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Darka, Mainpuri

2023-09-06T22:46:52Z

Vinayaraj: Produced a new article.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Darka}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.3290362|N|79.2163642|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.501
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 0
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Darka''' ([[Devanagari]]: दरका {{IAST|Darkā}}) is an abandoned village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 0, although the land remains under human use.

== Demographics ==
The [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] recorded Darka with a population of 0,<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} as did the [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]].<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|168-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]], however, recorded Darka as being inhabited: it comprised 1 hamlet, with a total population of 38 people (21 male and 17 female), in 38 households and 18 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 123 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Land use ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Darka has a total area of 50.1 [[hectare]]s, of which 26.3 were currently farmland, 4.3 were [[fallow]] lands, and 19.4 were under non-agricultural use. No forests, orchards, or permanent pastures existed on village lands.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|173}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]
[[Category:Former villages]]

Line 1 (Coimbatore Metro)

2023-07-20T14:41:34Z

Vinayaraj: Article published.

{{Short description|Transit line in Coimbatore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Red Line
| color = ff0000
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Coimbatore Metro]]
| status = Proposed
| locale =
| start = [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]]
| end = [[Neelambur]]
| stations = 18
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| close =
| owner =
| operator =
| character = 18 km Elevated
| stock =
| linelength_km = 20.3
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge =
| electrification =
| speed_km/h = 80
| elevation =
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Red Line''' or '''Line 1''' is one of the two proposed lines of [[Coimbatore Metro]], Phase 1 Project, the second being the [[Line 4 (Coimbatore Metro)|Green line]] (Line 4). The line stretches from [[Ukkadam Bus Terminus]] to [[Neelambur]]. The line consists of 18 [[Metro station|station]]s, out of which the Coimbatore Airport [[Metro station|station]] has a spill off line.<ref>{{cite news|title= DPR for Coimbatore metro rail project to be submitted to Tamil Nadu government by July 15|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/dpr-for-coimbatore-metro-rail-project-to-be-submitted-to-tamil-nadu-government-by-july-15/article67030788.ece|access-date=1 July 2023|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= CMRL Submits Detailed Project Reports for Madurai and Coimbatore Metro Projects|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/cmrl-submits-detailed-project-reports-for-madurai-and-coimbatore-metro-projects/|access-date=15 July 2023|newspaper=The Metro Rail News}}</ref>

==Stations==
The stations proposed in the first phase of [[Coimbatore Metro]] in the Line-1 are:<ref>{{cite news|title= 39km Metro Line project in Phase 1|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994605228/-km-Long-Distance-Coimbatore-Metro-Rail-Service-A-to-Z-Overview|access-date=7 July 2023|newspaper=India Herald}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="95%"
|-
!align="center" colspan="9" style="background:#ff0000;" | '''Red Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|S.No
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Interchange connection
! rowspan="2"|Places Connected
! rowspan="2"|Layout
! rowspan="2"|Opened
! rowspan="2" |Depot Connection
! rowspan="2" |Depot Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|1||align="center"|Ukkadam Bus Terminus||உக்கடம் பேருந்து நிலையம்||{{color box|Yellow ||rail color}} [[Line 2 (Coimbatore Metro)|Yellow Line]], {{color box|Blue ||rail color}} [[Line 3 (Coimbatore Metro)|Blue Line]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None||None
|-
|2||align="center"|Townhall||நகர் மண்டபம்||None||[[Victoria Town Hall, Coimbatore|CMC Central Office]], [[Oppanakara Street]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|3||align="center"|Coimbatore Junction||கோயம்புத்தூர் சந்திப்பு||{{color box|Green||rail color}} [[Line 3 (Coimbatore Metro)|Green Line]], {{rint|rail}} [[Coimbatore Junction railway station]]||[[Coimbatore Medical College|Coimbatore Government Hospital]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|4||align="center"|Collectorate||மாவட்ட ஆட்சியர் அலுவலகம்||None||Coimbatore District Collector Office||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|5||align="center"|GKNM Hospital||ஜி.கே.என்.எம் மருத்துவமனை||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|6||align="center"|Lakshmi Mills||லட்சுமி மில்ஸ்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|7||align="center"|Nava India||நவ இந்தியா||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|8||align="center"|Peelamedu Pudur||பீளமேடு புதூர்||{{rint|rail}} [[Pilamedu railway station|Peelamedu railway station]]||[[PSG College of Technology]], [[PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research|PSG Hospitals]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|9||align="center"|Fun Republic Mall||பன் மால்||None||Fun Republic Mall||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|10||align="center"|Hope College||ஹோப் காலேஜ்||None||[[TIDEL Park Coimbatore|TIDEL Park]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|11||align="center"|Coimbatore Medical College||கோவை மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி||None||[[Coimbatore Medical College]]||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|12||align="center"|Chithra Circle||சித்ரா||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|13||align="center"|MGR Nagar||எம்ஜிஆர் நகர்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|14||align="center"|PLS Nagar||பி.எல்.எஸ் நகர்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|15||align="center"|Venkittapuram||வெங்கிட்டாபுரம்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|16||align="center"|Park Plaza||பார்க் பிளாசா||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|-
|17||align="center"|Neelambur||நீலம்பூர்||None||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||Neelambur Depot||Under Proposal
|-
|18||align="center"|Coimbatore International Airport||கோவை சர்வதேச விமான நிலையம்||{{rint|air}} [[Coimbatore International Airport]]||None||Elevated||Proposed Phase 1||None||None
|}

==See also==
* [[Line 4 (Coimbatore Metro)]]
* [[Coimbatore Metro]]
* [[Transport in Coimbatore]]
* [[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Transport in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed rapid transit in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu]]

Freedom House

2023-02-27T09:00:49Z

Vinayaraj: Contributed a new addition to the platform.

{{short description|USA non-profit research, advocacy group}}
{{other uses}}
{{use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Freedom House
|logo = Freedom House.svg
|logo_size = 225px
|image =
|image_border =
|size =
|caption =
|map =
|msize =
|mcaption =
|motto =
|formation = {{start date and age|1941|10|31}}
|extinction =
|type = [[Research institute]] [[Think tank]]
|headquarters = 1850 M Street NW, Suite 1100, [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|location =
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|key_people = Chair
*[[Michael Chertoff]]<ref name="staff">{{cite web|title=Our Board and Staff|url=https://freedomhouse.org/content/our-board-and-staff|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en}}</ref>

President
*Michael J. Abramowitz<ref name="staff"/>
| num_staff = approx. 150<ref name="board" />
|budget =
| revenue = $48,017,381<ref name="Ratings">{{cite web | url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/131656647 | title=Freedom House | website=ProPublica | date=May 9, 2013 | access-date=19 March 2021 }}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2019
| expenses = $49,040,735<ref name="Ratings" />
| expenses_year = 2019
|website = {{URL|https://freedomhouse.org/}}
}}

'''Freedom House''' is a non-profit organization group in [[Washington, D.C.]] It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of [[democracy]], [[Freedom (political)|political freedom]], and [[human rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-fidel2006-08-03-voa38/399709.html |title=Cuba After Fidel – What Next? |publisher=Voice of America |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150507/http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-fidel2006-08-03-voa38/399709.html |access-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> Freedom House was founded in October 1941, and [[Wendell Willkie]] and [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] served as its first honorary chairpersons. It describes itself as a "clear voice for democracy and freedom around the world".<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/report--asia-sees-some-significant-progress-81235887/165280.html |title=Freedom House Report: Asia Sees Some Significant Progress |author=William Ide |publisher=Voice of America |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204022723/http://www.voanews.com/content/report--asia-sees-some-significant-progress-81235887/165280.html |access-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> The organization was 66% funded by grants from the U.S. government in 2006, a number which has increased to 86% in 2016.<ref name="funding1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071116173436/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/49.pdf 2006 Freedom House Annual Report]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_Basic_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf | title=Financial Statements | publisher=Freedom House | date=June 30, 2016| access-date=November 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_Basic_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf|title=FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Year Ended June 30, 2016 AND INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT|website=Freedom House|quote=During the year ended June 30, 2016, the Organization was substantially funded by grants from the U.S. Government. Reduction of funding from the U.S. Government would have a significant impact on the operations of the Organization.}}</ref> It also receives funds from other governments and various semi-public and private foundations.

The organization's annual ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report assesses each country's degree of political freedoms and civil liberties; ''[[Freedom of the Press (report)|Freedom of the Press]]'' and ''Freedom on the Net'', which monitor censorship, intimidation and violence against journalists, and public access to information, are among its other signature reports.<ref name="FreedomOnTheNet-2013">[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2013 "Freedom on the Net 2013"], Freedom House, 3 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</ref> While often cited by political scientists, journalists, and policymakers, the organization's [[List of democracy indices|democracy indices]] have received criticism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Little |first1=Andrew |last2=Meng |first2=Anne |title=Subjective and Objective Measurement of Democratic Backsliding |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4327307 |journal=[[Social Science Research Network]] |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=4327307 }}</ref>

Between the 1970s and 2000s, critics predominately alleged that the organization was biased towards American interests due to government funding;<ref name=":3" /> others criticized the organization's reliance on democratic indices created near-exclusively by [[Raymond Gastil]].<ref name=":4" /> In 2018, the rankings were criticised by ''[[National Review]]'', a [[Conservatism|conservative]] newspaper, for perceptions of "changed dramatically since its anti-Communist days during the Cold War" and becoming "simply another... anti-conservative — and overwhelmingly government-dependent — NGO".<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

==History==
Freedom House was incorporated October 31, 1941.<ref name="McAleer"/>{{Rp|293}} Among its founders were [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Wendell Willkie]], [[Mayor of New York City|Mayor]] [[Fiorello H. La Guardia|Fiorello La Guardia]], [[Elizabeth Cutter Morrow]], [[Dorothy Thompson]],<ref name="FH Open Soon"/> George Field, [[Herbert Agar]], [[Herbert Bayard Swope]], [[Ralph Bunche]], Father George B. Ford, [[Roscoe Drummond]] and [[Rex Stout]]. George Field (1904–2006) was executive director of the organization until his retirement in 1967.<ref>[http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=MC048&kw= History of the Freedom House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511115023/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=MC048&kw= }}, George Field Collection of Freedom House Files, 1933–1990 (Bulk 1941–1969): Finding Aid, [[Princeton University Library]]; [http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=384 Freedom House Statement on the Passing of George Field] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103154247/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=384 }} (June 1, 2006). Retrieved January 15, 2011</ref>

According to its website, Freedom House "Freedom House is the oldest American organization devoted to the support and defense of democracy around the world. It was formally established in New York in 1941 to promote American involvement in World War II and the fight against fascism."<ref name="history" /> Several groups, in fact, were aggressively supporting U.S. entry into the war and in early autumn 1941, when various group activities began to overlap, the Fight for Freedom Committee began exploring a mass merger. George Field then conceived the idea of all of the groups maintaining their separate identities under one roof—Freedom House—to promote the concrete application of the principles of freedom.<ref name="McAleer"/>{{Rp|293}}

Freedom House had physical form in a New York City building that represented the organization's goals. A converted residence at 32 East 51st Street opened January 22, 1942,<ref name="McAleer"/>{{Rp|293}} as a centre "where all who love liberty may meet, plan their programs and encourage one another". Furnished as a gift of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], the 19-room building included a broadcasting facility.<ref name="FH Open Soon">{{cite news |last=[[United Press International|United Press]] |title=Freedom House Will Open Soon |newspaper=Waterloo Sunday Courier |location=Waterloo, Iowa }}</ref> In January 1944, Freedom House moved to [[5 West 54th Street]], a former residence that [[Robert Lehman]] lent to the organization.<ref>{{cite news|title=Freedom House Moves|page=15A|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1282804564}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Freedom House Moves|language=en-US|page=20|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/01/07/86840221.pdf|access-date=2021-05-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Freedom House sponsored influential radio programs including ''The Voice of Freedom'' (1942–43)<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Program Reviews: The Voice of Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Voice+of+Freedom+1942+WMCA&pg=PT7 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|The Billboard]] |volume=54 |issue=15 |page=8 |access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/MC187/c00938 |title=Freedom House Records 1933–2014, The Voice of Freedom |author= |website=Princeton University Library Finding Aids |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Our Secret Weapon]]'' (1942–43), a [[CBS Radio|CBS radio]] series created to counter [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[shortwave radio]] [[propaganda]] broadcasts. Rex Stout, chairman of the [[Writers' War Board]] and representative of Freedom House, would rebut the most entertaining lies of the week. The series was produced by [[Paul White (journalist)|Paul White]], founder of [[CBS News]].<ref name="McAleer">{{cite book |last=McAleer |first=John J. |title=Rex Stout: A Biography |location=Boston |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=9780316553407 }}</ref>{{Rp|305}}<ref name="Dunning">{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=John |author-link=John Dunning (radio historian) |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507678-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn }}</ref>{{Rp|529}}

By November 1944, Freedom House was planning to raise money to acquire a building to be named after the recently deceased Wendell L. Willkie.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Willkie Memorial Building Is Planned by Freedom House: Midtown Structure Will House Groups Working for Causes He Served; Dedication Is Planned Oct. 8, 1945, First Anniversary of His Death|page=18A|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1283121658}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Memorial Building for Willkie Planned|language=en-US|page=25|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/11/21/87476607.pdf|access-date=2021-05-22|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1945 an elegant building at 20 West 40th Street was purchased to house the organization. It was named the Willkie Memorial Building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://findingaids.princeton.edu/names/63f1b6360f9bda6f51ef563405092e56 |title=Field, George, 1904– |author= |website=Princeton University Library Finding Aids |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=March 22, 2015 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140206/http://findingaids.princeton.edu/names/63f1b6360f9bda6f51ef563405092e56 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/MC187/c00765 |title=Freedom House Records 1933–2014, Series 3: Willkie Memorial Building |author= |website=Princeton University Library Finding Aids |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startsandfits.com/hardenbergh/willkie.html |title=Former Site of the Willkie Memorial Building |author= |website=Great Architects of New York: Henry J. Hardenbergh |publisher=Starts and Fits |access-date=March 22, 2015 |archive-date=March 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325062722/http://www.startsandfits.com/hardenbergh/willkie.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the war, as its website states, "Freedom House took up the struggle against the other twentieth century totalitarian threat, Communism ... The organization's leadership was convinced that the spread of democracy would be the best weapon against totalitarian ideologies."<ref name="history" /> Freedom House supported the [[Marshall Plan]] and the establishment of [[NATO]].<ref name="history" /> Freedom House also supported the Johnson Administration's [[Vietnam War]] policies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nyti.ms/1xmccuk |title=Johnson Is Backed By Freedom House On Vietnam Policy |access-date=October 7, 2014 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=subscription |quote=The 'silent center,' most of the American people, should be heard from on Vietnam, Freedom House said yesterday in a 'Credo of Support' for the Johnson Administration's policies in Southeast Asia.}}</ref>

Freedom House was highly critical of [[McCarthyism]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/content/our-history#.VQ7eIGZb1gc |title=Our History |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nyti.ms/1qKTo3p |title=CURB BY CONGRESS URGED; Freedom House Seeks to Protect Citizens From Unfair Attack |access-date=October 17, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=subscription |quote=The public affairs committee of Freedom House proposed yesterday that Congress revise its rules to 'protect citizens from unfair and unwarranted attack' by Senators and Representatives who shield themselves behind Congressional immunity. Asserting that the methods of political and personal attack exemplified in Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, Republican from Wisconsin, injured citizens both within and out of Government without just cause, the Freedom House statement said ...}}</ref> During the 1950s and 1960s, it supported the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the United States and its leadership included several prominent civil rights activists{{snd}}though it was critical of civil rights leaders such as [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] for their [[Anti-Vietnam War|anti-war activism]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nyti.ms/1qKCsdf |title=Freedom House Scores Dr. King |access-date=October 17, 2014 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Freedom House severely criticized the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. yesterday for lending his 'mantle of respectability' to an anti-Vietnam war coalition that includes 'well-known Communist allies and luminaries of the hate-America Left.'}}</ref> It supported [[Andrei Sakharov]], other Soviet dissidents, and the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement in [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nyti.ms/1CyhILt |title=Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov Honored by Freedom House |access-date=October 17, 2014 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=subscription |quote=Fifteen 'courageous dissenters' in the Soviet Union were chosen here yesterday as winners of the 1973 Freedom Award by the nonprofit private organization known as Freedom House. The organization, which describes itself as dedicated to the strengthening of free societies, cited the novelist Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn and the nuclear physicist Andrei Sakharov, 13 others and their 'unnamed colleagues.'}}</ref> Freedom House assisted the post-Communist societies in the establishment of independent media, non-governmental think tanks, and the core institutions of electoral politics.<ref name="history" />

The organization describes itself currently as a clear voice for democracy and freedom around the world. Freedom House states that it:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/2002.pdf |title=Freedom House Annual Report 2002 |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=October 13, 2012}}</ref>

{{blockquote|has vigorously opposed dictatorships in Central America and Chile, apartheid in South Africa, the suppression of the Prague Spring, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, genocide in Bosnia and Rwanda, and the brutal violation of human rights in Cuba, Burma, the People's Republic of China, and Iraq. It has championed the rights of democratic activists, religious believers, trade unionists, journalists, and proponents of free markets.}}

In 1967, Freedom House absorbed Books USA, which had been created several years earlier by [[Edward R. Murrow]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Pressing the Fight: Print, Propaganda, and the Cold War |author1=Barnhisel, Greg |author2=Turner, Catherine |year=2010 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1558497368 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEGZHZGK4S0C&q="books+USA"+peace+corps&pg=PA135 |access-date=October 13, 2012}}</ref> as a joint venture between the [[Peace Corps]] and the [[United States Information Service]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19641202&id=9FEaAAAAIBAJ&pg=3327,925833 |title=Onward the Peace Corps |publisher=Milwaukee Journal |access-date=March 27, 2012 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>
[[Allen Kent|Kent, Allen]] (1985). "International Book Donation Programs". [https://books.google.com/books?id=o3VxxzNJcfkC ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 38'']. [https://books.google.com/books?id=o3VxxzNJcfkC&pg=PA239 p. 239].</ref>

Since 2001, Freedom House has supported citizens involved in challenges to the existing regimes in Serbia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Egypt, Tunisia and elsewhere. The organization states, "From South Africa to Jordan, Kyrgyzstan to Indonesia, Freedom House has partnered with regional activists in bolstering civil society; worked to support women's rights; sought justice for victims of torture; defended journalists and free expression advocates; and assisted those struggling to promote human rights in challenging political environments."<ref name="history" /> However, alternative classifications have produced significantly different results from those of the FH for Latin American countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Classifying political regimes in Latin America, 1945-1999|journal=Dados – Revista de Ciências Sociais|s2cid=15063406|doi=10.1590/S0011-52582001000400001|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2001 Freedom House had income of around $11 million, increasing to over $26m in 2006.<ref name=Giannonea/> Much of the increase was due to an increase between 2004 and 2005 in US government federal funding, from $12m to $20m.<ref name=Giannonea/> Federal funding fell to around $10m in 2007, but still represented around 80% of Freedom House's budget.<ref name=Giannonea/> As of 2010, grants awarded from the [[US federal government|US government]] accounted for most of Freedom House's funding;<ref name=Giannonea>Giannonea, Diego (2010)."Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case". ''Democratization'' Volume 17, Issue 1. pp. 68–97.</ref> the grants were not earmarked by the government but allocated through a competitive process.

==Organization==
[[File:1301 Connecticut Avenue.JPG|thumb|Freedom House headquarters in [[Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C.|Dupont Circle]], Washington, D.C.]]
Freedom House is a nonprofit organization with approximately 150 staff members worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Board and Staff |publisher=Freedom House |url=https://freedomhouse.org/content/our-board-and-staff}}</ref> Headquartered in Washington, D.C., it has field offices in about a dozen countries, including [[Ukraine]], [[Hungary]], [[Serbia]], [[Jordan]], [[Mexico]], and also countries in [[Central Asia]].

Freedom House states that its board of trustees is composed of "business and labor leaders, former senior government officials, scholars, writers, and journalists". All board members are current residents of the United States. Members of the organization's board of directors include [[Kenneth Adelman]], [[Farooq Kathwari]], [[Azar Nafisi]], [[Mark Palmer (diplomat)|Mark Palmer]], [[P. J. O'Rourke]] and [[Lawrence Lessig]],<ref name="board">{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/content/our-leadership#.VQ7fL2Zb1gc |title=Our Leadership |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=March 22, 2015 |archive-date=March 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319130119/https://freedomhouse.org/content/our-leadership#.VQ7fL2Zb1gc |url-status=dead }}</ref> while past board-members have included [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], [[Samuel P. Huntington|Samuel Huntington]], [[Mara Liasson]], [[Otto Reich]], [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[Whitney North Seymour]], [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[Steve Forbes]] and [[Bayard Rustin]].

=== Funding ===
According to the ''Freedom House Financial Statement 2016'', Freedom House "was substantially funded by grants from the U.S. Government", with grants from the United States government accounting for approximately 86% of revenue.<ref name=":1" />

Below are the organizations and entities who funded Freedom House in 2016:<ref name=":1" />

* Government of the United States – $24,813,164 (85.5%)
* International public agencies – $2,266,949 (7.8%)
* Corporations and foundations – $1,113,262 (3.8%)
* Individual contributions – $1,113,262 (2.8%)

In its 2017 and 2018 financial statements, Freedom House once again disclosed that it "was substantially funded by grants from the U.S. Government." In 2017, the organization received $29,502,776, 90% of its total revenue that year, from the U.S. government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2017_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf|title=Freedom House Financial Statement 2017|website=Freedom House|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190306224825/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2017_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> In 2018, the U.S. government gave Freedom House $35,206,355, or 88% of its annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_Freedom_House_Financial_Statements_2018.pdf|title=Freedom House Financial Statement 2018|website=Freedom House|access-date=6 March 2019}}{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Reports==
===''Freedom in the World''===
{{Main|Freedom in the World}}

[[File:2021 Freedom House world map.png|thumb|430px|Classification of countries according to the Freedom House's ''Freedom in the World 2021'' survey, concerning the state of world freedom in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map?type=fiw&year=2020|title=Freedom in the World Countries {{!}} Freedom House|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26}}</ref>
{{center|{{legend inline|#00AB81|Free}} {{legend inline|#E7BA09|Partially Free}} {{legend inline|#6A71A8|Not Free}}}}]]

Since 1972 (1978 in book form), Freedom House publishes an annual report, ''Freedom in the World'', on the degree of democratic freedoms in nations and significant disputed territories around the world, by which it seeks to assess<ref name="usedby">{{Cite web|last1=Casper|first1=Gretchen|last2=Tufis|first2=Claudiu|url=http://polisci.la.psu.edu/faculty/Casper/caspertufisPAweb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030521095112/http://polisci.la.psu.edu/faculty/Casper/caspertufisPAweb.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Correlation versus Interchangeability: The Limited Robustness of Empirical Findings on Democracy using Highly Correlated Datasetsi|archive-date=2003-05-21|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> the current state of [[civil rights|civil]] and [[Freedom (political)|political rights]] on a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free). States where the average for political and civil liberties differed from 1.0 to 2.5 are considered "free". States with values from 3.0 to 5.5 are considered "partly free" and those with values between 5.5 and 7.0 are considered "not free". These reports are often<ref>[http://www.csa.com/csaillumina/login.php Illumnia Login] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215164647/http://www.csa.com/csaillumina/login.php }} The political science journal database Illumina lists between 10 and 20 peer reviewed journal articles referencing the "freedom in the world" report each year</ref> used by [[list of political scientists|political scientists]] when doing research. The ranking is highly correlated with several other ratings of democracy also frequently used by researchers.<ref name="usedby"/>

In its 2003 report, for example, the [[United Kingdom]] (judged as fully free and democratic) got a perfect score of a "1" in [[civil liberties]] and a "1" in political rights, earning it the designation of "free". [[Nigeria]] got a "5" and a "4", earning it the designation of "partly free", while [[North Korea]] scored the lowest rank of "7-7", and was thus dubbed "not free". Nations are scored from 0 to 4 on several questions and the sum determines the rankings. Example questions: "Is the head of state and/or head of government or other chief authority elected through free and fair elections?", "Is there an independent judiciary?", "Are there free trade unions and peasant organizations or equivalents, and is there effective collective bargaining? Are there free professional and other private organizations?"<ref name="methodology">{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2005/methodology|title=Methodology|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529103543/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2005/methodology|url-status=dead}}</ref> Freedom House states that the rights and liberties of the survey are derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<ref name="methodology" />

The research and ratings process involved two dozen analysts and more than a dozen senior-level academic advisors. The eight members of the core research team headquartered in New York, along with 16 outside consultant analysts, prepared the country and territory reports. The analysts used a broad range of sources of information—including foreign and domestic news reports, academic analyses, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, individual professional contacts, and visits to the region—in preparing the reports.<ref name="FHMeth">{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2006|title=Freedom in the World 2006|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529103617/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The country and territory ratings were proposed by the analyst responsible for each related report. The ratings were reviewed individually and on a comparative basis in a series of six regional meetings—Asia-Pacific, Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Western Europe—involving the analysts, academic advisors with expertise in each region, and Freedom House staff. The ratings were compared to the previous year's findings, and any major proposed numerical shifts or category changes were subjected to more intensive scrutiny. These reviews were followed by cross-regional assessments in which efforts were made to ensure comparability and consistency in the findings. Many of the key country reports were also reviewed by the academic advisers.<ref name=FHMeth />

The survey's methodology is reviewed periodically by an advisory committee of political scientists with expertise in methodological issues.<ref name=FHMeth />

Freedom House also produces annual reports on press freedom (''Press Freedom Survey''), governance in the nations of the former [[Soviet Union]] (''Nations in Transit''), and countries on the borderline of democracy (''Countries at the Crossroads''). In addition, one-time reports have included a survey of women's freedoms in the Middle East.

Freedom House's methods (around 1990) and other democracy-researchers were mentioned as examples of an expert-based evaluation by [[sociologist]] [[Kenneth A. Bollen]], who is also an [[applied statistics|applied]] [[statistician]]. Bollen writes that expert-based evaluations are prone to [[statistical bias]] of an unknown direction, that is, not known either to agree with U.S. policy or to disagree with U.S. policy: "Regardless of the direction of distortions, it is highly likely that every set of indicators formed by a single author or organization contains systematic measurement error. The origin of this measure lies in the common methodology of forming measures. Selectivity of information and various traits of the judges fuse into a distinct form of bias that is likely to characterize all indicators from a common publication."<ref>Bollen, K.A. (1992) Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984. In: Jabine, T.B. and Pierre Claude, R. "Human Rights and Statistics". University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-3108-2}}</ref>

===''Freedom of the Press''===
[[File:FreedomHouse-FreedomOfThePress-WorldMap.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|{{center|'''2015 Freedom of the Press Classifications'''<ref name=FHFOTPR-2015>{{cite web | title=Scores and Status Data 1980–2015 | url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2015 | work=Freedom of the Press 2015 | publisher=Freedom House | access-date=12 June 2015 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 {{legend inline|#F9D|Not Free}}
{{legend inline|#FFD|Partly Free}}
{{legend inline|#98FB98|Free}}
{{legend inline|silver|No Data}}}}]]
{{Main|Freedom of the Press (report)}}

The ''Freedom of the Press'' index was an annual survey of [[media independence]], published between 1980 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publication Archives|url=https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Freedom House|language=en}}</ref> It assesses the degree of print, broadcast, and internet freedom throughout the world.<ref name=FHFOTPR>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-press "Freedom of the Press"], web page, Freedom House. Retrieved May 29, 2011</ref> It provides numerical rankings and rates each country's media as "Free", "Partly Free", or "Not Free". Individual country narratives examine the legal environment for the media, political pressures that influence reporting, and economic factors that affect access to information.

The annual survey, which provides analytical reports and numerical ratings for 196 countries and territories in 2011, continues a process conducted since 1980. The findings are widely used by governments, international organizations, academics, and the news media in many countries. Countries are given a total score from 0 (best) to 100 (worst) on the basis of a set of 23 methodology questions divided into three subcategories: legal environment, political environment, and the economic environment. Assigning numerical points allows for comparative analysis among the countries surveyed and facilitates an examination of trends over time. Countries scoring 0 to 30 are regarded as having "Free" media; 31 to 60, "Partly Free" media; and 61 to 100, "Not Free" media. The ratings and reports included in each annual report cover events that took place during the previous year, for example ''Freedom of the Press 2011'' covers events that took place between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2010.<ref name=FOP-Methodology-2011/>

The study is based on universal criteria and recognizes cultural differences, diverse national interests, and varying levels of economic development. The starting point is the smallest, most universal unit of concern: the individual. The survey uses a multilayered process of analysis and evaluation by a team of regional experts and scholars, including an internal research team and external consultants. The diverse nature of the methodology questions seeks to encompass the varied ways in which pressure can be placed upon the flow of information and the ability of print, broadcast, and internet-based media to operate freely and without fear of repercussions. The report provides a picture of the entire "enabling environment" in which the media in each country operate. Degree of news and information diversity available to the public is also addressed.<ref name=FOP-Methodology-2011>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press-2011/methodology ''Freedom of the Press 2011'' – Methodology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125084526/http://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press-2011/methodology }}, Karin Karlekar, Freedom House, April 15, 2011, 4 pp.</ref>

An independent review of press freedom studies, commissioned by the Knight Foundation in 2006, found that FOP is the best in its class of Press Freedom Indicators.<ref>[http://gaz.sagepub.com/content/69/1/5.abstract "An Evaluation of Press Freedom Indicators"], Lee B. Becker, Tudor Vlad and, Nancy Nusser, ''International Communication Gazette'', vol.69, no.1 (February 2007), pp. 5–28</ref>

===''Freedom on the Net''===
{{main|Freedom on the Net}}
The ''Freedom on the Net'' reports provide analytical reports and numerical ratings regarding the state of [[Digital rights|Internet freedom]] for countries worldwide.<ref name=FOTN-2009>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Freedom OnThe Net_Full Report.pdf ''Freedom on the Net 2009'']{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Freedom House, accessed 16 April 2012</ref> The countries surveyed represent a sample with a broad range of geographical diversity and levels of economic development, as well as varying levels of political and media freedom. The surveys ask a set of questions designed to measure each country's level of Internet and digital media freedom, as well as the access and openness of other digital means of transmitting information, particularly mobile phones and text messaging services. Results are presented for three areas:
* Obstacles to Access: infrastructural and economic barriers to access; governmental efforts to block specific applications or technologies; legal and ownership control over internet and mobile phone access providers.
* Limits on Content: filtering and blocking of websites; other forms of censorship and self-censorship; manipulation of content; the diversity of online news media; and usage of digital media for social and political activism.
* Violations of User Rights: legal protections and restrictions on online activity; surveillance and limits on privacy; and repercussions for online activity, such as legal prosecution, imprisonment, physical attacks, or other forms of harassment.
The results from the three areas are combined into a total score for a country (from 0 for best to 100 for worst) and countries are rated as "Free" (0 to 30), "Partly Free" (31 to 60), or "Not Free" (61 to 100) based on the totals.

===Other annual reports===
Freedom House also produces these annual reports:
* ''Nations in Transit'': first published in 2003, deals with governance in the nations of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/nations-transit "Nations in Transit"], Freedom House, 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</ref>
* ''Countries at the Crossroads'': published from 2004 to 2012, covers countries on the borderline of democracy.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/countries-crossroads "Countries at the Crossroads"], Freedom House, 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</ref>
* ''Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa'': published from 2005 to 2010, these multi-year reports provide a survey of women's freedoms in the Middle East and North Africa.<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/report/women039s-rights-middle-east-and-north-africa/womens-rights-middle-east-and-north-africa-2010#.VTuRaKalpjE "Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713171741/https://freedomhouse.org/report/women039s-rights-middle-east-and-north-africa/womens-rights-middle-east-and-north-africa-2010#.VTuRaKalpjE }}, Freedom House, 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</ref>

===Special reports===
Freedom House has produced more than 85 special reports since 2002, including:<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/report-types/special-reports#.VTuTLqalpjE "Special Reports"], Freedom House. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</ref>

* ''Worst of the Worst: The World's Most Repressive Societies'': an annual report of extracts from ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' covering countries that receive the lowest possible combined average score for political rights and civil liberties, as well as countries "on the threshold", falling just short of the lowest possible rating.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/worst-worst-2012-worlds-most-repressive-societies ''Worst of the Worst 2012: The World's Most Repressive Societies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224024320/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/worst-worst-2012-worlds-most-repressive-societies }}, Freedom House, 28 June 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</ref>
* ''A New Multilateralism for Atrocities Prevention'' (2015)<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/MPL_New_Multilateralism_for_Atrocities_Prevention.pdf ''A New Multilateralism for Atrocities Prevention''], Stanley Foundation, March 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</ref>
* ''Voices in the Streets: Mass Social Protests and the Right to Peaceful Assembly''<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/03202015_updated_Freedom_of_Assembly_report.pdf ''Voices in the Streets: Mass Social Protests and the Right to Peaceful Assembly''], Freedom House, January 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</ref>
* ''Today's American: How Free?'': a special report which examines whether Americans in 2008 were sacrificing essential values in the war against terror, and scrutinizes other critical issues such as the political process, criminal justice system, racial inequality and immigration.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/todays-american-how-free ''Today's American: How Free?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015090032/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/todays-american-how-free }}, Freedom House, 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2013.</ref>
* ''Freedom in Sub-Saharan Africa 2009''<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Freedom in Sub Saharan Africa.pdf ''Freedom in Sub-Saharan Africa 2009'']{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Freedom House, 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</ref>
* ''Freedom of Association Under Threat: The New Authoritarians' Offensive Against Civil Society'' (2007)<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Freedom in Sub Saharan Africa.pdf ''Freedom of Association Under Threat: The New Authoritarians' Offensive Against Civil Society'']{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Freedom House, 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</ref>

==Other activities==
In addition to these reports, Freedom House participates in advocacy initiatives, currently focused on North Korea, Africa, and religious freedom. It has offices in a number of countries, where it promotes and assists local human rights workers and non-government organizations.

On January 12, 2006, as part of a crackdown on unauthorized nongovernmental organizations, the Uzbek government ordered Freedom House to suspend operations in Uzbekistan. Resource and Information Centers managed by Freedom House in [[Tashkent]], [[Namangan]], and [[Samarkand]] offered access to materials and books on human rights, as well as technical equipment, such as computers, copiers and Internet access. The government warned that criminal proceedings could be brought against Uzbek staff members and visitors following recent amendments to the criminal code and Code on Administrative Liability of Uzbekistan. Other human rights groups have been similarly threatened and obliged to suspend operations.

Freedom House is a member of the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]], a global network of more than 80 non-governmental organizations that monitors free expression violations around the world and defends journalists, writers and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression. Freedom House also publishes the ''China Media Bulletin'', a weekly analysis on press freedom in and related to the People's Republic of China. On 27 August 2013, Freedom House released their official iPhone app, which was created by British entrepreneur [[Joshua Browder]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Freedom at your Fingertips: Freedom House Releases iPhone App|url=https://freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-your-fingertips-freedom-house-releases-iphone-app|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-date=January 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125064730/https://freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-your-fingertips-freedom-house-releases-iphone-app|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Criticism==

=== Relationship with the U.S. government ===
In 2006, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that Freedom House had received funding by the State Department for "clandestine activities" inside [[Iran]]. According to the ''Financial Times'', "Some academics, activists and those involved in the growing US business of spreading freedom and democracy are alarmed that such semi-covert activities risk damaging the public and transparent work of other organisations, and will backfire inside Iran."<ref name="debate">{{cite web|author=Guy Dinmore|title=Bush enters debate on freedom in Iran|url=https://news.ft.com/cms/s/48d26298-c052-11da-939f-0000779e2340,_i_rssPage=de095590-c8f4-11d7-81c6-0820abe49a01.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150506165937/http://news.ft.com/cms/s/48d26298-c052-11da-939f-0000779e2340,_i_rssPage=de095590-c8f4-11d7-81c6-0820abe49a01.html|archive-date=May 6, 2015|access-date=April 6, 2006|work=The Financial Times}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

On December 7, 2004, former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] Representative and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] politician [[Ron Paul]] criticized Freedom House for allegedly administering a U.S.-funded program in Ukraine where "much of that money was targeted to assist one particular candidate." Paul said "one part that we do know thus far is that the U.S. government, through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), granted millions of dollars to the Poland-America-Ukraine Cooperation Initiative (PAUCI), which is administered by the U.S.-based Freedom House. PAUCI then sent U.S. Government funds to numerous Ukrainian non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This would be bad enough and would in itself constitute meddling in the internal affairs of a sovereign nation. But, what is worse is that many of these grantee organizations in Ukraine are blatantly in favor of presidential candidate [[Viktor Yushchenko]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paul.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=217&Itemid=60|title=U.S. Hypocrisy in Ukraine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212002804/http://paul.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=217&Itemid=60|archive-date=2012-12-12|author=Ron Paul|author-link=Ron Paul}}</ref>

[[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Edward S. Herman]] have criticized the organization for excessively criticizing states opposed to US interests while being unduly sympathetic to regimes supportive of US interests.<ref name="ManConP28">Chomsky and Herman: ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'', Vintage 1994, p. 28</ref> Most notably, Freedom House described the [[1979 Rhodesian general election]] as "fair", but described the [[1980 Southern Rhodesian general election]] as "dubious",<ref name="ManConP28" /> and found the [[1982 Salvadoran presidential election]] to be "admirable".<ref name="ManConP28" />

===Cuban, Sudanese, and Chinese criticism===
In May 2001, the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations of the [[United Nations]] heard arguments for and against Freedom House. Representatives of [[Cuba]] said that the organization is a U.S. [[foreign policy]] instrument linked to the CIA and "submitted proof of the politically motivated, interventionist activities the NGO (Freedom House) carried out against their Government". They also claimed a lack of criticism of U.S. human rights violations in the annual reports. Cuba also stated that these violations are well documented by other reports, such as those of [[Human Rights Watch]]. Other countries such as [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[Sudan]] also gave criticism. The [[Russia]]n representative inquired "why this organization, an NGO which defended human rights, was against the creation of the [[International Criminal Court]]?"<ref name="UNNGOS"/>

The U.S. representative stated that alleged links between Freedom House and the CIA were "simply not true". The representative said he agreed that the NGO receives funds from the United States Government, but said this is disclosed in its reports. The representative said the funds were from the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID), which was not a branch of the CIA. The representative said his country had a law prohibiting the government from engaging in the activities of organizations seeking to change public policy, such as Freedom House. The representative said his country was not immune from criticism from Freedom House, which he said was well documented. The U.S. representative further argued that Freedom House was a human rights organization which sought to represent those who did not have a voice. The representative said he would continue to support NGOs who criticized his government and those of others.<ref name="UNNGOS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/ngo432.doc.htm|title=UN: NGO Committee hears arguments for, against Freedom House}}</ref>

In August 2020, Freedom House president Michael Abramowitz was sanctioned – together with the heads of four other U.S.-based democracy and human rights organizations and six U.S. Republican lawmakers – by the Chinese government for supporting the Hong Kong pro-democracy movement in the [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests]]. The leaders of the five organizations saw the sanctioning, whose details were unspecified, as a tit-for-tat measure in response to the earlier sanctioning by the U.S. of 11 Hong Kong officials. The latter step had in turn been a reaction to the enactment of the [[Hong Kong National Security Law]] at the end of June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-democracy-and-human-rights-leaders-sanctioned-by-china-vow-not-to-be-cowed-into-silence/2020/08/10/0878f65a-db48-11ea-b4af-72895e22941d_story.html|title=U.S. democracy and human rights leaders sanctioned by China vow not to be cowed into silence|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|first=Carol|last=Morello|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>

===Russia===
Russia, identified by Freedom House as "Not Free", called Freedom House biased and accused the group of serving U.S. interests. [[Sergei Markov]], an MP from the ruling [[United Russia]] party, called Freedom House a "Russophobic" organization, commenting: "You can listen to everything they say, except when it comes to Russia ... There are many Russophobes there."<ref name=MTimes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2008/01/17/011.html|title=Freedom Is Downgraded From 'Bad'}}</ref> Christopher Walker, director of studies at Freedom House, posited that Freedom House made its evaluations based on objective criteria explained on the organization's website, and denied that it had a pro-U.S. agenda, saying: "If you look closely at the 193 countries that we evaluate, you'll find that we criticize what are often considered strategic allies of the United States."<ref name=MTimes />

[[UCLA]] political scientist [[Daniel Treisman]] has criticized Freedom House's assessment of Russia. Treisman cited that Freedom House ranks Russia's political rights on the same level as the [[United Arab Emirates]], which is a federation of absolute monarchies with no element of democracy within the system. Freedom House also ranks Russia's civil liberties on the same scale as those of [[Yemen]], where criticism of the president was illegal. Treisman contrasts Freedom House's ranking with the [[Polity IV]] scale used by academics, in which Russia has a much better score. In 2018, the Polity IV scale scored the United Arab Emirates at -8, Russia at +4, and the United States at +8.<ref name="treisman">{{cite book|title=The Return: Russia's Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev|author1-link=Daniel Treisman|last=Treisman|first=Daniel|publisher=Free Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4165-6071-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/returnrussiasjou0000trei/page/341 341–52]|url=https://archive.org/details/returnrussiasjou0000trei/page/341}}</ref>

===Alleged partiality toward Uzbekistan===
[[Craig Murray]], the British ambassador to [[Uzbekistan]] from 2002 to 2004, wrote that the executive director of Freedom House told him in 2003 that the group decided to back off from its efforts to spotlight human rights abuses in Uzbekistan, because some Republican board members (in Murray's words) "expressed concern that Freedom House was failing to keep in sight the need to promote freedom in the widest sense, by giving full support to U.S. and coalition forces". Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan at the time included the killing of prisoners by "immersion in boiling liquid", and by strapping on a gas mask and blocking the filters, Murray reported.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/books/review/McKelvey2-t.html Glorious Nation of Uzbekistan], By Tara McKelvey, New York Times Book Review, December 9, 2007. Book review of DIRTY DIPLOMACY: The Rough-and-Tumble Adventures of a Scotch-Drinking, Skirt-Chasing, Dictator-Busting and Thoroughly Unrepentant Ambassador Stuck on the Frontline of the War Against Terror, by Craig Murray.</ref> Jennifer Windsor, the executive director of Freedom House in 2003, replied that Murray's "characterization of our conversation is an inexplicable misrepresentation not only of what was said at that meeting, but of Freedom House's record in Uzbekistan ... Freedom House has been a consistent and harsh critic of the human rights situation in Uzbekistan, as clearly demonstrated in press releases and in our annual assessments of that country".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/books/review/Letters-t.html?_r=1 |title=Freedom House's Record |author=Jennifer Windsor |work=The New York Times |archive-date=October 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BPwn8mTC?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/23/books/review/Letters-t.html?_r=2& |access-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Overemphasis on formal aspects of democracy ===
According to one study, Freedom House's rankings "overemphasize the more formal aspects of democracy while failing to capture the informal but real power relations and pathways of influence ... and frequently lead to de facto deviations from democracy."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Erk |first1=Jan |last2=Veenendaal |first2=Wouter |title=Is Small Really Beautiful?: The Microstate Mistake |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.3.erk.html |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.1353/jod.2014.0054 |s2cid=155086258 |issn=1086-3214}}</ref> States can therefore "look formally liberal-democratic but might be rather illiberal in their actual workings"<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Veenendaal |first=Wouter P. |title=Democracy in microstates: why smallness does not produce a democratic political system |journal=Democratization |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=92–112 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2013.820710 |issn=1351-0347 |s2cid=145489442}}</ref>

===Criticism from American conservatives===
In the 2010s, a number of [[American conservative]] institutions have criticized Freedom House for what they see as an anti-conservative shift in the organization; the organization has been criticized as being biased against conservative governments and the policies they enact, and has also been accused of favoring [[Progressivism|progressive]] and [[left-wing]] ideas in its ranking system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Freedom House Turns Partisan|url=https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/freedom-house-turns-partisan|access-date=March 5, 2022|publisher=The Heritage Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schwarz|first=Fred|title=Land of the 86 Percent Free|work=National Review|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/land-of-the-86-percent-free/|access-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref> It has also been criticized for a perceived shift to an [[activist]] mindset; a 2018 article in the ''[[National Review]]'' described it as having "changed dramatically since its anti-Communist days during the Cold War" and having "become simply another progressive, anti-conservative (and overwhelmingly government-dependent) NGO".<ref name=":5">{{cite news|last=Fonte|first=John|title=What Is Illiberalism? Answering Joshua Muravchik|work=National Review|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/04/freedom-house-ratings-biased-against-conservatives/|access-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref> Another article criticized Freedom House for characterizing differences in policy as anti-democratic and for using what it regarded as partisan rather than objective measures of democracy.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|last1=Fonte|first1=John|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Mike|title=Freedom House Turns Partisan|work=National Review|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/02/freedom-house-left-progressive-bias-2018-report-united-states-great-britain-israel-denmark-poland/|access-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref>

==Chronology of systematic evaluations==
From the 1970s until 1990, [[Raymond Gastil]] practically produced the reports on his own, though sometimes with help from his wife. Gastil himself described it in 1990 as "a loose, intuitive rating system for levels of freedom or democracy, as defined by the traditional political rights and civil liberties of the Western democracies." Regarding criticisms of his reports, he said: "generally such criticism is based on opinions about Freedom House rather than detailed examination of survey ratings".<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gastil | first1 = R. D. | doi = 10.1007/BF02716904 | title = The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions | journal = Studies in Comparative International Development | volume = 25 | issue = 1| pages = 25–50 | year = 1990 | s2cid = 144099626 }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/11/07/why-do-we-trust-certain-democracy-ratings-new-research-explains-hidden-biases/ |title=Should we trust democracy ratings? New research finds hidden biases. |author1=Sarah Bush |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}</ref>

In a 1986 report on the methodology used by Gastil and others to create ''Freedom in the World'' report, Kenneth A. Bollen noted some bias but found that "no criticisms of which I am aware have demonstrated a systematic bias in all the ratings. Most of the evidence consists of anecdotal evidence of relatively few cases. Whether there is a systematic or sporadic slant in Gastil's ratings is an open question".<ref name="Bollen">Bollen, K.A., [https://www.jstor.org/pss/762193 "Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984"], ''Human Rights Quarterly'', vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1986), pp. 567–91. Also in: Jabine, T.B. and Pierre Claude, R. (Eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=yMABbuKyN9wC ''Human Rights and Statistics''], University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992, pp. 188–215, {{ISBN|0-8122-3108-2}}.</ref> In a later report by Bollen and Pamela Paxton in 2000, they concluded that from 1972 to 1988 (a specific period they observed), there was "unambiguous evidence of judge-specific measurement errors, which are related to traits of the countries." They estimated that Gastil's method produced a bias of 0.38 [[standard deviation]]s (s.d.) against [[Communist state|Communist]] countries and a larger bias, 0.5 s.d., favoring Christian countries.<ref name="BP">Bollen, Kenneth A. and Paxton, Pamela, [http://cps.sagepub.com/content/33/1/58.short "Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128085604/http://cps.sagepub.com/content/33/1/58.short }}, ''Comparative Political Studies'', vol. 33, no. 1 (February 2000), pp.58–86</ref>

In 2001, a study by Mainwaring, Brink, and Perez-Linanhe found the Freedom Index of ''Freedom in the World'' to have a strong positive [[correlation]] (at least 80%) with three other democracy indices. Mainwaring ''et al.'' wrote that Freedom House's index had "two systematic biases: scores for leftist were tainted by political considerations,{{how}} and changes in scores are sometimes driven by changes in their criteria rather than changes in real conditions". Nonetheless, when evaluated on Latin American countries yearly, Freedom House's index was positively correlated with the index of [[Adam Przeworski]] and with the index of the authors themselves.<ref name="springerlink.com">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mainwaring | first1 = S. | last2 = Brinks | first2 = D. | last3 = Pérez-Liñán | first3 = A. B. | title = Classifying Political Regimes in Latin | doi = 10.1007/BF02687584 | journal = Studies in Comparative International Development | volume = 36| issue = 1 | pages = 37–65 | year = 2001 | s2cid = 155047996 }}</ref> However, according to Przeworski in 2003, the definition of freedom in Gastil (1982) and Freedom House (1990) emphasized liberties rather than the exercise of freedom. He gave the following example: In the United States, citizens are free to form political parties and to vote, yet even in presidential elections only half of U.S. citizens vote; in the U.S., "the same two parties speak in a commercially sponsored unison".<ref name="AP03">
{{cite journal |first=Adam |last=Przeworski |author-link=Adam Przeworski |title=Freedom to choose and democracy |year=2003 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=265–79 |journal=Economics and Philosophy |doi=10.1017/S0266267103001159 |citeseerx=10.1.1.570.736 |s2cid=38812895 }}</ref>

A 2014 report by comparative politics researcher Nils D. Steiner found "strong and consistent evidence of a substantial bias in the FH ratings" before 1988, with bias being reflected by the relationships between the U.S. and the countries under investigation. He writes that after 1989 the findings were not as strong but still hinted at political bias.<ref>Steiner, N. D. (2016). Comparing Freedom House democracy scores to alternative indices and testing for political bias: Are US allies rated as more democratic by Freedom House?. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 18(4), 329-349.</ref> In 2017, Sarah Sunn Bush wrote that many critics found the original pre-1990 methodology lacking. While this improved after a team was hired in 1990, she says some criticism remains. As for why the Freedom House index is most often quoted in the United States, she notes that its definition of democracy is closely aligned with US foreign policy. US-allied countries tend to get better scores than in other reports. However, because the report is important to US lawmakers and politicians, weaker states seeking US aid or favor are forced to respond to the reports, giving the Freedom House significant influence in those places.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Sarah Sunn |title=The Politics of Rating Freedom: Ideological Affinity, Private Authority, and the Freedom in the World Ratings |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=711–731 |doi=10.1017/S1537592717000925|s2cid=109927267 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Democracy indices]]
* [[Human Development Index]]
* [[International Republican Institute]]
* [[List of Indices of Freedom]]
* [[Negative rights]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist |30em}}

==External links==
* [https://freedomhouse.org/ Freedom House official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143006/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?id=ark%3A%2F88435%2F8k71nh09d Freedom House Records] at [https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/ Princeton University Library Special Collections]
* [https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/998821593506421 George Field Collection of Freedom House Files] at [https://library.princeton.edu/special-collections/ Princeton University Library Special Collections]

{{portal bar|Law|Politics}}

[[Category:1941 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-fascist organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in the United States]]
[[Category:Democracy]]
[[Category:Dupont Circle]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression organizations]]
[[Category:Human rights organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:National Endowment for Democracy]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Political and economic think tanks in the United States]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]

Estimates Committee

2022-12-27T21:04:40Z

Vinayaraj: Fresh page structure.

{{Short description|Indian parliamentary committee scrutinizing government expenses}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox
| title = Estimates Committee
| abovestyle = background:#ccf; color:black;
| subheaderstyle =
| above = Financial Standing Committee
| headerstyle = background:#ccf;
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[16th Lok Sabha]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = {{start date and age|df=yes|1950}}
| label4 = Country
| data4 = {{flag|India}}
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chairperson
| data6 = [[Vacant]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 30; all from [[Lok Sabha]]
| label11 = Political parties
| data11 ={{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (16)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|[[Shiv Sena|SS]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| label12 = Election criteria
| data12 = The members are elected every year from amongst its members according to the principle of proportional representation.
| label13 = Tenure
| data13 = 1 year
| header14 = Jurisdiction
| label15 = Purpose
| data15 = {{bulleted list|Scrutinizing the functioning of government ministries and departments in terms of expenditure and utilization of funds}}
{{bulleted list|Suggest alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration}}
| header16 = Sub-committees
| data17 = {{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|Drought situation in the country pertaining to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare}}
{{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|Education with special reference to the recent development regarding autonomy in Education}}
| header18 = Rules and Procedures
| data19= {{bulleted list|list_style=text-align:left|[http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules/RULES-2010-P-FINAL_1.pdf Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha 2014]}}
| label20 = Applicable rules
| data20 = Rule 310,311 & 312 (page 114 - 115)
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''Estimates Committee (India)''' is a committee of selected [[Member of parliament (India)|members of parliament]], constituted by the [[Parliament of India]] (the Lok Sabha), for the purpose of scrutinising the functioning of government ministries and departments in terms of expenditure and utilisation of funds. It also suggests alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration. It also examines whether the finances are laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates and also to suggest the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/murli-manohar-joshi-to-head-estimates-committee-shanta-kumar-is-copu-chief/articleshow/40689189.cms|title=Murli Manohar Joshi to head Estimates Committee; Shanta Kumar is COPU chief|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref> This committee along with the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts committee]](PAC) and [[Committee on Public Undertakings (India)|Committee on Public Undertakings]] (COPU) are the three [[Parliamentary Committees of India|financial standing committees]] of the [[Parliament of India]].

The committee consists of thirty members, all elected from [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of the [[Lok Sabha]], according to the principle of [[proportional representation]] by means of [[single transferable vote]]. The chairperson is appointed by the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha speaker]]. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee or continue to serve after appointment as a minister. There are no members from [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref name=":1" />

Currently the committee is headed by [[Girish Bapat]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="The Economic Times"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/04/m-m-joshi-shanta-kumar-reappointed-chiefs-of-parliamentary-panel-1601111.html|title=M M Joshi, Shanta Kumar reappointed chiefs of parliamentary panel|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref>

== History ==
Although the committee existed pre-independence, post independence, it was established following directives by [[John Mathai]]. In his [https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/bspeech/bs195051.pdf speech presenting the budget of 1950–51], Mathai outlined the role that had been envisaged, saying

{{Blockquote|text=As you, Sir, announced earlier in the session, we propose to ask the House to set up an Estimates Committee to scrutinize the expenditure of each Department of Government and of the Government as a whole. Personally I am looking forward to the work of the Estimates Committee when it is set up because I think in two directions it is going to exert a healthy influence upon the course of public expenditure. In the first place, the suggestions and criticisms which may be made by the Estimates Committee would, in my judgement, give a useful direction and guidance to the Government in the matter of regulating expenditure. Secondly I think the knowledge that the expenditure of Government and of the various Departments of Government would be examined in detail by an independent authority set up by the House would act as a deterrent to extravagance in public expenditure.|sign=[[John Mathai]]|source=}}

Initially the membership of the committee was limited to 25 members, however, in 1956, the membership was expanded to 30 members.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw7Ik01GvHIC&pg=PA38|title=Parliament of India, the Ninth Lok Sabha, 1989-1991: A Study|last=Secretariat|first=Lok Sabha|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=1993|isbn=978-81-7211-019-2|pages=38}}</ref>

== Scope and working ==
The functions of the committee as enshrined in Rule 310 of [http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules/RULES-2010-P-FINAL_1.pdf Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha] are:

* To report what economies, improvements in organisation, efficiency or administrative reform, consistent with the policy underlying the estimates may be effected
* To suggest alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration
* To examine whether the money is well laid out within the limits of the policy implied in the estimates
* To suggest the form in which the estimates shall be presented to Parliament.

The committee from time to time selects the estimates pertaining to a ministry or department of the central government or such of the statutory and other bodies of the central government as may seem fit to the committee. The committee also examines matters of special interest which may arise in the course of its work or which are specially referred to it by the house or by the speaker.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvzcy7o4sgAC&pg=516|title=Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues|last=Arora|first=Ramesh Kumar|publisher=New Age International|year=1995|isbn=9788173280689|pages=516}}</ref> The committee calls for preliminary materials from the relevant bodies in regard to the subjects selected for examination and also comments from non-officials connected with the subjects for the use of the members of the committee.

The committee does not exercise its functions in relation to such [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]] as are allotted to the [[Committee on Public Undertakings (India)|Committee on Public Undertakings]] by the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business of Lok Sabha or by the speaker.

== Current composition ==
'''Keys:''' {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (16)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|[[Shiv Sena|SS]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} = 30 members{{Pie chart|caption=Party-wise membership of Public Accounts Committee|other=|label1=CPI(M)|value1=3.33|label2=AIDMK|value2=6.66|label3=AITC|value3=6.66|label4=TDP|value4=3.33|label5=TRS|value5=3.33|label6=INC|label7=SS|value6=6.66|value7=3.33|label8=BJP|value8=53.33|label9=BJD|label10=INLD|value11=3.33|label12=RJD|value9=3.33|value10=3.33|value12=3.33|label11=JDU}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+30 members from [[16th Lok Sabha]]; tenure – May 2018-19<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=10&tab=0|title=Committee homepage}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Portrait
!Name
!Constituency, state
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1
|
|[[Girish Bapat]]
|[[Pune, Maharashtra|Pune Lok Sabha constituency]]
| rowspan="16" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=16|
|- align="center"
|2
|
|[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
|[[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency]]
|- align="center"
|3
|
|[[Dharmendra Kashyap]]
|[[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency]]
|- align="center"
|4
|
|[[Francisco Sardinha]]
|[[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]
|- align="center"
|5
|
|[[Harish Chandra Alias Harish Dwivedi|Harish Dwivedi]]
|[[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]
|- align="center"
|6
|
|[[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]
|[[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]]
|- align="center"
|7
|
|[[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
|[[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola, Maharashtra]]
|- align="center"
|8
|
|[[Nishikant Dubey]]
|[[Godda|Godda, Jharkhand]]
|- align="center"
|9
|
|[[P. C. Gaddigoudar|Parvatagouda C Gaddigoudar]]
|[[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot, Karnataka]]
|- align="center"
|10
|
|[[Raksha Khadase|Raksha Khadse]]
|[[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver, Maharashtra]]
|- align="center"
|11
|
|[[Sanjay Jaiswal|Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal]]
|[[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Paschim Champaran, Bihar]]
|- align="center"
|12
|
|[[Rajesh Pandey]]
|[[Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|13
|
|[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|[[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih, Jharkhand]]
|- align="center"
|14
|
|[[Bhagirath Prasad]]
|[[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind, Madhya Pradesh]]
|- align="center"
|15
|
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|[[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran, Bihar]]
|- align="center"
|16
|
|[[Jugal Kishore Sharma]]
|[[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu, J&K]]
|- align="center"
|17
|
|[[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
|[[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Supaul]], [[Bihar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=2|
|- align="center"
|18
|
|[[Prakash Babanna Hukkeri]]
|[[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi, Karnataka]]
|- align="center"
|19
|
|[[A. Arunmozhithevan]]
|[[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIDMK]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" rowspan=2|
|- align="center"
|20
|
|[[P Kumar]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichy, Tamil Nadu]]
|- align="center"
|21
|
|[[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
|[[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore, West Bengal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" rowspan=2|
|- align="center"
|22
|
|[[Ratna De]]
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly, West Bengal]]
|- align="center"
|23
|
|[[K. Kavitha|Kavitha Kalvakuntla]]
|[[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]], [[Telangana]]
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|- align="center"
|24
|
|[[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
|[[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda, Bihar]]
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|- align="center"
|25
|
|[[Dushyant Chautala]]
|[[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar, Haryana]]
|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
|26
|
|[[Kristappa Nimmala]]
|[[Hindupur|Hindupur, Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|27
|
|[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj, West Bengal]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|- align="center"
|28
|
|[[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
|[[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir, Odisha]]
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
|29
|
|[[Arvind Sawant|Arvind Ganpat Sawant]]
|[[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South, Maharashtra]]
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|- align="center"
|30
|
|[[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|[[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka, Bihar]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|- align="center"
! colspan="6" |Notes
|-
| colspan="6" |
<references group="lower-alpha"></references>
|}

=== Sub-committees ===
Currently there are two sub-committees within the estimates committee. They are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sub-Committees of Public Accounts Committee India
!<abbr>Sr. No.</abbr>
!Sub-committee
!Date constituted
!Portrait
!Convener
!Portrait
!Alternate convener
|-
|1
|'''Sub-Committee – I'''
Drought situation in the country pertaining to the Ministry of Agriculture

and Farmers Welfare
|25 June 2018
|
|[[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
|
|[[Bhagirath Prasad]]
|-
|2
|'''Sub-Committee - II'''
Education with special reference to the recent development

regarding autonomy in Education
|25 June 2018
|
|[[Rajesh Pandey]]
|
|[[Arvind Sawant|Arvind Ganpat Sawant]]
|}

== Current subjects of examination ==
By the press release circulated on 17 May 2018, the committee released the subjects that it has selected for examination during the year 2018-19<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/pr_files/Press%20Release%20-%20selection%20of%20subjects%2018-19.pdf|title=Press Release - Selection of Subjects (2018-19)}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Subjects selected for examination by the committee for the year 2018-19 <ref name=":0" />
|-
|
* Import of Uranium for Nuclear Plants
* Subsidising of Fertilizers
* Mining Activities and Environment
* Budgetary Reforms
* Archives - Museums
* PNG Network
* Public Distribution System
* Education
*
* Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
* Drought situation in the Country
* Impact of Mega Projects on Ecology
* Botanical Survey of India and Botanical Gardens
* Preparedness of Armed Forces – Defence Production and Procurement
* Employment Generation and Role of MSME
* Promotion of Yoga and Naturopathy
*Rural Housing Fund
|
* Amenities/Facilities at Public Places for persons with disabilities and Senior Citizens
* Estimates and Functioning of National Highways
* Estimates and Policy Aspects of the Department of Space
* Estimates and Policy Aspects of the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
* Estimates and Policy Aspects of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries
* Estimates and Policy Aspects of the Ministry of Earth Sciences
* Review of Major and Medium Ports 23. Estimates and Review of Tourism Ministry
* Management and Protection of Bird Sanctuaries and National Parks
* Performance of the National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC)
* All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
* Minority Affairs
|
* Collection and Utilisation of various kinds of Cess
* Formulation of Standards for Edible Oil
* Upgradation of Indian Post Offices
* Enforcement Directorate and Recovery of Black Money
* Swantantrata Sainik Samman Pension Scheme, 1980
* Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojna
* Need for alternate cropping patterns in drought affected areas in India
* Measuring Growth, Employment and Incomes
* Review of Imports, Exports and Balance of Payments
* Redevelopment Plan of Government Colonies
* Review of Functioning of CGHS
* Real Estate Regulatory Mechanism
* Encroachment of Public Land for Commercial Activities
* Electrification of Trains
* Review of Infrastructural Projects in various Holy Cities
* Land Policy for Non-Agricultural Lands 46. Border Area Development Programme
|}

== Probes in recent years ==

=== Ganga rejuvenation (2016) ===
{{Further|National Mission for clean Ganga|National Ganga River Basin Authority}}The committee noted in its May 2016 report that the river [[Ganges|Ganga]] has been declared one of the ten most polluted rivers of the world. The committee outlined the gist of numerous recommendations as

<blockquote>In view of the incalculable damage caused to the "Nirmalta" and "Aviralta" of the river due to continued emptying of untreated sewage and industrial pollutants into the Ganga despite the efforts made under Ganga Action Plan –I&II; excessive use of chemical fertilizers in the Ganga basin leading to disposal of high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus which eventually drains into surface and subsurface water which is part of the Ganga river system and the multiplicity of authorities wanting in synergy, the Committee recommend that an overarching and empowered authority be set up for securing the 'nirmalta' and 'aviralta' and rejuvenation of the Ganga without further delay.</blockquote>

Indian activist [[G. D. Agrawal]] passed away at the age of 86, following a 15-week hunger strike aimed at protesting the state of the Ganges river. He was a former professor of environmental engineering at [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/11/indian-activist-dies-eight-week-hunger-strike-state-ganges-river/|title=Indian activist dies after 15 week hunger strike over state of the Ganges River|last=Ray|first=Saptarshi|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

=== Banking sector NPAs (2018) ===
{{Further|Non-performing asset}}

The supreme court in 2016 took ''[[suo muto]]'' cognisance of reports of bad debts asking RBI to share publicly names of all defaulters who owe over {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on|year=2018}}, since in 2015 the top ten public sector banks had written off {{INRConvert|40000|c|lk=on|year=2018}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bank-defaulter-bad-debts-rbi-gives-supreme-court-defaulter-list-with-confidentiality-rider/|title=Bad debts: RBI gives Supreme Court defaulter list, with confidentiality rider|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> As of December 2017, this toxic debt problem worsened as it touched {{INRConvert|899000|c|lk=on|year=2018}} with [[Public sector banks in India|public sector banks(PSBs)]] accounting for over 86% of the pie roughly {{INRConvert|777000|c|lk=on|year=2018}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/banks/murli-manohar-joshi-headed-committee-wants-raghuram-rajan-insights-on-the-npa-crisis/story/281499.html|title=Murli Manohar Joshi headed committee wants Raghuram Rajan's insights on the NPA crisis|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/cea-arvind-subramanian-praises-raghuram-rajan-for-identifying-npa-problem-5255509/|title=CEA Arvind Subramanian praises Raghuram Rajan for identifying NPA problem|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2018, the Joshi led committee sent notices to the coal and power ministries asking for explanations on mounting NPAs in the sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/npas-estimates-committee-of-parliament-murli-manohar-joshi-1347784-2018-09-24|title=Murli Manohar Joshi-led panel slams govt over NPAs|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

=== GDP norms issue (2018) ===
The committee noted in its report titled "Measuring growth, employment and income" that there are several parameters that need to be factored into the calculation of the GDP, like indicators to gauge the environmental resource decay and replenishment efforts made to compensate the loss concluding that - ''" The committee strongly recommends the government to have mechanisms by coming up with new measures of GDP estimation and statistical measurement of other socio-economic factors "''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/estimates-panel-wants-gdp-norms-changed/article25208100.ece|title=Estimates panel wants GDP norms changed|last1=Raghavan|first1=T. c a Sharad|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-14|last2=Nair|first2=Sobhana K.|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-mps-block-murli-manohar-joshis-pitch-for-review-of-gdp-mechanism/articleshow/66172740.cms|title=BJP MPs block Murli Manohar Joshi's pitch for review of GDP mechanism|last=Manoj|first=C. L.|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

== Chairpersons ==

=== Chairpersons of the committee (1950–present) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Term of office
!Terms
! colspan="2" |Political party
(Alliance)
|- align="center"
|1
|[[M. A. Ayyangar]]
|1950-54
|4
| rowspan="10" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="10" width="px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|2
|[[Balwantrai Mehta|Balwantray G. Mehta]]
|1954-59
|5
|- align="center"
|3
|[[H. C. Dasappa|H.C. Dasappa]]
|1959-63
|4
|- align="center"
|4
|[[Arun Chandra Guha|Arun C. Guha]]
|1963-67
|4
|- align="center"
|5
|[[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah|P. Venkatasubbaiah]]
|1967-69
|2
|- align="center"
|6
|[[Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao|M. Thirumala Rao]]
|1969-71
|2
|- align="center"
|7
|Kamal Nath Tewari
|1971-74
|3
|- align="center"
|8
|[[Ram Krishna Sinha|R K. Sinha]]
|1974-76
|2
|- align="center"
|9
|[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
|1976-77
|1
|- align="center"
|10
|[[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]]
|1977-79
|2
|- align="center"
|11
|[[Baldev Prakash]]
|1979
|partial
|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|12
|S.B.P. Pattabhi Rama Rao
|1980-82
|2
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="5" width="px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|13
|[[Bansi Lal]]
|1982-85
|3
|- align="center"
|14
|[[Chintamani Panigrahi]]
|1985-86
|1
|- align="center"
|15
|[[Chandra Tripathi]]
|1987-88
|1
|- align="center"
|16
|[[Asutosh Laha]]
|1988-89
|1
|- align="center"
|17
|[[Jaswant Singh]]
|1990-91
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|18
|[[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
|1991-93
|2
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="3" width="px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|19
|[[Krupasindhu Bhoi]]
|1993-95
|2
|- align="center"
|20
|[[Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa|S.B. Sidnal]]
|1995-96
|1
|- align="center"
|21
|[[Rupchand Pal]]
|1996-98
|2
| rowspan="1" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
|- align="center"
|22
|[[Madhukar Sarpotdar]]
|1998-99
|1
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|- align="center"
|23
|[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
|1999-2004
|5
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|24
|[[C. Kuppusami|C. Kuppuswami]]
|2004-09
|5
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|- align="center"
|25
|[[Francisco Sardinha]]
|2009-14
|5
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|26
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|2014-19
|5
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|27
|[[Girish Bapat]]
|2019-24
|5
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

=== Longest serving chairpersons of committee on estimates ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Terms
!Years
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1
|[[Balwantrai Mehta|Balwantray G. Mehta]]
|1954-59
|5
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan="2" width="px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|2
|[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
|1999-2004
|5
|- align="center"
|3
|[[C. Kuppusami|C. Kuppuswami]]
|2004-09
|5
| rowspan="1" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|- align="center"
|4
|[[Francisco Sardinha]]
|2009-14
|5
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|5
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|2014-2019
|5
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center"
|6
|[[M. A. Ayyangar]]
|1950-54
|4
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

== Reports published ==
As part of its oversight process the committee has published quite a number of reports over the course of its existence. The committee has published a total of 1118 reports from 1950 to 2018. Out of these, 624 are the original reports and 494 are reports on action taken by the government on corresponding reports of the committee.

== See also ==
{{portal|India}}
* [[17th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Committee on Public Undertakings]]
* [[Public Accounts Committee (India)]]
* [[Standing Committee on Defence (India)]]
* [[Standing Committee on Finance]]
* [[List of Indian parliamentary committees]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/rules/RULES-2010-P-FINAL_1.pdf Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha 2014]
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=10&tab=0 Lok Sabha - Estimates committee homepage]
* [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/pr_files/Press%20Release%20-%20selection%20of%20subjects%2018-19.pdf Selected subjects for examination during 2018–19]
* [http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/pr_files/Press%20Release%2015%20Ganga%2005.5.16.pdf Press release - Ganga Rejuvenation report 2016]

[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Committees of the Parliament of India]]

Sikh religious philosophy

2022-07-10T09:22:51Z

Vinayaraj: Initiated a new article.

#REDIRECT [[Sikhism#Philosophy and teachings]]

List of legislatures by country

2022-01-13T13:18:15Z

Vinayaraj:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs}}
{{More citations needed}}
{{Legislature}}
This is a '''list of legislatures by country'''. A "[[legislature]]" is the generic name for the national [[parliament]]s and [[congress]]es that act as a plenary general [[Deliberative assembly|assembly]] of [[Representative democracy|representatives]] and that have the power to [[Legislation|legislate]]. All entities included in the [[list of sovereign states]] are included in this list.

==Names of legislatures==
The legislatures are listed with their names in English and the name in the (most-used) native language of the country (or the official name in the second-most used native language in cases where English is the [[majority]] "native" language).

==List of legislatures==
===Supranational legislatures===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!Organisation
!Name of house(s)
!House level
!Term (years)
!Voting system
!Seats
!Population per seat
!GDP per seat (USD millions)
|-
|{{Flag|African Union}}
|[[Pan-African Parliament]]
|[[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
|5
|Indirect (appointed by 47 of 53 national legislatures)
|265
|3,974,098
|14,180
|-
|{{flag|Arab League}}
|[[Arab Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|
|
|68
|~
|~
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Central American Integration System.svg}} [[Central American Integration System]]
|[[Central American Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|Varies by country
|Direct, [[Proportional representation|proportional]]
|126
|426,274
|2,651
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandera Parlamento Latinoamericano.jpg}} [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]]
|[[Latin American Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|5
|Direct
|276
|~
|~
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flag|European Union}}
|[[European Parliament]]<ref name=":0">Article 9 A [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12007L/TXT&from=EN#d1e1078-1-1 Treaty of Lisbon : « 1. The European Parliament shall, jointly with the Council, exercise legislative and budgetary functions. It shall exercise functions of political control and consultation as laid down in the Treaties. It shall elect the President of the Commission. »]</ref>
|[[Lower house|Lower]]
|5
|[[Open list|Open]] and [[closed list]] [[proportional representation]] [[Single transferable vote]] (in the Republic of Ireland and Malta)
|705
|667,761
|20,983
|-
|[[Council of the European Union]]<ref>Article 9 C [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12007L/TXT&from=EN#d1e1187-1-1 Treaty of Lisbon : « 1. The Council shall, jointly with the European Parliament, exercise legislative and budgetary functions. It shall carry out policy-making and coordinating functions as laid down in the Treaties. »]</ref>{{NoteTag|Not to be confused with the [[European Council]] nor with the [[Council of Europe]]. See https://www.coe.int/en/web/about-us/do-not-get-confused}} (informally known as the Council of Ministers)
|[[Upper house|Upper]]
|N/A
|Indirect (members of national governments)
|27
|~
|~
|-
|{{flag|Mercosur}}
|[[Mercosur Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|5
|Direct, indirect (varies by country) [[Proportional representation|proportional]]
|184
|1,588,889
|16,228
|}

===Legislatures of sovereign states (Member and observer states of the United Nations)===
{{See also|List of sovereign states|Member states of the United Nations|United Nations General Assembly observers}}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!UN member or observer state
!Overall name of legislature
!Name of house(s)
!House level
![[Term of office|Term (years)]]
![[Electoral system]]
!data-sort-type="number"|Seats
!Population per seat
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|colspan="2" align="center" |[[Leadership Council of Afghanistan]] 
([[Pashto language|Pashto]]: رهبری شُورَىٰ, romanized: ''Rahbarī Shūrā'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Seth G. |title=Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=13 |issue=11 |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/afghanistans-future-emirate-the-taliban-and-the-struggle-for-afghanistan/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]]}}</ref>
|[[Unicameral]]
|No fixed term
|Appointment by the [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|supreme leader]]
|data-sort-value="30"|{{Abbr|Aprx.|Approximately}}{{nbsp}}30<ref name="VoA AFG">{{cite news |last1=Sayed |first1=Adbul |title=Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized? |url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/us-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal_analysis-how-are-taliban-organized/6219266.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |work=[[Voice of America]] }}</ref>
|{{formatnum:{{#invoke:Math|divide|40218234|30|round=y}}}}{{efn|Assuming membership of 30. This is only an estimate; the size of the council is not fixed and the membership is not fully verified.<ref name="VoA AFG" />}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Albania}}
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Parliament of Albania]] ([[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Kuvendi i Shqipërisë'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by county with a 3% threshold
|140
|20,226
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Algeria}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Algeria]]
([[Arabic]]: مجلس الجزائري,
[[French language|French:]] ''Parlement algérien'')
|[[People's National Assembly]] 
([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: المجلس الشعبي الوطني, [[Romanization of Arabic|romanized]]: ''al-Majlis al-Sha'abi al-Watani''; 
[[Berber languages]]: Asqamu Aɣerfan Aɣelnaw; 
[[French language|French]]: ''Assemblée populaire nationale, APN'')
|Lower
|5
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] by province
|407
|80,303
|-
|[[Council of the Nation]] 
([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: مجلس الأمة, [[Romanization of Arabic|romanized]]: ''Majlis al-Ummah'',
[[French language|French]]: ''Conseil de la nation'')
|Upper
|6
|Elected by popular wilaya assemblies and communal people's assemblies, and appointed by the President
|144
|257,638
|-
|{{flagcountry|Andorra}}
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[General Council (Andorra)|General Council of Andorra]] 
([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Consell General d'Andorra'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] nationwide and [[Plurality-at-large voting|block vote]] by parish
|28
|2,789
|-
|{{flagcountry|Angola}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Angola)|National Assembly]] 
([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Assembleia Nacional'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] nationwide and by province
|220
|84,081
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda]]{{NoteTag|The [[head of state]] is a constituent part of the parliament too.|name=head}}
|[[House of Representatives (Antigua and Barbuda)|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|17
|4,305
|-
|[[Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|Appointed by the Governor-General, representing the monarch, on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition
|19
|4,811
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Congress of Argentina]] 
([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Congreso de la Nación Argentina'')
|[[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies of the Nation]] 
([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Cámara de Diputados de la Nación'')
|Lower
|4
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by province with a 3% threshold
|257
|156,097
|-
|[[Argentine Senate|Honorable Senate of the Nation]] 
([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Honorable Senado de la Nación Argentina'')
|Upper
|6
|[[Limited voting|Partial block voting]] by province
|72
|557,181
|-
|{{flagcountry|Armenia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly of Armenia]] ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Ազգային ժողով, ''Hayastani Hanrapetyut'yan Azgayin zhoghov'')
(Abbreviated: Ազգային ժողով, ԱԺ ''Azgayin Zhoghov'', ''AZh'') 
''Informal: Parliament of Armenia ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]: խորհրդարան, khorhrdaran)''
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Closed-list]] [[proportional representation]] in a nationwide constituency and [[open-list]] proportional in district constituencies, with a 5% or top-3 national threshold (or 7% for alliances){{efn|There are three compensation mechanisms in addition of the basis 101 seats: if a party wins a majority then they win a [[majority jackpot]] of 54% of the seats; if a party wins over two-thirds of the seats then other parties receive additional seats to have no party above two-thirds; if no party can form a government in 6 days then a runoff election between the top-2 is held, with a 54% seats majority jackpot. Four additional seats are elected for national minorities.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of Armenia – Parliamentary elections 2 April 2017 – OSCE/ODIHR needs assessment mission report |url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/c/293546.pdf |publisher=OSCE |access-date=2022-10-20}}</ref>
|105
|24,902
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Australia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Australia]]{{NoteTag|name=head}}
|[[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|3
|[[Instant-runoff voting]]
|151
|162,914
|-
|[[Australian Senate|Senate]]
|Upper
|6
|[[Single transferable vote]] by state/territory
|76
|323,684
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
|rowspan=2|[[Austrian Parliament]] 
([[German language|German]]: ''Österreichisches Parlament'') 
|[[National Council (Austria)|National Council]] 
([[German language|German]]: ''Nationalrat'')
|Lower
|5
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies with a 4% threshold
|183
|43,895
|-
|[[Federal Council (Austria)|Federal Council]] 
([[German language|German]]: ''Bundesrat'')
|Upper
|5 and 6
|Elected by state legislatures
|61
|129,563
|-
|{{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Azerbaijan)|National Assembly]] ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: ''Milli Məclis'')
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|125
|73,320
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[The Bahamas|Bahamas, The]]
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of the Bahamas]]
|[[Parliament of the Bahamas#House of Assembly|House of Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|39
|9,326
|-
|[[Parliament of the Bahamas#Senate|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|Appointed by the Governor-General, representing the monarch, on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition
|16
|22,103
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Bahrain}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Assembly (Bahrain)|National Assembly]] 
([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: المجلس الوطني البحريني, ''Al-majlis al-wataniu al-bahrayniu'')
|[[Council of Representatives (Bahrain)|Council of Representatives]] 
([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|مجلس النواب}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|Majlis an-nuwab}})
|Lower
|4
|[[Two-round system]]
|40
|30,864
|-
|[[Consultative Council (Bahrain)|Consultative Council]] 
([[Arabic language|Arabic]]:{{lang|ar|مجلس الشورى}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|Majlis al-shura}})
|Upper
|4
|Appointed by the king
|40
|30,864
|-
|{{nowrap|{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Jatiya Sangsad|National Parliament]] 
([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{lang|bn|জাতীয় সংসদ}}, {{lang|bn-Latn|Jatiya Sangsad}})
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|350
|466,909
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Barbados}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Barbados]]
|[[House of Assembly of Barbados|House of Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|30
|9,486
|-
|[[Senate of Barbados|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|Appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition
|21
|13,551
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Belarus}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Assembly of Belarus|National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus]] 
([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: Нацыянальны сход Рэспублікі Беларусь, [[Romanization of Belarusian|romanized]]: ''Nacyjanalny schod Respubliki Bielaruś /''
[[Russian language|Russian]]: Национальное собрание Республики Беларусь, [[Romanization of Russian|romanized]]: ''Natsionalnoye sobran'ye Respubliki Belarus''')
|[[House of Representatives (Belarus)|House of Representatives]] 
([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]: {{lang|be|Палата прадстаўнікоў}}, [[Romanization of Belarusian|romanized]]: {{lang|be-Latn|Palata pradstaŭnikoŭ}} / [[Russian language|Russian]]: {{lang|ru|Палата представителей}})
|Lower
|4
|[[Two-round system]]
|110
|85,997
|-
|[[Council of the Republic (Belarus)|Council of the Republic]] 
([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]:{{lang|be|Савет Рэспублікі}}, [[Romanization of Belarusian|romanized]]: {{lang|be-Latn|Saviet Respubliki}} / [[Russian language|Russian]]: {{lang|ru|Совет Республики}})
|Upper
|4
|Elected by regional councils, and appointed by the President
|64
|147,773
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
|rowspan=2|[[Belgian Federal Parliament|Federal Parliament]] 
([[Dutch language|Dutch]]:{{lang|nl|Federaal Parlement}} / [[French language|French]]:{{lang|fr|Parlement fédéral}} / [[German language|German]]:{{lang|de|Föderales Parlament}})
|[[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representatives]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: {{lang|nl|Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers}} / [[French language|French]]: {{lang|fr|Chambre des Représentants}} / [[German language|German]]: {{lang|de|Abgeordnetenkammer}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by province with a 5% threshold
|150
|74,000
|-
|[[Senate (Belgium)|Senate]] 
([[Dutch language|Dutch]]: {{lang|nl|Senaat}} / [[French language|French]]: {{lang|fr|Sénat}} / [[German language|German]]: {{lang|de|Senat}})
|Upper
|5
|Elected by community and regional parliaments
|60
|185,000
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Belize}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Assembly (Belize)|National Assembly]]
|[[House of Representatives (Belize)|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|31
|10,748
|-
|[[Senate (Belize)|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|Appointed by the Governor-General, representing the monarch, on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition
|12
|27,766
|-
|{{flagcountry|Benin}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Benin)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] in constituencies
|83
|115,648
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Bhutan}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Bhutan]]{{NoteTag|The native name is also used in English.|name=native}}
|[[National Assembly (Bhutan)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|bo|རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་ཚོགས་འདུ།}} {{lang|bo-Latn|Gyelyong Tshogdu}})
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|47
|15,072
|-
|[[National Council (Bhutan)|National Council]] ({{lang|bo|རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་ཚོགས་སྡེ།}} {{lang|bo-Latn|Gyelyong Tshogde}})
|Upper
|4
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]], and appointed by the king
|25
|28,337
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Plurinational Legislative Assembly]] ({{lang|es|Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional}})
|Chamber of Deputies ({{lang|es|Cámara de Diputados}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[mixed-member proportional representation]]: [[Proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by department and [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]
|130
|83,905
|-
|Chamber of Senators ({{lang|es|Cámara de Senadores}})
|Upper
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by department
|36
|302,993
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Parliamentary Assembly]] ({{Not a typo|Parlamentarna}} skupština / Парламентарна скупштина)
|[[House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representatives]] (Predstavnički dom / Zastupnički dom / Представнички дом)
|Lower
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] in constituencies
|42
|91,422
|-
|[[House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Peoples]] (Dom naroda / Дом народa)
|Upper
|4
|Serbs elected by the [[National Assembly (Republika Srpska)|National Assembly]] of [[Republika Srpska]], and Bosniaks and Croats elected by the [[House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Peoples]] of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|15
|255,982
|-
|{{flagcountry|Botswana}}
|[[Parliament of Botswana]]
|[[National Assembly (Botswana)|National Assembly]] (''Palamente ya Botswana'')
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]], and appointed by the President
|65
|32,211
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] ({{lang|pt|Congresso Nacional}})
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang|pt|Câmara dos Deputados}})
|Lower
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by state
|513
|371,798
|-
|[[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] ({{lang|pt|Senado Federal}})
|Upper
|8
|[[Plurality-at-large voting|Partial block voting]] by state
|81
|2,354,724
|-
|{{flagcountry|Brunei}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Council of Brunei|Legislative Council]] (''Majlis Mesyuarat Negara'')
|Unicameral
|no timeframe
|Appointed by the Sultan
|36
|11,355
|-
|{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]] (Народно събрание ''Narodno sabranie'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] by constituency with a 4% threshold
|240
|30,685
|-
|{{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] nationwide and in constituencies
|127
|126,281
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Burundi}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Burundi|Parliament]] ({{lang|fr|Parlement}})
|[[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies with a 2% threshold
|121
|74,570
|-
|[[Senate (Burundi)|Senate]] ({{lang|fr|Sénat}})
|Upper
|5
|Elected by the communal councils
|43
|179,577
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Cambodia}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]]
({{lang|km|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ}} {{lang|km-Latn|Sâphéa Tâmnang Réastr}})
|[[National Assembly (Cambodia)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|km|រដ្ឋសភា}} {{lang|km-Latn|Rôdthsâphéa}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by province
|123
|108,852
|-
|[[Senate (Cambodia)|Senate]] ({{lang|km|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា}} {{lang|km-Latn|Prœ̆tthsâphéa}})
|Upper
|6<ref>http://www.senate.gov.kh/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=88&lang=km</ref>
|Appointed by the monarch, elected by the National Assembly and commune councils
|61
|219,490
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Cameroon}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] ({{lang|fr|Parlement}})
|[[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] and [[Plurality-at-large voting|Block vote]]: If no list obtains an absolute majority, the one with the highest number of votes is allocated half of the seats; the remainder is allocated to the other best-placed lists through proportional representation
|180
|97,021
|-
|[[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] ({{lang|fr|Sénat}})
|Upper
|5
|Elected by municipal councils, and appointed by the president
|100
|174,638
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Canada}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]] / {{lang|fr|Parlement}}
|[[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] / {{lang|fr|Chambre des communes}}
|Lower
|4 years, unless elections are called earlier
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|338
|104,571
|-
|[[Senate of Canada|Senate]] / {{lang|fr|Sénat}}
|Upper
|Until age 75, or resignation.
|Appointed by the governor general, representing the monarch, on the advice of the Prime Minister
|105
|318,825
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Cape Verde)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|pt|{{Not a typo|Asembleia}} Nacional}})
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies
|72
|4,990
|-
|{{flagcountry|Central African Republic}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Central African Republic)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Two-round system]]
|131
|38,951
|-
|{{flagcountry|Chad}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Chad)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale / الجمعية الوطنية)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Plurality-at-large voting|Block voting]]: If no list obtains an absolute majority, the seats are allocated through [[proportional representation]]
|188
|66,640
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Chile}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]] ({{lang|es|Congreso Nacional}})
|[[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Diputados}})
|Lower
|4
|[[Binomial voting|Binomial voting system]] (To become [[open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies by the next election)
|155
|145,021
|-
|[[Senate of Chile|Senate of the Republic]] ({{lang|es|Senado de la República}})
|Upper
|8
|[[Binomial voting|Binomial voting system]]
|38
|457,963
|-
|{{flag|China, People's Republic of}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National People's Congress]] ({{lang|zh-CN|全国人民代表大会}} ''Quánguó Rénmín Dàibiǎo Dàhuì''){{NoteTag|The PRC has also a [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] ({{lang|zh-CN|中国人民政治协商会议}} ''Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhèngzhì Xiéshāng Huìyì''), which is a political advisory body but not a legislature.}}
|Unicameral
|5
|Elected by municipal, regional and provincial congresses, and People's Liberation Army
|2,980
|448,518
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Colombia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Congress of Colombia|Congress]] ({{lang|es|Congreso}})
|[[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Representantes}})
|Lower
|4
|[[Open list|Open]] or [[closed list]] [[proportional representation]] (depending on the political party) with the [[D'Hondt method]] by state
|166
|279,556
|-
|[[Senate of Colombia|Senate]] ({{lang|es|Senado}})
|Upper
|4
|[[Open list|Open]] or [[closed list]] [[proportional representation]] (depending on the political party) with the [[D'Hondt method]] nationwide with a 3% threshold
|102
|454,964
|-
|{{flagcountry|Comoros}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of the Union of the Comoros|Assembly of the Union]] (Assemblée de l'Union)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Two-round system]], and elected by the local assemblies
|33
|24,181
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Parliament]] ({{lang|fr|Parlement}})
|[[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] in constituencies and [[first-past-the-post voting]]
|500
|143,425
|-
|[[Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] ({{lang|fr|Sénat}})
|Upper
|5
|Elected by the provincial assemblies
|108
|664,008
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo|Congo, Republic of the]]
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of the Republic of the Congo|Parliament]] ({{lang|fr|Parlement}})
|[[National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Two-round system]]
|151
|28,537
|-
|[[Senate (Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] ({{lang|fr|Sénat}})
|Upper
|5
|Elected by district, local, and regional councils
|52
|83,966
|-
|{{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|Legislative Assembly]] ({{lang|es-CR|Asamblea Legislativa}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] by province
|57
|75,468
|-
|{{flagcountry|Croatia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Croatian Parliament|Croatian Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Hrvatski sabor)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies with a 5% threshold
|151
|28,414
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cuba}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly of People's Power]] ({{lang|es|Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular}})
|Unicameral
|5
|Popular vote and approval by special candidacy commissions
|605
|18,308
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cyprus}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]] (Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων ''Vouli Antiprosópon'' / Temsilciler Meclisi)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] by constituency
|56
|18,632
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of the Czech Republic]] (Parlament České republiky)
|[[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] (Poslanecká sněmovna)
|Lower
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by region with a 5% threshold
|200
|52,811
|-
|[[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]] (Senát)
|Upper
|6
|[[Two-round system]] ([[staggered elections]])
|81
|130,397
|-
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Folketing|People's Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Folketinget)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies with a 2% threshold including the Faroe Islands and Greenland seats
|179
|30,969
|-
|{{flagcountry|Djibouti}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Djibouti)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale / الجمعية الوطنية)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Plurality-at-large voting|Block vote]] and [[closed list]] [[proportional representation]] by constituencies: The list obtaining an absolute or relative majority of votes is allocated 80% of the seats; the remainder is allocated to the other best-placed lists which obtained at least 10% of the valid votes through proportional representation; if no other list obtains 10% of the valid votes, the remaining seats will be allocated to the party which won the majority or relative majority of the valid votes
|65
|12,587
|-
|{{flagcountry|Dominica}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Assembly of Dominica|House of Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]], and appointed by the President
|32
|3,394
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
|rowspan=2|[[Congress of the Dominican Republic|National Congress]] ({{lang|es|Congreso Nacional}})
|[[Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Diputados}})
|Lower
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] by province and nationwide with a 1% threshold for the nationwide seats
|190
|51,520
|-
|[[Senate of the Dominican Republic|Senate]] ({{lang|es|Senado}})
|Upper
|4
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|32
|293,088
|-
|{{flag|East Timor}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Parliament (East Timor)|National Parliament]] (Parlamentu Nasionál / {{lang|pt|Parlamento Nacional}})
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] nationwide with a 3% threshold
|65
|16,408
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Ecuador)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|es|Asamblea Nacional}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] in a nationwide constituency and [[first-past-the-post voting]]
|137
|116,802
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Egypt}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Egypt|Parliament]] (برلمان)
|[[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]] (مجلس الشيوخ ''Majlis Alshuyukh'')
|Upper
|5
|
|300
|
|-
|[[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] (مجلس النواب ''Majilis Al-Nuwab'')
|Lower
|5
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[First-past-the-post voting]], [[Plurality-at-large voting|block vote]], and appointed by the President
|596
|150,983
|-
|{{flagcountry|El Salvador}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador|Legislative Assembly]] ({{lang|es|Asamblea Legislativa}})
|Unicameral
|3
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[largest remainder method]] by department and nationwide
|84
|68,382
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Equatorial Guinea|Parliament]] ({{lang|es|Parlamento}} / {{lang|fr|Parlement}} / {{lang|pt|Parlamento}})
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de los Diputados}} / {{lang|fr|Chambre des députés}} / {{lang|pt|Câmara dos Deputados}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] in constituencies with a 10% threshold
|100
|16,220
|-
|[[Senate (Equatorial Guinea)|Senate]] ({{lang|es|Senado}} / {{lang|fr|Sénat}} / {{lang|pt|Senado}})
|Upper
|
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] with a 10% threshold, and appointed by the President
|70
|23,171
|-
|{{flagcountry|Eritrea}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Eritrea)|National Assembly]] (''Hagerawi Baito'')
|Unicameral
|5
|Popular vote
|104
|50,878
|-
|{{flagcountry|Estonia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Riigikogu|State Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Riigikogu)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies with a 5% threshold
|101
|12,814
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Eswatini}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Eswatini|Parliament]] (Liblanda)
|[[House of Assembly of Eswatini|House of Assembly]]{{NoteTag|Native name not available|name=NA}}
|Lower
|5
|[[majority rule|majority]]
|55
|22,181
|-
|[[Senate of Eswatini|Senate]] (Indlu yeTimphunga)
|Upper
|
|Appointed by the [[Ngwenyama|King]]
|30
|40,666
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Federal Parliamentary Assembly|Parliament]]{{NoteTag|name=NA}}
|[[House of Peoples' Representatives]] (የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት ''Yehizbtewekayoch Mekir Bet'')
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|547
|135,134
|-
|[[House of Federation]] (የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት ''Yefedereshn Mekir Bet'')
|Upper
|5
|Elected by State Councils
|112
|659,986
|-
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia|Congress]]
|Unicameral
|4
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|14
|7,642
|-
|{{flagcountry|Fiji}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] nationwide with a 5% threshold
|50
|16,745
|-
|{{flagcountry|Finland}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Finland|Parliament]] (Eduskunta / Riksdagen)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies, and [[first-past-the-post]] for Åland's lone seat
|200
|25,900
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|France}}
|rowspan=2|[[French Parliament|Parliament]] ({{lang|fr|Parlement}})
|[[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Lower
|5
|[[Two-round system]]
|577
|113,258
|-
|[[Senate (France)|Senate]] ({{lang|fr|Sénat}})
|Upper
|6
|Elected indirectly by officials including regional councilors, department councilors, mayors, city councilors, and members of the National Assembly; two-round or proportional by department depending on the number of seats.
|348
|187,787
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Gabon}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Gabon|Parliament]] ({{lang|fr|Parlement}})
|[[National Assembly of Gabon|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]], and appointed by the President
|121
|12,190
|-
|[[Senate of Gabon|Senate]] ({{lang|fr|Sénat}})
|Upper
|6
|Indirectly elected by local and départemental councillors
|102
|14,460
|-
|{{flagcountry|Gambia, The}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]], and appointed by the President
|58
|25,673
|-
|{{flagcountry|Georgia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Georgia]] (საქართველოს პარლამენტი ''Sak'art'velos Parlamenti'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] in a nationwide constituency with a 5% threshold, and [[first-past-the-post]]
|150
|29,794
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Bundestag|Federal Diet]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} ({{lang|de|Bundestag}})
|Lower house
|4
|[[Closed list]] [[mixed-member proportional representation]] with the [[Webster/Sainte-Laguë method|Sainte-Laguë method]] by state with a 5% threshold, and [[first-past-the-post]]
|736
|113,031
|-
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[German Bundesrat|Federal Council]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} ({{lang|de|Bundesrat}})
|Upper house
|Dependent on individual state elections
|Delegated from state governments
|69
|1,185,501
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ghana}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Ghana|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|4
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|275
|106,286
|-
|{{flagcountry|Greece}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Hellenic Parliament]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} ({{lang|el|Βουλή των Ελλήνων}} {{lang|el-Latn|Vouli ton Ellinon}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Open list]] [[Elections in Greece#Electoral system|reinforced proportional representation]] with the [[D'Hondt method]] in constituencies with a 3% threshold
|300
|35,958
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Grenada}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Grenada|Parliament]]
|[[Parliament of Grenada#House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|15
|7,333
|-
|[[Parliament of Grenada#Senate|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|Appointed by the government and by the leader of opposition
|13
|8,461
|-
|{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Congress of the Republic of Guatemala|Congress of the Republic]] ({{lang|es|Congreso de la República}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[closed list]]
|160
|80,557
|-
|valign=top|{{flagcountry|Guinea}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Guinea)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|fr|Assemblée nationale}})
|Unicameral
|5
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[closed list]]
|114
|88,227
|-
|{{flagcountry|Guinea-Bissau}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)|National People's Assembly]] (Assembleia Nacional Popular)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[closed list]]
|100
|13,454
|-
|{{flagcountry|Guyana}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|popular vote and appointed by the President
|65
|11,583
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Haiti}}
|rowspan=2|[[Haitian Parliament]] (Parlement Haïtien / Palman Ayisyen)
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)|Chamber of Deputies]] (Chambre des députés / Chanm Depite)
|Lower
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]]
|119
|98,181
|-
|[[Senate (Haiti)|Senate]] (Sénat / Sena)
|Upper
|6
|
|30
|323,997
|-
|{{flagcountry|Honduras}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Congress of Honduras|National Congress]] ({{lang|es|Congreso Nacional}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[open list]]
|128
|58,823
|-
|{{flagcountry|Hungary}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Hungary)|National Assembly]] (Országgyűlés)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[open list]] and [[Scorporo]]
|199
|25,860
|-
|{{flagcountry|Iceland}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Althing|Assembly of All]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Alþingi)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]]
|63
|5,080
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|India}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of India|Parliament]] (संसद Sansad)
|[[Lok Sabha|House of the People]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (लोक सभा Lok Sabha)
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|543
|2,192,379
|-
|[[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (राज्य सभा Rajya Sabha)
|Upper
|6
|[[Single transferable vote]] (233 members are elected by the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assemblies]] of the States/Union territories, 12 members are nominated by the President)
|245
|4,847,900
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|rowspan=2|[[People's Consultative Assembly]] (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat)
|[[People's Representative Council]] (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)
|Lower
|5
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[open list]]
|575
|467,101
|-
|[[Regional Representative Council]] (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah)
|Upper
|5
|[[Single non-transferable vote]]
|136
|1,974,875
|-
|{{flagcountry|Iran}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Islamic Consultative Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (مجلس شورای اسلامی '' Majles-e Showrā-ye Eslāmī'')
|Unicameral
|4
|popular vote
|290
|259,136
|-
|{{flagcountry|Iraq}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Council of Representatives of Iraq]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (مجلس النواب العراقي ''Majlis Al-Niwab Al-Iraqi'' / ئه‌نجومه‌نی نوێنه‌ران ''Enjumen-e Nûnerên'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[open list]]
|329
|95,782
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|rowspan=3|[[Oireachtas|Parliament]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Oireachtas)
|[[President of Ireland]]
|President-in-Parliament
|7
|Instant-runoff voting
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|[[Dáil Éireann|House of Representatives of Ireland]] (Dáil Éireann){{NoteTag|name=native}}
|Lower
|5
|Proportional Representation Single Transferable Vote
|160
|27,640
|-
|[[Seanad Éireann|Senate of Ireland]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Seanad Éireann)
|Upper
|5
|Appointed by the prime minister, elected by local and national elected representatives, and elected by graduates of universities
|60
|76,470
|-
|{{flagcountry|Israel}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Knesset|Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (כנסת ''Knesset'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[closed list]]
|120
|61,768
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Italy}}
|rowspan=2|[[Italian Parliament|Parliament]] ({{lang|it|Parlamento}})
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang|it|Camera dei Deputati}})
|Lower
|5
|parallel voting (245 seats by proportional representation, 147 seats by first past the post and 8 abroad by proportional representation)
|400
|152,738
|-
|[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] ({{lang|it|Senato della Repubblica}})
|Upper
|5
|parallel voting (122 seats by proportional representation, 74 seats by first past the post and 4 abroad by proportional representation), 5 members appointed by the President and a former former President by right
|200
|296,580
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Ivory Coast}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Ivory Coast|Parliament]] (Parlement)
|[[National Assembly (Ivory Coast)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)
|Lower
|5
|[[majority rule|majority]]
|255
|294,529
|-
|[[Senate (Ivory Coast)|Senate]] (Sénat)
|Upper
|5
|Elected by district and provincial councils, and appointed by the President
|120
|197,837
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Jamaica}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Jamaica|Parliament]]
|[[Parliament of Jamaica#House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|63
|45,860
|-
|[[Parliament of Jamaica#Senate|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|Appointed by the Governor General, representing the monarch.
|21
|137,580
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Diet|Diet]] (国会 ''Kokkai'')
|[[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] (衆議院 ''Shūgiin'')
|Lower
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] and [[First-past-the-post voting]]
|465
|270,817
|-
|[[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]] (参議院 ''Sangiin'')
|Upper
|6
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] and [[Single non-transferable vote]]
|245
|514,000
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Jordan}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Jordan|Parliament]] (مجلس الأمة ''Majlis al-Umma'')
|[[House of Representatives (Jordan)|Assembly of Deputies]] (مجلس النواب ''Majlis al-Nuwaab'')
|Lower
|4
|[[Single non-transferable vote]]
|130
|46,760
|-
|[[Senate (Jordan)|Senate]] (مجلس الأعيان ''Majlis al-Aayan'')
|Upper
|6
|Appointed by the monarch
|75
|93,520
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]] (Парламенті ''Parlamenti'')
|[[Mazhilis|Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Мәжіліс ''Májilis'')
|Lower
|5
|
|107
|207,854
|-
|[[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]] (Сенаты ''Senaty'')
|Upper
|6
|Appointed by the President and elected by local assemblies
|49
|340,527
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Kenya}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Kenya|Parliament]] (Bunge)
|[[National Assembly (Kenya)|National Assembly]] (Bunge la Taifa)
|Lower
|5
|[[Parallel voting|parallel]]
|349
|126,182
|-
|[[Senate of Kenya|Senate]] (Seneti)
|Upper
|5
|Popular vote and appointed by the President
|67
|657,278
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kiribati}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Assembly (Kiribati)|House of Assembly]] (Maneaba ni Maungatabu)
|Unicameral
|4
|popular vote and appointed by Rabi Council of Leaders
|46
|2,239
|-
|{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea|Korea, North]]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Supreme People's Assembly]] ({{lang|ko|최고인민회의}} / {{lang|ko-Hani|最高人民會議}} {{lang|ko-Latn|Ch'oe-go In-min Hoe-ŭi}})
|Unicameral
|5
|popular vote
|687
|36,390
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea|Korea, South]]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|ko|국회}} / {{lang|ko-Hani|國會}} {{lang|ko-Latn|Gukhoe}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[majority rule|majority]] and [[proportional representation|proportional]]
|300
|166,691
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kuwait}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Kuwait)|National Assembly]] (مجلس الأمة ''Majlis al-Umma'')
|Unicameral
|4
|popular vote and appointed by the prime minister
|50
|71,328
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)|Supreme Council]] (Жогорку Кеңеш ''Joğorku Keñeş'')
|Unicameral
|5
|popular vote
|90
|44,690
|-
|{{flagcountry|Laos}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly of Laos|National Assembly]] (ສະພາແຫ່ງຊາດ ''Sapha Heng Xat'')
|Unicameral
|5
|[[one-party state]] [[closed list]]
|115
|48,148
|-
|{{flagcountry|Latvia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Saeima|Parliament]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Saeima)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[closed list]]
|100
|20,703
|-
|{{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
|[[Parliament of Lebanon|Parliament (Parlement)]]
|[[Parliament of Lebanon|Chamber of Deputies]] (مجلس النواب ''Majlis an-Nuwwab''){{NoteTag|Also: National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)}}
|Unicameral
|4
|proportional/party list
|128
|33,000
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Lesotho}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Lesotho|Parliament]] (Palamente)
|[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|popular vote and [[proportional representation|proportional]]
|120
|16,927
|-
|[[Senate of Lesotho|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|appointed by principal chiefs and by the ruling party
|33
|61,556
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Liberia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Legislature of Liberia|Legislature]]
|[[House of Representatives of Liberia|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|6
|[[majority rule|majority]]
|73
|47,624
|-
|[[Senate of Liberia|Senate]]
|Upper
|9
|[[majority rule|majority]]
|30
|115,896
|-
|{{flagcountry|Libya}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] ( مجلس النواب ''{{transliteration|ar|Majlis an-Nuwwab}}'')
|Unicameral
|
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[First-past-the-post]], [[single non-transferable vote]], and [[proportional representation]]
|200
|28,353
|-
|{{flagcountry|Liechtenstein}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Diet]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Landtag)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[closed list]]
|25
|1,451
|-
|{{flagcountry|Lithuania}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Seimas|Parliament]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Seimas)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]]
|141
|21,658
|-
|{{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]] (D'Chamber / Chambre des députés / Abgeordnetenkammer)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Open list]] [[proportional representation]], allocated by the [[D'Hondt method]] in [[Legislative circonscriptions (Luxembourg)|four constituencies]]
|60
|8,484
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Madagascar}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Madagascar|Parliament]] (Palemanta / Parlement)
|[[National Assembly (Madagascar)|National Assembly]] (Antenimieram-Pirenena / Assemblée nationale)
|Lower
|5
|
|160
|137,078
|-
|[[Senate (Madagascar)|Senate]] (Antenimierandoholona / Sénat)
|Upper
|5
|
|33
|664,430
|-
|{{flagcountry|Malawi}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|193
|76,809
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]] (Parlimen)
|[[Dewan Rakyat|House of Representatives]]{{NoteTag|Literally, "People's Hall"}} (Dewan Rakyat)
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|222
|127,631
|-
|[[Dewan Negara|Senate]]{{NoteTag|Literally, "Nation's Hall"}} (Dewan Negara)
|Upper
|3
|26 appointed by the [[State legislative assemblies of Malaysia|State Legislative Assemblies]], 2 for each state and 44 appointed by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], of which 4 are for the [[Federal Territories of Malaysia|Federal Territories]].
|70
|404,773
|-
|{{flagcountry|Maldives}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[People's Majlis|People's Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (ރައްޔިތުންގެ މަޖިލިސް ''Rayyithunge Majilis'')
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|85
|4,266
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mali}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Mali)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)
|Unicameral
|4
|147 elected in single or multi-member constituencies, using a runoff system. 13 elected by overseas Malians.
|160
|90,732
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Malta}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Malta|Parliament]] (Il-Parlament)
|[[President of Malta]]
|President-in-Parliament
|5
|Appointed by the House of Representatives
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|[[Parliament of Malta|House of Representatives]] (Kamra tad-Deputati)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Single transferable vote]]
|69
|5,950
|-
|{{flagcountry|Marshall Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislature of the Marshall Islands|Legislature]] (Nitijeļā)
|Unicameral
|4
|Single and multi-member constituencies
|33
|2,060
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mauritania}}
|[[Mauritanian Parliament|Parliament]] (البرلمان ''Barlamene'')
|[[National Assembly (Mauritania)|National Assembly]] (الجمعية الوطنية ''Al Jamiya al-Wataniyah'')
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Two-round system|Runoff election]]
|146
|37,888
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|65
|17,614
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Mexico}}
|rowspan=2|[[Congress of the Union]] ({{lang|es|Congreso de la Unión}})
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Diputados}})
|Lower
|3
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[Largest remainder method]] ([[Hare quota]]) (200 seats) / FPTP (300 seats)
|500
|227,821
|-
|[[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Chamber of Senators]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Senadores}})
|Upper
|6
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[Largest remainder method]] ([[Hare quota]])
|128
|889,926
|-
|{{flagcountry|Moldova}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of the Republic of Moldova|Parliament]] (Parlamentul)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|101
|33,498
|-
|{{flagcountry|Monaco}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Council (Monaco)|National Council]] (Conseil National)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Panachage]] under [[party-list proportional representation]] (16), party-list proportional representation (8)
|24
|1,473
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mongolia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[State Great Khural|State Great Assembly]]{{NoteTag|In English State Great Khural is used too.}} (Улсын Их Хурал ''Ulsyn Ikh Khural'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Plurality-at-large voting]]
|76
|36,245
|-
|{{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Montenegro|Assembly]] (Skupština / Скупштина)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] using the [[D'Hondt method]] in a single nationwide constituency with a 3% [[electoral threshold]] with lower thresholds for minority groups under certain circumstances
|81
|7,719
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Morocco}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Morocco|Parliament]] (البرلمان المغربي / ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ / Parlement)
|[[House of Representatives (Morocco)|House of Representatives]] (مجلس النواب ''Majlis al-Nuwab'' / ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⴻⵏ, Chambre des représentants)
|Lower
|5
|[[Parallel voting|Mixed member majoritarian]]: [[Single non-transferable vote]] for 305 seats, 60 seats reserved for women and 30 seats reserved for young people under 40 by [[proportional representation]]
|395
|100,444
|-
|[[House of Councillors (Morocco)|House of Councillors]] (مجلس المستشارين ''Majlis al-Mustasharin'', Chambre des conseillers)
|Upper
|6
|[[Indirect election]]: 72 members are elected at the Kingdom's regional level, 20 in each region by a single electoral college made up of all those in the relevant region that have been elected to specific professional associations, 8 in each region by an electoral college made up of those elected from the most representative employers' professional organizations, 20 by a nationwide electoral college made up of employees
|270
|120,905
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mozambique}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Assembly of the Republic]] (Assembleia da República)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[Party-list proportional representation|party list]]
|250
|85,588
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Myanmar}} (Burma)
|rowspan=2|[[Pyidaungsu Hluttaw|Assembly of the Union]] (ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော် Pyidaungsu Hluttaw)
|[[Pyithu Hluttaw|House of Representatives]] (ပြည်သူ့လွှတ်တော် Pyithu Hluttaw)
|Lower
|5
|popular vote and appointed by the military
|440
|137,000
|-
|[[Amyotha Hluttaw|House of Nationalities]] (အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော် Amyotha Hluttaw)
|Upper
|5
|popular vote and appointed by the military
|224
|269,107
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Namibia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]]
|[[National Assembly (Namibia)|National Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|[[Closed list]] [[proportional representation]] and appointments by the [[President of Namibia|President]]
|104
|26,923
|-
|[[National Council (Namibia)|National Council]]
|Upper
|6
|[[Indirect election]] by Regional Councils
|26
|80,769
|-
|{{flagcountry|Nauru}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Nauru|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|3
|[[Borda count#Dowdall system (Nauru)|Dowdall system]]
|19
|521
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Nepal}}
|rowspan=2|[[Federal Parliament of Nepal|Federal Parliament]] (संघीय संसद Sanghiya Sansad)
|[[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] (प्रतिनिधि सभा; Pratinidi Sabha)
|Lower
|5
|[[Parallel voting|Mixed member majoritarian]] (165 members elected through [[First-past-the-post voting]] and 110 elected through [[proportional representation]] voting method)
|275
|105,392
|-
|[[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] (राष्ट्रिय सभा; Rastriya Sabha)
|Upper
|6
|''Indirect [[single transferable vote]] and 3 members appointed by the President''
|59
|491,233
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|rowspan=2|[[States General of the Netherlands|States General]] (Staten-Generaal)
|[[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] (Tweede Kamer, ''Second Chamber'')
|Lower
|4
|[[Party-list proportional representation]]
|150
|111,533
|-
|[[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]] (Eerste Kamer, ''First Chamber'')
|Upper
|4
|Indirect party-list proportional (by members of the [[Provincial council (Netherlands)|states-provincial]] and the [[Caribbean Netherlands|Caribbean]] [[Electoral colleges for the Senate]])
|75
|223,066
|-
|{{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
|[[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]] (Pāremata)
|[[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (Whare o ngā Māngai)
|Unicameral
|3
|[[mixed-member proportional representation]]
|120
|33,566
|-
|{{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
|colspan="2" align="center"| [[National Assembly (Nicaragua)|National Assembly]] (Asamblea Nacional)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|90
|64,034
|-
|{{flagcountry|Niger}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Niger)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|171
|139,210
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]]
|[[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|4
|
|360
|388,898
|-
|[[Senate of Nigeria|Senate]]
|Upper
|4
|
|109
|1,284,436
|-
|{{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of North Macedonia|Assembly]] (Собрание ''Sobranie'')
|Unicameral
|4
|
|120
|16,736
|-
|{{flagcountry|Norway}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Storting|Great Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Stortinget / Stuorradiggi)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Proportional representation|proportional]] [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed]]
|169
|29,785
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Oman}}
|rowspan=2|''[[Council of Oman]]'' (مجلس عُـمان)
|''[[Consultative Assembly (Oman)|Consultative Assembly]]'' (مجلس الشورى ''Majlis al-Shura'')
|Lower
|4
|
|84
|33,017
|-
|''[[Council of State (Oman)|Council of State]]'' (مجلس الدولة ''Majlis al-Dawla'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2379.htm|title=Majles Addawla (State Council)|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
|Upper
|4
|
|85
|32,628
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Pakistan]] (پارلیمنٹ)
|[[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] (ایوان زیریں پاکستان)
|Lower
|5
|
|342
|537,023
|-
|[[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] (ایوانِ بالا / ایوانِ بالا)
|Upper
|6
|
|104
|1,735,000
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Palau}}
|rowspan=2|[[Palau National Congress|National Congress]] (Olbiil era Kelulau)
|[[House of Delegates of Palau|House of Delegates]]{{NoteTag|name=NA}}
|Lower
|4
|[[majority rule|majority]]
|16
|1,309
|-
|[[Senate of Palau|Senate]]{{NoteTag|name=NA}}
|Upper
|4
|[[majority rule|majority]]
|13
|2,328
|-
|{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[State of Palestine]]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Palestinian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] (المجلس التشريعي ''Al-Majlis al-Tashrī'iyy'')
|Unicameral
|
|
|132
|32,277
|-
|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Panama)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|es|Asamblea Nacional}})
|Unicameral
|5
|
|71
|47,969
|-
|{{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}}
|colspan="2" align="center"| [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|National Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|109
|56,766
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Paraguay}}
|rowspan=2|[[Congress of Paraguay|Congress]] ({{lang|es|Congreso}})
|[[Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Diputados}})
|Lower
|5
|
|80
|80,681
|-
|[[Senate of Paraguay|Chamber of Senators]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Senadores}})
|Upper
|5
|
|45
|143,434
|-
|{{flagcountry|Peru}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]] ({{lang|es|Congreso de la República}} / {{lang|gn|Rimana Wasin}})
|Unicameral
|5
|
|130
|217,082
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Philippines}}
|rowspan=2|[[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] (Kongreso)
|[[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] (Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan / Mababang Kapulungan / Cámara de Representantes)
|Lower
|3
|[[Parallel voting]]: [[Largest remainder method]] via [[closed list]]s with a three-seat cap (20% of seats), and [[first-past-the-post voting]] (80% of seats)
|304
|341,364
|-
|[[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] (Senado / Mataas na Kapulungan)
|Upper
|6
|[[Plurality-at-large voting|bloc voting]]. Voter is allocated 12 votes. 1/2 of the seats are contested every 3 years with the 12 elected senators having the largest portion of the National Popular Vote
|24
|4,323,958
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Poland}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Poland]] [[Parliament of Poland#National Assembly|National Assembly]] (Zgromadzenie Narodowe{{NoteTag|Name used only on those rare occasions when both houses sit together}})
|[[Sejm]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Sejm)
|Lower
|4
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[open list]]
|460
|83,697
|-
|[[Senate of Poland|Senate]] (Senat)
|Upper
|4
|[[majority]]
|100
|385,010
|-
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
|colspan="2" align="center"| [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] ({{lang|pt|Assembleia da República}})
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Proportional representation|proportional]] [[Party-list proportional representation|party list]]
|230
|45,920
|-
|{{flagcountry|Qatar}}
|colspan="2" align="center"| ''[[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Consultative Assembly]]''{{NoteTag|The Consultative Assembly has only consultative task.}} (مجلس الشورى ''Majlis ash-Shura'')
|Unicameral
|
|
|35
|52,958
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Romania}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] (Parlamentul)
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]] (Camera Deputaților)
|Lower
|4
|
|329
|58,416

|-
|[[Senate of Romania|Senate]] (Senat)
|Upper
|4
|
|137
|139,005
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Russia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]] (Федеральное Собрание ''Federalnoye Sobraniye'')
|[[State Duma]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Государственная Дума ''Gosudarstvennaya Duma'')
|Lower
|5
|[[Parallel voting|parallel]] ([[First-past-the-post voting]] for 225 members and [[proportional representation|proportional]] [[party list]] for 225 members)
|450
|318,000
|-
|[[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]] (Совет Федерации ''Sovet Federatsii'')
|Upper
|dependent on individual elections in the federal subjects (4 or 5)
|senators are delegated from the executive and legislative bodies of the [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]]
|170
|862,048
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Rwanda}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]] (Inteko Ishinga Amategeko / Parlement)
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|Chamber of Deputies]] (Umutwe w'Abadepite / Chambre des députés)
|Lower
|5
|
|80
|146,121
|-
|[[Senate (Rwanda)|Senate]] (Umutwe wa Sena / Sénat)
|Upper
|8
|
|26
|449,603
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Saint Kitts and Nevis)|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|15
|3,686
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Saint Lucia|Parliament]]
|[[House of Assembly of Saint Lucia|House of Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|
|17
|10,221
|-
|[[Senate of Saint Lucia|Senate]]
|Upper
|
|
|11
|15,796
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|House of Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|21
|5,714
|-
|{{flagcountry|Samoa}}
|align="center"| Parliament (Palemene){{NoteTag|name=head}}
|align="center"| [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Fono Aoao Faitulafono)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|51
|3,916
|-
|{{flagcountry|San Marino}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Grand and General Council]] (Consiglio Grande e Generale)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|60
|536
|-
|{{flagcountry|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)|National Assembly]] (Assembleia Nacional)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|55
|3,330
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
|
|[[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Assembly]] (مجلس الشورى ''Majlis Ash-Shura''){{NoteTag|The Consultative Assembly has only formal advisory role.}}
|non-parliamentary
|4
|Appointed by the [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]]
|150
|220,000
|-
|{{flagcountry|Senegal}}
|Parliament
|[[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|150
|85,701
|-
|{{flagcountry|Serbia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Serbia)|National Assembly]] (Народна скупштина / Narodna skupština)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|250
|28,482
|-
|{{flagcountry|Seychelles}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Seychelles)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale / Lasanble Nasyonal)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|31
|2,709
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sierra Leone}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Sierra Leone|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|146
|40,136
|-
|{{flagcountry|Singapore}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] (Parlimen / 国家议会 ''Guójiā yìhuì'' / நாடாளுமன்றம் ''Nāṭāḷumaṉṟam'')
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]] ([[Member of parliament|MP]]) (in single member constituencies), [[Plurality-at-large voting|Party block voting]] (in group representation constituencies), and appointed by the [[President of Singapore|President]] ([[Nominated Member of Parliament|NMP]])
|103
|52,360
|-
|{{flagcountry|Slovakia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Council (Slovakia)|National Council]] (Národná rada)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|150
|35,980
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Slovenia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Slovenian Parliament|Parliament]] (Državni zbor Republike Slovenije)
|[[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]] (Državni zbor)
|Lower
|4
|Open list proportional representation with a 4% election threshold
|90
|22,779
|-
|[[National Council (Slovenia)|National Council]] (Državni svet)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/dela/Lakota-Igor.PDF |title=Sistem nepopolne dvodomnosti v slovenskem parlamentu (diplomska naloga) |trans-title=The system of incomplete bicameralism in the Slovenian Parliament (diploma thesis) |page=62 |first=Igor |last=Lakota |year=2006 |access-date=16 December 2010 |publisher=Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana |language=sl |quote=Opinions differ, however the majority of domestic experts agree that the National Council may be regarded as the upper house, but the bicameralism is distinctively incomplete.}}</ref>
|Upper
|5
|[[First-past-the-post]] indirect elections held within 'functional' interest organisations and 'local' interest communities by electoral bodies (electors).
|40
|51,254
|-
|{{flagcountry|Solomon Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Parliament of Solomon Islands|National Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|50
|10,460
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Somalia}}
|rowspan=2|[[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]] (Baarlamaanka Federaalka / لبرلمان الاتحادي)
|[[Federal Parliament of Somalia#House of the People|House of the People]]{{NoteTag|name=NA}}
|Lower
|4
|Appointed by president
|275
|36,675
|-
|[[Federal Parliament of Somalia#Senate|Senate]]{{NoteTag|name=NA}}
|Upper
|4
|[[majority rule|majority]]
|54
|180,100
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|South Africa}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]
|[[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|
|400
|126,466
|-
|[[National Council of Provinces]]
|Upper
|
|
|90
|562,075
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|South Sudan}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Legislature (South Sudan)|National Legislature]]
|[[National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)|National Legislature Assembly]]
|Lower
|
|
|170
|48,591
|-
|[[Council of States (South Sudan)|Council of States]]
|Upper
|
|Appointed by President
|50
|165,210
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
|rowspan=2|[[Cortes Generales|General Courts]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} ({{lang|es|Cortes Generales}})
|[[Congress of Deputies]] ({{lang|es|Congreso de los Diputados}})
|Lower
|4, unless elections are called earlier.
|[[proportional representation|proportional]] [[closed list]]
|350
|131,894
|-
|[[Senate of Spain|Senate]] ({{lang|es|Senado}})
|Upper
|4, unless elections are called earlier.
|208 are appointed through general election and 57 when regional legislatures are renewed, which not always happens at the same date
|265
|173,545
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]] (ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව / இலங்கை பாராளுமன்றம்)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|225
|90,122
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Sudan}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Legislature (Sudan)|National Legislature]]
|[[National Assembly of Sudan|National Assembly]] (''Majlis Watani'')
|Lower
|6
|
|426
|68,653
|-
|[[Council of States (Sudan)|Council of States]] (''Majlis Welayat'')
|Upper
|6
|
|50
|617,880
|-
|{{flagcountry|Suriname}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Suriname)|National Assembly]] (Nationale Assemblée)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|51
|10,470
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Riksdag|Parliament]] (Riksdagen)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Open list|Open]] [[Party-list proportional representation|list]]<ref>Candidates require 5% of their party's vote total in their constituency in order to override the default party-list order</ref> [[proportional representation]] through the [[Sainte-Laguë method]] with a 4% [[electoral threshold|election threshold]]<ref>A party may earn seats even if they fail to reach 4% of the vote nationally if they obtain 12% of the vote in a given constituency</ref> in constituencies based upon the [[Counties of Sweden]]
|349
|27,286
|-
|{{flagcountry|Syria}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[People's Assembly of Syria|People's Assembly]] (مجلس الشعب ''Majlis al-Sha'ab'')
|Unicameral
|4
|
|250
|86,964
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|rowspan=2|[[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]] (Bundesversammlung, Assemblée fédérale, Assemblea federale, Assamblea federala)
|[[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]] (Nationalrat, Conseil national, Consiglio nazionale, Cussegl naziunal)
|Lower
|4
|[[Open list|Open-list]] [[proportional representation|proportional]] with [[panachage]] and [[apparentment]] by canton.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vocabulaire électoral – Système proportionnel |url=https://www.ch.ch/fr/elections2023/vocabulaire-electoral/#systeme-proportionnel |website=ch.ch |access-date=2022-10-20 |language=French}}</ref>
|200
|40,000
|-
|[[Council of States (Switzerland)|Council of States]] (Ständerat, Conseil des États, Consiglio degli Stati, Cussegl dals chantuns)
|Upper
|4
|Each canton has one or two seats, [[two-round system|two-round]] or [[proportional representation]] depending on the canton.
|46
|173,913
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
|rowspan=2|[[Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)|Supreme Assembly]] (Маҷлиси Олии ''Majlisi Oli'')
|[[Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)|Assembly of Representatives]] (Маҷлиси намояндагон ''Majlisi namoyandagon'')
|Lower
|5
|
|63
|123,809
|-
|[[National Assembly of Tajikistan|National Assembly]] (Маҷлиси миллии ''Majlisi Millii'')
|Upper
|5
|
|33
|236,363
|-
|{{flagcountry|Tanzania}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]] (Bunge)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|384
|120,974
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Thailand}}
|rowspan=2|[[National Assembly (Thailand)|National Assembly]] (รัฐสภา ''Ratthasapha'')
|[[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]] (สภาผู้แทนราษฎร ''Sapha Phuthaen Ratsadon'')
|Lower
|4
|mixed-member proportional representation, 350 are first-past-the-post and 150 is party-list
|500
|140,997
|-
|[[Senate of Thailand|Senate]] (วุฒิสภา ''Wutthisapha'')
|Upper
|5
|elected by coup d'état government
|250
| -
|-
|{{flagcountry|Togo}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]] (Assemblée nationale)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|91
|76,434
|-
|{{flagcountry|Tonga}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]] (Fale Alea)
|Unicameral
|
|
|25
|3,962
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]
|[[House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|5
|
|41
|32,139
|-
|[[Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)|Senate]]
|Upper
|
|
|31
|42,506
|-
|{{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of the Representatives of the People]] (مجلس نواب الشعب ''Majless Noweb al Shaab'')
|Unicameral
|5
|
|217
|49,188
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkey}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Closed list|Closed]] [[Party-list proportional representation|list]] [[proportional representation]] [[D'Hondt method]] with a 7% [[electoral threshold]] for political parties or [[political alliance]]s
|600
|135,862
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of Turkmenistan|Assembly]] (Mejlis)
|Unicameral
|5
|majority voting in single member constituencies.
|125
|41,360
|-
|{{flagcountry|Tuvalu}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Tuvalu|Parliament]] (Palamene)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|15
|666
|-
|{{flagcountry|Uganda}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Uganda|Parliament]] (Bunge)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|529
|87,839
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Verkhovna Rada|Supreme Council]] (Верховна Рада ''Verkhovna Rada'')
|Unicameral
|5
|
|450
|101,248
|-
|{{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Federal National Council|Federal National Assembly]] (المجلس الوطني الإتحادي ''Majlis Watani Ittihad'')
|Unicameral
|4
|
|40
|206,601
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]
|[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]
|Lower
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]] in single member constituencies.
|650
|95,787
|-
|[[House of Lords]]
|Upper
|Life (life and hereditary peers)
Until end of religious term{{NoteTag|Bishops which reach the end of their term are typically appointed life peers.}}(bishops)
|[[Life peer]]s appointed by the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Sovereign]] on advice of Prime Minister{{NoteTag|note=Actual amount of life peers varies, and there is no limit.}}. 92 are elected by and from [[hereditary peer]]s using [[Instant-runoff voting|preferential voting]]. 26 [[Lords Spiritual]] are [[bishop]]s of the [[Church of England]], chosen by the Church mainly based on seniority (except that female bishops are appointed regardless of seniority).
|782{{NoteTag|Excludes 39 members unable to take part in proceedings.}}
|86,700
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|rowspan=2|[[United States Congress|Congress]]
|[[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|2
|Depends on the state, mainly [[First-past-the-post voting]], in single-member constituencies.
|435
|722,636
|-
|[[United States Senate|Senate]]
|Upper
|6
|Depends on the state, mainly [[First-past-the-post voting]]. One-third of the Senate goes up for election every two years. Each state has two senators.
|100
|N/A
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
|rowspan=2|[[General Assembly of Uruguay|General Assembly]] ({{lang|es|Asamblea General}})
|[[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Representantes}})
|Lower
|5
|
|99
|33,195
|-
|[[Senate of Uruguay|Chamber of Senators]] ({{lang|es|Cámara de Senadores}})
|Upper
|5
|
|30
|109,543
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
|rowspan=2|[[Oliy Majlis|Supreme Assembly]] (Oliy Majlis / Олий Мажлис)
|[[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan|Legislative Chamber]] (Qonunchilik palatasi / Қонунчилик палатаси)
|Lower
|5
|
|150
|194,156
|-
|[[Senate of Uzbekistan|Senate]] (Senati / Сенати)
|Upper
|5
|
|100
|291,234
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vanuatu}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Vanuatu|Parliament]] (Parlement)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|52
|4319
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vatican City}}/[[Holy See]]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|Pontifical Commission]] (Pontificia Commissione / Pontificia Commissio)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|7
|114
|-
|{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|es|Asamblea Nacional}})
|Unicameral
|5
|
|277
|175,430
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Vietnam)|National Assembly]] ({{lang|vi|Quốc hội}})
|Unicameral
|5
|
|500
|176,385
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flagcountry|Yemen}}
|rowspan="2" align="center"|Parliament
|[[House of Representatives (Yemen)|House of Representatives]] (مجلس النواب ''Majlis al-Nuwaab'')
|Lower
|6
|
|301
|81,485
|-
|[[Shura Council (Yemen)|Shura Council]] (''Majlis ash-Shura'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2354_A.htm|title=YEMEN. Majlis Alshoora (Consultative Council)|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
|Upper
|Life
|
|111
|220,963
|-
|{{flagcountry|Zambia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly of Zambia|National Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|166
|87,284
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Zimbabwe|Parliament]]
|[[House of Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|
|210
|61,971
|-
|[[Senate of Zimbabwe|Senate]]
|Upper
|5
|
|40
|325,350
|}

{{notelist}}

===Legislatures of autonomous regions, dependencies and other territories===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!Region or territory
!Overall name of legislature
!Name of house
!House level
!Term (years)
!Voting system
!Seats
!Population per seat
|-
|{{flagcountry|Adjara}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკის უმაღლესი საბჭო)
|[[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
|4
|
|21
|16,619
|-
|{{flagcountry|Åland}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Åland|Legislative Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Lagtinget)
|[[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
|4
|
|30
|945
|-
|{{flagcountry|Alderney}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[States of Alderney|States]] (États)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|10
|240
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|American Samoa}}
|rowspan=2|[[American Samoa Fono|Legislative Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Fono)
|[[American Samoa House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|[[Lower house|Lower]]
|2
|
|21
|2,643
|-
|[[American Samoa Senate|Senate]]
|[[Upper house|Upper]]
|4
|
|18
|3,084
|-
|{{flagcountry|Anguilla}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Assembly (Anguilla)|House of Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|11
|1,222
|-
|{{flagcountry|Aosta Valley}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Regional Council of Aosta Valley|Regional Council]] (Consiglio regionale/Conseil)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|35
|3,597
|-
|{{flagcountry|Aruba}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Estates of Aruba|Estates]] (Staten)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|21
|4,832
|-
|{{flag|Azores|name=Azores}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of the Azores|Legislative Assembly]] (Assembleia Legislativa)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|57
|4,311
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Bangsamoro.svg}} [[Bangsamoro]]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Bangsamoro Parliament|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|3
|[[Parallel voting]]
|80
|53,414
|-
|{{flagcountry|Basque Country}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Basque Parliament|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|4
|Closed party lists in three 25-seat constituencies, with seats allocated using the [[D'Hondt method]]
|75
|29,194
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Bermuda}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Bermuda|Parliament]]
|[[House of Assembly of Bermuda|House of Assembly]]
|Lower
|5
|
|36
|1,784
|-
|[[Senate of Bermuda|Senate]]
|Upper
|
|
|11
|5,839
|-
|{{flagcountry|British Virgin Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands|House of Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|15
|1,969
|-
|{{flagcountry|Canary Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of the Canary Islands|Parliament]] (Parlamento de Canarias)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|70
|35,000
|-
|{{flagcountry|Catalonia}}
| colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Catalonia|Parliament]] (Parlament de Catalunya)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|135
|55,723
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cayman Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands|Legislative Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|18
|3,080
|-
|{{flagcountry|Cook Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of the Cook Islands|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|24
|875
|-
|{{flagcountry|Corsica}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Corsican Assembly]] (Assemblea di Corsica / Assemblée de Corse)
|Unicameral
|6
|
|63
|5,238
|-
|{{flagicon|Crimea}} [[Republic of Crimea|Crimea]]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[State Council of Crimea|State Council]] (Верховна Рада / Верховный Совет / Yuqarı Radası)
|Unicameral
|
|
|100
|22,840
|-
|{{flagcountry|Curaçao}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Estates of Curaçao|Estates]] (Staten)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|21
|7,571
|-
|-
|{{flagcountry|Falkland Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands|Legislative Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|11
|272
|-
|{{flagcountry|Faroe Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Løgting|Law Assembly]]{{NoteTag|name=native}} (Løgtingið)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|33
|1,467
|-
|{{flagcountry|French Polynesia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of French Polynesia|Assembly]] (Assemblée de la Polynésie française)
|Unicameral
|5
|At-large [[Two-round system|two-round]] in 8 sections, 19 seats plurality and 38 proportional, 12.5% or top-2 threshold for qualification.{{Efn|Seats allocation is based on the runoff, unless a list reaches 50% in their section in the first round. Lists with 5% in the first round can merge with other qualified lists.}}
|57
|4,859
|-
|{{flagcountry|Galicia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of Galicia|Parliament]] (Parlamento da Galiza/Galicia)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|75
|36,649
|-
|{{flagcountry|Gibraltar}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Gibraltar Parliament|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|17
|1,750
|-
|{{flagcountry|Greenland}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Inatsisartut|Parliament]] (Inatsisartut){{NoteTag|Also: Landsting}}
|Unicameral
|4
|
|31
|1,830
|-
|{{flagcountry|Guam}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislature of Guam|Legislature]] (Liheslaturan Guåhan)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|15
|10,623
|-
|{{flagcountry|Guernsey}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[States of Guernsey|States]] (États)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|45
|1,387
|-
|{{flagcountry|Hong Kong}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] (立法會)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Proportional representation]] using the [[Hare quota]] and the [[largest remainder method]] for the geographical constituencies and [[Functional constituency|functional constituencies]] elected by their respective electorates
|70
|101,481
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Isle of Man}}
|rowspan=2|[[Tynwald]] (Tinvaal)
|[[House of Keys]] (Kiare as Feed)
|Lower
|5
|Plurality (2 members from each constituency)
|24
|3,520
|-
|[[Legislative Council of the Isle of Man|Legislative Council]] (Yn Choonceil Slattyssagh)
|Upper
|5
|Most members indirectly elected by the House of Keys
|11
|7,681
|-
|{{flagcountry|Jersey}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[States Assembly|States]] (États)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|49
|2,509
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kurdistan Region}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Kurdistan Region Parliament|Parliament]] (پەرلەمانی)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|111
|53,109
|-
|{{flagcountry|Macau}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]] (立法會, Assembleia Legislativa)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Proportional representation]], functional constituencies and appointed by the Chief Executive
|29
|19,610
|-
|{{flag|Madeira|name=Madeira}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of Madeira|Legislative Assembly]] (Assembleia Legislativa)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|47
|5,698
|-
|{{flagcountry|Montserrat}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Assembly of Montserrat|Legislative Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|9
|546
|-
|{{flagcountry|Nakhchivan}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Supreme Assembly of Nakhchivan|Supreme Assembly]] (Ali Məclisi)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|45
|10,063
|-
|{{flagcountry|New Caledonia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Congress of New Caledonia|Congress]] (Congrès Territorial)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Closed list|Closed-list]] [[proportional representation]] by province with 5% (of registered voters) threshold
|54
|4,547
|-
|{{noflag|[[Northern Ireland]]}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Northern Ireland Assembly]] (Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Single transferable vote]]
|90<ref>[[Assembly Members (Reduction of Numbers) Act (Northern Ireland) 2016]]</ref>
|16,767
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Northern Mariana Islands}}
|rowspan=2|[[Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature|Commonwealth Legislature]]
|[[Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|Lower
|2
|
|20
|2,694
|-
|[[Northern Mariana Islands Senate|Senate]]
|Upper
|2
|
|10
|5,388
|-
|{{flagcountry|Niue}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Niue Assembly|Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|3
|
|20
|69
|-
||{{flagcountry|Pitcairn Islands}}
| colspan="2" align="center"|[[Island Council (Pitcairn)|Island Council]]
|Unicameral
|3
|
|10
|6
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}
|rowspan=2|[[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]] (Asamblea Legislativa)
|[[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]] (Cámara de Representantes)
|Lower
|4
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|51
|93,145
|-
|[[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]] (Senado)
|Upper
|4
|Majority
|27
|465,427
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saint Barthélemy}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy|Territorial Council]]
|Unicameral
|5
|At-large [[Two-round system|two-round]], 7 seats by plurality and 12 seats proportional, 10% or top-2 threshold for qualification.{{Efn|Seats allocation is based on the runoff, unless a list reaches 50% and a quarter of registered voters in the first round. Lists with 5% in the first round can merge with other qualified lists.}}
|19
|488
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saint Helena}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Council of Saint Helena|Legislative Council]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|21
|1,266
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saint-Martin}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|{{Interlanguage link multi|Territorial Council of Saint-Martin{{!}}Territorial Council|fr|3=Conseil territorial de Saint-Martin}} (conseil territorial)
|Unicameral
|6
|At-large [[Two-round system|two-round]], 8 seats by plurality and 15 seats proportional, 10% or top-2 threshold for qualification.{{Efn|Seats allocation is based on the runoff, unless a list reaches 50% and a quarter of registered voters in the first round. Lists with 5% in the first round can merge with other qualified lists.}}
|23
|1,578
|-
|{{flagcountry|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Territorial Council]]
|Unicameral
|6
|At-large [[Two-round system|two-round]], 10 seats by plurality and 9 seats proportional, 10% or top-2 threshold for qualification.{{Efn|Seats allocation is based on the runoff, unless a list reaches 50% and a quarter of registered voters in the first round. Lists with 5% in the first round can merge with other qualified lists.}}
|19
|320
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sardinia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Regional Council of Sardinia|Regional Council]] (Consiglio regionale)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|60
|27,470
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sark}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Sark#Chief Pleas|Chief Pleas]]
|Unicameral
|
|
|12
|50
|-
|{{flagcountry|Scotland}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Scottish Parliament]] (Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, Scots Pairliament)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Additional member system]]
|129
|40,734
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sicily}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Sicilian Regional Assembly|Regional Assembly]] (Assemblea Regionale)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|70
|71,675
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sint Maarten}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Estates of Sint Maarten|Estates]] (Staten)
|Unicameral
|4
|
|15
|2,495
|-
|{{flagcountry|South Tyrol}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Landtag of South Tyrol|Landtag]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|35
|14,621
|-
|{{flagcountry|Tokelau}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[General Fono|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|3
|
|20
|70
|-
|{{flagcountry|Trentino}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Regional Council of Trentino-Alto Adige|Council]] (Consiglio)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|35
|15,405
|-
|{{flagcountry|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[House of Assembly (Turks and Caicos Islands)|House of Assembly]]
|Unicameral
|4
|
|21
|1,498
|-
|{{flagcountry|United States Virgin Islands}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislature of the Virgin Islands|Legislature]]
|Unicameral
|2
|
|15
|7,093
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vojvodina}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of Vojvodina|Assembly]] (Скупштина / Skupština / Képviselőháza / Adunarea / Zhromaždenie)
|Unicameral
|4
|[[Proportional representation]] in a single constituency with a 5% threshold and seats being allocated using [[d'Hondt method]]
|120
|16,098
|-
|{{flagcountry|Wales}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Senedd]] (Welsh Parliament / Senedd Cymru)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Additional member system]]
|60
|51,066
|-
|{{flagcountry|Wallis and Futuna}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna|Territorial Assembly]] (Assemblée Territoriale)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[Proportional representation]] by constituency
|20
|650
|-
|{{flagcountry|Zanzibar}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Zanzibar House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (Baraza la Wawakilishi)
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|88
|17,086
|}
{{Notelist}}

===Legislatures of non-UN states (including unrecognized and disputed territories)===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!non-UN state
!Overall name of legislature
!Name of house
!House level
!Term (years)
!Voting system
!Seats
!Population per seat
|-
|{{flagcountry|Abkhazia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[People's Assembly of Abkhazia|People's Assembly]] (Жәлар Реизара, ''Zhelar Reizara'')
|[[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
|5
|
|35
|6,877
|-
|[[File:Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg|border|22x22px]] [[Azad Kashmir]]
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
|5
|[[First past the post]]
|53
|1200
|-
|{{flagcountry|Republic of Artsakh}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[National Assembly (Artsakh)|National Assembly]] (Azgayin Zhoghov)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|33
|4,284
|-
|{{flag|China, Republic of}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Legislative Yuan]] (立法院 ''Lìfǎ Yùan'')
|Unicameral
|4
|[[First-past-the-post voting]], [[Closed list|Closed]] [[party-list proportional representation]] and [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|indigenous]] seats with [[single non-transferable vote]]
|113
|208,754
|-
|{{flagcountry|Kosovo}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo|Assembly of Kosovo]] ({{lang-sq|Kuvendi i Kosovës}}, [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian Cyrillic]]: {{lang|sr-Cyrl|Скупштина Косова}})
|Unicameral
|4
|
|120
|15,493
|-
|{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Assembly of the Republic]] (Cumhuriyet Meclisi)
|Unicameral
|5
|
|50
|5,898
|-
|{{flagcountry|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Sahrawi National Council]] (المجلس الوطني الصحراوي ''Al-Majlis al-Watani al-Sahrawi'')
|Unicameral
|2
|
|53
|
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagcountry|Somaliland}}
|rowspan=2|[[Parliament of Somaliland|Parliament]] (''Baarlamaanka'')
|[[House of Representatives (Somaliland)|House of Representatives]] (''Golaha Wakiilada'')
|[[Lower house|Lower]]
|5
|
|82
|42,682
|-
|[[House of Elders (Somaliland)|House of Elders]] (''Golaha Guurtida'')
|[[Upper house|Upper]]
|6
|
|82
|42,682
|-
|{{flagcountry|South Ossetia}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of South Ossetia|Parliament]]
|Unicameral
|5
|
|34
|2,117
|-
|{{flagicon|Tibet}} [[Central Tibetan Administration]] (in exile)
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]] (''གྲོས་ཚོགས་ཐོག་གསུང་བཤད།'')
|Unicameral
|5
|[[First-past-the-post voting]]
|43
|73,953{{NoteTag|Figures for [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] in the PRC|name=TAR}}
|-
|{{flagcountry|Transnistria}}
|colspan="2" align="center"|[[Supreme Council (Transnistria)|Supreme Council]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vspmr.org/?Lang=Eng|title=Официальный сайт Верховного Совета Приднестровской Молдавской Республики|website=www.vspmr.org}}</ref> (Верховный Совет, ''Verkhovny Sovet'')
|Unicameral
|5
|
|43
|12,062
|}

==See also==
*[[Elections by country]] (legislatures elections)
*[[List of national governments]]
*[[List of current heads of state and government]]
*[[List of supreme courts by country]]
*[[List of United States state legislatures]]
*[[Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories]]
*[[Parliaments of the Australian states and territories]]
*[[National parliaments of the European Union]]
*[[List of legislatures by number of members]]
*[[List of legislative buildings]]
*[[List of legislatures by female members]]
*[[List of current presidents of legislatures]]

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{-}}
{{National bicameral legislatures}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{National upper houses}}
{{National unicameral legislatures}}

[[Category:Legislatures-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists by country|Legislatures]]
[[Category:National legislatures|*]]

Aryabhata Award

2021-06-03T17:46:12Z

Vinayaraj: /* Award winners */

{{Infobox award
| name = Aryabhata Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for individual notable contributions to Astronautics
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = Astronautical Society of India, Minister of State in PMO
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded =
| reward = {{INRConvert|1|l|year=2018}} and an award citation
| former name =
| holder_label =
| holder =
| award1_type =
| award1_winner =
| award2_type =
| award2_winner =
| award3_type =
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}

The '''Aryabhata Award''' or '''Aryabhatta Award''' is an annual award, presented to individuals with notable lifetime contributions in the field of [[astronautics]] and [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace technology]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/astronautical-society-awards-space-scientists/article7347051.ece |title=Astronautical Society awards space scientists |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=23 June 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609071900/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/astronautical-society-awards-space-scientists/article7347051.ece |archive-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/science/drdo-chief-gets-prestigious-aryabhatta-award_851488.html |title=DRDO Chief gets prestigious Aryabhatta award |publisher=Zee News |date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609071900/http://zeenews.india.com/news/science/drdo-chief-gets-prestigious-aryabhatta-award_851488.html |archive-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref>

It was instituted by the Astronautical Society of India (ASI) ''(estd.1990)'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iafastro.org/societes/astronautical-society-of-india/ |title=Astronautical Society of India |publisher=iafastro.org |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211734/http://www.iafastro.org/societes/astronautical-society-of-india/ |archive-date=2018-02-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/conferences/64-conference/1409-asi |title="Health Monitoring and Fault Detection In Aerospace Systems" (HMFD-2015) |publisher=vssc.gov.in |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183057/http://vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/conferences/64-conference/1409-asi |archive-date=2018-03-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mukundsathe.com/tag/astronautical-society-of-india/ |title=This Day in History (22-Oct-2008) – India’s first unmanned lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1, was launched |publisher=mukundsathe.com - This Day in History |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609071900/https://mukundsathe.com/tag/astronautical-society-of-india/ |archive-date=2018-06-09 }}</ref> an [[International Astronautical Federation|International Astronautical Federation's]] member ''(since 1958)''. The award usually is presented by [[Minister of State]] in [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]]. The award consists of a citation and Rs.One lakh in cash.

== History ==
The award is named after the fifth century [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomer]] and [[mathematician]] [[Aryabhata]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/22896/things-to-know-aryabhata-indias-first-satellite/ |title=10 Things You Probably Didn’t Know About India’s First Satellite And The Man It Was Named After |publisher=thebetterindia.com |date=1 May 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728085436/http://www.thebetterindia.com/22896/things-to-know-aryabhata-indias-first-satellite/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 }}</ref> and in commemoration of the first [[List of Indian satellites|Indian satellite]] [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]] (launched 19 April 1975).

== Award winners ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Praful Bhavsar|P. D. Bhavsar]] (1999)<ref name="AW1">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhavsar-shenoy-bag-aryabhatta-award/story-gf1O4IshNPDM2fn2KvrvnM.html |title=Bhavsar, Shenoy bag Aryabhatta Award |publisher=Hindustan Times |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609071900/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhavsar-shenoy-bag-aryabhatta-award/story-gf1O4IshNPDM2fn2KvrvnM.html |archive-date=2018-06-09 }}</ref>
* [[Ramadas P. Shenoy|R.P. Shenoy]] (2000)<ref name="AW1"/>
* [[Roddam Narasimha]] (2004)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prof-roddam-narasimha-gets-aryabhatta-award/story-SCaWAsNmaKFrED8Flh02xI.html |title=Prof Roddam Narasimha gets Aryabhatta Award |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2006 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319003958/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prof-roddam-narasimha-gets-aryabhatta-award/story-SCaWAsNmaKFrED8Flh02xI.html |archive-date=19 March 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Prem Shanker Goel|P.S. Goel]] (2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech-reviews/dr-ps-goel-bags-aryabhata-award/story-6OKwIA35vE1oWzioCbhhZJ.html |title=Dr PS Goel bags Aryabhata Award |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=11 May 2007 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214247/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tech-reviews/dr-ps-goel-bags-aryabhata-award/story-6OKwIA35vE1oWzioCbhhZJ.html |archive-date=16 February 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Pramod Kale]] (2006)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/08/12/pramodkale-gets-aryabhatta-award.html |title=Pramod Kale gets Aryabhatta award |publisher=oneindia.com |date=12 August 2009 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306201021/http://www.oneindia.com/2009/08/12/pramodkale-gets-aryabhatta-award.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[A. E. Muthunayagam]] (2010)<ref name="AW2">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/astronautical-societys-aryabhatta-award-for-muthunayagam-saraswat/article4259752.ece |title=Astronautical Society’s Aryabhatta award for Muthunayagam, Saraswat |publisher=thehindu.com |date=31 December 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207042933/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/astronautical-societys-aryabhatta-award-for-muthunayagam-saraswat/article4259752.ece |archive-date=7 February 2014 }}</ref>
* [[V. K. Saraswat]] (2011)<ref name="AW2"/>
* [[Ranganath R. Navalgund]] (2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/navalgund-avinash-chander-bag-aryabhata-award-115062301129_1.html |title=Navalgund, Avinash Chander bag Aryabhata award |publisher=business-standard.com |date=23 June 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819193940/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/navalgund-avinash-chander-bag-aryabhata-award-115062301129_1.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Avinash Chander (DRDO)|Avinash Chander]] (2016)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/avinash-chander-receives-aryabhata-award/article8283135.ece |title=Avinash Chander receives Aryabhata award |publisher=thehindu.com |date=26 February 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609071901/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/avinash-chander-receives-aryabhata-award/article8283135.ece |archive-date=9 June 2018 }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==See also==

* [[List of astronomy awards]]
* [[List of engineering awards]]
* [[List of physics awards]]
* [[List of space technology awards]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{India Honours and Decorations}}

[[Category:Astronautics]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Space-related awards]]
[[Category:Engineering awards]]
[[Category:Physics awards]]
[[Category:Science and technology awards|Aryabhata Award]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Indian science and technology awards]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{sci-award-stub}}

E. T. Narayanan Mooss

2021-05-30T01:51:28Z

Vinayaraj: /* External links */

{{short description|Indian physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Padma Bhushan award to Narayanan Mooss - Photo displayed at Vaidyaratnam Nursing Home
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|09|15}}
| birth_place = [[Ollur]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala State]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|8|05|1933|09|15|df=y}}
| nationality = Indian {{flagicon|India}}
| occupation = [[Physician]], [[Business]]
| spouse = Sathi Antharjanam
| children = Neelakandan Mooss (Jr.), Parameswaran Mooss, Shailaja Mooss
| parents = [[Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss]] Devaki Antharjanam
| website = {{URL|www.vaidyaratnammooss.com|Official website}}
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] Swadeshi Puraskar Akshaya Puraskar Chikitsak Guru Lifetime Achievement Award Living Legends Award Best Acharya Award
}}
'''Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss''' (15 September 1933 – 5 August 2020) was an [[Ayurvedic]] physician and the Chief Physician and Managing Partner of [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2010 for his contribution to the field of medicine specific to Ayurveda.<ref>[http://www.freakygossip.com/2010/01/padma-bhushan-vibhushan-padmashree-awards-2010-lists-60th-republic-day-india/ Padma awardees]</ref>

==Life Sketch==
[[File:Vaidyaratnam gate.jpg|Vaidyaratnam Nursing Home Entrance|thumb|right|180px]]

Narayanan Mooss was born into a family of traditional Ayurvedic physicians of ''ashtavaidyans'' (a title conferred upon the family by the [[Viceroy of India]], [[Lord Reading]], in 1924<ref>http://www.vaidyaratnamblr.com/About%20Us.htm</ref>) to Devaki Antharjanam and [[Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss|E. T. Neelakandhan Mooss]] on 15 September 1933. He was named after his grandfather, in accordance with family tradition. He learned [[Ayurveda]] from his father, a well known Ayurvedic physician and [[Padmashri]] award recipient, and his uncle, Vayaskara N.S. Mooss.<ref>[http://www.merinews.com/article/treatment-personalised-e-t-narayanan-mooss-on-ayurveda/15796638.shtml Dr. Mooss]</ref>

After early schooling by [[Gurukula]] system in Ollur, he joined the family's Ayurvedic clinic to assist his father, and later worked at [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]], which his father founded in 1944. Under the rigorous tutelage of his father, Narayanan Mooss developed into a physician, widely considered to be one of the best exponents of traditional Ayurveda in India, mastering the eight branches of Ayurvedic system of medicine.<ref>https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/thaikkattu-mooss/6</ref>

He took over the family establishment in 1954 and developed it into a group which now comprises an [[Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College|Ayurvedic Medical College]], two hospitals, 25 depots, 800 retail outlets, a herbal farm, a nursing college, an Ayurvedic research centre, three medicine manufacturing units and an Ayurvedic museum.<ref>http://www.vaidyaratnammooss.com/branches.php?mmenu_id=4</ref>

After handing over the Group's management to his elder son E. T. Neelakandan Mooss Jr. and medical responsibilities to his second son, E. T. Parameshwaran Mooss, he led a semi-retired life at his ancestral home in Ollur. He was a lover of the traditional arts of [[Kerala]] and [[Sanskrit]] literature.<ref>http://www.merinews.com/article/treatment-personalised-e-t-narayanan-mooss-on-ayurveda/15796638.shtml</ref>

==Awards==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
* [[Padmabhushan]] the [[Government of India]], in 2010.
* ''Swadeshi Puraskar'', instituted by the ''Swadeshi Jagaran Foundation'' for the year 1997 for services to Ayurveda from then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[A. B. Vajpayee]].
* ''Akshaya Puraskar'' in 1988 for contribution to Ayurveda
* ''Chikitsak Guru'', a title from ''Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth'', Government of India in 1991.
* ''Life time Achievement Award'' in 2006 from Association of Chambers of Commerce
* ''Living Legends Award'' in 2006 from Rotary Club, [[Thrissur]]
* ''Best Acharya Award'' in 2010 by [[Government of Kerala]].

==See also==
[[File:Vaidyaratnam.jpg|Vaidyaratnam Nursing Home building - Old Block|right|thumb|200px]]
* [[Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss]]
* [[Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss}}
* [http://www.vaidyaratnammooss.com Group Web Site]
* [https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/thaikkattu-mooss/6 official website] on [[Kerala Tourism]]
* [http://www.vaidyaratnamcollege.org Vaidyaratnam Aurveda College]
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mooss, E. T. Narayanan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]

Purshotam Lal

2021-05-25T14:42:58Z

Vinayaraj:

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2016}}
{{disputed|date=September 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox medical person
| name = Purshotam Lal
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
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| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship =
| education =
| occupation = [[Cardiologist]]
| years_active =
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| website =
| profession =
| field =
| work_institutions =
| specialism =
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}

'''Purshotam Lal''' (born 1954)<ref>[http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200901/50pathfinders13.shtml Express Healthcare - creator of affordable healthcare]</ref> is an [[India]]n [[cardiologist]] and chairman and director of Interventional Cardiology of the Metro Group of Hospitals. He has been awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2009),<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab CM felicitate Dr.Purshotam Lal on being honoured with Padma Vibhushan |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/16091/38/ |work=Punjab Newsline |date=16 April 2009 |access-date=5 August 2010 }}</ref> [[Padma Bhushan]], and [[Padma Shree]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}. He specializes in non-surgical closure of heart holes (ASD/VSD), non-surgical replacement of valves, and treatment of multiple sclerosis.

==Accomplishments==
Lal pioneered interventional cardiology, and introduced the largest number of interventional techniques (as an
alternative to open heart surgery) in the country. Lal performed the largest number of angioplasties/stentings procedures in the country. After spending 15 years in the United States, Lal returned to India.

Lal has taught interventional cardiology for 20 years.

==Achievements==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=September 2016}}
* Was the first doctor in India to use rotational angioplasty, diamond drilling, and stenting.

==Memberships==
He has been associated with:
* Fellow, [[American College of Cardiology]]
* Fellow, American College of Medicine
* Fellow, [[Royal College of Physicians]] (Canada)
* Fellow, Society of Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, USA
* Fellow, Indian College of Cardiology
* Member, British Cardiovascular Interventional Society
* Member, German Society of Cardiovascular Research
* Member, Central Council of Health & Family Welfare – an apex advisory body of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
* Member, Expert Committee for medical devices, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
* Member, Delhi Medical Council

==Awards and honours==
===National===
*[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2009)
*[[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] (2004) - for innovations in interventional cardiology
*[[Padma Bhushan]] (2003)
*[[Padma Shri]] (1993){{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Sant Nirankari Mission==
Dr. P. Lal has been closely associated with Sant Nirankari Mission. He gave credit for his success to teachings of mission and blessings of Satguru. Currently he is serving in managing committee of Sant Nirankari Charitable Foundation (SNCF).<ref>[https://www.nirankari.org/intranet/news/2010sncfoundation]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Dr-Purshottam-Lals-journey-to-Padam-Bhushan/articleshow/37530736.cms?</ref>

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Purshotam abc}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Cardiology]]

Vishwa Kumar Gupta

2021-05-24T11:31:58Z

Vinayaraj: Kanpur is not Indian Capital

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishwa Kumar Gupta
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kanpur, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Homoeopathic physician
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Om Praksh Gupta
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Vishwa Kumar Gupta''', is an Indian [[homoeopathic]] physician and former Principal of the Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College,<ref name="NHMC">{{cite web | url=http://www.nhmc.delhigovt.nic.in/ | title=NHMC | publisher=NHMC | date=2014 | access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> New Delhi.<ref name="Similima">{{cite web | url=http://www.similima.com/padmasreeaward-to-homeopathy-doctor-vk-gupta | title=Similima | publisher=Similima | date=2013 | access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2013, by awarding him the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the field of medicine.<ref name="Padma 2013">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838 | title=Padma 2013 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=25 January 2013 | access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Vishwa Kumar Gupta, son of Om Prakash Gupta,<ref name="Delhi Homoeo Board" /> hails from Kanpur, and graduated (GHMS) in the alternative medicine system of homoeopathy from the city.<ref name="Delhi Homoeo Board">{{cite web | url=http://www.delhihomeoboard.com/doctors-list.php?zone=West | title=Delhi Homoeo Board | publisher=Delhi Homoeo Board | date=2014 | access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> His career was mainly at the Nehru Homoeopathic Medical College, New Delhi from where he retired as the Principal.<ref name="Similima" />

Gupta was the President of the ''Indian Institute of Homoeopathic Physicians'', (IIHP) for two consecutive two year terms, from 1998 to 2002.<ref name="Similima" /> He was a member of the Central Council of Homoeopathy<ref name="Central Council of Homoeopathy">{{cite web | url=http://www.cchindia.com/list-practitioners.htm | title=Central Council of Homoeopathy | publisher=Central Council of Homoeopathy | date=2014 | access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> from 1990 to 1995,<ref name="Similima" /> has also served as a member of many committees of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], for the [[Government of India]] projects<ref name="Similima" /> and was the honourable physician to the [[President of India]].<ref name="Similima" />

Gupta has attended many national and international conferences where he has presented scientific papers.<ref name="Similima" /> A recipient of the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]], in 2013,<ref name="Padma 2013" /> Gupta lives at Rajouri Garden, in New Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Homoeo Board" /><ref name="Central Council of Homoeopathy" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/2013/04/08/president-confers-padma-awards/ | title=Padma Awards List | publisher=Indian Panorama | date=2014 | access-date=12 October 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Vishwa Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian homeopaths]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Subrat Kumar Acharya

2021-05-23T14:25:25Z

Vinayaraj:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person 
| name = Subrat Kumar Acharya
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1951|11|01}}
| birth_place = [[Balasore district|Balasore]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[MBBS]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], [[Doctorate in Medicine|DM]]
| alma_mater = [[MKCG Medical College and Hospital]], [[AIIMS, New Delhi]]
| occupation = Executive Director, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Padma Shree]]
}}

'''Dr. Subrat Kumar Acharya''' (born 1 November 1951)<ref>{{cite web|title=Fellows|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=A|publisher=The Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> is a [[gastroenterologist]] and liver transplant physician, a physician scientist, a prolific writer and a passionate teacher.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Fellow|url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P10-1502|publisher=INSA|access-date=23 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908135046/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P10-1502|archive-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>
Apart from his professional prowess as a clinician, Prof. S.K. Acharya is well known for his compassion and patient-centric approaches in treating complex diseases. His ability to analyse the problems of his patients, to present precise and well-thought-out diagnosis, and to suggest the best possible treatment tailored to patients' individual needs has earned him the reputation of a prominent gastroenterologist. In addition, he is known to spend time and effort in clarifying patient concerns.

Prof S. K. Acharya is also a revered teacher. He has trained many young doctors who now carry his legacy forward across the world. After providing almost 40 years of public service at AIIMS, New Delhi, he now serves as the Pro Chancellor KIIT University Bhubaneswar and HOD Gastroenterology and Hepatology PBMH KIMS(KIIT University, Bhubaneswar)[http://kims.kiit.ac.in/news.html#char ] and Executive Director of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at [http://www.fortishealthcare.com/india/doctors/dr-subrat-kumar-acharya-1731 Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi.]

In 2012 he was appointed director of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS, Bhubaneswar]], but chose to continue his service as the Head of the Department of Gastroenterology at [[AIIMS New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Neurosurgery professor named director of new hospital|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Neurosurgery-professor-named-director-of-new-hospital/articleshow/14757095.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Padma Shree]], 2014
* Mitra Olympus Endoscopy Award
* P N Berry Award
* Commonwealth Medical Fellowship Award
* Om Prakash Memorial Award
* Best Young Investigator Award by Asia-Pacific Association for Study of the Liver
* Samanta Chandrasekhar Award, 2003 <ref>{{cite web|title=Details of the Previous Winners|url=http://orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/%28S%28jady00nncb3uae45galwvije%29%29/award_scs_prv_winner.html|publisher=Odisha Bigyan Academy|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/New-head-for-AIIMS-city-unit/articleshow/10062017.cms Educational Qualification]
* [http://orissadiary.com/prof-dr-subrata-kumar-acharya-nominated-aiims-bbs-president/ Prof. (Dr.) Subrata Kumar Acharya Nominated AIIMS-BBS President]
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Subrat Kumar}}

[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:People from Balasore district]]
[[Category:Indian gastroenterologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Odisha]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Harkishan Singh

2021-05-20T12:08:02Z

Vinayaraj:

{{short description|Indian pharmaceutical chemist}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harkishan Singh
| image = Professor-Harkishan-Singh.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|11|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lyallpur District, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|3|20|1928|11|25|df=y}}
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.Pharm. [[Panjab University]] (1950), M.Pharm. [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1952), Ph.D. [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1956), D.Sc. (Honoris Causa) [[University of the Sciences]] (2014),D.Sc. (Honoris Causa) [[Panjab University]] (2016)
| occupation = Pharmaceutical Chemist
| notable_works = ''Neuromuscular Blocker [[Candocuronium]] (Chandonium)''|
| spouse = Mrs Gian Kaur
| partner =
| children = Tript P Singh (son) Dr. Manjeet Kaur (daughter)
| parents =
| relatives = Harinder S Panaser (son in law )
| awards = Padma Shri (2017)
| website = [http://www.profharkishansingh.com/ www.profharkishansingh.com ]
}}

'''Harkishan Singh''' (25 November 1928 – 20 March 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/padma-shri-awardee-prof-harkishan-passes-away-59676 |title=Padma Shri awardee Prof Harkishan passes away |date=2020-03-23 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> was Professor Emeritus at the [[Panjab University]] ([[Chandigarh]], [[India]]). He was a well recognized pharmaceutical academic, medicinal chemistry researcher and science historian. He had more than half a century experience in his respective fields to his credit. He worked at the [[Banaras Hindu University]], University of Saugar, and the [[Panjab University]] in India, and abroad at the [[University of Maryland]], [[University of Mississippi]] and the [[University of London]].

His scientific research had been in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry and natural products. Nearly 50 master and doctoral theses were completed under his supervision. There were published 125 original scientific research papers. 14 patents were obtained. His research group was successful in designing a clinically useful [[Muscle relaxant|skeletal muscle relaxant]], [[candocuronium iodide]] (INN) (chandonium iodide, HS-310), which is a synthetic [[azasteroid]]. Dr Singh lectured on his research at several of the institutions and conferences in India, United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom and China. He had delivered invited lectures at the [[Harvard School of Medicine]] and at the International Symposium on Molecular Structure sponsored by the [[International Union of Crystallography]] at [[Beijing]].

As a science historian Professor Singh examined the history of pharmaceutical developments in India of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His history research studies were on pharmacopoeias and formularies, pharmaceutical education, pharmacy practice, biographies of pharmaceutical luminaries, and pharmaceutical journalism. He published over fifty articles.

In addition to his scientific and history research papers, Dr Singh authored and/or co-authored twelve books and nearly two dozen review articles, including several book chapters. He wrote extensively on educational, scientific, historical and professional issues. All told, his publications came to well over 300.

Professor Singh was on many academic, scientific, professional and governmental bodies. He was a member of the Committee on Education in Medicinal Chemistry of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC), which prepared the Report on the International Education of Medicinal Chemists (IUPAC Technical Reports Number 13; 1974).

His affiliations with several scientific and professional organizations included emeritus membership of the American Chemical Society, life memberships of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association and Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India, and memberships of the American Institute of History of Pharmacy and British Society for History of Pharmacy.

Professor Harkishan Singh was the recipient of several scientific and professional awards and recognitions. He was a National Fellow of the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. He was General President of the Indian Pharmaceutical Congress. He received Eminent Pharmacist Award of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association. Dr Singh's standing as historian was recognized through his election to the '''Académie Internationale d'Histoire de la Pharmacie'''. The University of the Sciences in Philadelphia conferred upon Professor Harkishan Singh the degree of [[Doctor of Science]] ([[Honoris Causa]]) in recognition of his distinguished academic career and outstanding contributions to scientific research in organic and medicinal chemistry and the history of pharmacy.<ref>http://www.usciences.edu/newsevents/newsdetails.aspx?Channel=/Channels/Admissions/Admissions+Content&WorkflowItemID=0d6a1864-3bbc-4b52-94e4-bd449a05a7fa</ref>

__TOC__

==Neuromuscular Blocker Candocuronium (Chandonium)==
A new neuromuscular blocker, initially named as Chandonium Iodide, was designed and synthesized by the research group of Professor Harkishan Singh at the Panjab University, Chandigarh. The pharmacological testing was carried out at the University at Strathclyde. The toxicity studies at the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, did not reveal any adverse effects. The clinical studies were also successfully completed through the CDRI. The proceedings of the symposium on the clinical testing on Chandonium Iodide were published in the Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Pharmacology, 10, 109–151 (1994). The drug was cleared by the [[Ministry of Health]], [[Government of India]], for manufacturing and clinical use. [[The World Health Organization]] gave to the drug the INN designation Candocuronium Iodide. The drug is a potent non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker with short duration of action. The injections can be sterilized by autoclaving. The preparation can be stored at room temperature without any loss of activity.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==Career==
* Lecturer in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, 1953–56
* Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Saugar, 1956–64
* Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Maryland, U.S.A., 1958–61 (on leave of absence from the University of Saugar)
* Reader in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panjab University, 1964–72
* Visiting Professor and Research Fellow in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Mississippi, U.S.A.1967–68 (on leave of absence from the Panjab University)
* Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellow, University of London, U.K., 1971–72 (on leave of absence from the Panjab University)
* Professor, Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Panjab University, 1972–88
* Head, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, 1976–81
* Dean, Alumni Relations, Panjab University, 1979–84
* Dean, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, 1981–85
* Emeritus Fellow (University Grants Commission), Panjab University, 1989–92
* Professor Emeritus, Panjab University, since 2003

==Awards and honors==
* 1975 Annual Award of the Shri Amrut Mody Research Foundation
* President, Indian Pharmaceutical Congress, Thirty-third Session (1981), Jaipur
* 1983 G. P. Srivastava Memorial Award, Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India, Nagpur
* 1984 Professor M. L. Khorana Lectureship, Indian Pharmaceutical Association, Bombay
* National Fellow, University Grants Commission, 1985–87; the only pharmaceutical academic to get this honour
* 1987 Ranbaxy Research Award in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ranbaxy Research Foundation, New Delhi
* Elected Member, Academie Internationale d'Historie de la Pharmacie, 1995
* 1998 Schroff Memorial National Award, Indian Hospital Pharmacists' Association, New Delhi
* 1999 Eminent Pharmacist Award, Indian Pharmaceutical Association, Bombay
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Uttar Pradesh Technical University, 2006
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Chandigarh Science Congress, 2007
* Shri Bhojraj Panjamool Lifetime Achievement Award, Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India, Bangalore, 2007
* Lifetime Achievement Award, 59th Indian Pharmaceutical Congress, Banaras Hindu University, 2007
* Shri Ramanbhai B. Patel Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award, Indian Pharmaceutical Association, Mumbai, 2010
* Invited Lecture Delivered at Workshop on "Science in India in the 20th Century," Asiatic Society, Kolkata, 2011
* Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) conferred by the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 2014
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Punjab Academy of Sciences, Patiala, 2015
* Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) conferred by the Panjab University, Chandigarh, India., 2016
* [[Padma Shri]] in Medicine in Jan 2017 by Govt. Of India for his notable work.<ref>{{cite news |title=In 2017, Padma Awards to honour unsung heroes of healthcare|url=http://medicaldialogues.in/in-2017-padma-awards-to-honour-unsung-heroes-of-healthcare/ |publisher=Medical Dialogues|date=27 January 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.profharkishansingh.com/ www.profharkishansingh.com]
{{Authority control}}
{{Muscle relaxants}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harkishan}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:University System of Maryland people]]
[[Category:University of Mississippi faculty]]
[[Category:Panjab University faculty]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University people]]
[[Category:University of the Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chandigarh]]

Kannur Medical College, Anjarakandy

2021-05-20T03:28:54Z

Vinayaraj: Vinayaraj moved page Kannur Medical College to Kannur Medical College, Anjarakandy: There is a Government Medical College at Kannur, so removing ambiguity

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{For|The Government Medical college located at Pariyaram|Government Medical College, Kannur}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Kannur Medical College
| native_name = Anjarakandy Medical College
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = 2006
| closed =
| type = Private self-financing
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Vidyadhar NR Rao
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Kannur]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| province =
| country = India{{flagicon|India}}
| coor =
| campus = 218 acres
| former_names =
| free_label = Registration
| free = [[Indian Medical Council]]
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = KMCH
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kerala University of Health and Allied Sciences]] and [[Kannur University]]
| website = http://kannurmedicalcollege.ac.in
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kannur Medical College''' is a private self-financing medical college located in [[Anjarakandy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kannurmedicalcollege.ac.in/history.php|title=KMCH|website=kannurmedicalcollege.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://anjarakandy.in/|title=Anjarakandy Intragated Campus|website=anjarakandy.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Kerala]]

{{Kerala-university-stub}}

Jasbir Singh Bajaj

2021-05-15T13:07:50Z

Vinayaraj:

{{use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Jasbir Singh Bajaj''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[physician]] and [[diabetologist]]. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian award, for his outstanding contribution to the [[medical sciences]] and research, and his efforts to improve the [[healthcare]] delivery system.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bahuguna-aishwarya-dhoni-on-padma-list/415213/0 | work=Indian Express | title= Bahuguna, Aishwarya, Dhoni on Padma list}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/370836.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126005826/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/370836.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-26 |work=Hindustan Times |title=List of Padma winners }}</ref> Earlier he was decorated with the [[Padma Shri]] in 1981 and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1982.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=November 15, 2014 }}</ref> He was the ninth person in the country to receive the award for services in the field of medicine and research.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.punjabnewspaper.com/wordpress/2009/01/25/dr-j-s-bajaj-gets-padma-vibhushan/| work=Pubjab Newspaper Service| title= Dr J S Bajaj gets Padma Vibhushan}}</ref>

Bajaj was a member (health) of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] with the rank of [[Minister of state]] in 1991–98. He joined the [[AIIMS]] faculty in 1966 and in 1979 was appointed professor and head of medicine. He was appointed honorary physician to the [[President of India]] during 1977-1982 and again from 1987 to 1992. He was also consultant physician to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]] from 1991 to 1996. He specialized in [[endocrinology]] and was honoured by the [[Karolinska Institutet|Karolinska Institute]], [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] when, at the time of its 175th anniversary celebration in 1985, [[Doctor of Medicine|Doctorate in Medicine]] was conferred upon him.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-01/chandigarh/28002275_1_padma-vibhushan-physicians-aiims-faculty|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120701133155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-01/chandigarh/28002275_1_padma-vibhushan-physicians-aiims-faculty|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2012-07-01|work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Jasbir S Bajaj awarded Padma Vibhushan}}</ref> He was a fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians]] of [[London]] as well as of [[Edinburgh]], and of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name="List of Fellows - NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows - NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=March 19, 2016}}</ref> He was also a founder fellow of the Indian College of Physicians.
Prof. Bajaj died on January 8, 2019.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj, Jasbir Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian endocrinologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi faculty]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian diabetologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}