder Tulsi Tanti passes away |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/suzlon-founder-tulsi-tanti-passes-away/article65961793.ece |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> After his demise Vinod R Tanti is the chairman and Girish Tanti is the Vice Chairman of Suzlon [https://www.livemint.com/news/india/suzlon-appoints-vinod-r-tanti-as-cmd-for-3-years-11665156932023.html]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanti, Tulsi}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Wind power in India]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]