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Ahomisation

2026-05-05T05:14:48Z

Vineettandon: creating a data

{{Short description|Assimilation process in the former Ahom kingdom of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Gargaon'r Kareng Ghor.JPG|thumb|[[Kareng Ghar]] made by one of the Ahom Kings situated at Garhgaon]]

'''Ahomisation''' was an assimilation process in the former [[Ahom kingdom]] of [[Assam]] by which the people from different ethnic groups in the region became a part of what is now considered as the [[Ahom people|Ahom population]].<ref>"There, the Ahoms assimilated some of their Naga, Moran and Barahi neighbours and later, also large sections of the Chutiya and Kachari tribes. This Ahomisation process went on until the expanded Ahom society itself began to be Hinduised from the mid-16th century onward." {{harvcol|Guha|1983|p=12}}</ref>

==History==
[[Sukaphaa]] (reign 1228–1268 [[Common Era|CE]]), was a Tai prince originally from [[Mong Mao]], who along with about nine thousand soldier-agriculturalists arrived in what is now Assam in 1228.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/66700/10/10_chapter%204.pdf|title=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> After moving between different places, he finally settled in 1253 at [[Charaideo]] in eastern Assam and started forming a state. Upon settling in Assam, Sukaphaa established peaceful relations with the local ethnic groups, especially from the [[Chutia people#Borahi Chutia|Borahi]] and the [[Moran people|Moran]]. He later married the daughters of both Badaucha, the Moran Chief, and Thakumatha, the Borahi chief and established cordial relations with them. As he began establishing his domain, he avoided regions that were heavily populated.{{sfn|Gogoi|1968|p=264}} He also encouraged all his Tai soldiers as well as the members of the Tai elites to marry with the locals, which led to the beginning of the process called Ahomisation, he and his mostly male followers creating the admixed population known as the Ahoms.<ref>" The Ahom kingdom's establishment, traditionally dated at 1228, was done by a group migrating from the southeast, large numbers of whom were male army members, who would have taken local non-Tai speaking wives." {{harvnb|Morey|2014|pp=51–52}}</ref> The Shan-Tai settlers displayed great assimilative capacity. While the Shan invaders called themselves Tai, they came to be referred to as Āsām, Āsam and Acam by the indigenous peoples of the region.{{sfn|Neog|1962|p=1}} The modern Assamese word Āhom by which the Tai people were known was derived from Āsām or Āsam. Socially, they fully identified with the multi-ethnic groups of their occupied territory, and the new name Ahom legitimised and recognised their political supremacy and leadership. The conquest of the Moran and Borahi ethnic groups at the initial stage produced the conquest society. The Tai settlers did not exterminate the vanquished population, but instead took them as partners in peace and development.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/handle/1/9262 | title=The ahomisation process in early mediaeval Assam | date=13 February 2013 | last1=Buragohain | first1=Romesh }}</ref>

The Tai settlers brought with them the superior technique of wet-rice cultivation, and believed that they were divinely ordained to bring the fallow land under the plow. They adopted many stateless shifting cultivators of the region into their fold,{{sfn|Guha|1983|pp=11–12}} though they were also conscious of their numerical inferiority.{{sfn|Baruah|1977|p=251}} As a result, the Tai-Ahom polity initially absorbed people from various ethnic groups of the region such as Borahi, [[Moran people|Moran]] and [[Naga people|Naga]]. Later, after subjugating the [[Chutiya kingdom]] and [[Dimasa Kingdom]], much of the [[Chutia people|Chutia]] and the [[Dimasa people|Dimasa-Kachari]] populace too were absorbed into the Ahom population.<ref name="auto2">"Ahoms were never numerically dominant in the state they built and, at the time of 1872 and 1881 Censuses, they formed hardly one-tenth of the populations relevant to the erstwhile Ahom territory (i.e, by and large, the Brahmaputra Valley without the Goalpara district.)" {{harvnb|Guha|1983|p=9}}</ref>

Many indigenous people from various ethnic groups were ceremonially adopted into Ahom clans, as recorded in the chronicles known as "[[Buranji]]". Thus the illustrious Ahom family of Miri Sandikai was founded by one Miri ([[Mising people|Mising]]), the adopted son of a [[Burhagohain]]. King [[Supatphaa|Gadadhar Singha]] (1681–1696) accepted two Naga princesses as his consorts. The new converts, if capable, were even elevated to important administrative posts. Thus the second [[Borphukan]] became the governor of [[Lower Assam]], who was the son of a Naga of Banferra clan. Queen Phuleswari, who took the regalia to her hand during the reign of king [[Sutanphaa|Siva Singha]] (1714–1744), appointed a [[Bhutan]]ese youth as her page. Kancheng, the first [[Borpatrogohain|Barpatra Gohain]] was born and brought up in a Naga family.{{sfn|Baruah|1977|p=251}} Miri-Sandikoi and Moran-Patar were Sandikoi and Patar from the [[Mising people|Mising]] and Moran communities.<ref>"For instance the Miri-Sandikoi and Moran Patar were the offices drawn from the Miris and the Morans" {{harvnb|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}</ref> This was true even for the priestly clans: Naga-Bailung, Miri-bailung and Nara-Bailung.{{sfn|Gogoi|2006|p=9}}

[[Chutia people#Ahom Chutia| Ahom Chutias]] formed a major sub-division of Ahoms. They were termed as such as they intermarried with the already mixed Ahoms. Most of them have been absorbed into the Ahom fold over time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924071145522|title=Census of India, 1901|date=23 June 1901|publisher=Bombay : Govt. Central Press|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> They held various position in the Ahom kingdom's administration as seen with Langi Panisiya Borphukan,<ref>"Langi Panisiya, the first Borphukan, was a Chutiya by caste"{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=30}}</ref> Rupchandra Borbarua,<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, ''Ahom Buranji'', p.32.</ref> Kirtichandra Borbarua, Piksai Chetia Borphukan<ref>Barbarua, Hiteswar, "Ahomar Din",p.579</ref>, Piyoli Borphukan, [[Badan Chandra Borphukan|Badanchandra Borphukan]], Phrasenmung Borgohain (during Suhungmung's reign)<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, ''Ahom Buranji'', p.31, "Phrasenmung con tun cham pai luk Tiura"</ref>, Thumlung Borgohain (during Rudra Singha's reign)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01446144/document |title=''Chao-Thumlung Borgohain of a Tiura(Tai word for Chutia) family.'' |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611214210/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01446144/document |url-status=live }}</ref>, Kalibar Buragohain (during Sudingpha’s reign)<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, ''Ahom Buranji'', p.314</ref>, Banrukia Gohain(during Susenpha's reign), Banlungia Gohain (during Rudra Singha's reign)<ref>Barua, Gopal Chandra, ''Ahom Buranji'', p.32.,"Thaomung Banlung cham pai luk Tiora"</ref> and many more. As per Hiteswar Barbarua's book ''Ahomar Din''(1981), out of 44 Borphukans, 10 were of Chutia-origins (6 Rangachila Duara, 3 Piksai and Burha Chetia, 1 Langi)<ref>Barbarua, Hiteswar, "Ahomar Din", p. 532</ref> and out of 41 Borborua, 13 had Chutia-origins (6 Bakatial Buruk Chutia, 4 Rangachila Duara, 3 Lahon).<ref>Barbarua, Hiteswar, "Ahomar Din", p. 532</ref> Even during Sukapha's reign, many Chutia and Moran families like Som-chiring(Chutia), Changsai(Chutia) and Lanmakhru(Moran) were absorbed into the Ahom fold. Majority of Ahoms of the Chetia clan as well as the Lahon clan originated from the Chutia community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Shristidhar |date=1985 |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/72269.pdf |title=Dutta, Shristidhar, "The Mataks and their Kingdom", p.30 |access-date=15 April 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227070648/http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/72269.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In this manner, numerous ethnic groups hailing from both the plains and the hills across the region were assimilated into the 'Ahom' population.

The Tai-Ahoms married liberally outside their own exogamous clans and their own traditional religion resembled the religious practices of the indigenous peoples.{{sfn|Guha|1983|p=12}}{{sfn|Baruah|1977|pp=251–252}} The Borahis, were completely subsumed into the Ahom fold, though the Morans even today maintain their independent ethnicity, thus terms like 'Sutiya-Ahom', 'Kachari-Ahom', 'Moran-Ahom' have been used in the Buranjis (chronicles). During the pre-[[British raj|colonial period]] of Assam, the Ahoms were not an ethnic community like it is considered as now, but rather Ahoms were a relatively open status group. Any community coming into the socio-economic fold of the Ahom state could claim the Ahom status with active consent of the king.<ref name=fragmemory>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9PkFF3uq_8C&pg=PA5 |title=Fragmented Memories | author = [[Yasmin Saikia]] |isbn=978-0-8223-3373-9 |year=2004|publisher=Duke University Press }}</ref> The modern Ahom people and their culture are a [[syncretism]] of the original [[Tai people|Tai]] and their culture<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8154/10/10_conclusion.pdf|title=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> and local [[Tibeto-Burman]] peoples and their cultures they absorbed in Assam. After the initial contact of the Tai-Ahoms with the local people of the region, the Tai speakers learnt the local language and culture. With better communication and proper running of the Ahom administration, they learnt the local [[Assamese language]]. The adoption of Assamese language also changed the language of Chronicle writings, the Buranji(s), where they write their all events. Even though the already mixed group known as 'Ahom' made up a relatively very small portion of the kingdom's population,<ref name="auto2"/> they still maintained their original Tai-Ahom language alongside Assamese and practised their traditional religion until the 16th century, when the Ahom court, completely adopted the local language of the region, the Assamese language.<ref>"The Ahom language and Ahom script were relegated to the religious sphere, where they were used only by some members of the traditional priestly clans, while Assamese speech and writing took over in day to day life." {{harvnb|Terwiel|1996|p=276}}</ref>

This process of Ahomisation went on for till the mid-16th century when the mixed Ahom society itself came under the direct Hindu influence.{{sfn|Guha|1983|p=12}} In the contexts of conquest, the general process is the fact that the subjugated groups normally adopt the language and customs of the conquerors, this was the root of the Ahomisation process. But in Assam even after the process of Ahomisation started in the region, the Ahom kings observed that complete political influence in the country was not possible. And with the expansion of territory of the Ahom kingdom and with the further inclusion of a diverse population a reverse process took place. The conquerors had no other alternative but to sanction the use of the language and culture of the conquered people in the common level of the totality.<ref name="auto"/> So after the subjugation of Chutia territories as in [[Chutia Kingdom]], the process of Ahomisation gave way to the process of [[Sanskritisation]] (Hinduisation). The process of Sankritisation increased significantly in the 16th and 17th centuries after the expansion of Ahom kingdom westward which led to absorption of many Hindu subjects.<ref>{{harvp|Sharma|2009|p=357}}: "Hinduisation, however, struck strong roots in upper Assam mainly after the Ahom royalty embraced Hinduism and offered patronage to it from early 16th century, especially as a result of the expansion of the Ahom territory westward which subsumed many Hindu 'Assamese' speaking subjects most of whom were actually already Hinduized autochthons."</ref>

The first Hindu cultural elements came into Ahom royal palace during reign of [[Sukhaangphaa]] (1293–1332) when the king of [[Kamata Kingdom]] that ruled what is now [[Western Assam]], [[North Bengal|North Bengal and Northern Bangladesh]], offered his daughter to the Ahom king to conclude the battle between Kamata and Ahom kingdom.{{sfn|Boruah|2007}} This was the first recorded marriage of an Ahom king with a Hindu princess outside of the kingdom and this event of marriage brought in some Hindu elements to the Ahom royal palace. After the annexation of Chutiya kingdom, Kachari Kingdom and [[Baro-Bhuyan]]s territories, the Ahoms assimilated their own culture with them. The Ahom royal also later appointed some Chutiyas in their office, inter-married and had relations with them. Thus, the cultural assimilation took place which majorly impacted the social structure, belief and practices in the Ahom society.

==Sanskritisation==

Gradually, the Ahom royal accepted the influence of Hinduisation, which led to Hindu religion's entry into the Ahom royal palace during the reign of [[Sudangphaa]] also known as Bamuni Konwar (reign: 1397–1407). Sudangphaa also appointed a [[Brahmana]] as an advisor in the Ahom Royal court and he was the first Ahom king to adopt the coronation of [[Singarigharutha]]. Singarigharutha was the traditional coronation ceremony of an Ahom king. It was believed that even though an Ahom prince became a king, he could not attain the status of a full-fledged monarch until his Singarigharutha ceremony was completely performed. Therefore, each Ahom ruler after their accession to the throne tried to organize the ceremony as soon as possible.

[[Suhungmung]] (reign: 1497–1539) was the first Ahom king to adopt the Hindu title Swarga-Narayan, a Sanskrit equivalent of Tai-Ahom's Chao-Pha. After the reign of Suhungmung the Ahom king prefer to use their Hindu names in the official records.{{sfn|Gait|1906}} The kings who were traditionally known with the title of Chao-Pha were replaced by the title of Swargadeo and since then Ahom kings came to be known as the 'Swargadeo'.

The priestly classes of the Ahom like the Mohan, Deodhai and Bailung, mostly remained outside the purview of mainstream Hinduism and continued to express their unwillingness to come into the fold of the Brahmin Hindus.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} However the traditions of Tai culture and religion can be found to be preserved by some priestly classes in rituals, marriages and festivals which today reflect the Ahom style of living.

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Cited sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Boruah |first=Nirode |title=Early Assam |publisher=Spectrum Publications |year=2007 |place=Guwahati, Delhi}}
* {{Citation |last=Gait | given=Edward | title=A History of Assam | publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co, Calcutta | year=1906}}
* {{Citation| last = Guha| first = Amalendu| title = The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228–1714)| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 11| pages = 3–34| date = December 1983| doi = 10.2307/3516963| issue = 12| jstor = 3516963| url = http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3259| access-date = 29 July 2020| archive-date = 6 July 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230706211727/https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/3259| url-status = dead}}
* {{Citation|last=Neog|first=Dimbeswar |year=1962|title=New Light on History of Asamiya Literature |url=|place=Gauhati}}
* {{Citation |last=Morey |first=Stephen |contribution=Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and loss in North East India|editor-last=Cardoso |editor-first=Hugo C. |title=Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia |volume= |pages=46–77 |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press|place=Honolulu |year=2014}}
* {{Cite journal| last = Baruah| first=S. L.| title = Ahom Policy Towards the Neighbouring Hill Tribes| journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume=38 |number= | year=1977| pages= 249–256| jstor=44139078|issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Citation |last=Gogoi |first=Padmeshwar |year=1968 |title=The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms |publisher=Gauhati University |place=Guwahati}}
* {{Citation| surname=Gogoi | given=Nitul Kumar | title=Continuity and Change among the Ahoms |publisher=Concept Publishing Company, Delhi | year=2006}}
* {{cite book |last=Saikia |first=Yasmin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9PkFF3uq_8C |title=Fragmented Memories |isbn=978-0-8223-3373-9 |year=2004 |publisher=Duke University }}
* {{Citation |last=Buragohain |first=Romesh |url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/handle/1/9262 |title=The ahomisation process in early mediaeval Assam |year=2013 }}
* {{Cite journal| last = Terwiel| first=B.J.| title = Recreating the Past: Revivalism in Northeastern India.| journal= Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde| volume=152 |number= 2| year=1996| pages= 275–92| jstor=27864746| doi=10.1163/22134379-90003014| doi-access= free}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Chandan Kumar|contribution=Tribe Caste Continuum and the Formation of Assamese Identity|year=2009|title=Tribes of North-East India: Issues and Challenges|editor-last=Medhi|editor-first=B.K|pages=354–366|place=Delhi|publisher =Omsons Publications}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]

Dhee (singer)

2026-04-30T05:54:28Z

Vineettandon: started a info - done

{{short description|Australian singer (born 1998)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dhee
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dheekshitha Venkadeshan
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1998|06|26}}
| origin = Sydney
| genre = Pop
| instrument = Vocals
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|playback singer}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| label = [[Maajja]]
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Btw Santhosh]]|[[Dhanush]]|[[Arivu]]}}
| website =
}}
'''Dheekshitha Venkadeshan''' (born 26 June 1998), known professionally as '''Dhee''', is an Australian singer known for her work as a playback singer in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laisram |first1=Romal |title=22-year-old singer Dhee's first single, Enjoy Enjaami, crosses a 100M views! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/apr/09/chennai-based-dhee-enjoy-enjaami-story-32921.html |access-date=14 April 2021 |work=Indulge Express |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil-Australian singer's tribute to the dispossessed tea plantation labourers |url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/tamil-australian-singers-tribute-to-the-dispossessed-tea-plantation-labourers/ |last1=Sarwal |first1=Amit |website=The Australia Today |date=March 18, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="rlngs" >{{cite magazine |title=COVER STORY: Back to the Roots |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-back-to-the-roots-dhee-shan-vincent-de-paul-maajja/ |last1=Tagat |first1=Anurag |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=August 21, 2021 }}</ref> She is best known for her collaborations with her stepfather, [[Santhosh Narayanan]], and her distinctive [[alto]] voice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Balajee C. |date=2016-03-14 |title=Dhee' one to watch out for! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140316/dhee-one-to-watch-out-for.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Cuckoo, cuckoo! A voice of her own |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/apr/10/cuckoo-cuckoo-a-voice-of-her-own-2288042.html |last1=Laisram |first1=Ronal |website=The New Indian Express |date=April 10, 2021 }}</ref> She won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Filmfare Award]] for Best Singer for "Kaattu Payale", from the 2020 film ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Suriya’s Soorarai Pottru and Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa win big at Filmfare Awards South 2022, check out complete winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/filmfare-awards-south-2022-soorarai-pottru-pushpa-winners-list-8199133/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Dhee was born on 26 June 1998 to a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] father, Venkadesan, and an [[Tamils|Indian Tamil]] mother, Meenakshi Iyer, who is a [[Carnatic musician]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Meenakshi Santhosh Narayanan |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/tamil/en/podcast-episode/meet-meenakshi-santhosh-narayanan/41ascmo7v |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=[[SBS (Australia)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dec" /> She was raised and went to school in Sydney, where her mother was based.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhee |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/music/dhee.html |last1=Lohani Mehtani |first1=Hansika |website=Platform |date=February 7, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="rlngs" /><ref>{{cite news |title=All You Should Know About Dhee |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-dhee-enjoy-enjaami-magazine-cover-slammed-arivu/ |last1=Das |first1=Ria |website=SheThePeople |date=August 23, 2021 }}</ref> She is the step daughter of Indian music composer [[Santhosh Narayanan]].<ref name=":1" /> Dhee began her playback singing career by performing songs in two of Narayanan's albums, ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' (2013) and ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' (2014), during breaks from her education.

After settling in [[Chennai]], Dhee made her breakthrough by singing "Naan Nee" on Narayanan's album, alongside [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], for [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014). The pair garnered nominations for Best Female Singer for their performance at the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Filmfare Awards]] and [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Vijay Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |website=Filmfare.com |date=2015-06-03 |accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref>

Dhee received critical acclaim for her work in [[Sudha Kongara Prasad|Sudha Kongara]]'s sports drama film, ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' (2016).<ref name="dec" >{{cite news |title='Dhee' one to watch out for |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140316/dhee-one-to-watch-out-for.html |last1=Balaji |first1=CR |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=March 14, 2016 }}</ref> As the lead singer for [[Ritika Singh]]'s North Madras-based boxer character in the film, Dhee recorded two solo songs titled "Ey Sandakaara" and "Usuru Narumbuley".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/irudhi-suttru-songs-review/ |title=Irudhi Suttru Songs Review |publisher=Only Kollywood |date=2016-01-05 |accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref> Behindwoods.com stated that the first song was "another classic Santhosh [Narayanan] number that gets your attention in no time", while noting, of the latter, that the "pathos song by Dhee is a revelation of sorts".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/irudhi-suttru/irudhi-suttru-songs-review.html |title=Irudhi Suttru (aka) Iruthi Suttru songs review |website=Behindwoods.com |date=2016-01-04 |accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/irudhi-suttru-a-sparkling-album-news-tamil-qbfkUacbgdfbd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105224735/http://www.sify.com/movies/irudhi-suttru-a-sparkling-album-news-tamil-qbfkUacbgdfbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2016 |title=Irudhi Suttru- A sparkling album! |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/36265/irudhi-suttru-music-review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107121248/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/36265/irudhi-suttru-music-review |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 January 2016 |title=Irudhi Suttru Music Review |publisher=Top10 Cinema |date=2016-01-04 |accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref> In 2017, Dhee made her debut in Telugu cinema with songs from Kongara's [[Guru (2017 film)|''Guru'']], a remake of the director's own ''Irudhi Suttru.''

Dhee continued working with Narayanan in critically acclaimed albums for films such as ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018) and ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018), before collaborating with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the song "[[Rowdy Baby (song)|Rowdy Baby]]" in ''[[Maari 2]]'' (2018). Singing alongside actor [[Dhanush]], the song garnered viral popularity soon after its release.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-02-13 |title='Rowdy Baby' notches up 200 million YouTube views |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/rowdy-baby-notches-up-200-million-youtube-views/article61542406.ece |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The track has since gained more than 1.5 billion views on YouTube, making it the highest viewed Tamil music video and one of the most-viewed Indian videos of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rowdy Baby Becomes The First South Indian Song To Set This Record! |url=https://www.vcinema.com/news-article/about:blank |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>

Dhee made her debut in independent Tamil pop under the [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]-helmed label, [[maajja]], with "[[Enjoy Enjaami]]", featuring [[Arivu]] (from [[The Casteless Collective]]), on 7 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enjoy Enjaami's Dhee: The 'Goli Soda akka' who now dares to dream |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-dhee-the-goli-soda-akka-who-now-dares-to-dream/article34026824.ece |last1=Kumar |first1=Pradeep |website=The Hindu |date=March 15, 2021 }}</ref> The track's production, influenced by Tamil Nadu's [[Oppari]] style, and its anti-oppression lyrical sentiment made the song an immediate success, with the music video gaining over 50 million views within weeks of its premiere on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Nidhi |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Enjoyed "Enjoy Enjaami"? You'll love what the musicians of maajja are cooking up next |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/musicians-of-maajja |website=GQIndia}}</ref> Produced by Narayanan, it is the first song to be released under maajja.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=2021-03-18 |title=Listen between the lines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/listen-between-the-lines/article34100794.ece |access-date=2021-04-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=2021-03-09 |title=Enjoy Enjaami's Dhee: The 'Goli Soda akka' who now dares to dream |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-dhee-the-goli-soda-akka-who-now-dares-to-dream/article34026824.ece |access-date=2021-04-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The success of "Enjoy Enjaami" soon became fraught with controversy about Arivu's perceived sidelining in the song's marketing in favour of Dhee and Narayanan. These debates largely revolved around his status as a 'featured' artist, and were spurred on by his absences from the covers of a [[Spotify]] remix by [[DJ Snake]] and the August 2021 issue of ''[[Rolling Stone India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=South First |date=2024-08-09 |title=Dhee back in spotlight with her latest single, 'I Wear My Roots Like a Medal' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tamil/dhee-back-in-spotlight-with-her-latest-single-i-wear-my-roots-like-a-medal/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-02 |title=The 'Enjoy Enjaami' controversy explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/enjoy-enjaami-arivu-dhee-santhosh-narayanan-controversy-explained/article65715753.ece |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In August 2022, Dhee responded to the controversy by asserting her record of crediting Arivu, and Narayanan, "every chance [she] got",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2022-08-02 |title='Always credited Arivu': Dhee on Enjoy Enjaami controversy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/always-credited-arivu-dhee-enjoy-enjaami-controversy-166421 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> while Arivu has maintained that the song was written and composed entirely by him.

In the years that followed, Dhee returned to Tamil cinema through musical collaborations with Narayanan and G.V. Prakash Kumar. She worked for the first time with composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]] on "Jujubee" for the 2023 hit [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]], directed by [[Nelson Dilipkumar|Nelson]] and starring Ravichander's uncle, [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-26 |title=Watch 'Jailer's third single 'Jujubee' now; a mass song! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/watch-jailers-third-single-jujubee-now-a-mass-song/articleshow/102145828.cms |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She made her Malayalam language debut in 2024 with "Viduthal" in Darwin Kuriakose's [[Anweshippin Kandethum]], with music by Narayanan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Singer Dhee amazes with her debut Malayalam track 'Viduthal', calls it special |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/singer-dhee-stuns-with-her-first-malayalam-song-viduthal-1.9298518 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

During the 2021 promotions for "Enjoy Enjaami", it was announced that Dhee's debut studio album would be produced by maajja, marking her first English-language release since debuting in the Indian music industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=22-year-old singer Dhee's first single, Enjoy Enjaami, crosses a 100M views! Find out more... |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/apr/09/chennai-based-dhee-enjoy-enjaami-story-32921.html |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> Dhee's first English language single, "I Wear My Roots Like a Medal", was released in October 2024 without involvement from maajja. It was composed, written and performed by Dhee, and co-produced with Narayanan and Aditya Ravindran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-08 |title=Dhee returns to her roots in her latest single 'I Wear My Roots Like a Medal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/i-wear-my-roots-like-a-medal-dhee-returns-to-her-roots-in-her-latest-single/article68500970.ece |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Discography==

=== Singles ===

==== As lead artist ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:250px;" rowspan="2" | Title
! rowspan="2" | Year
! Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! style="font-size:90%;|[[Official Charts Company#Chart synopsis|UK Asian]] <ref>Singles on UK Asian Music Chart:

* "Enjoy Enjaami": {{cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40: 26 March 2021|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20210326/asian/|access-date=4 April 2021|website=[[Official Charts Company]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Enjoy Enjaami]]" {{Small|(feat. [[Arivu]], produced by [[Santhosh Narayanan]])}}
| 2021
| 5
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Can't You Stay a Little Longer" {{Small|(produced by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], Aditya Ravindran)}}
| 2024
|
| {{n/a|TBA}}
|-
! scope="row"|"I Wear My Roots Like a Medal" {{Small|(produced by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], Aditya Ravindran)}}
| 2024
|
| {{n/a|TBA}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Ancient Seed" {{Small|(feat. [[Tiwa Savage]] and [[WondaGurl]], produced by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], WondaGurl)}}
| 2026
|
| ''Conscious Planet'' EP
|}

==== As playback singer ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+
|-
! Year !! Song title !! Film !! Music director !! Notes / Language
|-
| 2013 || "Disco Woman" || ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' || rowspan="12" |[[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| "Enda Mapla" || ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' || ||
|-
| "Naan Nee" || ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' || co-artist Shakthisree Gopalan Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Filmfare Award – Tamil]] Nominated—[[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
| "Ey Sandakaara" || rowspan="2" |''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' || Nominated—[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]]
|-
| "Usuru Narumbeley" || ||
|-
| "Thoondil Meen" || ''[[Kabali]]'' || ||
|-
| "Dushta" || ''[[Iraivi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| "Oo Sakkanoda" || rowspan="2" |''[[Guru (2017 film)|Guru]]'' || rowspan="2"| Telugu
|-
| "Gundelothulalo" ||
|-
| "Rathina Katti" || ''[[Meyaadha Maan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| "Kannamma Kannamma" || ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' || ||
|-
| "Maadila Nikkura Maanutty" || ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || ||
|-
| "[[Rowdy Baby (song)|Rowdy Baby]]" || ''[[Maari 2]]'' || rowspan="2" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| "Vaanil Irul" || ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' || ||
|-
| "Idharkuthaan" || ''[[Bigil]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
| "Yedho Maayam" || ''[[Dagaalty]]'' || Vijay Narain || Lyrics by Subu
|-
| "Manamengum Maaya Oonjal" || ''[[Gypsy (2020 film)|Gypsy]]'' || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
| "Kaattu Payale" || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || rowspan="2" |[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| "Kaatuka Kanule" || ''[[Aakasam Nee Haddu Raa]]'' || Telugu version
|-
| "Rakita Rakita Rakita" || ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' || rowspan="5" |[[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
| 2021 || "Uttradheenga Yeppov" || ''[[Karnan (2021 film)|Karnan]]'' || ||
|-
| 2022 || "Anbarey" || ''[[Gulu Gulu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
| "Chamkeela Angeelesi" || rowspan="2" |''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || Telugu
|-
| "Mainaru Vetti Katti" || Tamil version
|-
| "Jujubee" || ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] ||
|-
| "Maamadura" || ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]'' || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2024
| "Kombari Vettapuli" || ''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] ||
|-
| "Viduthal" || ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' || |rowspan="2" |[[Santhosh Narayanan]] || Malayalam
|-
| "Ta Takkara" || ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' || || Telugu
|-
| "Thenkizhakku" || ''[[Vaazhai]]'' || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] || Tamil
|-
| "Yennai Izhukkuthadi" || [[Kadhalikka Neramillai (2025 film)|''Kadhalikka Neramillai'']] || [[A. R. Rahman]] || Tamil
|-
| "Nain Matakka" || ''[[Baby John (film)|Baby John]]'' || [[Thaman S]] || Hindi
|-
| 2025 || "Muththa Mazhai" || ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] || Tamil
|-
| 2026 || "Adi Alaye" || ''[[Parasakthi (2026 film)|Parasakthi]]'' || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || Tamil
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6600495}}
*{{Instagram | id= dhee___ }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Sydney]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Australian women singers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Australian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil women]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Australian expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate musicians in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Perilla frutescens

2026-04-29T12:16:04Z

Vineettandon: starting entry

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{About||another culinary variety of perilla used in a number of Asian cuisines|Shiso}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Korean perilla
| image = Perilla frutescens var. frutescens.jpg
| image_caption = Perilla growing in [[Gimpo]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Plummer, J. |year=2020 |title=''Perilla frutescens'' |article-number=e.T149445472A156238197 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T149445472A156238197.en |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Perilla (plant)
| species = frutescens
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]]
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
* ''Ocimum frutescens'' L.
* ''Perilla frutescens'' var. ''typica'' Makino
* ''Perilla ocymoides'' L.
* ''Perilla urticifolia'' Salisb.
{{hidden end}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:190343-2 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Perilla frutescens''''', known as '''deulkkae''' ({{langx|ko|들깨}}) or '''Korean perilla''' in Korea, as '''egoma''' ({{langx|ja|エゴマ}}) in Japan, and as '''zisu''' ({{langx|zh|紫苏}}) in China, is a species of ''[[Perilla]]'' in the mint family [[Lamiaceae]]. It is an [[annual plant]] native to Southeast Asia and Indian highlands, and is traditionally grown in the Korean peninsula, southern China, Japan and India as a crop. A variety of this plant, ''P. frutescens'' var. ''crispa'' known as "[[shiso]]", is widely grown in Japan.<ref name="Sin">{{Cite web|url=http://premium.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b05d2441a|title=deulkkae|last=신|first=현철|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|language=ko|script-title=ko:들깨|access-date=30 November 2016}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

An edible plant, perilla is grown in gardens and attracts butterflies. It has a strong mint-like smell. The major volatile compound responsible for this characteristic aroma is [[perilla ketone]], which is present in particularly high amounts in the leaves of ''Perilla frutescens'' described in this article.
<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seo |first=Won Ho |title=Characteristic aroma-active compounds of Korean perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton) leaf |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=24 |pages=11537–11542 |doi=10.1021/jf902669d |pmid=20000853 |bibcode=2009JAFC...5711537S }}</ref>

In the United States, ''Perilla frutescens'' is a pest weed, [[toxicity|toxic]] to cattle after ingestion.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Perilla |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/perilla.html |access-date=15 February 2019 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref><ref name="W135">{{Cite book |last=Steckel |first=Larry |url=https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W135.pdf |title=Perilla Mint |date=2006 |publisher=University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture |volume=Extension PB 135 |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015701/https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W135.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2020 }}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 25, page 009 - 青蘇 - Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, 1804.jpg|thumb|''Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton'' from the Japanese [[Seikei Zusetsu]] agricultural encyclopedia]]
Perilla is an annual plant growing {{convert|60|-|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, with [[Plant stem|stalks]] which are [[glabrous|hairy]] and [[square]].<ref name="KNA">{{Cite web|url=http://nature.go.kr/kbi/plant/pilbk/selectPlantPilbkDtl.do?plantPilbkNo=33912|title=deulkkae|website=Korea Biodiversity Information System|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|language=ko|script-title=ko:들깨|access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Leaf|leaves]] are [[Phyllotaxis|opposite]], {{convert|7|-|12|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|5|-|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} wide, with a broad oval shape, pointy ends, [[Serration|serrated]] (saw-toothed) margins, and long [[Petiole (botany)|leafstalks]]. The leaves are [[green]] with occasional touches of [[purple]] on the underside.<ref name="KNA" />

The [[flower]]s bloom on [[raceme]]s at the end of [[branch]]es and the main [[Plant stem|stalk]] in late summer. The [[Sepal|calyx]], {{convert|3|-|4|mm|in|frac=32|abbr=on}} long, consist of upper three sepals and the hairy lower two. The [[Petal|corolla]] is {{convert|4|-|5|mm|in|frac=32|abbr=on}} long with its lower lip longer than the upper. Two of the four [[stamen]]s are long.<ref name="KNA" />

The fruit is a [[schizocarp]], {{convert|2|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on}} in [[diameter]], and with [[wikt:reticulate|reticulate]] pattern on the outside.<ref name="KNA" /> Perilla seeds can be soft or hard, being [[Shades of white|white]], [[Shades of gray|grey]], [[Shades of brown|brown]], and [[Shades of brown|dark brown]] in colour and globular in shape.<ref name="Lee">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Ju Kyong|last2=Ohnishi|first2=Ohmi|date=2001|title=Geographic Differentiation of Morphological Characters among Perilla Crops and Their Weedy Types in East Asia|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/51/4/51_4_247/_article|journal=Breeding Science|volume=51|issue=4|pages=247–255|doi=10.1270/jsbbs.51.247|bibcode=2001BrSci..51..247L |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Asif">{{Cite journal|last=Asif|first=Mohammad|date=2011|title=Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils|journal=Oriental Pharmacy & Experimental Medicine|volume=11|issue=1|pages=51–59|doi=10.1007/s13596-011-0002-x|pmid=21909287|pmc=3167467}}</ref> 1000 seeds weigh about {{convert|4|g|oz|frac=16|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Asif" />

Perilla seeds contain about 38-45% [[lipid]].<ref name="Yu">{{Cite book|title=Perilla: The Genus Perilla|last=Shin|first=Hyo-Sun|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|year=1997|isbn=978-90-5702-171-8|editor-last=Yu|editor-first=He-ci|location=London|pages=93|chapter=Lipid Composition and Nutritional and Physiological Roles of Perilla Seed and its Oil|editor-last2=Kosuna|editor-first2=Kenichi|editor-last3=Haga|editor-first3=Megumi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5A71gsWUskC&pg=PA93}}</ref><ref name="Sonntag">{{Cite journal|last=Sonntag|first=N. O. V.|date=1979|title=Fat splitting|journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society|volume=56|issue=11|pages=729A–732A|doi=10.1007/BF02667430|s2cid=189772194}}</ref><ref name="Vaughan">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/structureofutili0000unse|url-access=registration|title=The Structure and Utilization of Oil Seeds|last=Vaughan|first=John G.|publisher=[[Chapman and Hall]]|year=1970|isbn=978-0-412-09790-4|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/structureofutili0000unse/page/120 120]–121}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Perilla frutescens var. frutescens' flower.jpg|[[Flower]]s
File:Perilla frutescens' raceme.jpg|[[Raceme]]
File:Perilla frutescens var. frutescens' foliage.jpg|[[leaf|Leaves]]
File:Ripe deulkkae (Perilla frutescens).jpg|Ripe plants (autumn)
File:Deulkkae (Perilla frutescens) seeds.jpg|[[Seed]]s
</gallery>

==Taxonomy==
=== Etymology ===
Along with other plants in the genus ''[[Perilla]]'', the plant is commonly called "perilla". It is also referred to as 'Korean perilla,'<ref name="Seo">{{Cite journal |last1=Seo |first1=Won Ho |last2=Baek |first2=Hyung Hee |date=2009 |title=Characteristic Aroma-Active Compounds of Korean Perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton) Leaf |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=57 |issue=24 |pages=11537–11542 |doi=10.1021/jf902669d |pmid=20000853 |bibcode=2009JAFC...5711537S }}</ref><ref name="Acton">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssi5xgHtrSoC&pg=PP13 |title=Advances in Lamiaceae Research and Application |publisher=[[ScholarlyEditions]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-481-63590-5 |editor-last=Acton |editor-first=Q. Ashton |location=Atlanta, GA}}</ref> due to its extensive cultivation in Korea and use in Korean cuisine.

In the United States, the plant is known by many names, such as perilla mint, beefsteak plant, purple perilla, Chinese basil, wild basil, blueweed, Joseph's coat, wild coleus, and rattlesnake weed.<ref name="W135" />

=== Infraspecific taxa ===
''Perilla frutescens'' has three known [[variety (botany)|varieties]].<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN|450233}}</ref>
* ''P. frutescens'' (var. ''frutescens'') – called Korean perilla or ''deulkkae''.
* [[Perilla frutescens var. crispa|''P. frutescens'' var. ''crispa'']] – also called ''shiso'' or ''tía tô''.
* [[Perilla frutescens var. hirtella|''P. frutescens'' var. ''hirtella'']] – also called lemon perilla.

The genome of a dark-leaved domesticated variety has been sequenced in 2022.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tamura |first1=Keita |last2=Sakamoto |first2=Mika |last3=Tanizawa |first3=Yasuhiro |last4=Mochizuki |first4=Takako |last5=Matsushita |first5=Shuji |last6=Kato |first6=Yoshihiro |last7=Ishikawa |first7=Takeshi |last8=Okuhara |first8=Keisuke |last9=Nakamura |first9=Yasukazu |last10=Bono |first10=Hidemasa |date=2022-11-16 |title=A highly contiguous genome assembly of red perilla (''Perilla frutescens'') domesticated in Japan |journal=DNA Research |volume=30 |issue=1 |article-number=dsac044 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsac044 |issn=1340-2838 |pmc=9835750 |pmid=36383440}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The plant is native to: [[Bangladesh]]; [[India]] especially, [[Eastern Himalayas|Eastern]] and [[Western Himalayas]], and [[Northeast India]]; [[Nepal]]; [[Myanmar]]; China especially, [[South Central China]], and Southeast China; [[Thailand]]; [[Laos]]; [[Vietnam]]; [[Java]]; [[Taiwan]]; [[Japan]]; [[Korea]]; and Russia, especially, [[Primorsky Krai]]; and [[Khabarovsk Krai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:190343-2 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> It was introduced to other parts of Asia, namely [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Cambodia]], and parts of Europe such as [[Germany]], [[Romania]], [[Ukraine]] and South European Russia. In addition, it was also introduced in several states of the [[United States]] and the [[Ontario]] province of [[Canada]].<ref name=":0" /> After years of spreading in the United States, ''P. frutescens'' has been designated as a weed.<ref name="W135" />

== Cultivation ==

=== History ===
The plant was introduced to the Korean peninsula before the [[Unified Silla]] era, when it started to be widely cultivated.<ref name="Sin" />

In its natural state, the yield of perilla leaves and seeds is not high. If the stem is cut about {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} above ground level in summer, a new stalk grows, and it produces more fruit. Leaves can be harvested from the stem cut off in the summer, as well as from the new stalk and its branches, throughout summer and autumn. The seeds are harvested in autumn when the fruits are ripe. To collect perilla seeds, the whole plant is harvested, and the seeds are beaten out of the plant before being spread for [[food drying|sun-drying]].

== Toxicity ==
Although perilla is widely cultivated as an edible plant for humans, it is toxic to cattle and other [[ruminant]]s, as well as horses.<ref name=drugs/> In grazing cattle, plant ketones cause [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]],<ref name=drugs/> also called "panting disease".<ref name="W135"/>

[[Contact dermatitis]] may occur in people handling the leaves or oil.<ref name=drugs/> Consumption of large amounts of seeds has resulted in [[anaphylaxis]].<ref name=drugs/>

== Nutritional value ==
{{Further|Perilla oil#Nutrition}}
Perilla seeds are rich in [[dietary fiber]] and [[Mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]] such as [[calcium]], [[iron]], [[Niacin (substance)|niacin]], [[protein]], and [[thiamine]].<ref name="Duke">{{Cite journal|last1=Duke|first1=Jim|last2=Duke|first2=Peggy|date=1978|title=Tempest in the Teapot: Mints|journal=Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research|volume=16|issue=2|pages=71–95|doi=10.3109/13880207809083254}}</ref> Perilla leaves are also rich in [[Vitamin A|vitamins A]], [[Vitamin C|C]] and [[riboflavin]].<ref name="Duke" />

== Uses ==

=== Chemical composition ===
Various perilla varieties are used for [[traditional medicine]] in Southeast Asia.<ref name="drugs" />

Characteristic aroma-active [[phytochemical]]s in perilla leaves include [[hydrocarbon]]s, [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s, [[aldehyde]]s, [[furan]]s, and [[ketone]]s, particularly [[perilla ketone]], [[egoma]] ketone, and isoegoma ketone.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="Seo" /> Other [[phytochemicals]] are [[alkaloids]], [[terpenoids]], [[quinines]], [[phenylpropanoids]], [[polyphenolics]], [[flavonoids]], [[coumarins]], [[anthocyanins]], [[carotenoids]], [[neolignans]], fatty acids, [[tocopherols]], and [[sitosterols]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Tianyu |last2=Netala |first2=Vasudeva Reddy |last3=Zhang |first3=Hongjiao |last4=Xing |first4=Yun |last5=Li |first5=Huizhen |last6=Zhang |first6=Zhijun |date=2022-06-02 |title=Perilla frutescens: A Rich Source of Pharmacological Active Compounds |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=27 |issue=11 |page=3578 |doi=10.3390/molecules27113578 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=9182122 |pmid=35684514 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Peina |last2=Yin |first2=Mengjiao |last3=Dai |first3=Shilin |last4=Bao |first4=Ke |last5=Song |first5=Chenglin |last6=Liu |first6=Chanchan |last7=Wu |first7=Qinan |date=2021-06-18 |title=Multi-omics analysis of the bioactive constituents biosynthesis of glandular trichome in Perilla frutescens |journal=BMC Plant Biology |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=277 |doi=10.1186/s12870-021-03069-4 |issn=1471-2229 |pmc=8214284 |pmid=34144672 |bibcode=2021BMCPB..21..277Z |doi-access=free}}</ref> Other compounds include [[perillaldehyde]], [[limonene]], [[linalool]], [[beta-caryophyllene]], [[menthol]], and [[alpha-pinene]].<ref name="drugs" /> The ''crispa'' variety is differentiated by leaf and stem colors, which vary from green to red to purple, indicating the presence of [[anthocyanin]]s.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="W135" />

=== Seed oil ===
{{Main|Perilla oil}}
Having a distinctive nutty aroma and taste, the oil pressed from the toasted perilla seeds is used as a flavor enhancer, condiment, and a cooking oil in Korean cuisine. The [[press cake]] remaining after pressing perilla oil can be used as natural fertilizer or [[animal feed]].<ref name="SKLD2">{{Cite web |title=deulkkaenmuk |script-title=ko:들깻묵 |url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=94058 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823071704/http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=94058 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]] |publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]] |language=ko}}</ref>

=== Culinary ===

==== China ====
In [[Manchu cuisine]], perilla leaves are used to make ''efen'', ("steamed bun").<ref name="dbmanzu">{{Cite news|url=http://www.boxun.com/news/gb/misc/2008/07/200807180626.shtml|title=图说满洲饽饽——苏子叶（粘耗子）制作过程 (图)|last=东北满族在线|date=18 July 2008|work=[[Boxun]]|access-date=5 May 2017|language=zh}}</ref> The perilla buns are made with [[glutinous sorghum]] or [[glutinous rice]] flour dough filled with [[red bean paste]] and wrapped with perilla leaves.<ref name="dbmanzu" /> The dish is related to [[Manchu people#Traditional holidays|Food Exhaustion Day]], a traditional Manchu holiday celebrated on every 26th day of the 8th month of the [[Chinese calendar|lunisolar calendar]].

==== India ====
In India, perilla seeds are roasted and ground with salt, chilis, and tomatoes to make a savoury side dish or chutney. In [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], the seeds of cultivated perilla are eaten raw, the seed oil is used for cooking purposes, and the oil cake is consumed raw or fed to cattle. The roasted seeds are also ground to prepare a spicy chutney. The seeds and leaves of perilla are also used for flavoring curries in north east India. [[Cuisine of Manipur|Manipuri cuisine]] uses the ground roasted seed in a salad. Its seeds are used in salads and meat dishes by the Khasis and the Assamese, Bodos and [[Naga people|Nagas]] are also well aware of its uses. In the [[Angami language]] it is called ''kenyiě.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Liezietsu |first=Vizonyü |title=Daru Nhako (Medicinal plants) |publisher=[[Ura Academy]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-81-904539-5-0 |edition=1st |location=Kohima |pages=80 |language=nj}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
Although in most of Japan the milder aroma of ''P. frutescens var. crispa'' ("[[shiso]]") has traditionally been preferred over the stronger-scented ''P. frutescens var. frutescens'' ("egoma"), a local preparation in [[Fukushima Prefecture]] called ''jūnen [[mochi]]'' ([[:ja:しんごろう|Shingorou]]) consists of half-pounded non-glutinous rice patties skewered and coated with ''jūnen [[miso]]'', a paste made from roasted and ground seeds of ''P. frutescens var. frutescens'' (egoma), then roasted over charcoal. In the [[Tōhoku]] regions of northeastern Japan, it was believed to add "''ten years (jūnen)''" to a person's lifespan.

Oil pressed from the seeds was historically used in lamps. The warlord [[Saitō Dōsan]] (1494–1556) was said to have been originally a seller of ''egoma'' seed oil.

==== Korea ====
In [[Korean cuisine]], perilla leaves ({{langx|ko|깻잎}}) are widely used as a herb and a vegetable. Perilla can be used fresh as a [[ssam]] vegetable, fresh or blanched as a [[namul]] vegetable, or pickled in soy sauce or [[doenjang|soybean paste]] to make pickle or [[kimchi]].

''Deulkkae'', the perilla seeds, are either toasted and ground into powder, or toasted and pressed to make [[perilla oil]]. Toasted ''deulkkae'' powder is used as a spice and a condiment for soup, seasoned vegetable dishes, noodle dishes, [[kimchi]], and fishcake. It is also used as a coating or topping for [[dessert]]s: ''[[Yeot]]'' and several rice cake varieties can be coated with toasted perilla powder. [[Perilla oil]] made from toasted perilla seeds is used as a cooking oil and as a condiment.

In [[Fusion cuisine|Korean-style western food]], perilla leaves are sometimes used to substitute [[basil]], and the seed powder and oil is used in salad dressings as well as in [[dipping sauce]]s. A [[Michelin Guide|Michelin]]-starred restaurant in Seoul serves nutty [[vanilla ice cream]] whose ingredient is perilla oil.<ref name="Gaji">{{Cite news|url=http://premium.mk.co.kr/view.php?no=16929|script-title=ko:요리사는 예술을 내놓고 식객은 충격에 휩싸인다|date=30 November 2016|access-date=5 December 2016|language=ko|newspaper=[[Maeil Business Newspaper]]|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903150938/http://premium.mk.co.kr/view.php?no=16929}}</ref>

<gallery>
Korean cuisine-Ssam-01.jpg|Perilla leaves as a wrap vegetable
Kkaennip deulgireum bokkeum.jpg|Stir-fried in perilla oil
Kkaennipjeon (perilla).jpg|Pan-fried perilla leaves
깻잎부각.jpg|Deep-fried perilla leaves
Kkaennip-jangajji 2.jpg|Pickled perilla leaves
Kkaennip-kimchi.jpg|Perilla leaf kimchi
Deulkkae (perilla).jpg|Perilla seeds
Chueotang chopi (Zanthoxylum piperitum) deulkkae (Perilla frutescens) buchu (Allium tuberosum).jpg|[[Chueo-tang|loach soup]] served with ''[[Zanthoxylum piperitum]]'' and perilla seed powder
Deulkkae-gamja-ongsimi.jpg|Potato dumpling soup boiled with perilla powder
Korean cuisine-Namul-03.jpg|Sweet potato stems seasoned with perilla powder
File:Korean granita.jpg|Perilla ''[[granita]]''
</gallery>

==== Nepal ====
In Nepal, perilla seeds are roasted and ground with salt, chilis, and tomatoes to make a savoury dip/side dish or chutney.

== See also ==
* ''[[Shiso]]'' (''Perilla frutescens'' var. ''crispa'')
* ''[[Sesame]]'' (''Sesamum indicum'')
{{Commons category|Perilla frutescens}}
{{Wikispecies|Perilla frutescens}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Herbs & spices}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1076038}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lamiaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Eastern Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Korean condiments]]
[[Category:Korean vegetables]]

Saroj Pathak

2026-04-29T04:35:30Z

Vineettandon: Added Article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Saroj Pathak''' (1 June 1929 – 16 April 1989) was [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] novelist, story writer and essayist from [[Gujarat]], India.

==Life==
Saroj Pathak was born on 1 June 1929 to Narandas Uddeshi in [[Jakhau]] in [[Cutch State]] (now [[Kutch district]], Gujarat). She completed her primary and secondary school from [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai). She [[matriculation|matriculated]] in 1947. She completed BA in Gujarati in 1960 and MA in 1964 from [[Gujarat University]]. She was associated with [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] in 1956–57. She was also associated with Soviet Information Service in 1957–58. She was professor at college in [[Bardoli]] from 1964. She died in Bardoli on 16 April 1989.<ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=255–258|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref><ref name="gsp">{{cite web | title=સરોજ પાઠક (Saroj Pathak) | website= [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Saroj-Pathak.html | language=gu | access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="up2016">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |last=Pandya |first=Urvashi |date=28 February 2003 |title=Saroj Pathak's fiction in the context of modern Gujarati fiction |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]|hdl=10603/60222|language=gu|page=27-41}}</ref><ref name="sld2016">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |last=Dholeria|first= Salma J |date=11 December 2014 |title=Saroj pathak nu katha sahitya |publisher=[[Gujarat University]]|hdl=10603/30720|language=gu}}</ref><ref name="Singh2001">{{cite book|author=Nagendra Kr Singh|title=Encyclopaedia of women biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZMrAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.|isbn=978-81-7648-264-6|page=39}}</ref>

==Works==
Her husband was a humourist and used to write stories which inspired her to write. Her first story, ''Nahi Andharu, Nahi Ajvalu'' was published in ''Jivanmadhuri'' magazine. Her ''Sarika Pinjarstha'' was praised. Her first short story collection ''Prem Ghata Zuk Aai'' (1959) was published by Chetan Publishers which earned her prize from Government of [[Bombay State]]. ''Preet Bandhani'' (1961) was published with help of her husband. ''Maro Asbab, Maro Rag'' (1966) contains social stories. ''Virat Tapaku'' (1966) brought her recognition as modernist writer. ''Hukamno Ekko'', ''Tathastu'' (1972) are her other story collections.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="gsp"/><ref name="up2016"/><ref name="sld2016"/><ref name="TharuLalita1993">{{cite book|author1=Susie J. Tharu|author2=Ke Lalita|title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&pg=PA313|year=1993|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3|pages=312–313}}</ref><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/>

''Nightmare'' (1969) was her first novel. Her other novels are ''Nihsesh'' (1979), ''Priy Poonam'' (1980), ''Time Bomb'' (1987), ''Likhitang'' (1988).<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="gsp"/><ref name="up2016"/><ref name="sld2016"/><ref name="TharuLalita1993"/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA127|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=127}}</ref>

She wrote essays in ''Nari Sansar'' column in ''Gujarat Mitra''. Her essays are collected in ''Sansarika'' (1967) and ''Arvachina'' (1976). ''Pratipada'' (1962) is her work of translation.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="gsp"/>

==Personal life==
She married [[Ramanlal Pathak]], Gujarati humourist in 1950.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="up2016"/>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Saroj}}
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

H. T. Manju

2026-04-28T15:05:22Z

Vineettandon: creating new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''H. T. Manjunath''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency]] in [[Mandya district]]. He represents [[Janata Dal (Secular)|Janata Dal (Secular) Party]] and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H T Manju in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/h-t-manju-krishnarajpet-candidate-s10a192c006/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 winners list: Who won it for Congress, BJP, JD(S)? Full list of victorious candidates |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.livemint.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Manju is from Krishnarajpeta, Mandya district. His father Timmegowda is a farmer. He runs his own business including a petrol bunk. He did his bachelor's degree in library science through Karnataka Open University, [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H T Manju(JD(S)):Constituency- KRISHNARAJPET(MANDYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7481 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Manju won the [[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency]] representing [[Janata Dal (S)]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 80,646 votes and defeated his nearest rival, B. I. Devaraja of [[Indian National Congress]], by a huge margin of 22,344 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Krishnarajpet Election Result 2023 Live: Jd(s) Candidate H.t.manju Wins From Krishnarajpet |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/krishnarajpet-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601910 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/statewiseS1013.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605171052/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/statewiseS1013.htm |archive-date=2023-06-05 |access-date= |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manju, H. T.}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
{{Karnataka-JDS-politician-stub}}

Ashvatthama

2026-04-26T06:47:33Z

Vineettandon: creating new data

{{Short description|Son of Drona in the Hindu epic Mahabharata}}
{{About||the film|Aswathama (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Ashvatthama
| image = Draupadi and Ashvatthaman, Punjab Hills c. 1730.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ashvatthama (right) departs after surrendering to [[Draupadi]] and the [[Pandavas]], 18th century Pahari miniature
| family = [[Drona]] (father) [[Kripi]] (mother)
| relatives = [[Kripa]] (maternal uncle) [[Bharadvaja]] (paternal grandfather)
| religion =
| affiliation = [[Kauravas|Kaurava alliance]]
| weapon = [[Bow and Arrow]], [[Sword]]
| info-hdr = Information
| title =
| full_name =
}}

'''Ashvatthama''' ({{IAST3|Aśvatthāmā}}, also spelt as Ashwatthama and Ashvatthaman) is one of the major characters in the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He is the son of [[Drona]], the royal preceptor to the Kuru princes—the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kauravas]]. Ashvatthama is a close companion of [[Duryodhana]], the leader of the Kauravas, and receives military training alongside the Kuru princes under the tutelage of his father.

Favoured by his father, Ashvatthama is entrusted with the knowledge of several celestial weapons, including the [[Narayanastra]] and the [[Brahmashirastra]]. During the [[Kurukshetra War]] between the Pandavas and the Kauravas, he fights on the side of the Kauravas and emerges as one of the three surviving warriors from their faction by the war’s conclusion.

On the night following the eighteenth day of battle, after the war has formally concluded, Ashvatthama temporarily gains supernatural strength and weapon after a sacrifice to the god [[Shiva]]. He launches a night raid on the Pandava camp and kills [[Dhrishtadyumna]]{{Mdash}}the commander-in-chief of the Pandava army, who beheaded Drona during the war{{Mdash}}and remaining warriors including the [[Draupadeyas|sons]] of [[Draupadi]], the queen of the Pandavas. In response the Pandavas pursue him, and upon being confronted, Ashwatthama releases the Brahmashirastra. Unable to recall the weapon, Ashwatthama instead targets the Pandava lineage and Pandavas' women including [[Uttarā|Uttara]]{{Mdash}}who is pregnant with [[Parikshit]]. Although the child dies, Krishna later revives him. As punishment for his actions, Krishna curses Ashvatthama to wander the earth for three thousand years, afflicted by isolation, suffering and decay. He retreats to forests afterwards.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2004|p=609-610}}

==Etymology and epithets==

The name ''Aśvatthāmā'' ([[Sanskrit]]: अश्वत्थामा) is derived from the Sanskrit components ''[[Ashva|aśva]]'' (horse) and ''sthāman'' (strength or presence), with the name often interpreted as "the one who has the strength or voice of a horse" or "one who is steadfast as a horse".{{sfn|Buitenen|1973a|p=459}} Alternate grammatical forms such as ''Aśvatthāman (''Sanskrit: अश्वत्थामन्) also appear in Sanskrit literature.{{sfn|Williams|1872|p=101-102}} According to the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the epic, at the moment of his birth, Ashvatthama emitted a loud cry that resembled the neighing of the celestial horse [[Uchchaihshravas|Uccaishravas]]. A divine voice from the heavens then proclaimed that he should be named Ashwatthama.{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=68}}

In the ''Mahabharata'', Ashvatthama is referred to by several epithets, which include ''Ācāryanandana'', ''Ācāryaputra'', ''Ācāryasuta'', ''Ācāryatanaya'', ''Ācāryasattama'', ''Drauṇi'', ''Drauṇāyani'', ''Droṇaputra'', ''Droṇasūnu'', ''Guruputra'', ''Gurusuta'', and ''Bhāratācāryaputra''—all of which reference his descent from his father, [[Drona]].{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=68}}

==Biography==

=== Birth and Early life ===
Ashvatthama is mentioned as a combined incarnation of deities [[Shiva]], [[Yama]], [[Kamadeva|Kama]], and [[Krodha (Mental factor)|Krodha]], and has a divine gem on his forehead which gives him extraordinary powers. He is born to [[Drona]], a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] descended from the sage [[Bharadvaja]], and his wife [[Kripi]], the sister of [[Kripa]] descending from sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]]. Ashvatthama's birth is marked by supernatural signs. As soon as he is born, a celestial voice proclaimes his name, likening his cry to the neighing of the divine horse [[Uchchaihshravas]].{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=68}}{{sfn|Buitenen|1973a|p=29}}

Ashvatthama grows up in poverty and is once found weeping after seeing wealthy children drink milk, while he is given water mixed with powdered rice (''pishtodaka'') as milk.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}} From childhood, Ashvatthama is taught warfare by Drona, who himself learnt it from other warrior-brahmins Agnivesha and [[Parashurama]]. When Drona is employed by the [[Kuru Dynasty|Kuru royal family]] to teach warfare to its princes—the hundred [[Kauravas]] brothers and the five [[Pandavas]], Ashvatthama joins them in the [[Ashram|ashrama]]. Ashvatthama soon excels in secret mystical knowledge (''rahasyeshu''), weaponry and military arts.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}{{sfn|Buitenen|1973a|p=272}} In certain versions of the epic, it is attested that Drona, exhibiting deep paternal affection for his son Ashwatthama, seeks to provide him with specialized instruction in archery. He conducts these exclusive lessons during intervals when the other disciples are engaged in collecting water for the ashram. The Pandava prince [[Arjuna]], upon discerning this arrangement, expedites his own tasks to gain access to the additional training sessions. Consequently, both Arjuna and Ashvatthama acquire a level of martial expertise that surpasses that of their peers.{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=68}}

=== Adulthood ===
After completion of his pupils' training, [[Drona]] arranges a weapon show, in which Ashwathama is present during discussions and demonstrations of weapons (''[[Astra (weapon)|astras]]''). Here, he is mentioned as separating [[Bhima]] and [[Duryodhana]]. Ashvatthama participates in [[Draupadi]]’s [[Svayamvara|svayaṃvara]] and is seen accompanying [[Duryodhana]] afterward. Later, He also attends the [[Rajasuya|Rājasūya]] sacrifice of [[Yudhishthira]], where he is noted among the elite guests present and is in charge of receiving Brahmins during the ceremony.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=68}}

During the Pandavas' [[Ajnatavasa|13th year of exile]], Ashvathama accompanies the Kaurava army to attack [[Matsya kingdom]]. Here, he rebukes [[Karna]] for criticizing Droṇa and is stationed by Bhīṣma’s left during the formations. In battle scenes, when his father is engaged in a fierce duel with Arjuna, Ashvatthama comes to Drona's aid, but is overpowered by Arjuna once his arrows are exhausted and is rescued by Karna.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}

He is present during multiple councils before [[Kurukshetra War]]. He is present during [[Sanjaya]]'s return to [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] and he is present in Dhritarashtra’s assembly. Ashvatthama praises [[Arjuna]] and states that he does not wish for war. Bhishma praises Ashvatthama in the same section, Ashvatthama further takes part in diplomatic discussions when Krishna arrives with Pandavas' peace proposal. When peace talks fail, Ashvatthama joins the Kaurava side along with his father.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}

Ashvatthama is described as ''raktoshniṣaḥ''—he wears a red headwrap bears—and his banner marked with a lion’s tail (''simhalungulaketana'').{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}} He is classified as a [[Maharathi (warrior)|Maharathi]].<ref name="Ganguly1">{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Uluka Dutagamana Parva: section CLXVIII |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05168.htm |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

=== Kurukshetra war ===
[[File:A folio from the 1598 razmnama the battle of dhristadyumna with aswatthama.jpg|thumb|A folio from the [[Razmnama]] (Persian translation of the Mahabharata) depicting a battle between [[Dhrishtadyumna]] and Ashvatthama, c. 1598]]
==== ''Bhishma Parva'' ====
On the first day, Ashvatthama engages in combat with [[Shikhandi|Shikhandin]] and assists [[Bhishma]] in his battle against [[Arjuna]]. On the second day, he fights under the command of Bhishma, joining [[Shalya]] and [[Kripa]] in fighting [[Dhrishtadyumna]]. He appears again prominently on the third day, stationed alongside Kripa at the head of the Garuda formation, and later participates in the battle against [[Abhimanyu]]. Continuing into the sixth day, Ashvatthama, with Kripa, occupies the "eye" of the Krauncha formation. On the seventh day, he again clashes with Shikhandin. His engagements become more intensive on the eighth day, where he is among those who rescue [[Duryodhana]] from [[Ghatotkacha]] and fights both Nila and Ghatotkacha, the latter of whom uses illusions (''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'') against him. By the ninth day, Ashvatthama, joined by Somadatta and the two [[Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti|Avantyas]], holds the left wing of the Kaurava army and engages in duels with [[Satyaki]] and Arjuna. On the tenth day, he plays a protective role for Bhishma, wounding [[Virata]] and [[Drupada]] in the process. That day also features a prophetic warning from his father [[Drona]] about ominous signs and Arjuna’s growing invincibility.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}

==== ''Drona Parva'' ====
On the twelfth day, Ashvatthama kills Nila and engages in combat with Bhimasena. On the thirteenth day, he stands at the forefront of the [[chakravyuha]] formation led by Duryodhana and others, where he both wounds and is wounded by Abhimanyu during the latter’s valiant but fatal attempt to break the formation. Ashvatthama continues to fight on the fourteenth day, participating in intense engagements against Arjuna alongside [[Karna]] and Duryodhana. Despite his efforts, he fails to prevent Satyaki from killing Bhurishravas and later joins the battle following Jayadratha’s death, aiding Kripa in resisting Arjuna. Later that same day, Ashvatthama clashes with both Satyaki and Ghatotkacha, killing the latter’s son and destroying his chariot. He combats several [[Rakshasa|Rakshasas]] and slays Drupada’s sons, including Suratha and Shrutayudha. These feats earn him praise from celestial beings. Amid internal discord, he rebukes Karna for insulting Kripa but is eventually calmed by Duryodhana. Ashvatthama provides tactical support to Karna, seeks to temper Duryodhana’s rashness, and displays notable valor against the [[Pañcāla|Panchalas]] and [[Kaikalas|Kaikayas]]. He takes part in the fierce resistance against [[Yudhishthira]] and his forces. Though wounded by Ghatotkacha, he recovers and succeeds in driving him away.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}
[[File:Aswathama FIres narayana Weapon on Pandavas.jpg|thumb|An illustration from ''[[Razmnama]]'' depicting Ashvatthama firing [[Narayanastra]], c. 16th century]]
A pivotal moment unfolds on the fifteenth day during the ''Dronavadha Parva'', when a false rumor of Ashvatthama’s death is spread, leading Drona to lay down his weapons and submit to death, before being beheaded by Dhrishtadyumna. In the aftermath, as described in the ''Narayanastramoksha Parva'', Kripa informs Ashvatthama of his father’s demise. Enraged and grief-stricken, Ashvatthama vows vengeance and proclaims his intent to kill Yudhishthira. Declaring possession of the celestial [[Narayanastra]], he unleashes it upon the Pandava army. The weapon causes widespread devastation and panic, but [[Krishna]] instructs the Pandava troops to discard their weapons to nullify its effect. While Bhima initially refuses, Arjuna intervenes with the Varuna weapon to shield him. As the Narayana weapon can only be used once, its threat is neutralized. Ashvatthama continues to fight fiercely, engaging Dhrishtadyumna, Satyaki, and Arjuna. At one point, he employs the Agneya weapon against Arjuna, but it is successfully countered by Arjuna’s Brahma weapon. Defeated and retreating from the battlefield, Ashvatthama encounters [[Vyasa]], who reveals to him his divine nature as a partial incarnation of [[Shiva]] and acknowledges his unwavering devotion through the worship of Shiva.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}

==== ''Karna and Shalya Parva'' ====
During the Karna Parva, Ashvatthama remains a key warrior in the Kaurava ranks. He supports Karna and engages Bhima in a fierce duel, earning praise from celestial beings. He later confronts Krishna and Arjuna, displaying moments of valiant resistance, though at times he is compelled to retreat. He notably kills [[Malayadhvaja Pandya|Pandya]] and launches attacks against various divisions of the Pandava forces. Ashvatthama continues to exhibit both bravery and volatility—repeatedly swearing vengeance, vowing to kill Dhrishtadyumna, and clashing with major figures including Arjuna, Krishna, Satyaki, and Yudhishthira. On several occasions, his charioteer is forced to rescue him from the battlefield after he sustains injuries.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}

Following Karna’s death, Ashvatthama attempts to counsel Duryodhana toward making peace, though his advice goes unheeded. In the Shalya Parva, he plays a role in defending Shalya, rescues [[Kritavarma|Kritavarman]], and fights Bhima and Arjuna once more. After Duryodhana’s disappearance from the battlefield, Ashvatthama searches for him, demonstrating loyalty to his fallen allies. When Sanjaya informs him that Duryodhana has taken refuge in a lake, Ashvatthama, along with Kripa and Kritavarman, flees the battlefield. Upon visiting the wounded Duryodhana in hiding, their conversation is overheard by hunters and relayed to the Pandavas, who begin tracking Duryodhana’s location. Sensing the impending danger, Ashvatthama again retreats with his companions. Later, after Bhima strikes down Duryodhana in a duel, Ashvatthama, Kripa, and Kritavarman rush to his side.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}

=== Night raid ===
[[File:Arastthaman propitiates Śiva before making a night attack on the Pandava camp.jpg|thumb|Ashvatthama propitiates [[Shiva]] (top) before making a night attack on the sleeping Pandava camp (bottom). Folio from ''Razmnama'']]
After the devastating defeat of the Kaurava forces at Kurukshetra, the surviving warriors—Ashvatthama, [[Kripa]], and [[Kritavarma|Kritavarman]]—return to [[Duryodhana]], who lies mortally wounded. Before dying, Duryodhana appoints Ashvatthama as the final commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army. Enraged by the killing of his father [[Drona]] by [[Dhrishtadyumna]], Ashvatthama refuses to accept the war as concluded. His retaliation is recounted in the tenth book of the ''Mahabharata'', the ''[[Sauptika Parva]]'' (The Book of the Attack upon the Sleeping Enemy).{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2004|p=28-31}}{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}

The trio travels to a forest near the Pandava camp and takes shelter beneath a massive banyan tree. As night falls, Ashvatthama witnesses an owl slaughtering a group of crows in their sleep—an omen that inspires him to do the same to the sleeping Pandava army. Despite Kripa's earnest objections and moral concerns, Ashvatthama convinces the others to accompany him. Approaching the Pandava camp, Ashvatthama encounters a terrifying spectral figure at the gate and fails to defeat it through combat. He then prays to [[Shiva]], offering parts of his own body in devotion. In response, a divine manifestation appears: Shiva grants him a celestial sword and enters his body. Empowered, Ashvatthama commands Kripa and Kritavarman to guard the gate while he infiltrates the camp. Once inside, Ashvatthama mercilessly kills Dhrishtadyumna with his bare hands, denying him a warrior's death. He proceeds to slay [[Shikhandi]], [[Uttamaujas and Yudhamanyu|Uttamaujas, Yudhamanyu]], [[Upapandavas|the five sons]] of Pandavas from [[Draupadi]], and other sleeping warriors. The camp is set ablaze by Kripa and Kritavarman. Only Dhrishtadyumna’s charioteer escapes to inform the [[Pandava|Pandavas]].{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2004|p=28-31}}{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=68}}
===Curse and aftermath===
At dawn, the trio returns to Duryodhana, who praises Ashvatthama before succumbing to his injuries. The three then disperse and meet the grieving parents of Duryodhana—[[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Gandhari]]—and reports about the night raid. The trio flees in different directions to evade the inevitable wrath of the Pandavas; Ashvatthama seeks refuge at [[Vyasa]]’s hermitage. Meanwhile, [[Draupadi]]—Dhrishtadyumna's sister and Pandavas' queen—is brought to the scene of the massacre and, in grief, vows to undertake a fast unto death unless Ashvatthama is brought to justice. [[Bhima]], accompanied by [[Nakula]] as charioteer, sets out in pursuit. Warned by Krishna of Ashvatthama’s use of the [[Brahmashirastra|Brahmashirsha]] weapon, the Pandavas soon join the chase.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2004|p=28-31}}{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}[[File:Asvattama was arrested and brought to Draupadi by Arjuna.jpg|thumb|left|Ashvattama gets arrested and is brought to [[Draupadi]] by [[Arjuna]].]]They find Ashvatthama in Vyasa’s hermitage, disguised as an ascetic. In desperation, Ashvatthama charges a blade of grass with the incantation for the Brahmashirsha and hurls it with the intent to destroy the Pandavas. Arjuna counters with a similar weapon, but Vyasa and [[Narada]] intervene. Arjuna manages to retract his missile, but Ashvatthama cannot, lacking the ability. Vyasa proposes that Ashvatthama surrender in exchange for his life and demands the gem on his forehead. Ashvatthama complies, but in an attempt to end Pandavas' lineage, he redirects his weapon into the wombs of the Pandava women, including Arjuna's pregnant daughter-in-law [[Uttarā|Uttara]], killing the unborn heir [[Parikshit]]. Krishna, however, promises to revive the fetus and proclaims that Parikshit will live a long life. For attempting to kill an unborn embryo, Ashvatthama is then cursed by Krishna to wander the earth for 3,000 years, enveloped in a miasma of suffering. The Pandavas return to Draupadi, while Ashvatthama vanishes into the forest with Vyasa.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|2004|p=28-31}}{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=9-12}}{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=68}}

==Assessment==
Ashvatthama is characterized as a valourous and impetuous young warrior, embodying the radiance and ascetic dignity associated with Brahmanical ideals. His frequent disputes with [[Karna]]—though both support Duryodhana—effectively highlights the principal traits of his disposition. According to [[Theodor Goldstücker]], Ashvatthama, though born a [[Brahmin]], voices a sense of misfortune at having been compelled to adopt the vocation of a [[Kshatriya]]. The sole justification attributed to him by the compilers of the Mahabharata is his own assertion that, having willingly undertaken the duties of a warrior, he is resolved to pursue the path of a king and that of his high-minded father.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&dq=a%C5%9Bvatth%C4%81m%C4%81&pg=PA765 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-373-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Traditions ==
The Sapta Chiranjivi Stotram is a mantra that is featured in [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]]:

{{Blockquote|text=aśvatthāmā balirvyāsō hanumāṁśca vibhīṣaṇaḥ। kṛpaḥ paraśurāmaśca saptaitai cirañjīvinaḥ॥ saptaitān saṁsmarēnnityaṁ mārkaṇḍēyamathāṣṭamam। jīvēdvarṣaśataṁ sopi sarvavyādhivivarjitaḥ॥|title=Sapta Chiranjivi Stotram}}

The mantra states that the remembrance of the [[Chiranjivi|seven immortals]] (Ashwatthama, [[Mahabali|Bali]], [[Vyasa]], [[Hanuman]], [[Vibhishana]], [[Kripa]] and [[Parashurama]]) offers one freedom from ailments and longevity.

A theory is proposed by historians R. Sathianathaier and D. C. Sircar, with endorsements by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund and Burton Stein.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Burton |title=Book Reviews: Kancipuram in Early South Indian History, by T. V. Mahalingam (Madras: Asia Publishing House, 1969), pp. vii-243 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=7 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=317–321 |issn=0019-4646 |doi=10.1177/001946467000700208|s2cid=144817627 }}: "...the rather well-argued and plausible stand that the Palavas were indigenous to the central Tamil plain, Tondaimandalam..."</ref> Sircar points out that the family legends of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] speak of an ancestor descending from Ashvatthamaand his union with a Naga princess. It was the son born from this union, that would have started this dynasty. This claim finds support in the fact that [[Kanchipuram]] was where the Pallavas would dwell, and this was earlier a part of the ''Naga Kingdom''.

A further corroboration is that the [[gotra]] of the Pālave Maratha family is [[Bharadwaja]] (grandfather of Ashwatthama), same as the one which Pallavas have attributed to themselves in their records.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaidya C. V.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.16652|title=History Of Medieval Hindu India|date=1921|page = 281}}</ref>

There is a shrine for Ashvatthama in the famous [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Ananthapadmanabhaswamy]] temple of [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sørensen |first=Søren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ROAQAAMAAJ&q=jayatsena+&pg=PA355 |title=An Index to the Names in the Mahabharata: With Short Explanations and a Concordance to the Bombay and Calcutta Editions and P. C. Roy's Translation |date=1904 |publisher=Williams & Norgate |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HNckDwAAQBAJ&q=raja+yudhishthira |title=Raja Yudhisthira: Kingship in Epic Mahabharata |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-0821-3 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |first=James L. |last=Fitzgerald |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0226252507 |title=The Mahabharata: The Book of the Women; The Book of Peace, Part One |date=2004 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC&q=buitenen+mahabharata |title=The Mahābhārata |date=1973a |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84663-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=J. A. B. van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC&q=buitenen+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 3: Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort |date=1973b |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84665-1 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Monier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqlRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European Languages By Monier Williams |date=1872 |publisher=At the Clarendon Press Sold by Macmillan |language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aśvatthāmā}}

'''Original text online {{in lang|sa}}'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090724075838/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gret_utf.htm#MBh#MBh GRETIL etext] (Muneo Tokunaga)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101107222102/http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/1_sanskr/2_epic/mbh/sas/mahabharata.htm ''Mahābhārata'' online]
* [http://haribhakt.com/aswathama-existed-ashwathama-seen-by-people-ashwathama-is-alive/ History: Encounters with Ashvatthama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509032832/http://haribhakt.com/aswathama-existed-ashwathama-seen-by-people-ashwathama-is-alive |date=9 May 2015 }}

{{Mahabharata}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chiranjivins]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:People of the Kurukshetra War]]

Banjara literature

2026-04-19T04:00:57Z

Vineettandon: creating a article

{{Short description|Modern and Folklore Literary Forms of the Banjara Language}}
''Banjara Literature'' is primarily found in the [[Devanagari script]] today. It is regarded as the literature of Banjara linguistics. Cultural consciousness and the acceptance of social values are deeply embedded in Banjara literature. This includes folklore, religious stories, narratives, songs, roleplays, and proverbs. Over time, Banjara literature has experienced significant changes, with an increasing amount being produced in Devanagari script. Additionally, Banjara literature is being promoted through regional languages. Since the [[Banjara]] people have their own language, the literature produced from it is known as 'Banjara literature'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jadhav |first=Dr. Indal Singh |title=Banjara Sahitya Evam Sanskruti |publisher=Gita publication |year=2015 |isbn=9788189035600 |location=Haidarabad}}</ref>

== Background ==
Banjara literature has largely been preserved in the form of folk and oral literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/giving-a-push-to-banjara-language/article65874606.ece|title=Giving a push to Banjara language|date=September 10, 2022|website=The Hindu}}</ref> Literature is often described as a mirror of society, reflecting various aspects of social life. According to [[Namvar Singh]], "Literature is the voice of the complete personality of a human being, a reflection of the unit of expressed genes." From the renowned social reformer and early historian Baliramji Patil to contemporary creative writers like [[Eknath]] Pawar Nayak and experts on Gor Banjara literature culture, this period is considered pivotal for the enrichment of Banjara literature and culture. Baliram Patil was Great Historian and Social Reformer of Banjara Community. And Eknath Pawar is known as the pioneer of the Maharashtra Gor Banjara [[Sahitya Akademi]], as he has made great contributions towards the establishment of this academy and the preservation of Banjara literature and culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chouhan |first=Bhattu Venkanna |date= |title=Banjara Literature is a dignified heritage |journal=Kunteda |volume=4 |pages=8–11}}</ref>

== History ==
Banjara literature, along with folk literature, played a significant role in shaping Banjara literary traditions during the ancient and medieval periods. It is believed that Banjara literature has a rich historical heritage. The revolution in Western countries introduced diverse ideologies, leading to substantial changes in Indian social, cultural, and literary landscapes both before and after independence. This period marked the beginning of significant transformations in Banjara literature and culture.

Historian and writer Baliram Patil modernised the focus on Banjara literature and culture, while Atmaram Rathore highlighted the plight of Tanda Village through his characters. Modern Banjara literary historians and contributors include Maheshchandra Banjara, Padmashree Somlal Nayak, Dr. Ramkoti Pawar, Motiraj Rathore, Mohan Nayak , Eknath Pawar Nayak , Ramesh Arya, Jairam Pawar, Ashokrao Pawar, Veera Rathore, Ramesh Kartik , Indersingh Baljot ,among others. These talented litterateurs, poets, and writers have played a crucial role in preserving and advancing Banjara literary heritage.

The influence of aestheticism, Hinduism, vitalism, and modernism began to permeate Banjara literature. Notable figures such as [[Nazeer Akbarabadi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Acharya Shriram Sharma, and Pandit Gaurishankar Ojha have shed light on Banjara culture. Literature in Devanagari script, including works in [[Hindi]], [[Marathi literature|Marathi]], Telugu, Kannada, and rural and primitive literatures, has seen a significant increase in production.

Baliram Patil introduced the first reformatory Barahkhadi to Banjara Tanda, Atmaram Rathore contributed the rebellious ''Barahkhadi'' of change, and Eknath Pawar provided the creative ''Choudahkhadi'' of constitutional awareness. This literary evolution has played a crucial role in advancing Banjara literature. The period from Baliram Patil to Eknath Pawar is regarded as a golden age of Banjara literature, inspiring new generations and significantly contributing to its global recognition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chauhan |first=M.R. |date=August 2024 |title=History and inspiration of modern Banjara Literature |journal=Kunteda |volume=4 |pages=5–7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Tandakaar to Vedanakaar : The Heritage of Modern Banjara Literature movement |publisher=AIBSS Sammelan |year=2016 |isbn=9788191054330 |location=Washim M.S. |pages=90–94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banjara |first=Daily |date=2026-04-19 |title=आधुनिक बंजारा साहित्य का इतिहास और प्रेरणा {{!}} Banjara Sahitya History in Hindi |url=https://dailybanjara.com/modern-banjara-sahitya-ka-itihas-aur-prerna |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Daily Banjara |language=mr}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Banjara people|Literature]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]

Bishnupur, Manipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:12Z

Vineettandon: started new info - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bishnupur
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Govindas Konthoujam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:32115}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
}}
'''Bishnupur''' is one of the 60 constituencies of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]. It is one of the 32 constituencies forming the parliamentary constituency of [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[L. Ibomcha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Khaidem Rath Singh]]
|-
|[[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|[[Thiyam Udhop Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Khundrakpam Jibon Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Govindas Konthoujam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name=election2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2022 Assembly election|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#2017 Assembly election|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#2012 Assembly election|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#2007 Assembly election|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#2002 Assembly election|2002]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|49.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#2000 Assembly election|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|46.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1995 Assembly election|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|20.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#1990 Assembly election|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|27.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984 Assembly election|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|25.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980 Assembly election|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|20.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#1974 Assembly election|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1972 Assembly election|1972]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967 Assembly election|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.24}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govindas Konthoujam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,611 |percentage=46.05% |change=12.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Nabakishore Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=12,202 |percentage=41.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Joykumar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,395 |percentage=11.49% |change=-41.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=350 |percentage=1.18% |change=0.50% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,409 |percentage=4.77% |change=-15.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,558 |percentage=92.04% |change= 1.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,115 |change =8.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govindas Konthoujam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,150 |percentage=53.11% |change=-2.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konthoujamkrishna Kumar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,872 |percentage=33.30% |change=31.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpambhabeshwor Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=3,333 |percentage=12.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=181 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,278 |percentage=19.81% |change=-7.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,641 |percentage=90.13% |change= 3.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,560 |change =6.23% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.14% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govindas Konthoujam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,308 |percentage=55.25% |change=4.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Yaima |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,655 |percentage=27.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpamjibon |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,189 |percentage=9.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Sanajaoba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,291 |percentage=5.36% |change=-27.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhrambam Kumarjeet |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=467 |percentage=1.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,653 |percentage=27.62% |change=10.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,085 |percentage=86.54% |change= -1.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,826 |change =1.50% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.96% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govindas Konthoujam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,077 |percentage=50.29% |change=49.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Sanajaoba Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,919 |percentage=32.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpamjibon Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,898 |percentage=16.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmaithem Dhiren Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=120 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,158 |percentage=17.31% |change=11.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,014 |percentage=87.59% |change= -4.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,415 |change =15.27% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 0.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govindas Konthoujam]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=10,833 |percentage=49.96% |change=3.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Sanajaoba Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=9,548 |percentage=44.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorokhaibam Nilkamal Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=698 |percentage=3.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhrambam Goverdhon Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=285 |percentage=1.31% |change=-30.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Chandrakanta Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=202 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Bimolchandra Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=116 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,285 |percentage=5.93% |change=-8.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,682 |percentage=91.90% |change= -3.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,784 |change =6.08% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 29.51% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govindas Konthoujam]] |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=9,821 |percentage=46.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Sanajaoba Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,724 |percentage=32.10% |change=14.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpamjibon Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,402 |percentage=21.01% |change=5.69% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,097 |percentage=14.78% |change=13.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,947 |percentage=94.38% |change= -0.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,420 |change =13.84% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 26.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govindas Konthoujam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,766 |percentage=20.45% |change=-2.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpamjibon Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,550 |percentage=19.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpampulinkant |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,258 |percentage=17.69% |change=-5.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Braj Mohon |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=2,949 |percentage=16.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhrambam Indramani |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,822 |percentage=15.32% |change=-4.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukhrambam Goverdhon |party=Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) |votes=809 |percentage=4.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorokhaibam Nilakomol |party=Communist Party of India |votes=741 |percentage=4.02% |change=-2.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi |party=Independent politician |votes=522 |percentage=2.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=216 |percentage=1.17% |change=-3.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,417 |percentage=94.97% |change= 3.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,695 |change =5.01% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= -7.05% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpamjibon Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,654 |percentage=27.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpampulinkant Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,876 |percentage=22.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Udhob Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,856 |percentage=22.78% |change=0.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Dhanachandra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,336 |percentage=19.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurumayum Nilamani Sharma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,159 |percentage=6.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=778 |percentage=4.60% |change=2.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,926 |percentage=91.29% |change= -2.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,755 |change =24.05% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= 1.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Udhop Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,584 |percentage=25.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Dhanachandra Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=3,324 |percentage=24.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpampulinkant Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,050 |percentage=22.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Heramot Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,125 |percentage=15.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Sanat Kumar Sinha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,756 |percentage=12.69% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=260 |percentage=1.88% |change=-0.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,839 |percentage=93.77% |change= 6.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,119 |change =4.05% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= 5.48% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrakpampulinkant Singh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,531 |percentage=20.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konthoujamgojendro Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,257 |percentage=18.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Dhanachandra Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=1,621 |percentage=13.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Udhob Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,554 |percentage=12.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akhijam Ketuki Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,311 |percentage=10.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khomdram Chanu Bilashini |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,245 |percentage=10.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Mangi Singh |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=1,058 |percentage=8.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sougaijam Tomba Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=4.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthojam Dhananjoy |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=171 |percentage=1.38% |change=-30.17% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=274 |percentage=2.21% |change=-5.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,393 |percentage=87.05% |change= -0.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,530 |change =30.17% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Rath Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,739 |percentage=39.22% |change=4.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Nilachandra Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,008 |percentage=31.55% |change=12.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Ketuki Singh |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=2,786 |percentage=29.22% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=731 |percentage=7.67% |change=-1.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,533 |percentage=87.59% |change= 7.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,162 |change =-3.66% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.00% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Ratha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,170 |percentage=35.22% |change=-11.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Ketuko |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=2,336 |percentage=25.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sougaijam Tomba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,759 |percentage=19.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairembam Nilachandra |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,736 |percentage=19.29% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=834 |percentage=9.27% |change=-10.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,001 |percentage=79.79% |change= 4.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,586 |change =-33.19% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.02% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Ibomcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,784 |percentage=46.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ketuki |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=3,327 |percentage=26.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Nilachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=3,220 |percentage=25.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Angouba |party=Independent politician |votes=179 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,457 |percentage=19.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,510 |percentage=75.03% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,343 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bishnupur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.63|93.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Malout Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:10Z

Vineettandon: made basic info w/ refs - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malout
| map_image = 85-Malout.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
| mla = [[Baljit Kaur]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:176573}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Malout''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]] since 1977. There have been calls from some local leaders and residents to review the reservation status, citing that it has remained reserved for a considerably very long period.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1957}}]]
| Teja Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1957}}]]
| Parkash Singh
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1962}}]]
|rowspan=3|Gurmit Singh
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1967}}]]
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1969}}]]
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1972}}]]
| Gurbinder Kaur
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1977}}]]
| Daua Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1980}}]]
| Matu Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1985}}]]
| Shiv Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1992}}]]
| [[Baldev Singh Ballamgarh]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|1997}}]]
| Sujan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|2002}}]]
| Nathu Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|2007}}]]
|rowspan=2| [[Harpreet Singh (politician)|Harpreet Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|{{vanchor|2012}}]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Ajaib Singh Bhatti]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Baljit Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Malout<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Baljit Kaur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77370}}
|percentage =55.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Harpreet Singh|votes={{formatnum:37109}}|percentage=26.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Prof. Rupinder Kaur Ruby|votes={{formatnum:17652}}|percentage=12.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Karanvir Singh
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1169}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:897}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:40261}}|percentage= 28.93
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:139167}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:176919}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Malout<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ajaib Singh Bhatti]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:49098}}
|percentage = 36.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Darshan Singh]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:44109}}
|percentage = 32.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Principal Baldev Singh]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:38663}}
|percentage = 28.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:899}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:4989}}
|percentage = 3.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:135295}}
|percentage = 82.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:164832}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 1957]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Parkash Singh Badal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=39,255|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ujjagar Singh|votes=13,571|percentage=|change=|}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=|}}

{{Election box gain with party link no swing|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.19|74.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune

2026-04-11T15:39:58Z

Vineettandon: creating a bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|British educator, mathematician and polyglot in British India}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune
| image = John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune.jpg
| alt =  John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune
| caption =
| birth_name =  John Elliot Drinkwater
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1801|07|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ealing]], England
| death_date =  {{Death date and age|df=yes|1851|08|12|1801|07|12}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Lawyer
| years_active = 1848–1851
| known_for = Advocating for education of women in India during the 19th century, Founder of Bethune college
| notable_works =
| relatives = [[John Drinkwater Bethune]] (father)
}}
''' John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune''' (1801–1851) was an English educator, mathematician and polyglot known for promoting women's education in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Kunal|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Shubhra|date=2013-08-22|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810880245|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> He was the founder of [[Bethune College|Calcutta Female School]] (now known as Bethune College) in Calcutta,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw-3QC98d_UC&pg=PA21|title=A Catalogue of Notable Middle Templars: With Brief Biographical Notices|last=Hutchinson|first=John|date=2003|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.|isbn=9781584773238|language=en}}</ref> which is considered the oldest women's college in Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161|title=Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best|last=LBR|first=Team|date=2018-05-05|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=9789351952404|pages=161|language=en}}</ref> He started his professional life as a lawyer in England and came to India by his appointment as a law member of the Governor General's Council of Ministers.<ref name="Bagal1"/> His efforts to further women's education were actively supported by [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] and other members of the [[Bengali Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC|title=The History of British India: A Chronology|last=Riddick|first=John F.|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313322808|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bethune was born in [[Ealing]], England, the elder son of [[John Drinkwater Bethune]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA319|title=Annual Register|date=1852|pages=319|language=en}}</ref> He studied at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], after which he received employment as the Counsel of the Home Office. He drafted many essential reforms in this position, including the Municipal Reform Act, the Tithe Commutation Act and the County Courts Act. In 1848, he was appointed as a member of the [[Supreme Council of Bengal|Supreme Council of India]] and subsequently became the President of the Council of Education.<ref name="Bagal1"/>

== Founding the Bethune College ==
Supported by Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee, [[Ramgopal Ghosh]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]], and [[Madan Mohan Tarkalankar]], Bethune founded the Calcutta Female School in 1849.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFFCPgAACAAJ|title=Calcutta: The Living City|last=Chaudhuri|first=Sukanta|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195636963|pages=87|language=en}}</ref> The school started in Mukherjee's home in [[Bowbazar|Baitakkhana]] (now known as Bowbazar), with 21 girls enrolled.<ref name="Bagal1">{{cite book|title=Bethune School & College Centenary Volume, 1849–1949|last=Bagal|first=Jogesh Chandra|publisher=Bethune College|year=1949|editor1-last=Nag|editor1-first=Kalidas|editor1-link=Kalidas Nag|pages=11–12|chapter=History of the Bethune School & College (1849–1949)|author-link=Jogesh Chandra Bagal|editor2-last=Ghose|editor2-first=Lotika|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/BethuneSchoolAndCollegeCentenaryVolume18491949/page/n31}}</ref>{{rp|11–12}}

The following year, enrollment rose to 80.<ref name="Forbes1999">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA39|title=Women in Modern India|last1=Forbes|first1=Geraldine|last2=Forbes|first2=Geraldine Hancock|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-521-65377-0|volume=4|page=39}}</ref> In November, on a plot on the west side of Cornwallis Square, the cornerstone for a permanent school building was laid. The name "Hindu Female School" was inscribed on the copper plate placed in the stone and on the ceremonial silver trowel made for the occasion.<ref name="Bagal1"/>{{rp|15–16}} Support for the school, however, waned after Bethune's death in August 1851.<ref name="Forbes1999" /> The government took it over in 1856, renaming it Bethune School after its founder in 1862–63.<ref name="Chaudhuri19902">{{cite book|title=Calcutta: The Living City|last=Acharya|first=Poromesh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-563696-3|editor-last=Chaudhuri|editor-first=Sukanta|editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri|volume=I: The Past|page=87|chapter=Education in Old Calcutta}}</ref> In 1879, it was developed into Bethune College, the first women's college in Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7u4JAAAAMAAJ|title=Higher Education in India in the 19th Century: The American Involvement, 1883-1893|last=Bose|first=Anima|date=1978|publisher=Punthi Pustak|pages=249|language=en}}</ref>

== Death and burial ==
John Elliot Bethune died in [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India, in 1851. He was buried in [[Lower Circular Road Cemetery]].<ref name="Bagal1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/BethuneSchoolAndCollegeCentenaryVolume18491949|title=Bethune School And College Centenary Volume 1849 1949|last=Kālidāsa Nāga|date=1949}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmZuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA156|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|date=2003|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|isbn=9789843205773|pages=156|language=en}}
* {{Citation|last=Arbuthnot|first=Alexander John|title=Bethune John Elliot Drinkwater|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bethune,_John_Elliot_Drinkwater_(DNB00)|work=Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900|volume=04|access-date=2019-11-11}}

== External links ==

* {{cite book |last1=Hutchinson |first1=John |title=A catalogue of notable Middle Templars, with brief biographical notices |date=1902 |publisher=the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple |location=Canterbury |page=21 |edition=1 |chapter=[[s:A catalogue of notable Middle Templars, with brief biographical notices/Bethune, John Elliot Drinkwater|Bethune, John Elliot Drinkwater]]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bethune, John Elliot Drinkwater}}
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1851 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English educators]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]]

Naveena Vikramadityan

2026-04-05T10:40:44Z

Vineettandon: made first article initial version - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naveena Vikramadityan
| image = Navena vikramadithan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Advertising Poster
| director = K. S. Mani
| producer = [[N. S. Krishnan]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Elangovan
| story = [[N. S. Krishnan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Roman Scandals]]''}}
| starring = [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[T. A. Mathuram]] [[T. S. Durairaj]] M. R. Swaminathan
| narrator =
| music = N. S. Balakrishnan
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Asoka Pictures
| distributor = Narayanan Company
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1940|6|29|India}}<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1940-cinedetails11.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404101205/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1940-cinedetails11.asp|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Naveena Vikramadityan''''' ({{translation}} Modern Vikramadithyan) is a 1940 Indian [[Tamil language]] film produced by [[N. S. Krishnan]] and directed by K. S. Mani. The film stars [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]], [[T. S. Durairaj]] and M. R. Swaminathan. The story is based on a 1933 American film ''[[Roman Scandals]]''.<ref name=anandan />

==Plot==
In the film, N. S. Krishnan used to give musical discourses on the story of King [[Vikramaditya]], a legendary emperor of ancient India. NSK takes the emperor as his role model. One day he had a dispute with his friend M. R. Swaminathan who knocks NSK unconscious. During the unconscious state, NSK becomes the Emperor Vikramaditya. In this dream-like state he undergoes many adventures along with T. S. Durairaj. As a king he travels faster using roller skates. He meets ''Pesa Madanthai'' (woman who doesn't speaks) T. A. Mathuram and falls in love with her and sets about to make her his own.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naveena-Vikramadityan-1942/article16189365.ece | title=Naveena Vikramadityan | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 July 2010 | access-date=4 April 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404102546/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naveena-Vikramadityan-1942/article16189365.ece| archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>

==Cast==
List adapted from [[The Hindu]] article<ref name=hindu /> and from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name=anandan />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[N. S. Krishnan]]
*[[T. A. Mathuram]]
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
*[[T. S. Durairaj]]
*M. R. Swaminathan
*P. S. Gnanam
*T. S. Krishnaveni
*P. R. Mangalam
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The film was produced in [[Central Studios]] where N. S. Krishnan had the office of his company ''Asoka Pictures''. [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] who was a partner in Central Studios helped in the production. Financial assistance was done by Narayanan and Company.<ref name=hindu />

Roller skates were not known in India at that time. N. S. Krishnan is said to have undergone rigorous practice for many hours in order to achieve perfection in the film.<ref name=hindu />

===Buddhimaan Balavaan Avaan===
This a short film produced and directed by N. S. Krishnan. It featured N. S. Krishnan and T. A. Mathuram. This short film was shown along with the main film Naveena Vikramadityan.<ref name=anandan />

==Reception==
The film was well received by the audience and is remembered for NSK's skating and its comedy.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1940 comedy films]]
[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Mani]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1940 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]

Bodhiruci (8th century CE)

2026-03-28T08:57:30Z

Vineettandon:

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist monk and translator}}
{{about|the 8th century Buddhist monk translator from South India|the 6th century Buddhist monk translator from North India|Bodhiruci}}
{{Buddhism}}

'''Bodhiruci''' (also written '''Bodhiruchi''' or '''Bodairushi'''; {{Langx|zh|菩提流志}}; 562 or 571 – 727 CE) was an Indian translator and [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] from [[South India]]. Originally named Dharmaruci (達磨流支), he is believed to have lived for 156 years.<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" >[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZC3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=An+anthologie+of+chinese+discourse+bodhiruci&source=bl&ots=lSFwpAyOO_&sig=ACfU3U3cwybumLw-HRSvCNwD-jvdUY9FIw&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPsZ-3q4PoAhVJJaYKHUvMBKoQ6AEwAHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=An%20anthologie%20of%20chinese%20discourse%20bodhiruci&f=false Martha Cheung. ''An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation.'' Vol.1'': From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project'', 2014, p. 203.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> Bodhiruci travelled to [[China]] in the late 7th century, where he translated numerous texts, [[sutra]]s, and commentaries from [[Sanskrit]] into [[Middle Chinese]].

== Biography ==
Bodhiruci was born into a family of [[Brahmin gotra|Brahmins from the Kashyapa Gotra]],<ref name="Bapat 1959 p218">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CyLiDQAAQBAJ&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s P.V. Bapat,''2500 Years of Buddhism'', 1959, p. 218]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref> in [[South India]]. The year of his birth is uncertain, with sources suggesting either 562 or 571 CE.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} He died in 727 CE, purportedly at the age of 156.<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/>{{refn|group=note |If Bodhiruci died in 727 at the age of 156, this means that he was born in 571 (although 562 is sometimes mentioned by historians).}}. He was educated according to the principles of his [[Caste system in India|caste]], but when he reached adulthood, he chose the path of Buddhism.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 663 CE, [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]] invited him to China. However, he delayed for 30 years, finally arriving in 693 CE, during the reign of empress [[Wu Zetian#Religion|Wu Zetian]], who requested that he change his name from Dharmaruci to Bodhiruci.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134">[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&dq=Chos+grub&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s Robert Buswell Jr. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism , 2013, pp. 133–134]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>

He first settled in the monastery of Foshoujisi, in [[Chang'an]], the ancient Chinese capital, (now [[Xi'an]]). He also stayed in [[Luoyang]], the empire's secondary capital named Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital". In 699 CE, under the direction of [[Śikṣānanda]] (652–710), he took part in the second translation of the ''Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra'', better known as the [[Avataṃsaka Sūtra]].<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203"/>

In 706 CE, he moved to the monastery of Chongfusi where he translated the [[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]]. It took him seven years to complete the translation of the 49 sutras that make up the whole. By 713 CE, the completed edition contained 120 scrolls. During his life, he also translated other texts, sutras and commentaries.<ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" /><ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2vqGDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover Paul.W. Kroll. ''Critical Readings on Tang China,'' Vol. 4, 2018, p.1655.] {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>

At the age of 90, he renounced worldly life to devote himself entirely to meditation and devotion. He isolated himself completely and stopped writing, reading only his manuscripts written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Cheung 2014 p203" /><ref name="Buswell 2013 pp133-134" />

== Translations ==
The following sutras, listed in the ''[[Korean Buddhist Canon]]'': ''A Descriptive Catalogue'', by [[Lewis Lancaster]] and Sun-bae Park, are among the 69 sutras mentioned, and include an incomplete list of translations attributed to Bodhiruci.<ref name="KBC">[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/indexes/index-authors-editors-translators.html ''The Korean Buddhist Canon''. « Bodhiruci » in section "''Authors, editors, translators''" (then sutra number).]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tripitaka Koreana {{center|Number}}
!Sanskrit Title and Translation Year (CE) <ref name="KBC" />
!English title
!Chinese title{{center|<ref name="KBC" />}}
!Korean title{{center|<ref name="KBC" />}}
!English translations {{refn|group=note|Most of the texts that Bodhiruci translated into Chinese have not, to date, been translated into English or any other Western language. For this reason, in the "English translations" column of the table, a question mark (?) has been included, instead of the words "Not available", because one day, perhaps, translations published in English will be able to constitute reliable sources.}}
|-
|K.18<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0018.html The Korean Buddhist Canon :K.18.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|''Adhyardhaśatikāprajñāpāramitā sūtra'' {{center|(693)}}
|[[Diamond Sutra]]
|實相般若波羅蜜多經
|실상반야바라밀다경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.22<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0022.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.22.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Concerning the [[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]] K.22, which is made up of 49 sutras, only 27 are listed in The Korean Buddhist Canon. This means that there are 27 different web links. Not all of them have been listed here, it would have taken up too much space in the "References" section of this article. They are easily accessible via the web link [http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/indexes/index-authors-editors-translators.html Bodhiruci]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}}} K.22(1–49)
|style="text=align:center"|''Mahāratnakūṭa'' (706)
|style="text=align:center"|[[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra]]
|大寶積經
|대보자경
|style="text=align:center"|[[Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra|see details on article page]]
|-
|K.36<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0036.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.36.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Sumatidārikāparipṛcchā sūtra'' (693)
|style="text=align:center"|Sumati Sūtra
|須摩提經
|수마제경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.287<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0287.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.287.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Amoghapāśakalparāja sūtra'' (707)
|[[Mantra of Light]]
|不空羂索神變眞言經
|불공견삭신변진언경
|style="text=align:center"|<ref>[https://84000.co/translation/toh686?id=&part= 84000. coThe Sovereign Ritual of Amoghapāśa]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|K.293<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0293.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.293.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Nīlakaṇṭhaka sūtra'' (709)
|style="text=align:center"|[[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]] {{refn|group=note|''Nilakantha'': this title can refer to several texts (Sutras or [[Dharani]]s), all of which have been translated under the generic title ''Nīlakaṇṭha''. Some are invocations addressed to [[Avalokiteśvara]], in her feminine form [[Guanyin]]; others, including the Bodhiruci one mentioned here, are addressed to the triad [[Amitābha]], Avalokiteśvara and [[Mahasthamaprapta]]<ref>Source: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBSFcX-K4wC&pg=PA238&hl=fr&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false ''The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara,'' Vol. 1, p. 44; 238–9.], by [[Lokesh Chandra]], 1988. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>). For further information on ''Nilakantha'', see also the article [[Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra#Relationship to the Great Compassion Mantra|Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra]].}}
|千手千眼觀世音菩薩姥陀羅尼身經
|천수천안관세음보살모타라니신경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.298<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0298.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.298.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Padmacintāmaṇi dhāraṇī sūtra'' (709)
|Dharani Sutra of the Great Wheel of Love
|如意輪陀羅尼經
|여의륜 다라니경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.351<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0351.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.351.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Sumukhanāmadhāraṇī sūtra'' (693)
|Dharani Sutra for Protecting Life
|護命法門神咒經
|호명법문신주경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.422<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0422.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.422.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|''Mahāmaṇivipulavimānaviśvasupratiṣṭhita'' ''guhyaparamarahasyakalparāja dhāraṇī sūtra'' {{center|(706)}}
|Dharani Sutra of the Great and Powerful Palace of Virtue and Mystery
|廣大寶樓閣善住祕密陀羅尼經
|광대보루각선주비밀타라니경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|K.489<ref>[http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/files/k0489.html The Korean Buddhist Canon: K.489.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}</ref>
|style="text=align:center"|''Śrīmatībrāhmāṇiparipṛcchā sūtra'' (693)
|The Mahayana Sutra Asked by A Virtuous Woman
|有德女所問大乘經
|유덕녀소문대승경
|style="text=align:center"|?
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=P.V (Purushottam Vishvanath) Bapat|title=2500 Years of Buddhism|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi|date=1959|pages=492|isbn=9788123023045 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyLiDQAAQBAJ}} (Note: The book has been republished several times since 1959, with a different total number of pages from that shown here). {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Lokesh Chandra]]|title=The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara|publisher=Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi|date=1988|pages=303|isbn=81-7017-247-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBSFcX-K4wC|volume=1}} {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Martha Cheung]]|title=An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation. Volume 1: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project|publisher=[[Routledge]], Abingdon-on-Thames,Royaume-Uni |date=2014|pages=268|isbn=978-1-317-63928-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZC3AwAAQBAJ}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author=Paul W. Kroll|title=Critical Readings on Tang China|volume=4|publisher=Éditions Brill, Leyde|date=2018|pages=420|isbn=978-9-004-38020-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vqGDwAAQBAJ}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Lewis Lancaster]]|author2=Sung-bae Park|title=The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue|publisher=University of California Press. Center for Japanese and Korean Studies |date=1979|pages=724|isbn=978-0-520-03159-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1grPgzHEMC}}. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.acmuller.net/descriptive_catalogue/index.html ''The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue''.]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* [http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/index_en.html The SAT Daizōkyō Text Database] at the [[University of Tokyo]]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
* [http://www.cbeta.org Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association (CBETA)]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}
*[http://ntireader.org/taisho/taisho.html NTI Buddhist Text Reader]. {{access-date|6 January 2025}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mahayana]]
[[Category:Mahayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:6th-century births]]
[[Category:8th-century deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Translators to Chinese]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian Buddhists]]

MrBeast

2026-03-23T11:54:50Z

Vineettandon: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|American YouTuber (born 1998)}}
{{Redirect|Mr. Beast}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = MrBeast
| image = MrBeast 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Donaldson in 2023
| other_names = {{hlist|Jimmy Donaldson|MrBeast6000}}
| birth_name = James Stephen Donaldson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|5|7}}
| birth_place = [[Wichita, Kansas]], U.S.
| education = [[Pitt Community College]] (dropped out)
| occupation = {{hlist|[[YouTuber]]|businessman|[[online influencer]]|[[philanthropist]]}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| partner = {{hlist|Thea Booysen (2022–present; engaged)}}
| youtube_handle = MrBeast
| youtube_display_name =
| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 472 million
| youtube_views = 115 billion
| stats_update = March 22, 2026
| module2 = {{Listen voice
| filename = Mr Beast.ogg
| name = Jimmy Donaldson
| description = At the [[2022 Kids' Choice Awards]]
| recorded = April 2022
}}
| website = {{URL|mrbeast.store}}
}}

'''James Stephen''' "'''Jimmy'''" '''Donaldson'''{{Efn|name="name"|Attributed to multiple sources.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raiken |first=Amber |date=August 1, 2023 |title=YouTube star MrBeast sues his food-delivery service over 'inedible' and 'poor quality' items |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mrbeast-youtuber-food-delivery-service-lawsuit-b2385784.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=[[The Independent]] |language=en |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603225003/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mrbeast-youtuber-food-delivery-service-lawsuit-b2385784.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=January 23, 2024 |title=MrBeast tested Elon Musk's theory and took home $250,000 {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/tech/mr-beast-x-video-worth/index.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603225003/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/23/tech/mr-beast-x-video-worth/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guinness World Records-2023">{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2023 |title=First person to reach 1 million followers on Threads {{!}} Guinness World Records |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/754864-first-person-to-reach-1-million-followers-on-threads |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[Guinness World Records]] |archive-date=July 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711091759/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/754864-first-person-to-reach-1-million-followers-on-threads |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Power |first=Ed |date=December 20, 2024 |title=Beast Games, review: $100 million worth of charmless YouTube nonsense |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2024/12/20/beast-games-amazon-prime-video-review/ |access-date=March 23, 2025 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2025 |title=The New MrsBeast? YouTube Star MrBeast Announces Engagement to Thea Booysen |url=https://www.biography.com/celebrities/a63150212/mrbeast |access-date=March 23, 2025 |website=[[Biography.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Asarch |first=Steven |date=October 23, 2024 |title=Do MrBeast's Lunchly Meals Have a Mold Problem? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lunchly-mrbeast-logan-paul-ksi-mold-1235141176/ |access-date=March 23, 2025 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |language=en-US}}</ref>}} (born May 7, 1998), better known as '''MrBeast''', is an American [[YouTuber]], media personality, philanthropist, and businessman. The founder of Beast Industries, a conglomerate that holds various media channels, [[MrBeast Burger]], [[Feastables]], [[Lunchly]] and more,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Luscombe |first=Belinda |date=June 26, 2025 |title=Beast Industries |url=https://time.com/collections/time100-companies-2025/7289643/beast-industries/ |access-date=January 15, 2026 |magazine=Time}}</ref> he produces high-paced [[YouTube]] videos built around elaborate challenges and grandiose [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] efforts, that are noted for their high [[Filmmaking|production values]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lloyd |first1=Andrew |last2=Cheong |first2=Charissa |last3=Theil |first3=Michele |date=November 16, 2022 |title=From fan to friendly rival, here's how MrBeast's 10-year journey to overtake PewDiePie as YouTube's biggest creator finally paid off |url=https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-pewdiepie-relationship-history-biggest-youtubers-2022-11 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=Insider}}</ref> With more than 472 million subscribers, his main channel is the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most subscribed]] on YouTube. He also is the third most followed account on [[TikTok]].<ref name="Davis-2024" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 11, 2024 |title=MrBeast becomes first Youtuber to hit 300 million subscribers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/mrbeast-becomes-first-youtuber-to-hit-300-million-subscribers/articleshow/111654205.cms |access-date=August 24, 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Donaldson was born in [[Wichita, Kansas]], and raised in [[Greenville, North Carolina]]. He began posting videos to YouTube in early 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Night Media Signs Top Influencer, 'MrBeast' |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190123005544/en/Night-Media-Signs-Top-Influencer-%E2%80%9CMrBeast%E2%80%9D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526074211/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190123005544/en/Night-Media-Signs-Top-Influencer-%E2%80%9CMrBeast%E2%80%9D |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |website=Business Wire}}</ref> under the handle {{em|MrBeast6000}}. His early uploads ranged from [[Let's Play]] videos to estimations of other YouTubers' wealth.<ref name="Asarch-2019">{{Cite news |last=Asarch |first=Steven |date=April 2, 2019 |title=How YouTuber MrBeast Pulled Off a Real-life Battle Royale in three Weeks |work=[[Newsweek]] |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mrbeast-youtube-interview-how-did-youtuber-make-money-battle-royale-airsoft-1383921 |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109164325/https://www.newsweek.com/mrbeast-youtube-interview-how-did-youtuber-make-money-battle-royale-airsoft-1383921 |archive-date=November 9, 2019}}</ref> In 2017, after his video "I Counted to 100,000!" drew tens of thousands of views within days, his productions quickly became more extravagant.<ref name="Miller-2023" /> As the audience expanded, Donaldson brought longtime friends into the brand and launched companion channels including Beast Reacts (formerly BeastHacks), MrBeast Gaming, MrBeast 2 (formerly MrBeast Shorts),<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2022 |title=MrBeast Shorts - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4-79UOlP48-QNGgCko5p2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105184855/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4-79UOlP48-QNGgCko5p2g |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> and Beast [[Philanthropy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Geoff |date=May 15, 2020 |title=MrBeast Just Launched A Gaming Channel. Now He's Looking To Hire An Editor. |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2020/05/15/mrbeast-launches-new-gaming-channel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111175805/https://www.tubefilter.com/2020/05/15/mrbeast-launches-new-gaming-channel/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2021 |website=Tubefilter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beast Philanthropy Official Site - Help End Hunger |url=https://www.beastphilanthropy.org/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=Beastphilanthropy.org |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625002934/https://www.beastphilanthropy.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He co-founded [[Team Trees]]—a [[Fundraising|fundraiser]] for the [[Arbor Day Foundation]] that has raised more than $24 million—and launched [[Lunchly]], a food and snack brand rivaling [[Lunchables]].<ref name="teamtrees.org">{{Cite web |title=Help Us Plant 20 Million Trees – Join #TeamTrees |url=https://teamtrees.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517210957/https://teamtrees.org/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |access-date=May 17, 2020 |website=teamtrees.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Leskin |first=Paige |date=December 19, 2019 |title=YouTuber MrBeast's tree-planting campaign reached its goal of raising $20 million. Here's the list of prominent people who have donated, including Elon Musk, Jeffree Star, and even the CEO of YouTube. |work=Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-pewdiepie-jeffree-star-donate-mrbeast-youtube-tree-planting-2019-10 |url-status=live |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209061044/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-pewdiepie-jeffree-star-donate-mrbeast-youtube-tree-planting-2019-10 |archive-date=February 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lunchly |title=About |url=https://lunchly.com/pages/about |access-date=September 18, 2024 |website=Lunchly |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924041716/https://lunchly.com/pages/about |url-status=live }}</ref> He also co-founded [[Team Seas]], a fundraiser for [[Ocean Conservancy]] and [[The Ocean Cleanup]] that has raised over $30 million,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Altman |first=Rebecca |date=January 14, 2022 |title=Five myths about plastics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/01/14/five-myths-plastics/ |access-date=December 27, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128181644/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/01/14/five-myths-plastics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and created the [[reality competition]] series ''[[Beast Games]]''. In 2025, he co-founded [[Team Water]], another fundraiser that raised over 40 million dollars for [[WaterAid]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 1, 2025 |title="We did it, guys!": MrBeast's Team Water hits $40 million goal in just one month to provide clean water for 2 million people |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/international-sports/we-did-it-guys-mrbeasts-team-water-hits-40-million-goal-in-just-one-month-to-provide-clean-water-for-2-million-people/articleshow/123630120.cms |access-date=November 16, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Faris, James-2025" />

Donaldson won the Creator of the Year award at the [[Streamy Awards]] in 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023. He also won Favorite Male Creator at the [[2022 Kids' Choice Awards|2022]], [[2023 Kids' Choice Awards|2023]], [[2024 Kids' Choice Awards|2024]], and [[2025 Kids' Choice Awards|2025 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]. In 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named him one of [[Time 100|the world's 100 most influential people]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |title=Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 13, 2023 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151502/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the magazine included him in its 2025 ''Time'' 100 Creators list.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Luscombe |first=Belinda |date=July 9, 2025 |title=MrBeast: TIME100 Creators 2025 |url=https://time.com/collections/time100-creators-2025/7299135/mrbeast/ |access-date=July 10, 2025 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked him first among the highest-paid YouTube creators in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=MrBeast's Game Show Breaks Amazon Record: 50 Million Views In 25 Days |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2025/01/16/mrbeasts-game-show-breaks-amazon-record-50-million-views-in-25-days-reports-say/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215034543/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2025/01/16/mrbeasts-game-show-breaks-amazon-record-50-million-views-in-25-days-reports-say/ |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |access-date=February 25, 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' estimated his net worth at $2.6 billion in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |date=January 16, 2025 |title=MrBeast's Game Show 'Beast Games' Breaks Amazon Viewing Record |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2025/01/16/mrbeasts-game-show-breaks-amazon-record-50-million-views-in-25-days-reports-say/ |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burleigh |first=Emma |title=Despite his $2.6 billion net worth, MrBeast says he's having to borrow cash and doesn't even have enough money in his bank account to buy McDonald's |url=https://fortune.com/2026/01/13/mrbeast-jimmy-donaldson-billionaire-net-worth-in-the-red-has-to-borrow-cash-money/ |access-date=January 15, 2026 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
James Stephen Donaldson{{efn|name="name"}} was born in [[Wichita, Kansas]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Stokel-Walker |first=Chris |title=New YouTube king MrBeast: amateur poster who became $54m-a-year pro |website=The Guardian |date=November 18, 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/nov/18/new-youtube-king-mrbeast-amateur-poster-who-became-54m-a-year-pro |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906051647/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/nov/18/new-youtube-king-mrbeast-amateur-poster-who-became-54m-a-year-pro |url-status=live }}</ref> on May 7, 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2020 |title=MrBeast makes a name for himself with expensive stunts and philanthropy |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mrbeast-makes-name-himself-expensive-190833226.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228192036/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mrbeast-makes-name-himself-expensive-190833226.html |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |access-date=December 28, 2022 |website=In The Know (Yahoo!)}}</ref> He was mainly raised in [[Greenville, North Carolina]].<ref name="Dickson-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Dickson |first=Ej |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Is MrBeast for Real? Inside the Outrageous World of YouTube's Cash-Happy Stunt King |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/mrbeast-youtube-cover-story-interview-1334604/ |access-date=July 7, 2023 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=April 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420123848/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/mrbeast-youtube-cover-story-interview-1334604/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Leskin-2019">{{Cite web |last1=Leskin |first1=Paige |last2=Harris |first2=Margot |date=June 16, 2019 |title=How 22-year-old YouTube star MrBeast found success through elaborate stunts and giveaways |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-youtube-jimmy-donaldson-net-worth-life-career-challenges-teamtrees-2019-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225224118/https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-youtube-jimmy-donaldson-net-worth-life-career-challenges-teamtrees-2019-11 |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |access-date=August 5, 2023 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> He moved houses often and was under the care of [[au pair]]s because his parents, Susan Parisher and Charles Donaldson, worked long hours and served in the military.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/streamers/who-mrbeast-s-father-mother-youtuber-s-family-parents-explored |title=Who is MrBeast's father and mother? YouTuber's family and parents explored |first=Nandita |last=Kala |date=April 24, 2025 |access-date=August 3, 2025 |work=[[Sportskeeda]]}}</ref> His parents divorced in 2007.<ref name="Dickson-2022" /> In 2016, Donaldson graduated from Greenville Christian Academy, a private [[evangelical Christian]] high school in the area.<ref name="Wanbaugh-2018">{{Cite news |last=Wanbaugh |first=Taylor |date=July 30, 2018 |title=Greenville YouTuber MrBeast racks up millions of views |work=Business North Carolina |url=http://businessnc.com/greenville-youtuber-mrbeast-racks-up-millions-of-views/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007221625/https://businessnc.com/greenville-youtuber-mrbeast-racks-up-millions-of-views/ |archive-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref> While at Greenville Christian, Donaldson played [[baseball]] as an [[outfielder]] for several years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Donaldson's Baseball Stats |url=https://www.maxpreps.com/nc/greenville/greenville-christian-academy-knights/athletes/jimmy-donaldson/baseball/stats/?careerid=sj2vii81b0sdd |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=maxpreps.com | date=September 16, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=June 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604121931/https://www.maxpreps.com/nc/greenville/greenville-christian-academy-knights/athletes/jimmy-donaldson/baseball/stats/?careerid=sj2vii81b0sdd |url-status=live }}</ref> He briefly attended [[Pitt Community College]] in [[Winterville, North Carolina]], before [[dropping out]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Lucas |date=September 22, 2025 |title=MrBeast on His Quest to Turn YouTube Fame Into an Entertainment Empire |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2025-09-22/youtube-star-mrbeast-is-building-an-entertainment-empire |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 26, 2025 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek}}</ref>

After dropping out of college, Donaldson and his friends attempted to analyze and understand YouTube's [[recommendation algorithm]] to create [[viral video]]s.<ref name="Shaw-2021">{{Cite web |last1=Shaw |first1=Lucas |last2=Bergen |first2=Mark |date=January 1, 2021 |title=How a kid cracked YouTube's secret code |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/2021/01/01/how-kid-cracked-youtubes-secret-code/4100868001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107022444/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/2021/01/01/how-kid-cracked-youtubes-secret-code/4100868001/ |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |access-date=February 24, 2022 |website=[[The Detroit News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Donaldson recalled regarding this period, "There's a five-year point in my life where I was just relentlessly, unhealthily obsessed with studying virality, studying the YouTube algorithm. I woke up. I would order [[Uber Eats]] food. And then I would just sit on my computer all day just studying ''shit'' nonstop with [other YouTubers]."<ref name="Dickson-2022" />

== YouTube career ==
=== 2012–2017: Early career ===
[[File:Mr. Beast crew as of July 29 2024.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|Current members of the MrBeast crew. From left to right: [[Karl Jacobs]], Nolan Hansen, and Chandler Hallow]]
Donaldson uploaded his first YouTube video in February 2012, at the age of 13, under the channel name "MrBeast6000".<ref name="Business Insider-2019" /> His early content included [[Let's Play]]s focusing on ''[[Minecraft]]'' and ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]'',<ref name="Business Insider-2019">{{Cite web |title=21-year-old YouTuber MrBeast was one of the most-viewed YouTube creators in 2019 – check out how he got his start and found success with elaborate stunts and giveaways |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/21-year-old-youtuber-mrbeast-was-one-of-the-most-viewed-youtube-creators-in-2019-check-out-how-he-got-his-start-and-found-success-with-elaborate-stunts-and-giveaways/articleshow/72480478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206152534/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/21-year-old-youtuber-mrbeast-was-one-of-the-most-viewed-youtube-creators-in-2019-check-out-how-he-got-his-start-and-found-success-with-elaborate-stunts-and-giveaways/articleshow/72480478.cms |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=September 1, 2021 |website=Business Insider|date=June 16, 2019 }}</ref> videos estimating the wealth of other [[YouTuber]]s,<ref name="Shaw-2020" /> videos that offered tips to upcoming YouTube creators, and commentary on YouTube drama. Donaldson appeared infrequently in these videos.<ref name="Business Insider-2019" />

In 2015 and 2016, Donaldson gained popularity with his "Worst Intros on YouTube" series, poking fun at YouTube video introductions.<ref name="Business Insider-2019" /> By mid-2016, Donaldson had around 30,000 subscribers. Donaldson dropped out of college in late 2016 to pursue a full-time career as a YouTuber.<ref name="Asarch-2019" /><ref name="Shaw-2020">{{Cite news |last1=Shaw |first1=Lucas |last2=Bergen |first2=Mark |date=December 22, 2020 |title=The North Carolina Kid Who Cracked YouTube's Secret Code |work=Bloomberg.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-22/who-is-mrbeast-meet-youtube-s-top-creator-of-2020 |url-status=live |access-date=December 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223060415/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-22/who-is-mrbeast-meet-youtube-s-top-creator-of-2020 |archive-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref> His mother disapproved of his decision and forced him to leave the family home as a result.<ref name="South China Morning Post-2021">{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2021 |title=Is MrBeast the world's most controversial YouTuber? |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3132914/mrbeast-worlds-most-controversial-youtuber-meet-22-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511185546/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3132914/mrbeast-worlds-most-controversial-youtuber-meet-22-year |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

As his channel grew, Donaldson hired four childhood friends—Ava Kris Tyson (at that time named Chris Tyson), Chandler Hallow, Garrett Ronalds, and Jake Franklin—to contribute to his channel.<ref name="South China Morning Post-2021" /> Franklin left the crew in 2020. [[Karl Jacobs]], previously a cameraman, was promoted to replace him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karl Jacobs reveals how a Mr. Beast fluke made him a Minecraft icon |date=March 29, 2022 |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/karl-jacobs-interview-minecraft-mr-beast |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416011130/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/karl-jacobs-interview-minecraft-mr-beast |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Why Did Jake the Viking Leave MrBeast and What's He up to Now? |url=https://www.distractify.com/p/why-did-jake-leave-mrbeast |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825194415/https://www.distractify.com/p/why-did-jake-leave-mrbeast |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why I Left MrBeast |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTl8HxAPJf0 |via=[[YouTube]] | date=April 6, 2020 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825194415/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTl8HxAPJf0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tyson left the crew in 2024.<ref name="BBC News-2024" />

=== 2017–2020: Rise to fame ===
[[File:MrBeast.png|thumb|Donaldson in December 2018|299x299px]]
In January 2017, Donaldson published an almost day-long video of himself counting to 100,000, which became his breakthrough viral video.<ref name="Miller-2023" /> The ordeal took him 40 hours, with some parts sped up to "keep it under 24 hours".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farquhar |first=Peter |date=January 12, 2017 |title=Millions of people watched YouTuber 'MrBeast' count to 100,000 |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/millions-of-people-have-watched-youtuber-mrbeast-count-to-100000-2017-1 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007221615/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/millions-of-people-have-watched-youtuber-mrbeast-count-to-100000-2017-1 |archive-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref> Donaldson gained popularity during this period with stunts, such as attempting to break glass using a hundred [[megaphone]]s, watching paint dry for an hour,<ref name="Wanbaugh-2018" /> staying underwater for 24 hours, which ended up failing due to health issues, and an unsuccessful attempt to spin a [[fidget spinner]] for a day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grasso |first=Samantha |date=May 28, 2017 |title=Watch these YouTubers attempt to break a fidget spinner record |work=[[Daily Dot]] |url=https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/fidget-spinner-record-youtube/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007221613/https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/fidget-spinner-record-youtube/ |archive-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref> By 2018, Donaldson had given out $1 million through his stunts, earning him the title "YouTube's biggest [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]]".<ref name="South China Morning Post-2021" />

In June 2017, Donaldson gained his first brand deal, from a digital collectibles app called Quidd. This partnership funded his first philanthropic video in June 2017, where he gave the entirety of the $10,000 sponsor's fee to a homeless person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=December 28, 2018 |title=MrBeast, YouTube's viral philanthropist, explains where all that money comes from |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/28/18157845/mrbeast-youtube-donations-adsense-brand-deals |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> This set the stage for his now-famous brand of large-scale giveaways and philanthropic stunts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Camilleri |first=Adrian R. |date=June 27, 2024 |title=The MrBeast effect: why we're drawn to videos of random people winning big |url=http://theconversation.com/the-mrbeast-effect-why-were-drawn-to-videos-of-random-people-winning-big-233443 |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the [[PewDiePie vs T-Series|PewDiePie vs. T-Series rivalry]] in 2018, a competition to become the most-subscribed channel on YouTube, Donaldson bought billboards and numerous television and radio advertisements to help [[PewDiePie]] gain more subscribers than [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2018 |title=YouTuber 'MrBeast' Buys Smorgasbord Of Advertising To Help PewDiePie Stay Ahead Of T-Series |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/10/29/pewdiepie-billboards-entire-town-mrbeast/ |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=November 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103210630/https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/10/29/pewdiepie-billboards-entire-town-mrbeast/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr Beast explains how many ads for Pewdiepie he bought, and what types of ads. |url=https://twitter.com/mrbeast/status/1055928398646784002 |access-date=November 2, 2022 |via=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102142358/https://twitter.com/mrbeast/status/1055928398646784002 |url-status=live }}</ref> During [[Super Bowl LIII]], he purchased multiple seats for himself and his team, whose shirts spelled out "Sub 2 PewDiePie".<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 5, 2019 |title=YouTubers MrBeast, Jake Paul spotted at Sup Dogs |work=The East Carolinian |url=http://www.theeastcarolinian.com/arts_and_entertainment/article_82c0df66-2903-11e9-a2cb-13262ce83230.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526075433/http://www.theeastcarolinian.com/arts_and_entertainment/article_82c0df66-2903-11e9-a2cb-13262ce83230.html |archive-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamilton |first=Isabel Asher |date=February 4, 2019 |title=PewDiePie's war with T-Series hit the Super Bowl, as YouTuber Mr Beast turned up to the game with 'Sub 2 PewDiePie' shirts |work=Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.sg/pewdiepie-war-with-t-series-hits-super-bowl-mr-beast-2019-2/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526075815/https://www.businessinsider.sg/pewdiepie-war-with-t-series-hits-super-bowl-mr-beast-2019-2/ |archive-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref>

In March 2019, Donaldson organized and filmed a real-life [[Battle royale game|battle royale]] competition in Los Angeles with prizes totaling $200,000 (two games were played, each awarding $100,000) in collaboration with ''[[Apex Legends]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 14, 2019 |title=MrBeast Hosts Real-life Battle Royale Tournament |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.apnews.com/fa94b3068e03411e86d5240414ec502d |url-status=live |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526074958/https://www.apnews.com/fa94b3068e03411e86d5240414ec502d |archive-date=May 26, 2019}}</ref> ''Apex Legends'' publisher [[Electronic Arts]] sponsored the event and prize pool.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=James |date=March 13, 2019 |title=MrBeast Drops Video Of Real Life, EA-Sponsored 'Apex Legends' Battle |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/03/13/mrbeast-ea-apex-legends-sponsorship-youtubers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708223100/https://www.tubefilter.com/2019/03/13/mrbeast-ea-apex-legends-sponsorship-youtubers/ |archive-date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=May 16, 2020 |website=[[Tubefilter]]}}</ref>

In April 2020, Donaldson created a [[rock, paper, scissors]] competition stream that featured 32 [[influencers]] and a grand prize of $250,000, which, at the time, became YouTube's most-watched live [[YouTube Premium|Original]] event with 662,000 concurrent viewers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 27, 2020 |title=MrBeast's 'Creator Games' Is YouTube's Most-Watched Live Original Ever, With 662K Concurrent Viewers |language=en-US |work=Tubefilter |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2020/04/27/mrbeast-youtube-creator-games-nadeshot-ninja/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512050444/https://www.tubefilter.com/2020/04/27/mrbeast-youtube-creator-games-nadeshot-ninja/ |archive-date=May 12, 2021}}</ref> Professional [[esports]] player [[Nadeshot]] won the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nadeshot Wins MrBeast Rock Paper Scissors Charity Livestream |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2020/04/26/nadeshot-wins-mrbeast-rock-paper-scissors-charity-livestream/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211907/https://teneightymagazine.com/2020/04/26/nadeshot-wins-mrbeast-rock-paper-scissors-charity-livestream/ |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In October 2020, Donaldson hosted another influencer tournament. This time, it was [[trivia]], featuring 24 competitors with a grand prize of $300,000. The tournament's winners were siblings [[Charli D'Amelio|Charli]] and [[Dixie D'Amelio]], which caused controversy due to claims that they cheated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tenbarge |first=Kat |title=TikTok star Charli D'Amelio's family was accused of cheating on trivia questions after winning a $300,000 charity competition between influencers |url=https://www.insider.com/charli-dixie-damelio-parents-cheating-mrbeast-creator-games-2020-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224084328/https://www.insider.com/charli-dixie-damelio-parents-cheating-mrbeast-creator-games-2020-10 |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2021–present: mainstream success ===
{{see also|$456,000 Squid Game in Real Life!|50 YouTubers Fight for $1,000,000}}
On January 1, 2021, Donaldson released the "YouTube Rewind 2020, Thank God It's Over" video. In Donaldson's video, he explains that he had always believed that YouTubers "should get more say in [[YouTube Rewind|Rewind]]", and with this in mind, he decided to call "hundreds of YouTubers". At the end of the video, Donaldson gives a shout-out to PewDiePie, citing him and his 2018 Rewind as the inspiration for Donaldson's Rewind.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tran |first=Fonticha |date=January 1, 2021 |title=MrBeast's "YouTube Rewind 2020, Thank God It's Over" |url=https://www.exclusivehollywood.co.uk/mrbeast-youtube-rewind-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111032922/https://www.exclusivehollywood.co.uk/mrbeast-youtube-rewind-2020 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |website=Exclusive Hollywood |language=en}}</ref> Donaldson signed a [[Facebook]] and [[Snapchat]] content distribution deal with Jellysmack a month later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=April 7, 2021 |title=MrBeast Signs Exclusive Snapchat, Facebook Video Distribution Pact With Jellysmack |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/mrbeast-snapchat-facebook-video-distribution-1234946051/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505163635/https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/mrbeast-snapchat-facebook-video-distribution-1234946051/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2021 |title=MrBeast Signs Exclusive Facebook, Snapchat Distribution Deal with Jellysmack |work=Tubefilter |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/04/07/mrbeast-snapchat-facebook-distribution-deal-jellysmack/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505163637/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/04/07/mrbeast-snapchat-facebook-distribution-deal-jellysmack/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref>

During a [[Clubhouse (app)|Clubhouse]] room in February 2021, Donaldson removed entrepreneur Farokh Sarmad after he allegedly said he could not pronounce his name, a move that Sarmad later said was [[racist]]. Sarmad's claims were questioned and denied by other Clubhouse users, who were present at the call and argued against Sarmad's claims, claiming that Donaldson removed him and others to make room for women to be more inclusive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2021 |title=YouTube accused of 'blatant racism' over social media spat with entrepreneur |url=https://www.indy100.com/news/mrbeast-youtuber-clubhouse-entrepreneur-racism-b1805556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511205603/https://www.indy100.com/news/mrbeast-youtuber-clubhouse-entrepreneur-racism-b1805556 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |website=[[Indy100]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tenbarge |first=Kat |title=MrBeast booted a user whose name he couldn't pronounce on Clubhouse, sparking a debate over racism and microaggressions |url=https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-clubhouse-racism-allegations-cancelled-racist-farokh-debate-drama-2021-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224084325/https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-clubhouse-racism-allegations-cancelled-racist-farokh-debate-drama-2021-2 |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=May 11, 2021 |website=[[Insider (website)|Insider]]}}</ref>

In April 2021, Donaldson announced a sponsorship with mobile banking app [[Current (financial services company)|Current]], marking the first time he took an ownership stake as part of a sponsorship deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=James |date=April 26, 2021 |title=MrBeast Invests In Fintech Company 'Current,' Kicks Off Long-Term Partnership With $100,000 Giveaway |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/04/26/mrbeast-invests-current-banking-app-giveaway/ |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US}}</ref> Donaldson stated he struck the deal with Current's SVP of Marketing Adam Hadi, who worked with Donaldson on his first brand deal with Quidd in 2017.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8VcUnz3nVc |title=The Full Story of MrBeast |date=September 20, 2021 |last=Colin and Samir |access-date=September 19, 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

In November 2021, Donaldson uploaded "[[$456,000 Squid Game in Real Life!|$456,000 ''Squid Game'' in Real Life!]]", a recreation of the [[Survival film|survival drama]] [[streaming television]] series ''[[Squid Game]]'' in real life. The video had 456 people compete for a $456,000 cash prize.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilde |first=Tyler |date=November 25, 2021 |title=$3.5M Squid Game recreation is about as accurate as you can get without actually shooting anyone |language=en |work=[[PC Gamer]] |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/mr-beast-squid-game-real-youtube/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126011446/https://www.pcgamer.com/mr-beast-squid-game-real-youtube/ |archive-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> It was one of the most-watched YouTube videos of 2021, receiving over 130 million views within a week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kesvani |first=Hussain |date=December 2, 2021 |title=The success of MrBeast's Squid Game is its own dystopia |url=https://www.polygon.com/22812548/mrbeast-squid-game-youtube-copycat-reaction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202173316/https://www.polygon.com/22812548/mrbeast-squid-game-youtube-copycat-reaction |archive-date=December 2, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2021 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> A review of the video in ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'' argued that it "badly misunderstood the anti-capitalist message of ''Squid Game''".<ref name="Observer-2021">{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2021 |title=YouTuber MrBeast Surpasses 100 Million Views on Controversial Squid Game Recreation Video |url=https://observer.com/2021/11/youtuber-mrbeast-million-views-controversial-squid-game-recreation-video/ |access-date=June 5, 2022 |website=Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605171948/https://observer.com/2021/11/youtuber-mrbeast-million-views-controversial-squid-game-recreation-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, ''Squid Game'' creator [[Hwang Dong-hyuk]] has reacted positively to the recreations and parodies of the series.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 4, 2021 |title=Squid Game Creator Gives His Thoughts On MrBeast's Youtube Version |url=https://screenrant.com/squid-game-mrbeast-video-hwang-dong-hyuk-reaction/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213105046/https://screenrant.com/squid-game-mrbeast-video-hwang-dong-hyuk-reaction/ |archive-date=February 13, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=ScreenRant |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2021, Donaldson created a third [[influencer]] tournament featuring 15 competitors with a grand prize of $1 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weiss |first=Geoff |date=December 14, 2021 |title=MrBeast's Third 'Creator Games' To Host Bella Poarch, Logan Paul, With $1 Million Prize |work=Tube Filter |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/12/14/mrbeast-third-creator-games-bella-poarch-logan-paul/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214210433/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/12/14/mrbeast-third-creator-games-bella-poarch-logan-paul/ |archive-date=December 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rolta |first=Mehul |date=December 17, 2021 |title=MrBeast Hosts Stunning Million-Dollar Tournament Featuring Some of YouTube's Biggest Stars |work=Essentially Sports |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/mrbeast-hosts-stunning-million-dollar-tournament-featuring-some-of-youtubes-biggest-stars-esports-news/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227082617/https://www.essentiallysports.com/mrbeast-hosts-stunning-million-dollar-tournament-featuring-some-of-youtubes-biggest-stars-esports-news/ |archive-date=December 27, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Francis |first=Bryan |date=December 18, 2021 |title=MrBeast has started a new $1,000,000 Influencer tournament |work=First Sportz |url=https://firstsportz.com/esports-news-mrbeast-started-a-influencer-tournament/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227082618/https://firstsportz.com/esports-news-mrbeast-started-a-influencer-tournament/ |archive-date=December 27, 2021}}</ref> In January 2022, ''Forbes'' ranked Donaldson as YouTube's highest-earning creator, earning an estimated $54 million in 2021. ''Forbes'' stated that his income in 2021 would have placed him 40th in the 2020 [[Forbes Celebrity 100]], earning as much money as [[Vin Diesel]] and [[Lewis Hamilton]] did in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Abram |title=The Highest-Paid YouTube Stars: MrBeast, Jake Paul And Markiplier Score Massive Paydays |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2022/01/14/the-highest-paid-youtube-stars-mrbeast-jake-paul-and-markiplier-score-massive-paydays/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117180838/https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2022/01/14/the-highest-paid-youtube-stars-mrbeast-jake-paul-and-markiplier-score-massive-paydays/ |archive-date=January 17, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Celebrity 100: The World's Highest-Paid Celebrities 2020 |url=https://www.forbes.com/celebrities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628043820/https://www.forbes.com/celebrities/ |archive-date=June 28, 2004 |access-date=January 17, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

On July 28, 2022, Donaldson surpassed 100 million subscribers on his main channel, making him the fifth channel and the second individual YouTuber to achieve the milestone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=July 28, 2022 |title=MrBeast Tops 100 Million YouTube Subscribers: 'I Hope to Do YouTube Until the Day I Die' |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/mrbeast-100-million-youtube-subscribers-1235328739/ |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729201818/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/mrbeast-100-million-youtube-subscribers-1235328739/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheong |first=Charissa |date=July 29, 2022 |title=YouTube star MrBeast just became the second person in the world to reach 100 million subscribers, and livestreamed the moment he found out |url=https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-100-million-youtube-subscribers-reaction-livestream-2022-7 |access-date=August 3, 2022 |website=Insider |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165144/https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-100-million-youtube-subscribers-reaction-livestream-2022-7 |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 17, 2022, Donaldson achieved the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] of "Most Subscribers for an Individual Male on YouTube" with his MrBeast channel at 112 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suggitt |first=Connie |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Mr Beast now most-subscribed YouTuber ever, overtaking PewDiePie |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/11/mr-beast-now-most-subscribed-youtuber-ever-overtaking-pewdiepie-726321 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |website=Guinness World Records |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119054620/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/11/mr-beast-now-most-subscribed-youtuber-ever-overtaking-pewdiepie-726321 |url-status=live }}</ref> The previous record holder, [[PewDiePie]], had held the record as the most subscribed YouTuber for almost ten years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gerken |first=Tom |date=November 16, 2022 |title=MrBeast overtakes PewDiePie as most-subscribed YouTuber |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63635382 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802184124/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63635382 |url-status=live }}</ref> Donaldson achieved one billion video views over 30 days on his main YouTube channel in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Shivaditya |date=November 22, 2022 |title=YouTube King MrBeast Has Now Officially Crossed 1 Billion Views On His Main Channel in Just 30 Days, Gets 2nd Rank As... |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-youtube-king-mrbeast-has-now-officially-crossed-1-billion-views-on-his-main-channel-in-just-30-days-gets-2nd-rank-as/ |access-date=June 23, 2023 |website=EssentiallySports |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623044057/https://www.essentiallysports.com/esports-news-youtube-king-mrbeast-has-now-officially-crossed-1-billion-views-on-his-main-channel-in-just-30-days-gets-2nd-rank-as/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 15, 2023, Donaldson surpassed 200 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=James |date=October 16, 2023 |title=MrBeast gained 100 million subscribers in 15 months. Here's why. |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/16/mrbeast-gained-100-million-subscribers-in-15-months-heres-why/ |access-date=October 28, 2023 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028012428/https://www.tubefilter.com/2023/10/16/mrbeast-gained-100-million-subscribers-in-15-months-heres-why/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His [[YouTube Shorts]] video "Would You Fly to Paris for a Baguette?" is the most-watched video on his main YouTube channel, having more than 1.5 billion views and 56 million likes as of May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tomar |first=Vaibhav Singh |title=MrBeast Just Got His First Billion Views Video |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/gaming-news-mrbeast-just-got-his-first-billion-views-video/ |access-date=December 30, 2023 |work=EssentiallySports |date=December 22, 2023 |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230175808/https://www.essentiallysports.com/gaming-news-mrbeast-just-got-his-first-billion-views-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Mrbeast in 2025 1.png|thumb|Donaldson in 2025]]
On June 2, 2024, Donaldson surpassed India-based music label and film production company [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for the title of the most subscribed channel on YouTube, with 267 million.<ref name="Davis-2024">{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=June 2, 2024 |title=PewDiePie 'avenged' as MrBeast becomes YouTube's most-subscribed channel |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/2/24170045/mrbeast-youtube-most-subscribed-channel-t-series-pewdiepie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165133/https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/2/24170045/mrbeast-youtube-most-subscribed-channel-t-series-pewdiepie |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2024 |work=[[The Verge]] |language=en}}</ref> On July 10, 2024, Donaldson became the first YouTuber to surpass 300 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2024 |title=MrBeast makes history, becomes first YouTuber to reach 300 million subscribers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/mrbeast-makes-history-becomes-first-youtuber-to-reach-300-million-subscribers-101720623424789.html |access-date=July 15, 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165053/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/mrbeast-makes-history-becomes-first-youtuber-to-reach-300-million-subscribers-101720623424789.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 13, 2024, Donaldson uploaded his 300 million subscribers special, "[[50 YouTubers Fight for $1,000,000]]". The video featured guest appearances from [[Howie Mandel]], [[Miranda Cosgrove]], and [[Joey Chestnut]].<ref>{{cite web |title=JaidenAnimations wins MrBeast's $1 million YouTube challenge, outlasting Logan Paul and KSI |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2479628/jaidenanimations-wins-mrbeasts-1-million-youtube-challenge-outlasting-logan-paul-and-ksi |website=tribune.com |date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 19, 2024 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718160602/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2479628/jaidenanimations-wins-mrbeasts-1-million-youtube-challenge-outlasting-logan-paul-and-ksi |url-status=live }}</ref> This video reached 71 million views in the first 24 hours, becoming Donaldson's most-viewed video within its first 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1812524185228320980 |user=MrBeast |title=New video is my most viewed video ever in 24 hours 😮 |date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 19, 2024}}</ref> In his video "Beat Ronaldo, Win $1,000,000", [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], [[Tom Brady]], and [[Bryson DeChambeau]] made guest appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=March 26, 2025 |title=YouTube's 2025 Upfront to Feature Lady Gaga, MrBeast, Brittany Broski and More |url=https://variety.com/2025/digital/news/youtube-2025-brandcast-upfront-lady-gaga-mrbeast-1236348535/ |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> On April 25, 2025, Donaldson and Uruguayan YouTuber [[Fede Vigevani]] hosted an influencer basketball game featuring a team of Spanish-speaking creators and a team of English-speaking creators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2025/03/31/mrbeast-fede-vigevani-creator-influencer-basketball-game/|title=MrBeast and Fede Vigevani are recruiting "the biggest" creators for a bilingual basketball game|date=March 31, 2025|first=Sam|last=Gutelle|website=Tubefilter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801130119/https://www.tubefilter.com/2025/03/31/mrbeast-fede-vigevani-creator-influencer-basketball-game/|archive-date=August 1, 2025|url-status=live|access-date=August 1, 2025}}</ref> [[Neymar]], [[Stephen Curry]], and [[Serena Williams]], made guest appearances in the video "Beat Neymar, Win $500,000".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polacek |first=Scott |title=Steph Curry, Giannis, Serena Williams, Neymar, Aaron Judge Star in New MrBeast Video |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/25199197-steph-curry-giannis-serena-williams-neymar-aaron-judge-star-new-mrbeast-video |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[Bleacher Report]] |language=en}}</ref> On June 1, 2025, Donaldson became the first YouTuber to surpass 400 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2025 |title=MrBeast hits 400 million subscribers on YouTube |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2549394/mrbeast-hits-400-million-subscribers-on-youtube |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=C |first=Toff |date=June 3, 2025 |title=MrBeast reaches 400 million subscribers on YouTube |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/celebrities/2025/6/3/mrbeast-reaches-400-million-subscribers-on-youtube-2125 |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=[[ABS-CBN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Shivani |date=June 2, 2025 |title=MrBeast becomes first creator to hit 400 million YouTube subscribers, fans celebrate his journey from viral stunts to global impact |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/mrbeast-becomes-first-creator-to-hit-400-million-youtube-subscribers-fans-celebrate-his-journey-from-viral-stunts-to-global-impact-660098.html |access-date=June 22, 2025 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> In January 2026, Beast Industries raised $200 million from Bitmine at a $5 billion valuation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conlon |first=Sean |date=January 15, 2026 |title=MrBeast platform gets $200 million investment from Tom Lee's Bitmine |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/15/mrbeast-company-gets-200-million-investment-from-tom-lees-bitmine.html |access-date=January 15, 2026 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

== Content ==
In his early career, Donaldson primarily uploaded [[Let's Play]]s, "best and worst" roundups, and commentary about YouTube culture.<ref name="Miller-2023" /><ref name="Business Insider-2019" /> His present-day videos usually fall into three formats: stunt challenges that demand difficult or risky tasks, so-called "junklord" experiments that rely on an unusually large quantity of a single product, and giveaway competitions that award substantial cash or prizes, often through games.{{Efn|name="genreExamples"|Examples of each genre:<ref name="Miller-2023" />
* Stunt: "Microwaving a Microwave," "I Counted to 100,000"
* Junklord: "I Built a Giant House Using Only Legos," "I Ate $100,000 Golden Ice Cream."
* Giveaway: "Extreme $500,000 Game of Tag," "Giving a Random Homeless Man $10,000"
}} Giveaway videos remain a defining element of his channel.<ref name="Miller-2023" />
[[File:Fidias - How I Won A Lamborghini From MrBeast (W2afl71B7t8 - 1280x720 - 3m56s).png|thumb|An example of Donaldson's YouTube content]]
Donaldson designs each video to satisfy YouTube's [[recommendation system|recommendation algorithm]] by maximizing [[click-through rate]] and [[Retention rate|viewer retention]].<ref name="Miller-2023">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Vincent |last2=Hogg |first2=Eddy |title='If you press this, I'll pay': MrBeast, YouTube, and the mobilisation of the audience commodity in the name of charity |journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=997–1014 |doi=10.1177/13548565231161810|s2cid=257461167 |language=en |issn=1354-8565 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He focuses on striking topics, titles, and [[thumbnail]]s to encourage clicks,<ref name="Perelli">{{cite web |last=Perelli |first=Amanda |title=How YouTube star MrBeast, who has 22 million subscribers, uses keywords and the 'shock and awe' effect to maximize views |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-youtube-star-mr-beast-uses-keywords-to-get-trending-2019-7 |website=Business Insider |access-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183708/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-youtube-star-mr-beast-uses-keywords-to-get-trending-2019-7 |url-status=live }}</ref> aiming for concepts he considers "original, creative" and essential viewing.<ref>{{cite podcast|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3_PwvvfxIU&t=2506s|title=MrBeast: Future of YouTube, Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram|host=Lex Fridman|date=January 11, 2023|time=41:46|access-date=July 26, 2023|archive-date=July 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183708/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3_PwvvfxIU&t=2506s|url-status=live}}</ref> He favors bold keywords such as "24-hours" and "challenge" in titles,<ref name="Shaw-2021" /><ref name="Perelli" /> pairs them with simple, brightly lit thumbnails,<ref>{{cite news |last=Perelli |first=Amanda |title=YouTube star MrBeast breaks down how he makes eye-catching thumbnails and why he'd pay $10,000 for the best possible one |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-youtube-thumbnail-strategy-advice-for-creators-2021-10 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183710/https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-youtube-thumbnail-strategy-advice-for-creators-2021-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> and introduces the premise within the opening 30 seconds before promising a finale to hold attention through the usual 10–30 minute runtime.<ref name="Shaw-2021" /><ref name="Miller-2023" />

Brand sponsorships and Google's [[AdSense]] program primarily fund Donaldson's productions.<ref name="Alexander-2018">{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |title=MrBeast, YouTube's viral philanthropist, explains where all that money comes from |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/28/18157845/mrbeast-youtube-donations-adsense-brand-deals |website=The Verge |access-date=July 28, 2023 |date=December 28, 2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217185340/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/28/18157845/mrbeast-youtube-donations-adsense-brand-deals |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2022 he was reportedly spending about $1 million on each flagship video,<ref name="Dickson-2022" /> supported by earnings from his lower-cost reaction and gaming channels.<ref name="Dickson-2022" /> ''[[The Verge]]'' described the resulting cycle as self-perpetuating, with each viral success attracting larger brand deals and higher AdSense income that fund even bigger giveaways.<ref name="Alexander-2018" /> Donaldson has said he prefers to reinvest the revenue so he can keep scaling his ideas.<ref name="Dickson-2022" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Read |first=Max |date=June 12, 2023 |title=How MrBeast Became the Willy Wonka of YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/magazine/mrbeast-youtube.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725200742/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/magazine/mrbeast-youtube.html |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> He also generates additional revenue through ventures that primarily focus on consumer goods, including [[MrBeast Burger]], [[Lunchly]], and [[Feastables]].<ref name="Miller-2023" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jones |first=C. T. |title=MrBeast Has Your Views. Now He Wants Your Cash |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/youtube-mrbeast-funding-business-expansion-1234617936/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=July 28, 2023 |date=October 25, 2022 |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728152927/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/youtube-mrbeast-funding-business-expansion-1234617936/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2023}}, Donaldson employs over 250 people, from writers to editors to producers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harwell |first1=Drew |last2=Lorenz |first2=Taylor |title=Greenville was quiet. Then a hometown kid became YouTube's biggest star. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/11/03/mr-beast-money-hometown-greenville-creator-economy/ |access-date=November 25, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 3, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116112351/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/11/03/mr-beast-money-hometown-greenville-creator-economy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lorenz-2021" /> Many employees include people familiar with Donaldson, such as friends and family members.<ref name="Lorenz-2021" /> In September 2025, Donaldson uploaded the promotional video "I Bought the NFL", which led to a misunderstanding after some viewers thought he had actually purchased the [[National Football League]]. The video was intended to promote YouTube's first-ever free livestream of an NFL game.<ref>{{cite web|last=Degrazia|first=Leah|title=Did Mr. Beast Buy the NFL? Viral YouTube Stunt Explained|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1435268/did-mr-beast-buy-the-nfl-viral-youtube-stunt-explained|website=E! News|date=September 4, 2025|access-date=September 7, 2025}}</ref>

== Business ventures ==
=== ''Finger on the App'' ===
{{main|Finger on the App}}

In June 2020, Donaldson partnered with Brooklyn art collective [[MSCHF]] to launch ''Finger on the App'', a one-off mobile endurance contest where players kept a finger on their phone screen until one person remained to claim $25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beresford |first=Trilby |date=June 30, 2020 |title=YouTuber MrBeast Launches Multiplayer Endurance Game 'Finger on the App' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/youtuber-mrbeast-launches-multiplayer-endurance-game-finger-app-1300746/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505125934/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/youtuber-mrbeast-launches-multiplayer-endurance-game-finger-app-1300746/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The competition ran for more than 70 hours and ended with four winners who each received $20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=July 3, 2020 |title=MrBeast ends Finger on the App competition by telling players to stop after 70 hours |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/3/21312701/mrbeast-finger-app-competition-stream-winner-final-four-prize-youtube-mschf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318231923/https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/3/21312701/mrbeast-finger-app-competition-stream-winner-final-four-prize-youtube-mschf |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> Its popularity prompted ''Finger on the App 2'', originally slated for December 2020 but delayed until March 2021 after heavy downloads overwhelmed the servers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=March 19, 2021 |title=MrBeast's $100,000 'Finger on the App 2' Contest Kicks Off Saturday |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/mrbeast-finger-on-the-app-2-start-time-date-1234934406/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505042841/https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/mrbeast-finger-on-the-app-2-start-time-date-1234934406/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The sequel offered a $100,000 grand prize, and the champion outlasted the field for roughly 51 hours while the runner-up earned $20,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2021 |title=MrBeast Crowns $100,000 'Finger on the App' Winner After 50-Hour Contest |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/03/23/mrbeast-crowns-finger-on-the-app-winner-50-hours/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505162501/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/03/23/mrbeast-crowns-finger-on-the-app-winner-50-hours/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Tubefilter.com}}</ref>

=== Food ===
==== MrBeast Burger ====
{{main|MrBeast Burger}}

[[File:Mr. Beast Burger Restaurant in American Dream Mall East Rutherford New Jersey.jpg|thumb|The first physical MrBeast Burger restaurant in New Jersey]]
Producer Will Hyde told ''[[The Wake Weekly]]'' in November 2020 that Donaldson would debut [[MrBeast Burger]] the following month as a [[virtual restaurant]] brand.<ref name="Handgraaf-2020">{{Cite web |last=Handgraaf |first=Brie |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Fast food with a side of cash: Burger Boy becomes Mr. Beast Burger for the day |url=https://wakeweekly.com/stories/fast-food-with-a-side-of-cash-burger-boy-becomes-mr-beast-burger-for-the-day,220789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130003724/https://wakeweekly.com/stories/fast-food-with-a-side-of-cash-burger-boy-becomes-mr-beast-burger-for-the-day,220789 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |website=[[The Wake Weekly]]}}</ref> His team partnered with [[Virtual Dining Concepts]] so existing kitchens could license the menu and fulfill delivery orders through third-party apps.<ref name="Handgraaf-2020" /> The concept expanded to more than 2,000 locations worldwide before opening its first physical restaurant at the [[American Dream Meadowlands|American Dream Mall]] in [[East Rutherford, New Jersey]], on September 4, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Locations |url=https://www.mrbeastburger.com/locations/ |access-date=February 18, 2025 |website=MrBeast Burger |language=en-US |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222025258/https://www.mrbeastburger.com/locations/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MrBeast Burger Locations |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/mrbeast-burger-locations |access-date=February 18, 2025 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beast Mode at American Dream: MrBeast Burger opens first location to thousands of fans |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/local/2022/09/04/mrbeast-burger-restaurant-opens-american-dream-mall-nj/65467642007/ |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=North Jersey Media Group |language=en-US |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905022705/https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/local/2022/09/04/mrbeast-burger-restaurant-opens-american-dream-mall-nj/65467642007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Donaldson said in 2024 that he was moving on from the venture and sought to close it because of quality concerns that he believed were hurting his brand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guszkowski |first=Joe |title=MrBeast says he's 'moving on' from MrBeast Burger |url=https://restaurantbusinessonline.com/technology/mrbeast-says-hes-moving-mrbeast-burger |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=Restaurant Business |language=en}}</ref>

==== Feastables ====
{{main|Feastables}}

[[File:Feastables Milk Chocolate Bar.png|thumb|A new formula Feastables bar|209x209px]]
Donaldson introduced [[Feastables]] in January 2022 with a line of MrBeast Bar chocolates in original, almond, and [[quinoa]] crunch flavors.<ref name="Feastables">{{Cite press release |last=Feastables |title=MrBeast Launches Better-For-You Snacking Brand Feastables |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mrbeast-launches-better-for-you-snacking-brand-feastables-301471133.html |access-date=February 19, 2025 |agency=PR Newswire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2022 |title=MrBeast set to become Willy Wonka with new Feastables snack brand |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/mrbeast-set-to-become-willy-wonka-with-new-feastables-snack-brand-1751773/ |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=Dexerto |language=en |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127031450/https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/mrbeast-set-to-become-willy-wonka-with-new-feastables-snack-brand-1751773/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The launch campaign included a sweepstakes worth more than $1,000,000, with $10,000 prizes and a challenge that mirrored ''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' by offering finalists a chance to compete for a chocolate factory.<ref name="Feastables" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cheong |first=Charissa |date=June 6, 2022 |title=MrBeast recreated Willy Wonka's chocolate factory, featuring a toilet made of cake, a dessert contest judged by Gordon Ramsay, and a 'chocolate waterfall' |work=Insider |url=https://www.insider.com/mr-beast-gordon-ramsay-willy-wonkas-factory-youtube-video-2022-6 |access-date=June 11, 2022}}</ref> A June 2022 video documented the elimination-style competition, featured celebrity chef [[Gordon Ramsay]] as a judge, and culminated in a winner choosing between the factory and $500,000 in cash.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Diaz |first=Eric |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Uncanny Replica of Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory Is Unsettling And Delicious |work=Nerdist |url=https://nerdist.com/article/willy-wonka-chocolate-factory-replica-competition-mrbeast/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610184236/https://nerdist.com/article/willy-wonka-chocolate-factory-replica-competition-mrbeast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Feastables generated an estimated $10 million in sales within its first few months and refreshed its recipes and packaging in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perelli |first=Amanda |title=How MrBeast's Feastables used giveaways and data to sell $10 million worth of chocolate bars |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-youtuber-mrbeast-feastables-uses-giveaways-data-to-sell-chocolate-2022-5 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125202432/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-youtuber-mrbeast-feastables-uses-giveaways-data-to-sell-chocolate-2022-5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2024 |title=Mr Beast rebrands Feastables introduces New Packaging |url=https://dailybrand.co.zw/mr-beast-rebrands-feastables-introduces-new-packaging/ |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=Daily Brand |language=en-US |archive-date=July 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720151235/https://dailybrand.co.zw/mr-beast-rebrands-feastables-introduces-new-packaging/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Lunchly ====
{{Main|Lunchly}}

[[File:Lunchly Fiesta Nachos.jpg|thumb|Lunchly-brand "nacho chips with queso blanco and salsa" snack kit]]
Donaldson unveiled the [[Lunchly]] snack-kit brand in September 2024 as a joint venture with fellow creators [[KSI|Olajide "KSI" Olatunji]] and [[Logan Paul]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=September 16, 2024 |title=MrBeast and Logan Paul Team Up to Launch Competitor to Lunchables |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/mr-beast-logan-paul-team-lunchly-lunchables-competitor-1236003924/ |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Marketed as a healthier alternative to [[Lunchables]], the kits paired Prime drinks and Feastables chocolate bars with options such as turkey and crackers, nachos with salsa and cheese, or pizza components.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary |date=September 16, 2024 |title=MrBeast, Logan Paul And KSI Launch Lunchables Competitor 'Lunchly'—Here's What To Know |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/09/16/mrbeast-logan-paul-and-ksi-launch-lunchables-competitor-lunchly-heres-what-to-know/ |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

=== Investments and partnerships ===
Donaldson invested in the gaming startup [[Backbone (company)|Backbone]], supporting its [[Backbone One]] controller and companion content app for mobile players.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2020 |title=MrBeast-Backed Gaming Venture Launches Backbone One, A Controller That Turns iPhones into Consoles |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2020/10/27/mrbeast-night-media-backbone-one-controller/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505165241/https://www.tubefilter.com/2020/10/27/mrbeast-night-media-backbone-one-controller/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Tubefilter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Backed by Mr. Beast and Nadeshot, Backbone One could finally crack mobile gaming |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/10/27/with-backing-from-mr-beast-and-nadeshot-backbone-one-could-finally-crack-competitive-mobile-gaming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224084331/https://techcrunch.com/2020/10/27/with-backing-from-mr-beast-and-nadeshot-backbone-one-could-finally-crack-competitive-mobile-gaming/ |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2021, he partnered with the Creative Juice financial network to launch Juice Funds, a $2 million pool that invests in emerging creators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=March 24, 2021 |title=MrBeast working with $2 million fund to invest in up-and-coming creators |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/24/22348926/mrbeast-creator-investment-fund-creative-juice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505165759/https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/24/22348926/mrbeast-creator-investment-fund-creative-juice |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lorenz-2021">{{Cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |date=May 4, 2021 |title=Mr. Beast, YouTube Star, Wants to Take Over the Business World |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/technology/mr-beast-youtube.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504211043/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/04/technology/mr-beast-youtube.html |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The next month he became a long-term investor and partner in the [[financial technology]] company Current, which promoted the deal through giveaways, and he later faced criticism when fans lost money in a cryptocurrency venture he had endorsed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2021 |title=MrBeast Invests in Fintech Company 'Current,' Kicks off Long-Term Partnership with $100,000 Giveaway |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/04/26/mrbeast-invests-current-banking-app-giveaway/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429202907/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/04/26/mrbeast-invests-current-banking-app-giveaway/ |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=Tubefilter.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perelli |first=Amanda |date=December 14, 2021 |title=How fintech startup Current has used influencer deals with MrBeast, Emma Chamberlain, and others as the cornerstone of its marketing strategy |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-current-influencer-marketing-strategy-examples-micro-influencers-mrbeast-2021-12 |access-date=December 27, 2024 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name="Lorenz-2021" />

Donaldson expanded into education in November 2022 by partnering with [[East Carolina University]] on a YouTube content-creation course.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shaffer |first=Josh |title=NC's MrBeast is the world's most popular YouTuber. He's sharing his techniques at ECU. |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article268869797.html |website=The News & Observer |access-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tester |first=Brandon |title=East Carolina University, MrBeast to create exclusive educational partnership |url=https://www.wbtw.com/news/state-regional-news/east-carolina-university-mrbeast-to-create-exclusive-educational-partnership/ |publisher=WBTW |access-date=October 14, 2023 |date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000435/https://www.wbtw.com/news/state-regional-news/east-carolina-university-mrbeast-to-create-exclusive-educational-partnership/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared as a guest judge on Gordon Ramsay's ''[[Gordon Ramsay's Food Stars|Food Stars]]'' in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malone |first=Michael |date=June 14, 2023 |title=MrBeast Turns Up on 'Gordon Ramsay's Food Stars' |url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/mrbeast-turns-up-on-gordon-ramsays-food-stars |access-date=November 12, 2024 |website=[[Broadcasting & Cable]] |language=en |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112094127/https://www.nexttv.com/news/mrbeast-turns-up-on-gordon-ramsays-food-stars |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, he announced a collaboration with James Patterson on a thriller novel slated for publication by HarperCollins in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Alexandra |date=May 5, 2025 |title=MrBeast's Latest Challenge: Writing a Novel With James Patterson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/05/books/mrbeast-james-patterson-novel.html|access-date=May 5, 2025 |website=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref>

'''Step'''

In February 2026, Donaldson's Beast Industries acquired the youth-oriented [[Financial technology|fintech]] app Step.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butts |first=Dylan |date=February 10, 2026 |title=YouTube star MrBeast buys youth-focused financial services app Step |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/10/youtube-mrbeast-youth-financial-services-app-step-beast-industries-acquires-fintech-app.html |access-date=February 13, 2026 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The app is focused on providing tools to manage money and build credit. In a tweet posted February 9, he expressed a desire to assist young people with increased financial literacy, writing "I want to give millions of young people the financial foundation I never had."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silberling |first=Amanda |date=February 9, 2026 |title=MrBeast's company buys Gen Z-focused fintech app Step |url=https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/09/mrbeasts-company-buys-gen-z-focused-fintech-app-step/ |access-date=February 13, 2026 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Television ===
==== FAST Channel ====
In 2023, a [[free ad-supported streaming television]] channel named Mr. Beast that shows only previously released MrBeast YouTube videos began airing on the [[The Roku Channel|Roku Channel]] service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cranz |first=Alex |date=August 15, 2023 |title=The Roku Channel is getting better about news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/15/23832753/roku-channel-cbs-fox-news-mr-beast |access-date=December 28, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114151825/https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/15/23832753/roku-channel-cbs-fox-news-mr-beast |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ''Beast Games'' ====
{{Main|Beast Games}}

{{See also|Beast Games lawsuit}}

In March 2024, Donaldson and [[Amazon MGM Studios]] announced their plans to create a new reality competition series ''[[Beast Games]]'', set to air exclusively on [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]. On December 19, 2024, Donaldson released [[Beast Games]] on Amazon Prime Video. With 1,000 contestants competing for a $5 million cash prize—the biggest single prize in the history of television and streaming—the show broke numerous [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2025 |title=MrBeast broke an astonishing 44 records during filming for Amazon's Beast Games |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2025/2/mrbeast-broke-an-astonishing-44-records-during-filming-for-amazons-beast-games |access-date=February 14, 2025 |work=Guinness World Records |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=MrBeast and Amazon MGM Studios announce the new reality competition series 'Beast Games' |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/beast-games-mrbeast-prime-video |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=US About Amazon |language=en |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530213802/https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/beast-games-mrbeast-prime-video |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 12, 2025, the series was renewed for two additional seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=May 12, 2025 |title=Amazon's Prime Video Renews 'Beast Games' For Two Seasons: "We're Excited To Raise The Bar Even Higher" |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/amazon-prime-video-beast-games-renewed-two-seasons-1236394383/ |access-date=September 12, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Donaldson stated that his $100 million deal with Amazon was a "poor financial decision" as he lost tens of millions of dollars from Beast Games.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2025 |title='I Lost Tens Of Millions!' – MrBeast Admits His $100M Amazon Show Was A 'Poor Financial Decision' |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lost-tens-millions-mrbeast-admits-150044821.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAGbM2RQTCVJ72wqvoMklV2rGz6NHkikm4W-sOsygUXQez8nz-cESyyp-OmpG_UJ-kdKqxqF9xb6PFX1rz6GKL5pQhnJt8PsAeHvnKi4GZOZB3BgI3J23A6xgm-H3XMLTTg_aV52PR9o-SJEJYMlprEvCUXd-BkIuwYSnPU6ItS0S |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530213802/https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/beast-games-mrbeast-prime-video |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=March 4, 2025 |website=US About Amazon |language=en}}</ref>

''Beast Games'', Amazon, and Donaldson faced criticism after [[Beast Games lawsuit|contestants complained]] that they had been denied food, water, medication, and beds during production. Additionally, several contestants were hospitalized during the first filming sessions, with over a dozen contestants claiming that various injuries had occurred while participating in the challenges and that many had been seen being removed from the arena on stretchers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kircher |first=Madison Malone |date=August 2, 2024 |title=Willing to Die for MrBeast (and $5 Million) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/02/style/mrbeast-beast-games-competition-show.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802150655/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/02/style/mrbeast-beast-games-competition-show.html |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Beaty |first1=Thalia |last2=Pollard |first2=James |date=August 3, 2024 |title=MrBeast's giant reality competition faces safety complaints from initial contestants |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/mrbeasts-giant-reality-competition-faces-safety-complaints-initial-112530149 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803024925/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/mrbeasts-giant-reality-competition-faces-safety-complaints-initial-112530149 |archive-date=August 3, 2024 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> A spokesperson of Donaldson would blame external factors such as [[2024 CrowdStrike-related IT outages|the global computer systems outage caused by CrowdStrike's update to its software]], "extreme weather and other unexpected logistical and communications issues".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollister |first=Sean |date=August 2, 2024 |title=MrBeast blames terrible Beast Games conditions on the CrowdStrike outage |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/2/24212298/mrbeast-beast-games-crowdstrike |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802235022/https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/2/24212298/mrbeast-beast-games-crowdstrike |archive-date=August 2, 2024 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

=== Beast Land theme park ===
Donaldson opened [[Beast Land]], a temporary [[amusement park]] in [[Riyadh]], Saudi Arabia which ran from November 13 to December 27, 2025, as part of [[Riyadh Season]]. The theme park featured rides inspired by videos from the MrBeast YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gwilliam |first=Michael |date=November 6, 2025 |title=MrBeast is launching his own 'Beast Land' theme park, but it's in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/mrbeast-is-launching-his-own-beast-land-theme-park-but-its-in-saudi-arabia-3280500/ |accessdate=January 17, 2026 |publisher=[[Dexerto]]}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
=== Team Trees ===
{{main|Team Trees}}

[[File:Team Trees logo.svg|thumb|The logo used for#[[Team Trees]], 2019]]
On October 25, 2019, Donaldson and fellow YouTuber [[Mark Rober]] launched #TeamTrees on YouTube to raise $20 million for the [[Arbor Day Foundation]] by January 1, 2020, so the group could plant one tree per donated dollar by December 2022.<ref name="Alexander-2019">{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=October 25, 2019 |title=MrBeast partners with more than 600 YouTubers, including PewDiePie and MKBHD, to plant 20 million trees |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/25/20926852/mrbeast-teamtrees-charity-donations-pewdiepie-mkbhd-youtube-trending-tree-planting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028221715/https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/25/20926852/mrbeast-teamtrees-charity-donations-pewdiepie-mkbhd-youtube-trending-tree-planting |archive-date=October 28, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref name="Tenbarge-2019">{{Cite web |last=Tenbarge |first=Ken |date=October 27, 2019 |title=Here's why the top YouTubers from all corners of the platform are talking about planting 20 million trees for #TeamTrees |url=https://www.insider.com/why-top-youtubers-talking-about-planting-20-million-team-trees-2019-10 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |website=[[Insider Inc.]] |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416215304/https://www.insider.com/why-top-youtubers-talking-about-planting-20-million-team-trees-2019-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Creators including [[Rhett & Link]], [[Marshmello]], [[iJustine]], [[Marques Brownlee]], [[The Slow Mo Guys]], [[Ninja (video game player)|Ninja]], [[Simone Giertz]], [[Jacksepticeye]], and [[Smarter Every Day]] amplified the effort, and the foundation began planting in U.S. national parks that same month.<ref name="Alexander-2019" /><ref name="Tenbarge-2019" />

By December 19, the fundraiser had already cleared its $20 million target.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TeamTrees |url=https://www.facebook.com/teamtreesofficial/photos/a.127395948672470/153160966095968/?type=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015121111/https://www.facebook.com/teamtreesofficial/photos/a.127395948672470/153160966095968/?type=3 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |access-date=December 19, 2019 |via=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> High-profile donors such as [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Susan Wojcicki]], [[Elon Musk]], and [[Tobias Lütke]] contributed, along with companies including [[Discovery Channel|Discovery]], [[Verizon Communications|Verizon]], and [[PopCap]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=David |date=October 30, 2019 |title=YouTube star MrBeast wants to plant 20 million trees. Elon Musk, Jack Dorsey, and more are helping him do it. |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/30/us/youtube-mrbeast-trees-trnd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030234714/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/30/us/youtube-mrbeast-trees-trnd/ |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |access-date=October 31, 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leskin |first=Paige |date=November 10, 2019 |title=A YouTuber launched a viral campaign to plant 20 million trees by 2020. Here's the list of prominent people who have donated, including Elon Musk, Jeffree Star, and other tech CEOs and YouTube personalities |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-pewdiepie-jeffree-star-donate-mrbeast-youtube-tree-planting-2019-10?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015121018/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/elon-musk-pewdiepie-jeffree-star-donate-mrbeast-youtube-tree-planting-2019-10?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |access-date=November 19, 2019 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name="teamtrees.org" /> Shopify CEO Tobias Lütke made the single largest pledge at 1,000,001 trees.<ref name="teamseas">{{Cite web |title=Team Trees leaderboard |url=https://teamtrees.org// |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211125910/https://teamtrees.org/ |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=teamseas}}</ref>

{{As of|2025|06}}, supporters have funded more than 24.8 million trees through the initiative.<ref name="teamseas" /> A [[PBS]] Terra report noted that only six percent of the first 2,000 trees planted in one monitored location survived, highlighting the challenges of long-term reforestation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Maiya |date=April 24, 2025 |title=The Biggest Climate Scam Ever? (timestamp 6:52) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWDEawUSyUY |via=YouTube |publisher=[[PBS Terra]] |language=en |format=video}}</ref>

=== Team Seas ===
{{main|Team Seas}}

[[File:Logo Team Seas 02.svg|thumb|The logo used for#[[Team Seas]], 2021]]
On October 29, 2021, Donaldson and Rober introduced #TeamSeas to raise $30 million by January 1, 2022, for the [[Ocean Conservancy]] and [[The Ocean Cleanup]], with the goal of removing {{convert|30|e6lb|e6kg|abbr=off}} of debris from oceans, rivers, and beaches.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=October 29, 2021 |title=YouTubers MrBeast, Mark Rober Reteam for 'TeamSeas' Charity Fundraiser to Clean Up Trash From Marine Environments |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/mrbeast-mark-rober-teamseas-1235100310/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029204012/https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/mrbeast-mark-rober-teamseas-1235100310/ |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Thousands of creators, among them AzzyLand, [[DanTDM]], [[TommyInnit]], [[LinusTechTips]], [[TierZoo]], LEMMiNO, The Infographics Show, [[Hannah Stocking]], [[Dhar Mann]], and [[Marques Brownlee]], promoted the campaign, and BEN plus TubeBuddy's eight-million-creator initiative provided additional reach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanley |first=Grace |date=October 29, 2021 |title=#TeamSeas: YouTubers MrBeast and Mark Rober pledge to remove 30 million pounds of trash from the ocean |url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/creator-economy-mrbeast-mark-rober-teamseas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029232239/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/creator-economy-mrbeast-mark-rober-teamseas/ |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=October 30, 2021 |website=The Daily Dot |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=James |date=October 29, 2021 |title=MrBeast And Mark Rober's #TeamSeas Is Raising $30 Million For Ocean Cleanup |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/10/29/mrbeast-mark-rober-teamseas-fundraiser/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031123058/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/10/29/mrbeast-mark-rober-teamseas-fundraiser/ |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |access-date=October 31, 2021 |website=Tubefilter |language=en-US}}</ref> {{As of|2025|06}}, contributors have raised more than $34 million ($34,080,191) for the effort.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Seas count |url=https://teamseas.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605000353/https://teamseas.org// |archive-date=June 5, 2024 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=teamseas.org}}</ref>

=== Team Water ===
{{main|Team Water}}

[[File:Logo Team Water.svg|thumb|The logo used for [[Team Water]], 2025]]
On August 1, 2025, Donaldson and Rober launched #TeamWater to raise $40 million for [[WaterAid]] by the end of the month.<ref name="Faris, James-2025">{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-team-water-philanthropy-project-content-creator-youtube-2025-8 | title=MrBeast's next big philanthropy project is centered on clean water | work=Business Insider | date=August 1, 2025 | author=Faris, James}}</ref> The campaign set out to deliver lasting clean-water access for two million people and enlisted more than 3,000 creators to help meet the goal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |title=MrBeast, Mark Rober Launch TeamWater, Their Biggest Fundraiser to Date With 3,000-Plus YouTube Creators Aiming to Raise $40 Million for Clean Water Projects |url=https://variety.com/2025/digital/news/mrbeast-teamwater-fundraiser-youtube-creators-clean-water-1236476444/ |access-date=August 7, 2025 |work=Variety |date=August 1, 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2025|09|22}}, donations exceeded the target, totaling more than $41 million ($41,631,423).<ref>{{Cite web |title=#TeamWater |url=https://teamwater.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801160807/https://teamwater.org/ |archive-date=August 1, 2025 |access-date=September 22, 2025 |website=[[Team Water]]}}</ref>

=== Beast Philanthropy ===
[[File:Turkey Giveaway Event (51665254115).jpg|thumb|[[Greenville, North Carolina|Greenville]] received [[Thanksgiving dinner|Thanksgiving meals]] as part of an initiative by Beast Philanthropy and [[Jennie-O]].<ref name="Kennedy-2021">{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Mark |title=YouTube star MrBeast rethinks old notions of philanthropy |url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-technology-lifestyle-business-greenville-6a9751477b7376afd3962371ff11213e |access-date=July 26, 2023 |work=AP News |date=December 16, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117182148/https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-technology-lifestyle-business-greenville-6a9751477b7376afd3962371ff11213e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Molle-2021">{{cite news |last=Molle |first=Claire |title=YouTube star Mr. Beast holds event to give away 10,000 free turkeys in Greenville |url=https://www.wnct.com/local-news/greenville/youtube-star-holds-event-to-give-away-10-thousand-free-turkeys-in-greenville/ |access-date=July 26, 2023 |publisher=WNCT |date=November 7, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726124320/https://www.wnct.com/local-news/greenville/youtube-star-holds-event-to-give-away-10-thousand-free-turkeys-in-greenville/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Donaldson launched the Beast Philanthropy YouTube channel on September 17, 2020, announcing a dedicated food bank and naming longtime collaborator Darren Margolias as executive director.<ref name="Beast Philanthropy">{{Cite web |title=Beast Philanthropy – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiLfjNXkNv24uhpzUgPa6A/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423185906/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiLfjNXkNv24uhpzUgPa6A/about |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |access-date=April 23, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MrBeast 3 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZzvDDvaYti8Dd8bLEiSoyQ/about |access-date=November 11, 2022 |via=YouTube |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111173256/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZzvDDvaYti8Dd8bLEiSoyQ/about |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=James |date=March 26, 2021 |title=MrBeast Opens His Own Food Bank, Shares Details On 'Beast Philanthropy' |url=https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/03/26/mrbeast-philanthropy-food-pantry-youtube-donations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423185905/https://www.tubefilter.com/2021/03/26/mrbeast-philanthropy-food-pantry-youtube-donations/ |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |access-date=April 23, 2021 |website=Tubefilter.com}}</ref> The channel states that it donates all advertising revenue, brand deals, and merchandise proceeds to charity.<ref name="Miller-2023" /><ref name="Beast Philanthropy" />

Beast Philanthropy campaigns have included distributing 10,000 turkeys in Greenville,<ref name="Kennedy-2021" /><ref name="Molle-2021" /> delivering 20,000 pairs of shoes to children in Africa,<ref>{{cite news |last=Mtembu |first=Xolile |title="Kindness is part of Mr Beast's DNA and he's determined to use his wealth to help improve the world" |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/careers/kindness-is-part-of-mr-beasts-dna-and-hes-determined-to-use-his-wealth-to-help-improve-the-world-5fe2e287-714a-47d5-88e7-ffe90169fac7 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |work=IOL |date=March 15, 2023 |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726124320/https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/careers/kindness-is-part-of-mr-beasts-dna-and-hes-determined-to-use-his-wealth-to-help-improve-the-world-5fe2e287-714a-47d5-88e7-ffe90169fac7 |url-status=live }}</ref> building 100 wells for communities with limited access to clean water,<ref name="Busari-2023">{{Cite web |first1=Issy |last1=Ronald |first2=Stephanie |last2=Busari |date=November 6, 2023 |title=MrBeast builds 100 wells in Africa, attracting praise – and some criticism |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/06/africa/mrbeast-100-wells-africa-intl-scli/index.html |access-date=November 22, 2023 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=November 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122232429/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/06/africa/mrbeast-100-wells-africa-intl-scli/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and donating $300,000 in technology to schools.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ward |first=Erin |title=YouTube star MrBeast donates tech to ECU students |url=https://news.ecu.edu/2021/06/08/youtube-star-mrbeast-donates-tech-to-ecu-students/ |website=ECU News Services |date=June 8, 2021 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726124323/https://news.ecu.edu/2021/06/08/youtube-star-mrbeast-donates-tech-to-ecu-students/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Donaldson has also produced videos that fund medical procedures, helping 1,000 blind people see again, 1,000 deaf people regain hearing, and 2,000 people walk again.<ref name="Benton-2023">{{cite news |last=Benton |first=Charlotte |title=MrBeast: Why has YouTuber faced criticism for blind surgery video? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-64490431 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |publisher=BBC |date=February 1, 2023 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202132542/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-64490431 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{Criticism section|date=January 2026}}

=== Working conditions ===
Former employees have accused Donaldson of fostering a difficult workplace. Editor Matt Turner told ''[[The New York Times]]'' that while he worked for Donaldson between February 2018 and September 2019 he was berated almost daily, called a "[[Retard (pejorative)|retard]]", and often left uncredited for his edits.<ref name="Lorenz-2021" /> ''[[Insider (website)|Insider]]'' reported that Turner described the same allegations in a 2018 video and in an October 2019 Twitter thread.<ref name="Asarch">{{Cite web |last=Asarch |first=Steven |title=Former employees of YouTuber MrBeast alleged the star created a toxic work environment where he berated and belittled staff, report says |url=https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-former-employees-allege-youtuber-berated-staff-used-slur-2021-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224084331/https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-former-employees-allege-youtuber-berated-staff-used-slur-2021-5 |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=[[Insider (website)|Insider]]}}</ref>

Another editor, Nate Anderson, said he left after one week in 2018 because of what he viewed as unreasonable expectations and later received death threats from fans after sharing his experience.<ref name="Lorenz-2021" /><ref name="Asarch" /> Nine additional former employees similarly stated that Donaldson could be generous but that his demeanor shifted when the cameras were off.<ref name="Lorenz-2021" /><ref name="Asarch" /> Donaldson rejected the accusations, saying that the company maintains high standards without being toxic, and he said he paid Turner $10,000 and recommended him for another job when his contract ended.<ref name="Dickson-2022" />

=== Removal of Ava Kris Tyson ===
On July 24, 2024, Donaldson cut ties with Ava Kris Tyson, an original cast member, after third-party accusations that she had engaged in sexual misconduct with minors and pressured a former employee.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Asarch |first=Steven |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Ava Kris Tyson 'Used Me': Former MrBeast Collaborator Accused of Sexual Misconduct |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/ava-kris-tyson-mrbeast-sexual-misconduct-claims-1235075537/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808052706/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/ava-kris-tyson-mrbeast-sexual-misconduct-claims-1235075537/ |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |access-date=August 8, 2024 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> Tyson said she voluntarily stepped away and described the split as mutual, adding that she had only made "bad edgy jokes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=July 24, 2024 |title=MrBeast Co-Host Steps Aside After Allegations Of Grooming A Minor |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/mrbeast-co-host-steps-aside-allegations-grooming-minor-1236021014/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725005459/https://deadline.com/2024/07/mrbeast-co-host-steps-aside-allegations-grooming-minor-1236021014/ |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkel |first=Inga |date=July 25, 2024 |title=MrBeast 'disgusted' by grooming accusations against longtime collaborator Ava Kris Tyson |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/mrbeast-ava-kris-tyson-grooming-b2585844.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725165618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/mrbeast-ava-kris-tyson-grooming-b2585844.html |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2024" />

Donaldson announced that an independent investigation was underway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Riyah |date=July 25, 2024 |title=MrBeast hires investigators over Ava Kris Tyson grooming claims |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr5pgevr39o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725083618/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr5pgevr39o |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On November 1, 2024, the law firm [[Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan]] said it reviewed interviews with 39 current and former employees and more than 4.5 million documents from mobile and chat platforms, concluding that the allegations were baseless.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Melas |first1=Chloe |last2=Tolentino |first2=Daysia |date=November 1, 2024 |title=Sexual misconduct allegations directed at former MrBeast collaborator are baseless, law firm probe finds |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/mrbeast-jimmy-donaldson-allegations-legal-probe-findings-rcna178416 |access-date=November 10, 2024 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> The firm reported that alleged victims rejected the claims and said others had used their names without consent.<ref name="BBC News-2024">{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2024 |title=MrBeast: Lawyers find grooming claims against YouTube co-host baseless |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxrn5k22p4o |access-date=November 10, 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2024 |title=MrBeast: Lawyers find grooming claims against YouTube co-host baseless |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxrn5k22p4o |access-date=October 5, 2025 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Allegations from DogPack404 ===
On July 24, 2024, former employee DogPack404 posted a YouTube video accusing Donaldson of staging contests, running illegal lotteries, falsifying signatures, and misleading viewers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pollard |first1=James |last2=Beaty |first2=Thalia |date=July 31, 2024 |title=MrBeast, YouTube's biggest star, acknowledges past 'inappropriate language' as controversies swirl |url=https://apnews.com/article/mrbeast-jimmy-donaldson-allegations-philanthropy-feastibles-742306d7c77e2eca8d895bf439790c69 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803131057/https://apnews.com/article/mrbeast-jimmy-donaldson-allegations-philanthropy-feastibles-742306d7c77e2eca8d895bf439790c69 |archive-date=August 3, 2024 |access-date=August 4, 2024 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |location=New York |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=Cass |date=August 2, 2024 |title=MrBeast's new social media firestorms, explained |url=https://www.polygon.com/24211562/mrbeast-recent-controversies-ava-kris-tyson-fraud-video-beast-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803013052/https://www.polygon.com/24211562/mrbeast-recent-controversies-ava-kris-tyson-fraud-video-beast-games |archive-date=August 3, 2024 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=Polygon}}</ref><ref name="Lopez-2024">{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Alexandria |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Alarming New Allegations Against MrBeast Arise From Former Employee |url=https://www.themarysue.com/mrbeast-jake-weddle-controversy-explained/ |access-date=August 8, 2024 |website=The Mary Sue |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919081536/https://www.themarysue.com/mrbeast-jake-weddle-controversy-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He followed with an interview of former staffer Jake Weddle, who described being denied sleep during productions, said the team employed Jake Franklin's brother-in-law despite his status as a registered [[sex offender]], and alleged that a cameraman tried to intoxicate female participants with paint fumes.<ref name="Lopez-2024" /> Weddle identified the cameraman as "Delaware", claiming Donaldson knew about his conviction, which stemmed from an incident when Delaware was 16 and the victim was 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ettinger |first=Marlon |date=August 9, 2024 |title=Who is Delaware, the alleged sex offender in multiple MrBeast videos? |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/mrbeast-delaware-sex-offender/ |access-date=August 20, 2024 |website=The Daily Dot |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810013915/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/mrbeast-delaware-sex-offender/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Class action lawsuit ===
{{Main|Beast Games lawsuit}}

In September 2024, five former contestants on ''Beast Games'' filed a [[class action lawsuit]] in [[Los Angeles Superior Court|Los Angeles County Superior Court]] against Donaldson, Amazon, and the show's production partners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Beast Games allegations 'blown out of proportion' says YouTuber |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5yxnddeyl0o |access-date=February 1, 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213134849/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5yxnddeyl0o |url-status=live }}</ref> They alleged chronic mistreatment on set, including [[sexual harassment]], unsafe conditions, and unpaid expenses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=September 18, 2024 |title=MrBeast, Amazon Sued by Contestants on 'Beast Games' Competition Show, With Allegations Including Sexual Harassment and 'Chronic Mistreatment' |url=https://variety.com/2024/digital/news/mrbeast-amazon-sued-beast-games-contestants-class-action-1236148181/ |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=November 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125040103/https://variety.com/2024/digital/news/mrbeast-amazon-sued-beast-games-contestants-class-action-1236148181/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kircher |first=Madison Malone |date=September 18, 2024 |title='Beast Games' Contestants File Lawsuit Claiming 'Dangerous Conditions' on Set |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/style/mrbeast-reality-show-lawsuit.html |access-date=October 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=November 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122235731/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/style/mrbeast-reality-show-lawsuit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The plaintiffs also said they were pressured to sign illegal contracts and submit false paperwork in order to secure Nevada tax credits for the production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=September 18, 2024 |title=MrBeast & Amazon Hit With Sexual Harassment, Wages & Nevada Tax Credits-Scamming Class Action Suit By Game Show Contestants |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/mrbeast-sexual-harassment-wages-lawsuit-amazon-1236092640/ |access-date=October 6, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922202652/https://deadline.com/2024/09/mrbeast-sexual-harassment-wages-lawsuit-amazon-1236092640/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Unauthorized tour of Mayan ruins ===
In May 2025, Mexican authorities accused Donaldson of exploiting the [[Chichen Itza|Chichén Itzá]] ruins after he released the video "I Explored 2,000-Year-Old Ancient Temples". Officials said the footage showed him waiting until nightfall, climbing restricted structures, entering a temple, and promoting Feastables products in violation of guidelines for tourists and commercial shoots.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cantú |first=Elda |date=May 16, 2025 |title=MrBeast's Tour of Maya Ruins Draws Criticism and Legal Threats in Mexico |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/16/world/americas/mrbeast-mexico-ruins.html |access-date=May 19, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="www.bbc.com-2025">{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2025 |title=Mexico accuses MrBeast of exploiting Mayan pyramids permit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crr70vykk0wo |access-date=June 23, 2025 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Donaldson countered that his team held "full permits" and followed the rules, but President [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] requested a review of how the permits were granted.<ref name="www.bbc.com-2025" />

== Personal life ==
Donaldson has described himself as an [[Extraversion and introversion|introvert]], saying his focus on YouTube leaves little time for a social life. His mother, Sue, linked that temperament to the family's frequent moves and to his ongoing experience with [[Crohn's disease]].<ref name="Dickson-2022" />

He dated YouTuber Maddy Spidell from 2019 to 2022, and he began a relationship with gaming streamer Thea Booysen later that year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cheong |first=Charissa |title=Everything we know about MrBeast's rumored relationship with a Twitch streamer who says she met him 'by accident' |url=https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-thea-booysen-timeline-rumored-relationship-2022-12 |website=Insider |access-date=August 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mussen |first=Maddy |title=MrBeast: the YouTuber on track to become a billionaire |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/mrbeast-youtube-net-worth-bio-studio-friend-chris-tyson-girlfriend-b1074966.html |access-date=August 2, 2023 |work=Evening Standard |date=June 29, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804195557/https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/mrbeast-youtube-net-worth-bio-studio-friend-chris-tyson-girlfriend-b1074966.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Donaldson announced his [[engagement]] to Booysen on January 1, 2025, noting that he proposed on December 25, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenbloom |first=Alli |date=January 1, 2025 |title=MrBeast and Thea Booysen are engaged |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/01/entertainment/mrbeast-thea-booysen-engaged |access-date=January 1, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108175444/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/01/entertainment/mrbeast-thea-booysen-engaged/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coffey-Behrens |first=Kelly |date=January 1, 2025 |title=MrBeast is Now Engaged |url=https://gamerant.com/mrbeast-engagement-announcement/ |access-date=January 1, 2025 |website=[[Game Rant]] |language=en}}</ref>

After the [[Titan submersible implosion|implosion]] of the [[OceanGate]] submersible ''[[Titan (submersible)|Titan]]'' during a June 2023 expedition to the ''[[Wreck of the Titanic|Titanic]]'', Donaldson said he had been invited on the trip but declined.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosenbloom |first=Alli |date=June 25, 2023 |title=MrBeast says he declined to join submersible trip: 'Kind of scary that I could have been on it' |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/25/entertainment/mrbeast-titan-submersible/index.html |access-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628034941/https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/25/entertainment/mrbeast-titan-submersible/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chilton |first=Louis |date=June 26, 2023 |title=MrBeast claims he turned down trip on Titanic submarine days before fatal disaster |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/mrbeast-titanic-sub-youtube-b2364139.html |access-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628034942/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/mrbeast-titanic-sub-youtube-b2364139.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Political views ===
Donaldson says he remains [[Apoliticism|apolitical]] because taking sides could alienate viewers and undermine his philanthropic work.<ref name="Dickson-2022" /> During a September 2022 podcast appearance, he joked that he might run for president "in like 20 years", arguing that the United States is "due for younger presidents".<ref name="Shapero-2022">{{cite web |last=Shapero |first=Julia |date=October 6, 2022 |title=YouTube giant MrBeast considering a White House run in 20 years |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/3676237-youtube-giant-mrbeast-considering-a-white-house-run-in-20-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401060629/https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/3676237-youtube-giant-mrbeast-considering-a-white-house-run-in-20-years/ |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheong |first=Charissa |title=YouTube star MrBeast said he will 'probably' run for President in his mid-40s and plans to win the election by giving away all of his money |url=https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-president-mid-40s-2022-9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165658/https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-president-mid-40s-2022-9 |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> On July 6, 2024, amid the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 campaign]], he tweeted, "If we lower the age to run for president I'll jump in the race," a remark that went viral before he clarified on X that he was simply restating his apolitical stance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dunn |first=Billie Schwab |date=July 9, 2024 |title=MrBeast's election remark takes internet by storm |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mrbeast-election-remark-viral-online-1922663 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709113030/https://www.newsweek.com/mrbeast-election-remark-viral-online-1922663 |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |work=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Grace Eliza |date=July 11, 2024 |title=MrBeast is prepping us for his presidential run in 2036 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-run-for-president-soon-as-old-enough-2024-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725175938/https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-run-for-president-soon-as-old-enough-2024-7 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Shapero-2022" /> However, he is a supporter of [[Elon Musk]] as of an interview with [[Theo Von]] on December 3, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2024 |title=MrBeast says Elon Musk had an 'interesting' one word response when they first met |url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/mrbeast-elon-musk-theo-von-b2660054.html |access-date=November 8, 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==== LGBT issues ====
In an April 2022 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]],'' Donaldson said he had left [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelical Christianity]], now identifies as an [[Agnostic theism|agnostic theist]], and no longer shares the anti-LGBTQ positions he heard while growing up in the [[Bible Belt]]. He recalled being taught that "Gay people are the reason God's going to come and burn this Earth" and said he has since rejected that rhetoric.<ref name="Dickson-2022" />

''[[The Atlantic]]'' reported in May 2018 that Donaldson used [[homophobic]] slurs on Twitter as a teenager, often treating the word "gay" as an insult.<ref name="Observer-2021" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |author-link=Taylor Lorenz |date=May 24, 2018 |title='YouTube's Biggest Philanthropist' Has a History of Homophobic Comments |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/05/youtubes-biggest-philanthropist-has-a-history-of-homophobic-comments/561248/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715091820/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/05/youtubes-biggest-philanthropist-has-a-history-of-homophobic-comments/561248/ |archive-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Leskin-2019" /> He later deleted those posts, and a spokesperson said in 2021 that he had "grown up and matured into someone that doesn't speak like that".<ref name="Lorenz-2021" />

Donaldson publicly supported childhood friend and collaborator Ava Kris Tyson in April 2023 after she revealed that she was receiving [[Feminizing hormone therapy|feminizing hormone replacement therapy]], writing, "All this transphobia is starting to piss me off."<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/mrbeast-transphobic-critics-chris-tyson-1234714626/ | title=MrBeast Calls Out Transphobic Backlash to Chris Tyson's Hormone Therapy | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=April 13, 2023 | access-date=February 4, 2024 | archive-date=February 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204002346/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/mrbeast-transphobic-critics-chris-tyson-1234714626/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Williamson |first=Harriet |title=YouTuber Chris Tyson breaks silence over MrBeast removal rumours |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/05/07/mrbeast-chris-tyson-youtube-rumours/ |access-date=March 2, 2024 |work=PinkNews |date=May 7, 2023 |archive-date=March 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302090258/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/05/07/mrbeast-chris-tyson-youtube-rumours/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Tyson later came out as a [[trans woman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2023 |title=MrBeast's Kris Tyson says she's 'so much happier' after six months of hormone replacement therapy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/31/entertainment/kris-tyson-mrbeast-hormone-replacement-therapy-cec/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101012414/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/31/entertainment/kris-tyson-mrbeast-hormone-replacement-therapy-cec/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2023 |title=MrBeast's Kris Tyson Comes Out as Transgender: 'I Am a Woman! She/Her' |url=https://people.com/mrbeast-kris-tyson-comes-out-as-transgender-7564588 |website=People |access-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103193805/https://people.com/mrbeast-kris-tyson-comes-out-as-transgender-7564588 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public image and influence ==
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 = VidCon 2022 Anaheim California YouTube Shorts TikTok Mr. Beast.jpg
| caption1 = MrBeast's large model [[gumball machine]] at [[VidCon 2022]]
| image2 = MrBeast getting photography at walmart.png
| caption2 = [[Fan (person)|Fans]] of MrBeast photographing him at a [[Walmart]] in 2025
}}
Donaldson's channel became the [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most subscribed]] on YouTube on June 2, 2024, when it overtook [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2024 |title=MrBeast Is Now The Most Subscribed YouTuber: 'Avenged Pewdiepie' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-buzz/mrbeast-is-now-the-most-subscribed-youtuber-surpasses-t-series-article-110631244 |access-date=June 2, 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=June 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602003236/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/us/us-buzz/mrbeast-is-now-the-most-subscribed-youtuber-surpasses-t-series-article-110631244 |url-status=live }}</ref> A February 2021 poll by ''Insider'' reported that 70% of respondents viewed him favorably and 12% unfavorably.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asarch |first=Steven |date=February 16, 2021 |title=POWER RANKING: the 10 most well-liked influencers on the internet |url=https://www.insider.com/most-liked-influencers-insider-data-mrbeast-markiplier-corpse-2021-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224084324/https://www.insider.com/most-liked-influencers-insider-data-mrbeast-markiplier-corpse-2021-2 |archive-date=February 24, 2022 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Coverage from ''Time'', Yahoo Life, and CNN has noted his particular appeal to younger audiences, pointing to his direct-to-camera delivery and polished but enthusiastic on-screen persona, which could encourage a [[parasocial relationship]].<ref name="Dickson-2022" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Espada |first=Mariah |title=Why MrBeast's New Video Became The Second Most Watched in 24 Hours in YouTube History |url=https://time.com/6287028/mrbeast-youtube-views-record/ |access-date=November 25, 2023 |magazine=Time |date=June 13, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=January 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124031839/https://time.com/6287028/mrbeast-youtube-views-record/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Frost |first=Alexandra |title=Kids obsessed with MrBeast? Here's what parents should know about the hugely popular YouTuber. |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/kids-obsessed-mrbeast-heres-parents-150025606.html |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=Yahoo Life |date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209033825/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/kids-obsessed-mrbeast-heres-parents-150025606.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Karimi-2023">{{cite news |last=Karimi |first=Faith |title=Behind the staggering success of MrBeast |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/15/entertainment/mrbeast-youtube-jimmy-donaldson-cec/index.html |access-date=November 25, 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=July 15, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204044331/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/15/entertainment/mrbeast-youtube-jimmy-donaldson-cec/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Writers such as Charissa Cheong have linked Donaldson's success to a broader shift on YouTube toward high-budget, experimental productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheong |first=Charissa |title=MrBeast just became the biggest YouTuber in the world. His ascension marks the death of old YouTube and the rise of 'over-the-top' content. |url=https://www.insider.com/mrbeast-pewdiepie-death-old-youtube-experts-2022-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165700/https://www.businessinsider.com/mrbeast-pewdiepie-death-old-youtube-experts-2022-11 |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 13, 2023 |title=MrBeast: The 100 Most Influential People of 2023 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6270005/mrbeast-jimmy-donaldson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413144911/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6270005/mrbeast-jimmy-donaldson/ |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> Other analysts have credited his format with influencing creators such as [[Fidias Panayiotou|Fidias]], [[Matthew Beem]], and [[Airrack]], who have adopted similar high-stakes challenge videos.<ref name="Karimi-2023" /><ref name="Lorenz-2021" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Youshaei |first=Jon |date=September 24, 2023 |title=The MrBeast Blueprint: How YouTube Stars Like Matthew Beem Went Broke For Their Big Break |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonyoushaei/2023/09/24/the-mrbeast-blueprint-how-youtube-stars-like-matthew-beem-went-broke-for-their-big-break/?sh=64dc9ae6594e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125104112/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonyoushaei/2023/09/24/the-mrbeast-blueprint-how-youtube-stars-like-matthew-beem-went-broke-for-their-big-break/?sh=64dc9ae6594e |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Donaldson's influence on entertainment has been deemed "Mr. Beastification"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Rebecca |date=March 18, 2024 |title=The Mr. Beastification of entertainment |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/24105035/mr-beast-youtube-amazon-show |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319213046/https://www.vox.com/culture/24105035/mr-beast-youtube-amazon-show |archive-date=19 March 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> and "Beastification"<ref name="Lorenz-2024">{{Cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |date=March 30, 2024 |title=The 'Beastification of YouTube' may be coming to an end |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/03/30/video-editing-mrbeast-retention/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331044416/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/03/30/video-editing-mrbeast-retention/ |archive-date=March 31, 2024 |access-date=February 5, 2026 |work=The Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> by observers. [[Taylor Lorenz]] noted in March 2024 that Donaldson's style of "retention editing" involved "loud sound effects, fast cuts, flashing lights and zero pauses" to keep users' attention. This style was mimicked by many other content creators to the point of being the dominant format, though its dominance was beginning to wane by then; Donaldson wanted himself and others to "get rid of the ultra fast paced/overstim era of content".<ref name="Lorenz-2024" /> [[Anthony Padilla]] of [[Smosh]] felt that MrBeastification had led to a large number of copycats and "this very heavy desire for people to really get caught up in the stats".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tomar |first=Vaibhav Singh |date=December 19, 2023 |title="Beastification of Content": Smosh Creators Talk About the Impact of MrBeast on the Creator Community |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/gaming-news-beastification-of-content-smosh-creators-talk-about-the-impact-of-mrbeast-on-the-creator-community/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302101044/https://www.essentiallysports.com/gaming-news-beastification-of-content-smosh-creators-talk-about-the-impact-of-mrbeast-on-the-creator-community/ |archive-date=March 2, 2024 |access-date=February 5, 2026 |work=EssentiallySports |language=en-US}}</ref>

Donaldson's approach has also drawn scrutiny. Commentators have accused Donaldson of turning philanthropy into spectacle, sometimes describing his videos as "[[Poverty porn|charity porn]]."<ref name="Benton-2023" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Ryu |first=Jenna |title=A YouTuber cured 1,000 blind people for a video. But is it performative altruism? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/02/01/mrbeast-cures-blind-people-video-why-its-receiving-backlash/11161719002/ |work=USA Today |access-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201232745/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/02/01/mrbeast-cures-blind-people-video-why-its-receiving-backlash/11161719002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Busari-2023" /> Critics have argued that his giveaways do little to address [[structural inequality]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Oliver |title=MrBeast's charitable efforts have helped thousands. But is his approach to philanthropy problematic? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/tapestry/mr-beast-charity-controversy-1.6846810 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=May 28, 2023 |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805185921/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/tapestry/mr-beast-charity-controversy-1.6846810 |url-status=live }}</ref> Donaldson has responded that he does not profit from Beast Philanthropy videos, that all revenue is donated, and that government action is needed to solve systemic problems.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Leyla |title=MrBeast Hit Back At Criticism Of His Video Paying For Blind People's Surgeries After Being Called Exploitative |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/leylamohammed/youtuber-mrbeast-responds-criticism-curing-blindness-video |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=BuzzFeed News |date=January 31, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818195635/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/leylamohammed/youtuber-mrbeast-responds-criticism-curing-blindness-video |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Weiss |first=Geoff |title=MrBeast is pushing back against criticism for his latest charity stunt, as viewers are outraged that he keeps getting bashed for doing good deeds |url=https://www.insider.com/twitter-decries-mrbeast-backlash-amid-latest-shoes-charity-video-2023-3 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=Insider |date=March 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808165601/https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-decries-mrbeast-backlash-amid-latest-shoes-charity-video-2023-3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+{{sronly|Film}}
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" | 2022
|''[[Night of the Coconut]]''
|Self
|Cameo; credited as "Jimothy Beast"
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://nebula.tv/nightofthecoconut |title=Night of the Coconut |date=June 17, 2022 |last=Willems |first=Patrick |type=Motion picture |language=English |publisher=[[Nebula (streaming service)|Nebula]] |time=1:27:43 |chapter=Appearing as Themselves}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023
|''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem]]''
|Times Square Bystander
| rowspan="2" |Voice
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Behind The Voice Actors">{{cite web |title=Jimmy Donaldson (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Jimmy-Donaldson/ |access-date=May 19, 2025 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
|-
|''[[Under the Boardwalk (2023 film)|Under the Boardwalk]]''
|Hot Sauce Crab
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Behind The Voice Actors" />
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2024
| scope="row" |''[[The Sidemen Story]]''
|Himself
|[[Documentary film|Documentary]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Furvah |title=Sidemen's Netflix documentary: Release date, trailer, cast and more |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |website=Cosmopolitan |date=February 2, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2024 |archive-date=February 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206153343/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a46623709/sidemen-netflix-documentary-release-date-trailer-cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kung Fu Panda 4]]''
|Panda Pig
|Voice
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Shrishty |date=March 10, 2024 |title='Kung Fu Panda 4' Global Box Office Earns $80 Million |url=https://collider.com/kung-fu-panda-4-global-box-office-80-million/ |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=Collider |language=en |archive-date=November 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130064021/https://collider.com/kung-fu-panda-4-global-box-office-80-million/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Behind The Voice Actors" />
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2026
| {{pending film|[[The Angry Birds Movie 3]]}}
| {{TBA}}
| Voice
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=2025-04-08 |title='Angry Birds 3' Lands at Paramount, Sets Winter 2027 Release |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/angry-birds-3-lands-at-paramount-winter-release-1236184688/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+{{sronly|Television}}
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2024–present
|''[[Beast Games]]''
| Host
| 10 episodes; also co-creator and executive producer
|
|-
!scope="row" | 2025
|''[[Love, Death & Robots]]''
|[[Master of ceremonies]]
|Voice; episode: "The Screaming of the Tyrannosaur"
|align="center"|<ref name="Behind The Voice Actors" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2026
|''[[Survivor (American TV series)|Survivor]]''
| Guest
| [[Survivor 50: In the Hands of the Fans|Season 50]]; 1 episode
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2025 |title=Survivor 50 Trailer: Billie Eilish, Jimmy Fallon and MrBeast Revealed as Part of New Season |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1426333/survivor-50-trailer-billie-eilish-jimmy-fallon-involved |access-date=December 23, 2025 |publisher=E!}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+{{sronly|Film}}
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Artist
!Director
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" | 2025
|"[[Type Dangerous]]"
|[[Mariah Carey]]
|[[Joseph Kahn (director)|Joseph Kahn]]
| Himself
| align="center"|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=June 14, 2025 |title=Mariah Carey's 'Type Dangerous' Video Features MrBeast, But Not for Long |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/mariah-carey-mrbeast-type-dangerous-video-1235999682/ |access-date=June 15, 2025 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |2019
| rowspan="3" |[[9th Streamy Awards]]
|Breakout Creator
|{{won}}
|rowspan="3" align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MrBeast Wins the Award for Breakout Creator – Streamy Awards 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpAjK2h_dzA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/bpAjK2h_dzA |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |via=[[YouTube]]| date=December 13, 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|Ensemble Cast
|{{nom}}
|-
|Creator of the Year
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" |2020
|[[12th Annual Shorty Awards]]
|YouTuber of the Year
| rowspan="5" {{won}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=None - The Shorty Awards |url=https://shortyawards.com/12th/winners |website=shortyawards.com |access-date=August 3, 2024 |archive-date=March 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302111308/https://shortyawards.com/12th/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[10th Streamy Awards]]
|Creator of the Year
|rowspan="4" align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=10th Annual Streamy Nominees |url=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/10th-annual-nominees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021180006/https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/10th-annual-nominees/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=October 21, 2020 |website=The Streamy Awards |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarvey |first=Natalie |date=December 12, 2020 |title=MrBeast Takes Top Honor at 2020 Streamy Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mrbeast-takes-top-honor-at-2020-streamy-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213042143/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mrbeast-takes-top-honor-at-2020-streamy-awards |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|-
|Live Special
|-
|Social Good: Creator
|-
|Social Good: Nonprofit or NGO
|-
! rowspan="2" |2021
|[[2021 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Male Social Star
|{{nom}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calvario |first=Liz |date=March 13, 2021 |title=2021 Kids' Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.etonline.com/2021-kids-choice-awards-the-complete-winners-list-161949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314025743/https://www.etonline.com/2021-kids-choice-awards-the-complete-winners-list-161949 |archive-date=March 14, 2021 |access-date=March 15, 2021 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th Streamy Awards]]
|Creator of the Year
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1469871359538782208 |user=streamys |title=a HUGE congratulations to MrBeast for winning the #streamys for CREATOR OF THE YEAR 🎉🎉🎉 |author=[[Streamy Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="8" |2022
|[[2022 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Male Creator
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grenin |first=Paul |date=April 9, 2022 |title=Olivia Rodrigo, Billie Eilish, BTS & More Big Winners from 2022 Kids' Choice Awards (Full List) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2022-kids-choice-awards-full-winners-list-olivia-rodrigo-bts-1235057448/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410013048/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2022-kids-choice-awards-full-winners-list-olivia-rodrigo-bts-1235057448/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[12th Streamy Awards]]
|Creator of the Year
|{{won}}
|rowspan="7" align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=12TH ANNUAL WINNERS |url=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/12th-annual-nominees |access-date=December 5, 2022 |publisher=[[Streamy Awards]] |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212154041/https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/12th-annual-nominees/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=J. Clara |date=December 5, 2022 |title=YouTube Streamy Awards: MrBeast Takes Top Creator; Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/2022-youtube-streamy-awards-winners-1235274871/ |access-date=December 8, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206005336/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/2022-youtube-streamy-awards-winners-1235274871/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Collaboration
|{{nom}}
|-
|Social Good: Creator{{efn|name=TeamSeas|As [[Team Seas]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Creator Product
|{{nom}}
|-
|Editing
|{{nom}}
|-
|Brand Engagement{{efn|name=TeamSeas}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Social Impact Campaign{{efn|name=TeamSeas}}
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" |2023
|[[2023 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Male Creator
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Atkinson |first=Katie |date=March 4, 2023 |title=Here Are the Winners of the 2023 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards: Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1235279886/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305020703/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2023-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1235279886/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[13th Streamy Awards]]
|Creator of the Year
|{{won}}
|rowspan="4" align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=13th Annual Streamy Winners |url=https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/13th-annual-nominees/ |access-date=August 28, 2023 |website=The Streamy Awards |language=en |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233930/https://www.streamys.org/nominees-winners/13th-annual-nominees/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Collaboration
|{{won}}
|-
|Creator Product
|{{nom}}
|-
|Brand Engagement
|{{nom}}
|-
!2024
|[[2024 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Male Creator
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|title=Taylor Swift, Olivia Rodrigo, Beyoncé, Timothée Chalamet, Ayo Edebiri Among 2024 Kids' Choice Awards Nominees – Full List|url=https://deadline.com/2024/06/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-nominations-2024-full-list-taylor-swift-1235957982/|date=June 4, 2024|access-date=June 4, 2024|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=June 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604143906/https://deadline.com/2024/06/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-nominations-2024-full-list-taylor-swift-1235957982/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!2025
|[[2025 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Male Creator
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=June 21, 2025 |title=Sabrina Carpenter, SZA, Ariana Grande Win Multiple Awards at 2025 Kids' Choice Awards (Full Winners List) |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1236004651/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622205823/https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/2025-kids-choice-awards-winners-list-1236004651/ |archive-date=June 22, 2025 |access-date=June 23, 2025 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Publications ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Publication
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!2021
|[[Forbes 30 Under 30|''Forbes'' 30 Under 30]]
|align="left"|Social Media
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes 30 Under 30 2021: Social Media |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2021/social-media/ |access-date=March 18, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220182543/https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2021/social-media/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! 2022
| rowspan="5" scope="row" | ''[[Guinness World Records]]''
| style="text-align:left;" | Largest vegetarian burger
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/97601-largest-vegetarian-burger|title=Largest vegetarian burger|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|access-date=July 11, 2023|date=September 29, 2022|archive-date=July 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711093304/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/97601-largest-vegetarian-burger|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2023
| style="text-align:left;" | First person to reach 1 million followers on [[Threads (app)|Threads]]
| <ref name="Guinness World Records-2023" />
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Highest-earning YouTube contributor (current)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/383910-highest-earning-youtube-contributor|title=Highest-earning YouTube contributor (current)|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|access-date=July 11, 2023|date=December 31, 2021|archive-date=July 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711091800/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/383910-highest-earning-youtube-contributor|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Most YouTube subscribers gained in one week
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/655855-most-youtube-subscribers-gained-in-one-week|title=Most YouTube subscribers gained in one week|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|access-date=July 26, 2024|date=October 5, 2023|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726074535/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/655855-most-youtube-subscribers-gained-in-one-week|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 2024
| style="text-align:left;" | [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|Most subscribers on YouTube]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-subscribers-on-youtube|title=Most subscribers on YouTube|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|access-date=July 26, 2024|date=June 3, 2024|archive-date=July 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727053904/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-subscribers-on-youtube|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of most-followed TikTok accounts]]
* [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]]
* [[List of most-viewed YouTube channels]]
* [[List of YouTubers]]
* [[Night (company)|Night]] – American talent management company that previously managed MrBeast

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|ach}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|Most Subscribed Channel on YouTube]]
| years = 2024–Present
| before = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| after = N/A
}}
{{S-end}}
{{MrBeast}}
{{Streamy Awards Winners CSS}}
{{Streamy Awards Audience Choice Winners}}
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{{Authority control}}

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Kaziranga Superfast Express

2026-03-23T01:33:49Z

Vineettandon: updated details

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kaziranga Superfast Express
| image = Kaziranga Express (SBC-Guwahati) at Khalor, West Bengal.jpg
| caption = Kaziranga Express at Khalor (West Bengal).
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] & [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1988|11|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Guwahati}} (GHY)
| stops = 39
| end = {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru||SMVT Bengaluru}} (SMVB)
| distance = {{convert|2973|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 52 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Tri-weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12509 / 12510
| speed = {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Kaziranga Express (Guwahati - Bangalore) Route map.jpg|250px]]
}}

The 12509 / 12510 '''Kaziranga Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] express train operated by [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between [[Guwahati]] and [[Bengaluru]] the capital of [[Karnataka]] in India via [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri]]. It is currently being operated with 12509/12510 train numbers on tri-weekly basis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/more-trains-cancelled-owing-to-stir-over-citizenship-act/article30333943.ece|title=More trains cancelled owing to stir over citizenship Act| website=thehindu.com| accessdate=22 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka: 8 trains shifted to Sir MV terminal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/8-trains-shifted-to-sir-mv-terminal/articleshow/93224289.cms|website=Indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Overview==

The train is very common train in this route. It runs thrice in a week and passes through important states such as [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]]. The train also passes through [[Pakur district]] of [[Jharkhand]] but it does not have the stoppage there.

The 12510/Guwahati–Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal Superfast Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 2973 km in 52h 30m. The 12509/SMVT Bengaluru –Guwahati Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers the same distance in 53h 55m.

== Timings ==

The train departs from Platform #7 of [[Guwahati]] at 6:20 IST, every Sun, Mon and Tue and arrives at Platform #1 of [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]] at 11:40 IST, every Tue, Wed and Thu.

From Platform #1 of SMVT Bangalore Terminal, the train departs at 23:40 IST, every Wed, Thu and Fri and arrives at Platform #3 of Guwahati at 6:00 IST, every Sat, Sun and Mon.

== Classes ==

It is one of the non-Rajdhani/Humsafar/AC Expresses which consists of a large number of AC coaches. The train usually consists of a massive load of 24 standard ICF coach. Sometimes one or two High Capacity Parcel Vans are attached with it:

* 2 AC Two Tier
* 7 AC Three Tiers
* 10 Sleeper classes
* 2 General (unreserved)
* 1 Pantry car
* 2 Seating (Ladies/Disabled) cum Luggage Rakes.

As is customary with most other train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways, depending on demand.

==Coach composition==

Guwahati–Bangalore:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 23
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 24
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 25
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 26
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||HCP||HCP||S1||S2||S3||B1||B2||A1||B3||B4||A2||B5||B6||B7||PC||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

Bangalore–Guwahati:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 23
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 24
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 25
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 26
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||HCP||HCP||S1||B1||B2||A1||B3||B4||B5||B6||B7||A2||S2||S3||S4||PC||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

==Traction==
* Earlier with ICF rakes this train runs with [[WAP-4]] and [[WDP-4D]] or [[WAP-7]]
* As the route of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] is fully electrified, a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive hauls the train from Guwahati to {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}.
* It reverses its direction at Visakhapatnam and gets a Vijayawada or royapuram based [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive for the way up to SMVT Bengaluru.

==Route and halts==
The stoppages of this train are as follows:

'''ASSAM (06 Stops)'''
# '''[[Guwahati Railway Station]]''' (Starts)
# {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}}
# [[Barpeta]]
# {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}}

'''WEST BENGAL (10 Stops)'''
# {{stnlnk|New Alipurduar}}
# {{stnlnk|New Cooch Behar}}
# {{stnlnk|Dhupguri}}
# {{stnlnk|Jalpaiguri Road}}
# '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''
# {{stnlnk|New Farakka Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}
# '''{{rws|Dankuni}}'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}'''

'''BIHAR (02 Stops)'''
# {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}
# {{stnlnk|Barsoi}}

'''ODISHA (08 Stops)'''
# {{stnlnk|Balasore}}
# {{stnlnk|Bhadrak}}
# {{stnlnk|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}}
# {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
# [[Balugaon]]
# {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}

'''ANDHRA PRADESH (06 Stops)'''
# [[Palasa]]
# [[Srikakulam]]
# {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}'''

'''TAMIL NADU (04 Stops)'''
# '''[[Perambur railway station|Perambur (Chennai)]]'''
# {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}

'''KARNATAKA (03 Stops)'''
# {{stnlnk|Bangarapet Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
# '''[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bangalore]]''' (Ends).

Note:
*The train also passes through [[Sahibganj district]] and [[Pakur district]] of [[Jharkhand]] but it does not have any stoppage there.
*Bold letters depicts Major Railway Stations.

==Direction reversals==
This train reverses its direction once at;
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}

==Incidents==
On 1 May 2014 at [[Chennai Central railway station]] the [[2014 Chennai train bombing]] incident took place. Two low-intensity blasts occurred in two coaches S4 and S5 of the stationary 12509 - Guwahati–Bangalore Cantt. Superfast Express, killing one female passenger and injuring at least fourteen.<ref name="firstpost">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/blasts-at-chennai-central-railway-station-kill-1-cops-detain-suspect-1503989.html |title=Blasts at Chennai Central railway station kill 1, cops detain suspect |work=First Post |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/live-blast-at-chennai-central-station-10-feared-injured-reports/ |title=Twin blasts at Chennai Central Station kill woman, injure 14 others; SIT probe ordered, one detained |work=The Indian Express |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nagaon Express]]
*[[Chennai–New Jalpaiguri SF Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Tambaram Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]
*[[Bangalore Cantonment–Agartala Humsafar Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Kamakhya AC Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/131 Guwahati–Bangalore Express]
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guwahati-Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
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[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
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[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]
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[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]

Pokhran-II

2026-03-22T12:08:30Z

Vineettandon: improved article

{{Short description|1998 series of Indian nuclear weapons tests}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Nuclear weapons test
|name =Pokhran-II Operation Shakti
|picture =ShaktiBomb.jpg
|picture_description=''Shakti I'' prior to its detonation
|country =India
|test_site =[[Pokhran Test Range]], [[Rajasthan]]
|coordinates ={{Coord|27|04|44|N|71|43|20|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|period =11–13 May 1998
|number_of_tests =3 (5 devices fired)
|test_type =[[Underground nuclear testing|Underground]]
|device_type =[[Nuclear fission|fission]] and [[Nuclear fusion|fusion]]
|max_yield ={{convert|45|ktonTNT|lk=in}}
|previous_test =[[Smiling Buddha|Pokhran-I]]
}}
'''Pokhran-II''' (''Operation Shakti'') was a series of five [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapon tests]] conducted by India in May 1998. The bombs were detonated at the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Pokhran Test Range]] in [[Rajasthan]]. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India, after the first test, ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'', in May 1974.

The test consisted of five detonations, the first of which was claimed to be a [[Thermonuclear weapon|two-stage fusion bomb]] while the remaining four were [[fission bomb]]s. The first three tests were [[Nuclear weapons testing#Salvo tests|carried out simultaneously]] on 11 May 1998 and the last two were detonated two days later on 13 May 1998. The tests were collectively called ''Operation Shakti'', and the five nuclear bombs were designated as ''Shakti-I'' to ''Shakti-V''.

The chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]] described each of the explosions to be equivalent to several tests carried out over the years by various nations. While announcing the tests, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] declared India as a nuclear state and that the tests achieved the main objective of giving the capability to build fission bombs and thermonuclear weapons with yields up to 200 [[kilotons]]. While the Indian fission bombs have been documented, the design and development of thermonuclear weapons remains uncertain after the tests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |last3=Johns |first3=Eliana |last4=Knight |first4=Mackenzie |date=2024-09-02 |title=Indian nuclear weapons, 2024 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2024.2388470 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=326–342 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2024.2388470 |issn=0096-3402 |access-date=2025-04-12|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As a consequence of the tests, [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172]] was enacted and [[economic sanction]]s were imposed by countries including Japan and the United States.

== History ==
=== Early nuclear programme (1944–1965) ===
Efforts towards building a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]], infrastructure, and research on related [[Nuclear technology|technologies]] have been undertaken by India since the end of [[Second World War]].<ref name="Print">{{cite web|title=Homi Bhabha and how World War II was responsible for creating India's nuclear future|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/homi-bhabha-and-how-world-war-ii-was-responsible-for-creating-indias-nuclear-future/312842/|work=[[The Print]]|date=30 October 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506125313/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/homi-bhabha-and-how-world-war-ii-was-responsible-for-creating-indias-nuclear-future/312842/|url-status=live}}</ref> The origins of [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India's nuclear programme]] go back to 1945 when nuclear physicist [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] established the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) with the aid of [[Tata Group]]. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], the Atomic Energy Act was passed on 15 April 1948, that established the [[Indian Atomic Energy Commission]] (IAEC).<ref name="History">{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Origins of Indian nuclear program|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html|publisher=Nuclear weapon Archive|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> In 1954, thee [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) was established which was responsible for the atomic development programme and was allocated a significant amount of the defence budget in the subsequent years. In 1956, the first [[nuclear reactor]] became operational at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), becoming the first operating reactor in Asia.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1545653|title=Apsara – U Reactor Becomes Operational at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay|date=11 September 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> In 1961, India commissioned a reprocessing plant to produce [[Weapons-grade nuclear material|weapon grade plutonium]]. In 1962, India was engaged in a [[Sino-Indian War|war with China]], and with China conducting its own [[596 (nuclear test)|nuclear test in 1964]], India accelerated its development of nuclear weapons.<ref name="History"/><ref name="Print"/>

With two reactors operational in the early 1960s, research progressed into the manufacture of nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=P.|title=Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete Biography: Homi J. Bhabha: A Complete Biography: Architect of India's Nuclear Program|publisher=Prabhakar Prakashan|year=2024|isbn=978-93-5562-943-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXsEAAAQBAJ|page=1960|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520143446/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXsEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="History"/> With the unexpected deaths of then Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1964 and Bhabha in 1966, the programme slowed down.<ref name="Program">{{cite web|title=On to Weapons Development, 1960–67|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaWDevelop.html|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=14 January 2013|date=30 March 2001}}</ref> The incoming prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] appointed physicist [[Vikram Sarabhai]] as the head of the nuclear programme and the direction of the programme changed towards using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes rather than military development.<ref name="Kanavi">{{cite web|last=Kanavi|first=Shivanand|title=How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115120835/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Development of nuclear bomb and first test (1966–1972) ===
[[File:Trombay.jpg|thumb|APSARA reactor and plutonium reprocessing facility at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966]]

After Shastri's death in 1966, [[Indira Gandhi]] became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed. The design work on the bomb proceeded under physicist [[Raja Ramanna]], who continued the nuclear weapons technology research after Bhabha's death in 1966.<ref name="Program"/> The project employed 75 scientists and progressed in secrecy.<ref name="Kanavi"/> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War]], the US government sent a [[carrier battle group]] into the [[Bay of Bengal]] in an attempt to intimidate India, who were aided by the [[Soviet Union]], who responded by sending a [[submarine]] armed with [[nuclear missile]]s. The Soviet response underlined the [[Deterrence theory|deterrent value]] and significance of nuclear weapons to India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/02/arihant-the-annihilator.html|title=Arihant: the annihilator|publisher=Indian Defence Review|date=25 October 2010|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After India gained military and political initiative over Pakistan in the war, the work on building a nuclear device continued. The hardware began to be built in early 1972 and the Prime Minister authorised the development of a nuclear test device in September 1972.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=G.|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=University of California Press|series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|page=172}}</ref>

On 18 May 1974, India tested a [[Nuclear weapon design#Implosion-type weapon|implosion-type]] fission device at the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Pokhran Test Range]] under the code name ''[[Smiling Buddha]]''.<ref name="Smiling Buddha">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|work=India's Nuclear Weapons Program|title=Smiling Buddha, 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive}}</ref> The test was described as a [[peaceful nuclear explosion]] (PNE) and the [[nuclear yield|yield]] was estimated to be between 6 and 10 [[kiloton]]s.<ref name="Smiling Buddha"/><ref name="Pahuja">{{cite book|first=Om Parkash|last=Pahuja|title=India: A Nuclear Weapon State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiI_Yt7SOA8C&pg=PT63|access-date=29 June 2012|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-87100-69-0|pages=63–|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear files archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|title=1974 Nuclear files|work=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation|publisher=Nuclear files archives|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702032049/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bates|first=Crispin|title=Subalterns and Raj: South Asia Since 1600|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-21484-1|page=343}}</ref>

{{Atal Bihari Vajpayee series}}

=== Aftermath of nuclear tests (1973–1988) ===
While India continued to state that the test was for peaceful purposes, it encountered opposition from many countries. The [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG) was formed in reaction to the Indian tests to check international [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name="NSG">{{cite web|title=History of the NSG|url=https://www.nsg-online.org/en/about-nsg|work=Nuclear Suppliers Group|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133606/https://www.nsg-online.org/en/about-nsg|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Technological apartheid|technological embargo]] and sanctions affected the development of India's nuclear programme.<ref>{{cite web|title=Smiling Buddha: All about Pokhran test that made India a nuclear power|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/05/smiling-buddha-all-about-pokhran-test-that-made-india-nuclear-power.html|access-date=5 July 2020|work=The Indian Hawk|date=19 May 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707010619/https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/05/smiling-buddha-all-about-pokhran-test-that-made-india-nuclear-power.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependence on imported technology on certain areas. Though India declared to the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) that India's nuclear program was intended only for peaceful purposes, preliminary work on a [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] bomb was initiated.<ref name="Pause">{{cite web|title=The Long Pause: 1974–1989|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaPause.html|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[The Emergency (India)|state emergency]] in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry]], the programme continued under [[M.R. Srinivasan]], but made slow progress. Though the nuclear programme did not receive much attention from incoming Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] at first, it gained impetus when Ramanna was appointed to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Weapons of peace : the secret story of India's quest to be a nuclear power|year=2000|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7223-330-2|pages=219–220}}</ref>

With the discovery of [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan's clandestine atomic bomb program]], India realised that it was very likely to succeed in its project in a few years. With the return of Indira Gandhi in [[1980 Indian general election|1980]], the nuclear programme gained momentum. Two new underground shafts were constructed at the Pokhran test range by 1982 and Gandhi approved further nuclear tests in 1982. But the decision was reversed owing to pressure from the United States as it might end up in [[nuclear brinksmanship]] with Pakistan and potential foreign policy implications. Work continued towards weaponizing the nuclear bomb under [[V. S. R. Arunachalam]] and the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|Indian missile programme]] was launched under [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="Pause"/> Ramanna pushed forward with a [[Enriched uranium|uranium enrichment program]] and despite the sanctions, India imported [[heavy water]] required as a [[neutron moderator]] in the [[nuclear reactors]], from countries like China, Norway and Soviet Union through a middleman. Though [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who became the Prime Minister in 1984, supported technological development and research, he was sceptical about nuclear testing as he believed it would result in further technological alienation from the developed countries. ''Dhruva'', a new reactor with a capability to produce larger quantities of weapon grade material, was commissioned at BARC in 1985. Other components for a nuclear fusion bomb were developed during the time with capabilities to air drop nuclear weapons. In late 1985, a study group commissioned by the Prime Minister outlined a plan for the production of 70 to 100 nuclear warheads and a strict no [[First use of nuclear weapons|first use]] policy.<ref name="Pause"/>

=== Building towards second nuclear test (1989–1998) ===
In [[1989 Indian general election|1989]], [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V.P. Singh]] formed the [[V. P. Singh ministry|government]], which collapsed within two years and this period of instability caused a snag in the nuclear weapons programme. [[India-Pakistan Relations|Foreign relations]] between India and Pakistan severely worsened when India accused Pakistan of supporting the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]. During this time, the Indian Missile Program succeeded in the development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|''Prithvi'']] [[missile]]s. India decided to observe the temporary moratorium on the nuclear tests for fear of inviting international criticism.<ref name="Momentum">{{cite web|url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaMomentum.html|title=The Momentum Builds: 1989-1998|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The NSG decided in 1992 to require full-scope IAEA safeguards for any new nuclear export deals, which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/nsg.pdf|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030503120417/http://nti.org/e_research/official_docs/inventory/pdfs/nsg.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2003|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Though India had stock-piled material and components to be able to construct a dozen nuclear fission bombs, the deliverance mechanism was still under development. With the successful testing of [[Agni missile]] and successful trials involving dropping of similar bombs without fissionable material from [[bomber aircraft]] in 1994, the weaponization became successful. With the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] under discussion and global pressure pushing India to sign, then Indian Prime Minister [[P.V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] ordered preparations for further nuclear tests in 1995. Based on the direction of the director of DAE [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]], [[S. K. Sikka]] was tasked with the development of a thermo-nuclear fusion device. In August, [[Krishnamurthy Santhanam|K. Santhanam]], the chief technical adviser of DRDO, was appointed the director for carrying out the tests. While water was being pumped out of the shafts constructed more than ten years earlier, American [[Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL|spy satellites]] picked up the signs.<ref name="Momentum"/> With pressure from [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]], the test never progressed.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=CNN|title=India wants to divert attention from N-test plan|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1996/04Jan96.html#indi|access-date=16 January 2013|newspaper=Dawn Archives|date=4 January 1996|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330231716/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1996/04Jan96.html#indi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With Rao's term ending in 1996, the next two years saw multiple governments being formed. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who was a strong advocate of nuclear weaponization, came to power following the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]]. Vajpayee had earlier declared that if re-voted to power, his government would induct nuclear weapons and declare India's might to gather respect.<ref name="Nuclear politics">{{cite web|title=The nuclear politics: The 1998 Election|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html|work=Nuclear weapon archives|publisher=Nuclear politics|access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Soon after assuming power in March 1998, Vajpayee organized a discussion with Abdul Kalam and Chidambaram to conduct nuclear tests. On 28 March 1998, he asked to make preparations for a test.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Pokhran II row: Sethna slams Kalam, Iyengar says tests were done in haste|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_pokhran-ii-row-sethna-slams-kalam-iyengar-says-tests-were-done-in-haste_1286978|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=15 November 2011|date=September 2009|archive-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329184008/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_pokhran-ii-row-sethna-slams-kalam-iyengar-says-tests-were-done-in-haste_1286978|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Nuclear test ==
[[File:Tracking Nuclear Proliferation, India.jpg|thumb|[[Marine Corps Intelligence Activity|US Marine Intelligence]] maps showing the Indian test site in 1997]]

=== Preparation ===
The [[Indian Intelligence Bureau]] had been aware of the capability of the United States [[Nuclear MASINT|spy satellites]] in detecting Indian test preparations. Therefore, the tests required complete secrecy and the [[List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army|58th Engineer Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] was tasked with preparing the test sites without being detected.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news|title=Books: Weapons of Peace—How the CIA was Fooled|work=[[India Today]]|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/books.html|access-date=30 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112002020/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/books.html|archive-date=12 January 2016|url-status=dead }}</ref> Work was mostly done during night, and equipment was returned to the original place during the day to give the impression that it was never moved. Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug-out sand was shaped like natural [[sand dune]]s. Cables and sensors were either covered with sand or concealed using native vegetation. A select group was involved in the detonation process with all personnel required to wear uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests. They were given pseudo-names and they traveled in smaller groups to avoid detection.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="Nuclear politics" />

Scientists and engineers of BARC, the [[Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research]] (AMDER), and DRDO were involved in the development and assembly of the bombs. Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing, testing and producing components for the bombs, including the [[detonator]]s, the implosion and high-voltage trigger systems. These were also responsible for systems engineering, aerodynamics and safety. The bombs were transported moved from BARC at 3 am on 1 May 1998 to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Bombay airport]], then flown in an [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[AN-32]] aircraft to [[Jaisalmer Airport]]. It was then transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks, and this required three trips. The devices were delivered to the device preparation building, which was designated as ''Prayer Hall''.<ref name="Shakti"/>

=== Personnel ===
[[File:A.P.J Abdul Kalam.jpg|thumb|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] was one of the co-ordinators for the test.]]
Following were the main personnel involved in the testing:<ref name="Shakti">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html|title=India's Nuclear Weapons Program—Operation Shakti: 1998|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

* Chief Coordinators :
** [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], scientific adviser to the [[Defence Minister of India|defence minister]] and head of the [[DRDO]]
** [[Rajagopala Chidambaram|R. Chidambaram]], chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
* [[Defence Research & Development Organization]] (DRDO):
** [[Krishnamurthy Santhanam|K. Santhanam]], director of test site preparations
* [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) :
** [[Anil Kakodkar]], director
** [[S. K. Sikka|Satinder Kumar Sikka]], lead for thermonuclear weapon development
** [[M. S. Ramakumar]], Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group; lead for manufacture of nuclear components
** D.D. Sood, director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group; director of nuclear materials acquisition
** S.K. Gupta, Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group; director of device design and assessment
** G. Govindraj, associate director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group; director of field instrumentation

=== Testing ===
[[File:A sunset on the dunes of the Great Indian Thar Desert Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|The [[Thar Desert]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]] where the nuclear site, the [[Pokhran Test Range]], is located]]
The test was organized into two groups to be fired separately, with all devices in a group fired at the same time. Five nuclear devices were tested during the operation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forces gung-ho on N-arsenal|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA5LzA4LzI4I0FyMDE1MDA|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521000616/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA5LzA4LzI4I0FyMDE1MDA|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Shakti"/><ref name="PR">{{Cite journal|date=24 September 2009|title=Press Statement by Dr. Anil Kakodkar and Dr. R. Chidambaram on Pokhran-II tests|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52814|url-status=live|journal=[[Press Information Bureau|Press Information Bureau, Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024045228/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52814|archive-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
 
Group-I:
* ''Shakti I'': Two stage [[thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear device]] with [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] boosted primary, test design yield 45 kt, but designed for up to 200 kt deployed yield
* ''Shakti II'': A light-weight [[Implosion-type nuclear weapon|plutonium implosion]] [[nuclear fission|fission]] device yielding 12 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile
* ''Shakti III'': An experimental [[Implosion nuclear weapon|linear implosion]] fission device that used [[reactor-grade]] plutonium, yielding 0.3 kt
Group-II:
* ''Shakti IV'': A 0.5 kt experimental fission device
* ''Shakti V'': A 0.2 kt [[Uranium-233|thorium/U-233]] experimental fission device

An additional, sixth device (''Shakti VI'') was developed but not detonated. The first test was planned on 11 May.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spectral defence|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30188509.ece|access-date=23 March 2024|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323093429/https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30188509.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ''White House'', which was approximately {{convert|230|m|ft|abbr=~}} deep, the fission bomb was placed in a {{convert|150|m}} deep shaft code named ''Taj Mahal'', and the first sub-kiloton device in shaft ''Kumbhkaran''. The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May. The first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device, which was sealed by the army engineers by 8:30 PM. The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed by 4 AM on the next day with the fission device being placed by 7:30 AM. The shafts were L-shaped, with a horizontal chamber used for the test devices.<ref name="Shakti"/> The timing of the tests was pursuant to the local weather conditions, and the test sequence was initiated in the afternoon. Santhanam, in-charge of the test site, handed over the site to M. Vasudev, the range safety officer, who was responsible for verifying the test indicators. After the safety clearance, the countdown system was activated and at 3:45 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], the three devices were detonated simultaneously.<ref name="Shakti"/><ref name="Nuclear politics"/><ref>{{cite news|title=India releases pictures of nuclear tests|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/|access-date=14 June 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=17 May 1998|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330231713/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/17/india.nuke.tests/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 May, at 12.21 PM IST, two sub-kiloton devices (''Shakti IV'' and ''V'') were detonated. Due to their very low yield, these explosions were not detected by any seismic station.<ref name="Nuclear politics"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=India's Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi's Nuclear Weapons Program|author=Sumit Ganguly|journal=International Security|volume=23|issue=4|date=Spring 1999|pages=148–177|jstor=2539297|doi=10.1162/isec.23.4.148|s2cid=57565560}}</ref>

=== Announcement ===
Having tested weaponized nuclear warheads, India became the sixth country to join the [[nuclear club]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Asia's nuclear challenge: Third World joins the nuclear club|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92783.stm|access-date=17 January 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 May 1998|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020185904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92783.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after the tests, Prime Minister Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement:

{{cquote|Today, at 15:45 hours, India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range. The tests conducted today were with a fission device, a low yield device and a thermonuclear device. The measured yields are in line with expected values. Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974. I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/news/india/1998/05/vajpayee1198.htm|title=Prime Minister's announcement of India's three underground nuclear tests|work=FAS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020314083350/https://fas.org/news/india/1998/05/vajpayee1198.htm|access-date=31 January 2013|archive-date=14 March 2002|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFuUKVxHOX0&t=28|title=Prime Minister's press briefing video|work=[[YouTube]]|date=13 May 2019 |access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224184549/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFuUKVxHOX0&t=28|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

On 13 May 1998, India declared the series of tests to be over after this.<ref name="GOI">{{cite press release|title=Planned Series of Nuclear Tests Completed|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/Indianofficial.txt|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 January 2013|date=13 May 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|date=1999|title=India's Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi's Nuclear Weapons Program|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539297|journal=International Security|volume=23|issue=4|pages=148–177|doi=10.1162/isec.23.4.148|jstor=2539297|s2cid=57565560|issn=0162-2889|access-date=25 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525030913/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539297|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Reactions to tests ==
=== Domestic ===
News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large-scale approval by general public in India. The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] registered significant gains. The media praised the government for its decision and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country's armed forces. The opposition led by the [[Indian National Congress]] criticized the [[Vajpayee Government]] for carrying out the series of nuclear tests, accusing the government of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country's national security.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lyon|first=David|title=India detonates two more bombs|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/93111.stm|access-date=17 January 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|date=31 May 1998|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101141730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/93111.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the time India had conducted tests, the country had a total of $44bn in loans in 1998, from the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and the [[World Bank]]. The industrial sectors of the Indian economy were likely to be hurt by sanctions with the foreign companies, which had invested heavily in India, facing consequences of impending sanctions. The Indian government announced that it had factored the economic response and was willing to take the consequences.<ref>{{cite news|title=India—will sanctions bite?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92942.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=1 June 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630050933/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/asia_nuclear_crisis/analysis/92942.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== International ===
The United States issued a statement condemning India and threatened [[economic sanctions]]. The [[US intelligence community|intelligence community]] felt(was) humiliated for its failure to detect the preparations for the test.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=T.|title=Nuclear anxiety: The Blunders; U.S. Blundered On Intelligence, Officials Admit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-the-blunders-us-blundered-on-intelligence-officials-admit.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209070934/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-the-blunders-us-blundered-on-intelligence-officials-admit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In keeping with its preferred approach to [[Foreign policy of the clinton administration|foreign policy]] in [[History of the United States (1991–present)|recent decades]], and in compliance with the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|1994 anti-proliferation law]], the United States imposed economic sanctions on India.<ref>{{cite news|title=US imposes sanctions on India|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92797.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92797.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid, banning the export of certain defense material and technologies, ending American credit and credit guarantees to India, and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/13/india.us/|work=[[CNN]]|title=U.S. imposes sanctions on India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630050930/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/13/india.us/|url-status=live}}</ref> The United States held talks with India over the issue of India becoming a part of the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty|CTBT]] and [[Non-Proliferation Treaty|NPT]] and pressurized to [[rollback]] India's nuclear program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clarifying India's Nascent Nuclear Doctrine|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999_12/jsde99|publisher=Arms control interview|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610130902/https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999_12/jsde99|url-status=live}}</ref> India did not accede to the request stating that it was not consistent with her national security interest.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chandrasekharan|first=S.|title=CTBT : where does India stand?|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper8#sthash.0vCRukPh.dpuf|work=South Asia Analysis|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610110216/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper8#sthash.0vCRukPh.dpuf|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

China stated that it was seriously concerned about the tests which are not favorable to the peace and stability in the region and called for the international community to pressure India to cease the development of nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-reaction-china-seriously-concerned-but-restrained-its-criticism.html|title=China is 'Seriously Concerned' But Restrained in Its Criticism|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520162007/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-reaction-china-seriously-concerned-but-restrained-its-criticism.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It further rejected claims of India's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as unfounded.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Reaction to India's Nuclear Tests|url=http://cns.miis.edu/archive/country_india/china/nsacris.htm|access-date=15 May 2012|work=CNS Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies|date=1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103195522/http://cns.miis.edu/archive/country_india/china/nsacris.htm|archive-date=3 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the other [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]]– the United Kingdom, France, and Russia refrained from making any statements condemning the tests.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Costs of Economic Sanctions: Aftermath of Pokhran II|author=Charan D. Wadhva|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=33|issue=26|date=27 June 1998|pages=1604–1607|jstor=4406922}}</ref>

Few other nations also imposed sanctions on India, primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid and government-to-government credit lines. Canada criticized India's actions,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece|title=East meets Far East|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 August 2014|last1=Haidar|first1=Suhasini|access-date=14 January 2015|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128101012/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and Japan imposed [[economic sanctions]] which included freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2001-10-26/world/japan.sanctions_1_pakistan-sanctions-pakistan-and-india-nuclear-testing?_s=PM:asiapcf|work=[[CNN]]|title=U.S. lifts final sanctions on Pakistan|date=29 October 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403005307/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-10-26/world/japan.sanctions_1_pakistan-sanctions-pakistan-and-india-nuclear-testing?_s=PM:asiapcf|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Pakistan issued a statement blaming India for instigating a [[nuclear arms race]] in the region with prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] stating that his country will take appropriate action.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan condemns India's nuclear tests|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92841.stm|work=BBC|date=13 May 1998|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101142307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/92841.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> It later carried out six [[Pakistan's nuclear testing series|nuclear tests]] under the code name ''[[Chagai-I]]'' on 28 May 1998 and ''[[Chagai-II]]'' on 30 May 1998.<ref name="Nuclear politics"/> Pakistan's leading [[nuclear physicist]], [[Pervez Hoodbhoy]], held India responsible for Pakistan's nuclear test experiments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoodbhoy|first=Pervez Amerali|author-link=Pervaiz Hoodbhoy|title=Nuclear Bayonet|newspaper=[[The Herald (Pakistan)|The Herald]]|date=23 January 2011|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212415/http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan's tests invited similar condemnation and economic sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/wreactpk.htm|title=cns.miis.edu|access-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011118130330/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/wreactpk.htm|archive-date=18 November 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gertz|first1=Bill|title=Betrayal: How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security.|date=2013|publisher=Regnery Publishing|location=[[Washington DC]]|isbn=978-1-62157-137-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/betrayal00bill}}</ref> On June 6, the [[UN Security Council]] adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172|Resolution 1172]], condemning the Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests.<ref name="Sharpe">{{cite book|editor=Dittmer, L.|title=South Asia's nuclear ecurity dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China|year=2005|publisher=Sharpe|location=[[Armonk]]|isbn=978-0-7656-1419-3}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Though the test was carried out in an uninhabited area, the residents of the villages–Odhaniya, Chacha, Loharki, and Khetolai, which were within a five-kilometre radius, felt the effects of the test. The tremors resulted in damage to the houses, and water storage facilities in the villages. The government compensated the villagers whose houses were damaged. A later study found traces of [[radiation exposure|radiation]] in the water, soil, and vegetation. While the villagers complained of an increase in the rate of [[cancers]] and [[genetic disorders]] in the years following the explosion, it had not been established with certainty that these were due to radiation exposure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shukla |first=Chinky |date= 1 May 2019 |title=Life at Ground Zero |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/photo-essay/documenting-effects-nuclear-testing-pokhran-residents |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The Caravan]] }}</ref>

== Legacy and popular culture ==
The Government of India declared 11 May as ''National Technology Day'' in India to commemorate the first of the five successful nuclear weapon tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why May 11 be celebrated as National Technology Day? Things you should know|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/current-affairs/why-may-11-be-celebrated-as-national-technology-day-things-you-should-know/articleshow/75669853.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2020|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524165319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/current-affairs/why-may-11-be-celebrated-as-national-technology-day-things-you-should-know/articleshow/75669853.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/tech-day.htm|title=National technology day celebrated|agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=11 May 2008|publisher=[[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]|access-date=9 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215195518/http://dst.gov.in/whats_new/press-release08/tech-day.htm|archive-date=15 December 2010|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

''[[Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran]]'' is a 2018 [[Bollywood]] movie was based on the nuclear tests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/john-abraham-parmanu-poster-pokhran-nuclear-tests-1029574-2017-08-14|title=John Abraham unveils Parmanu poster: All you need to know about the story of Pokhran|last=Ghosh|first=Samrudhi|work=[[India Today]]|date=14 August 2017|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224074855/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/john-abraham-parmanu-poster-pokhran-nuclear-tests/1/1025701.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[War and Peace (2002 film)|War and Peace]]'' is a documentary by [[Anand Patwardhan]], which details the events of the tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main13.asp?filename=In070205Short_is.asp|title=War and Peace hits the box office for the first time in India|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=25 June 2005|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-date=12 September 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912213520/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main13.asp?filename=In070205Short_is.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India and weapons of mass destruction]]
* [[Pokhran-I]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pokhran-II}}

{{Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti)}}

[[Category:1998 in India]]
[[Category:1998 in military history]]
[[Category:1998 in science]]
[[Category:Code names]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1998]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
[[Category:May 1998 in Asia]]
[[Category:Nuclear history of India]]
[[Category:Pokhran]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Underground nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration initiatives]]

Azure Power

2026-03-21T06:16:22Z

Vineettandon:

{{Short description|Indian renewable energy company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Azure Power Global Limited
| trading_name =
| logo = Azure Power logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{OTC Pink|AZREF}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|MU0527S00004}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2008}}
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.azurepower.com/contact-us/|title=Contact us|website=Azure Power}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|Sunil Gupta (CEO)|R Narasimhan Iyer (COO)|Sugata Sircar (Group CFO) }}
| industry = [[Solar energy]]
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue = ₹12,958 million (US$171.9 million)
| revenue_year = FY 2019-20
| operating_income = ₹7,962 million (105.6 million)
| income_year = FY 2019-20
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
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| members =
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| num_employees = 656
| num_employees_year = 2019
| parent =
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}}

'''Azure Power Global Limited''' is an Indian solar power company, headquartered in [[New Delhi, India]]. The company was founded in 2008 by [[Inderpreet Wadhwa]]. The company sells energy to government utilities, and independent industrial and commercial customers in India.<ref name="aboutazure">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Stocks |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks?cic_redirect=fallback |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The company was founded by [[Inderpreet Wadhwa]] in 2008.<ref name="founding"/> Azure Power’s 2 MW [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] facility was the first utility-scale [[solar power plant]] in India in 2009. Azure Power developed India's first utility scale solar project in 2009 in Awan, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="founding">{{Cite web |date=2012-06-24 |title=Solar powers his passion for being a social entrepreneur |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Solar-powers-his-passion-for-being-a-social-entrepreneur/article20457294.ece |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Azure Power has a total capacity of more than 7 GW.<ref name="1gw">{{cite web|url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2018/07/17/azure-power-wins-300-mw-project-to-surpass-3-gw-portfolio/|title=Azure Power wins 300 MW project to surpass 3 GW portfolio|website=pv magazine India|date=17 July 2018 }}</ref>

The project provides electricity to 32 villages 20,000 people in [[Awan (tribe)|Awan, Punjab]].<ref name="founding"/> Azure Power has raised capital from investors like [[Foundation Capital]], Helion Ventures, [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] and German development bank [[German Investment Corporation|DEG]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} The company's largest shareholder is [[Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]] (also known as CDPQ), which owns over 50% of the shares outstanding.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-13|title=CDPQ's share in Azure Power rises to 50.9 per cent|url=https://renewablewatch.in/2020/03/13/cdpqs-share-in-azure-power-rises-to-50-9-per-cent/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Renewable Watch|language=en-US}}</ref> Azure Power has a total capacity of over 7.2 GW across.<ref name="1gw"/>

==Technology==
In November 2011, Azure Power was awarded the [[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce’s]] Export Achievement Certificate, at SolarCon, Hyderabad.<ref>[http://m.mydigitalfc.com/corporate-releases/us-commerce-department-honors-azure-power-export-achievement-award-541 "U.S. Commerce Department honors Azure Power with Export Achievement Award"]{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Financial Chronicle]]'', 15 November 2011</ref> In August 2012, [[Hanwha|Hanwha Q Cells Co.]], the [[South Korea]]n solar panel manufacturer, tied up with Azure Power to invest and build a Solar Plant in India to generate enough electricity to supply 18,000 homes.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-12/hanwha-to-work-with-azure-to-build-solar-plant-in-india "Hanwha to Work With Azure to Build Solar Plant in India"], ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]'', 12 August 2015</ref> In 2014, Azure Power selected [[Accenture]] to implement an [[SAP Solution Manager|SAP]] [[Enterprise resource planning|enterprise resource planning (ERP)]] solution to support and drive growth in its solar generation business. As part of the agreement, Accenture provides implementation services in support of the [[SAP Solution Manager|SAP solution]] to Azure Power to help strengthen its business processes and improve planning, budgeting, forecasting, supply chain and revenue projections.<ref>[https://www.accenture.com/in-en/company-accenture-to-help-azure "Accenture to help Azure Power expand its solar generation business"], ''[[Accenture]]'', 24 April 2014</ref>

==See also==
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]]
* [[Tata Power Solar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Solar energy companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Renewable resource companies established in 2008]]

Allahabad Museum

2026-03-15T12:39:04Z

Vineettandon: fix article further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Allahabad Museum
| native_name_lang =
| image = Allahabad Museum Jan 2014 AJ.jpg
| imagesize = 300
| caption = Allahabad Museum
| alt =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| coordinates =
| established = 1931, 91 years ago
| dissolved =
| location = Kamla Nehru Road, [[Prayagraj]], India
| type = [[List of national museums#India|National Museum]]| collection =
| visitors =
| director = Rajesh Prasad
| president =
| curator =
| owner =
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| network =
| website = {{URL|http://theallahabadmuseum.com}}
}}
'''The Allahabad Museum''' is a [[List of national museums#India|national-level museum]] in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/museum-reform-ministry-of-culture-starts-14-point-agenda-115122700440_1.html | title=Museum Reform: Ministry of Culture starts 14-point agenda | date=27 December 2015 | author=ANI | newspaper=Business Standard | accessdate=13 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Spread awareness on rich cultural heritage: Governor|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-13/allahabad/31689078_1_allahabad-museum-rajesh-purohit-cultural-heritage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715002137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-13/allahabad/31689078_1_allahabad-museum-rajesh-purohit-cultural-heritage |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 May 2012 }}</ref>

Established in 1931,<ref>{{cite news |title=Allahabad Museum to celebrate Foundation Day|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/-Allahabad-Museum-to-celebrate-Foundation-Day/articleshow/5644718.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108114206/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-05/allahabad/28134388_1_allahabad-museum-foundation-day-senior-citizens |url-status=live |archive-date=8 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2010 }}</ref> it is known for its rich collection and unique objects of art, and is funded by [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]. Moreover, it is a premier research centre for archaeologists, historians and academicians and carries out extensive research activities and publications in archaeology, art and literature. Its rock art gallery has the largest collection of prehistoric paintings displayed in India dating from 14,000 B.C to 2000 B.C.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/More-than-a-museum/article12547635.ece|title=More than a museum|last=Rashid|first=Omar|date=2012-10-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The museum, using [[solar power system]], has become the first museum in the country to become self-reliant in power generation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/allahabad-museum-switches-to-solar-power-becomes-first-energy-self-reliant-museum/58322963|title=Allahabad Museum switches to solar power, becomes first energy self-reliant museum|last=Khanal|first=Vinod|date=2017-04-23|website=ETEnergyworld.com|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> The Allahabad Museum is centrally located in the Civil Lines area of the city in a lush green garden at Chandrashekhar Azad Park, popularly known as Company Bagh. It is about 3 km away from the Allahabad railway junction and almost equidistant from three different Railway Stations such as Prayag, Rambagh and Prayagraj junction and about 12 km away from Prayagraj Airport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum – The Allahabad Museum|url=https://theallahabadmuseum.com/about/|access-date=2021-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
A museum was originally set up in Allahabad in 1863 by [[North-Western Provinces|North-West Province]] Governor General [[Sir William Muir]], before being shut down in 1881 because it was situated in one of the empty barracks which, besides being liable to injury by fire and storm, was quite unsuited to the purposes of institution. After the initiative to reopen the museum was taken by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then President of the Allahabad Municipal Board, stalwarts like [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] and the then leading newspaper [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]], the museum was eventually opened in the Municipal Board building in 1931. Due to space constraint, the museum was shifted to the present building at the [[Alfred Park]]. The foundation stone of the present museum building was laid on 14 December 1947 by Jawaharlal Nehru and the museum was opened to the public in 1954. In 1985 it was declared an Institution of National Importance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/More-than-a-museum/article12547635.ece|title=More than a museum|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 October 2012|last1=Rashid|first1=Omar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaculture.nic.in/museums-antiquities|title = Museums & Antiquities | Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref>

==Collection==
The museum houses galleries each devoted to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The Gandhi Gallery displays rare pictures of Gandhi from his childhood till death, while the Nehru Gallery features Nehru's original manuscripts called 'In and Out of Prison' which were later published as his autobiography ''The Discovery of India''. His other collection includes documents, gifts, wedding cards and letters, including some from Gandhi himself. The museum's another valued possession is the Gandhi Smriti Vahan, the 47-Model V-8 [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] truck on which Gandhi's ashes were immersed in the [[Triveni Sangam]] on 12 February 1948.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Gandhi-Smriti-Vahan-on-display-at-city-museum/articleshow/30331709.cms|title=Gandhi Smriti Vahan on display at city museum|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

The pistol of [[Chandrashekhar Azad]], a Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless semi-auto .32 bore, is displayed and preserved in the entrance hall of the museum. Azad used it to shoot himself after a long firefight with British policemen at the [[Alfred Park]], the same year the museum was established.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/now-take-selfies-with-chandra-shekhar-azad-s-pistol-at-allahabad-museum/story-gPNJDp2mX5Bo5g4qglkuwI.html|title=Now, take selfies with Chandra Shekhar Azad's pistol at Allahabad museum|last=Srivastava|first=Rajesh|date=2016-08-09|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>

The museum boasts 19 exclusive canvasses painted by the Russian painter, [[Nicholas Roerich]]. There are 10 Roerich Halls all over the world, including the one at Allahabad Museum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/nicholas-roerichs-works-on-display-at-salar-jung-museum/article7477467.ece|title=In search of mysticism|last=Ifthekhar|first=J. S.|date=2015-07-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The museum's library stores 25,000 books, including rare collections of [[Loeb Classical Library]] — translated works of ancient Roman and Greek scholars.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[List of tourist attractions in Allahabad]]
* [[List of museums in India]]
* [[Allahabad Public Library]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://theallahabadmuseum.com/ Allahabad Museum, website]

{{Prayagraj landmarks}}

{{coord|25.4551|N|81.8462|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Museums in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1931]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]

Ernakulam Shiva Temple

2026-03-14T17:23:44Z

Vineettandon: basic adjust content also

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2010}}
}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ernakulam Shiva Temple
| image = Ernakulathappan Temple West Gopuram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The West Gopuram
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|9|58|6.7|N|76|16|56.8|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Ernakulathappan Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = Ernakulam
| locale = Ernakulam
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Lord Shiva]]
| festivals= Annual Festival in the month of Makaram ([[Malayalam Calendar]]) [[Shivaratri]]
| architecture = Traditional Kerala Temple
| temple_board = [[Devaswom boards in Kerala#Cochin Devaswom Board|Cochin Devaswom Board]]
| website = https://www.eranakulamsivatemple.org/
}}
[[File:Rishinagakulathappan aka ernakulathappan.png|thumb|'''Rishinagakulathappan aka ernakulathappan''']]
'''Ernakulam Shiva Temple''', also known as '''Ernakulathappan Temple''', is one of the major temples of [[Kerala]], located in heart of [[Ernakulam]],<ref name="Ernakulam Shiva Temple">{{cite web|title=Ernakulam Shiva Temple|url=http://www.ernakulathappan.org/|publisher=T.C Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act XII of 1955|access-date=22 November 2010|archive-date=26 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526125622/http://www.ernakulathappan.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kochi]], Kerala, [[India]]. The temple, dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]], is considered as the city temple, with the presiding deity as the protector of the city, as per local [[Hindus|Hindu]] faiths and traditions. As per the common practice in Kerala, the deity is reverently called Ernakulathappan, which means ''Lord of Ernakulam''. The temple is located within the [[Durbar Hall Ground]]. The temple history itself has deep association with history of the city and was one of the 7 royal temples of Kochi Maharajas. The temple is now under administration of Cochin Devaswam Board. The temple in its current form was built under active patronage of Diwan Sri Edakkunni Sankara Warrier in year 1846 and raised it level of a Royal temple in the [[Kochi Kingdom]]. The temple is built on {{convert|1|acre|m2|adj=on}} land. The temple is one of the major Shiva temples in Kerala counted along with the [[Ettumanoor Mahadevar Temple]], [[Kaduthruthy Mahadeva Temple]], [[Vaikom Temple]], [[Chengannur Mahadeva Temple]], [[Vadakkunathan temple]], and [[Sreekanteswaram Mahadeva Temple, Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Kerala Siva Temples|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3980516.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180952/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-3980516.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|journal=Hinduism Today|date=31 July 1997|access-date=|url-access= }}</ref>

== Legend ==
Cheranalloor Kartha Family of South Chittor was the founder of Ernakulam Siva Temple. As per the devaprasna this temple have a connection with Vaishnava. Jadavedan nampoothiri was the swamiyar of Ernakulam Siva Temple and Thiruvananthapuram Shri [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]. He was a member of Cheranalloor Kartha Family of South Chittoor

The temple's legend<ref name="Temple Legend">{{Cite web|publisher=Ernakulam Shiva Temple|url=http://www.ernakulathappan.org/legend.htm|title=Legend of the Ernakulam Temple|access-date=2010-11-21|archive-date=3 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203133723/http://www.ernakulathappan.org/legend.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> is deeply associated with Hindu epic [[Mahabharata]]. [[Arjuna]], the 3rd [[Pandava]] made a severe penance to propitiate Lord Shiva. Pleased with [[Arjuna]]’s devotion Shiva accompanied with his consort [[Parvati|Sri Parvathi]] set out from their abode at [[Mount Kailash]] to meet Arjuna.

Shiva intends to impress [[Parvathi]] with the devotion Arjuna has towards him. Shiva disguises himself as "Kiratha" a tribal hunter before appearing before Arjuna.Just as Shiva appears before Arjuna he sees a wild boar charging towards Arjuna and shoots an arrow at the boar. Arjuna, who is an accomplished archer, also shoots an arrow at the boar. The boar who was in fact a demon named Mookasura in disguise is killed and its original form is revealed. However, dispute arises between Arjuna and Kiratha as to who is the real killer of the animal. A battle ensues between the two, lasting a long time, ultimately resulting in Kiratha’s victory over Arjuna.

The vanquished Arjuna, unable to even stand up makes a [[Shiva Linga]] out of mud and performs a pooja offering flowers. To his surprise, he sees that the flower he offers over the Shiva Linga is falling over the head of Kiratha. Arjuna then realises that Kiratha is none other than his Lord Shiva. Pleased with his devotion and sincerity, Lord Shiva granted [[Pashupatastra|Pashupatha]] Arrow to Arjuna. Arjuna left this place and soon this area was covered with dense forest, uninhabited for long time. The existence of the Shiva linga made by Arjuna also disappeared from memories of all.

Centuries later, a boy named Devala who has been cursed by a sage, now has a body of a snake, crawled into this forest and saw this lingam completely submerged into mud . He worshiped this lingam as part a deep penance in hope for redeeming from the curse. Soon a few people spotted this mysterious man with body of snake and called him as Rishi Nagam (Saint Serpent) and feared even to come near to him. Some even tried to thwart him with sticks etc. Unmoved by all these action, Rishi Nagam continued his severe penance. Finally Lord Shiva and Parvathi appeared in their original form and asked the sage to take a dip in the nearby pond. As soon as he immersed, he was redeemed from the curse. Soon a new idol appeared just near to the original lingam. Based on this legend, the place got its new name, Rishnagakulam (The pond of Rishi Nagam) and the temple was constructed by the public.

== History ==

The existence of temple was first mentioned in [[Sangam Literature]] as one of the major temples under [[Chera Dynasty]]. Cheras were adherent worshipers of Lord Shiva. When Chera dynasty ended, the place fell into the hands a few [[Nair]] nobles who renamed the place as Ernakulam (corrupt form of original word- Eere Naal Kulam meaning Pond with water always) in recognition of the famous sacred pond of this temple. Soon this area came under reign of Kochi Kingdom. The Kochi Rulers, due to the siege of [[Fort Kochi]] by the Dutch in the 17th century, moved their capital to Ernakulam and established a Palace close to this temple, facing the temple pond (The Tank Shed Palace seen behind current Durbar Hall). This helped the temple to gain prominence, due to royal patronage. The temple deity was declared as protector of Ernakulam city (Nagara Devata),

The second phase of the temple came in 1842 when Diwan of Kochi, Sri Edakkunni Sankara Warrier felt to renovate the temple which were in dilapidated condition. Works were started in 1843. Two new Gopura Mandapams (Entrance Towers) were constructed in traditional Kerala style similar to [[Sree Poornathrayesa Temple]] of [[Tripunithura]] which was the Chief Royal temple of Kochi Maharajas. The new temple complex was opened to public in 1846. The temple was elevated to a royal temple and brought under direct administration of Kochi Government's Devaswom Board. In 1949, when Kochi acceded into India Union, the Devaswom Board came under new Government's control, which still remains.

== Deities ==

The presiding deity of the temple is Shiva in Gourisankara form, located in main sanctum sanctorum, facing west towards the Arabian sea. The Lingam in the main sanctum sanctorum is considered to be [[Swayambhu]] (Divinely derived). On the northern side of the main sanctum sanctorum, there is the small shrine of Kirthamoorthy which is believed to the original Lingam worshipped by [[Arjuna]]. On the southern side, there is a small shrine for Shiva's son [[Ganesha]]. There is a small area behind the main sanctum sanctorum, considered as the shrine of Shiva's consort [[Parvati]], hence the east gate is known as the Devi Gate. Outside the Inner temple circle, [[Ayyappa]] and [[Nagaraja]] are worshipped in shrines.

== Structure ==
[[File:Ernakulam Shiva Temple Front.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The temple is an example of Kerala temple architecture]]

The entire temple is located in {{convert|1.2|acre|m2|adj=on}} land.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} The temple is built in typical Kerala temple architecture. The Sanctum complex is circular with fine sculpted walls. The roof is covered with copper tiles. The temple has two gates, the western [[Gopuram]] is a two storied structure in typical Kerala architecture with gabled roofs and slanting windows. The eastern gopuram is recently renovated similar to the western side. The Devaswom office is located near the western Gopuram. Recently a new marriage hall and Oottupura (dining hall) is constructed at the northern side.

== The temple complex ==
[[File:Ernakulam Murugan Temple.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Murugan temple is built in Tamil style]]

Adjacent to the main Shiva Temple, two other temples are constructed in the temple grounds, which makes the Ernakulam Temple Complex. On the Northern side, a [[Murugan]] Kovil built in Tamil style can be seen. It was constructed by Tamil residents of Kochi during the administration of Diwan Venkataswamy who was a [[Tamil Brahmin]]. The Muruga Kovil is managed by Tamil Brahmin Association of Ernakulam and all rituals in this temple are in accordance to Tamil style. The presiding deity is Lord [[Murugan|Muruga]] with his consorts [[Valli]] and Devanyani. There are two separate shrines for Navagrahas and Ganesha, apart from regular poojas for [[Vishnu]], [[Dakshinamoorthy]] and [[Durga]] Devi.

[[File:Ernakulam Hanuman Temple.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Hanuman temple is built in Udupi Madhwa Sampradaya style]]
On the eastern side, a [[Hanuman]] temple built in Kannadiga Udupi style can be seen. It was constructed by [[Venkata Rayar|Diwan Venkat Rao aka Venkata Rayar]], a [[Madhva Brahmin]], in year 1850. Based on a vision he had in his dream, an ancient idol was excavated near the holy pond and the current [https://ekmhanumankovil.com/ Sree Hanuman Kovil] was built in traditional Udupi Madhwa Sampradaya style. The presiding deity, Lord Hanuman faces the Shiva temple on western side with a small idol of [[Lord Rama]] in main sanctum sanctorum. Apart from this, shrines for lord Nagaraja and [[Raghavendra Swami]] are also worshipped. The present Ernakulathappan Temple complex consists of these three temples, which exist together without any interference in others' customs. This also shows a mini version of [[South India]], excluding [[Telugu people|Telugu culture]].

Apart from the temples, the famous Ernakulam Temple pond is located in eastern side, facing opposite to Murugan temple. There is also offices of Ernakulam Brahmin Association and its marriage hall apart from offices of Temple advisory committee. A 200-year-old banyan tree can be seen near to Hanuman temple.

==Pooja Timings==
Source:<ref name="Pooja Timings">{{Cite web|publisher=Ernakulam Shiva Temple|url=http://www.ernakulathappan.org/pooja.htm|title=Pooja Timings|access-date=2010-11-21|archive-date=3 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203134651/http://www.ernakulathappan.org/pooja.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Nadathurakal Time || 3.30 AM
|-
|Nirmalyam || 3.30 AM
|-
|Abishekam || 4.00 to 4.45 AM
|-
|Shankhabhishekam || 5.15 AM
|-
|Ushapooja Nadathurakal || 5.45 AM
|-
|Yethertha Pooja Nadathurakal || 6.15 AM
|-
|Ethirtha Sheeveli || 6.30 AM
|-
|Pantheeradi Pooja || 7.30 to 8.15 AM
|-
|Uchcha Pooja || 9.30 to 11AM
|-
|Vykunneram Nadathruakal || 4.00 PM
|-
|Deeparadhana || According to sunset
|-
|Athaazhapooja Nadathurakal || 7.30 PM
|-
|Thripuka Nadathurakal || 8.00 PM
|}

== Festivals ==

The Uthsavom (temple festival) of Shiva temple is one of the grandest festivals in the Kochi city, normally celebrated during [[Makaram]] month. The festivities starts with Kodiyettam (hoisting of the temple flag ) on the first day evening. On the seventh day there is Pakalpooram, when the deity is being taken out in procession with caparisoned elephants with [[Panchavadyam]] and finally terminating at Durbar Hall Ground after the famous [[Pandimelam]] and colourful fire works. On the final day around evening, in a solemn ceremony the flag is lowered and the deity is then taken for the Arattu ( holy bath ) in the nearby temple tank. After that starts the famous Arattu procession with the accompaniment of Panchavadyam. The procession terminates at Durbar Hall Ground. The grand fireworks then bring the curtain down to this week long festival. During all these days Sheeveli is arranged inside the temple and the best available Chendamelam artists are arranged for this. Special poojas connected with the festival are conducted everyday by famous priests from Chennose and Puliyannur Mana. A variety of cultural programmes are also arranged during these days. Special emphasis is given to promote temple arts like [[Ottamthullal]], Paatakam, [[Thayambaka]], [[Kathakali]], Classical dances, Classical music concerts, Bhajans etc. Annadanam is also arranged. Thousands of people throng the temple to witness these programmes. Watching the Pakalpooram and Arattu processions will be an unforgettable experience for anybody. The adjacent Durbar Hall ground becomes a beehive of activities during the Uthsavom.

Along with this, [[Maha Shivratri]] in the month of [[Kumbham]], [[Thiruvathira]] in the month of [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanu]], [[Pradosham]], Mondays, etc. are also celebrated in a grand manner.

==See also==
* [[Temples of Kerala]]
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
{{Kochi (India) topics}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.ernakulathappan.com http://www.ernakulathappan.com/]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20100518203714/http://hanumankovil.org/about-the-temple.php

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kochi]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]

[[ml:എറണാകുളം ശിവക്ഷേത്രം]]

Acre

2026-03-10T14:17:45Z

Vineettandon: small changes

{{short description|Unit of area}}
{{About|the unit of area measure|other uses|Acre (disambiguation)|}}
{{Redirect|Acres|the surname|Acres (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024 |cs1-dates=ll}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox unit
| bgcolor =
| name = acre
| image = Acre superimposed over football fields.svg
| caption = The area of one acre (red) superposed on an [[American football]] field (green) and [[association football]]/soccer pitch (blue)
| standard = [[US customary units]], [[Imperial units]]
| quantity = area
| symbol = ac
| symbol2 = acre
| extralabel =
| extradata =
| units1 = SI units
| inunits1 = = {{convert|1|acre|m2|disp=out|sigfig=11}}
| units2 = US customary, Imperial
| inunits2 = ≡ {{convert|1|acre|yd2|disp=out|sigfig=4}} ≡ {{frac|1|640}} sq mi
}}
The '''acre''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|k|ər}} {{Respell|AY|kər}}) is a [[Unit of measurement|unit]] of land area used in the [[Imperial units|British imperial]] and the [[United States customary units#Area|United States customary]] systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one [[Chain (unit)|chain]] by one [[furlong]] (66 by 660 [[Foot (unit)|feet]]), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, {{frac|1|640}} of a square mile, 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047 m2, or about 40% of a [[hectare]]. The acre is sometimes abbreviated '''ac''',<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Weights, Measures and Units |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn/page/4 4]|first=Donald |last=Fenna |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-860522-6}}</ref> but is usually spelled out as the word "acre".<ref name="NIST">National Institute of Standards and Technology [http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf (n.d.) General Tables of Units of Measurement]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126120208/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf |date=26 November 2006 }}.</ref>

Traditionally, in the [[Middle Ages]], an acre was conceived of as the area of land that could be [[plough]]ed by one man using a team of eight [[ox]]en in one day.<ref name=nottingham>{{cite web |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/researchguidance/weightsandmeasures/measurements.aspx |title=Manuscripts and Special Collections – Measurements |publisher = the [[University of Nottingham]] |access-date= 1 August 2018}}</ref> The acre is still a statutory measure in the United States, where both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but they differ by only four parts per million. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land. The acre is used in many existing and former [[Commonwealth of Nations]] countries by custom. In a few, it continues as a [[statute measure]], although not since 2010 in the UK, and not for decades in [[Metrication in Australia|Australia]], [[Metrication in New Zealand|New Zealand]], and [[South African units of measurement|South Africa]]. In many places where the acre is no longer a statute measure, it is still lawful to use as supplementary information next to the statutory hectare measurement.

== Description ==
[[File:Comparison land area units.svg|thumb|300px|Comparison of 1 acre (highlighted as a yellow checkerboard pattern) with some Imperial and metric units of area]]

One acre equals {{frac|1|640}} (0.0015625) square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet,<ref name="NIST" /> or about {{convert|4047|m2|ha|abbr=off|lk=on|sigfig=4}} (see below). While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends upon the particular yard on which it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a strip of land sized at forty [[Rod (unit)|perches]] (660 ft, or 1 [[furlong]]) long and four perches (66 ft) wide;<ref name="Klein2012">{{cite book| last=Klein |first=Herbert Arthur |title=The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrmuSiCFyikC&pg=PA76 |year=2012 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-14497-9 |page=76}}</ref> this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day<ref>{{cite book
| title=Word Mysteries & Histories: from Quiche to Humble Pie
| editor1-first=Anne H. | editor1-last=Soukhanov
| editor2-first=Kaethe | editor2-last=Ellis
| display-editors=etal | publisher=Houghton Miffin Company
| page=2 | year=1985 | isbn=0-395-40265-4 }}</ref> (a furlong being "a furrow long"). A [[square]] enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches ({{convert|208.71|ft|m|abbr=off|disp=out}}), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre.

== US survey acres ==
In the [[international yard and pound]] agreement of 1959, the United States and five countries of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre.<ref name=NBS1959>{{cite web |publisher= National Bureau of Standards |date= 25 June 1959 |url= http://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf |title= Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound |website= noaa.gov |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200305184155/https://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2020 |url-status= dead |access-date= 3 December 2006 }}</ref> The US authorities decided that, while the refined definition would apply nationally in all other respects, the [[US survey foot]] (and thus the survey acre) would continue 'until such a time as it becomes desirable and expedient to readjust [it]'.<ref name=NBS1959 /> By inference, an "international acre" may be calculated as exactly {{gaps|4,046.856|422|4}} square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement.

Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain {{frac|640}} of a square mile or 4,840 square yards, but alternative definitions of a yard are used (see ''{{slink|Foot (unit)#Survey foot}}'' and ''{{slink|Yard#Conversions}}''), so the exact size of an acre depends upon the yard upon which it is based. The US survey acre is about 4,046.872 square metres; its exact value ({{sfrac|4046|13,525,426|15,499,969}} m2) is based on an inch defined by 1 metre = 39.37 inches exactly, as established by the [[Mendenhall Order]] of 1893.<ref>* {{cite journal |last=Mendenhall |first=T.C. |date=6 October 1922 |title=The United States Fundamental Standards of Length and Mass |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=56 |issue=1449 |pages=337–380 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.56.1449.377 |jstor=1647062 |pmid=17833047 |bibcode=1922Sci....56..377M |access-date=16 August 2021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1647062}}</ref> Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, and consequently, both varieties of acre.<ref>[[National Geodetic Survey]], (January 1991), [http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/Policy/st_plane.html Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983].</ref>

Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre (0.016 square metres, 160 square centimetres or 24.8 square inches), is only about a quarter of the size of an [[ISO 216#A series|A4 sheet]] or [[Paper size#North American paper sizes|US letter]], it is usually not important which one is being discussed. Areas are seldom measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable.<ref>[https://www.nsps.us.com/resource/resmgr/alta_standards/2021_Standards_20201030_grk.pdf Minimum Standard Detail Requirements For ALTA/NSPS Land Title Surveys]. Federick, MD: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. 2021. [The stated maximum allowable "precision" (page 2) is 2 cm and 50 parts per million. An instrument consistently measuring 2 cm short would measure the area of a one international acre square, 63.614907 m on a side, as 4044.3 square metres, 2.6 square metres less than the true value, a far greater discrepancy than the difference between the international and survey acres.]</ref> In October 2019, the [[US National Geodetic Survey]] and the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] announced their joint intent to end the "temporary" continuance of the US survey foot, mile, and acre units (as permitted by their 1959 decision, above), with effect from the end of 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022 |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |publisher=National Geodetic Survey |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |publisher=NIST |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Spanish acre ===
The [[Puerto Rica]]n ''[[cuerda]]'' ({{convert|1|cda|disp=out}}) is sometimes called the "Spanish acre" in the continental United States.<ref name="Rowlett">[http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictC.html ''Units: C: cuerda'']. Russ Rowlett. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</ref>

== Use ==
The acre is commonly used in many current and former Commonwealth countries by custom, and in a few it continues as a [[statute measure]]. These include Antigua and Barbuda,<ref name="antiguaobserver">{{cite web|url=http://www.antiguaobserver.com/govt-gifts-bakka-with-half-acre-land/|title=Gov't Gifts 'Bakka' With Half-Acre Land {{pipe}} Antigua Observer Newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213313/http://www.antiguaobserver.com/govt-gifts-bakka-with-half-acre-land/|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[American Samoa]],<ref name="samoanews">{{cite web|url=http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/4505|title=National Park of American Samoa completes two successful forest projects {{pipe}} Samoa News|date=15 April 2012 |publisher=SamoaNews.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[The Bahamas]],<ref name="thenassauguardian">{{cite web |last1=Lowe |first1=Alison |title=Construction underway on Old Fort School |url=https://thenassauguardian.com/2013/08/15/construction-underway-on-old-fort-school/ |website=The Nassau Guardian |date=15 August 2013 |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425055105/https://thenassauguardian.com/2013/08/15/construction-underway-on-old-fort-school/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Belize,<ref name="amandala">{{cite web|url=http://amandala.com.bz/news/2225-acre-cobia-farm-proposed-near-lark-and-bugle-cayes/|title=2,225-acre Cobia farm proposed near Lark and Bugle Cayes {{pipe}} Amandala Newspaper|date=7 January 2008 |publisher=amandala.com.bz|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> the [[British Virgin Islands]],<ref name="bvibeacon">{{cite web|url=http://www.bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3051%3Awork-continues-on-development-&Itemid=1&showall=1|title=Work continues on development|publisher=bvibeacon.com|access-date=14 February 2014}},</ref> [[Canada]],<ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210004701|title=Value per acre of farm land and buildings at July 1|date=13 April 2021 |publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref> the [[Cayman Islands]],<ref name="compasscayman">{{cite web|url=http://www.compasscayman.com/caycompass/2013/08/21/Kai-drama-over-50-acre-development/|title=Kai drama over 50-acre development :: cayCompass.com|publisher=compasscayman.com|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301003404/http://www.compasscayman.com/caycompass/2013/08/21/Kai-drama-over-50-acre-development/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Dominica]],<ref name="dominicanewsonline">{{cite web|url=http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/agriculture/dominica-not-meeting-quota-in-banana-industry/|title=Dominica not meeting quota for international banana markets {{pipe}} Dominica News Online|publisher=dominicanewsonline.com|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213258/http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/agriculture/dominica-not-meeting-quota-in-banana-industry/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Falkland Islands]],<ref name="penguin-news">{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/columns/28-farm-yarns-with-elaine/462-farm-yarns-with-elaine-turner-part-13|title=Farm Yarns with Elaine – Farm yarns with Elaine Turner – Part 13|publisher=penguin-news.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070635/http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/columns/28-farm-yarns-with-elaine/462-farm-yarns-with-elaine-turner-part-13|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Grenada]],<ref name="grenadabroadcast">{{cite web|url=http://www.grenadabroadcast.com/news/diaspora/14367-the-grenada-spices-industry|title=Grenada Broadcast – George Grant – The Grenada Spices Industry|publisher=grenadabroadcast.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215245/http://www.grenadabroadcast.com/news/diaspora/14367-the-grenada-spices-industry|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Ghana]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theafricareport.com/News-Analysis/mortgages-in-ghana-snapping-up-an-acre-of-accra-real-estate.html|title=Mortgages in Ghana: Snapping up an acre of Accra real estate |last=Ofori-Atta|first=Prince|website=www.theafricareport.com|language=en-gb|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> [[Guam]],<ref name="guampdn">{{cite web|url=http://www.guampdn.com/article/20130824/NEWS01/308240022/Manamko-could-see-new-homes|title=Local News {{pipe}} Pacific Daily News|publisher=guampdn.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131001040155/http://www.guampdn.com/article/20130824/NEWS01/308240022/Manamko-could-see-new-homes|archive-date=1 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> the [[Northern Mariana Islands]],<ref name="saipantribune">{{cite web |title=Islan Pagan |url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=15&newsID=126803 |website=saipantribune.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017024119/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=15&newsID=126803 |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> [[Jamaica]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourt.gov.jm/sites/default/files/judgments/Tropicrop%20Mushrooms%20Ltd%20v%20Saint%20Thomas%20Parish%20Council%2C%20etal.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://supremecourt.gov.jm/sites/default/files/judgments/Tropicrop%20Mushrooms%20Ltd%20v%20Saint%20Thomas%20Parish%20Council%2C%20etal.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Tropicrop Mushrooms Ltd v Saint Thomas Parish Council, etal}}</ref> [[Montserrat]],<ref name="themontserratreporter">{{cite web|url=http://www.themontserratreporter.com/beresford-allen-of-st-peters-montserrat-is-a-wanted-man/|title=Beresford Allen of St. Peters Montserrat is a Wanted Man! {{pipe}} The Montserrat Reporter|publisher=themontserratreporter.com|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221042/http://www.themontserratreporter.com/beresford-allen-of-st-peters-montserrat-is-a-wanted-man/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Samoa]],<ref name="samoaobserver">{{cite web|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/local-news/politics/3110-conflicting-stories-about-nuu-estate|title=Conflicting stories about Nu'u estate|publisher=samoaobserver.ws|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919111736/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/local-news/politics/3110-conflicting-stories-about-nuu-estate|archive-date=19 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Saint Lucia]],<ref name="thevoiceslu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/features/2008/july/12_07_08/The_Redevelopment_of_the_Union_Agricultural_Station.htm|title=The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885|publisher=thevoiceslu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215536/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/features/2008/july/12_07_08/The_Redevelopment_of_the_Union_Agricultural_Station.htm|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[St. Helena]],<ref name="sthelenaonline">{{cite web|url=http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/09/02/feature-we-built-an-island-dream-on-our-own-st-helena/|title=FEATURE: We built an island dream on our own St Helena {{pipe}} St Helena Online|publisher=sthelenaonline.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021090201/http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/09/02/feature-we-built-an-island-dream-on-our-own-st-helena/|archive-date=21 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[St. Kitts and Nevis]],<ref name="thestkittsnevisobserver">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2013/06/14/passport-money.html|title=SIDF Sinks SKN Passport Money into Christophe Harbour :: The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer|publisher=thestkittsnevisobserver.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212924/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2013/06/14/passport-money.html|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]],<ref name="iwnsvg">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwnsvg.com/2013/03/15/pmvows-to-spend-rest-of-life-seeking-reparations/|title=PM vows to spend rest of life seeking reparations – I-Witness News|date=15 March 2013 |publisher=iwnsvg.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> [[Turks and Caicos]],<ref name="suntci">{{cite web|url=http://suntci.com/government-gets-million-from-emerald-cay-sale-p402-106.htm|title=Government gets $8million from Emerald Cay sale|publisher=suntci.com|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref> the United Kingdom, the United States, and the [[US Virgin Islands]].<ref name="virginislandsdailynews">{{cite web|url=http://m.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/proposed-dolphin-facility-will-enclose-about-2-acres-of-water-bay-1.1415178|title=Proposed dolphin facility will enclose about 2 acres of Water Bay – News – Virgin Islands Daily News|publisher=m.virginislandsdailynews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220250/http://m.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/proposed-dolphin-facility-will-enclose-about-2-acres-of-water-bay-1.1415178|archive-date=22 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>

=== Republic of Ireland ===

In the [[Republic of Ireland]], the hectare is legally used under [[European units of measurement directives]]; however, the acre (the same standard statute as used in the UK, not the old [[Irish measure|Irish acre]], which was of a different size) is still widely used, especially in agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmersjournal.ie/what-is-an-acre-the-history-of-land-surveying-154946|title=What is an acre? The history of land surveying|website=www.farmersjournal.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/arid-20170714.html|title=Time to fully embrace the metric system|date=15 October 2011|website=Irish Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usma.org/metrication-in-other-countries|title=Metrication in other countries – US Metric Association|website=usma.org}}</ref>

=== Indian subcontinent ===
In [[India]], residential plots are measured in square feet, square yard or square metre, while agricultural land is measured in [[bigha]], acres or hectare.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2020|title=Land Measurement Units in India – Confident Group|url=https://www.confident-group.com/land-measurement-units-in-india/|access-date=19 October 2020|website=www.confident-group.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[Sri Lanka]], the division of an acre into 160 [[Perch (unit)|perches]] or 4 [[Rood (measurement)|roods]] is common.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2018|title=What is a perch of land in Sri Lanka?|url=https://www.ceylonestateagents.com/faqs/what-is-a-perch-of-land-in-sri-lanka|access-date=19 October 2020|language=en-GB|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922083306/https://www.ceylonestateagents.com/faqs/what-is-a-perch-of-land-in-sri-lanka|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Pakistan]], residential plots are measured in [[Kanal (unit)|Kanal]] (20 {{lang|ur-Latn|marla}} = 1 {{lang|ur-Latn|kanal}} = 605 sq yards) and open/agriculture land measurement is in acres (8 {{lang|ur-Latn|kanal}} = 1 acre) and {{lang|ur-Latn|muraba}} (25 acres = 1 {{lang|ur-Latn|muraba}} = 200 {{lang|ur-Latn|kanal}}), {{lang|ur-Latn|[[jerib]], wiswa}} and {{lang|ur-Latn|[[gunta]]}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murabba to Kanal Calculator {{!}} Convert Murabba to Kanal |url=https://housing.com/calculators/murabba-to-kanal |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=Housing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowlett |first=Russ |title=How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement |url=https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112120328/https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html |archive-date=12 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
Its use as a primary unit for trade in the United Kingdom ceased to be permitted from 1 October 1995, due to the 1994 amendment of the [[Weights and Measures Act 1985|Weights and Measures Act]],<ref name= UK1994>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/2866/schedule/made The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994] HM Government, 1995</ref> where it was replaced by the [[hectare]]{{snd}} though its use as a supplementary unit continues to be permitted indefinitely.<ref name="legislation_20093045">{{cite web| url= http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/3045/pdfs/uksiem_20093045_en.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/3045/pdfs/uksiem_20093045_en.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |year = 2009 |title = Explanatory memorandum to The weights and measures (metrication amendments) regulations 2009 |publisher= [[Legislation.gov.uk]] }}</ref> This was with the exemption of [[land registration]],<ref name= UK1994 /> which records the sale and possession of land;<ref>{{cite web |title=Land Registration Act 2002 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/9/contents |website= [[legislation.gov.uk]] |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |location=UK |year=2002 |access-date=3 August 2018 }}</ref> in 2010 [[HM Land Registry]] ended its exemption.<ref name="legislation_20093045"/> The measure is still used to communicate with the public,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://waddesdon.org.uk/about-us/waddesdon-estate/ |publisher=[[Waddesdon Manor]] |title=About us. Waddesdon Estate |quote=By purchasing the adjoining land, the estate has grown from the original 2,700 acres in 1874 to 6,000 acres in 2011.}}</ref> and informally (non-contract) by the farming and property industries.<ref>{{cite web |title= Outlook and historical context |url = https://www.savills.co.uk/research_articles/229130/228020-0A |publisher=[[Savills]] |date= 12 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amount of UK farmland put up for sale shrinks as prices fall|date=13 February 2018 |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bce30bee-1016-11e8-8cb6-b9ccc4c4dbbb |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bce30bee-1016-11e8-8cb6-b9ccc4c4dbbb |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.farminguk.com/farmsandlandforsale |title=Land for Sale |website=farminguk }}</ref>

== Equivalence to other units of area ==
[[File:Comparison of units of area.png|thumb|300px|Image comparing the acre (the small pink area at lower left) to other units. The entire yellow square is one [[square mile]]; the dark blue area at right represents 100 acres.]]

1 international acre is equal to the following metric units:
* 0.40468564224 hectare (A square with 100 m sides has an area of 1 hectare.)
* 4,046.8564224 square metres (or a square with approximately 63.61 m sides)

1 United States survey acre is equal to:
* 0.404687261 [[hectare]]
* 4,046.87261 square metres (1 square kilometre is equal to 247.105 acres)

1 acre (both variants) is equal to the following customary units:
* 66 feet × 660 feet (43,560 square feet)
* 10 square [[Chain (unit)|chains]] (1 chain = 66 feet = 22 yards = 4 rods = 100 [[link (unit)|links]])
* 1 acre is approximately 208.71 feet × 208.71 feet (a square)
* 4,840 square yards
* 43,560 square feet
* 160 [[Perch (unit)|perches]]. A perch is equal to a square [[Rod (length)|rod]] (1 square rod is 0.00625 acre)
* 4 [[Rood (measurement)|roods]]
* A furlong by a chain (furlong 220 yards, chain 22 yards)
* 40 rods by 4 rods, 160 rods2 (historically fencing was often sold in 40 rod lengths<ref>{{cite journal |date=1919 |title=ed. 842 |journal=Farmers' Bulletin |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=24}}</ref>)
* {{frac|1|640}} (0.0015625) square mile (1 square mile is equal to 640 acres)

Perhaps the easiest way for US residents to envision an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards ({{frac|1|10}} of 880 yards by {{frac|1|16}} of 880 yards), about {{frac|9|10}} the size of a standard [[American football field]]. To be more exact, one acre is 90.75% of a 100-yd-long by 53.33-yd-wide American football field (without the [[end zone]]). The full field, including the end zones, covers about {{convert|1.32|acres|2|abbr=on}}. For residents of other countries, the acre might be envisioned as rather more than half of a {{convert|1.76|acres|2|abbr=on}} [[football pitch]].

== Historical origin ==
{{Anthropic_Farm_Units}}
The word ''acre'' is derived from the [[Norman language|Norman]], attested for the first time in 1006 in a text from [[Fécamp]] with the meaning of "agrarian measure".<ref>{{cite web |last1=CNTRL | title=Portail Lexical - Etymologie de acre |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Facre#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url}}</ref> ''Acre'' dates back to the old Scandinavian ''akr'' "cultivated field, ploughed land" which is perpetuated in [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] and the [[Faroese language|Faroese]] {{lang|fo|akur}} "field (wheat)", [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{lang|sv|åker}}, [[Danish language|Danish]] {{lang|da|ager}} "field", [[cognate]] with [[German language|German]] {{lang|de|Acker}}, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|akker}}, [[Latin]] {{lang|la|ager}}, [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa-Latn|ajr}}, and [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|αγρός}} ({{lang|el-Latn|agros}}). In English, an obsolete variant spelling was ''[[wikt:aker|aker]]''. According to the [[Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches]], dating from around 1300, an acre is "40 [[perch (unit)|perch]]es <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[rod (unit)|rod]]s] in length and four in breadth",<ref name="BritainRuffhead1765">{{cite book|author1=Great Britain|author2=Owen Ruffhead |author-link2=Owen Ruffhead |title=Statutes at Large |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Un1RAAAAYAAJ&q=%22quod%20tria%20grana%22&pg=PA421 |access-date=12 February 2012 |year=1765 |publisher=Printed by M. Baskett |page=421| quote=It is ordained that 3 [[barleycorn (unit)|grains of barley]] dry and round do make an [[inch]], 12 inches make 1 [[foot (unit)|foot]], 3 feet make 1 yard, 5 yards and a half make a [[perch (unit)|perch]], and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an acre.}}</ref> meaning 220 yards by 22 yards.{{efn|22 yards is about 20 meters.}} As detailed in the diagram, an acre was roughly the amount of land tillable by a yoke of oxen in one day.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/1769|title=acre, n. |encyclopedia = Oxford English Dictionary | date = December 2011}}</ref>

Before the introduction of the [[metric system]], many countries in Europe used their own official "acres" (with other names). In France, the traditional unit of area was the ''[[Arpent#Area|arpent carré]]'', a measure based on the Roman system of land measurement. The {{lang|fr|acre}} was used only in [[Normandy]] (and neighbouring places outside its traditional borders), but its value varied greatly across Normandy, ranging from 3,632 to 9,725 square metres, with 8,172 square metres being the most frequent value.{{clarify|date=June 2023|reason=What is this in traditional units? How was it measured?}} But inside the same {{lang|fr|pays}} of Normandy, for instance in [[pays de Caux]], the farmers (still in the 20th century) made the difference between the {{lang|fr|grande acre}} (68 ares, 66 centiares) and the {{lang|fr|petite acre}} (56 to 65 ca).<ref>Raymond Mensire, {{lang|fr|Le Patois cauchois}}, 1939, p. 55.</ref> The Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} was usually divided in 4 {{lang|fr|vergées}} ([[Rood (unit)|roods]]) and 160 square {{lang|fr|perches}}, like the English acre.

The Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} was equal to 1.6 {{lang|fr|[[arpent]]s}}, the unit of area more commonly used in Northern France outside of Normandy. In Canada, the Paris {{lang|fr|arpent}} used in [[Quebec]] before the metric system was adopted is sometimes called "French acre" in English, even though the Paris {{lang|fr|arpent}} and the Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} were two very different units of area in ancient France (the Paris {{lang|fr|arpent}} became the unit of area of French Canada, whereas the Normandy {{lang|fr|acre}} was never used in French Canada).

In Germany, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe the traditional unit of area was {{lang|de|[[Morgen]]}}. Like the acre, the ''morgen'' was a unit of ploughland, representing a strip that could be ploughed by one man and an ox or horse in a morning. There were many variants of the ''morgen'', differing between the different German territories, ranging from {{convert|1/2|to|2+1/2|acre|m2}}. It was also used in [[Old Prussia]], in the Balkans, [[Norway]], and [[Denmark]], where it was equal to about {{convert|2/3|acre|m2|spell=in}}. Statutory values for the acre were enacted in England, and subsequently the United Kingdom, by acts{{which|date=March 2026}} of:
* [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]
* [[Edward III]]
* [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
* [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]]
* [[Queen Victoria]] – the British [[Weights and Measures Act 1878]] defined it as containing 4,840 square yards.

Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres (or acres, [[Rood (measurement)|rood]]s, and [[Perch (unit)|perches]]), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles. For example, a certain landowner might have been said to own 32,000 acres of land, not 50 square miles of land.

The acre is related to the square mile, with 640 acres making up one square mile. One mile is 5280 feet (1760 yards). In western Canada and the western United States, divisions of land area were typically based on the square mile, and fractions thereof. If the square mile is divided into quarters, each quarter has a side length of {{frac|1|2}} mile (880 yards) and is {{frac|1|4}} square mile in area, or 160 acres. These subunits are typically then again divided into quarters, with each side being {{frac|1|4}} mile long, and being {{frac|1|16}} of a square mile in area, or 40 acres. In the United States, farmland was typically divided as such, and the phrase "the back 40" refers to the 40-acre parcel to the back of the farm. Most of the [[Canadian Prairie Provinces]] and the US Midwest are on square-mile grids for surveying purposes.

== Legacy units ==
* Customary acre – The customary acre was roughly similar to the Imperial acre, but it was subject to considerable local variation similar to the variation in [[carucate]]s, [[virgate]]s, [[Oxgang|bovates]], nooks, and farundels. These may have been multiples of the customary acre, rather than the statute acre.
* Builder's acre = {{convert|40000|sqft}} or {{convert|200|x|200|ft}}, used in US real-estate development to simplify the math and for marketing. It is nearly 10% smaller than a survey acre, and the discrepancy has led to lawsuits alleging misrepresentation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maxrealestateexposure.com/acre-land/ |title=How Much is an Acre of Land |website=Maximum Exposure Real Estate web site |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Feddan]] – Middle Eastern measurement unit, {{convert|4200|m2|acre|sigfig=5}}.
* [[Acre (Scots)|Scottish acre]] = 1.3 imperial acres (5,080 m2, an obsolete [[Scottish measurements|Scottish measurement]])
* [[Acre (Irish)|Irish acre]] = {{convert|7,840|yd2}}
* [[Acre (Cheshire)|Cheshire acre]] = {{convert|10,240|yd2}}<ref>Holland, Robert. (1886). [https://archive.org/details/glossaryofwordsu16holluoft ''A glossary of words used in the County of Chester'']. London: Trübner for the English Dialect Society. p. 3.</ref>
* [[Stremma]] or Greek acre ≈ 10,000 square [[Greek feet]], but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the [[zeugarion]])<ref name=Malcolm>{{cite book|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|title=Kosovo: A Short History|year=1999|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0-06-097775-7}}</ref>
* [[Dunam]] or Turkish acre ≈ 1,600 square [[Ottoman units of measurement|Turkish paces]], but now set at exactly 1,000 square metres (a similar unit was the [[çift]])<ref name=Malcolm/>
* [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Area|Actus quadratus]] or Roman acre ≈ 14,400 square [[Roman feet]] (about 1,260 square metres)
* [[Drovers' road#Long acre|Long acre]] – the grass strip on either side of a road that may be used for illicit grazing.
* [[Town acre]] was a term used in early 19th century in the planning of towns on a [[grid plan]], such as [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Light's Plan of Adelaide, 1840 | website=Adelaidia | first=Jude | last=Elton | publisher=[[History Trust of South Australia]] | date=10 December 2013 | url=https://adelaidia.history.sa.gov.au/panoramas/lights-plan-of-adelaide-1840 | access-date=16 January 2021 | archive-date=23 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123020541/https://adelaidia.history.sa.gov.au/panoramas/lights-plan-of-adelaide-1840 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Llewellyn-Smith|first= Michael|chapter=The Background to the Founding of Adelaide and South Australia in 1836|title= Behind the Scenes: The Politics of Planning Adelaide|pages=11–38|publisher=[[University of Adelaide Press]]|date= 2012|jstor= 10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wvd.8|isbn= 9781922064400|access-date=16 January 2021|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wvd.8.}}</ref> and [[Wellington, New Zealand|Wellington]], [[New Plymouth, New Zealand|New Plymouth]] and [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] in New Zealand. The land was divided into plots of an Imperial acre, and these became known as town acres.<ref name=encycnz>{{cite web | website=Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand | date= 26 March 2015|first=Ben |last=Schrader|title=City planning – Early settlement planning | url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/city-planning/page-1 | access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Acre-foot]] – used in US to measure a large water volume
* [[Anthropic units]]
* [[Arpent]] – used in [[Louisiana]] to measure length and area
* [[Conversion of units]]
* [[God's Acre]] – a synonym for a churchyard
* [[Jugerum]] – Roman unit of area
* [[Morgen]] ("morning") – normally {{frac|2|3}} of a Tagwerk ("day work") of ploughing with an ox
* [[Mu (land)|Mu]] – Chinese acre
* [[Public Land Survey System]]
* [[Quarter acre]]
* [[Section (United States land surveying)]]
* [[Spanish units of measurement]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{EB1911 poster|Acre (land measure)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101017003707/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/contents/made The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 (United Kingdom)]


{{Imperial units}}
{{United States Customary Units}}

[[Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States]]
[[Category:Imperial units]]
[[Category:Surveying]]
[[Category:Units of area]]

Ranveer Jamwal

2026-03-06T16:17:19Z

Vineettandon: enhanced references additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian mountaineer (born 1975)}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ranveer Singh Jamwal
| rank = [[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|22px]] [[Colonel]]
| native_name =
| image = Lt_Col Ranveer Singh Jamwal-2.jpg
| caption = Col. Ranveer Singh Jamwal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|12|26|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = Badhori, [[Samba district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1994–present
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|33px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (BAR)
[[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|32px]]
[[Sena Medal]]
| spouse = Kiran Jamwal
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Colonel Ranveer Singh Jamwal''' (born 26 December 1975) is an [[Indian Army]] officer and a [[Mountaineering|mountaineer]]. He has specialisation in search and rescue missions and serves as the director of the [[National Institute of Mountaineering and Adventure Sports]] (NIMAS) in [[Dirang]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramasubramanian |first=Deepa |date=2023-09-19 |title=One Man, 28 Peaks - Colonel Ranveer Singh Jamwal's Incredible Climb Across India |url=https://thebridge.in/mountaineering/one-man-28-peaks-colonel-ranveer-singh-jamwals-incredible-climb-across-india-43858 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

Jamwal has participated in over 70 mountaineering expeditions and in every continent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How mountaineering expeditions play crucial role in mountain warfare training |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2025/01/17/mountaineering-expeditions-play-a-crucial-role-in-mountain-warfare-training.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> He currently holds several achievements to his credit, including one world record, two Asian records, and four Indian records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Ritaja |date=2023-09-07 |title=On top of the World: Colonel Ranveer Jamwal clinching records with every new expedition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Sep/07/on-top-ofthe-worldcolonel-ranveer-jamwal-clinching-records-with-every-new-expedition-2612374.html#:~:text=top%20mountain%20climbers.-,He%20is%20the%20first%20from%20the%20Indian%20Army%20to%20climb,mountaineering%20as%20an%20adventure%20sport |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Ranveer Singh Jamwal was born on 26 December 1975 in Badhori, [[Samba district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], into a military family. His father, Onkar Singh, served as a [[Havildar]] in the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=Meet The Army Officer Who Climbed Mt Everest Thrice |url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2020/07/21/meet-the-army-officer-who-climbed-mt-everest-thrice/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=DDE |language=en-US}}</ref> He completed his schooling at Army School, Ratnuchak, before qualifying the [[Army Cadet College]] (ACC) examination and joining the [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun, in 1998.

In 2003, Jamwal completed all four skiing and mountaineering courses at the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] (HAWS), Gulmarg. He later specialised in search and rescue operations at the Swiss Mountain School, Andermatt, in 2007.

== Mountaineering achievements ==
Jamwal became involved in outdoor adventure activities such as trekking, white-water rafting, and cycling in 1999. After completing mountaineering and skiing courses, he was appointed as an instructor at the High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS) in 2006. In 2007, he climbed Mount Machoi (5,658 metres), marking the beginning of his mountaineering career.

=== Seven Summits ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Continent<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-25 |title=Meet Ranveer Singh Jamwal, The First Indian Army Officer Who Will Complete Seven Summits |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/meet-ranveer-singh-jamwal-the-first-indian-army-officer-who-will-complete-seven-summits-359244.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> !! Peak !! Date
|-
| Africa || Mount Kilimanjaro || 23 October 2010<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=J&K officer first in Army to scale seven summits |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/j-k-officer-first-in-army-to-scale-seven-summits-711617 |via=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
| Asia || Mount Everest || 25 May 2012, 19 May 2013, 19 May 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/indian-army-team-conquers-mount-everest-1407826|title=भारतीय सेना की टीम ने माउंट एवरेस्ट फतह किया|website=NDTVIndia|access-date=2020-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526165238/http://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/indian-army-team-conquers-mount-everest-1407826|archive-date=2016-05-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| South America || Aconcagua || 1 January 2013<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| Europe || Mount Elbrus || 26 June 2014<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2014 |title=Maj Jamwal scales Mt Elbrus |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/maj-jamwal-scales-mt-elbrus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826102539/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/maj-jamwal-scales-mt-elbrus/ |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=25 September 2019 |work=Daily Excelsior}}</ref>
|-
| Australia || Carstensz Pyramid || 9 October 2015<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| North America || Denali || 20 June 2017<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
| Antarctica || Vinson Massif || 4 January 2019<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/you-cant-challenge-mountains-you-survive-them-colonel-ranveer-singh-jamwal-first-army-officer-to-climb-seven-peaks-talks-about-his-love-for-mountaineering/article26722332.ece|title=Meet Col. Ranveer Singh Jamwal, the first Army officer to climb the seven peaks|first=Deepa|last=Alexander|work=The Hindu |date=3 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403142403/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/you-cant-challenge-mountains-you-survive-them-colonel-ranveer-singh-jamwal-first-army-officer-to-climb-seven-peaks-talks-about-his-love-for-mountaineering/article26722332.ece|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Mount Everest expeditions ===

* '''2012''': Served as Deputy Leader of the Indian Army Everest Expedition, during which seven women officers summited Mount Everest, setting a national record.
* '''2013''': Led the Indo-Nepal Everest Expedition to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the first ascent of Everest. All 20 members of the team successfully summited.
* '''2015''': Led the Indian contingent, but the expedition was called off due to the Nepal earthquake. The team conducted rescue operations at Everest Base Camp.
* '''2016''': Led a team that had attempted Everest in 2015, successfully guiding all 14 members to the summit.

=== Har Shikhar Tiranga Mission ===
[[File:HAR SHIKHAR TIRANGA.jpg|alt=HAR SHIKHAR TIRANGA|thumb|'''HAR SHIKHAR TIRANGA''']]
In 2022, Jamwal led the Har Shikhar Tiranga Mission, an initiative in which a team from the National Institute of Mountaineering and Adventure Sports (NIMAS) scaled the highest peaks of all 28 Indian states. This made him the first person to accomplish this feat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2023-10-14 |title=Har Shikhar Tiranga mission {{!}} 'A journey of unity, patriotism, and adventure' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/har-shikhar-tiranga-mission/article67420793.ece#:~:text=The%20mission%20had%20many%20aims,the%20third%20phase,%20with%20Mt. |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Cycling expeditions ===
In 2022, Jamwal led a seven-member cycling team that covered 1,100 km across all seven Northeastern states of India, becoming the first team to achieve this.

In February 2023, he led an expedition that cycled 5,374 km across six Southeast Asian nations in 37 days, setting new Asian and Indian records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sentinels |first=India |title=Col Ranveer Jamwal-led NIMAS team creates history, completes 6-nation cycling expedition |url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/defence-ministry/mod/col-ranveer-jamwal-led-nimas-team-creates-history-completes-6-nation-cycling-expedition-5755 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.indiasentinels.com}}</ref>

== Rescue operations ==
Jamwal has participated in several high-altitude rescue operations, including:

* Mount Nanda Devi East (2007)
* Mount Chaukhamba (2008)
* Mount Naini Post, Gurez Valley, Jammu and Kashmir (2009)
* Mount Kedar Dome (2012)
* Everest Base Camp (2015)

== Awards and recognition ==
Jamwal has received several military and civilian honours in recognition of his achievements in mountaineering:

* [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2013) and Bar to Vishisht Seva Medal (2014)
* [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2020-09-04 |title=Colonel Ranveer Singh Jamwal: Mountaineer who helped soldiers gain heights in Spanggur Gap |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Sep/04/colonel-ranveer-singh-jamwal-mountaineer-who-helped-soldiers-gain-heights-in-spanggur-gap-2192269.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sena Medal]] (2022)
* Multiple Chief of Army Staff Commendation Cards (2010, 2012, 2017, 2019)
* Gold Medal for Excellence in Mountaineering from the [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]] (2018)
* Sher-e-Kashmir Award for Outstanding Sportsperson of Jammu and Kashmir (2016)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamwal, Ranveer}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Summiteers of the Seven Summits]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of Indian Mountaineering Foundation's Gold Medal]]
[[Category:People from Samba district]]

Meghasandesam (2001 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:15Z

Vineettandon: made a details needs work - done

{{short description|2001 film by Rajasenan}}
{{for|the 1982 Telugu-language film|Meghasandesam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meghasandesam
| image = Megasandesam.jpg
| director = [[Rajasenan]]
| producer = Saji
| writer = [[Suresh Poduval]] M. Sindhuraj
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajshri Nair]] [[Samyuktha Varma]] [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]
| narrator = [[Rajasenan]]
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] [[Ouseppachan]] (Background score)
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|04|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Meghasandesam''''' ({{Translation|Message from the Clouds}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[horror film]] directed by [[Rajasenan]] and starring [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajshri Nair]], [[Samyuktha Varma]] and [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1650235&u=samyuktha-not-just-co-actor-for-me-everything-started-with-meghasandesam|title='Samyuktha not just co-actor for me; everything started with Meghasandesam'|first=|last=|website=Kerala Kaumudi }}</ref>

==Plot==
Balagopal is a professor at a college. He is engaged to Anjali, an heir to a local royal family that owns a huge estate in Ooty.

Her father's brother tries to extort her. Balagopal goes to Ooty to help Anjali. On the way, he meets a girl, Rosy, who asks for a lift. On the way, they get to know each other and become good friends. After dropping her off, Balagopal notices a sweater left by Rosy. He goes back to return it to Rosy. While at Rosy's home, he realises that she was long dead. On coming back to the [[bungalow]], he meets Rosy's ghost, who was waiting for him. She opens up to him about her past: "Rosy was a student in the same college as Balagopal, and she had a huge crush on him but never expressed it openly to him or met him in person. She decided to express her desire to him after getting permission from her parents, but on the way, she met with an accident and passed away."

Balagopal sympathises with Rosy and treats her as a friend. Rosy even helps Balagopal when goons sent by Anjali's uncle attack him. It all changes when she realises that Balagopal is in love with Anjali; she becomes possessive of him.

When Anjali and her family come to Ooty to stay with Balagopal, Rosy attempts multiple times to threaten her and kill her. To find a solution, Anjali approaches a priest in the church, who guides her to Fr. Rosario, who hails from a family of fabled exorcists. Fr. Rosario arrives and prevents many attacks of Rosy. He tries to talk to Rosy during a prayer session, during which he realizes that Rosy had denounced God, and her powers were becoming evil. When he discusses it with another priest, Fr. Rosario learns that Rosy had not been baptized since her father was an atheist. It was also the reason for Rosy's spirit to denounce God. When Rosy's father learns of his daughter's fate, he agrees to undergo baptism for her benefit. Fr. Rosario plans to agitate Rosy and bring out the evil in her so that when her body is baptized, it dies. Fr. Rosario plans to conduct the wedding of both Anjali and Balagopal. During the wedding, Rosy attacks in full fury, becoming a total evil spirit. However, she returns to her calm form after being baptized.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Balagopal / Balu
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajshri Nair]] as Rosy Samuel, Balu's ex-Lover
*[[Samyuktha Varma]] as Anjali Varma, Balu's fiancée
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as [[Priest|Fr]]. Rosario (extended cameo)
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Easwara Varma, Anjali's father
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Kuttikrishnan, Balu's friend
*[[Indrans]] as Thommi, Balu's servant
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Samuel, Rosy's father
*[[Urmila Unni]] as Mariya, Rosy's mother
*[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Kavitha, Rosy's friend
*Karakulam Chandran as Mahendra Varma
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as college professor
*[[K. T. S. Padannayil]] as Chandran Nair
*[[Geetha Salam]] as Rosy's grandfather
*Sreekala as Rosy's grandmother
*Dr. Jayan as Mahendra Varma's advocate
*[[Jayan Cherthala]]
*Ullaass as a friend of Rosy Samuel
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Malayalam horror films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0319841|Megha Sandesham}}

{{Rajasenan}}

[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2001 horror films]]
[[Category:2001 romance films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasenan]]

Philip Meadows Taylor

2026-03-01T17:39:44Z

Vineettandon: starting a entry

{{Short description|British India administrator and novelist (1808–1876)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|honorific-prefix = [[Colonel]]
|name = Philip Meadows Taylor
|honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CSI}}
|image = MeadowsTaylor (cropped).jpg
|caption = Taylor in 1873
|birth_name = Philip Meadows Taylor
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1808|09|25}}
|birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1876|05|13|1808|09|25}}
|death_place = [[Menton, France|Menton]], France
|occupation =
|years_active =
|notable_works = ''[[Confessions of a Thug (novel)|Confessions of a Thug]]''
}}

[[Colonel]] '''Philip Meadows Taylor''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI}} (25 September 1808 – 13 May 1876), an administrator in [[British India]] and a novelist, made notable contributions to public knowledge of [[South India]]. Though largely self-taught, he was a [[polymath]], working alternately as a judge, engineer, artist, and [[man of letters]].

==Life and writings==
Taylor was born in [[Liverpool]], England, where his father, Philip Meadows Taylor, was a merchant. His mother was Jane Honoria Alicia, daughter of Bertram Mitford of [[Mitford Castle]], [[Northumberland]].<ref name="ODNB">[[Richard Garnett (writer)|Richard Garnett]] (rev. David Washbrook): "Taylor, Philip Meadows (1808–1876)" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP) [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/27066/] Retrieved 13 May 2018.]</ref>

At the age of 15, Taylor was sent out to India to become a clerk to a [[Bombay]] merchant, Mr Baxter.<ref name="ODNB"/> However, Baxter was in financial difficulties, and in 1824 Taylor gladly accepted a commission in the service of the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], with which he remained dutifully attached throughout his long career. He was speedily transferred from military duty to a civil appointment, and in this capacity acquired a proficient knowledge of the languages and the people of southern India.{{sfn |Chisholm |1911}}

Meanwhile, Taylor studied the laws, geology and the antiquities of the country and became an early expert on [[megalith]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA332 |title=God-apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia - Kenneth A. R. Kennedy - Google Books |isbn=9780472110131 |accessdate=5 October 2013 |last1=Kennedy |first1=Kenneth A. R. |year=2000}}</ref> See more at [[South Asian Stone Age#Neolithic|South Asian Stone Age]]. He was alternately judge, engineer, artist, and a man of letters.
[[File:Nandi temple.png|thumb|left|Pen and ink sketch of [[Bhoga Nandeeshwara Temple]] by Taylor, c. 1834]]
While on furlough in England in 1840, he published the first of his Indian novels, ''[[Confessions of a Thug (novel)|Confessions of a Thug]]'', in which he reproduced the scenes which he had heard about the [[Thuggee]] cult, described by the chief actors in them. This book was followed by a series of tales, ''Tippoo Sultaun'' (1840), ''Tara'' (1863), ''Ralph Darnell'' (1865), ''Seeta'' (1872), and ''A Noble Queen'' (1878), all illustrating periods in Indian history and society and giving prominence to the native character, institutions and traditions, for which he had great regard. ''Seeta'' in particular was remarkable for a sympathetic, romantic portrayal of the marriage between a British civil servant and a Hindu widow just before the [[Indian Mutiny]]. Taylor himself is thought to have married in about 1830, although his autobiography states 1840,<ref name="ODNB"/> to Mary Palmer, daughter of William Palmer (1780-1867) who was the son of General William Palmer (1740-1816) and his second wife Bibi Faiz Bakhsh ‘Faiz-un-Nisa’ Begum (died 1828) .<ref>Philip Meadows Taylor ''The Story of My Life'' (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons) 1877 pp. 62–63.</ref> Returning to India he acted, from 1840 to 1853 as a correspondent for ''[[The Times]]'' and wrote a ''Student's Manual of the History of India'' (1870).{{sfn |Chisholm |1911}}

About 1850, Meadows Taylor was appointed by the Nizam's government to administer, during a long minority, the principality of the young [[Raja Venkatappa Nayaka]]. He succeeded without European assistance in raising this small territory to a high degree of prosperity. Such was his influence with the natives that during the Indian Mutiny in 1857, he held his ground without military support.

Colonel Taylor, whose merits were recognized and acknowledged by then by the British government of India – although he had never been in the service of the [[British East India Company|Company]] – was subsequently appointed Deputy Commissioner of the western "[[Ceded Districts]]". He succeeded in establishing a new assessment of revenues that was more equitable to cultivators and more productive to the government. By perseverance he had risen from the condition of a half-educated youth without patronage, and without even the support of the Company, to the successful government of some of the most important provinces of India, {{convert|36000|sqmi|km2}} in extent with a population of over five million.{{sfn |Chisholm |1911}}

He received an [[Order of the Star of India]] on his retirement from service in 1860 and was given a pension.<ref name="ODNB"/> In 1875 his sight failed, and on medical advice, he decided to spend the winter in India but contracted [[Tropical disease|jungle fever]]. He died in [[Menton]], France, on his way home, on 13 May 1876.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Contributions to Gulburga==
[[File:Meadows_Taylor_1840.jpg|thumb|Taylor in 1840]]
Taylor made several contributions to the [[Gulburga]] region in India by initiating a number of reforms. He encouraged the improvement of agriculture, opened up job opportunities, started schools and improved infrastructure. He was known to spend his own money on providing drought relief. The local people began calling him "Mahadev Baba". Taylor undertook notable archaeological excavations in Gulburga, publishing his findings in the ''Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy'' and the ''Journal of The Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''.<ref name=DH-Sirnoorkar>{{Cite news |last1=Sirnoorkar |first1=Srinivas |title=It's a Taylor-made task |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/369672/its-taylor-made-task.html |accessdate=21 January 2015 |issue=Bangalore |work=Deccan Herald|date=19 November 2013}}</ref>

==Tributes==
[[Richard Garnett (writer)|Richard Garnett]] commented, "His ''Confessions of a Thug'' is a classic adventure novel, which inspired the young of several imperial generations and was much imitated by other colonial fiction writers for over a century."<ref name="ODNB"/>

Rich tributes were paid to Taylor, by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in its ''History of Indian Archaeology 1784–1947'' by Sourindranath Roy. Taylor's archaeological work is acknowledged there as highly significant.<ref name=DH-Sirnoorkar/>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
* ''[[Confessions of a Thug (novel)|Confessions of a Thug]]'' (1839 2nd ed., London, 1873)
* ''Tippoo Sultaun: The Tale of the [[Mysore]] War'' (1840)
* ''Tara: A [[Maratha]] Tale'' (Edinburgh/London: 1863)
* ''Ralph Darnell'' (1865)
* ''Seeta'' (London: 1872)
* ''A Noble Queen: A Romance of Indian History'' (London: 1878)

===Non-fiction===
* ''The Megalithic Tombs and other Ancient Remains in the [[Deccan]]'' (reprint, Hyderabad, 1941)
* ''The Student's Manual of the History of [[India]]'' (London, 1871)

===Posthumous publications===
* ''The Story of My Life'' (London, 1877)
* ''Tobacco – a Farmer's Crop'' (1886)
* ''The Letters to Henry Reeve'' (1947)<ref>Details from British Library catalogue [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&ct=search&initialSearch=true&mode=Basic&tab=local_tab&indx=1&dum=true&srt=rank&vid=BLVU1&frbg=&tb=t&vl%28freeText0%29=Philip+Meadows+Taylor&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&vl%28488279563UI0%29=any&vl%28488279563UI0%29=title&vl%28488279563UI0%29=any Retrieved 13 May 2018.]</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Philip Meadows Taylor Escutcheon.png
|escutcheon = Sable a lion passant Argent in chief a trefoil slipped Or.
|crest = A leopard passant Proper charged on the shoulder with a trefoil slipped Vert.
|motto = Incorrupta Fides
|notes = Confirmed 24 January 1870 by [[Sir John Bernard Burke]], [[Ulster King of Arms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000529194/StaffViewMARC#tabnav |publisher=National Archives of Ireland |accessdate=31 January 2023 |title=Grants and Confirmations of Arms, Vol. G |page=226}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{EB1911 |wstitle=Taylor, Philip Meadows |volume=26 }}
*{{Cite DNB |wstitle=Taylor, Meadows |volume=55 |first=Richard|last= Garnett}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author |id=42684|name=Philip Meadows Taylor}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Philip Meadows Taylor |sopt=t}}
* Philip Meadows Taylor. ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924013558162 The story of my life, by M. Taylor. Ed. by his daughter (A.M. Taylor)]''. Oxford University, 1882
* Philip Meadows Taylor. ''[https://archive.org/details/confessionsofthu03tayl Confessions of a Thug]''. Oxford University Press, 1839
* Philip Meadows Taylor. ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924013558139 Tippoo Sultaun; a tale of the Mysore war]'' C K Paul, 1880
* David Finkelstein [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919035540/http://www.victoriansecrets.co.uk/victorian-fiction-research-guides/philip-meadows-taylor/ Philip Meadows Taylor – Victorian Fiction Research Guide]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Philip Meadows}}
[[Category:1808 births]]
[[Category:1876 deaths]]
[[Category:Novelists from Liverpool]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:19th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:British male novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British historians]]
[[Category:British autobiographers]]
[[Category:British male autobiographers]]
[[Category:British Army officers]]

Janaawar – The Beast Within

2026-02-21T02:09:18Z

Vineettandon:

{{short description|2025 Indian crime drama streaming series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Janaawar - The Beast Within.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime drama]]
| creator =
| writer = Shreyas Lowlekar Sonalii Gupta Srivastava
| screenplay = Shreyas Lowlekar
| director = Sachindra Vats
| starring = [[Bhuvan Arora]] Bhagwan Tiwari [[Atul Kale]] Vinod Suryavanshi Eshika Dey
| music = Sreejith Edavana
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = Abhishek Rege Harish Shah Dinesh Khetann
| cinematography = Rahul Nayak
| editor = Shachindra Vats
| runtime =
| company = Aarambh Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Janaawar – The Beast Within''''' is an Indian [[crime drama]] streaming television series<ref>{{cite web |last=Behera |first=Pritinanda |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar'' review: Bhuvan Arora crime drama on caste and humanity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/janaawar-review-bhuvan-arora-crime-drama-on-caste-and-humanity-2793586-2025-09-26 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref> directed by Sachindra Vats and starring [[Bhuvan Arora]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=26 September 2025 |title=Review: Two-legged animals abound in murder mystery ''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1087004/review-two-legged-animals-abound-in-murder-mystery-janaawar-the-beast-within |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> The series follows a police investigation into a string of brutal murders in the fictional town of Chhand. It premiered on 26 September 2025 on [[ZEE5]]. It is a remake of the 2022 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] series [[Vilangu (TV series)|Vilangu]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' series review: A sincere Bhuvan Arora leads a simplistic crime thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2025/Sep/26/janaawarthe-beast-within-series-review-a-sincere-bhuvan-arora-leads-a-simplistic-crime-thriller |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/janaawar-the-beast-within/season-1/seasonreview/124059524.cms |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in the restless town of Chhand, the series follows Sub-Inspector Hemant Kumar as he investigates a case that expands into multiple killings. The narrative explores themes of identity, prejudice and survival while confronting entrenched social hierarchies.

== Cast ==

* [[Bhuvan Arora]] as SI Hemant Kumar
* Bhagwan Tiwari as DSP Anirudh Pathak
* [[Atul Kale]] as Inspector Dayanand Kosle
* Vinod Suryavanshi as Motilal Sharma
* Eshika Dey as ASI Vimla Ecka
* Badrul Islam as Kailash
* Deeksha Sonalkar Tham as Garima Hemant Kumar
* Niti Kaushik as Manda
* Amit Sharma as Constable Bichindra
* Vaibhav Yashvir as ASI Balwant Pandey
* Vinod Suryavanshi as Motilal Sharma
* Aaradhya Sahu as Garima Sahu
* Alok Mishra as MLA Jagtap
* Pushpendra Singh as Ganesh Chandrakar

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |directorR= |writerR= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Devta Aur Dand
|DirectedBy = Shachindra Vats
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = SI Hemant’s request for leave is cancelled when he is tasked with two urgent investigations: the disappearance of MLA Jagtap’s brother, Sarju, and a gold theft. The case escalates when a mutilated body is discovered in the forest.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Aur Ek Ganth
|DirectedBy = Shachindra Vats
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Hemant and his team search for the missing head of the corpse. Shambhu, a local man, is detained and interrogated harshly. Meanwhile, Hemant’s wife Garima gives birth to their son.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Jaati, Kabhi Nahi Jaati
|DirectedBy = Shachindra Vats
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The protests of tribal villagers over Shambhu’s arrest intensify as the mystery surrounding Sarju’s death grows deeper. Hemant struggles with the tension between his personal identity and his duty as an officer.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Purana Paap
|DirectedBy = Shachindra Vats
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Mamaji and Gopi are arrested in connection with Sarju’s murder and confess under pressure, but Hemant notices irregularities in their account. To his shock, the evidence begins to point towards Kailash, a long-trusted ally of the police.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Apsara
|DirectedBy = Shachindra Vats
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Kailash is taken into custody and reveals details about his wife, Manda, and his connection to Sarju’s case. The disclosure unsettles Hemant and raises further questions about the true chain of events.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Aur Kaun?
|DirectedBy = Shachindra Vats
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The team is stunned by Kailash’s confession, but new revelations suggest the case is far from solved. Suspecting Kailash’s involvement in additional crimes, Hemant devises a strategy to test his claims.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Sala, Janaawar!
|DirectedBy = Shachindra Vats
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|09|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Kailash retracts parts of his statement, alleging coercion by the DSP. Hemant faces the threat of being transferred to a Naxal-affected area and, burdened by family concerns, pleads with Kailash to protect his son’s future.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
}}

== Release ==
ZEE5 announced that the series would premiere on 26 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' review – A raw, uneven but engaging crime thriller |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/janaawar-the-best-within-review-a-raw-uneven-but-engaging-crime-thriller-article-13580518.html |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' review – Bhuvan Arora leads a predictable tale of haunting crime, humanity and survival |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/janaawar-the-beast-within-review-bhuvan-arora-leads-a-predictable-tale-of-haunting-crime-humanity-and-survival/997b8f8150786 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' review – A thriller that will nibble at your curiosity featuring Bhuvan Arora, Bhagwan Tiwari |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/janaawar-the-beast-within-review-a-thriller-that-will-nibble-at-your-curiosity-featuring-bhuvan-arora-bhagwan-tiwari |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Pritinanda Behera of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the series 3.5 out of 5 and described ''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' as a gripping crime drama that interweaves suspense with the realities of caste and identity in small-town India. She praised Bhuvan Arora’s portrayal of Sub-Inspector Hemant Kumar as mature and humane, noting that his bond with a tea-seller facing caste bias was one of the most moving aspects of the series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Behera |first=Pritinanda |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar'' review: Bhuvan Arora crime drama on caste and humanity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/janaawar-review-bhuvan-arora-crime-drama-on-caste-and-humanity-2793586-2025-09-26 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' remarked that "Bhuvan Arora, who is usually cast in supporting roles, turns out an efficient performance as the dedicated cop."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=26 September 2025 |title=Review: Two-legged animals abound in murder mystery ''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1087004/review-two-legged-animals-abound-in-murder-mystery-janaawar-the-beast-within |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Shreyas Pande of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the show 2 out of 5, noting that "The show needed to be a bit more open, a bit less hesitant and a tad more dense to be true to the bleak nature of its themes. Right now, it just brushes away the conflict. The plot doesn’t thicken; the ideas don’t marinate. It just remains a sum total of its parts but never quite comes together as a whole".<ref>{{cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' series review: A sincere Bhuvan Arora leads a simplistic crime thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2025/Sep/26/janaawarthe-beast-within-series-review-a-sincere-bhuvan-arora-leads-a-simplistic-crime-thriller |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

Sreeparna Sengupta from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3 out of 5 stars, writing that "This crime-thriller series keeps the intrigue going but falters in places".<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/janaawar-the-beast-within/season-1/seasonreview/124059524.cms |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[Network18 Group|Moneycontrol]]'' gave it 3 out of 5, describing the series as "raw, uneven but engaging," acknowledging its flaws in execution but crediting its exploration of caste and morality for elevating it beyond a routine thriller.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' review – A raw, uneven but engaging crime thriller |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/janaawar-the-best-within-review-a-raw-uneven-but-engaging-crime-thriller-article-13580518.html |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> Arpita Sarkar of ''[[HT Media|OTTPlay]]'' rated the show 3 out of 5 and observed that it delivered a "predictable tale of haunting crime, humanity, and survival," praising Arora’s acting but suggesting the writing left little room for surprise.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' review – Bhuvan Arora leads a predictable tale of haunting crime, humanity and survival |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/janaawar-the-beast-within-review-bhuvan-arora-leads-a-predictable-tale-of-haunting-crime-humanity-and-survival/997b8f8150786 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=OTTPlay}}</ref> Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' wrote that "this is not the beast that will devour you, but it will nibble at your curiosity until you’ve clicked through all episodes. A solid binge, if not a lasting memory."<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' review – A thriller that will nibble at your curiosity featuring Bhuvan Arora, Bhagwan Tiwari |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/janaawar-the-beast-within-review-a-thriller-that-will-nibble-at-your-curiosity-featuring-bhuvan-arora-bhagwan-tiwari |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

Sumit Rajguru of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the series 2 out of 5 and labeled it "a twisted tale that tests patience," criticizing its slow burn and occasional lack of narrative clarity.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar'' review: Bhuvan Arora show is twisted tale that tests patience |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/janaawar-review-bhuvan-arora-show-is-twisted-tale-that-tests-patience-review-152894308 |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Times Now}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 emphasizing Arora’s performance as the most impressive aspect, describing the series as an atmospheric whodunit that stood out despite familiar tropes.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar'' web series review: Bhuvan Arora impresses the most in this atmospheric whodunit |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/janaawar-web-series-review-bhuvan-arora-impresses-the-most-in-this-atmospheric-whodunit-13937000.html |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Rekha Khan of ''[[Navbharat Times]]'' highlighted the show’s rootedness in rural India and its focus on caste issues, noting that the authenticity of its setting and performances were its strongest points.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' web series review in Hindi |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/web-series/review/janaawar-the-beast-within-web-series-review-in-hindi-starring-bhuvan-arora-bhagwan-tiwari-atul-kale-directed-by-shachindra-vats-zee5/moviereview/124152907.cms |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Navbharat Times}}</ref> ''[[Navodaya Times]]'' echoed this view, praising the rural setting and performances while underlining its commentary on caste.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=''Janaawar: The Beast Within'' review in Hindi |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/filmi-duniya/janaawar-the-beast-within-review-in-hindi/276438/ |access-date=26 September 2025 |work=Navodaya Times}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=38390994}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/janaawar-the-beast-within/0-6-4z5824829 Janaawar – The Beast Within]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Chandrakiran Sonrexa

2026-02-19T09:53:07Z

Vineettandon: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian author (1920–2009)}}
{{Writer
| name = Chandrakiran Sonrexa
| occupation = Script writer, editor
| years_active = 1956–1978
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| pseudonym = Chhaya, Jyotsna
| birth_name = Kumari Chandrakiran
| birth_date = {{birth-date|19 October 1920}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|18 May 2009|19 October 1920}}
| birth_place = [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]], Peshawar, British India
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| awards = {{ubl|1946: Seksaria Award on "Adamkhor" by Akhil Bhartiya Sahitya Sammelan
|1987: Saraswat Samman from Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Academy.
|1988: Subhdra Kumari Chauhan Gold Medal by UP Sahitya Sammelan.
|2001: Rs 1 lakh Hindi Sahitya Academy (Delhi) award for being the best Hindi woman writer of the century}}
| education = Passed lower middle in 1933 from Mission Middle
School, Meerut (Sadar), later studied at home and passed prabhakar, Visharad and Sahitya Ratna in Hindi. The last equivalent to BA, in Hindi
| spouse = Shri Kanti Chandra Sonrexa, a writer journalist, photographer who later joined provincial civil service in U.P Cadre
| notable_works = Pinjare Ke Maina (Autobiography), Adamkhor, Den' Rozhdennii︠a︡
| language = Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati and English
| image = CK Sonrexa BW.jpg
}}

'''Chandrakiran Sonrexa''' (also written as '''Candrakiraṇa Saunareksā''';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Saunareksā, Candrakiraṇa, 1920- LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89209357.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130095756/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n89209357.html |archive-date=2020-11-30|website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Saunareksā|first=Candrakiraṇa|title=Saunareksā, Candrakiraṇa 1920- [WorldCat Identities]|url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89209357/|website=WorldCat Identites}}</ref> 19 October 1920 – 18 May 2009) was a writer of Hindi literature. Her writings in Hindi,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Chandrakiran Sonrexa|url=https://www.pustak.org/index.php/books/authorbooks/Chandrakiran%20Saunrexa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819072641/http://pustak.org/index.php/books/authorbooks/Chandrakiran%20Saunrexa |archive-date=2016-08-19 |website=Bhartiya Sahitya Sangrah}}</ref> spanning a period of 75 years have been published and translated in several languages including [[Russian language|Russian]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Saunareksā|first=Candrakiraṇa|title=Denʹ rozhdenii︠a︡|publisher=Moskva Izd|year=1962|language=ru|trans-title=Birthday|lccn=67056666}}</ref> [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Saunareksā|first1=Candrakiraṇa|title=Férfiasság : Indiai elbeszélések női szemmel|last2=Bangha|first2=Imre|publisher=Csíkszereda : Pallas-Akadémia|year=2010|isbn=9789736653018|language=hu|trans-title=Manliness: Indian Short Stories through a Woman's Eye|oclc=895364296}}</ref> [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and English and also several Indian languages. She worked as a Script writer and Editor at [[All India Radio]], [[Lucknow]] for over two decades (1957–1979). In 2001 she was awarded the title of Best Woman Hindi Short Story Writer of the 20th century by [[Hindi Academy]] (Delhi) and was presented the award by [[Sheila Dikshit]], [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]].

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Chandrakiran's father was a storekeeper in the military which was a transferable job. He was posted at Naushera in [[Peshawar]] (now in Pakistan) in 1920 where Chandrakiran, his last child, was born. The date or “Tithi” according to the [[Hindu calendar]] was [[Saptami]] of [[Durga]] [[Navaratri|Navratri]] in the month of 'Aashwin' (October). By the time she was one and a half year old her father was transferred to [[Meerut]] in U.P. (United Province then and [[Uttar Pradesh]] now). At first the family rented a house in Rajban Bazar. But in 1923 shifted to Sadar Kabaadi Bazar which was a timber market. Their house was near Bholanath Temple.

=== Education ===
Chandrakiran's first school was Sadar Kanya Pathshala where she was admitted in class one in July 1926. She studied up to class 4th in this school and received a double promotion twice. Thus she cleared four classes in two years. For class 5th she joined Sadar mission school, which was run by Christian missionaries.

She was a very bright student who though always the youngest in class, was exceptionally good at all subjects especially Mathematics, Hindi, Geography. The only subject she could not cope with was drawing. A favorite of all the teachers, Chandrakiran often had to face the jealousy and bullying of her older classmates.

=== Influence of the Indian freedom movement ===
In the year 1931, when [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] was spreading all over the country she too started to wear [[Khadi]] (hand-spun cotton cloth). At the age of eleven she longed to participate in the sit-ins to protest at shops selling foreign liquor or clothes, and wanted to join the congress party. She was ready to court arrest even; of course she was not allowed to do any of these by her loving father, who doted on her.

=== Exposure to literature ===
A voracious reader, Chandrakiran devoured any printed matter she could lay her hands on - Hindi/Urdu stories, novels, poems, magazines - besides her text books. She finished '[[Ramcharitmanas|Ramcharit Manas]]', [[Kabir]]'s 'Sakhi-Sabad Ramaini' and 'Sukh-Sagar' even though she could not fully understand them. She read '[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]' in translation in a serialized form in an Urdu magazine. She finished entire works of renowned Hindi writers like [[Premchand]], Kaushik and Sudarshan. Magazines like 'Madhuri, Saraswati Chand' etc., were borrowed from the neighbors. Even books which her elder sister prohibited her from reading – '[[Devdas]]' of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay|Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] or 'Hatimtaai' - were read on the sly. Because of the speed with which she finished reading entire volumes, and was a chatter box as well, her brother Kanhaiya Lal called her 'Peshawar Mail'.

=== First published work ===
She wrote her first story titled 'Achhoot' (the untouchable) about the tough life of a village boy of low-caste (who later became an officer, having been educated and converted to [[Christianity]] by a priest), at the age of 11 only. It was sent for publication in the magazine 'Vijay' from [[Calcutta]] with a note to the editor to print it if found worthy otherwise to be thrown in the trash bin, but not to be sent back. It was signed by her without any address of the writer. But perhaps the editor found the city's name from the stamp of the envelope, hence it carried her name as 'Kumari Chandrakiran', [[Meerut]]. Her family and neighbors guessed that it was she, since her name was a rare one. She had expected a reprimand but received praise instead. And her writing career started.

=== Parents' demise ===
She was admitted in Class 8th in Raghunath Girl's High School by her father, despite her eldest brother's opposition. But fate willed otherwise. Her mother, who was a diabetic, fell seriously ill. Since there was no other female in the house to carry the household chores or look offer her mother, her studies came to an abrupt end. On October 10, 1933, when Chandrakiran was 9 days short of her 13th birthday, her mother left this world. Post her demise, she confined herself to the four walls of her home, pursuing whatever studies she could, while running the household. In April 1936 she lost her father too.

== Published works ==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== Novels ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Description
!Length (Pages)
!Publisher
!ISBN
!Cover Image
|-
|1962, 2008
|''Chandan Chandni''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Chandan Chandni|publisher=Mitra Prakashan|year=1962|isbn=81-86306-49-8|location=|pages=|oclc=19892092}}</ref>
|
|275
|Mitra Prakashan,
Samanantar Prakashan
|81-86306-49-8
|
|-
|1972, 2008
|''Vanchita''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Vanchita|publisher=Samānāntara Prakāśana|year=2008|isbn=9788186306482|location=|pages=|oclc=239253479}}</ref>
|
|120
|Lokchetna Prakashan,
Samantar Prakashan
|
|
|-
|2003, 2008
|''Kahin Se Kahin Nahin''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Kahin Se Kahin Nahin|publisher=Adiba Books|year=2008|isbn=9788189592066|location=|pages=|oclc=432588663}}</ref>
|
|216
|Muhim Prakashan,
Adiba Books
|81-8164-001-2
|
|-
|2003
|''Aur Diya Jalta Raha''
|
|127
|Muhim Prakashan
|81-8164-004-7
|
|}

== Collection of short stories ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Description
!Length (Pages)
!Publisher
!ISBN
!Cover Image
|-
|1946
|''AadamKhor''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Aadamkhor|publisher=Sarasvati Pustak Mandir|year=1944|isbn=|location=|pages=|oclc=40555146}}</ref>
|
|184
|Saraswati Press
|
|
|-
|1962
|Birthday
|Translated in Russian as "Den' Rozhdenniia"<ref name=":4" />
|76
|Moskva Izd
|67056666 (LCCN)
|
|-
|1990
|''Jawan Mitti''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Jawan Mitti|publisher=Pratibha Pratishthana|year=1990|isbn=|location=|pages=|oclc=24216709}}</ref>
|
|264
|Prathibha Pratishthan
|
|
|-
|2002
|''Jaggo Tai''
|
|
|[[National Book Trust]]
|978-81-237-4120-8
|
|-
|2007
|''A Class Ka Qaidi''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=A Class Ka Qaidi|publisher=Literacy House|year=2007|isbn=978-8188435272|location=|pages=|oclc=190842926}}</ref>
|
|183
|Literacy House
|81-88435-27-9
|
|-
|2007
|''Doosra Bachcha''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Doosra Bachcha|publisher=Itihas Shodh Sansthan|year=2007|isbn=978-8180710643|location=|pages=|oclc=227064401}}</ref>
|
|174
|Itihas Shodh Sansthan
|81-8073-064-5
|
|-
|2007
|''Saudamini''
|
|176
|Sharda Prakashan
|81-85023-39-5
|
|-
|2007
|''Vey Bhediye''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Ve Bhediye|publisher=Parag Prakashan|year=2007|isbn=978-8174680457|location=|pages=|oclc=182969213}}</ref>
|
|181
|[[:hi:पराग प्रकाशन|Parag Prakashan]]
|81-7468-045-4
9788180990625
|
|-
|2007
|''Hirni''
|
|174
|Sharda Prakashan
|81-8070-052-6
|
|-
|2008
|Meri Priaya Kahaniyaan<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Meri Priya Kahaniyan|publisher=Purvodaya Publication|year=2008|isbn=978-8170370864|location=|pages=|oclc=232392813}}</ref>
|
|350
|Purvodaya Prakshan
|81-7037-086-8
|
|-
|2011
|Ferfiassag<ref name=":5" />
|Collection of 15 stories in Hungarian
|
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Nasamajh''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Nasamajh|publisher=D J Publications|year=2011|isbn=9789380786148|location=|pages=|oclc=759083043}}</ref>
|
|
|DJ Publications
|978-93-80786-14-8
|
|-
|2011
|''Aadha Kamra''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Aadha Kamra|publisher=Eastend Publication|year=2011|isbn=978-9380807096|location=|pages=|oclc=759083039}}</ref>
|
|
|Eastend Publications
|978-93-80807-09-6
|
|-
|2011
|''Khuda Ki Den''
|
|
|
|93-80784-12-0
|
|-
|2011
|''Udhar Ka Sukh''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sonrexa|first=Chandra Kiran|title=Udhara Ka Sukha|publisher=Nalanda Prakashan|year=2011|isbn=978-8180730696|location=|pages=|oclc=757173765}}</ref>
|
|
|Nalanda Prakshan
|81-8073-069-7
|
|}

== Children drama/stories (2008) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Description
!Length (Pages)
!Publisher
!ISBN
!Cover Image
|-
|
|''Pashu Pakshi Sammelan''
|Drama Collection
|
|
|
|
|-
|2008
|''Jinhone Itihaas Racha''
|''Bharat Ke Veero ki Kahaniyan''
|
|Akshay Prakshan
|81-8077-023-0
|
|-
|2008
|Shishe Ke Mahal
|Novel
|
|Antara Prakashan
|81-8079-036-3
|
|-
|2007
|Bhondu Aur Golu
|Story
|
|[[National Book Trust]]
|978-81-237-5112-2
|
|-
|2008
|Damyanti
|Novel
|
|Akshay Prakshan
|81-8077-021-4
|
|}

=== Other ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Description
!Length (Pages)
!Publisher
!ISBN
!Cover Image
|-
|2008
|''Peedhiyon Ke Pul''
|Collection of Street Plays
|128
|Antara Prakashan
|81-8079-035-5
|
|-
|2008
|''Pinjrey Ki Maina''
|Autobiography
|416
|Purvodaya Prakashan
|81-7037-085-X
|
|}

== International publications ==
*In 1962, sponsored by Academician E.P. Chelishave, a collection of best stories was published in Russian language as "Den' Rozhdenniia"<ref name=":4" /> the title story being "Birthday".
*Story on Family Planning "Grihasthi Ka Sukh" written in the fifties was selected among 10 best stories of Asia and Africa by the government of Czechoslovakia and published in collection named "Rodini Stati". It was translated by Professor Odolen Smekel (Later Czech Ambassador to India).
*Collection of 19 Hindi stories<ref>{{Cite web| title=Publications - Imre Bangha | url=https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/files/publicationsibanghapdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430015117/https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/files/publicationsibanghapdf | archive-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> has been translated into English at the [[University of Oxford]] under the guidance of head of the department at the [[Faculty of Oriental Studies]] ([https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/people/imre-bangha Dr Imre Bangha]).
*Stories have been in the prescribed text at the [[University of London]], [[University of Oxford]] in the UK and [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]].

== Publications in Indian magazines and Indian languages ==
Her poems have been published in Kadambini, Naya Gyanodaya etc.

A very large number of stories have been translated in several Indian languages like Bengali magazines Basumati, Prabasi, and Mahila Mangal, Punjabi magazines Preetalahiri, Tamil magazine Kalki, Urdu magazines Saqi and Ajkal.

== Research projects ==
Doctorates awarded for research projects on her works.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Researcher
!Publisher
!Title
|-
|1992
|Dr. Kuntal Kumari
|Aman Prakshan
|[https://lccn.loc.gov/92907247 Srimati Chandrakiran Sonrexa Evam Sharatchandra ke Nari Patra]
|-
|2014
|Santosh Subhashrao Kulkarni
|
|[[hdl:10603/244362|Chandrakiran Sonrexsa ke kathasahitya me vyakta stri jivan ke vividh roop]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

== Film made for TV ==
''Gumrah'', a Telefilm on [[Doordarshan]] on the topic of terrorism in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]

== Honors and awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Description
!Awarded By
|-
|1946
|Seksaria Award
|Awarded for collection of short stories titled "Adamkhor"
|Akhil Bhartiya Sahitya Sammelan
|-
|1987
|Saraswat Samman
|
|Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Academy
|-
|1988
|Subhdra Kumari Chauhan Gold Medal
|
|UP Sahitya Sammelan
|-
|2001
|Best Hindi woman writer of the century
|
|Hindi Sahitya Academy (Delhi)
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Saunareksa%CC%84%2C+Candrakiran%CC%A3a&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25 Library of Congress]
* [https://en.isabart.org/person/61957 The Fine Art Archive]
* [https://data.bnf.fr/16901112/chandra_kiran_sonrexa/ BnF]
* [https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1458262 Trove]
* [https://www.rac.ac.in/pagination/index/6170 Rajasthan Education Society]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqlM-iFvDFE&t=50s A presentation on Chandrakiran Sonrexa]
* [https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-ChandrKiran-Sonrexa.cspx?id=2021 Hindi Samay]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonrexa, Chandrakiran}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nowshera District]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]

Karisma Kapoor filmography

2026-02-16T02:33:52Z

Vineettandon:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Featured list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
[[File:KarismaKapoor14.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=An image of Karisma Kapoor.|Kapoor at an event in 2013]]
[[Karisma Kapoor]] is an Indian actress widely known for her work in [[Hindi]] films. She made her acting debut in 1991 at the age of seventeen in the romance ''[[Prem Qaidi]]'', which was a box office hit.{{Sfn|Jain|2016|p=505}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-was-confident-of-Prem-Qaidi-Karisma-Kapur/articleshow/13251364.cms|title=I was confident of Prem Qaidi: Karisma Kapur|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 May 2012|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701094649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-was-confident-of-Prem-Qaidi-Karisma-Kapur/articleshow/13251364.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in successful ventures, drama ''[[Sapne Sajan Ke]]'' (1992), and action drama ''[[Jigar]]'' (1992). She had her first commercial success in a leading role in romantic action drama ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993), which was a moderate success and was one of the highest-grossing Hindi films of 1993.<ref name="Anari BoxOffice">{{cite web |title=Box Office 1993 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814154929/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Between 1993{{ndash}}1996 she featured in several highly successful films, including the comedy drama ''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]'' (1994), action drama ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'' (1994), action comedy ''[[Andaz (1994 film)|Andaz]]'' (1994), the comedies ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (1995), ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]'' (1996), and ''[[Hero No. 1]]'' (1997), and the action thriller ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]'' (1996). The success of these films marked a turning point in her career, and established Kapoor as one of the leading actresses in Hindi cinema.<ref name="FPJ">{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Karisma Kapoor: Doting mommy moments of the actress with kids Samaira and Kiaan |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-karisma-kapoor-doting-moments-of-the-actress-with-samaira-kiaan-and-taimur-ali-khan |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |agency=Indian National Press |date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731132424/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-karisma-kapoor-doting-moments-of-the-actress-with-samaira-kiaan-and-taimur-ali-khan |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kapoor's career prospects improved in 1996 when [[Dharmesh Darshan]] cast her in his romantic drama ''[[Raja Hindustani]]''. With worldwide earnings of {{INRConvert|763.4|m|lk=on}}, it emerged as the highest-grossing film of the year and the fourth highest-grossing film in India of the 1990s.<ref name="boxo2">{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999&year=1996 |title=Top Hits 1996 – Box Office India |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725162725/http://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999&year=1996 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned her praise from critics, and Kapoor won her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="TOIAwards">{{cite news |title=Karisma Kapoor Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Karisma-Kapoor/awards?from=mdr |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731132727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Karisma-Kapoor/awards?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, she received widespread recognition as well as the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] and [[Filmfare Award]] for Best Supporting Actress for portraying a headstrong dancer in ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'', a musical romantic drama produced by [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref name="Voguefacts">{{cite web |last1=Vanishka |first1=Jain |title=10 interesting facts about Karisma Kapoor that you probably didn't know |date=25 June 2021 |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/karisma-kapoor-secret-unknown-interesting-facts-bollywood-actor |publisher=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=31 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731131543/https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/karisma-kapoor-secret-unknown-interesting-facts-bollywood-actor |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, she played leading roles in several [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] films, including the comedies ''[[Biwi No.1]]'' (1999), the ensemble family drama ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]'' (1999), and the romantic comedy ''[[Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge]]'' (2000).<ref name="KapoorEE"/> Her acclaimed performance of a disillusioned sister of [[Hrithik Roshan]]'s character in the crime drama ''[[Fiza]]'' (2000) which earned her a second Best Actress award at Filmfare.<ref name="TOIAwards"/> The following year, she portrayed actress [[Zubeida Begum]] in the biographical drama ''[[Zubeidaa]]'' (2001), won her a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics)]].<ref name="TOIAwards"/> In 2002, she portrayed a troubled daughter-in-law in the revenge-seeking war drama ''[[Shakti: The Power]]''.<ref name="Shakti" />

In 2003, Kapoor married businessman Sanjay Kapur and took a sabbatical from the films.<ref name="Kapoor motherhood">{{cite news |title=Karisma Kapoor says taking a break from films after embracing motherhood had been a conscious decision |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karisma-kapoor-says-taking-a-break-from-films-after-embracing-motherhood-had-been-a-conscious-decision/articleshow/84171604.cms |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] (Entertainment Times) |agency=The Times Group |date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731134547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karisma-kapoor-says-taking-a-break-from-films-after-embracing-motherhood-had-been-a-conscious-decision/articleshow/84171604.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, she appeared in [[Sahara One]]'s television series ''[[Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny]]''<ref name=miracle>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/karishma-the-miracles-of-destiny/cast/734983/|title=Karishma: The Miracles of Destiny|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818154626/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/karishma-the-miracles-of-destiny/cast/734983/|url-status=live}}</ref> (2003–2004) and judged various reality shows, including the celebrity dance show ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' (2008–2009), during this time.<ref name="KapoorEE">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Mohnish |title=Karisma Kapoor shares video montage as she celebrates 30 years in Bollywood |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/karisma-kapoor-shares-video-montage-as-she-celebrates-30-years-in-bollywood/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[Eastern Eye]] |publisher=Ramniklal Solanki CBE |date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731133149/https://www.easterneye.biz/karisma-kapoor-shares-video-montage-as-she-celebrates-30-years-in-bollywood/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, she provided her voice for the role of Chhaya in the action thriller ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'', which broke many records upon its release. It became the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films#Biggest opening day|highest opening day grosser]], collecting {{INRConvert|1.03|b}} in its first week, thus becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films#Opening week net gross (first 7 days of release) in India|highest opening week grossing]].<ref name="Bodyguard Collection">{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Aniruddha |title=Salman Khan's Bodyguard pockets Rs20 cr on Day 1 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-salman-khan-s-bodyguard-pockets-rs20-cr-on-day-1-1582239 |access-date=13 August 2021 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |agency=[[Essel Group]] |date=1 September 2011 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813122136/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-salman-khan-s-bodyguard-pockets-rs20-cr-on-day-1-1582239 |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her acting comeback to films with the period drama ''[[Dangerous Ishhq]]'' (2012) in which she played four different characters, belonging to four different past lives. It proved to be a commercial failure yet earned Kapoor appreciation for her performance.<ref name="Rediff Review">{{cite news |last1=Banta |first1=Puja |title=Review: Dangerous Ishhq is regressive on many levels |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dangerous-ishhq-is-regressive-on-many-levels/20120511.htm |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731133650/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dangerous-ishhq-is-regressive-on-many-levels/20120511.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="KapoorIshq">{{cite news |title=Karisma Kapoor shares a happy picture with Kareena from sets; 'Always special shooting with bebo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karishma-kapoor-shares-a-happy-picture-with-kareena-from-sets-always-special-shooting-with-bebo/articleshow/84647243.cms |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=The Times Group |date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731133340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karishma-kapoor-shares-a-happy-picture-with-kareena-from-sets-always-special-shooting-with-bebo/articleshow/84647243.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> After the release of ''Dangerous Ishhq'', she again took a sabbatical from films.<ref name="Herald">{{cite news |title=Don't miss being in front of camera: Karisma Kapoor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dont-miss-being-front-camera-716434.html |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731134159/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dont-miss-being-front-camera-716434.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IANSKapoor">{{cite news |title=Karisma Kapoor on not doing films: It was my choice. I wanted to be at home |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/it-was-my-choice-not-to-do-films-for-a-while-karisma-kapoor-1531597-2019-05-22 |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |publisher=India Today |date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731134547/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/it-was-my-choice-not-to-do-films-for-a-while-karisma-kapoor-1531597-2019-05-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, she played a mother in the streaming television series ''[[Mentalhood]]''.

==Films==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|Karisma Kapoor's film credits}}
! scope=col| Year
! scope=col| Film
! scope=col| Role(s)
! scope=col class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope=col class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1991
! scope=row |''[[Prem Qaidi]]''
| Neelima
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Prem Qaidi1991">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Prem-Qaidi-Harish/dp/B006QGDO1E|title=Prem Qaidi|publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010710/https://www.amazon.in/Prem-Qaidi-Harish/dp/B006QGDO1E|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6| 1992
! scope=row| ''[[Police Officer (film)|Police Officer]]''
| Bijali
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Police Officer1992">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506828|title=Police Officer (1992)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155911/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506828|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | ''[[Jaagruti]]''
| Shalu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Jaagruti">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534804|title=Jagruti (1992)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920220806/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534804|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Nishchaiy]]''
| Payal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Nishchaiy1992">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55758|title=Nishchay|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617152645/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55758|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnfcBL_9FE0|title=Nishchaiy (1992) release|publisher=Saregama Movies (YouTube)|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818165225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnfcBL_9FE0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Sapne Sajan Ke]]''
| Jyoti
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="SSK1992">{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7d219e05|title=Sapne Sajan Ke (1992)|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310011952/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7d219e05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]]''
|{{sort|Saxena|Sapna Saxena}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Deedar1992">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deedar/|title=Deedar (1992)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214135628/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deedar/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Jigar]]''
| Suman
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Jigar">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539590|title=Jigar (1992)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617152642/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539590|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5| 1993
! scope=row| ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]''
| Rajnandini
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Anari1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538786|title=Anari (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617154949/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538786|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Muqabla (1993 film)|Muqabla]]''
| Karishma
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Muqabla1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539992|title=Muqabla (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155752/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539992|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Sangraam]]''
| Madhu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sangraam1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540338|title=Sangram (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155115/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540338|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Shaktiman (1993 film)|Shaktiman]]''
| Priya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Shaktiman1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508633|title=Shaktimaan (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153635/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508633|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Dhanwan (1993 film)|Dhanwaan]]''
|{{sort|Chopra|Anjali Chopra}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Dhanwaan1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539153|title=Dhanwan (1993)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722031402/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539153|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=10| 1994
! scope=row | ''[[Prem Shakti]]''
| Gouri/Karisma{{efn|Kapoor played two characters in this film.<ref name=Kaameshwari1994/>}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Kaameshwari1994>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58587|title=Kaameshwari (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730153132/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/58587|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Raja Babu (film)|Raja Babu]]''
| Madhoo
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Raja1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507559|title=Raja Babu (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144904/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507559|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row|''[[Dulaara (1994 film)|Dulaara]]''
| Priya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Dulaara1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534294|title=Dulara (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=15 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515030709/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534294|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Khuddar]]''
| Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Khuddar1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534541|title=Khuddar (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153819/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534541|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Andaz (1994 film)|Andaz]]''
| Jaya
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Andaz1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538790|title=Andaaz (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155501/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538790|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/andaz-1994-0|title=Andaz|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803223249/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/andaz-1994-0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]''
| Karishma/Raveena{{efn|Kapoor played a character with two different names in this film.<ref name=AndazApnaApna1994/>}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=AndazApnaApna1994>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533169|title=Andaz Apna Apna (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906173955/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533169|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Yeh Dillagi]]''
| Anjali
| Cameo appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Yeh Dillagi">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201816|title=Yeh Dillagi (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602050700/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201816|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire|Aatish]]''
| Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Aatish1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538714|title=Aatish (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926130516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538714|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]''
| Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Suhaag1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540421|title=Suhaag (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617150731/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540421|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Gopi Kishan]]''
| Barkha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Kishan1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534317|title=Gopi Kishen (1994)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617152452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534317|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3| 1995
! scope=row| ''[[Jawab (1995 film)|Jawab]]''
| Suman
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Jawab1995">{{cite web |title=Jawab (1995) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jawab-5/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 January 1995 |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=29 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729125731/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jawab-5/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope=row|''[[Maidan-E-Jung]]''
| Tulsi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Jung1995">{{cite web |title=Maidan-E-Jung (1995) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/maidan-e-jung/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 April 1995 |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408024543/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/maidan-e-jung/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope=row|''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No.1]]''
| Malti
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Coolie1995">{{cite web |title=Coolie No 1 (1995) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/coolie-no-1/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 June 1995 |access-date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112080623/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/coolie-no-1/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=10| 1996
! scope=row | ''[[Papi Gudia]]''
| Karisma
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Gudia1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508199|title=Paapi Gudia (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617150307/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508199|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bollywood-says-boo-here-are-top-ten-classic-hindi-horror-films-to-watch-this-halloween-2489054.html|title=Bollywood says boo! Here are top ten 'classic' Hindi horror films to watch this Halloween weekend|work=Firstpost|last=D'Cunha|first=Zenia|date=1 November 2015|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514211503/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bollywood-says-boo-here-are-top-ten-classic-hindi-horror-films-to-watch-this-halloween-2489054.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Megha (1996 film)|Megha]]''
| Megha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Megha1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508016|title=Megha (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Saajan Chale Sasural]]''
| Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Saajan">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201634|title=Saajan Chale Sasural (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810043306/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201634|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Krishna (1996 Hindi film)|Krishna]]''
| Rashmi
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Krishna1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539726|title=Krishna (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617145536/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539726|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]''
| {{Sort|Sharma|Kajal Sharma}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Jeet1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539581|title=Jeet (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901014515/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539581|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Bal Bramhachari (1996 film)|Bal Bramhachari]]''
|Asha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8022a999|title=Bal Bramhachari (1996)|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817100055/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8022a999|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Sapoot]]''
| Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Sapoot">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508573|title=Sapoot (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617152146/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508573|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Raja Hindustani]]''
| {{Sort|Sehgal|Aarti Sehgal}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/raja-hindustani-can-be-taken-forward-karisma-kapur-607067|title=Raja Hindustani can be taken forward: Karisma Kapur|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=26 August 2012|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701192105/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/raja-hindustani-can-be-taken-forward-karisma-kapur-607067|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Rakshak (1996 film)|Rakshak]]''
| {{sort|Sinha|Suman Sinha}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Rakshak1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54574|title=Rakshak (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906215304/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54574|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]''
| Manorama
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Ajay1996">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/536958|title=Ajay (1996)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153227/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/536958|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1997
! scope=row | ''[[Judwaa]]''
| {{Sort|Sharma|Mala Sharma}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Judwaa1997">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201902|title=Judwaa 1997|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153107/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201902|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Hero No. 1]]''
|{{sort|Nath|Meena Nath Malhotra}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Hero">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539362|title=Hero No. 1 1997|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153224/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539362|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1997 film)|Lahu Ke Do Rang]]''
| Heena
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Lahu">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539760|title=Lahu Ke Do Rang 1997|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315005650/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539760/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Mrityudaata]]''
| Reenu
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Mrityudaata">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55945|title=Mrityudaata 1997|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617145029/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55945|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''
| Nisha
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book|first=Madhu|last=Jain|title=Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3heZ8I-k9AC&pg=PT315|date=17 April 2009|publisher=[[Penguin Books Limited]]|isbn=978-81-8475-813-9|page=315}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Karisma-Kapoor-was-the-5th-choice-for-Dil-To-Pagal-Hai-after-Kajol-Manisha-Koirala-Juhi-Chawla-and-Urmila/articleshow/21909104.cms|title=Karisma Kapoor was the 5th choice for Dil To Pagal Hai|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 August 2013|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Bhattacharya|first=Roshmila|archive-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805004050/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/lahoo_ke_do_rang|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5| 1999
! scope=row| ''[[Silsila Hai Pyar Ka]]''
|{{sort|Mathur|Vanshikha Mathur}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Silsila1999">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54587|title=Silsila Hai Pyar Ka (1999)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001053932/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54587|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
| {{Sort|Makhija|Pooja Makhija}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/may/29biw.htm|title=Bad show|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 May 1999|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Ashraf|first=Syed Firdaus|archive-date=20 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720014744/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/may/29biw.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]''
|{{sort|Verma|Ritu Verma}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="HMJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201761|title=Haseena Maan Jaayegi (1999)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403073442/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201761|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''
| {{Sort|Bajpai|Sapna Bajpai}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="HSSH">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201844|title=Hum Saath Saath Hain (1999)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405023458/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201844/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]''
| Sapna
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/dec/24jaan.htm|title=Jaanwar (1999)|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 December 1999|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106205907/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/dec/24jaan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5| 2000
! scope=row| ''[[Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge]]''
| Sapna
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/25dulhan.htm|title=Masala mix|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=25 March 2000|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Saha|first=Aparajita|archive-date=24 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224191722/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/25dulhan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Chal Mere Bhai]]''
| Sapna
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/06chal.htm|title=Not again!|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=6 May 2000|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Taliculam|first=Sharmila|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421175624/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/06chal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Hum To Mohabbat Karega]]''
| {{sort|Kapoor|Geeta Kapoor}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/27hum.htm|title=Of Udipi waiters and media princesses|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=27 May 2000|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Bhattacharya|first=Priyanka|archive-date=21 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921072507/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/27hum.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Fiza]]''
| {{Sort|Ikramullah|Fiza Ikramullah}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Filmfare/> <ref>{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |author-link1=Dinesh Raheja |title=Fiza: In search of the bigger picture |url=http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewfiza.shtml |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222060852/http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewfiza.shtml |archive-date=22 February 2001}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Shikari (2000 film)|Shikari]]''
|{{sort|Rawal|Rajeshwari Rawal}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/06govin.htm|title=Robber? Murderer?|date=6 October 2000|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Verma|first=Suparn|work=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=17 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217123328/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/06govin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540365|title=Shikari (2000)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155508/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540365|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3| 2001
! scope=row| ''[[Zubeidaa]]''
| [[Zubeida Begum|Zubeidaa]]
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Filmfare/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/22zub.htm|title=13 thoughts on watching Zubeidaa|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=22 January 2001|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Alikhan|first=Anvar|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152648/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/22zub.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Aashiq (2001 film)|Aashiq]]''
| Pooja
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Aashiq2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538710|title=Aashiq (2001)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617154309/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538710|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love|Ek Rishtaa]]''
| {{sort|Thapar|Nisha Thapar}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Rishtaa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201733|title=Ek Rishtaa — The Bond of Love (2001)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617153105/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201733|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3|2002
! scope=row| ''[[Haan Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya]]''
| {{sort|Kashyap|Pooja Kashyap}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8aa69d79|title=Haan... Maine Bhi Pyaar Kiya|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817100209/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8aa69d79|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Shakti: The Power]]''
| Nandini
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Shakti">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/20shakti.htm|title=Run Lolo Run|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=20 September 2002|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052839/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/20shakti.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Filmfare>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Karisma-Kapoor-10-things-you-didnt-know/Karisma-Kapoor-10-things-you-didnt-know/photostory/37164852.cms|title=Karisma Kapoor: 10 things you didn't know|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2014|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601110058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Karisma-Kapoor-10-things-you-didnt-know/Karisma-Kapoor-10-things-you-didnt-know/photostory/37164852.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row| ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]''
| Komal
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/06rish.htm|title=Phoney, predictable|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=6 December 2002|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Ganapati|first=Priya|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106205942/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/06rish.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2003
! scope=row| ''[[Baaz: A Bird in Danger|Baaz]]''
| {{sort|Chopra|Neha Chopra}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/07baaz.htm|title=A thriller without attitude|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=7 February 2003|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Ganapati|first=Priya|archive-date=8 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008043754/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/07baaz.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
! scope=row| ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (2006 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]''
| {{sort|Arora|Natasha Arora}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/02/07/mere_jeevan_2006_review.shtml|title=Mere Jeevan Saathi (My Soulmate) (2006)|last=Pandohar|first=Jaspreet|date=28 January 2006|access-date=4 June 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402104446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/02/07/mere_jeevan_2006_review.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Zamaanat''
|Kajal
|Unreleased
|
|-
| 2007
! scope=row| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Deewangi Deewangi"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farah-khan-wanted-amitabh-bachchan-dilip-kumar-saira-banu-for-om-shanti-om-song/|title=Farah Khan wanted Amitabh Bachchan, Dilip Kumar, Saira Banu for 'Om Shanti Om' song|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 November 2015|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=24 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024182449/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farah-khan-wanted-amitabh-bachchan-dilip-kumar-saira-banu-for-om-shanti-om-song/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope=row| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
| Chhaya
| Voice only
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/heroines-who-made-a-comeback-to-bollywood-24475.html|title=5 heroines who made a comeback to Bollywood|publisher=[[India TV]]|date=8 October 2015|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528223314/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/heroines-who-made-a-comeback-to-bollywood-24475.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2012
! scope=row| ''[[Dangerous Ishhq]]''
| Sanjana / Geeta / Salma / Paro{{efn|Kapoor played four different characters in this film.<ref name=four/>}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=four>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dangerous-ishhq-is-regressive-on-many-levels/20120511.htm|title=Review: Dangerous Ishhq is regressive on many levels|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 May 2012|access-date=4 June 2016|last=Banta|first=Puja|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415201920/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dangerous-ishhq-is-regressive-on-many-levels/20120511.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope=row| ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/couldnt-have-asked-for-more-vaibhavi-merchant-on-bombay-talkies-song-611790|title=Couldn't have asked for more, Vaibhavi Merchant on Bombay Talkies song|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=30 April 2013|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701191959/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/couldnt-have-asked-for-more-vaibhavi-merchant-on-bombay-talkies-song-611790|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope=row| ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
| Herself
| Cameo appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dwarf-srk-serenades-his-lovely-ladies-again/articleshow/60916407.cms |title='Dwarf' SRK serenades his lovely ladies again |publisher=[[Pune Mirror]]|date=3 October 2017|access-date=10 December 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029175920/http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dwarf-srk-serenades-his-lovely-ladies-again/articleshow/60916407.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope=row| ''[[Murder Mubarak]]''
| Shehnaz Noorani
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Karisma Kapoor begins shoot of Homi Adajania's directorial 'Murder Mubarak' |work=Times of India |date=20 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karisma-kapoor-begins-shoot-of-homi-adajanias-directorial-murder-mubarak/articleshow/98079826.cms |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222054255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/karisma-kapoor-begins-shoot-of-homi-adajanias-directorial-murder-mubarak/articleshow/98079826.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Title
!scope=col|Role
!scope=col|Notes
!scope=col class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2003–2004
! scope=row| ''[[Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny]]''
| Devyani / Avni{{efn|Kapoor played two different characters in this television show.<ref name=miracle/>}}
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Bollywood-celebrities-with-flops-on-television/Bollywood-celebrities-with-flops-on-television/photostory/48189142.cms|title=Bollywood celebrities with flops on television|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 July 2015|access-date=4 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
! scope=row|''Aaja Mahi Vay''
| rowspan="4"| Judge
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=nach>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/karisma-kapoor-i-may-do-tv-again-633002|title=Karisma Kapoor: I may do TV again|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=1 May 2013|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701192518/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/karisma-kapoor-i-may-do-tv-again-633002|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2009
! scope=row|''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 4]]''
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=nach/>
|-
| 2009
! scope=row|''Hans Baliye''
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-karisma-talks-about-hans-baliye/20090529.htm|title=Dance is easier to judge than comedy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092042/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-karisma-talks-about-hans-baliye/20090529.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope=row|''Indian Princess''
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karisma-prachi--other-stars-at-indian-princess-international-pageant-imagegallery-bollywood-ndjmsKchgiesi.html|title=Karisma, Prachi & other stars at Indian Princess International pageant|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093230/http://www.sify.com/movies/karisma-prachi--other-stars-at-indian-princess-international-pageant-imagegallery-bollywood-ndjmsKchgiesi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope=row|''[[Dance India Dance Battle Of The Champions|Dance India Dance 7]]''
| Guest Judge
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="DID7">{{cite web |title=Dance India Dance 7: Karisma Kapoor reveals why 'Jhanjhariya' is the most memorable song of her career |date=21 August 2019 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/dance-india-dance-7-karisma-kapoor-reveals-why-jhanjhariya-most-memorable-song-her-career-469087 |publisher=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=18 August 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914232612/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/dance-india-dance-7-karisma-kapoor-reveals-why-jhanjhariya-most-memorable-song-her-career-469087 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021
! scope=row|''[[Indian Idol|Indian Idol 12]]''
| Herself
| Guest appearance
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2021|title=Indian Idol 12: Karisma Kapoor gets treated with sweet messages from sister Kareena and dad Randhir|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-idol-12-karisma-kapoor-sweet-messages-from-kareena-randhir-emotional-watch-video-7409714/|access-date=6 August 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806122609/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-idol-12-karisma-kapoor-sweet-messages-from-kareena-randhir-emotional-watch-video-7409714/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Super Dancer|Super Dancer: Chapter 4]]''
| Guest Judge
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 July 2021|title=Karisma Kapoor to be Guest Judge on Super Dancer 4|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karisma-kapoor-to-be-guest-judge-on-super-dancer-4-3992489.html|access-date=6 August 2021|website=[[News18]]|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806122608/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karisma-kapoor-to-be-guest-judge-on-super-dancer-4-3992489.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" |''[[India's Best Dancer (Hindi TV series) season 4|India's Best Dancer 4]]''
| Judge
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2024 |title=Karisma Kapoor joins the judges' panel for the fourth season of India's Best Dancer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karisma-kapoor-to-be-guest-judge-on-super-dancer-4-3992489.html |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
!scope=col|Year
!scope=col|Title
!scope=col|Role
!scope=col|Notes
!scope=col class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2020
! scope=row|''[[Mentalhood]]''
| Meira Sharma
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2020 |title=Mentalhood actor Karisma Kapoor: I am a little conservative when it comes to parenting |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karisma-kapoor-on-mentalhood-success-character-being-mother-altbalaji-acting-comeback-6373775/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715053944/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karisma-kapoor-on-mentalhood-success-character-being-mother-altbalaji-acting-comeback-6373775/ |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBD
| {{Pending film|Brown}}
| {{TBA}}
| Post-production
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Karisma Kapoor starrer 'Brown' becomes the only Indian web series to make it to Berlin Market Selects 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karisma-kapoors-brown-becomes-only-indian-series-to-be-part-of-berlin-market-selects-2023/article66396154.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715053944/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karisma-kapoors-brown-becomes-only-indian-series-to-be-part-of-berlin-market-selects-2023/article66396154.ece |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tekDAAAQBAJ&q=karisma+kapoor+debut+seventeen+prem+qaidi&pg=PT505|title=She Walks, She Leads: Women Who Inspire India|last=Jain|first=Gunjan|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2016|isbn=978-93-86057-70-9}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]

Marocchinate

2026-02-12T03:56:01Z

Vineettandon: refined intro after review and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Mass rape and killings committed following the Battle of Monte Cassino}}
{{Expand French|topic=mil}}
[[File:Moroccan soldiers at Monte Cassino.jpg|thumb|Moroccan soldiers at [[Monte Cassino]], January 1944.]]

{{langnf|it|'''Marocchinate'''|Moroccans' deeds|paren=left}}; {{IPA|it|marokkiˈnaːte|pron}}) is a term applied to the mass [[rape]] and killings committed during [[World War II]] after the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] in [[Italy]]. These were committed mainly by the [[Moroccan Goumier]]s, [[colonial troops]] of the [[French Expeditionary Corps (1943-1944)|French Expeditionary Corps]] (FEC),<ref>{{langx|fr|Corps Expéditionaire Français}} (CEF) or {{lang|fr| Corps Expéditionaire Français en Italie}} (CEFI)</ref> commanded by General [[Alphonse Juin]], and mostly targeted civilian women and girls (as well as a few men and boys) in the rural areas of Southern [[Lazio]], between [[Naples]] and [[Rome]]. Mass rapes continued across all the campaign including several locations in Tuscany: [[Siena]], [[Abbadia San Salvatore|Abbadia S. Salvatore]], [[Radicofani]], [[Murlo]], [[Strove]], [[Poggibonsi]], [[Gracciano dell'Elsa|Elsa]], [[San Quirico d'Orcia|S. Quirico d'Orcia]], [[Colle di Val d'Elsa|Colle Val d'Elsa]].

==Background==
''[[Goumiers]]'' were [[colonial troops|colonial irregular troops]] forming the ''Goums Marocains'', which were approximately company-sized units rather loosely grouped in ''Tabors'' ([[battalion]]s) and ''Groupes'' ([[regiment]]s). Three of the units, the 1st, 3rd and 4th ''Groupements de Tabors'', served in the FEC along with the four regular [[Division (military)|division]]s: the [[1st Free French Division]], the [[2nd Moroccan Infantry Division]], the [[3rd Algerian Infantry Division]] and the [[4th Moroccan Mountain Division]]. The ''Goums Marocains'' were commanded by General [[Augustin Guillaume]].

Regular Moroccan troops (''[[Tirailleur|tirailleurs]] marocains'') also served in Italy but under tighter discipline and with a higher proportion of officers than the irregular goumiers.<ref>{{cite book|first=Pierre|last=Montagnon|pages=342–343|title=L'Armee d'Afrique|date=2012 |publisher=Pygmalion |isbn=978-2-7564-0574-2}}</ref>

On 14 May 1944 the Goumiers travelled over seemingly impassable terrain in the [[Aurunci Mountains]], outflanked the German defence in the adjacent Liri valley, materially assisting the British [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]], to break the [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]] and advance to the next defensive position, the [[Hitler Line]].

General [[Alphonse Juin]] was alleged to have said before the battle: "For fifty hours you will be the absolute masters of what you will find beyond the enemy. Nobody will punish you for what you will do, nobody will ask you about what you will get up to."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/asp/doc.asp?where=Lettura&id=019|title=Crimini di Guerra in Ciociaria|trans-title=War Crimes in Ciociaria|work=Dal Volturno a Cassino|language=it}}</ref> While there is no evidence of any such statement by General Juin, in 2007 Baris Tomaso justified it by claiming it was linked to the perception of the crimes by the Italians rather than an official policy of the French Army.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author=Baris, Tommaso|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_REVUE=VING&ID_NUMPUBLIE=VIN_093&ID_ARTICLE=VING_093_0047|title=Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie – Violences des " libérateurs " durant l'été 1944|trans-title=The French Expeditionary Corps in Italy – Violence of the "liberators" during the summer of 1944|language=fr}}</ref>

Until 1944 the Italian government showed interest and preoccupation for the violence and gathered information about the victims.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Patriarca |first=Eliane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ra1TDwAAQBAJ |title=La colpa dei vincitori |date=2018-04-17 |publisher=EDIZIONI PIEMME |isbn=978-88-585-2004-8 |language=it}}</ref> By December 1948 there were 10,000 cases submitted to Italian authorities but funds were scarce because of war indemnities Italy had to pay to France and this issue was an obstacle on the restoration of diplomatic relations with France.<ref name="auto1"/> For these reasons many demands were rejected and the victims had to prove permanent physical damage.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Mass rape==
[[Monte Cassino]] was captured by the Allies on 18 May 1944. The next night, thousands of [[Moroccan Goumier|Goumiers]] and other French colonial troops scoured the villages of Southern [[Latium]]. Italian victims' associations such as Associazione Nazionale Vittime delle Marocchinate alleged that 12,000 women, ranging in age from 11 to 86, suffered from violence, when village after village came under control of the Goumiers. Estimates made by the Italian Ministry of Defence in 1997 set the figure at 2,000 to 3,000 female victims.<ref> Issue 716, International News Electronic Telegraph 11 May 1997</ref> The number of men killed has been estimated at 800.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seduta Notturna Di Lunedì 7 Aprile 1952 |trans-title=Sitting by Night: Monday, August 7, 1952 |url=http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg01/lavori/stenografici/sed0890/sed0890.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521070438/http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg01/lavori/stenografici/sed0890/sed0890.pdf |archive-date=May 21, 2011 |publisher=[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] |language=it}}</ref> The number of children born as a result of the Marocchinate is hard to estimate.

The mayor of [[Esperia]], a [[comune]] in the Province of [[Frosinone]], reported that in his town, 700 women out of 2,500 inhabitants were raped, resulting in many deaths. According to Italian victims associations, a total of more than 7,000 civilians, including children, were raped by Goumiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=1952: Il caso delle "marocchinate" al Parlamento|url=http://www.cassino2000.com/cdsc/studi/archivio/n07/n07p09.html|access-date=2008-11-22|language=it}}</ref> Baris considers the figure of twelve thousand women raped provided by the Communist women's organization ''[[Unione Donne in Italia|Unione Donne Italiane]]'' to be credible;<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal|author=Baris, Tommaso|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_REVUE=VING&ID_NUMPUBLIE=VIN_093&ID_ARTICLE=VING_093_0047|title=Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie – Violences des " libérateurs " durant l'été 1944, page 22| journal=Vingtieme Siecle. Revue d'Histoire | date=January 2007 | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=47–61 | doi=10.3917/ving.093.0047 |trans-title=The French Expeditionary Corps in Italy – Violence of the "liberators" during the summer of 1944|language=fr| url-access=subscription }}</ref> this is in contrast to later estimates of two thousand women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 July 1996|title=Disegnodilegge d'iniziativa dei senatori Magliocchetti e Bonatesta: Norme in favore delle vittime di violenze carnali in tempo di guerra|url=http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/00001012.pdf |access-date=19 October 2019|website=Senato della Reppublica|language=it}}</ref>

===Testimonials of mass rape in Lazio===

The writer [[Norman Lewis (writer)|Norman Lewis]], at the time a British officer on the [[Monte Cassino]] front, narrated the events:
{{quote|The French colonial troops are on the rampage again. Whenever they take a town or a village, a wholesale rape of the population takes place. Recently all females in the villages of Patricia, Pofi, Isoletta, Supino, and Morolo were violated. In Lenola, which fell to the Allies on 21 May, fifty women were raped, but{{snd}}as these were not enough to go round{{snd}}children and even old men were violated. It is reported to be normal for two Moroccans to assault a woman simultaneously, one having normal intercourse while the other commits sodomy. In many cases severe damage to the genitals, rectum and uterus has been caused. In Castro di Volsci doctors treated 300 victims of rape, and at Ceccano the British have been forced to build a guarded camp to protect the Italian women.|Norman Lewis, ''[[Naples '44]]''<ref>{{cite book|first=Norman|last=Lewis|author-link=Norman Lewis (writer)|year=1978|title=Naples '44|url=https://archive.org/details/naples4400lewi/page/142/mode/2up|location=New York|publisher=Pantheon Books|pages=143{{ndash}}144|isbn=9780394503547 }}</ref>}}

"In S. Andrea, the Moroccans raped 30 women and two men; in Vallemaio two sisters had to satisfy a platoon of 200 goumiers; 300 of these, on the other hand, abused a sixty-year-old. In Esperia, 700 women were raped out of a population of 2,500 inhabitants, with 400 complaints presented. Even the parish priest, Don Alberto Terrilli, in an attempt to defend two girls, was tied to a tree and raped for a whole night. He died two days later from internal lacerations reported. In Pico, a girl was crucified with her sister. After the gang violence, she will be killed. Polleca reached the pinnacle of bestiality. Luciano Garibaldi writes that from the Moroccan departments of the gen. Guillaume girls and old women were raped; the men who reacted were sodomized, shot dead, emasculated or impaled alive. A testimony, from a report of the time, describes their typical modality: "The Moroccan soldiers who had knocked on the door and which was not opened, knocked down the door itself, hit the fortress with the butt of the musket to the head making it fall to the ground unconscious, then she was carried about 30 meters from the house and raped while her father, by other soldiers, was dragged, beaten and tied to a tree. The terrified bystanders could not bring any help to the girl and the parent as a soldier remained on guard with a musket aimed at them."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-14|title=Marocchinate: de Gaulle era presente e non fece nulla di Andrea Cionci|url=https://www.corriereregioni.it/2021/03/14/marocchinate-de-gaulle-era-presente-e-non-fece-nulla-di-andrea-cionci/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Il Corriere delle Regioni|language=it-IT|archive-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511043918/https://www.corriereregioni.it/2021/03/14/marocchinate-de-gaulle-era-presente-e-non-fece-nulla-di-andrea-cionci/}}</ref>

===Involvement of non-commissioned officers and European officers===

{{quote | Given the involvement of non-commissioned officers and white officers, some of them Italian-speaking as Corsican, not present in the Goumier troop departments, it can be said that the rapists nestled in all four divisions of the CEF. Perhaps also for this reason, the French officers did not respond to any solicitation from the victims and watched impassively at the work of their men. As the testimonies report, when civilians showed up to report the violence, the officers shrugged their shoulders and dismissed them with a smirk. | Baris Tommaso<ref name="auto2"/>}}

===Testimonials of mass rape in Tuscany===
This attitude persisted until the arrival of the CEF in Tuscany. Here the violence began again in [[Siena]], in [[Abbadia San Salvatore|Abbadia S. Salvatore]], [[Radicofani]], [[Murlo]], [[Strove]], [[Poggibonsi]], [[Gracciano dell'Elsa|Elsa]], [[San Quirico d'Orcia|S. Quirico d'Orcia]], [[Colle di Val d'Elsa|Colle Val d'Elsa]]. Even members of the [[Italian Resistance]] had to suffer abuse. {{quote | In Abbadia we counted as many as sixty victims of grim violence, which took place under the eyes of their families. One of the victims was comrade Lidia, our relay. Comrade Paolo, approached with an excuse, was also raped by seven Moroccans. The French commands, to our protests, replied that it was the tradition of their colonial troops to receive such an award after a difficult battle. | Enzo Nizza, red partisan<ref name="auto2"/>}}

===Leaflet===
After the war a leaflet in French and Arabic was forged with the claim that it would have been circulated among the Goumiers saying:
"Soldiers! This time it is not only the freedom of your lands that I offer you if you win this battle. Behind the enemy there are women, houses, there is a wine among the best in the world, there is gold. All of this will be yours if you win. You will have to kill the Germans to the last man and pass at any cost. What I have said and promised I keep. For fifty hours you will be the absolute master of what you will find beyond the enemy. Nobody will punish you for what you do, nobody will ask you to account for what you will take."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tortolici |first1=C. Beatrice |title=Violenza e dintorni |date=2005 |publisher=Armando Editore}}</ref>

==Legal status and aftermath==
While the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|1907 Hague Convention]] (IV) on Land Warfare made [[wartime sexual violence|war rape]] a [[war crime]] in international armed conflicts, the judges at the [[Nuremberg trials]] in 1946 stated "the [[law of war|laws and customs of war]] apply between [[belligerent]]s, but not...among allies."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOpageQpSoAC&pg=PA79|title=Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946-April 1949|author=[[Nuremberg trials]]|page=79|date=1949|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]}}</ref> Such statement was reinforced by the 1949 [[Fourth Geneva Convention]] under Article 4, which excludes allied nationals from the list of [[protected persons]] as long as their state maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/gciv-1949/article-4|title=Article 4 - Definition of protected persons|publisher=International Humanitarian Law Datebases}}</ref> At the time of ''Marocchinate'', Italy was a [[Co-belligerence|co-belligerent]] with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], having declared war on its former [[Axis powers|Axis]] partner [[Nazi Germany]] on 13 October 1943.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italy-declares-war-on-germany|title=1943: Italy declares war on Germany|publisher=[[History (American TV network)|History]]}}</ref>

As a result, the war rape of Italian women in Italy by French colonial troops fell under the purview of both French military and Italian civilian law instead of [[international humanitarian law]]; following ''Marocchinate'', 207 soldiers were tried for sexual violence, of whom 156 were convicted. Three of those convicted were executed. Another 28 soldiers who were caught in the act were summarily executed.<ref name="liberation" /> In January 1947, France authorized the compensation of 1,488 victims of sexual violence for crimes committed by French colonial troops.<ref name="liberation">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/05/15/elle-avait-17-ans-et-elle-a-ete-violee-par-40-soldats_1310075/|title="Elle avait 17 ans et elle a été violée par 40 soldats"|first=Leïla|last=MINANO|website=Libération}}</ref>

==Cultural depictions==
Although the popular definition of "[[ciociaria]]" for some areas of Lazio is historically and geographically inappropriate, the term itself is often associated with these mass rapes. The definition was indeed forcefully imposed by the fascist regime, although it was just a popular pejorative term in the modern Roman dialect.<ref>Roberto Almagià, ''Enciclopedia italiana'', vol. X, Roma 1931</ref><ref>Alonzi L., ''Il concetto di Ciociaria dalla costituzione della provincia di Frosinone a oggi'' («L'Italia ritagliata. L'identità storico-culturale delle regioni: il caso del Lazio meridionale ed orientale», Società Geografica Italiana, Roma 1997)</ref><ref>see: F. Riccardi, Quid est Ciociaria? 'Regnicoli' contro 'Papalini', in Studi Cassinati; E. Pistilli, E se fosse solo un'invenzione letteraria?, in Studi Cassinati </ref><ref>See: Squadrismo. 20 ottobre XVIII. Ventennale del Fascio di Frosinone, Federazione ciociara del P.N.F.</ref> Having been imposed by fascism in the pre-war years, it has remained associated with these mass rapes. The 1957 novel ''[[Two Women (novel)|Two Women]]'' (original title ''La Ciociara'', literally "the woman from Ciociaria") by [[Alberto Moravia]] references the Marocchinate; in it a mother and her daughter, trying to escape the fighting, are raped by Goumiers in an abandoned church. The novel was made into [[Two Women|a movie]], directed by [[Vittorio De Sica]] and starring [[Sophia Loren]], for which Loren won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]. In [[Castro dei Volsci]], a monument called the "[[Mamma Ciociara]]" was erected to remember all the mothers who tried in vain to defend themselves and their daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antiarte.it/trenodiluce/mamma_ciociara.htm|title=Mamma Ciociara|website=www.antiarte.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.castrodeivolsci.it/guerra.htm|title=primavera del 1944 i Castresi lottarono.|website=www.castrodeivolsci.it}}</ref>

==Claims of exaggeration==
Other sources, such as French Marshal [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], claimed that such cases were isolated events exploited by [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|German propaganda]] to smear allies, particularly French troops.<ref>Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, Reconquérir: 1944-1945. Textes du maréchal Lattre de Tassigny réunis et présentés par Jean-Luc Barre, éditions Plon, 1985, p. 32-33</ref> The Goumiers became a folkloric tale and stories started to be made up to extremes, even if these very extremes are documented elsewhere. According to this source, General Juin never issued the promise of "free rein" to his Moroccan troops, nor did any other French officers.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web|author=Baris, Tommaso|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_REVUE=VING&ID_NUMPUBLIE=VIN_093&ID_ARTICLE=VING_093_0047|title=Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie – Violences des " libérateurs " durant l'été 1944|trans-title=The French Expeditionary Corps in Italy – Violence of the "liberators" during the summer of 1944|language=fr}}
* {{cite book |author=Baris, Tommaso |title=Tra due fuochi: Esperienza e memoria della guerra lungo la linea Gustav |year=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=978-88-420-7108-2|language=it}}
* {{cite web|author=Bimberg, Edward L. |url=http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/4644596.html?showAll=y&c=y |title=Augustin-Leon Guillaume's Goums in a Modern War |publisher=Weider History Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211004/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/4644596.html?showAll=y&c=y |archive-date=2007-09-30 }} It praises the fighting ability in difficult terrain and "Unfortunately for the Goumiers, their military success did not prevent their fearsome reputation from taking its toll as exceptional numbers of Moroccans were executed—many without trial—for allegedly murdering, raping, and pillaging their way across the Italian countryside."
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009072516/http://www.tuovideo.it/view_video.php?viewkey=0a3d804351b2dfec0d8b Comments about the mass rape in Ciociaria, with video from Two Women (the rape by the goumiers)] {{in lang|fr}}
* {{cite web|author=De Luna, Giovanni|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.it/contributi/ciociara.htm|title=La ciociara e le altre|trans-title=''La Ciociara'' and the others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113172616/http://www.lonelyplanet.it/contributi/ciociara.htm|archive-date=2009-01-13|language=it}}
* {{cite web|author=Frezza, Daria|url=http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/DOC/Daria_Frezza_La_memoria.pdf|title=Cassino 1943–44: La memoria|language=it|access-date=2007-06-13|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212506/http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/DOC/Daria_Frezza_La_memoria.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Holland| first=James |title=Italy's Sorrow – A year of war, 1944–45 |location=London |publisher=Harper Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-00-717645-8 }}
* {{cite web|title=I marocchini di Juin "riscattano" l'onore della Francia|url=http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/asp/doc.asp?id=001&p=4|trans-title=Juin's Moroccans "redeem" the honour of Free France|work=Dal Volturno a Cassino|language=it}}
* {{cite web|author=Johnston, Bruce|url=http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9705&L=twatch-l&D=1&O=D&F=P&P=10250|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228201503/http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9705&L=twatch-l&D=1&O=D&F=P&P=10250|archive-date=28 December 2007|work=International News Electronic Telegraph|date=11 May 1997|title=Italian women win cash for wartime rapes}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.pacioli.net/ftp/maturita/iacomelli/marocchinate.htm |title=Le Marocchinate |publisher=Istituto tecnico Luca Pacioli Crema |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515153215/http://www.pacioli.net/ftp/maturita/iacomelli/marocchinate.htm |archive-date=2006-05-15 }}
* {{cite web|author=No War|url=http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2005/11/928175_comment.php|title=Lo stupro di massa degli alleati|trans-title=The mass rape of the Allies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709191738/http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2005/11/928175_comment.php|archive-date=2011-07-09|language=it}}
*{{cite web|author=Peterson, Allan|url=http://www.sdreader.com/php/cityshow.php?id=C021998|work=San Diego Reader|year=1998|title=Pizza Man's Atrocity Hunt}} (Anecdotal allegations of war crimes committed by Goumiers in Italy)
* {{cite web|title=Senate of the Italian Republic: project of law for the victims of war rapes|url=http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/00001012.pdf|date=July 25, 1996|language=it}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Weisbord, Robert G.|author2=Honhart, Michael W|journal=The Historian |title=A Question of Race: Pope Pius XII and the "Coloured Troops" in Italy|volume=65|issue=2|date=Winter 2002|pages=403–417 |doi=10.1111/1540-6563.00026|s2cid=145364922}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Italy}}
* [http://vittimemarocchinate.blogspot.com/2011/03/ricerca-testimonianze.html Association National Victims of the Goumiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502075140/http://vittimemarocchinate.blogspot.com/2011/03/ricerca-testimonianze.html |date=2020-05-02 }}
* [http://www.lastampa.it/2017/03/16/cultura/la-verit-nascosta-delle-marocchinate-saccheggi-e-stupri-delle-truppe-coloniali-francesi-in-ciociaria-stDjcmY65lqhNlHtQjfyLL/pagina.html La verità nascosta delle "marocchinate", saccheggi e stupri delle truppe francesi in mezza Italia, La Stampa]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054749/ ''Two Women'' (''La Ciociara'')] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)|Marocchinate (War Crimes in Cassino)]]
[[Category:Sexual violence in Europe during World War II]]
[[Category:Ciociaria]]
[[Category:France–Italy military relations]]
[[Category:Italy–Morocco relations]]
[[Category:Mass sexual assault]]
[[Category:Events that led to courts-martial]]
[[Category:Allied French war crimes in World War II]]
[[Category:Rape in Italy]]
[[Category:French military scandals]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse during World War II]]
[[Category:Vigilantism against sex offenders]]

Sirsho Banerjee

2026-02-12T02:45:39Z

Vineettandon: Added A Data - done

{{Short description|Indian journalist and writer (1967–2021)}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Shirsho Bandopadhyay
|native_name = শীর্ষ বন্দোপাধ্যায়
|birth_date = 1967
|birth_place =
|death_date = 17 May 2021 (aged 54)
|death_place = [[Gariahat]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|occupation = Writer, Journalist
|awards =
|notable_works = '''Shardul Sundari''',
'''Sandya Rater Shefali'''
}}
'''Sirsho Banerjee''' or '''Sirsho Bandopadhyay''' (1967–2021)<ref name="Bandopadhyay 2021">{{cite web |last=Bandopadhyay|first=Sirsho|title=Remembering Bengali writer Sirsho Bandopadhyay (1967-2021) with his novel 'Tiger Woman'|website=Scroll.in|date=19 May 2021|url=https://scroll.in/article/995235/remembering-bengali-writer-sirsho-bandopadhyay-1967-2021-with-his-novel-tiger-woman|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> was an Indian journalist and writer of [[Bengal]]i origin. He worked for many years at [[Deutsche Welle]], in both Cologne and [[Calcutta]]. He also worked at various [[West Bengal]] media outlets, such as Aajkal, Star Ananda, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/sirsho-bandopadhyay-passes-away/articleshow/82728903.cms|title=প্রয়াত সাহিত্যিক শীর্ষ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}}</ref>

As a writer, he was best known for his novel ''Shardul Shundori'', translated by [[Arunava Sinha]] with the title ''Tiger Woman''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/kolkata-news/renowned-bengali-writer-journalist-sirsho-banerjee-passes-away|title = প্রয়াত সাহিত্যিক, বিশিষ্ট সাংবাদিক শীর্ষ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}}</ref> He also wrote ''Ether Sena'' about the 1971 [[Bangladesh Independence War]] and ghost-wrote ''Shondha Raater Shefali'' about the famous Calcutta [[cabaret dancer]] [[Arati Das]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/coronavirus-update-renowned-bengali-writer-journalist-sirsho-banerjee-death-out-of-heart-attack-815122|title=Sirsho Banerjee death: হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত হয়ে চলে গেলেন সাহিত্যিক শীর্ষ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

He died suddenly at his [[Goriahat]] home in May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F/a-57563390|title=চলে গেলেন শীর্ষ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় | Dw | 18.05.2021}}</ref>

==Works==

* সন্ধ্যারাতের শেফালি
* শার্দুলসুন্দরী
* তেরো নদীর পারে
* এক নম্বর পাঁচু মিস্ত্রি লেন
* রমণীরতন
* ব্লগবকম
* ইথারসেনা
* মাউন্ট রাধানাথ
* প্রিন্স গোবর গোহো
* গণপতি দ্য গ্রেট

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Sirsho}}
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

Rathika Ramasamy

2026-02-10T02:57:19Z

Vineettandon: starting new info

{{short description|Indian wildlife photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rathika Ramasamy
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Venkatachalapuram]] [[Theni]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref name=School/>
| occupation = Wildlife photographer
| website =
}}
'''Rathika Ramasamy''' is an Indian [[Wildlife photography|wildlife photographer]]. She is based in [[Chennai]] and operates as a freelance photographer.<ref name="sanjeevi">{{cite news|last1=Sanjeevi|first1=Kaviya|title=A Lens View of the Wild|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/A-Lens-View-of-the-Wild/2015/01/26/article2631800.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201153251/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/A-Lens-View-of-the-Wild/2015/01/26/article2631800.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2015|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She has received many accolades for her photographs<ref name=School>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nikonschool.in/NikonProProfileDetails/15/rathika-ramasamy|title= About Rathika Ramasamy|accessdate=21 May 2016|publisher= Nikonschool.in}}</ref><ref name=Festival/> and has been called the "first Indian woman to strike an international reputation as a wildlife photographer".<ref name="vijay">{{cite news|last1=Vijay|first1=Hema|title=Pretty wild by nature|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/410822/pretty-wild-nature.html|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Malabar grey hornbill.jpg|right|thumb|[[Malabar grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros griseus'''), a [[Western Ghat]] endemic bird]]
[[File:Red wattled lapwing.jpg|right|thumb|[[Red-wattled lapwing]] (''Vanellus indicus'')]]
Rathika has lived in New Delhi since 1999, after her marriage.<ref name=She>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/achievers-rathika-ramasamy-bird-woman-she-shoots-to-conserve/20150324.htm |title= Bird woman: She shoots to conserve|date=24 March 2015|accessdate=1 May 2016|newspaper=Rediff.com}}</ref> She has a degree in computer engineering and an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]], and worked as a software engineering for several years before becoming a full-time photographer.<ref name="kavitha"/>

Rathika received her first camera from her uncle, an amateur photographer himself, and began shooting pictures of trees and flowers.<ref name="kavitha"/> In 2003 she visited the [[Keoladeo National Park]] in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] and took pictures of birds.<ref name="shrikumar">{{cite news|last1=Shrikumar|first1=A.|title=Wooing the woods|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/wooing-the-woods/article6287766.ece|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2014|language=en-IN}}</ref> She began visiting the [[Okhla Bird Sanctuary]] regularly, studying the behaviour of various types of birds. Thereafter, she took to wildlife photography as her professional interest and visited many national parks in India, Kenya, and Tanzania.<ref name="shrikumar"/>

Her wildlife photography was featured at the "Clean Ganga Campaign" held in September 2005 at the [[India International Centre]], New Delhi.<ref name=Award/> In 2007, the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]'s annual calendar featured her bird photographs.<ref name=School/> The "Birds of India" chose her as one of the Top 20 best photographers of India in 2008, the only woman to receive the distinction.<ref name="kavitha"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Birds of India: Indian Bird Photographers: Rathika Ramaswamy|url=http://www.kolkatabirds.com/photo/rathikaprofile.htm|website=www.kolkatabirds.com|accessdate=16 May 2016|archive-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509085037/http://www.kolkatabirds.com/photo/rathikaprofile.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Besides participating in wildlife exhibitions, she conducts workshops on wildlife photography.<ref name=Festival/><ref name=She/><ref name=Award/>

Rathika is among the founding members of the Photography Arts Association of India.<ref name="kavitha">{{cite news|last1=Kavitha|first1=S. S.|title=Off the beaten track|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/off-the-beaten-track/article1129868.ece|accessdate=16 May 2016|work=The Hindu|date=27 January 2011|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Works==
Rathika self-published her first book, ''The Best of Wildlife Moments'', in 2014.<ref name=Festival>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shillongphotofestival.com/rathika-ramasamys|title=Rathika Ramasamy|accessdate=1 May 2016|publisher=Shillongphotofestival|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604025748/http://www.shillongphotofestival.com/rathika-ramasamys|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Award>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sipacontest.com/contest/jury/more.php?id=15|title=Rathika Ramasamy|accessdate=21 May 2016|publisher=SIENNA International Photo Awards|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624093036/http://www.sipacontest.com/contest/jury/more.php?id=15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2015: Inspiring Icon Award, [[Sathyabama University]], [[Chennai]]<ref name=Festival/><ref name=Award/>
*2015: International Camera Fair (ICF) award, for her excellence in wildlife photography.<ref name=Festival/>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian women artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist|}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramasamy, Rathika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian wildlife photographers]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Photographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women photographers]]

Serendipity Arts Festival

2026-01-31T15:28:23Z

Vineettandon: Added Page - done

{{Short description|Annual arts festival in Panaji, Goa}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Serendipity Arts Festival
|logo = [[File:Serendipity Arts Festival logo.jpg|180px]]
|image =
|caption =
|location = [[Goa]], India
|years_active =
|founded = 2016
|dates = December (annually)
|genre = Arts Festival
|attendance = 450,000<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/serendipity-arts-festival-founder-what-india-offers-in-terms-of-art-and-culture-is-phenomenal-1.949447|title=Serendipity Arts Festival founder: 'What India offers in terms of art and culture is phenomenal'|website=The National}}</ref>
|patron = [[Hero Enterprise]], [[Sunil Kant Munjal]]
|website = [https://www.serendipityartsfestival.com/ Serendipity Arts Festival]
}}

'''Serendipity Arts Festival''' is an annual [[arts festival]] held in [[Panaji]], Goa over a week in late December.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-art-of-expression-at-serendipity-arts-festival/cid/1736084|title=The art of expression at Serendipity Arts Festival|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It was founded in 2016 by [[Sunil Kant Munjal]], chairman of Hero Enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/the-arts-need-as-much-attention-as-the-economy-says-sunil-kant-munjal-founder-serendipity-arts-festival/910444/|title=The arts need as much attention as the economy, says Sunil Kant Munjal, founder, Serendipity Arts Festival|date=October 29, 2017}}</ref> It is the only arts festival in the country whose programming spans multi-disciplinary fields such as [[art]], [[theatre]], [[music]], [[literature]], [[dance]], food and [[crafts]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bqhtCIwEVUNgBaepx2qWYL/Serendipity-Arts-Festival-strikes-again.html|title=Serendipity Arts Festival strikes again|first=Tanuj|last=Kumar|date=December 8, 2017|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2018/dec/16/culture-can-become-indias-most-powerful-strategic-weapon-sk-munjal-at-serendipity-arts-festival-11629.html|title='Culture can become India's most powerful strategic weapon': SK Munjal at Serendipity Arts Festival 2018|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=16 December 2018 }}</ref> The festival's inter-disciplinary approach has been reported in Indian media, along with its impact on "India's art scene".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/serendipity-arts-festival-2019-goas-culture-party-gets-bigger/article30305958.ece|title=Serendipity Arts Festival 2019: Goa's culture party gets bigger|first=Surya Praphulla|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=December 14, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

The festival received 450,000 visitors in 2018.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/lifestyle/reviving-patronage-arts-culture-around-country|title=Reviving patronage in arts and culture around the country|date=February 1, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603150351/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/lifestyle/reviving-patronage-arts-culture-around-country|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the 2019 edition, the festival took over 12 venues, including some of the heritage structures along the [[Mandovi]] river, and featured over 95 projects, including workshops, live performances and art exhibitions.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/watch-goas-upcoming-serendipity-arts-festival/|title=What to watch out for at Goa's upcoming Serendipity Arts Festival|date=October 18, 2019|website=Condé Nast Traveller India}}</ref>

The festival is organised by the [[non-profit]] Serendipity Arts Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/post-heromotocorp-sunil-munjal-is-drawing-up-a-new-plan-driving-art-via-serendipitytrust/articleshow/55741987.cms|title=Post-Hero MotoCorp, Sunil Munjal is drawing up a new plan: Driving art via Serendipity Trust|date=December 2, 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Every edition is programmed by a new curatorial team, which includes established figures in particular fields; in 2019, the [[visual arts]] programming was curated by artists [[Jyotindra Jain]] and [[Sudarshan Shetty]], culinary arts by chef [[Rahul Akerkar]], dance by [[Mayuri Upadhya]], music by [[Sneha Khanwalkar]], among others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/goas-serendipity-arts-festival-announces-new-set-of-curators/article27077071.ece|title=Goa's Serendipity Arts Festival announces new set of curators|newspaper=The Hindu |date=May 9, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/pao-with-a-side-of-history-serendipity-arts-festival-goan-cuisine-6168820/|title=This year, at the Serendipity Arts Festival, an exploration of culinary legacies and the craft of food|date=December 16, 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.serendipityartsfestival.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Goa]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Theatre festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2016]]
[[Category:December]]
[[Category:Arts festivals in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]

Hari Kunzru

2026-01-28T22:04:01Z

Vineettandon: creating new info

{{Short description|British novelist and journalist}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{infobox writer 
| name = Hari Kunzru
| image = Hari Kunzru B283441 (cropped2).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Hari Mohan Nath Kunzru
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = London, England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Author, journalist
| language = English
| alma_mater = [[Wadham College, Oxford]] [[Warwick University]]
| period =
| genre = [[Literary fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Gods without Men'' ''White Tears'' ''Red Pill''
| spouse = [[Katie Kitamura]]
| partner =
| children = 2<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/katie-kitamura-a-separation-book-review/ |title=Kunzru-Kitamura children |access-date=13 November 2017 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422173314/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/katie-kitamura-a-separation-book-review/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|harikunzru.com}}
| portaldisp =
}}
{{Cyber anthropology|related}}
'''Hari Mohan Nath Kunzru''' (born 1969) is a British novelist and journalist. He is the author of the novels ''[[The Impressionist]]'', ''[[Transmission (novel)|Transmission]]'', ''My Revolutions'', ''[[Gods Without Men]]'', ''White Tears'',<ref name=robinson>David Robinson. [http://living.scotsman.com/books/Interview-Hari-Kunzru-author.6809838.jp?articlepage=1 "Interview: Hari Kunzru, author"], scotsman.com, 29 July 2011</ref> ''Red Pill'', and ''Blue Ruin''. His work has been translated into 20 languages.

== Early life and education ==
Kunzru was born in [[London, England]], to an Indian father of [[Kashmiri Pandit]] descent and a British mother.<ref name=ny>{{cite magazine |title=Staring into the Void with Hari Kunzru |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2012/03/hari-kunzru-gods-without-men.html |first=Rollo |last=Romig |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=New York City |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> He grew up in [[Essex, England|Essex]] and was educated at [[Bancroft's School]]. He studied English at [[Wadham College, Oxford]], then gained an MA in Philosophy and Literature from [[University of Warwick]]. In his teens, Kunzru decided that he did not believe in formal religion or God, and is "opposed to how religion is used to police people".<ref name=ny />

== Career ==
From 1995 to 1997, Kunzru worked on ''[[Wired magazine|Wired UK]]''. Since 1998, he has worked as a travel journalist, writing for such newspapers as ''[[The Guardian]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. He was a travel correspondent for ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'' magazine, and worked as a TV presenter interviewing artists for the [[British Sky Broadcasting|Sky TV]] electronic arts programme ''The Lounge''. From 1999 to 2004 he was also music editor of ''[[Wallpaper*]]'' magazine, and since 1995 he has been a contributing editor to ''[[Mute Magazine|Mute]]'', the culture and technology magazine. His first novel, ''The Impressionist'' (2003), had a £1 million-plus advance and was well received critically with excellent sales.<ref name=robinson /> His second novel, ''[[Transmission (novel)|Transmission]]'', was published in 2004. In 2005 he published the short-story collection ''Noise''. His third novel, ''My Revolutions'', was published in 2007. His fourth novel, ''Gods Without Men'', was released in 2011.<ref name=robinson /> Set in the American southwest, it is a fractured story about multiple characters across time. It has been compared to [[David Mitchell (author)|David Mitchell]]'s ''[[Cloud Atlas (novel)|Cloud Atlas]]''.<ref name=robinson /> His novel ''Blue Ruin'' appeared in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garner |first=Dwight |title=A Portrait of the Art World Elite, Painted With a Heavy: Hari Kunzru examines the ties between art and wealth in a new novel, Blue Ruin' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/06/books/review/hari-kunzru-blue-ruin.html |access-date=November 2, 2024 |work=The New York Times Book Review |date=6 May 2024 |page=11 |volume=173 |issn=0028-7806}}</ref>

In 2004 the "supersonic supernatural drama" [[Sound Mirrors]] was dramatised as part of the [[BBC Radio 3]] drama strand, The Wire. It was a collaboration between Kunzru and DJ producers [[Coldcut]].

Kunzru was awarded The [[John Llewellyn Rhys prize]] for writers under 35, the second-oldest literary prize in the UK, but turned it down on the grounds that it was backed by the ''[[Mail on Sunday]]'' whose "hostility towards black and Asian people" he felt was unacceptable.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liao |first1=Pei-chen |title=Crossing the Borders of the Body Politic after 9/11: The Virus Metaphor and Autoimmunity in Hari Kunzru's Transmission |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-1-349-34594-6 |page=53 |doi=10.1057/9781137 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137 |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>

He is Deputy President of English [[International PEN|PEN]]. He also teaches in the creative writing program at [[New York University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://harpers.org/archive/2026/02/another-london-situationists-hari-kunzru/ |title=Another London|access-date=2026-01-28}}</ref>

In 2009, he donated the short story "''Kaltes klares Wasser''" to Oxfam's [[Ox-Tales]] project, four collections of UK stories by 38 authors. Kunzru's story was published in the Water collection.<ref>[http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/content/books/books_oxtales.html Oxfam: Ox-Tales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318100114/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/content/books/books_oxtales.html |date=18 March 2012 }}</ref>

In 2012, at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Salman-Rushdie-shadow-on-Jaipur-Literature-Festival-4-authors-who-read-from-The-Satanic-Verses-sent-packing/articleshow/11595228.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120205203714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/jaipur/30655383_1_jaipur-literature-festival-hari-kunzru-organizers|url-status= live|archive-date= 5 February 2012|title= Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature Festival: 4 authors who read from 'The Satanic Verses' sent packing|author1=Singh, Akhilesh Kumar |author2=Chowdhury, Shreya Roy |date= 23 January 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> Kunzru and three other authors, [[Ruchir Joshi]], [[Jeet Thayil]], and [[Amitava Kumar]], risked arrest by reading excerpts from [[Salman Rushdie]]'s ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', which remains unpublished in India due to fear of controversy. Kunzru later wrote, "Our intention was not to offend anyone's religious sensibilities, but to give a voice to a writer who had been silenced by a death threat."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/22/i-quoted-satanic-verses-suport-rushdie?intcmp=239|title= Why I quoted from The Satanic Verses|author= Kunzru, Hari|date= 22 January 2012|work= The Guardian|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> The reading drew sharp criticism from Muslim groups as a deliberately provocative move to gain publicity for the four authors. Kunzru admitted in an interview that the festival organizers asked him to leave as his presence was likely to "inflame an already volatile situation."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205203714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/jaipur/30655383_1_jaipur-literature-festival-hari-kunzru-organizers Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature Festival: 4 authors who read from 'The Satanic Verses' sent packing, Times of India, Jan 23, 2012]</ref>

In 2016, Kunzru visited [[Israel]], as part of a project by the "[[Breaking the Silence (organization)|Breaking the Silence]]" organization, to write an article for a book on the [[Israeli occupation]], to mark the 50th anniversary of the [[Six-Day War]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Renowned Authors Learn About Occupation Firsthand in Breaking the Silence Tour |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-04-18/ty-article/u-s-literary-stars-go-on-breaking-the-silence-tour/0000017f-f0fd-dc28-a17f-fcffa9330000 |last1=Zeveloff |first1=Naomi |author2-link=The Forward |date=2016-04-18 |work=[[Haaretz]] |last2=The Forward}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Leading authors to write about visiting Israel and the occupied territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/22/leading-authors-to-write-about-visiting-israel-and-the-occupied-territories |last=Cain |first=Sian |date=2016-02-17 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The book was edited by [[Michael Chabon]] and [[Ayelet Waldman]], and published in 2017 under the title ''Kingdom of Olives and Ash: Writers Confront the Occupation''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/kingdom-of-olives-and-ash-michael-chabonayelet-waldman?variant=32207717433378 |title=Kingdom of Olives and Ash Writers Confront the Occupation By Michael Chabon, Ayelet Waldman |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref> During the Gaza War, he announced that he supports a boycott of Israeli cultural institutions, including publishers and literary festivals. He was an original signatory of the manifesto "Refusing Complicity in Israel's Literary Institutions".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/11KaIIavJWoaoyA5d969dk1MbgH6mRgaC7FTmNb-2tpw/viewform?pli=1&pli=1&pli=1&edit_requested=true/|title=Refusing Complicity in Israel's Literary Institutions|access-date= October 29, 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kunzru is married to novelist [[Katie Kitamura]], and the couple have two children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Author Hari Kunzru on the culture wars, meth, and his ambitious new novel, ''Gods Without Men'' |url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/null/2012/03/5437193/author-hari-kunzru-culture-wars-meth-and-his-ambitious-new-novel-gods-w |first=Jacob |last=Silverman |location=Chelsea, United States |date=9 March 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214329/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/null/2012/03/5437193/author-hari-kunzru-culture-wars-meth-and-his-ambitious-new-novel-gods-w |archive-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kunzru is fascinated by [[UFO]]s and as a youngster often imagined a close-encounter experience with one.<ref name=granta>{{cite web |title=Interview: Hari Kunzru |url=http://www.granta.com/New-Writing/Interview-Hari-Kunzru |publisher=granta.com |first=Ted |last=Hodgekinson |date=10 March 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

== Honours ==
*1999: ''The Observer'' Young Travel Writer of the Year
*2002: [[Betty Trask Award]], ''The Impressionist''
*2003: [[Somerset Maugham Award]], ''The Impressionist''
*2003: ''[[Granta]]'' "Best of Young British Novelists" (one of twenty)
*2005: [[New York Times Notable Book of the Year]], ''[[Transmission (novel)|Transmission]]''
*2005: ''[[Lire (magazine)|Lire]]'' "50 écrivains pour demain"
*2014: Elected [[Royal Society of Literature|Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Kunzru, Hari |url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/hari-kunzru/,%20https://rsliterature.org/fellows/hari-kunzru/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Royal Society of Literature |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{Incomplete list |date=July 2025}}{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}
=== Books ===
* 2002: ''[[The Impressionist]]''. London: Hamish Hamilton. {{ISBN|9780241141694}}, {{OCLC|953648874}}
* 2004: ''[[Transmission (novel)|Transmission]]''. London: Hamish Hamilton. {{ISBN|9780141020952}}, {{OCLC|485832981}}
* 2005: ''Noise''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9780141023106}}, {{OCLC|835475787}}
* 2007: ''My Revolutions''. London: Penguin. {{OCLC|920237941}}
* 2011: ''[[Gods Without Men]]''. London: Penguin. {{ISBN|9780307946973}}, {{OCLC|864345036}}
* 2013: ''Memory Palace''. London: Victoria and Albert Museum. {{ISBN|9781851777365}}
* 2014: ''Twice Upon a Time: Listening to New York''. New York: Atavist. {{ISBN|9780671456337}}
* 2017: ''[[White Tears]]'', New York: Knopf {{ISBN|9781101973219}}, {{OCLC|989962274}}
* 2020: ''Red Pill'', New York: Knopf {{ISBN|9780451493712}}, {{OCLC|1129915075}}
* 2024: ''Blue Ruin'', London: Scribner {{ISBN|9780593801376}}, {{OCLC|1388209656}}
===Essays and reporting===
* {{cite journal  |date=September 2021 |title=Death valley |department=Easy Chair |journal=Harper's Magazine |volume=343 |issue=2056 |pages=5–7 |url=https://harpers.org/archive/2021/09/death-valley-september-11-2001 |url-access=limited }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.harikunzru.com/}}
* {{British council|id=hari-kunzru|name=Hari Kunzru}}
* [http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/matar_kunzru_10_15_11/ "Libya's Reluctant Spokesman: Hari Kunzru interviews Hisham Matar" – Guernica: A Magazine of Art and Politics]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7L1o5zUWkOM Video of Hari Kunzru on Sky TV]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202001810/http://www.cityweekend.com.cn/shanghai/articles/blogs-shanghai/shanghai-book-club/live-bloging-with-hari-kunzru-my-revolutions/ Podcast of Hari Kunzru discussing "My Revolutions" at the Shanghai International Literary Festival]
* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/writloud/Writers.htm#K Podcast of Hari Kunzru reading from "My Revolutions" at writLOUD, London]
* [https://news.artnet.com/multimedia/a-damning-appraisal-of-art-world-elitism-2555010 Podcast] of Hari Kunzru discussing Blue Ruin on [[Artnet]]'s The Art Angle, October 17, 2024.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunzru, Hari}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century English male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century English novelists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:British Book Award winners]]
[[Category:British people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:English male novelists]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Harper's Magazine people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Kashmiri writers]]
[[Category:People educated at Bancroft's School]]
[[Category:English atheists]]
[[Category:Novelists from London]]
[[Category:Writers from Essex]]

Bhuteshwar Temple

2026-01-23T11:46:29Z

Vineettandon: further enhanced intro based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Bhuteshwar Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Jind]]
| location = Jind
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}
[[File:RaniTalab.png|thumb|200px|Bhuteshwar Temple]]
'''Bhuteshwar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Jind]], Haryana, in the series of [[48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra]], dedicated to Bhuteshwar, a manifestation of
[[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305091416/http://kurukshetra.nic.in/bulkdata/pdf/tirthalist.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mcjind">{{cite web | url=http://ulbharyana.gov.in/municipal-council-jind/ | title=Municipal Council Jind | publisher=Municipal Council Jind | access-date=7 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718135753/http://ulbharyana.gov.in/municipal-council-jind/ | archive-date=18 July 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> It was built by [[Raghubir Singh Jind|Raghbir Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jindcity.com/index2.html|title=Jind City - Introduction|publisher=Jind City|access-date=2009-07-27}}</ref> Because it has a large water tank all around it is also called Rani Talab (meaning Queen Pond)
.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rani Talab | publisher = [[Haryana Tourism]] | url = http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5775 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140812011734/http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5775 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2014-08-12 | access-date = 2014-08-09 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Jind]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Haryana]]

Tughlaq (play)

2026-01-21T22:19:57Z

Vineettandon: Added Stub - done

{{Short description|1964 Kannada-language play by Girish Karnad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Tughlaq''''' is a 1964 Indian [[Kannada language]] play written by [[Girish Karnad]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tughlaq: A historical play|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Tughlaq-to-be-staged-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/31787860.cms|accessdate=2 June 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Manikutty|first1=S|last2=Singh|first2=Sampat|title=Girish Karnad explores Tughlaq's character|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-11-05/news/27379866_1_mohammed-bin-tughlaq-play-tughlaq-girish-karnad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120052657/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-11-05/news/27379866_1_mohammed-bin-tughlaq-play-tughlaq-girish-karnad|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2013|accessdate=2 June 2016|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=5 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dharwadker1995">{{cite journal|last1=Dharwadker|first1=Aparna|title=Historical Fictions and Postcolonial Representation: Reading Girish Karnad's Tughlaq|journal=PMLA|volume=110|issue=1|year=1995|pages=43–58|issn=0030-8129|doi=10.2307/463194|jstor=463194 |s2cid=163813879 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Paramita|title=What Girish Karnad's play Tughlaq says about India's politicians|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/what-girish-karnad-s-play-tughlaq-says-about-india-s-politicians/story-XzzTR7m9xB0XUtmx1NsPdP.html|accessdate=3 September 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sengupta|first1=Ashis|title=Being and Role-playing: Reading Girish Karnad's "Tughlaq"|journal=Indian Literature|date=2003|volume=47|issue=1|pages=161–173|jstor=23341740}}</ref> The thirteen-scene play is set during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]. It was first staged in [[Urdu]] in 1966, as a student production at [[National School of Drama]]. Most famously, it was staged at [[Purana Qila]], Delhi in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/what-girish-karnad-s-play-tughlaq-says-about-india-s-politicians/story-XzzTR7m9xB0XUtmx1NsPdP.html|title=What Girish Karnad's play Tughlaq says about India's politicians|date=26 May 2017|website=Hindustan Times|first=Paramita|last=Ghosh|language=en|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> In 1970, it was enacted in English in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Karnad|first1=Girish|last2=Anathamurthy|first2=U.R.|authorlink1=Girish Karnad|title=Tughlaq: A Play in Thirteen Scenes|year=2015|orig-year=1971|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-560226-5|pages=vii–x|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
''Tughlaq'', a 13-scene play by [[Girish Karnad]], focuses on the 14th century Turko-Indian ruler. It is both a historical play as well as a commentary on the contemporary politics of the 1960s. [[The Times of India]] comments: "In the play, the protagonist, Tughlaq, is portrayed as having great ideas and a grand vision, but his reign was an abject failure. He started his rule with great ideals of a unified India, but his degenerated into anarchy and his kingdom."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Tughlaq-to-be-staged-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/31787860.cms|title=Tughlaq: A historical play - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

== Plot ==
As the play opens, the reader is introduced to the court of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Mohammad Bin Tughlaq]], a Muslim [[Sultan]] (Emperor). Tughlaq declares that he is shifting his capital from Delhi to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daultabad]] (also known as [[Daulatabad Fort|Deogiri]]). Daultabad is in [[south India]] and at a long distance from Delhi. He has two purposes behind this decision. First, it will help him to rule over southern part of India effectively and increase fraternity and unity among Hindus and Muslims as Daultabad is a Hindu-majority city. Second, it will help him saving his capital against the attacks of Mongols from the north.

A man named, Aziz appears in the court. Aziz has changed his identity from a Muslim to a Hindu with a definite purpose. Tughlaq is well known for [[Secularism]]. Despite being a Muslim Sultan, Tughlaq shows a great heart towards Hindus. He desires to be seen as an idealist who wants a unity between Hindus and Muslims. In order to win hearts of Hindus, he favors Hindus more in his decisions and policies. So Aziz takes the name as Vishnu Prasad, a Hindu [[Brahmin]]. He has filed a case against sultan Tughlaq for acquiring his land unfairly. He is given a handsome amount on the name of land acquisition. Later in his court, he invites public to get settled in Daultabad. He doesn’t force the public but leaves it up to them whether to move or to remain there. Aziz, with his friend Aazam, plans to cheat people and get money on the way to Daultabad.

The scene shifts, as now Tughlaq is playing [[chess]] in his private chamber. His stepmother appears. She is quite concerned about his eccentric approach in his administration. It is also revealed that Tughlaq had murdered his father and his brother in the past to get to the throne. She scolds him for his negligence towards the uprising led by Ain-ul-Mulk, an old friend of Tughlaq. Ain-ul-Mulk has now turned into an enemy. He is marching with his thirty thousand soldiers to attack the state. On the other hand, Tughlaq has only six thousand soldiers. If the battle takes place, his defeat is quite certain. His stepmother asks [[Ziauddin Barani]], a historian of that time, to keep Tughlaq away from the company of foolish advisors and councilors.    

Sheikh-Imam-Uddin, another character, appears on the stage. He doesn’t like the Sultan at all. In fact, he incites the people against Tughlaq for his eccentric decisions. Tughlaq himself is well aware of the fact that Sheikh has ill desires against him. Tughlaq calls him and asks him to visit Ain-ul-Mulk with a proposal for peace. Sheikh is asked to be dressed as a royal person and is sent on an elephant. Tughlaq has done this with an intention. Later news comes that Sheikh-Imam-Uddin is murdered. He was mistaken for Tughlaq by the enemies for his royal dress and riding on elephant. Ratan Singh reveals that it was Tughlaq’s plot. This incident comes as a first instance of the dark side of his character.  

Ratan Singh, Amirs and [[Sayyid]]s are planning to murder the Sultan as there is no other way left for them to stop his foolish acts. They argue about Daultabad city and its Hindu majority population. They persuade Sihabuddin to join them. But he hasn't made up his mind yet. They plan to murder him during the prayer. Later their plan is revealed, they all are caught and beget death sentence. Tughlaq orders for their dead bodies to be hanged in public. He takes another ridiculous decision to have currency minted on copper and brass metal. Adding more to his foolishness, he declares that the all coins will have an equal value, no matter whether the coin is made of gold, silver, copper or brass. He also announces a ban on prayers.  Even people now start terming him as a foolish Sultan. Now Tughlaq wants to shift there as soon as possible. On the way, many people die of hunger, disease, etc. Aziz appears with his friend Aazam and tells him how to deceive others and extract money.

Now the scene shifts to Daultabad. It is reported that Najib, a confidante and an advisor of Tughlaq, is murdered. His stepmother comes and scolds him that the economy of the state is collapsing as the people have minted so much fake currency on copper and brass. They have exchanged it for gold and silver coins. So his foolish decision is to be held accountable for this crisis. But Tughlaq is frustrated by Najib's murder. So many people, whomever he suspects, are executed. Finally it is revealed that Najib was poisoned by Tughlaq’s stepmother. When Tughlaq discovers this, he orders her arrest. She is stoned to death. All such decisions are presented as the severe frustrations of his mind.

It is announced to the public that when Ghiyasuddin-Abbasid arrives, the ban on the prayers will be lifted. But the people are no way interested in it as they are dying of hunger. The life of common man is devastated. But Tughlaq is preparing for Ghiyasuddin-Abbasid’s welcome.  Aziz appears and murders Ghiyas-uddin-Abbasid. Now Aziz disguises himself as Ghiyas-uddin-Abbasid with a motive to fudge the Sultan. Aziz manages to deceive Tughlaq with his new identity. Later Aazam is murdered and somehow, his true identity is revealed to Tughlaq. Now Aziz tells him everything whatever he had done in past to cheat him. The revelation of these facts really impresses Tughlaq. He appoints him on a powerful position in his court. Having taken this decision, Tughlaq goes to sleep. When he wakes up, he realizes himself as he has gone mad. The play ends here.

== Characters ==

* Mohammad Bin Tughlaq - The Emperor
* His stepmother
* Aziz - A shrewd man who deceives Tughlaq with his disguise
* Aazam - A friend of Aziz and his partner
* Najib - An advisor and confidante of Tughlaq
* Barani - A historian and close associate of Tughlaq
* Sheikh Imam-ud-din - A critic of Tughlaq's foolish acts
* Shihab-ud-din -
* Sheikh Shams-ud-din -
* Ain-ul-Mulk - An old friend of Tughlaq who, later, turned into an enemy
* Ratansingh - Adopted brother of Shihab-ud-din
* Ghiyas-ud-din Abbasid - Descendant of Khalif Abbasid and guest of honour of Tughlaq

==Historical play==
Prof. Asha Kuthari Chaudhuri then of the [[Gauhati University]] at [[Guwahati]], has said of the play: "''Tughlaq'' is based on the life and story of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq -- the most controversial ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi sultanate]]. ''Tughlaq'' is defined as a historical play because the chief protagonist is a character taken from history and the play documents a series of past events that took place during the reign of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. ''Tughlaq'' can also be considered as a political play as it represents the reign of a king and his various moves to unify the Hindus and Muslims, and establish a just kingdom in Delhi."<ref>{{Citation|last=Vidya-mitra|title=Recreating the Past: Girish Karnad's Tughlaq (ENG)|date=2017-04-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kk0h6bfIQZ8|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>

==Symbolism==

Writing in 2012, the research scholar M. Jagadeswari, argues: "Girish Karnad is the foremost playwright of modern India. Tughlaq, his second play, is a historical play replete with symbolism.... In the play, the symbols have a myriad of origin as well as forms. He used symbols to represent universal thoughts and emotions. His use of various symbols in the play such as Chess, Aziz and Aazam, Prayer, Python, Daulatabad, Rose and birds like Vulture add greater emotional and associative significance."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2012/jagadeeswaritughlaq.pdf|title=A Perspective on Symbols in Girish Karnad's Tughlaq|last=Jagadeswari|first=M.|date=4 April 2012|website=Language in India|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Tughlaq (Marathi)'', Tras. [[Vijay Tendulkar]]. Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. {{ISBN|81-7185-370-6}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1cyxbIw9jccC&q=%22Girish+Karnad%22+-inpublisher:icon Yayati (Hindi)]''. Tr. by B. R. Narayan. Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt Ltd, 2008. {{ISBN|81-7119-627-6}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kk0h6bfIQZ8 Recreating the Past: Girish Karnad’s Tughlaq (ENG)]
* [https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/discuss-themes-issues-girish-karnads-tughlaq-466822 enotes: Discuss themes and issues in Girish Karnad's ''Tughlaq'']
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/what-girish-karnad-s-play-tughlaq-says-about-india-s-politicians/story-XzzTR7m9xB0XUtmx1NsPdP.html What Girish Karnad’s play Tughlaq says about India’s politicians]
* [https://www.academia.edu/35492268/GIRISH_KARNAD_S_PLAY_TUGHLAQ_AS_A_HISTORICAL_PLAY Girish Karnad's play ''Tughlaq'' as a historical play]
* [https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/lucknow/tughlaq-a-play/articleshow/68273254.cms ''Times of India'' photogalley of ''Tughlaq'', directed by Prabhat Kumar Bose, staged at Sangeet Natak Akademi in Lucknow.]

[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:1964 plays]]

Amrit Gope

2026-01-21T03:17:35Z

Vineettandon: creating a page

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Amrit Gope
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|9|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bihar]], (now-[[Jharkhand]]), [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.87}}
| currentclub = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Hindustan FC|Hindustan]]
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = Telco Sports Club
| years1 = 2017–2021
| clubs1 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
| caps1 = 12
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2021–2022
| clubs2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| caps2 = 16
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022–2024
| clubs3 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps3 = 0
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| club-update = 17:00, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Amrit Gope''' (born 12 September 1999) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]

==Club career==
===Jamshedpur B===
Gope, first tasted senior competitive football with [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]] in the [[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]] season. On 13 January 2019, he made his debut for the reserve team, against [[TRAU FC|TRAU]], in a 1–0 loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-fc-reserves-go-down-fighting-1---0-against-trau-fc-in-i-league-second-division|title=Jamshedpur FC Reserves go down fighting 1 - 0 against TRAU FC in I-League Second Division|website=Jamshedpur FC|date=13 January 2019}}</ref> He played a combined 12 matches for them in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]], over two seasons.

Gope got promoted to the senior team ahead of the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]] season, after impressive performances in between the sticks with the reserves team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jamshedpurfc/status/1183708824659562496|title=Gope promoted to the first team|website=Twitter|date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

===TRAU===
Having worked his way up from the [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]], Gope signed for [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] on a one-year deal. On 9 January 2021, he made his debut for the club, against [[Aizawl]] in a 1–0 win, riding on some valiant goalkeeping.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/komron-tursunovs-strike-helps-trau-beat-aizawl-fc-in-i-league/articleshow/80773260.cms|title=Komron Tursunov's strike helps TRAU beat Aizawl FC in I-League|website=Times of India|date=9 January 2021}}</ref> He saved a penalty from [[MC Malsawmzuala]] and received a yellow card but managed to kept a clean-sheet in a 1-0 win over [[Aizawl FC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/tursunovs-early-strike-for-trau-sinks-aizawl/articleshow/80780215.cms|date=10 February 2021|title=Tursunov's early strike for TRAU sinks Aizawl}}</ref>

Gope extended his contract with [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] ahead of the [[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/i-league-excited-for-chance-to-prove-myself-says-trau-goalkeeper-gope20220221132420/|title=I-League: Excited for chance to prove myself, says TRAU goalkeeper Gope|website=ANI News|date=21 February 2022}}</ref> He played in nine matches and managed to keep three clean sheets throughout the season.

=== Bengaluru FC ===
He signed for the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] club [[Bengaluru FC]] on a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/isl-2022-23-transfer-news-bengaluru-fc-sign-amrit-gope-faisal-ali-on-long-term-deal-192982.html|date=1 July 2022|title=ISL 2022-23 Transfer News: Bengaluru FC sign Amrit Gope, Faisal Ali on long-term deal}}</ref> He made his debut in a 2-2 draw against [[FC Goa]] in [[2022 Durand Cup|durand cup]] but remained on the bench for rest of the tournament as Bengaluru won the final by defeating [[Mumbai City FC]] 2-1. He remained on the bench for the rest [[2022-23 Bengaluru FC season|whole season]] as a backup for [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] and played in no games for the first team. He moved to [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC B]] and played in the first group stage game of [[2022–23 I-League 2|I-League 2]] against [[FC Bengaluru United]] but received a straight red in the 38th minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/bfc-b/blue-colts-begin-2nd-division-league-with-win-over-fc-bengaluru-united/|date=13 March 2023|title=Blue Colts begin 2nd Division League with win over FC Bengaluru United}}</ref>

He was included in [[2023 Durand Cup]] squad and played in a 2–2 draw against [[Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/bengaluru-fc-announce-squad-for-durand-cup-title-defence/|date=3 August 2023|title=Bengaluru FC announce squad for Durand Cup title defence}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesportstak.com/football|date=18 August 2023|title=Durand Cup: Bengaluru FC hold Kerala Blasters to a 2-2 draw as Gokulam storm into quarters}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|30 August 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|amrit-gope/640065}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||9||0
|-
|[[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2019–20]]
|3||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||6||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[2020–21 I-League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|7||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||7||0
|-
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|9||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||9||0
|-
! colspan="2" |TRAU total
!16!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!16!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!28!!0!!4!!0!!0!!0!!32!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gope, Amrit}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:TRAU FC players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]

India Cements

2026-01-11T09:23:16Z

Vineettandon: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian cement manufacturing company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The India Cements Limited
| logo = India Cements logo.png
| type = [[Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|530005}} {{NSE|INDIACEM}}
| caption =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1946}}
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| revenue = {{decrease}}{{INRConvert|4138.75|c}} (FY2025)
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audited Financial Results| url=https://www.indiacements.co.in/uploads/investor/pdf/35638996AUDITEFINANCTRRNANDE3103025.pdf| date=26 April 2025 }}</ref>
| net_income = {{loss}} {{INRConvert|-667.56|c}} (FY2025)
| assets = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|13639.62|c}} (2025)
| parent = [[UltraTech Cement]]
| num_employees = 3000
| industry = [[Construction]]
| key_people = {{plainlist|
*Suresh Vasant Patil (CEO)
*Krishnagopal Ladsaria (CFO)}}
| products = [[Cement]]
| homepage = {{url|www.indiacements.co.in}}
}}
'''The India Cements Limited''' is a cement manufacturing company based in [[Chennai]]. It is the 9th largest listed cement company in India by revenue.<ref>{{cite web |year=2023 |title=Top Companies in India by Net Sales - BSE |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/netsales/bse/cement.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209070305/https://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/marketinfo/netsales/bse/cement.html |archive-date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> The company was headed by former [[International Cricket Council]] [[Chairman of the International Cricket Council|chairman]] and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] president [[N. Srinivasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The Net Business News: India Cements acquires Raasi to become #2 |url=https://m.rediff.com/business/1998/apr/07raasi.htm |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=CSK owner Srinivasan has his say on Jadeja handing over CSK captaincy to Dhoni |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-chennai-super-kings-owner-n-srinivasan-has-his-say-on-jadeja-handing-over-csk-captaincy-back-to-ms-dhoni-101651406611123.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

It was established in 1946 by [[S. N. N. Sankaralinga Iyer]] and the first plant was set up at [[Thalaiyuthu]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1949. It has seven integrated cement plants in Tamil Nadu, Telangana and [[Andhra Pradesh]], one in Rajasthan (through its subsidiary, Trinetra Cement Ltd) and two grinding units, one each in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra with a capacity of 15.6 million tonnes per annum. '''Sankar Cement''', '''Coramandel Cement''' and '''Raasi Gold''' are the brands owned by India Cements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading Cement Companies {{!}} Cements Manufacturers, Supplier in India |url=https://www.indiacements.co.in/milestones.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250429031109/https://www.indiacements.co.in/milestones.html |archive-date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=www.indiacements.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

India Cements directly owned the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Chennai Super Kings]] from 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/333193.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> It then transferred ownership to a separate entity named Chennai Super Kings Cricket Ltd., after the [[Supreme Court of India]] struck down the controversial amendment to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] constitution's clause 6.2.4 that had allowed board officials to have commercial interests in the IPL and the Champions League T20 on 22 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/829981.html|title=Supreme court struck down controversial amendment|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref> India Cements is also alleged to have made controversial investments in Jagati Publications and [[Bharati Cements]] owned by [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://zeenews.india.com/news/andhra-pradesh/jagan-reddy-to-move-sc-in-assets-case_726424.html|title=Jagan Reddy to move SC in assets case|date=16 August 2011 |publisher=Zeenews Bureau |access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

== Acquisition of Raasi Cements and Sri Vishnu Cements ==

In 1998, India Cements Limited (ICL) executed one of the most significant hostile takeovers in Indian corporate history by acquiring Raasi Cements and, subsequently, Sri Vishnu Cement. Under the leadership of N. Srinivasan, ICL initiated the bid by strategically accumulating an initial 21% stake in Raasi through open-market purchases and a private deal with a disgruntled relative of the promoter, [[B. V. Raju|B.V. Raju]]. Despite a high-profile defense by Andhra industrial leaders, ICL successfully negotiated a deal in April 1998 to buy Raju’s 32% promoter holding for ₹1.5 billion. This ₹3.8 billion acquisition, advised by DSP Merrill Lynch, made India Cements the second-largest cement producer in the country and gave it a dominant position in the southern market. The consolidation was completed the following year when ICL acquired Sri Vishnu Cements as well, effectively absorbing a total production capacity of approximately 3 million tonnes and marking a major shift in the industry's landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The Net Business News: India Cements acquires Raasi to become #2 |url=https://m.rediff.com/business/1998/apr/07raasi.htm |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iszsAAAAMAAJ |title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation |date=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-59412-8 |location=London |pages=119 |chapter=Kammas, Reddys, and Rajus}}</ref>

== Acquisition by UltraTech Cement ==
In July 2024, [[UltraTech Cement]] acquired a majority stake in India cements.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ultratech-cement-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-india-cements/articleshow/112086051.cms|title=UltraTech Cement to acquire majority stake in India Cements|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 Jul 2024}}</ref> However, there will be no change in ownership of [[Chennai Super Kings]] as it has been functioning as an independent entity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/ultratech-india-cement-deal-no-impact-on-chennai-super-kings-ownership-124072900542_1.html|title=UltraTech-India Cement deal: No impact on Chennai Super Kings ownership|date=29 Jul 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.indiacements.co.in/}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:Cement companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:India Cements]]
[[Category:2024 mergers and acquisitions]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Jaiprakash Nagar metro station

2025-12-19T17:59:43Z

Vineettandon: creating new stub

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{onesource|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jaiprakash Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Orange}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Jaiprakash Nagar metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Somalwada, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440025
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.10362|79.06816|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] Platform-2 → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2019|11|20}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Chhatrapati Square|to-left=Automotive Square|right=Ujjwal Nagar}}
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro North-South Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Jaiprakash Nagar''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in the city of [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra. This serves the Jaiprakash Nagar area of [[Nagpur]]. It was opened on 20 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Metro's Jaiprakash Nagar Station commissioned|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/11/21/Metro-s-Jaiprakash-Nagar-Station-commissioned.html|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.thehitavada.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Jaiprakash Nagar track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Chhatrapati Square}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ujjwal Nagar}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]] '''Next Station:''' [[Ujjwal Nagar metro station|Ujjwal Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] '''Next Station:''' [[Chhatrapati Square metro station|Chhatrapati Square]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]

Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies

2025-12-18T12:40:00Z

Vineettandon:

{{Short description|University in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies
| image = [[File:Vels University logo.png|150px]]
| motto = Knowledge Is Power
| established = {{Start date and age|1992}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| academic_affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[NAAC]]
| chancellor = [[Ishari K. Ganesh|Dr. Ishari K. Ganesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://velsuniv.ac.in/message.asp|title=Ishari K Ganesh Chancellor Vels University - an Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Deemed University India}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Dr. T. Sasipraba<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://velsuniv.ac.in/vc-profile.asp|title=Vice Chancellor Vels University - an Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Deemed University India}}</ref>
| students = 10,000
| city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| former_names = {{small|Vels College of Science (1993–2008)<ref name="ugc.ac.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/velchennai.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 September 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924124014/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/velchennai.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vels College of Pharmacy (1992–2008)<ref name="ugc.ac.in"/> Vels College of Physiotherapy (1993–2008)<ref name="ugc.ac.in"/> Vels Srinivasa College of Engineering & Technology (2001–2008)<ref name="ugc.ac.in"/> Vels Academy of Maritime Education & Training (2004–2008)<ref name="ugc.ac.in"/>}}
| website = [http://www.velsuniv.ac.in/ www.velsuniv.ac.in]
}}

'''Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies''' ('''VISTAS''') is an [[institute]] of [[higher education in India|higher education]] located in [[Pallavaram]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="Vels1">{{Cite web| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-25/ahmedabad/28259528_1_child-scientists-theme-ncsc | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-25/ahmedabad/28259528_1_child-scientists-theme-ncsc | url-status= dead | archive-date= 4 November 2012 | title= 26 kids from state to participate in NCSC | date= 25 December 2010 | work= [[The Times of India]] | access-date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
It was established in 1992 and granted [[deemed university]] status in 2008 by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] under section 3 of UGC Act 1956.

==Schools==
VISTAS has established following schools:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pursue a Management Degrees from Vels University, Chennai, India|url=http://velsuniv.ac.in/academics.asp|access-date=2020-09-21|website=velsuniv.ac.in}}</ref>

* School of Engineering
* School of Pharmacy
* School of Hotel & Catering Management
* School of Management & Commerce
* School of Maritime Studies
* School of Ocean Engineering
* School of Computing Sciences
* School of Law
* School of Physiotherapy
* School of Life Sciences
* School of Basic Sciences
* School of Mass Communication
* School of Languages
* School of Education
* School of Music & Fine Arts
* Department of Aviation
* Vels Medical College and Hospital

==Campus & infrastructure==
===Campus===
Campus is located in the heart of the city in [[Pallavaram]] with about 29.13 acres. It is the only university campus which has its main campus within the city.

===Hostel===
There are separate hostels for men and women on the campus. A laundry facility is also available to the students for a charge. A qualified medical attendant is available at the campus. Medical and hospital facilities are available at Pallavaram and the cost is met by the students. Mess and canteen facility are also available.,<ref name="VelsF">{{Cite web |url=http://www.velsuniv.ac.in/facilities.htm |title=Facilities |access-date=16 December 2011 |archive-date=6 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206064655/http://www.velsuniv.ac.in/facilities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Research centres==
The following research centres are established at VISTAS to conduct research.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute For Phd, Mphil Research On Biotechnology, Microbiology, Biochemistry. Pharmacology And More!|url=http://velsuniv.ac.in/research.asp|access-date=2020-09-21|website=velsuniv.ac.in}}</ref>

* Centre of Advanced R&D
* Centre for Fish Immunology
* VISTAS Technology Business Incubation Centre
* Central Instrumentation Laboratory
* Centre for Energy Alternative Fuels
* Centre IOT Road Safety Healthcare
* Artificial Intelligence Research Lab
* Centre Automation Power Conservation
* Centre for Materials Research
* VISTAS SPS lab
* Elephant Research Centre

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = College and university
|NIRF_P_2024=64}}

Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies was ranked 64 in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) pharmacy ranking in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Pharmacy |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/PharmacyRanking.html}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]], [[actress]]
* Abinash Ganapathi, [[model (person)|model]], Mr. Chennai 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=அவமானங்களை வெற்றிப் படிக்கட்டுகளாக மாற்றிய MODEL {{!}} Abinash Ganapathi {{!}} Josh Talks Tamil| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAi8WkIl8iY}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|12.9586|80.1601|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vels University}}
[[Category:Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu|Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]
[[Category:Maritime colleges in India]]
[[Category:Dental colleges in India]]
[[Category:Dentistry education]]
[[Category:Business schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities in Chennai]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Bhāts

2025-12-18T05:45:47Z

Vineettandon: creating a entry

{{short description|Proclaimed genealogists and bards in India}}
{{About|two eponymous bardic and genealogist social groups |the surname in the [[Indian subcontinent]]|Bhat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

'''Bhāt''' is a "generic term" used to refer to an [[List of oral repositories|oral repository]] or [[bard]] in India. The majority of ''Bhats'' hail from [[Rajasthan]] and worked as [[genealogists]] for their patrons, however, they are viewed as [[mythographers]]. In India, the inception of [[Rajputization]] was followed by the emanation of two groups of bards with a group of them serving the society's influential communities and the other serving the communities with lower ranking in the social hierarchy.
[[File:Bhats (9938415574).jpg|thumb|Bhats in western India ({{circa|1855–62)}}]]

Beginning from the 13th century and till the establishment of [[British Raj|British rule]] in India, the bards serving the elites were at a higher position in the social hierarchy while the bards serving the non-elites were on a lower position with their social status parallelly experiencing directly proportional changes with the changes in the social standing of their patrons and the "quality of their service attachments". From the 16th century, the role of ''Bhats'' became very important in cementing the political legitimacy of the rulers. During the British colonial era in India, the ''Bhats'' were removed from their "positions of authority".

The present social status of the ''Bhats'' of lower castes is viewed as low in the society, and they attempt to Brahminize and [[Sanskritization|Sanskritize]] themselves for improving their social standing. With changing times, they are moving out of villages to capitalize on the new political and economic opportunities.

The genealogical records that the Bhatts produced and maintained are similar to those that have been created and preserved by the [[Purohita|Panda]] priests at [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirthas]], known as ''[[Bahi genealogy registers|Panda Bahis]]''.<ref>Kaur, Madan Jit. “A STUDY OF THE PANDA ‘VAHIS’ AS SOURCE MATERIAL FOR THE HISTORY OF THE SIKH GURUS.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 39, 1978, pp. 431–36. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/44139381</nowiki>. Accessed 18 Dec. 2025.</ref>

==Etymology==
Jeffrey G. Snodgrass states that "'Bhat' is a generic term for 'bard', applied to a range of mythographers including those employed by village nobles".<ref name="JGS1">{{cite journal |journal=Culture and Religion |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=71–104 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |place=UK |title=Hail to the Chief?: The Politics and Poetics of a Rajasthani 'Child Sacrifice' |first=Jeffrey G. |last=Snodgrass |doi=10.1080/0143830042000200364 |s2cid=144663317 |issn=1475-5610 |eissn=1475-5629}}</ref> Anastasia Piliavsky views the words ''Bhat'' and bard as synonymous.{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=146|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}} According to Dharam Singh, the word ''Bhat'' belongs to the [[Sanskrit]] lexis and its literal meaning is "bard or [[panegyrist]]". He claims that it is a misbelief that "Bhat is an [[epithet]] for a learned [[Brahmin|Brahman]]".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Sikh Courier International |volume=33–37 |year=1993 |pages=21–22 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |place=London, UK |title=Bhatras: Ambassadors of Sikh Faith |first=Dharam |last=Singh |issn=0037-511X |oclc=34121403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGJRAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Bhatras%3A+Ambassadors+of+Sikh+Faith%22 |quote-page=21 |quote=As for their origin, the academics hold that the term Bhatra is a diminutive of the Sanskrit word bhat which literally means bard or panegyrist. [..] According to another myth prevalent in India, Bhat is an epithet for a learned Brahman.}}</ref>

=== Difference between भाट and भट्ट ===
The terms "भाट" (Bhāt) and "भट्ट" (Bhatt) are often confused because they sound similar and are written closely in Hindi. This confusion can lead to misunderstandings about their meanings and cultural significance, especially as people sometimes use different spellings interchangeably.

# Bhat ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: भाट ): Traditionally a storyteller or bard, not a Brahmin. Bhats preserve oral traditions and folklore but belong to distinct cultural identities. Some may randomly spell this as "Bhaat" or "Bhat," leading to further confusion.
# Bhatt ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: भट्ट) : Typically refers to learned individuals, often associated with Brahmin communities. Bhatts are recognized for their expertise in religious texts and rituals. Variations like "Bhatt" or "Bhaṭṭa" may also appear, but they generally point to the same cultural context. Sometimes people also spell Bhatta as Bhat, leading to confusion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Saligram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&q=Bhat&pg=PA134 |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace: Proceedings of National Seminar by Kashmir Education Culture & Science Society (K.E.C.S.S.), New Delhi |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0402-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==Occupation and divisions==
According to Anastasia Piliavsky, the beginning of Rajputization gave rise to two groups of bards — "elite" and "lowly". She suggests that the elite bards who worked for the dominating social groups, including the [[Rajputs]], were composed of the genealogist ''Bhats'' and eulogist ''Charans''. She further suggests that the lowly bards, who worked for numerous lower castes, were composed of the ''Bhats'' who worked as genealogists and entertainers for their patrons.{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=147|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}}

Piliavsky notes that the bards were in "high demand" among the people who were from diverse social backgrounds (e.g., leatherworkers, hill dwellers, big landowners) and wanted to achieve "upward social mobility" in order to attain the "Rajput status" as they were depend on the bards for their [[Family tree|pedigrees]]' "production and maintenance". According to her, to have the Rajput status, only having freehold over land and being safeguarded by a feudal lord were not enough. She claims that to attain the Rajput status, a person also required "a pedigree, complete with sacred (''[[Puranic|purānic]]'', or "[[Indian epics|epic]]") lineage, divine origins, and a [[patron deity]]".{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=146|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}} The social groups which had used the bardic services included the [[Bhils]], [[Gurjars]], [[Jats]], [[Rabari]]s, and Rajputs.{{sfn|Kothiyal|2016|p=219|ps=none|loc=chapter 5: Narratives of Mobility and Mobility of Narratives}}{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=148|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}} Piliavsky observes that the "bardic work in itself was not in disrepute" and states,
{{quote|...royal and low-caste bards did identical work: they wrote, performed, and recorded [[panegyrics]] and genealogies (''bansāvalis'' and ''pidāvalis''). [..] Patron and bard, each afforded the other a claim to a clear "origin" — one genealogical, the other patronage-based, but both existentially crucial.{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=148|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}}}}

Snodgrass suggests that the ''Bhats'' who have traditionally worked for the Rajput princes as genealogical experts and privileged bards are an eponymous but different community from the ''Bhats'' who works as puppeteers and are also clienteles of the Bambhis.<ref name="AAS">{{cite journal |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |volume=67 |number=2 |date=May 2008 |pages=740–742 |publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]] |place=USA |editor1-first=Kenneth M. |editor1-last=George |editor2-first=Jennifer H. |editor2-last=Munger |editor3-first=Steven P. |editor3-last=Krause |title=Reviewed Work: Casting Kings: Bards and Indian Modernity by Jeffrey G. Snodgrass |first=Jason |last=Freitag |jstor=20203414 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|740}} Snodgrass views the "high-status genealogists" of Rajputs and the "poets", "praise-singers" and "story-tellers" bards as "a very different group of people".<ref name="JGS2"/>{{rp|268}} According to Piliavsky, the ''Bhats'' who worked for the Rajputs "were the elite" and the ''Bhats'' who worked for the Bhils and Gurjars "were the riffraff".{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=148|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}}

===Genealogy and political legitimacy===
Some scholars like Anastasia Piliavsky, [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]], and [[Harald Tambs-Lyche]] claims that the bards played a key role in securing political legitimacy of the ruling elites. They suggest,
{{quote|From the [[early medieval period]], and increasingly with the elaboration of the Rajput "great tradition" from the sixteenth century onward, genealogy emerged as the cornerstone of good social standing and political legitimacy in Western and Central India (Kolff 1990: 72, 110). [..] From the sixteenth century onward, "every royal clan depended on a line of bards for its recognition" (Tambs-Lyche 1997: 61), and by the mid-seventeenth, when the Rajput model became entrenched as the benchmark of social status and political legitimacy, "genealogical orthodoxy" was firmly established as an essential aspect of respectable standing (Kolff 1990: 73).{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=146|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}}}}

Snodgrass notes that the genealogies of Rajputs were intentionally linked to the ancient [[Kshatriyas]] who are spoken of in the ancient [[Sanskrit]] writings, and several times, their genealogies were imaginarily connected even to the sun and moon which aided in instating the "Rajput and thus Hindu glory". The Rajput status was augmented by the claims of Kshatriya ancestry of the Rajput community's members, and according to Snodgrass, that might have assisted in the legitimization of their dominion in the society. He is of the view that the claims of descent from the ancient Kshatriyas by the Rajputs helped them in advancing their [[princely state|feudatory state]]s' interests in the British Raj.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2006|p=57|ps=none|loc=chapter 2: Cast of Characters: Setting the Rajasthani Stage}}

In Rajasthan's feudatory states, the ''Bhats'', ''Charans'' and "[[Jain monks]] of the monastic lineage" played an important part in the royal affairs which included enthronement and legitimation. Hira Singh notes that these three groups and [[Brahmins]] competed with each other in proffering "alternative narratives of major historical events relating to the kings and kingdoms". According to Hira Singh, the enthronement and legitimation in the feudatory states of Rajasthan were directed by the "political, economic, and administrative contingencies" and were not "rooted in religion". [[Ramya Sreenivasan]] claims that the ''Bhats'', ''Charans'' and Jain monks imitated the Rajputs' lifestyle and used to view themselves in the same class as the Rajputs, not Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Max Weber |series=Oxford Handbooks |editor1-first=Edith |editor1-last=Hanke |editor2-first=Lawrence A. |editor2-last=Scaff |editor3-first=Sam |editor3-last=Whimster |article=Class, Caste, and Social Stratification in India: Weberian Legecy — The Problem of Legitimation |year=2020 |orig-year=First published 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New York, USA |isbn=978-0190679545 |lccn=2019952443 |oclc=1145076376 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isHADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |quote-page=404 |quote=In the princely states of Rajasthan the Jain monks of the monastic lineage, in addition to the Charans and the Bhats, had a prominent role in royal affairs including coronation and legitimation. The Brahmans, Jain monks, Charans, and Bhats competed in providing alternative narratives of major historical events relating to the kings and kingdoms. What is interesting is that the Jain monks, Charans, and Bhats did not identify with the Brahmans. Rather, they identified with and emulated, by and large, the lifestyle of the Rajputs, the dominant caste.36 Legitimation and coronation were not sacred, rooted in religion, but dictated by political, economic, and administrative contingencies: they were profane.}}</ref>

===Skillfulness and functions in society===
Snodgrass notes that the bards could upgrade or degrade the reputation and honor of a king by their talented poetry and storytelling. According to Snodgrass, the ''Bhats'' cast kings like a sculptor sculpts a sculpture and "in the process, kings obtained their royal "caste" — that is, their name and social identity as well as their status, ranking, and position in society". During his [[field research]] in Rajasthan, Snodgrass was told by some ''Bhats'' that "bards had the power to make, or unmake, kings".{{sfn|Snodgrass|2006|p=34|ps=none|loc=chapter 1: Caste Fictions}} Snodgrass claims,

{{quote|...Bhats understand, and indeed cleverly manipulate, the idea that modern caste identity can be diversely constructed or invented against the foil of tradition as imagined by elites as diverse as foreign tourists and Indian bureaucrats staging folklore festivals. Indeed, Bhats suggest that this skill was the very basis of bardic power — to imagine the names, reputations, and very identities of their lords and thus to "cast" and "caste" them in some important respect.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2006|p=34|ps=none|loc=chapter 1: Caste Fictions}}}}

Snodgrass compares the role of the ''Bhats'' and kings in the society with that of the directors and actors in movies.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2006|p=34|ps=none|loc=chapter 1: Caste Fictions}}

==Origin claims and demographics==
During his fieldwork in Rajasthan, Snodgrass observed that the royal ''Bhats'' of Rajasthan typically view themselves as descendants of the Brahmins who "long ago composed Sanskrit verse in praise of kings" and also maintained genealogies of the royals.<ref name="JGS2"/>

Snodgrass suggests that the ''Bhats'', who according to him are eponymous but different people from the elite bards, also hail from Rajasthan.<ref name="AAS" />{{rp|740}} During his fieldwork, Snodgrass observed that the ''Bhats'', who are "a community of low-status entertainers", l the [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]] Mala Nur, a Muslim saint who is also [[venerated]] by them, as the progenitor of their community. He suggests that the majority of their populace originated from Rajasthan's [[Nagaur]] and [[Sikar]]. They live in these 2 districts in thousands of numbers.<ref name="JGS1" /> They are also found in [[Jaipur]] and [[Udaipur]].<ref name="AAS" />{{rp|740}} Some of them have originated from the western desert areas of Rajasthan.<ref name="JGS2" />{{rp|265}} Snodgrass suggests that though these people call themselves ''Bhats'', they "did not traditionally perform for [[nobility]]". He refers to them as the "low-caste ''Bhats''".<ref name="JGS2">{{cite journal |journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] |volume=10 |number=2 |date=June 2004 |pages=261–285 |publisher=[[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] |place=UK |editor1-first=Susan |editor1-last=Bayly |editor2-first=Geert |editor2-last=De Neve |editor1-link=Susan Bayly |title=The Centre Cannot Hold: Tales of Hierarchy and Poetic Composition from Modern Rajasthan |first=Jeffrey G. |last=Snodgrass |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2004.00189.x |jstor=3804151 |jstor-access=free |issn=1359-0987}}</ref>{{rp|275–276}}

Piliavsky claims that majority of the bards "came from the ranks of the [[vagrants]]".{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=146|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}}

==Social status==
The social status of the ''Bhats'' had been dynamic, and it changed in direct proportion with the changes in social status of their patrons. As their patrons moved up in the social hierarchy, their own social status also improved.{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=147|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}} Besides the ranking of their patrons in the social hierarchy, the social status of bards was influenced by the "quality of their service attachments". Piliavsky suggests that the bards, whose relationship with their patrons became "more exclusive and durable", attained a higher social status.{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=148|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}}

Since the 13th century, the ''Bhats'' who were in the service of royals held "some of the highest social positions" just beneath their patrons, while the ones at the service of communities with lower social standing "remained on the periphery of social life". The ''Bhats'' and ''Charans'' serving the royals were given "permanent tax-free land grants" and an honorable place in the [[royal courts]].{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=147|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}} According to Piliavsky, the bards of lower castes landed up at the lower end of social hierarchy as they served "lowly masters" and their "service ties remained intermediate, inchoate".{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=148|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}} During the [[British Raj|British colonial era]], the royal ''Bhats'' were removed from the "positions of authority".{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=147|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}}

===Bards and Brahmins===
Joanne Punzo Waghorne suggests that the bards and Brahmins carried out different duties. According to Waghorne, the ''Bhats'' "never performed ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|pūjā]]'', chanted prayers nor did they deal with [[Vedic scripture]] or Vedic law". She, however, claims that the role of bards in the [[Court (royal)|courts]] was not less significant than that of the [[pandits]] and priests.<ref>{{cite book |title=Images of Dharma: The Epic World of C. Rajagopalachari |chapter=C. Rajagopalachari: "A Gift for Rationalizing Emotion" |first=Joanne Punzo |last=Waghorne |year=1985 |orig-year=First published 1976 |publisher=Chanakya |place=Delhi, India |isbn=978-8170010043 |lccn=85903072 |oclc=13270026 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HweAAAAMAAJ&q=%22nor+did+they+deal+with+Vedic+scripture+or+Vedic+law%22 |quote-page=10 |quote=The Charans, Bhat, Kattiyakāran, and [[Bhatraju|Bhațţu Rāzus]] were all "bards" whose function at court appears to have been as important as that of the priests and pandits. [..] The office of the bard in the native courts of India appears to be a sacred role — but "sacred" in a very complex sense. The role was separate from the orthodox duties of the Brahman. Bhats, Charuns, or Kattiyakaran never performed ''pūjā'', chanted prayers nor did they deal with Vedic scripture or Vedic law. In [[Pudukkottai]], as apparently elsewhere, the role of the bard itself, like the Brahmanical function, was divided into several offices.}}</ref> According to [[Denis Vidal]], the bards serving the royals had "equal, or even superior" social status than the Brahmins serving them.{{sfn|Piliavsky|2020|p=147|ps=none|loc=chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People}} Anima Sharma claims that the social status of ''Bhats'' serving the kings was lower than the Brahmins and Rajputs but higher than the "other lower castes".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |volume=52 |number=3 |date=September 2003 |title=Ethnicity in the Context of the Indian Village |first=Anima |last=Sharma |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |place=India |issn=2277-436X |oclc=27341900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bhats+had+been+traditionally%22 |quote-page=136 |quote=The [[Bhatt|Bhutts]] are Brahmins of a relatively higher status, while the Bhats had been traditionally engaged in keeping the vanshavali, or genealogy, of the kings and sing songs in their praise. Bhats are placed below the Brahmins and Rajputs, but are above the other lower castes in the caste hierarchy.}}</ref>

===Brahminization by low-status ''Bhats''===
Snodgrass notes that some of the lowly ''Bhats'' attempt [[Brahmanization|Brahminization]] of their identity by calling themselves ''[[Bhatt]]s'' ''(short "uh")'' instead of ''Bhats'' ''(long "aah")'', which according to him, is "a Brahmin caste name".<ref>{{harvnb|Snodgrass|2006|p=71|loc=chapter 2: Cast of Characters: Setting the Rajasthani Stage|ps=: "Of note, some of my informants also now refer to themselves by the term "Bhatt" — pronounced with a short "uh" sound rather than with a long "aah" sound as in "Bhat" — which is a Brahmin caste name. This latest example of Bhat puppeteers' attempts to associate themselves with high-status ''[[Jāti|jati]]'' and ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' titles, in this case an example of "Brahminization," is especially common among my informants' relatives inhabiting the Shadipur Depot colony of Delhi.79"}}</ref>

===Sanskritization by low-status ''Bhats''===
Giving an example of [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|goat sacrifice]] as an offering to [[Bhaironji]] by the lowly ''Bhats'' after the birth of a male child, Snodgrass states that they engage in [[Sanskritization]] of themselves by imitating "dominant Hindu ideals implicit to a kingly tradition of blood sacrifice".<ref name="JGS1"/>

==Present circumstances==
Snodgrass observed that the low-status ''Bhats'' receive monetarily help from the people from Bhambi caste who give food and gifts to them. The Bhambis are perceived as impure and [[Untouchability|untouchables]] by a lot of Hindus because of their profession of making objects from leather which involves coming in touch with the decaying flesh of animals, something that is viewed as polluting by the caste Hindus, and because of their ties to the Bhambis, the ''Bhats'' are also seen with the same perception.<ref name="JGS1"/> He points out that in order to benefit from the "new economic and political opportunities", they are leaving the villages and are casting off their numerous long-term ties with the Bhambhis.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2006|p=34|ps=none|loc=chapter 1: Caste Fictions}}

The tourism in Rajasthan serves as the main source of their income.<ref name="JGS3">{{cite book |title=Raj Rhapsodies: Tourism, Heritage and the Seduction of History |series=New Directions in Tourism Analysis |edition=revised |orig-year=First published 2007 |year=2012 |page=119 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |place=Hampshire, UK; Vermont, USA |editor1-first=Maxine |editor1-last=Weisgrau |editor2-first=Carol |editor2-last=Henderson |others=Dimitri Ioannides |chapter=Names, but not Homes, of Stones: Tourism Heritage and the Play of Memory in a Bhat Funeral Feast |first=Jeffrey G. |last=Snodgrass |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtFYik4qxgQC&pg=PA119 |isbn=978-1409487876 |oclc=748881372}}</ref> In the recent times, they have started doing puppetry commingled with stories for the entertainment of tourists in 5-star hotels and during the folklore festivals.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[American Ethnologist]] |volume=29 |number=3 |date=August 2002 |pages=602–636 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |place=USA |editor1-first=Carol J. |editor1-last=Greenhouse |editor2-first=Philip C. |editor2-last=Parnell |editor1-link=Carol J. Greenhouse |title=A Tale of Goddesses, Money, and Other Terribly Wonderful Things: Spirit Possession, Commodity Fetishism, and the Narrative of Capitalism in Rajasthan, India |first=Jeffrey G. |last=Snodgrass |doi=10.1525/ae.2002.29.3.602 |jstor=3805466 |jstor-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|602–603}} In their performances, they "celebrate" struggles of "Hindu warrior" against the "Muslim invaders". Carol Henderson claims that the palace–hotel owners of Rajasthan want to cater exoticism and nostalgia to their guests and Snodgrass says that they serve this purpose of the hotel owners. According to Snodgrass, they were not royal bards but they pose as "the once glorious, though now fallen, bards of royalty" to "exploit the romantic fantasies of tourists and folklore organizers". Snodgrass notes that they have significantly improved their economic condition by capitalizing on the influx of tourists in Rajasthan.<ref name="JGS3"/>

==Bhatra Sikhs==
{{main|Bhatra Sikhs}}

The '''Bhatra Sikhs''' (also known as '''Bhat Sikhs''') are a sub-group within the [[Sikhs]] who originated from the bards of the time of [[Guru Nanak]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[BBC]] [[General Certificate of Secondary Education|GCSE]] [[Eduqas]] |title=Practices in Sikhism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zm848mn/revision/3 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> According to [[William Hewat McLeod]], the Bhatra Sikhs have an "extremely small" population and they are from some villages of the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] and [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]] districts of the
[[Punjab region]].
However they seem to be different from Rajasthan bhat(भाट) community and originally [[Brahmin]] Bhatt by caste who does the work of bards in Sikh Gurus court.<ref name="WHM">{{cite book |title=Sikhism |edition=illustrated |first=William Hewat |last=McLeod |year=1997 |page=258 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]] |place=London, UK |isbn=978-0140252606 |oclc=38452341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH_XAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bhatras%22+%22Sialkot+and+Gurdaspur%22}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Barot (caste)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |title=Nobody's People: Hierarchy as Hope in a Society of Thieves |series=South Asia in Motion |year=2020 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |place=California, USA |first=Anastasia |last=Piliavsky |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atQBEAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1503614215 |lccn=2020025601 |oclc=1182020277 }}
*{{cite book |title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert |edition=illustrated, reprint |year=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=Delhi, India |first=Tanuja |last=Kothiyal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1107080317 |lccn=2015014741 |oclc=1003137945 }}
*{{cite book |title=Casting Kings: Bards and Indian Modernity |year=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=New York, USA |first=Jeffrey G. |last=Snodgrass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uP8r9JAs7xkC |isbn=978-0198041405 |oclc=62281867 }}

{{authority control}}{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhats}}

[[Category:Poets from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian storytellers]]
[[Category:Indian genealogists]]
[[Category:Mythographers]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]

Dholera taluka

2025-12-16T04:52:28Z

Vineettandon: started new entry - done

{{Short description|Dholera Taluka(sub-district) in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
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| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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'''Dholera''' is a taluka in [[Ahmedabad district]] of Gujarat state in the western part of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/saurashtra/before-the-dholera-taluka-panchayat-elections-two-bjp-seats-were-uncontested |title=ધોલેરા તાલુકા પંચાયતની ચૂંટણી પૂર્વે જ ભાજપની બે બેઠકો બિનહરીફ |date=20 April 2021 |lang=gu |trans-title=Even before the election of Dholera Taluka Panchayat, two seats of BJP uncontested |access-date= 5 July 2023}}</ref> Situated within the [[Ahmedabad district]], Dholera Taluka is characterized by its strategic positioning along the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], approximately 30 kilometers south of the city of [[Ahmedabad]]. [[Dholera]] is the headquarters of this taluka.

== History ==
Dholera taluka has been created out of some villages of [[Dhandhuka taluka|Dhandhuka]] and [[Dholka taluka|Dholka]] talukas. Entire Dholera taluk is located in [[Bhal region]].

Ancient times: The history of Dholera Taluka can be traced to ancient times, as archaeological findings unveil evidence of human habitation dating back to the [[Harappan civilization]], around 2500 BCE. The remnants of this ancient urban settlement underline the region's role as a vital center for trade and culture during that era. The site's strategic location along the trade routes contributed to its prominence as a trading hub, fostering interactions with distant civilizations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Venkatesan |date=2017-02-01 |title=Dholera: an ancient port town is turning ‘smart’ |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dholera-an-ancient-port-town-is-turning-smart/article9515518.ece |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

Medieval and Sultanate Period: The medieval period witnessed the rise of successive dynasties and their influence on Dholera. It came under the rule of various powerful entities, including the [[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]] and [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki dynasties]]. Subsequently, during the 13th century, the region fell under the sway of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The rich agricultural land and proximity to the coast attracted administrative attention and led to the establishment of administrative structures.

Gujarat Sultanate and Mughal Era: In the 15th century, Dholera came under the sway of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], marking a period of relative stability and prosperity. The subsequent Mughal era saw Dholera continuing to thrive as a prominent center for trade and agriculture. The region's importance persisted due to its fertile soil, allowing for the cultivation of diverse crops, thus contributing significantly to the economy.

Colonial Influence and Modern Times: The 19th century brought colonial influence, with Dholera becoming part of [[British India]]. Post-independence, Dholera played a role in the state's industrialization and urbanization efforts. In recent years, the region gained attention as the proposed site for the ambitious [[Dholera Special Investment Region]] (DSIR), aiming to create a global industrial and trading hub.

== Geography ==
[[File:અમદાવાદ જિલ્લો તાલુકાઓ સાથે.svg|thumb|Dholera Taluka in [[Ahmedabad district]]]]

Dholera Taluka is a region of geographical significance located in the western state of [[Gujarat]], India. Situated within the [[Ahmedabad district]], Dholera Taluka is characterized by its strategic positioning along the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], approximately 30 kilometers south of the city of [[Ahmedabad]].

The geography of Dholera Taluka showcases a diverse array of landforms, from coastal areas to fertile plains. The taluka spans across an approximate area of [insert area], encompassing a range of natural features that have played a crucial role in shaping its identity.

'''Coastline''': Dholera Taluka's western boundary is defined by the pristine coastline along the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. The shoreline is marked by its sandy beaches, [[Mangrove forest|mangrove forests]], and tidal flats. The coastal region not only adds to the aesthetic appeal of the area but also offers opportunities for economic activities such as fishing, aquaculture, and tourism.

'''Rivers''': The taluka is traversed by several significant rivers and water bodies. The [[Sabarmati River]], originating from the [[Aravalli Range]] and passing through the Sabarmati basin, is a prominent watercourse that influences the landscape of Dholera Taluka. The river and its tributaries have contributed to the fertile plains and support agricultural activities in the region.

'''Landforms''': Dholera Taluka is predominantly characterized by flat to gently undulating terrain. The fertile alluvial plains created by the deposition of sediment carried by rivers have made the region agriculturally productive. The landforms here have facilitated the cultivation of crops and supported livelihoods that are primarily agrarian in nature.

'''Climate''': The climate of Dholera Taluka falls under the category of semi-arid to arid, influenced by the tropical monsoon climate prevalent in the region. The area experiences three distinct seasons: a hot summer, a monsoon characterized by heavy rainfall, and a relatively milder winter. The climate has a significant impact on the agricultural practices and local economy of the taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dholera Taluka topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-hj55tp/Dholera-Taluka/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

'''Biodiversity''': Dholera Taluka's varied geography contributes to a rich biodiversity, encompassing diverse flora and fauna. The coastal regions are home to various marine and avian species, while the fertile plains host a variety of crops. The region's unique ecological makeup highlights the importance of sustainable practices to maintain its environmental balance.

== Cultural and Heritage ==
[[File:Radhe Krishna Temple In 2017 From Bavaliyari.jpg|thumb|Radhakrishna Temple at Bavliyari Village of Dholera Taluka]]
Dholera's history is not only a chronicle of political transitions but also a mosaic of cultural amalgamation. The heritage of the region is reflected in its architecture, which showcases the influences of various dynasties and cultures that have left their mark. The annual festivals, fairs, and religious celebrations stand as vibrant testimonials to the region's cultural vibrancy, echoing traditions passed down through generations.

'''Lothal'''

{{Main|Lothal}}

At the heart of Dholera Taluka's heritage landscape lies the Lothal Archaeological Site. Recognized as one of the most prominent and well-preserved cities of the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]], Lothal offers a glimpse into the urban planning, trade, and maritime activities of this ancient civilization. The remains of a dockyard, intricate drainage systems, and well-designed houses showcase the advanced engineering and organizational skills of the inhabitants.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{osmrelation-inline|9675781}}

{{Ahmedabad district}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Yerwada metro station

2025-12-11T19:37:36Z

Vineettandon: Added Article - done

{{short description|Pune Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Yerwada
| native_name =
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| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Closeup of Yerwada metro station, Pune.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Yerwada, Pune, Maharashtra 411006
| borough =
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| coordinates = {{coord|18.545265|73.886498|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] Platform-2 → [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]]
| tracks = 2
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| levels = 2
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| code = YER
| zone =
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| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|08|21}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Aqua|left=Bund Garden|to-right=Ramwadi|right=Kalyani Nagar}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Yerwada metro station''' is the elevated eastern terminal metro station on the East - West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. It is connected to [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=Feeder buses to link Yerawada Metro station with Pune airport |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/feeder-buses-to-link-yerawada-metro-station-with-pune-airport-9064230/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Aqua Line operates between [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] and [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] stations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Comfortable, convenient & economic: Citizens on Metro launch till Ramwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-launch-till-ramwadi-citizens-share-their-experience/articleshow/108280993.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The facade of the station showcases an illustration of [[Salt March|Dandi March]] and a [[Spinning wheel|''charkha'']], both of which are inspired by and a tribute to [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=With wadas, pagdis and Dandi March, Pune Metro to offer a ride through city’s culture, history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/with-wadas-pagdis-dandi-march-pune-metro-offer-culture-history-8337307/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The three metro stations on the extended stretch of the Aqua Line were inaugurated on 6 March 2024. However, the work on revised entry-exit points of Yerwada station delayed its initial commercial operation for more than a month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=Demand grows to replan entry-exit points to Yerawada Metro station in Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/demand-grows-to-replan-exit-entry-to-yerawada-metro-stn/articleshow/104199290.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=Month-long wait before Yerawada Metro station becomes operational |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/month-long-wait-before-yerawada-metro-station-becomes-operational/articleshow/108060453.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, it was expected to open in May 2024 as the work was supposed to complete by the end of April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dastane |first=Sarang |date=17 April 2024 |title=Yerawada station likely to start operations next month |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages=6}}</ref> Due to ongoing work and pending inspection, the opening was further delayed to July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jedhe |first=Eeshwari |date=16 May 2024 |title=Yerwada Metro Station Opening Delayed: Commuters Urge Swift Completion |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/yerwada-metro-station-opening-delayed-commuters-urge-swift-completion/cid1715841125.htm |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=Pune Mirror}}</ref> The inspection by CMRS was slated to be completed by 20 July 2024 and then opened to public by the end of July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Yerawada Metro station likely to open in two weeks, say officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/yerawada-metro-station-likely-to-open-in-two-weeks-say-officials/articleshow/111673644.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Eventually, it was inaugurated for commercial operation on 21 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=Pune Metro’s Vanaz Ramwadi phase fully functional Yerwada station opens today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/yerwada-metro-station-opens-today-making-vanaz-ramwadi-corridor-fully-operational-9524364/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The shuttle service of bus no.19 by [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] from Ramwadi metro station to [[Pune Airport]] was shifted to Yerwada with immediate effect after the latter was inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2024 |title=Pune Metro Airport Shuttle Bus Service No. 19 Moves to Yerwada Metro Station |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/pune-metro-airport-shuttle-bus-service-no-19-moves-to-yerwada-metro-station/cid1724489446.htm |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=Pune Mirror}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Bund Garden track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Bund Garden}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Kalyani Nagar}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms </div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kalyani Nagar metro station|Kalyani Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] '''Next Station:''' [[Bund Garden metro station|Bund Garden]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.punemetrorail.org/station/yerawada/ Official website]

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]

{{Pune Metro}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Laksh Lalwani

2025-08-22T13:30:05Z

Vineettandon: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[Lakshya Lalwani]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Independents' Consolidation

2025-08-18T21:15:21Z

Vineettandon: creating stub

{{Short description|Student organization in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Independents' Consolidation (IC)''' is a student organization based in [[Presidency University, Kolkata]]. It was formed in the erstwhile Presidency College and has won all but five student union elections since its formation in 1989. It describes itself as a "non-partisan independent political platform" that is not affiliated to any established [[political party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bag |first=Shamik |date=2014-03-29 |title=Kolkata Chromosome {{!}} Ideas, not ideology |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/R99xb5FO3h34j1U0T9gsmN/Kolkata-Chromosome--Ideas-not-ideology.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Sunandan Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySIzDwAAQBAJ&dq=independents'+consolidation+presidency+college&pg=PA97 |title=Politics, Policy and Higher Education in India |date=2017-08-28 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5056-5 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox organisation
| name = Independents' Consolidation
| formation = 1989
| abbreviation = IC
| founding_location = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]
| type = Student organisation
| status = Active
}}
[[File:Independents' Consolidation (iC) Official Logo 01.png|Independents' Consolidation (iC) Official Logo 02|131x131px]]

== History ==
The student body of Presidency University has traditionally voted for non-partisan outfits except for 1982, 2002–03, 2008-09<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=1 Feb 2014 |title=Independents Consolidation sweeps student union elections in Presidency University {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/independents-consolidation-sweeps-student-union-elections-in-presidency-university/articleshow/29677412.cms |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-15 |title=SFI wins Kolkata's Presidency University students' union election after a decade |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/sfi-bags-all-top-four-posts-in-presidency-university-students-union-polls/article29979777.ece |access-date=2022-10-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The origin of non-affiliated organizations in Presidency go back to the 1960s, with the [[Naxalbari uprising|pro-naxal]] Presidency College Students' Consolidation. Thereafter, the Presidency College Students' Steering Committee followed a politically middle course from 1975 to the early 1980s. The Presidency College Students’ Association (PCSA), with no stated or clear links to the earlier group, came into the picture in the early 1980s.

The events at [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|Tiananmen Square]] (1989) and the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|disintegration of the Soviet Union]] (1991) had a tremendous impact on the PCSA. Differences cropped up, leading to the formation of the IC in 1989. The announced agenda of the IC was to restore campus democracy and to resist campus violence. The IC broke away from radical left politics and reflected the disillusionment over left politics felt worldwide. Initially a [[Centrism|centrist]] organization, IC’s policies saw a [[Left-wing politics|leftward shift]] after the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government veered towards capitalist camps from 2002. Post [[Tata Nano Singur controversy|Singur]] and [[Nandigram violence]] orchestrated by the Left front, the IC became an alternative for those with leftist tendencies. The IC claims to draw its ideological foundations from mass uprisings like the [[May 68]] protests in [[France]], the [[Arab Spring]], the [[Occupy movement]], the [[Hok Kolorob Movement]],<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-jalandhar/20150510/282041915700059 |access-date=2022-10-24 |via=PressReader}}</ref> the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|Anti-CAA protests]], and the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|Anti Farm Law protests]] - movements "led entirely by people's forces and not political parties".<ref name=":0" /> Sunandan Roy Chowdhury has identified The Free Thinkers of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]] (in the late 1970s and the 1980s) and the Independents' Consolidation as two important examples where student politics had moved away from the fold of established parties.<ref name=":1" />

== Activities ==
The Independents' Consolidation has been active through both the Left regime (1989-2011) and the [[Trinamool Congress]] (2011–present) rule in [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]]. Except for 1982, 2002–03 and 2008–09, the IC has been able to keep the ruling party at bay from the Presidency College Students' Union.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Debaditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gT9sDwAAQBAJ&dq=independents'+consolidation+presidency+college&pg=PT342 |title=The Idea of the University: Histories and Contexts |date=2018-09-03 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-81428-0 |language=en}}</ref> Consequently, the IC has been at the receiving end of violence orchestrated by both the [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]] (student wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]) and the TMC. On 21 February 2010, a first year IC supporter had to be hospitalized after being allegedly beaten up by members of SFI when winning candidates of the two organizations assembled for the formation of the college union.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-21 |title=One injured in Presidency clash |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/one-injured-in-presidency-clash/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 21 January 2012, a second-year political science student and an IC supporter survived after slashing his wrist when he was thrown out of the [[Eden Hindu Hostel]] following weeks of abuse and torture by SFI cadres.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=21 Jan 2012 |title=Harassed Presidency fresher slashes wrist in hostel {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/harassed-presidency-fresher-slashes-wrist-in-hostel/articleshow/11574746.cms |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

On 18 March 2014, the Independents' Consolidation organized a referendum on whether the then TMC [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] [[Sugata Bose]] should continue as chairperson of the Presidency Mentor Group. Bose lost 1208 to 316.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presidency students say 'no' to Sugata Bose as head of mentor group |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidency-students-say-no-to-sugata-bose-as-head-of-mentor-group/articleshow/32852823.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref> This was following the 2013 TMC attack on Presidency University, where TMC activists had attacked students and rampaged the historical Baker Laboratory with knives, sticks and javelins.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-11 |title=With knives, sticks, javelins: How TMC goons attacked Presidency University |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/with-knives-sticks-javelins-how-tmc-goons-attacked-presidency-college-694665.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Years following the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP's]] rise to power in the Centre, Independents' Consolidation has been active in the Anti-CAA protests and the Anti Farm Law protests.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Independents' Consolidation had been part of the Hindu Hostel movement<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2018-08-05 |title=Presidency students vow to continue stir over hostel |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/presidency-students-vow-to-continue-stir-over-hostel/article24610397.ece |access-date=2022-10-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> that ensured the reopening of the hostel after three years in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Main |date=2018-11-26 |title=Presidency Reopens Hindu Hostel After Three Years |url=https://newsmen.in/news/presidency-reopens-hindu-hostel-after-three-years/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=NEWSMEN |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024184318/https://newsmen.in/news/presidency-reopens-hindu-hostel-after-three-years/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In May 2021, Independents' Consolidation demanded that the university authority allow the use of the campus as a safe home for non-critical patients to ease the pressure on hospital beds during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=COVID-19 {{!}} প্রেসিডেন্সি হোক সেফ হোম, আবেদন পড়ুয়াদের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/coronavirus-in-kolkata-students-of-presidency-university-demand-to-use-campus-as-safe-home/cid/1278740 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> Although permissions were secured from the [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|State Health Department]], the university did not allow the project to go on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সেফ হোম খুলতে উদ্যোগী হিন্দু স্কুল, প্রেসিডেন্সি চুপ |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/hindu-school-wants-to-open-safe-home-to-prevent-covid-19-infection/articleshow/83233183.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=EI Samay |language=bn}}</ref>

Independents' Consolidation campaigned for the revival of admission tests in 2021, after the university shifted to admissions based on +2 marks during the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Students seek revival of Presidency University entry tests |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/students-seek-revival-of-presidency-university-entry-tests/cid/1863887 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata]]

Karnataka Lok Adalat

2025-08-16T23:10:51Z

Vineettandon: creating new post

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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| chief1position = The Chief Justice, High Court of Karnataka, Bengaluru &Patron-in-Chief, Karnataka State Legal Services Authority.<ref name="kar leg ref1">{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Legal Services Authority |url=https://kslsa.kar.nic.in/aboutus.html#mainContent |access-date=5 November 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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'''Karnataka Lok Adalat''' or Karnataka State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]]<ref name="goa lokad ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats gaining popularity in Goa |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/02/15/goanews/lok-adalats-gaining-popularity-in-goa/ |access-date=5 November 2021 |publisher=nav hind times |date=15 November 2016}}</ref> mechanism used in the state of [[Karnataka]]. The Karnataka Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-11-05|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Karnataka Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<ref name="aru lokad ref1">{{cite news |title=Arunachal:First E Lok Adalat held in various districts of Arunachal Pradesh in various |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-first-e-lok-adalat-held-in-various-districts-of-arunachal-pradesh/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=26 September 2020}}</ref> and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations. The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Karnataka Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.<ref name="aru lokad ref3">{{cite news |title=APSLSA introduced mobile Legal Services cum Lok Adalat Van |url=https://arunachal24.in/apslsa-introduced-mobile-legal-services-cum-lok-adalat-van/ |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

Shri Abhay Shreeniwas Oka, Chief Justice of the High Court of Karnataka, is current patron in Chief of Karnataka Lok Adalat.<ref name="kar lok ref3">{{cite news |title=It is time for innovation in Lok Adalat system, says Chief Justice Oka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/it-is-time-for-innovation-in-lok-adalat-system-says-chief-justice-oka/article35920433.ece |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=15 August 2021}}</ref>

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]]<ref name="aru lokad ref1" /> and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="Lok Ref2" />

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="Mahar Adal Ref1"/>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.<ref name="aru lokad ref1" />
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.<ref name="Loka Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat disposes of 8.5 lakh cases in a day across Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/lok-adalat-disposes-of-8-5-lakh-cases-in-a-day-across-maharashtra-101632673899685.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Karnataka Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="and lok ref15">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

1. In August 2021, Karnataka Lok Adalat conducted Mega Lok Adalat in which 3,88,981 cases were resolved.<ref name="kar lok ref1">{{cite news |title=Mega Lok Adalat Organized By Karnataka State Legal Services Authority On August 14 Settles 3,88,981 cases |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/karnataka-mega-lok-adalat-by-kslsa-settles-388981-cases-on-august-14-via-virtual-and-physical-mode-179787 |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=18 August 2021}}</ref>

2. In December 2020, Karnataka Lok Adalat and Karnataka High Court jointly by resolving 2,61,882 in a single day through mega Lok Adalat, created a record.<ref name="kar lok ref2">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat creates history by settling 2.61 lakh cases in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/lok-adalat-creates-history-by-settling-261-lakh-cases-in-karnataka/article33388859.ece |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=22 December 2020}}</ref>

3. In August 2021, Karnataka Lok Adalat, through Mega Lok Adalat settled 3,244 cases in Udupi district and 5,235 cases in Dakshina Kannada.<ref name="kar lok ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat helps settle over 8,000 cases in twin districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/lok-adalat-helps-settle-over-8000-cases-in-twin-districts/article35949289.ece |access-date=6 November 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kslsa.kar.nic.in/pla.html Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303104600/https://kslsa.kar.nic.in/pla.html |date=2021-03-03 }}

{{Lok Adalat}}


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

Tirumanancheri Udhvaganathar Temple

2025-08-10T17:27:21Z

Vineettandon: Added New Location - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Tirumananjeri utvakanathar temple1.jpg|200x200px|right|The entrance of the temple|thumb]]
'''Tirumanancheri Udhvaganathar Temple''' (திருமணஞ்சேரி உத்வாகநாதர் கோயில்)<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:திருமணஞ்சேரி உத்வாகநாதர் கோயில்]]</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] at [[Thirumanancheri]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="dm">{{cite web | title=Udhvaganathar- Tirumananjeri - Tamilnadu Temple - உத்வாகநாதர் சுவாமி | website=Udhvaganathar Temple : Udhvaganathar Temple Details | url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=273 | language=la | access-date=2023-06-24}}</ref> The presiding deity is [[Shiva]].<ref name="y552">{{cite web | title=Puja and Prasadam for Early and Successful Marriage | website=Puja and Prasadam for Early and Successful Marriage | date=2020-12-20 | url=https://thirumanancheri.org/ | access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref> He is called Udhvaganathar. His consort is known as Kokhila. Sri Kalyanasundareswarar Swamy Temple is another name for this temple.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://thirumanancheri.info/ | title=Om Nama Shivaya |website=thirumanancheri.info | access-date=2024-08-14}}</ref>

== Significance ==
It is a shrine of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]], [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]] and [[Tirunavukkarasar]].<ref name="dm"/> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=40|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1-68466-604-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref>

== Literary mention ==
Tirugnanasambandar describes the feature of the deity as in Gnanasambandar Tevaram, II: 16: 4. Tirunavukkarasar describes the feature of the deity in Tirunavukkarasar Tevaram, V: 87: 6.

==Edirkolpadi Temple, Thirumanancheri==
Edirkolpadi Temple is nearby in the same town. This is one of the Thevaram Paadal Petra Shiva Sthalam of Kaveri Vadakarai in Chozha Nadu. It is also called Melai Thirumanajeri.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|title= Sri Udhvaganathar temple
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=273 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Arulvallalnathar Temple, Tirumananjeri |url= http://www.shivatemples.com/nofc/nc25.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Kuchai

2025-07-29T09:52:18Z

Vineettandon: creating pg

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuchai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8382258|N|85.7389874|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1315
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Ho language|Ho]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 833216
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06583
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 64.34%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kharsawan]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kuchai''' is a village in the [[Kuchai block|Kuchai]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|86|0|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|02|53|N|85|56|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ichagarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ichagarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|18|N|85|48|22|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kuchai| numbered2=R| mark-title2=Kuchai (R)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|58|1|N|85|58|10|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Chowka| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|38|32|N|86|4|14|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gobindpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|37|38|N|86|0|27|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Rajnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|7|5|N|85|58|32|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kukru| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kukru]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|59|46|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Nimdih| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Nimdih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|42|24|N|85|55|39|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8=Seraikela| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Saraikela]] (M) |label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Adityapur| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|58|9|N|86|3|52|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Chandil | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Chandil]] (CT) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chota Gamahria | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor11= #A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kandra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Kandra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|29|N|85|49|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kharsawan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kharsawan]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kopali | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Kopali]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|40|N|85|56|43|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Sini | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sini, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|54|15|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos16= top|label16= Dalma |labela16= Wildlife|labelb16= Sanctuary | numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color16= #74C365
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|1|13|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Chandil Dam| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Chandil Dam]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|8|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label18= Subarnarekha |labela18= River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 60| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|85|47|0|E}} |label19= Karkari |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|30|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -60| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|85|50|0|E}}| label21= Chandil Gamharia |labela21= Range | label-color21 = #C42222 | label-angle21=0| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|0|N|85|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -10| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|26|0|N|86|3|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Kuchai is located at {{coord|22.7217|N|85.8063|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map has been described as "part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract". 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 30: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 2 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Kuchai.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 28 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The headquarters of Kuchai CD block are located at Kuchai village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kuchai had a total population of 1,315, of which 738 (56%) were males and 577 (44%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 185. The total number of literate persons in Kuchai was 727 (64.34% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 378538, Pages 62-63: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Kuchai block#Language and religion]])

==Transport==
Rajkharsawan railway station on the [[Tatanagar-Bilaspur section]] of the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/3140/168/182| title = 58113 Tatanagar-Bilaspur Passenger | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 27 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
Government High School Kuchai is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1979. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 1,100 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20201100906/govt-high-school-kuchai.html | title = Govt. High School Kuchai| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

Project Balika High School Kuchai is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1982. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a library with 100 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20201100904/project-balika-hs-kuchai.html | title = Project Balika HS Kuchai | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

Model School Kuchai is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2012. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20201100904/project-balika-hs-kuchai.html | title = Project Balika HS Kuchai | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

National Highway 248 (India)

2025-06-12T18:25:42Z

Vineettandon:

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 248
|length_km=53
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|id=Q25212375|title=National Highway 248|zoom = 10 |frame-lat=27.06|frame-long=75.84 |text= Map of National Highway '''248''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 48
|direction=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a=
|destinations= Through Jaipur
|direction_b=
|terminus_b=
|junction=
|states= [[Rajasthan]]
|previous_type=NH
|next_type=NH
|previous_route=48
|next_route =48
}}

'''National Highway 248''', commonly referred to as '''NH 248''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in India.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification – Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> NH-248 traverses the state of [[Rajasthan]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3240893 NH 248 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

2024 Sunrisers Hyderabad season

2025-05-23T17:51:45Z

Vineettandon:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|srh }}
| season = [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
| coach = [[Daniel Vettori]]
| captain = [[Pat Cummins]]
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| comp1 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|IPL League]]
| comp1 result = Qualified for Playoffs (Qualifier 1)
| comp2 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|IPL Qualifier 1]]
| comp2 result = Advanced to Qualifier 2
| comp3 = [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|IPL Qualifier 2]]
| comp3 result = Advanced to the Final
| comp4 = [[2024 Indian Premier League final|IPL Final]]
| comp4 result = Runners-up (2nd)
| most runs = [[Travis Head]] (567)
| most wickets = [[T. Natarajan]] (19)
| most catches = [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] (9)
| most dismissals = [[Heinrich Klaasen]] (10)
| prevseason = [[2023 {{IPL Teams 1|srh }} season|2023]]
| nextseason = [[2025 {{IPL Teams 1|srh }} season|2025]]
}}
{{2024 Indian Premier League Teams}}

The 2024 season was the 12th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[{{IPL Teams 1|srh }}]]. They were one of the ten teams competed in the [[2024 Indian Premier League]]. They finished at the last place in [[2023 Indian Premier League|previous season]]'s League stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL Points Table {{!}} IPL Standings {{!}} IPL Ranking |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/points-table-standings |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The Sunrisers drew an average home attendance of 37,396 in the 2024 edition.

Ahead of the 2024 season, [[Pat Cummins]] was appointed as the captain following a poor 2023 season led by [[Aiden Markram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-04 |title=Pat Cummins to lead Sunrisers Hyderabad in IPL 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/pat-cummins-to-lead-sunrisers-hyderabad-in-ipl-2024/articleshow/108197477.cms |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After their abandoned match on [[2024 Indian Premier League#match66|16 May 2024]], Hyderabad qualified for the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Playoffs|Playoffs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRH vs GT Cricket Scorecard, 66th Match at Hyderabad, May 16, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-gujarat-titans-66th-match-1426304/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=SRH qualify for playoffs after washout; DC and LSG eliminated {{!}} Indian Premier League, 2024 |url=https://www.cricket.com/news/ipl-2024-srh-qualify-for-playoffs-dc-and-lsg-eliminated-5162024-1715878782854 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> They finished the [[2024 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]] at the 2nd place with 8 wins and 5 losses, garnering 17 points and seeding their place in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]].<ref name=pts/>

After being defeated by [[2024 Kolkata Knight Riders season|Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]] played on 21 May at [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]], Hyderabad advanced to the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKR vs SRH Cricket Scorecard, Qualifier 1 at Ahmedabad, May 21, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-qualifier-1-1426309/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Starc shows the way as KKR blow away Sunrisers to march into IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-qualifier-1-1426309/match-report |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> After defeating [[2024 Rajasthan Royals season|Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]] played on 24 May at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]], Hyderabad advanced to the [[2024 Indian Premier League final|2024 final]] for the 3rd time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RR vs SRH Cricket Scorecard, Qualifier 2 at Chennai, May 24, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/rajasthan-royals-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-qualifier-2-1426311/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=IPL 2024, SRH vs RR Live Score: Potential thriller in store as Royals, Sunrisers continue hunt for 2nd title |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2024-srh-vs-rr-live-score-match-sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-scorecard-qualifier-2-ipl-match-today-24-may-101716544246397.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> After being defeated by [[2024 Kolkata Knight Riders season|Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[2024 Indian Premier League final|final]] played on 26 May at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]], Hyderabad finished as the runners-up for the 2nd time after [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KKR vs SRH Cricket Scorecard, Final at Chennai, May 26, 2024 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/full-scorecard |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Dhruva |date=2024-05-26 |title=KKR vs SRH, IPL 2024 Final: Kolkata Knight Riders thumps listless Sunrisers Hyderabad to win third title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-2024-final-result-kolkata-knight-riders-beats-sunrisers-hyderabad-wins-third-title-after-10-years-scorecard/article68219328.ece |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

[[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] was named as the "Emerging player of the season" and was awarded with [[Indian rupee|₹]]10 [[lakh]] (US$13,000) cash prize. [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] hit most sixes in the season (42)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2024 Most Sixes {{!}} Most Sixes in IPL 2024 Players List |url=https://www.crictracker.com/t20/ipl-indian-premier-league/stats/batting-most-sixes/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref> while [[Travis Head]] hit most fours in the season (64)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2024 Most Fours {{!}} Most Fours in IPL 2024 Players List |url=https://www.crictracker.com/t20/ipl-indian-premier-league/stats/batting-most-fours/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref> and both were awarded with [[Indian rupee|₹]]10 [[lakh]] (US$13,000) cash prize and a trophy to each. Sunrisers Hyderabad won the "Team fairplay award" of [[Indian rupee|₹]]10 [[lakh]] (US$13,000) cash prize.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-05-26 |title=IPL 2024 Final, Presentation Ceremony Full List of Awards: Sunil Narine gets Most Valuable Player of the Season; Virat Kohli wins Orange Cap |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-final-2024-full-list-of-award-winners-presentation-orange-purple-cap-mvp-sixes-fours-catch-emerging-player-fairplay/article68218334.ece |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Squad ==
<section begin=squad/>
* Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Squad – Indian Premier League, 2024 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/sunrisers-hyderabad-squad-1413569/series-squads |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
* {{color box|border=darkgray|#FFCCCC|<nowiki>*</nowiki>}} denotes a player who was unavailable for rest of the season.

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:85%"
! colspan="9" style="background:#{{IPL Team colors 1|srh }}"|[[{{IPL Teams 1|srh }}|{{IPL Teams 1|srh }}]] squad for the [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024 Indian Premier League]]
|-
| colspan="9" |
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nat
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Signed year
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Captain
|-
| 30 || '''[[Pat Cummins]]''' || {{cricon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|03|08|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20.5|c}} ||Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
| 16 || '''[[Mayank Agarwal]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1991|02|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.25|c}} ||
|-
| 52 || '''[[Rahul Tripathi]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1991|03|02|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.5|c}} ||
|-
| 62 ||'''[[Travis Head]]''' || {{cricon|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1993|12|29|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.8|c}} ||Overseas
|-
| 94 || '''[[Aiden Markram]]''' || {{cricon|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1994|10|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 1 || [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|10|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||
|-
| 63|| [[Anmolpreet Singh]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1998|3|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| 45 || '''[[Heinrich Klaasen]]''' || {{cricon|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1991|7|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.25|c}} || Overseas
|-
| {{n/a}} || [[Upendra Yadav (cricketer)|Upendra Yadav]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|10|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|25|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
| 7 || [[Sanvir Singh]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|10|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 47 || '''[[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|11|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|2.4|c}} ||Traded{{Efn|Ahead of the 2024 auction, [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] was traded from [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] to Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRH, RCB trade Mayank Dagar and Shahbaz Ahmed |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/128607/srh-rcb-trade-mayank-dagar-and-shahbaz-ahmed |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.cricbuzz.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
|-
| 6 || '''[[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]]''' || {{cricon|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1996|12|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas
|- style="background:#FFCCCC
| 49 || '''[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]''' || {{cricon|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|7|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} ||Overseas; Withdrawn{{Efn|name=Hasaranga|[[Vijayakanth Viyaskanth]] replaced [[Wanindu Hasaranga]], after the latter withdrew due to Injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Vijayakanth Viyaskanth joins SRH as replacement for Wanindu Hasaranga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/vijayakanth-viyaskanth-joins-srh-as-replacement-for-wanindu-hasaranga/articleshow/109168214.cms |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
|-
| 5 || '''[[Washington Sundar]]'''|| {{cricon|IND}}|| {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1999|10|05|df=y}}|| Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|8.75|c}}|| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| 70 || '''[[Marco Jansen]]''' || {{cricon|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2000|05|01|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} || Overseas
|-
| 4 || [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2000|09|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.5|c}} ||
|-
| 8 || [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2003|5|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers
|-
| 15 || '''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1990|02|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c}} || [[Vice-captain]]
|-
| 44 || '''[[T. Natarajan]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1991|04|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||
|-
| 91 || '''[[Jaydev Unadkat]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1991|10|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c}} ||
|-
| 24 || '''[[Umran Malik]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1999|11|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||
|-
| 83 || '''[[Fazalhaq Farooqi]]''' || {{cricon|AFG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2000|09|22|df=y}} || [[Right-handed]] || Left-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|-
| 23 || [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2002|04|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers
|-
| 3 || '''[[Mayank Markande]]''' || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1997|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
| {{n/a}} || [[Jhathavedh Subramanyan]] || {{cricon|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|1999|09|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2023 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
| 55 || '''[[Vijayakanth Viyaskanth]]''' || {{cricon|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2024|03|22|2001|12|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[leg spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2024 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas; Replacement{{Efn|name=Hasaranga}}
|}<section end=squad/>

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|CEO|| [[Kavya Maran]]
|-
|Team manager|| Vijay Kumar
|-
|Head coach|| [[Daniel Vettori]]
|-
|Batting coach|| [[Hemang Badani]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
|-
|Fielding coach|| Ryan Cook
|-
| colspan="2" |{{center|Source: {{citation needed|date=May 2024}}}}
|}

== Sponsors ==
* '''Kit manufacturer''': [[Wrogn]]
* '''Main shirt sponsor''': [[Dream 11]]
* '''Back shirt sponsor''': [[Balkrishna Industries|BKT]]
* '''Chest branding''': [[Kent RO Systems|Kent RO]]

== League stage ==

=== Points table ===
{{2024 Indian Premier League Points table|team={{IPL Teams 2|srh }}}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression
|create
| L3, W8, L12, W18, W23, W30, W35, L41, L46, W50, L55, W57, N66, W69


| L71, W73, L74


|caption=League progression
|teams={{IPL Teams 1|srh }}
|knockoutType=2
|matchesPerTeam=14
|matchReportArticle=2024 Indian Premier League}}

=== Fixtures and results ===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match3}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match8}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match12}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match18}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match23}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match30}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match35}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match41}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match46}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match50}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match55}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match57}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match66}}
----
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match69}}

== Playoffs ==

=== Bracket ===
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|bracket}}

=== Qualifier 1 ===
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match71}}

=== Qualifier 2 ===
{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match73}}

=== Final ===
{{Main|2024 Indian Premier League final}}

{{#section:2024 Indian Premier League|match74}}

== Statistics ==
{{Hatnote|Top 5 tiers for each category are listed}}

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Runs
!Player
!{{Abbr|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Abbr|HS|Highest score}}
!{{Abbr|Ave|Average}}
!{{Abbr|SR|Strike rate}}
!{{Abbr|100s|Hundreds scored}}/{{Abbr|50s|Fiftys scored}}
!{{Abbr|4s|Fours hit}}
!{{Abbr|6s|Sixes hit}}
|-
!567
|{{cricon|AUS}} [[Travis Head]]
|15
|102
|'''40.50'''
|191.55
|1/4
|64
|32
|-
!484
|{{cricon|IND}} [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]]
|16
|75[[Not out|*]]
|'''32.26'''
|204.21
|0/3
|36
|42
|-
!479
|{{cricon|RSA}} [[Heinrich Klaasen]]
|15
|80[[Not out|*]]
|'''39.91'''
|171.07
|0/4
|19
|38
|-
!303
|{{cricon|IND}} [[Nitish Kumar Reddy]]
|11
|76[[Not out|*]]
|'''33.66'''
|142.92
|0/2
|15
|21
|-
!220
|{{cricon|RSA}} [[Aiden Markram]]
|11
|50
|'''24.44'''
|124.29
|0/1
|18
|4
|-
| colspan="9" |{{center|Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 batting most runs career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>}}
|}

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!{{Abbr|Wkts.|Wickets}}
!Player
!{{Abbr|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Abbr|Ov|Overs}}
!{{Abbr|Runs|Runs Conceded}}
!{{Abbr|BBI|Best Bowling Innings}}
!{{Abbr|Ave|Bowling Average}}
!{{Abbr|Econ|Economy}}
!{{Abbr|SR|Bowling Strike rate}}
!{{Abbr|4W|Four wicket hauls}}
!{{Abbr|5W|Five wicket hauls}}
|-
!19
||{{cricon|IND}} [[T. Natarajan|T Natarajan]]
|14
|51.2
|465
|4/19
|'''24.47'''
|9.05
|16.21
|1
|0
|-
!18
|{{cricon|AUS}} [[Pat Cummins]]
|16
|61.0
|566
|3/43
|'''31.44'''
|9.27
|20.33
|0
|0
|-
!11
||{{cricon|IND}} [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
|16
|57.0
|533
|3/41
|'''48.45'''
|9.35
|31.09
|0
|0
|-
!rowspan=2|8
||{{cricon|IND}} [[Mayank Markande]]
|7
|22.0
|259
|2/26
|'''32.37'''
|11.77
|16.50
|0
|0
|-
||{{cricon|IND}} [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|11
|31.1
|319
|3/30
|'''39.87'''
|10.23
|23.37
|0
|0
|-
| colspan="11" |{{center|Source: ''ESPNcricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League, 2024 bowling most wickets career Records |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/indian-premier-league-2024-15940 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.sunrisershyderabad.in/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/sunrisers-hyderabad {{IPL Teams 1|srh }} on IPLT20 Website]
* [https://yupbeat.com/news/nitish-kumar-reddy/ Nitish Kumar Reddy]

{{{{IPL Teams 1|srh }} }}
{{2024 Indian Premier League}}



[[Category:2024 Indian Premier League|{{IPL Teams 1|srh }}]]
[[Category:{{IPL Teams 1|srh }} seasons]]

Gopalpur port

2025-05-11T20:31:02Z

Vineettandon: updated page further

#REDIRECT [[Gopalpur Port]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Richard Allen (field hockey)

2025-04-03T07:48:01Z

Vineettandon: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1902–1969)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name = Richard Allen
|fullname = Richard James Allen
|caption = Richard Allen is standing at extreme left in this group photo of 1928 Indian Olympic field hockey team.
|birth_date = {{birth date|1902|06|04|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = 1969
|death_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
|height = {{convert|5|ft|7.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}
|position = [[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|Goalkeeper]]
|years1 =
|clubs1 = Port Commissioners
|years2 =
|clubs2 = Bengal
|nationalyears1 = 1928–1936
|nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 =
|nationalgoals1 = 0
|medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{flag|British India|name=India}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold | [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] | [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] | [[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] | [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Team]] }}
}}

'''Richard James Allen''' (4 June 1902 – 1969) was an Indian [[field hockey]] player who competed in the [[Summer Olympics]] in [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]], and [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936]]. He was born in [[Nagpur]], India, and did his schooling at the prestigious [[Oak Grove School (Jharipani, Mussoorie)|Oak Grove School, Mussoorie]] and later at [[St. Joseph's College, Nainital]].

In the [[1928 Summer Olympics]], he played five matches as goalkeeper, and no goals were scored against him. Four years later, he played one match against the United States as goalkeeper. The American team scored one goal against him, while he was off the field signing autographs (the final score was 24–1 in India's favour, a world record at that time). In the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] he played four matches as goalkeeper. One goal was scored against him. This tally of conceding only two goals over three Olympic Games remains an Olympic record to this day.

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929213157/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=ALLENRIC01 Olympic profile]

{{India FH Squad 1928 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1932 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 1936 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Richard}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Nagpur]]

{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Annapoorneshwari Temple

2025-02-03T00:43:59Z

Vineettandon: quick update

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Adishaktyatmaka Sri Annapurneshwari Devi Temple - Sri Kshetra Horanadu
| image = HoranaduAnnapurneswariTemple1.jpg
| caption = Temple entrance
| deity = Annapoorneshwari ([[Parvati]])
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in [[Karnataka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2705|75.3414|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| district = [[Chikmagalur]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| locale = [[Horanadu]]
| website = http://srikshetrahoranadu.com/
| creator = [[Agasthya]]
| festivals =
}}

The '''Annapoorneshwari Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the goddess Annapoorneshwari ([[Annapurna (goddess)|Annapoorna]]), located at [[Horanadu]], Karnataka, India, 100 km from [[Chikmagalur]] in the thick forests and valleys of the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/temple/annaprna.html |title=Temples:Annapoorneshwari temple - Horanadu, Karnataka |publisher=Indian Heritage |website=indian-heritage.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/karnataka/horanadu-annapoorneshwari-temple/ps47157703.cms |title=Horanadu Annapoorneshwari Temple |publisher=Times of India: Times Travel |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karnatakaholidays.com/horanadu-annapoorneshwari-temple.php |title=Horanadu Annapoorneshwari Temple |publisher=Karnataka Holidays |website=karnatakaholidays.com |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530183142/http://www.karnatakaholidays.com/horanadu-annapoorneshwari-temple.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is situated on the banks of river [[Bhadra River|Bhadra]].

[[File:Horanadu Temple Entrance.jpg|thumb|''Mahadwara'' (meaning:Main entrance)]]
[[File:HoranaduAnnapurneswariTemple.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Annapoorneshwari Temple Entrance]]

==See also==
* [[Marikamba Temple, Sirsi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chikmagalur district]]

Antahpura

2024-11-07T15:55:03Z

Vineettandon: creating a page

{{Short description|Women's quarters of an Indian palace}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Italics title}}
The '''''antahpura''''' ({{Langx|sa|अन्तःपुर|translit=Antaḥpura}}), also rendered '''''anthapura''''', was the women's quarters or the royal [[harem]] of an Indian palace.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=R. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX_AeDYzhBQC&pg=PA16 |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1665-7 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> It was the suite of apartments that were generally situated in a secluded portion of the palace, reserved for the women of the royal household.<ref>''Feminism and Indian realities'' by K A Kunjakkan. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2002. chapter on "Women during the Vedic age"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&dq=antahpura&pg=PA427 |title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume I A-L |date=2019-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62465-0 |pages=427 |language=en}}</ref> It consisted of the king's queens and concubines and was headed by his first queen, who was accorded the highest status.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/TheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism2VolSetgnv64 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia Of Hinduism ( 2 Vol Set)(gnv 64) |pages=44 |language=English}}</ref>

Several palaces in India contain the ''antahpura'', such as the ones of [[Hampi]] and [[Mysore Palace|Mysore]].<ref>''Early Indian secular architecture'' by K Krishna Murthy. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1987. p.113 and following.</ref>

== Literature ==

=== ''Arthashastra'' ===
The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' describes the ''antahpura'' to be guarded by eunuchs and include a number of apartments, one within the other. It is stated to comprise a parapet, a ditch, and a main door. The passage of commodities from and to these apartments are stated to be restricted, only allowed within after careful examination.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&pg=PA502 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |date=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-375-7 |pages=502 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hindu literature ===
''Antahpuras'' are featured in [[Hindu texts]].

The ''[[Ramayana]]'' describes the ''antahpura'' of the [[rakshasa]] king [[Ravana]] in [[Lanka]], where he has [[Sita]] housed and guarded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daalen |first=L. A. Van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGmGQiOWLH0C&pg=PA155 |title=Valmiki's Sanskrit |date=2004 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1925-2 |pages=155 |language=en}}</ref> The consorts of Dasharatha each had their own apartment in his antahpura in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guruge |first=Ananda W. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWlsWQ8foNgC&pg=PA96 |title=The Society of the Ramayana |date=1991 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-265-9 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref>

The goddess [[Mahakali]] is described to reside in the ''antahpura'' of her palace in [[Manidvipa]], where she is described to sleep with her consort, [[Shiva|Mahashiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRbdAAAAQBAJ&dq=Anta%E1%B8%A5pura&pg=PT132 |title=India & Beyond |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-82114-1 |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' describes [[Krishna]] sending a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] to send a message to [[Rukmini]] in her ''antahpura'' in [[Vidarbha (kingdom)|Vidarbha]] before their elopement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prabhupada |first1=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oohOCgAAQBAJ&dq=antahpura+Rukmini&pg=PT2284 |title=Srimad-Bhagavatam, Tenth Canto: The Summum Bonum |last2=Prabhupada |first2=Disciples of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |date=1977-12-31 |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |isbn=978-91-7149-643-0 |pages=2284 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Women-only space]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Women's culture]]
[[Category:Harem]]
[[Category:Hindu architecture]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Antahpura}}