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IDFC Project Equity

2026-05-07T15:10:24Z

Vilianarij: entry

{{Short description|Finance company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=April 2009}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = IDFC Project Equity Company Limited
| logo = IDFC logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
|type = [[Limited liability company]]
| foundation =2008
| key_people =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Private Equity]]
| products = [[Investments]], [[private equity fund]]s
| assets =
| parent = [[Infrastructure Development Finance Company]]
| homepage = [http://www.idfcprojectequity.com/ www.idfcprojectequity.com]
| num_employees =
}}

'''IDFC Project Equity''' is a finance company based in [[India]] and subsidiary of Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited ([[IDFC]]).

IDFC Project Equity manages the India Infrastructure Fund (IIF), a [[SEBI]]-registered domestic venture capital fund focused on infrastructure with a corpus of INR 35 billion (US$875 million). IIF focuses on investing equity for the long-term in a diversified portfolio of infrastructure assets in India.

==History==
IDFC Project Equity Company Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of IDFC. It was set up as part of the 'India Infrastructure Financing Initiative', a collaboration between the Government of India and financial institutions to deploy US$5 billion in capital for infrastructure projects in India.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.idfcbank.com/wholesale-banking.html IDFC Project Equity Company]
* [http://www.idfc.com/ IDFC - Infrastructure Development Finance Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313063150/http://www.idfc.com/ |date=13 March 2009 }}

{{Private equity firms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Idfc Project Equity}}
[[Category:Investment management companies of India]]
[[Category:Mutual funds of India]]
[[Category:Private equity firms]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Wasbir Hussain

2026-04-30T00:44:02Z

Vilianarij: New

{{Short description|Indian journalist, author, moderator and political commentator}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name=Wasbir Hussain
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Sibsagar]], Assam{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
| birth_date = 
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation =
| alias =
| title =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| television = [[North East Live]], [[News Live (Indian TV channel)|News Live]]
| years_active = 1984 – present
| credits = ''Talk Time with Wasbir Hussain – A Weekly English Talk Show on News Live, on air since 2008''
| URL =
}}
'''Wasbir Hussain''' is an Indian journalist, author, and political commentator specializing in peace, security and development in [[Northeast India]]. He is the Editor-in-Chief of [[North East Live]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur Debate with Editor-in-Chief Wasbir Hussain |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/manipur-debate-with-editor-in-chief-wasbir-hussain/ |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=[[North East Live]] |date=12 June 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
Beginning his career as a journalist in 1984, Hussain covered Northeast India, Bangladesh and Bhutan for major Indian newspapers and journals, including ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''The Telegraph'', ''India Today Group Online'', and ''Outlook''. He was also Editor of The Northeast Daily, an English daily from Guwahati, and was Consulting Editor of ''[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]]'', a premier English daily from Assam. He had also been Consulting Editor of Times Now TV (2009-2016).{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Hussain has written regularly for The Associated Press and a host of other newspapers and journals.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Besides, his writings on security issues concerning India's Northeast and its surrounding foreign neighbours appear regularly in strategic affairs think tanks and journals. His major research work has been on the issues of insurgency and trans-national insurgency in Northeast India, comparative study of ethnic insurrections in Northeast India and the Maoist rebellion in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, the problem of illegal migration and demographic 'invasion' in Northeast India, ethno-nationalism, and India's Act East Policy. He has also reviewed strategic and political developments in Myanmar and China and written opinion pieces on these issues.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

One of the founders of the research and policy think tank, the Centre for Development and Peace Studies,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Development and Peace Studies |url=http://cdpsindia.org/aboutus.asp |access-date=8 November 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720024859/http://cdpsindia.org/aboutus.asp |url-status=usurped }}</ref> he is currently its executive director. In 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=WASBIR HUSSAIN APPOINTED NSAB MEMBER |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=12 August 2006}} {{ProQuest|470931818}}</ref> and 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Prime Minister Reconstitutes National Security Advisory Board |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37342 |website=pib.nic.in |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001223842/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37342 |archive-date=October 1, 2013 |date=11 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hussain was appointed a member of India's [[National Security Council (India)#National Security Advisory Board|National Security Advisory Board]].

He is the Editor-in-Chief of [[North East Live]], northeastern India's first satellite English News Channel, with headquarters in Guwahati. The channel is the latest venture of Pride East Entertainments Pvt Ltd, the region's largest media group. Hussain hosts a debate show on the Channel titled 'Northeast Tonight with Wasbir Hussain, telecast every Saturday at 8 pm. The program involves discussion on current trending topics in Northeast India. He also hosts a weekly English talk show 'Talk Time with Wasbir Hussain' on [[News Live (Indian TV channel)|News Live]], a Group channel. In 2017, Hussain and two of his associates established the region's first state-of-the-art Television Media Institute at Guwahati called Turning Point Institute of Media & Creative Skills.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Critical reception==
In the 2003 collection ''Missing Boundaries: Refugees, Migrants, Stateless and Internally Displaced Persons in South Asia'', based on 2002 Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) conference proceedings, Hussain contributed a chapter with a case study on [[Bangladeshi diaspora|Bangladeshi migrants]] into Northeast India, and according to a review by Alan B. Anderson in ''[[Pacific Affairs]]'', "What might have seemed to be some rather obvious refugee and population displacement dilemmas to include in the book are missing, at least as separate case studies, yet the cases that are included are important and interesting."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Alan B. |title=Missing Boundaries: Refugees, Migrants, Stateless and Internally Displaced Persons in South Asia. |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |date=Summer 2005 |volume=78 |issue=2 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A138950622/AONE |access-date=18 June 2023|via=Gale}}</ref> A review by Sanjana Chappalli in ''[[South Asia Research]]'', despite finding the book "a little one-sided" for presenting "the migrant population as contributing to conflict and security problems," acknowledges the effort to focus on displacement and migration, including in how "this volume directs the gaze upon lesser known migrant communities - the Lhotsampas following their eviction from Bhutan, the Bihari Muslims in Bangladesh, the Burmese Rohingayas in Bangladesh, and the internally displaced people in Sri Lanka."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chappalli |first1=Sanjana |title=Book Review: Missing Boundaries: Refugees, Migrants, Stateless People and Internally Displaced People in South Asia |journal=[[South Asia Research]] |date=November 2005 |volume=25 |issue=2 |doi=10.1177/02627280050250021 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026272800502500210?journalCode=sara |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>

In 2006, Hussain released ''Homemakers Without the Men: Assam's Widows of Violence'', described in a review by the [[Indo-Asian News Service]], published in ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'', as a book "about 12 courageous women - who lost their husbands or kin during the decades-long insurgency in Assam - but have not given up on life," which also notes Hussain "has been writing on insurgency and ethnic strife in Assam and other northeastern states for more than two decades and has short-listed women survivors from across the state for his work."<ref>{{cite news|last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |title=Assam's widows of violence: defying all odds |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=14 September 2006}} {{ProQuest|470905863}}</ref> Guwahati-based sociologist [[Anima Guha]] said Hussain "has brought out the pathos, trauma, struggle and challenges of these remarkable women."<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam's widows of terror become breadwinners |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/1203710/report-assam-s-widows-of-terror-become-breadwinners |work=[[Zee Media Corporation#Online|DNA]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002130643/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/1203710/report-assam-s-widows-of-terror-become-breadwinners |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Amrit Jyoti Mahanta writes in a review of the book in ''[[The Hindu]]'', "To his credit, the author refrains from judgmental statements while narrating the incidents. Apart from pointing out various related issues like economic hardship (except in the case of a fortunate few) and at times loneliness (ostracized by a panic-stricken society), he argues for some urgent necessities like professional counselling to the shocked family members."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahanta |first1=Amrit Jyoti |title=Stories of grit and gumption |url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/10/01/stories/2006100100160400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010112505/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/10/01/stories/2006100100160400.htm |archive-date=10 October 2006}}</ref>

In December 2010, Hussain released the authorized biography ''Tarun Gogoi: The Inside Story of a Blunt Politician'', about the now-former Chief Minister of Assam, [[Tarun Gogoi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Aiyar releases Gogoi's biography |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec2810/city05 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=28 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811080708/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec2810/city05 |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Syed Zarir |title=From climbing trees to scaling political heights – Tarun Gogoi |url=https://twocircles.net/2010dec27/climbing_trees_scaling_political_heights_tarun_gogoi.html |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Talukdar |first1=Shushanta |title=Daimary-led NDFB faction willing to enter truce, says Gogoi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/daimaryled-ndfb-faction-willing-to-enter-truce-says-gogoi/article996505.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905192013/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/daimaryled-ndfb-faction-willing-to-enter-truce-says-gogoi/article996505.ece |archive-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> A review by Pramathesh Borkotoky in the magazine ''Fried Eye'' states, "The book is not a typical political biography. The author attempts to touch certain aspects of political history of Assam through the eyes of Tarun Gogoi," and "I would have liked if the book also addressed some of the more serious allegations made against him than those addressed here."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borkotoky |first1=Pramathesh |title=Review: Tarun Gogoi – the inside story of a blunt politician |url=https://www.friedeye.com/2011/01/review-tarun-gogoi-%E2%80%93-the-inside-story-of-a-blunt-politician.html |work=Fried Eye |date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002152100/https://www.friedeye.com/2011/01/review-tarun-gogoi-%E2%80%93-the-inside-story-of-a-blunt-politician.html |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

In the 2012 collection ''Armed Conflicts in South Asia 2011: The Promise and Threat of Transformation'', edited by D. Suba Chandran and P.R. Chari, which was described by Raviprasad Narayana in a review for the ''Journal of International and Global Studies'' as "a comprehensive survey of the conflicts plaguing the region" that "brings together an eclectic group of scholars and practitioners," Hussain contributed a chapter on [[Northeast India|northeast region]] conflict, and "attributes the sustainability of the conflict to several reasons: the plethora of armed groups in a region which is an ethnic mosaic, the existence of porous borders making the situation complicated, the development process undertaken by the union government to work hand-in-hand with anti-insurgency operations, need for the Armed Forces Special Powers Act to be repealed or amended, and the lack of a regional anti-terror network."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narayana |first1=Raviprasad |title=India and South Asian Security Issues: Problems Aplenty, Solutions Hazy, Prospects Unsettling |journal=Journal of International and Global Studies |date=2014 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1194&context=jigs |access-date=18 June 2023 |publisher=[[Lindenwood University]]}}</ref> A review in ''HIMALAYA'' by Olivia Molden notes Hussain's chapter covers "the rise of terrorism in Northeast India," and the collection, which is "part of an annual series on the state of peace and conflict on the Indian subcontinent [, ...] paints a picture of dynamic and persistent conflict across South Asia."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Molden |first1=Olivia |title=Review of "Armed Conflicts in South Asia 2011: The Promise and Threat of Transformation" edited by D. Suba Chandran and P. R.Threat of Transformation" edited by D. Suba Chandran and P. R. ChariCha |journal=HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies |date=December 2016 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=147–148 |url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/24https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol36/iss2/24 |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
* [[Sanskriti Foundation]] Award for excellence in journalism<ref>{{cite web |title=Recipients of Sanskriti Awards (1979-2011) |url=http://www.sanskritifoundation.org/awardees-list.pdf |website=sanskritifoundation.org |publisher=[[Sanskriti Foundation]] |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>
* 2005 Kunjabala Devi Memorial Award (for investigating reporting on women's issues; his 12-part series of articles on widows "who lost their husbands during insurgency and other forms of violence")<ref>{{cite news |title=KUNJABALA, PABINDRA SARMA AWARDS ANNOUNCED |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=16 November 2006}} {{ProQuest|469490762}}</ref>
* 2022 All Assam Journalists' Union award<ref>{{cite news |title=AAJU announces journalism awards |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=11 April 2022}} {{ProQuest|2649149301}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Some of the books Hussain has authored or edited touches on issues of communal harmony and has succeeded in highlighting the devastating impact of violence and insurgency. His books include:
* ''Homemakers Without The Men: Assam's Widows Of Violence'' (Indialog Publications, New Delhi, 2006)
* ''Child Victims of Ethnic Violence'' (Bulwark Books & Institute for Conflict management, New Delhi, 2004),
* ''Order in Chaos: Essays on Conflict in India's Northeast and the Road to Peace in South Asia'' (Spectrum Publications, Guwahati / New Delhi, 2006),<ref>{{cite web|title=Order in Chaos |url=http://www.cdpsindia.org/publication.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905072337/http://www.cdpsindia.org/publication.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 September 2013|accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref>
* ''Positive in Rhino Land: Battle against HIV/AIDS in Assam'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2008)<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2008/07/15/hiv-assuming-serious-proportions-in-the-northeast-1216121590.html "HIV assuming serious proportions in the Northeast"], [[Oneindia.in]], 15 July 2008</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122239/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1513592121.html "Book on HIV/AIDS Released"], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' via ''[[Assam Tribune]]'', 14 July 2008</ref>
* ''Peace Tools & Conflict Nuances in India's Northeast'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2010),<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace Tools and Conflict Nuances |url=http://www.cdpsindia.org/publication.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905072337/http://www.cdpsindia.org/publication.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 September 2013 |accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref>
* ''Tarun Gogoi: The Inside Story of a Blunt Politician'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2010)
* ''Chord of Harmony: Sattras and Dargahs of Assam'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2010, co-authored with Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta),<ref>{{cite web |title=Chord of Harmony |url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/3706 |work=[[Assam Times]] |date=12 April 2010 |accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref>
* ''Kamrup: The Mirror of Assam's Past and Present'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2013, co-edited with Ashutosh Agnihotri).<ref>{{cite web |title=Coffee Tabler, Kamrup: Mirror of Assam's Past & Present launched |url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/7914 |work=Assam Times |date=10 February 2013 |accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref>
* ''Northeast India: The Maoist Spread'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2014),
* ''Shared Rivers in South Asia: Challenges and Prospects in Lower Riparian States'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2015),
* ''Assamese Cinema: 80 Years'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2015, co-edited with Maini Mahanta),
* ''Power Play in Assam Hills: Aspirations, Developments & Politics in Dima Hasao'' (Wordweaves India, Guwahati, 2017)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |last1=Haokip |first1=Thongkholal |title=Is There a Pan-North-East Identity and Solidarity? |journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]] |date=8 September 2012 |volume=47 |issue=36 |page=84 |url=https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=102065004071020064087000014072029077054008067084052039088087095121110004072069002065097018031059009044096126009074018003097003031069088002093021082108064071115091069071043020005071090005122120005022107082070067119031085006008078025108090000113007001113&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE |access-date=19 June 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Batabyal |first1=Somnath |title=Illusions of Empowerment: Television News and Assamese Identity |journal=[[Television & New Media]] |date=May 2015 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=365–366 |doi=10.1177/1527476415573955 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=fbc603b0886cad609da493e2c352733c5f267574 |access-date=19 June 2023|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Hongzhou |title=Sino-Indian water disputes: the coming water wars? |journal=[[WIREs Water]] |date=March 2016 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=155–166 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1123 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016WIRWa...3..155Z }}
* {{cite news |last1=Firaque |first1=Kabir |last2=Agarwala |first2=Tora |title=Assam's Muslims: why some have been declared 'indigenous' and some left out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-assam-indigenous-muslims-8022121/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |title=Talk time with Wasbir Hussain |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0FbM_edGBRkZ2UM_B3eyjg}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Wasbir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

Kali (demon)

2026-04-28T02:25:43Z

Vilianarij:

{{short description|Personification of sin and strife in Hindu mythology}}
{{distinguish|text = the goddess [[Kali]]}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Kali.png
| caption = Depiction of Kali
| name = Kali
| Devanagari = कलि/कली
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Kali
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation = [[Gandharva|Deva-Gandharvas]] (in ''Mahabharata'') [[Asura]] (in ''Puranas'')
| god_of = Personification of Sin
}}

'''Kali''' ([[Devanagari|Devanāgari]]: {{lang|sa|कलि}}, [[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Kali}}'', with both vowels short; from a [[Root (linguistics)|root]] ''{{IAST|kad}}'', 'suffer, hurt, startle, confuse') is the personification of sin which presides over the [[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]], the present era characterized by moral decline and disorder in [[Hinduism]]. His origins and role in the cosmic cycle are detailed in various texts, including the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' and ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhāgavata Purāṇa]]''.

According to the ''Mahābhārata'', Kali is a sinister [[Gandharva|deva-gandharva]], born as the fifteenth son of the progenitor sage [[Kashyapa]] and Munni. As the lord of the Kaliyuga, Kali exerts his influence by promoting sinful acts, confined by King [[Parikshit]] to five domains: gambling, drinking, prostitution, murder, and gold. His narrative intertwines with figures like [[Nala]], whom he possessed and tormented, and [[Duryodhana]], considered his incarnation in the ''Mahābhārata''.{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

Later Puranic texts reinterpret his origins, making him more fearsome and powerful, as well as associating him with personifications of malevolent forces such as [[Adharma]] (unrighteousness), Krodha (anger), Himsa (violence), Mithya (falsehood), [[Durukti]] (slander), and [[Alakshmi]] (misfortune). The [[Kalki Purana|''Kalki Purāṇa'']] focus on his role as the nemesis of [[Kalki]], the tenth and final [[avatar]] of the Hindu preserver deity, [[Vishnu]]. At the close of the Kaliyuga, he is prophesied to face Kalki in a climactic battle that will end his reign and restore righteousness, restarting the cycle of four [[Yuga|yugas]].

==Mahabharata==
{{See also|Gandharva Kingdom#The Gandharvas mentioned in Mahabharata|l1=The Gandharvas mentioned in Mahabharata}}According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Kali was born as the fifteenth son of [[Kashyapa]] and his wife Muni. Kaśyapa, a prominent sage and progenitor, fathered sixteen sons, among whom Kali was classified as a ''deva-[[gandharva]]'' (a divine being associated with celestial musicians). His siblings included other gandharvas—Bhīmasena, Ugrasena, Suparṇa, Varuṇa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Gopati, Suvarcas, Satyavāk, Arkaparṇa, Prayuta, Viśruta, [[Citraratha]], Śāliśiras, Parjanya, and Nārada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Puranic_Encyclopedia/mvXsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA1&printsec=frontcover |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}</ref>[[Image:Ravi Varma-Princess Damayanthi talking with Royal Swan about Nala.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Damayanti speaking with a celestial swan]]
The [[gandharva]] Kali became jealous when he was late to Princess [[Damayanti]]'s [[Swayamvara]] ceremony and discovered she had overlooked the deities [[Indra]], [[Agni]], [[Varuna]], and [[Yama]] (and ultimately himself) to choose [[Nala]] as her husband. In anger, Kali spoke to his companion Dvapara, the personification of [[Dvapara Yuga]]:

{{blockquote|I am ill able, O Dvapara, to suppress my anger. I shall possess Nala, deprive him of his kingdom, and he shall no more sport with Bhima's daughter. Entering the dice, it behoveth thee to help me.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/index.htm SECTION LVIII]</ref>}}

Kali travelled to the great Nala's kingdom of [[Nishadhas]] and waited twelve long years for the right moment to strike. Because Nala had rendered himself impure by not washing his feet before his prayers, Kali was able to bewitch his soul. Kali then appeared before [[Pushkara]] and invited him to play a game of dice with his brother, guaranteeing Nala's downfall. Dvapara took the form of the ''Vrisha'' die that would be used in the fixed game. Kali forced Nala to lose and, each time, he would raise the stakes higher despite the protest of his advisors and wife. Finally, Nala lost his kingdom to Pushkara. Both he and Damayanti were exiled to the forest.
[[Image:Kondadakuli.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Duryodhana as depicted in [[Yakshagana]], a popular drama from [[Karnataka]]]]
During their exile, Kali drove Nala to abandon Damayanti, who later enacted a curse against everyone that had caused the downfall of her husband. She eventually returned home after a short time as a handmaiden to the Princess of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]]. Nala, meanwhile, saved the [[Nāga|naga]] [[Karkotaka]] from fire (where he was cursed to suffer by sage [[Narada]]). Intending to exorcise the devil within him, the serpent bit Nala, injecting him with deadly poisons that forever tortured Kali. The venom also changed Nala into an ugly dwarf named Bahuka. He later became the charioteer of the [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] King [[Rituparna]], who was a master mathematician and dice player.

Years later, King Rituparna revealed to Bahuka the supreme skill of controlling the dice in exchange for [[horsemanship]] lessons. This skill awakened Nala from Kali's control and allowed him (with the help of Damayanti's curse and Karkotaka's venom) to exorcise the asura (demon);<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/asura | title=Asura | Hindu mythology | Britannica | date=18 July 2023 }}</ref> vomiting him in the form of poison from his mouth. Nala forced Kali's trembling spirit into a Vibhitaka tree. He then counted the fruits of the tree and left in search of his wife and later regained his true form. Kali returned to his abode as well.

Kali was then later incarnated as king [[Duryodhana]], eldest of the one hundred [[Kaurava]] brothers. His companion Dvapara became his uncle [[Shakuni]]. The day Duryodhana was born, he unleashed a donkey-like scream which the donkeys outside the home replied to. Despite the advice from [[Vidura]] to discard the evil baby, Duryodhana's father [[Dhritarashtra]] kept the child because of his blind love for his son and overlooked his responsibility as the King.

At the onset of [[Kali Yuga]], once king [[Parikshit]] went hunting in the forest. Just then in the middle of the way, Kali appeared before him and asked permission to enter his kingdom, which the king denied. Upon insisting, Parikshit allowed him five places to reside: where there is gambling, alcohol consumption, prostitution, animal slaughter and illicitly acquired gold. Kali smartly entered into Parikshit's golden crown (which [[Bhima]] had claimed after killing [[Jarasandha]] and had kept in the palace, Parikshit was attracted to the beauty of the crown and started wearing it from then on) and spoiled his thoughts. Parikshit entered the hut of a sage named Shamika as he was thirsty. He found the sage in deep meditation. He bowed to him several times but there was no response. In anger, he took a dead snake and threw it around the sage's neck. Later when the sage's son, Shringin, heard of this incident he cursed the king to die of snake bite on the seventh day. On hearing this, the king forswore the throne for his son [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] and spent his last seven days listening to the discourses of sage [[Shuka]], compiled as the Bhagavata Purana under the banyan tree of Shukratal. As prophesied, the snake king [[Takshaka]] bit Parikshita, who left his mortal remains behind and attained Moksha.

==Puranic accounts==
The [[Kalki Purana]] describes him as a huge being, the color of [[soot]], with a large tongue, and a terrible stench. From his birth, he carried an ''Upasthi'' (worship) bone. The Kalki Purana says that this asura (demon) chose gambling, liquor, prostitution, slaughter and illicitly obtained gold as his permanent abodes.<ref name=kalki/> The ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' states Kali is "of a class of mythic beings (related to the [[Gandharvas]], and supposed by some to be fond of gambling)".<ref>Monier-Williams, Monier, Sir.Sanskrit-English Dictionary {{ISBN|0-19-864308-X}}</ref> The [[Bhagavata Purana]] describes Kali as wearing the garments of a king and portrays him as a brownish-skinned asura (demon) with a dog-like face, protruding fangs, pointed ears and long green bushy hair, wearing a red [[loin cloth]] and golden jewelry.

===Markandeya Purana===
According to [[Markandeya Purana]], the [[Brahmin]] ''Pravara'' was given a magical ointment that allowed him to fly. But when he flew to the Himalayas, the ointment was washed away from the bottoms of his feet keeping him from returning home to his wife. During this time, the [[Apsara|nymph]] Varuthini fell madly in love with him and begged the Brahmin to stay with her forever. But eventually, he rejected her. He prayed to Agni who returned him home safely.

The [[gandharva]] Kali was in love with ‘‘Varuthini’’ and had been rejected by her in the past. He saw how she hungered for the Brahmin, so he took on the appearance of Pravara and came before the courtesan. He led her into the bedchamber and told her to close her eyes during their sex [''sambhoga'']. As they made love, Varuthini noticed that his body became flaming hot and believed it was because his Brahmin spirit was infused with the [[sacrificial fire]]. After climax, Kali, still-as-Pravara, left the apsara and returned to his abode. Varuthini soon became pregnant and nine months later gave birth to a human child that not only looked like the Brahmin but possessed his soul as well.<ref>Doniger, Wendy. ''The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade''. University Of Chicago Press, 2000 ({{ISBN|0226156427}})</ref> The authors of the book ''Science in Culture'' comment this was an example of the Sanskrit phrase "from his semen and from her thinking," meaning the child was indeed Pravara's child because she believed it was his.<ref>Graubard, Stephen R. and Everett Mendelsohn. ''Science in Culture''. Ed. Peter Galison and Stephen Graubard. Transaction Publishers, 2001 ({{ISBN|0765806738}})</ref>

In another version, Kali stipulates that he would only marry the apsara if she keeps her eyes closed while they are in the forest (presumably making love). However, Kali leaves after their marriage and the birth of their son ''Svarocisa''. Svarocisa grows up to become a very learned scholar of the Vedas and learns to speak the languages of all creatures from one of his three wives. He later marries a goddess and fathers [[Manu (Hinduism)|Svarocisa Manu]], one of the progenitors of mankind.<ref name="sva">Prasad, Ramanuj. ''Know The Puranas''. Pustak Mahal, 2005 ({{ISBN|81-223-0912-7}})</ref>

===Bhagavata Purana===

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] states the very day and moment [[avatar]] [[Krishna]] left this earth, Kali, "who promotes all kinds of irreligious activities", came into this world.<ref name="snake">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vedabase.net/sb/1/18/en1 |title=Canto 1: Creation, Chapter 18, Verse 6 |access-date=2007-03-07 |archive-date=2021-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919054622/http://www.vedabase.net/sb/1/18/en1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After setting off to wage war against the evils of the world with his armies, Emperor [[Parikshit]], the grandson of [[Arjuna]], came across a [[Shudra|Sudra]] dressed as a king who was beating a cow and an ox with a club. Parikshit immediately led his chariot over to the scene and angrily berated the sudra for abusing the [[Cattle in religion|sacred cow]] and her mate. However, this was no ordinary sudra and these were no ordinary [[bovine]], for the sudra was Kali and the cow and ox were embodiments of the earth goddess and [[Dharma]]. The Emperor noticed the ox was standing on one of his legs because the other three had been broken by Kali. Dharma explained his four legs represented "austerity, cleanliness, mercy and truthfulness", but he had only the leg of "truth" to stand on since the other three had been broken by Kali over the preceding [[yuga]]s.<ref name="bhaga">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vedabase.net/sb/1/17/en1 |title=Canto 1: Creation, Chapter 17 |access-date=2007-03-07 |archive-date=2021-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919064717/http://www.vedabase.net/sb/1/17/en1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kali was intent on breaking all the legs that supported the reign of dharma so he could effect the expansion of his own dark reign on earth. The earth goddess cried for she had once been plentiful, but when Krishna ascended to heaven, she was forsaken and all of the prosperity left from the world. She feared evil kings like Kali would continue to lay waste to the earth.

When Parikshit raised his sword to kill Kali, the sudra stripped himself of his royal garments and prostrated himself at the emperor's feet. The emperor knew Kali tainted the world with his evil and so had no place in it and raised his sword once more. But Kali interceded again and begged the emperor to spare his life and allow him a place to live within his empire. Parikshit decided that Kali would live in "gambling houses, in taverns, in women and men of unchaste lives, in slaughtering places and in gold".<ref name="feast">Sastri, Natesa S. M. Hindu Feasts: Fasts And Ceremonies: Fasts and Ceremonies. Laurier Books Ltd., 2003 ({{ISBN|8120604024}})</ref> And as long as Parikshit ruled India, Kali stayed within the confines of these five places. This act allowed Dharma to regain his legs and the earth to be relieved of much burden. However, Parikshit was later cursed to die by snake bite after hunting in the forest and throwing a dead snake on an unresponsive sage practicing austerities. Upon the emperor's death, "Kali made his way to other places like wild fire and established his power throughout the length and breadth of the whole world."<ref name="feast" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vedabase.net/sb/1/en1 |title=See chapters 16, 17, and 18 |access-date=2007-03-07 |archive-date=2021-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919064716/http://www.vedabase.net/sb/1/en1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In another version of the tale, Kali enters into the Emperor's crown when Parikshit gives him permission to reside wherever there is gold. Upon returning home after offending the sage, Parikshit says to himself, ''[[Kali Yuga]]'s'' abode is in gold; this was on my head; hence I had so evil a thought that, having taken a dead snake cast it on the [[Rishi|sage]]’s neck. Therefore, I now understand that Kali Yuga has taken his revenge on me. How shall I escape this grievous sin?"<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Prema_s__gara.pdf?vid=OCLC22083046&id=Nd26P9p1rNkC&output=pdf&sig=1f05oX_MDQcqbVHpaoi-bGeztck The Prema-Sagara: Or the Ocean of Love] (PDF ONLY)</ref><ref>Bahadur, S.P. ''Gitavali: Complete Works of Goswami Tulsidas (Volume III)''. India: Prachya Prakashan, 1979 ({{ISBN|8121506697}})</ref>

=== Vamana Purana ===
[[Vamana Purana]] states that during [[Mahabali|Bali]]'s rule (before Vishnu's incarnation as [[Vamana]]), all the people were very righteous, causing Kali to lose his influence. He told Brahma about this and asked him for a solution. Thereafter, Kali went to the forest of Vibhitaka and the [[Satya Yuga]] began following Kali Yuga's downfall.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=anand Swarup |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313087/page/n474/mode/1up |title=The Vamana Purana With English Translation |date=1968}}</ref>

===Kalki Purana===
[[Image:Kalki.jpg|thumb|Kalki]]
{{main|Kalki Purana}}

The beginning of the Kalki Purana describes Kali's lineage starting with the Brahma, his great-great-grandfather, and ending with the birth of his grandchildren. Instead of being born of poison from the churning of the ocean of milk, he is the product of a long line of incestuous monsters born from Brahma's back. (See [[#Family lineage|Family Lineage]] below) Kali and his family were created by Brahma to hurry the dissolution of the cosmos after the [[pralaya]] period was over. When his family takes human form on earth, they further taint the hearts and minds of mankind to bring about the end of [[Dvapara Yuga]] and the beginning of [[Kali Yuga]]. During the first stage of Kali Yuga, the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varnashrama]]'' breaks down and God-worship is forsaken by man. All through the second, third, and fourth stages, man forgets the name of god and no longer offers [[yajna]] (offerings) to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]. It is at this point when [[Vishnu]] reincarnates as [[Kalki]] in the name of the devas and all of mankind to rid the cosmos of Kali's dark influence.

The remainder of the tale describes Kalki's childhood, military training under the immortal [[Parashurama]] and assisting, training and teaching Kalki on Dharma, Karma, Artha and knowledge of most ancient and necessary wisdom with military and social perspective but also help, support and join his fight against evils as greater guidance, his marriage, his preparation for war against the asura Kali, and the decisive war between the two. Kalki kicks off his campaign by performing the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice and leading his armies behind the horse as it runs freely from kingdom to kingdom. If any evil king tries to stop the horse, Kalki engages them in combat. After defeating them, he continues to follow the horse until all evil kingdoms are vanquished. When Kali finally faces Kalki's forces, his entire family blood line is wiped out by the avatar's generals and he presumably dies from wounds inflicted by [[Dharma]] and [[Satya Yuga]] personified. Kalki, meanwhile, battles and simultaneously kills the asura's most powerful generals, [[Koka and Vikoka]], twin devils adept in the dark arts.<ref name="kalki">Chaturvedi, B.K. ''Kalki Purana''. New Delhi: Diamond Books, 2004 ({{ISBN|81-288-0588-6}})</ref>

==== Churning of the ocean of milk ====
According to a lesser known [[Madhwas|Madhva]] version of the legend, during the [[Samudra Manthana|churning of the ocean of milk]], a great poison known as [[halahala]] was produced, which [[Vayu]], the god of wind, rubbed in his hands to reduce its potency. Then a small portion was given to god [[Shiva]], turning his throat blue. The rest was collected in a golden vessel and digested by Vayu. (One source states he drank the ''Kalakuta'' poison of [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] [[nāga]].<ref>Mutalik, Keshav M. ''Jagannath Dasa's Harikathamrutasara (Quintessence of Hari's Saga)''. Bombay: Focus ({{ISBN|81-7154-787-7}})</ref> Still others more commonly state that Shiva drank alone.<ref>In another version given by [[Shaivites]], Shiva alone drank the deadly poison, but his consort [[Parvati]] squeezed his neck to keep it from reaching his stomach.[http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/series/11_names_of_shiva/11_names_of_shiva_bhagawan-1.htm] Still, some traditions state [[Vayu]] drank first and Shiva last and that Vayu himself is an aspect of Shiva.</ref>) A little portion of poison that wasn't swallowed by Shiva became the body of Kali. From this poison also came, "cruel objects like snakes, wolves, and tigers."<ref name="edu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070701045713/http://www.geocities.com/prasanna_avaroth/mbtns/MBTN_2.pdf Chapter X Samudra mathana]</ref>

Later, when the [[asura]] [[Rahu]] was decapitated by Vishnu's [[Mohini]] [[avatar]], the demon's allies attacked her and all except Kali were killed. Having the power to possess the bodies of immortal and mortal beings, he entered the hearts of man and escaped, using the men he possessed to corrupt the primordial scriptures by deliberately miswriting them, generating widespread chaos. Because Kali was "invisible, unimaginable, and present in all" the only way to correct the chaos born from the miswritten texts was to completely renew the sacred scriptures entirely. Thus Vishnu descended to earth as [[Vedavyasa|Vyasa]], the compiler of the sacred scriptures [[Vedas]] and the writer of the [[Puranas]].<ref name="edu" />

==== Death ====
{{See also|Kali Yuga}}
Kali dies one-third of the way through the [[Kalki Purana]]. During the decisive battle between Kali and Kalki's armies, Kali tried to face both [[Dharma]] and [[Satya Yuga]] [[personified]], but was overwhelmed and fled on his [[donkey]] because his [[chariot]] had been destroyed, leaving his [[owl]]-[[charge (heraldry)|charged]] [[war flag]] to be trampled on the battlefield. Kali retreated to the [[citadel]] of his capital city of ''Vishasha'' where he discovered his body had been mortally stabbed and burned during his battle with the two devas. The stench of his blood billowed out and filled the atmosphere with a foul odor. When Dharma and Satya burst into the city, Kali tried to run away, but, knowing his family had been destroyed, coupled with his grievous wounds, he "entered his unmanifested years".<ref name=kalki/> This might lead some to believe he died, but one version of the Kalki Purana in the book ''The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology'' states Kali does not die but, instead, escapes through time and space to live in the [[Kali Yuga]] of the next [[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]. The author comments, "Unlike most battles between devas and asuras, however, this apparent victory is immediately undercut, for Kali escapes to reappear in 'another age'—in our age, or the next Kali Age."<ref>O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. ''The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology''. University of California Press, 1980 ({{ISBN|0520040988}})</ref> Since he had the power to manifest himself in human form on earth, he was able to forsake his dying corporeal form to escape in spirit.

=== Family lineage ===
In Kalki Purana, Kali is the great-great-grandson of [[Brahma]]. He is the son of ''Krodha'' (Anger) and his sister-turned-wife ''Himsa'' (Violence). He is the grandson of ''Dambha'' (Vanity) and his sister [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]] (Illusion). He is the great-grandson of [[Adharma]] (Impropriety) and his wife, ''Mithya'' (Falsehood). Adharma was originally created from Brahma's back as a ''malina pataka'' (a very dark and deadly sinful object).

B. K. Chaturvedi, a modern translator of the [[Kalki Purana]], states in a footnote that the growth of this dark sinful object into Adharma seems to "convey the growth of [[Kali Yuga]] and its obnoxious offshoots."<ref name=kalki/>

==== Vishnu Purana ====
Kali's family lineage is told differently in the [[Vishnu Purana]], which is a father purana to the [[Kalki Purana]]:

The wife of ''Adharma'' (vice) was ''Himsá'' (violence), on whom he begot a son ''[[Anrita]]'' (falsehood), and a daughter ''Nikriti'' (immorality): they intermarried, and had two sons, ''Bhaya'' (fear) and ''[[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka]]'' (hell); and twins to them, two daughters, ''[[Maya (religion)|Maya]]'' (deceit) and Vedaná (grief), who became their wives. The son of Bhaya and Máyá was the destroyer of living creatures, or ''Mrityu'' (death); and ''Dukha'' (pain) was the offspring of Naraka and Vedaná. The children of Mrityu were ''Vyádhi'' (disease), ''Jará'' (decay), ''Soka'' (sorrow), ''[[Trishna (Vedic thought)|Trishńa]]'' (greediness), and ''Krodha'' (wrath). These are all called the inflictors of misery, and are characterised as the progeny of Vice (Adharma). They are all without wives, without posterity, without the faculty to procreate; they are the terrible forms of Vishńu, and perpetually operate as causes of the destruction of this world. On the contrary, [[Daksha]] and the other [[rishis]], the elders of mankind, tend perpetually to influence its renovation; whilst the Manus and their sons, the heroes endowed with mighty power, and treading in the path of truth, constantly contribute to its preservation.

In this version, Himsa is Adharma's wife instead of his granddaughter.<ref name=sacred>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm#fr_212 CHAP. VII]</ref>

====Bhagavata Purana====
According to the [[Bhagavata Purana]], Adharma is the husband of ''Mrishá'' (falsehood), and the father of ''Dambha'' (hypocrisy) and Máyá (deceit), who were adopted by ''Nirritti'' (Hindu goddess of misery). The series of their descendants is also somewhat varied from our text; being in each descent, however, twins which intermarry, or Lobha (covetousness) and Nikriti, who produce Krodha (wrath) and Hinsá: their children are, Kali (wickedness) and Durukti (evil speech): their progeny are, Mrityu (death) and Bhí (fear); whose offspring are, Niraya (hell) and Yátaná (torment).<ref name=text>See [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm#fn_212 55:14]</ref>

In this version, Mrisha is the wife of Adharma and not Himsa or Mithya.

====Linga Purana====

The [[Linga Purana]] enumerates Adharma among the [[Prajapatis]] (Lords of Creatures).<ref name=text/>

====Dharma personified====

Since [[Dharma]] is one of the major antagonists of Kali, it is important to note this [[personified]] deity has his own line of offspring that work against the asura and his family to bring balance to the world. The following comes from the [[Vishnu Purana]]:

The progeny of Dharma by the daughters of [[Daksha]] were as follows: by ''Shraddha'' he had ''[[Kama]]'' (desire); by ''Lakshmi'', ''Darpa'' (pride); by ''Dhriti'', ''[[Niyama]]'' (precept); by ''Tushti'', ''Santosha'' (content); by ''Pushti'', ''Lobha'' (cupidity); by ''Medhá'', ''Sruta'' (sacred tradition); by ''[[Kriya]]'', ''[[Danda]]'', ''Naya'', and ''[[Vinaya]]'' (correction, polity, and prudence); by ''[[Buddhi]]'', ''[[Bodha]]'' (understanding); by ''Lajja'', ''[[Vinaya]]'' (good behaviour); by ''Vapu'', ''Vyavasaya'' (perseverance). ''Santi'' gave birth to ''Kshema'' (prosperity); ''[[Siddhi]]'' to ''[[Sukha]]'' (enjoyment); and ''Kírtti'' to ''Yasas''. These were the sons of Dharma; one of whom, ''[[Kama]]'', had ''Harsha'' (joy) by his wife ''Nandi'' (delight).

Again, the [[Bhagavata Purana]] gives a different account of his children's names.<ref>See [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm#fn_211 55:13]</ref>

It is described in [[Mahabharata]] as the eldest [[Pandava]] brother, [[Yudhishthira]] was the son of Dharma.

====Progeny====

Kali's sister-turned-wife, ''Durukti'' ([[Calumny]]), gave him two offspring: a son named ''Bhayanaka'' (Fear) and a daughter named ''Mrityu'' (Death). His son and daughter gave him two grandchildren: a boy named ''[[Naraka (Hinduism)|Naraka]]'' (Hell) and a girl named ''Yatana'' (Torture).<ref name=kalki/> Again, there are some discrepancies here. The [[Vishnu Purana]] says Mrityu and Bhayanak are his brother and sister. Mrityu is even represented as male instead of female.<ref name=kalki/>

Kali is the grandfather of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Svarocisa Manu]], one of the progenitors of mankind.<ref name=sva/> As previously mentioned, Kali had a son named Svarocisa with the [[Apsaras|Apsara]] Varuthini. Svarocisa once traveld to Mt. Mandara and was met by ''Manorama'', a cursed-woman being chased by an asura. In the past, she had made fun of a [[Rishi|sage]] practicing [[Tapasya]] austerities on Mt. Kailas and was cursed to be captured by an asura. When her friends ''Vibhavari'' and ''Kalavati'' berated the sage for enacting a curse for such a minor offence, he cursed one to be a [[leper]] and the other a carrier of diseases. Manorama had knowledge of a powerful spiritual weapon, but did not know how to wield it, so she taught it to Svarocisa. When the asura leaped out of the forest and grabbed ahold of the woman, Svarocis called forth the weapon. But the asura stayed his hand and explained he was actually Manorama's father, ''Indivara''. He had also been cursed to become an asura by the sage ''Brahmamitra'' because he tried to covertly obtain the secrets of [[Ayurveda]] medicine without the sage's knowledge. The sage told him that the curse would end when he was about to eat his own daughter. Once he regained his true form, Indivara taught Svarocisa the Ayurveda medication, which he used to cure Manorama's friends. He later married the three and had three sons with them. He learned the languages of all creatures from Vibhavari and the ''Padmini vidya'' from Kalavati.

Despite his prosperity, Svarocis was unhappy in his life and could hear the ducks and deer talking about him behind his back. One day he went hunting and took aim at a boar, but a deer came through the clearing and asked to be shot in its place. When he enquired why, the deer told him that she was really the goddess of the forest and wished to marry Svarocisa. So he embraced the deer and she turned into a beautiful woman. Together, they had a son named ''Dyutiman'', who later became the Svarocisa Manu.<ref name=sva/>

One source states, "Kali's wife [[Alakshmi]] and her sons who supervise evil also came from Kshirasagara [the ocean of milk]."<ref name=edu/> Alakshmi is the elderly twin sister of the Goddess [[Lakshmi]], the consort of Vishnu.<ref name=lak/> Since the Kalki Purana states his wife ''Durukti'' is his sister, Alakshmi would be a second wife because she is not directly related to him.

There are a number of connections and similarities between Kali and Alakshmi. First and foremost, Alakshmi's sister is the consort of [[Vishnu]], who sent his [[Kalki]] avatar to earth to defeat Kali.<ref name=lak>Pattanaik, Devdutt. ''Lakshmi: The Goddess of Wealth and Fortune-An Introduction''. Vakils Feffer & Simons Ltd, 2003 ({{ISBN|8187111585}})</ref> Second, legends say she was born either from the churning of the ocean of milk, the poison from [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] (who helped churn the ocean) or the back of [[Prajapati]].<ref name=lak/><ref>Krishna, Nanditha. ''The Book of Vishnu''. Penguin Global, 2001 ({{ISBN|0670049077}})</ref> As previously mentioned, Kali is said to have been born from the [[halahala]] poison created from churning the ocean or from a lineage created from [[Brahma]]’s back.<ref name=kalki/><ref name=edu/> Third, Alakshmi takes the form of an owl.<ref name=lak/> Kali's emblem on his [[war flag]] is of an owl.<ref name=kalki/> Fourth, whenever Alakshmi enters a house, families fight and turn on one another.<ref>Chakrabarty, Dipesh. ''Provincializing Europe''. Princeton University Press, 2000 ({{ISBN|0691049092}})</ref> The presence of Kali and his family on earth causes mankind to fight and turn on one another. Finally, Alakshmi is said to ride a donkey.<ref name=lak/> Kali also rides a donkey in the [[Kalki Purana]].<ref name=kalki/>

==Contemporary representation==
{{further|Communalism (South Asia)|Religious violence in India}}
[[Image:Cowdivine.jpg|thumb|right|Anti-beef eating pamphlet (1890 CE) showing Kali (far right) attempting to slaughter a sacred cow]]
[[Image:Sacred cow2.jpg|thumb|right|The color version run by the ''[[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]] Press'' (c. 1912)]]
Kali's image was used in several [[pamphlets]] circulated by various ''Agorakshanasabh'' ("cow protection leagues") and "wandering ascetics" as a protest against the Muslim practice of beef-eating during the [[British Raj]]].<ref name=pic>Pinney, Christopher. ''Photos of the Gods: The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India''. Reaktion Books, 2004 ({{ISBN|1861891849}})</ref><ref name=gup>Gupta, Charu. ''Sexuality, Obscenity, And Community: Women, Muslims, and the Hindu Public in Colonial India.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 ({{ISBN|0312295855}})</ref> These pamphlets were produced in a time when Hindu-Muslim riots over cow slaughter occurred in several areas of [[India]]; including [[Azamgarh district]] (1893), when a total of 100 people died in similar conflagrations throughout the empire; [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] (1912–1913); and [[Shahabad, Rampur|Shahabad]] (1917).<ref name=beef>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indowindow.net/sad/article.php?child=17&article=11 |title=Paradox of the Indian Cow: Attitudes to Beef Eating in Early India |access-date=2007-03-10 |archive-date=2021-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211005317/http://www.indowindow.net/sad/article.php?child=17&article=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One such pamphlet entitled "The Present State" showed a cow being slaughtered by a trio of "[[Mohammedan|Muhammadan]]" butchers.<ref name=pic/><ref name=gup/> Another portrayed Kali raising a sword above the head of a sacred cow, whose body was illustrated to be a [[Macrocosm and microcosm|microcosmic]] paradise in which all the [[List of hindu gods|Hindu gods]] resided. There were many different editions of this version. For instance, one showed a woman labeled "The Hindu" waiting with bowl-in-hand for the cow's calf to finish suckling before she could get milk. A form of [[Krishna]] labeled ''Dharmaraj'' ("Ruler of Dharma") stood ''behind'' the cow and Kali was, again, harassing her with his sword. Still, a different one deleted the woman and calf and instead portrayed Dharmaraj ''in front'' of the cow pleading ''mat maro gay sarv ka jivan hai'' ("don't kill the cow, everyone is dependent on it"), while Kali rebuts ''he manusyaho! Kaliyugi Mansahari jivom ko dekho'' ("mankind, look at the meat-eating souls of the [[Kali Yuga]]").<ref name=pic/>

Some Hindus considered Kali's presence in the picture to be a representation of the Muslim community.<ref name=pic/><ref name=gup/> When one of the versions of these pamphlets came into the possession of a state official in 1893, he commented that the image "contained a representation of a Musalman [Muslim] advancing to slay the cow ...".<ref name=pic/> One book states, "The Magistrate [at [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> found Muhammadans excited because they heard a picture was in circulation representing a Muhammadan with a sword drawn sacrificing a cow, and this they considered an insult."<ref name=pic/> In 1915, a color version of this picture run by the ''Ravi Varma Press''<ref>A [[lithograph]] press founded by Indian artist [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]] in 1894.[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/ravivarma.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411151255/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/ravivarma.html|date=2009-04-11}}</ref> caught the attention of the colonial censors and was presumably censored in some way.<ref name=pic/>

==In popular culture==
''Nala Damayanti'' (1921): This big-budget film depicts a famous episode from the [[Mahabharata]], starting with [[Narada]]'s ascent of [[Mount Meru]]. It shows [[Swarga]], the Heaven of [[Indra]], the transformation in the clouds of the Four Gods into impersonations of King Nala, the Swan Messengers of Love, the transformation of Kali into a serpent, and the meeting of Kali and Dwarpa and the Four Gods amidst the Blue Air.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154931/plotsummary Plot Summary for Nala Damayanti (1921)]</ref>

To differentiate him from the goddess Kali, the asura Kali is sometimes referred to as "Kalipurush" (Kali the being), pairing the name with [[Purusha]].<ref>Angelika Malinar, 'Hindu Cosmologies', in [[Jessica Frazier]] (ed.) ''A Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies'', p. 80. {{ISBN|978-0-8264-9966-0}}</ref>

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Films
!Played by
|-
|Nala Damayanti (1921 film)
|Khorshedji Bilimoria
|-
|Nal Damayanti (1988)
|Nalin Dave
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Television serial
!Played by
|-
|[[Krishna (TV series)]]
|Pramod Kapoor as Kali (cameo appearance)
|-
|[[Namah Lakshmi Narayan]]
|Raviz Thakur as Kali
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Antichrist]]
* [[Dajjal]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723163320/http://www.bapcast.org/audio/2006/bapcast_047_20060323.mp3 Places of Kali] – Podcast of Kali's tale from the [[Bhagavata Purana]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080612045556/http://www.swargarohan.org/Bhagavata/Chapter01/09.htm કલિયુગનાં ચાર આશ્રયસ્થાન (Kaliyuga's mainstay)] – The tale of Kali and [[Parikshit]] in [[Gujarāti script|Gujarati]].
*[http://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto1/c1-contents.html Srimad Bhagavatam: Cant 1] – See chapters 16 and 17.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070701045714/http://www.krsna-art.com/paints/viewImage.asp?image=KA2_094.jpg A very large detailed painting of King Parikshit about to kill Kali.]
*[[Kaliyan]] (Boons received by Kali)

{{HinduMythology}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kali (demon)| ]]
[[Category:Demons in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Rakshasa]]
[[Category:Asura]]

Calicut–Portuguese conflicts

2026-04-20T17:35:46Z

Vilianarij: new - done

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Calicut–Portuguese conflicts
| partof = [[Portuguese presence in Asia]]
| date = 15–16th century
| place = [[Indian Ocean]], [[India]]
| result =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Kingdom of Calicut]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[João da Nova]]
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[Vasco da Gama]]
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]]
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[Francisco de Almeida|Dom Francisco de Almeida]]
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] Dom Lourenço de Almeida{{KIA}}
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|20px|border]] Dom Fernando Coutinho{{KIA}}
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|border|25px]] João de Lima
*[[File:Flag Portugal (1521).svg|border|25px]] Dom Jorge de Castro{{executed}}
}}
| commander2 = [[Zamorin|Zamorins of Calicut]]
}}

The '''Calicut–Portuguese conflicts''' were a series of military engagements between the [[Zamorin|Zamorins of Calicut]] and the [[Portuguese Empire]] during the 16th century in the [[Indian Ocean]].

==Background==
{{Main article|Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India}}

After decades of exploratory efforts around the coasts of Africa, on May 17, 1498 [[Vasco da Gama]] reached [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in India.

Calicut was at this time the most important commercial city in the [[Malabar Coast]]. Arabs had established trade there about 600 years before and the city contained a great number of Muslim merchants from [[Mamluk Sultanate|Egypt]] and Arabia or born locally, called [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]].<ref name=danvers48/> They imported great quantities of valuable goods from the Middle-East through the Red Sea on large fleets and took back spices and local products, mostly pepper.<ref name=danvers48/> These were bought at [[Alexandria]] in Egypt by [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]], and redistributed to Europe. As a result of this trade, they were wealthy and highly influential in Calicut.<ref name=danvers48>Danvers, 1894, volume I, p. 48.</ref>

[[File:A chegada de Vasco da Gama a Calicute em 1498.jpg|thumb|The arrival of Vasco da Gama at Calicut by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro]].]]

Pleased by the arrival of a new set of foreigners that would increase the trade in his city, the Zamorin offered to provide the Portuguese with as much cargo as they desired.<ref name=danvers49/> Wary of Portuguese competition however, the powerful Muslim merchant community sought by every means to sabotage or interfere with the Portuguese and get them ejected from the country.<ref name=danvers49>"The Moorish traders of Calicut having heard of the message sent from the King to the Portuguese, offering to supply them with the principal product of that country, and fearing that if they were once admitted to trade here they would limit themselves to that port, but would extend their commerce to other Indian marts, resolved to adopt every means to get them turned out of the country. This decision they then communicated to other Moorish merchants throughout the coasts of India; and with the view of at once carrying their purpose into effect they placed themselves in communication with the King's chief factor, who was the principal overseer of his exchequer, and with the King's gazil, or minister of justice." in Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 49-50.</ref> They warned the Zamorin against any treaties with the newcomers and slandered them, while key ministers of the raja were bribed.<ref name=danvers50>Danvers, 1894, volume I, p. 50.</ref> A merchant who had converted to Islam personally informed Gama aboard his flagship of the plot.<ref name=danvers50/> Portuguese envoys to the Zamorin were subjected to constant delays but allowed to open a warehouse and trade in the city.<ref name=danvers51-59/> The agent sent ashore by Gama to acquire spices were only supplied poor-quality products but he pretended not to notice and always paid great sums for the merchandise.<ref name=danvers51-59/> The chief-minister of Zamorin having been bribed, he suggested that the Portuguese were spies and should therefore all be captured and executed.<ref name=danvers51-59/>

[[File:Vasco da Gama perante o Samorim de Calecute.png|thumb|Vasco da Gama before the Zamorin of Calicut, 19th century painting by [[Veloso Salgado]].]]

Gama eventually managed to speak personally to the Zamorin and deliver a letter from King Manuel, though he was later detained for a few days and kept under watch by his chief of the royal guard.<ref name=danvers51-59/> The Zamorin ordered the execution of the Portuguese along with the confiscation of their goods but then changed his mind and allowed Gama to depart with an apology.<ref name=danvers51-59>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 51-59.</ref>

Despite numerous shortcomings, the expedition of Vasco da Gama was a resounding success. He was afforded a hero's welcome upon his return and the achievement was celebrated across Portugal with public thanksgivings, feasts and entertainments.<ref name=danvers65-66>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 65-66.</ref> Among other things, he delivered to King Manuel a letter from the Zamorin which read:
{{cquote|Vasco da Gama, a gentleman of your household, came to my country, whereat I was pleased. My country is rich in cinnamon, cloves, ginger pepper and precious stones. That which I ask of you in exchange is gold, silver, corals and scarlet cloth.|author=Letter of the Zamorin of Calicut to King Manuel of Portugal<ref>Robin Santos Doak: ''Da Gama: Vasco Da Gama Sails Around the Cape of Good Hope'', Capstone, 2002, p. 29.</ref>}}

==First Luso-Malabarese War==
{{main|First Luso-Malabarese War}}

===Bombardment of Calicut===
Ten merchant ships in the harbour were seized and their crews were killed.<ref name="crowley111"/><ref name=danvers70>Danvers, 1894, volume I, p. 70.</ref> The following morning Calicut was subjected to a fierce bombardment that continued for two days.<ref name=danvers70/> A few small cannon onshore replied, but Portuguese firepower was overwhelming.<ref name="crowley111">Roger Crowley: ''Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire'', Faber & Faber, 2015, p. 111.</ref> Shots tore into the city and demolished several buildings, including some of the Zamorin, who left Calicut.<ref name="crowley111"/> The death toll was estimated at over 500 or 600 persons, including one of the Zamorin's close notables and the bombardment was only ceased due to the damage that the recoil from the cannon was causing to the ships.<ref name="crowley111"/><ref name=whiteway87>R. S. Whiteway: ''Rise of Portuguese Power in India'', Asian Educational Services, 1995, p. 87.</ref>

The position of the Portuguese was now serious, as the season to sail had nearly passed, Cabral had acquired almost no pepper at all, and they were at war with Calicut and without a friendly port in the region.<ref name=whiteway87/>

===Alliances with Cochin and Cannanore===

The Portuguese were informed by [[Gaspar da Gama]] that the Raja of Cochin was an unwilling vassal of Calicut seeking independence and would probably welcome an alliance.<ref name=whiteway87/> After the bombardment of Calicut therefore, Cabral directed his fleet to [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] further south, and on the way there he had Pandarane attacked and two more trade ships captured.<ref name=danvers70-73/>

[[File:Codice Casanatense Saint Thomas Christians.jpg|thumb|Portuguese watercolour sketch of Saint Thomas Christians, first contacted by Cabral and depicted in the Códice Casanatense.]]

He arrived at Cochin on December 24 and a treaty of commerce and alliance was signed with its raja, Unni Goda Varma.<ref name=danvers70-73/> A trading post was opened on the city and Gonçalo Gil Barbosa left ashore as its director with six men.<ref name=danvers70-73/> While at Cochin, Cabral was sought by deputations from the rulers of Cannanore and Kollam, who also wished to sign alliances with Portugal against the Zamorin.<ref name=danvers70-73/> A number of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] from Cranganore also contacted Cabral and requested passage to Europe.<ref name=danvers70-73>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 70-73.</ref>

On January 10, a large fleet from Calicut carrying 1500 men appeared off Cochin, however it hesitated in attacking the Portuguese ships.<ref name=danvers70-73/> A storm overcame the ships as Cabral directed his vessels to attack, and they were driven out to sea. Five days later, the Portuguese called at Cannanore, signed a treaty with its raja and took in an ambassador before leaving for Portugal.<ref name=danvers70-73/>

===First Battle of Cannanore===
{{main|First Battle of Cannanore}}

[[File:Carrack of Luís Pires (1500 Portuguese India Armada).jpg|thumb|Portuguese carrack.]]

Every outgoing fleet had to leave Lisbon before the arrival of vessels from India if they were to reach the subcontinent before the Monsoon set in. As such, King Manuel dispatched four ships under the command of the Galician noble [[João da Nova]] to trade in India, before Cabral had returned, based on the assumption that trade had been successfully been opened with Calicut.

Nova set sail from Belém on April 10, 1501, and on July 7 anchored his ships at [[Mossel Bay]] near the [[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref name=danvers74-76/> A message was found in a shoe hanging from [[Post Office Tree|a tree]], left there a month prior by one of Cabral's captains, [[Pero de Ataíde]].<ref name=danvers74-76/> Among other things, Ataíde informed any commanders bound to India of the situation at Calicut and that safe-havens could be found at Cochin and Cannanore.<ref name=danvers74-76/>

Nova arrived at Cannanore in November and was well received by the local raja.<ref name=danvers74-76/> A number of agents were left ashore to purchase spices to be loaded on the way back to Portugal, while Nova departed for Cochin to collect those already acquired by the agents there left by Cabral the year before.<ref name=danvers74-76/>

While on his way to Cochin, Nova engaged some vessels of Calicut, in sight of the city.<ref name=danvers74-76/> At Cochin he found that the trading agents had been lodged by the Trimumpara in his own palace for security reasons and also been unable to sell their wares due to a boycott and therefore been unable to secure the necessary money to buy spices.<ref name=danvers74-76/> Lacking the funds to do so himself, the captain-major negotiated with the Trimumpara to serve as his security for 1000 hundredweight of pepper, 450 of cinnamon, 50 of ginger and some bales of cloth.<ref name=danvers74-76>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 74-76.</ref>

Before returning to Portugal, Nova still called at Cannanore first, but while in the harbour, he captured a wealthy trade ship from Calicut and was later attacked by a large fleet of the Zamorin, numbering about 180 vessels or more.<ref name=danvers74-76/> The [[first Battle of Cannanore]] was noteworthy as the first time a [[line of battle]] was employed, and despite the numerical disparity, Nova was able to breach through the Zamorins fleet out to high seas, and before long the Hindu fleet was discouraged from seeking further combat due to the damage sustained by Portuguese artillery.

===Second bombardment of Calicut===
[[File:Portuguese ships 16th century Livro das Armadas.jpg|thumb|Portuguese carracks and square-rigged caravels of the armada of Vasco da Gama, depicted in the ''Livro das Armadas''.]]

With the return of Cabral to Portugal, King Manuel was informed that opposition to the Portuguese was mounting, hence after the small fleet of Nova, King Manuel decided to dispatch an even larger armada of 20 well-armed ships.<ref>Diffie, 1977, p. 198.</ref> Cabral however was sidelined for failing to secure trade diplomatically and command fell on Gama.

En route to Cannanore, the Portuguese intercepted a large trade ship coming from the Red Sea, and on board the Portuguese found 10 or 12 of the wealthiest merchants of Calicut, headed by ''Ioar Afanquy'', chief agent of the [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri|Sultan of Cairo]] in Calicut.<ref name=whiteway91>Whiteway, 1995, p. 91.</ref> After the ship was plundered therefore, Gama decided to make an example of the merchants for their part in instigating the riot at Calicut and the Zamorin against the Portuguese, hence the vessel was bombarded and sunk with all on board as retribution.<ref>Gaspar Correia: ''Lendas da Índia'', 1858, book I, tome I,</ref>

At Cannanore, Gama received messages from the Zamorin requesting talks.<ref name=crowley130-135/> He sailed to Calicut and demanded that the Muslims be expelled as a condition for peace.<ref name=crowley130-135/> The Zamorin refused but proposed that bilateral relations be re-established and remade anew instead.<ref name=crowley130-135/> At this juncture however, Gama was forwarded a number of letters which the Zamorin had written to the King of Cochin urging obedience and co-operation against the Portuguese.<ref name=crowley130-135/>

Talks continued after this act of duplicity was uncovered but they quickly broke down, Gama had a number of Muslim merchants implicated in the massacre of the feitoria along with some fishermen hanged from the yard-arms, and Calicut was subjected to a new bombardment for two days.<ref name=crowley130-135/> After over 400 heavy shots were fired Gama proceeded to Cochin but left [[Vicente Sodré]] behind with six carracks and a caravel to blockade Calicut.<ref name=crowley130-135>Crowley, 2015, pp. 130-135.</ref>

===Ambush in the harbour of Calicut===
[[File:Carrack 1565 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Portuguese great carrack.]]
The blockade of Sodré caused hardship at Calicut and the Zamorin dispatched a Brahmin to Cochin inviting Gama to continue talks.<ref name=crowley136-138>Crowley, 2015, pp. 136-138.</ref> Gama was impressed by the high status of the envoy, and as he expected to find the squadron of Sodré at Calicut he sailed there with just his flagship accompanied by a caravel.<ref name=crowley136-138/> Upon arriving, however, Gama found Sodré to be missing, because he had left to resupply at Cannanore, and the caravel was sent to seek him.

Now that Gama was isolated, however, in the early hours of the following morning before daybreak his flagship was unexpectedly surrounded and fired upon by 70 to 80 armed oarships that the Portuguese watches had mistaken for fishing vessels.<ref name=crowley136-138/> Their proximity prevented the Portuguese from firing their artillery, while a complete lack of wind prevented flight.<ref name=crowley136-138/> Only the chance arrival of Sodré with his vessels brought in tow by oarships forced the withdrawal of the Zamorins fleet.<ref name=crowley136-138/> Furious at this second act of duplicity under the guise of peace talks, Gama had a number of envoys from the Zamorin still in his flagship hanged and their bodies floated ashore in a canoe before returning to Cochin.<ref name=crowley136-138/>

===Naval battle of Calicut, 1503===
{{main|Battle of Calicut (1503)}}

After the second bombardment of Calicut, the Zamorin sought to gather a powerful fleet aimed at expelling the Portuguese from India.<ref name=danvers86-92/> After arriving at Cochin, Gama gave the Trimumpara rich gifts and letters sent by King Manuel, and was informed by him that the Zamorin was preparing a large naval force under the command of Khawaja Kassein (''Coja Cassem'' in Portuguese) and Khawaja Ambar (''Cojambar'' in Portuguese) who was a famous privateer from Arabia and had come to Malabar to offer the Zamorin his services against the Portuguese.<ref name=danvers86-92/>

[[File:Two-handed sword and Autograph of Vasco da Gama.jpg|thumb|Signature and two-handed [[montante]] of Vasco da Gama.]]

The Trimumpara dispatched some boats to scout the waters around Calicut while Gama sent for Sodré.<ref name=danvers86-92/> The Zamorin sent a Brahmin to Cochin to spy, however, he was denounced by Coje Bequi and the Brahmin was tortured before being sent back.<ref name=danvers86-92/>

Once Gama had completed the loading of his carracks, he set sail to Cannanore accompanied by the squadron of Sodré.<ref name=danvers86-92/> Upon passing in front of Calicut one morning the armada of the Zamorin was sighted, consisting of one squadron with 20 large ships and 70 light oarships under Cojambar and another under Coja Cassem following, consisting of about 100 sails, mostly sambuks.<ref name=danvers86-92/> Sodré sailed closer to shore and had his ships form a line before closing in. The Portuguese unleashed successive broadsides on the armada and the main mast of Cojambars flagship was torn down.<ref name=danvers86-92/> The flagship of Coja Cassein was then boarded and captured.<ref>Monteiro, 2013, volume I, p. 165.</ref> Heavily damaged, the armada of Calicut began to scatter, with many of its crewmen jumping overboard.<ref name=danvers86-92/> One ship belonging to Cojambar was boarded by the Portuguese and captured with a rich cargo.<ref name=danvers86-92>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 86-92.</ref>

===Invasion of Cochin, 1503===
[[File:Naufrágio da nau de Vicente Sodré e de Brás do Sodré.png|thumb|The wreck of the ships of Vicente Sodré and Brás Sodré.]]

In addition to blockading Calicut, Sodré was commissioned by Gama to stay behind in India and protect Cochin but also to engage in [[commerce raiding]] against hostile Muslim shipping sailing to the [[Red Sea]], and he therefore departed to Arabia, though two of his captains refused to abandon Cochin and relinquished their commands.<ref name=crowley142/> On his way to the Red Sea Sodré captured five merchant ships laden with valuable cargo along the coast of [[Gujarat]], but he was later lost in a wreck by the [[Khuriya Muriya Islands]].<ref name=danvers94-95/> His four remaining captains turned back with their ships.<ref name=danvers94-95>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 94-95.</ref>

After Gama and Sodré had left, the Zamorin advanced with a large army towards Cochin and issued its ruler an ultimatum.<ref name=crowley142>Crowley, 2015, p. 142.</ref> Several members of the Court of Cochin recommended that the Portuguese be handed over so as to avoid war, but the raja refused.<ref name=danvers93-96/> Many vassals of Cochin defected, and at [[Edappally]] the Zamorin gathered 50,000 men.<ref name=danvers93-96/>

[[File:Codice Casanatense Nayars.jpg|thumb|Portuguese sketch of Nairs. Códice Casanatense.]]

Cochin was subsequently overrun, the heir Narayan was killed in combat with the few troops that had been possible to muster, and the Trimumpara withdrew to the island of [[Vypin]] with his last remaining forces, including the Portuguese under his protection.<ref name=danvers93-96/> Cochin was burned but Vypin proved easily defensible and inaccessible to the Zamorin, who tried to assault it several times but failed.<ref name=danvers93-96/> With the monsoon season approaching, he withdrew to Calicut in August, leaving behind a garrison.<ref name=danvers93-96/> Two Italian engineers who had travelled to Cochin in the fleet of Vasco da Gama but were secretly in the pay of the [[Republic of Venice]] also defected to Calicut, to help the Zamorin fight the Portuguese.<ref name=danvers93-96>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp 93-96.</ref>

Precariously cornered in Vypin, the Trimumpara and the Portuguese were relieved by the arrival of substantial reinforcements from Europe: 10 ships, of which 2 were under the command of [[António de Saldanha]] and 3 under Francisco de Albuquerque, plus 4 from the squadron of Sodré returning from Arabia and 1 straggled ship from the fleet of Gama.<ref name=danvers96-99/> Struck with terror at the arrival of such reinforcements, the garrison of the Zamorin left behind at Cochin promptly fled to Calicut.<ref name=danvers96-99/>

===Construction of Fort Manuel===
{{see also|Fort Emmanuel}}
[[File:Planta de cochim bocarro 1635.jpg|thumb|Portuguese sketch of the city of Santa Cruz of Cochin, which developed around Fort Manuel.]]

The Trimumpara was thanked by Francisco de Albuquerque for his unwavering loyalty, re-established on his capital and awarded a sum equivalent to 10,000 ducats on behalf of King Manuel of Portugal.<ref name=danvers96-99/> A number of neighbouring vassals around the [[Vembanad|Vembanad Lagoon]] who had defected to the side of the Zamorin were attacked by the forces of Francisco de Albuquerque and the Trimumpara restored to his authority in the region.<ref name=danvers96-99/>

King Manuel had realized that as long as the hostile Zamorin remained heavily involved with the powerful Muslim merchant community at Calicut, a fortress with a garrison was needed to secure the trade in India and his ally the king of Cochin.<ref name=danvers96-99/> The Trimumpara agreed to the construction of fort on his territory and even offered to pay for it.<ref name=danvers96-99/> He supplied the manpower for the construction, in which the Portuguese soldiers also participated without distinction for birth or rank.<ref name=danvers96-99/> Four days later 3 more ships arrived from Europe with more men under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque, who had been separated from Francisco and Saldanha en route to India and a simple fort was soon complete.<ref name=danvers96-99/> Because of the lack of stone, the walls were made of double rows of coconut tree stem stockades, securely fastened together with earth firmly rammed in between and further protected by a moat. It was the first Portuguese fortress in India and christened ''Manuel'' after the reigning monarch of Portugal.<ref name=danvers96-99>Danvers, I, pp. 96-99.</ref>

===Incident at Kollam===
Albuquerque sailed to Kollam further south with three ships to take in cargo before returning to Portugal.<ref name=birch/> The king of Kollam was away and the Zamorin attempted to incite him and deputy officials against the Portuguese, backed by gifts or bribes to key figures but to no avail.<ref name=birch/><ref name=sanceau14-15/> While the loading was in progress, a fleet of 30 to 90 ships from Calicut arrived on route to Coromandel and anchored in the harbour under the cover of the night.<ref name=birch/><ref name=sanceau14-15/> Their crews claimed the protection of the king of Kollam and not wishing to hostilize the ruler of Kollam by fighting in his harbour Albuquerque departed shortly afterwards.<ref name=birch>Walter de Gray Birch: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAgkDwAAQBAJ&dq=coul%C3%A3o&pg=PT29 The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque: Volume II]''</ref><ref name=sanceau14-15>Sanceau, 1936, pp. 14-15.</ref>

===Attempted peace===
The war had greatly disrupted the supply of pepper in the region and the Zamorin and the Muslims of Calicut used their influence in the trade networks of the Malabar Coast to cut or sabotage the supply of pepper to Cochin, which was greatly reduced.

[[File:AMH-6100-NA Map of part of the coast of Malabar, part B.jpg|thumb|Chart of the Malabar Coast, including Cranganore, Vypin and the Peninsula of Cochin.]]

With the Zamorin alarmed by both by the construction of Fort Manuel as well as his inability to subdue Cochin and the Portuguese by their difficulty in acquiring enough spices, Francisco de Albuquerque entered talks with the Zamorin, though it's unclear which party had the initiative to propose them. By mid-December the Zamorin had agreed to supply the Portuguese 900 caddies of pepper as compensation, shut down Muslim trade between Calicut and the Middle East, sign a peace with Cochin and return the two Italian deserters.<ref name=danvers102/> The treaty caused outrage among the Muslim merchants of Calicut, and many quit the city.<ref name=danvers102>Danvers, 1894, volume I, p. 102.</ref>

After the first shipment of pepper was supplied however, a fracas took place between the Portuguese and the men of the Zamorin at Cranganore and the peace was broken, though it's not certain on which side lay the fault.

===Siege of Cochin, 1504===
{{main|Battle of Cochin}}

[[File:Duarte Pacheco's victory at Battle of Cochin (1504) (cropped).jpg|thumb|19th century lithograph of the victory of Duarte Pacheco at Cochin.]]
When Afonso and Francisco de Albuquerque departed on 27 February and 6 February respectively they left behind [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] at the command of Fort Manuel with one [[carrack]], 2 caravels, 2 longboats and 90 to 150 men, all of whom had volunteered.<ref name=crowley149-150/> Ships would not arrive from Europe for eight months and many believed the garrison would not survive the ordeal.<ref name=crowley149-150/>

In March the Zamorin approached Cochin with 50,000 men among Nairs and Muslim warriors, 300 [[war elephant]]s and 200 vessels.<ref name=crowley149-150/> The Trimumpara urged the Portuguese to seek refuge in Arabia so he could submit to the Zamorin but Pereira refused and told the raja that they would die defending him if necessary.<ref name=crowley149-150/>

Until the arrival of reinforcements, Pereira managed "a brilliant strategic victory".<ref name=crowley149-150/> Cochin was located at the tip of a peninsula surrounded by salt-water creeks and channels, crossable only in a few narrow fording points, which were blocked with stockades, lines of sharpened stakes and [[caltrop]]s.<ref name=crowley149-150/> Pereira was one of, if not the first to observe the close relationship between the lunar phases and tides and thus could predict when the fordings were open for crossing.<ref name=crowley149-150/> The celebrated heroics of the minuscule Portuguese garrison commanded by Duarte Pacheco Pereira in the defense of Cochin throughout 4 months in the marshy landscape around the Vembanad lagoon constitute one of the most spectacular exploits in Portuguese history. Kept up to date by reliable intelligence, Pereira was able to anticipate, ambush, bottle-neck and inflict severe defeats upon the numerous but under-equipped and inflexible army of the Zamorin, whose nairs came under heavy fire at every attack. Cholera broke out in the camp of his large army and after seven failed assaults the Zamorin withdrew in July 1504.<ref name=crowley149-150>Crowley, 2015, pp. 149-150.</ref>

===Third bombardment of Calicut===

[[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] was the commander-in-chief of the fleet of 1504, and after reaching Cannanore he sailed to Calicut on the request of the Zamorin to discuss terms.<ref name=whiteway101-102/> Albergaria demanded the return of the Italian gunsmiths but the Zamorin refused, and as a result, the city was once more subjected to a two-day bombardment.<ref name=whiteway101-102>Whiteway, 1995, pp. 101-102.</ref> Afterwards he proceeded to Cochin, where he took part in the final phases of the siege.

After the third bombardment of Calicut, two Saint Thomas bishops wrote a letter to the Catholicos Mar Elias in the Middle East describing the arrival of the Portuguese and the situation in the Malabar Coast, which read:
{{cquote|[...] From the Occident powerful ships have been sent to these countries of India by the king of the Christians, who are our brethren the Franks. Their voyage took them a whole year, and they sailed first towards the south and circumnavigated Kush, which is called Habesh. From there they came to this country of India, purchased pepper and other merchandise and returned to their land. By this way thus explored the said King (whom may God preserve in safety!) sent six huge ships, with which they crossed the sea in half a year and came to the town of Calicut, people extremely well versed in nautical science... The country of these Franks is called Portkal, one of the countries of the Franks, and their king is called Emmanuel. We beseech Emmanuel, that He may conserve him!
| author = Fathers Sin and Masin to the Catholicos Mar Elias, 1504.<ref>Jorge Flores: "Floating Franks: The Portuguese and their Empire as seen from early modern Asia" in ''The Routledge History of Western Empires'', Routledge, 2013, p. 37.</ref><ref>Ian Gillman, Hans-Joachim Klimkeit: ''Christians in Asia Before 1500'', Psychology Press, 1999, p. 192.</ref>
}}

===Battle of Cranganore and defection of Tanur===
[[File:Banner of the Order of Christ.svg|thumb|Portuguese naval and war banner featuring the [[Order of Christ Cross|Cross of the Order of Christ]].]]
While at Cochin, Albergaria gave a large gift in cash to Unni Goda Varma on behalf of King Manuel and was informed by the raja that the Zamorin was fortifying [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]] 15 miles north and had assembled a force there commanded by his nephew and heir Naubeadarim, in preparation to attack Cochin as soon as he left for Portugal.<ref name=danvers115>Danvers, 1894, volume I, p. 115.</ref> Cranganore was a strategic place as it commanded several ramifications of the [[Kerala backwaters]].<ref name=whiteway101-102/> 1 caravel, 15 armed longboats and 25 natives [[proa|prahus]] with 1000 Portuguese soldiers were therefore dispatched to that city by the sea while 1000 Nair auxiliaries marched overland.<ref name=gois70>Damião de Góis: ''Crónica D'El-Rei D. Manuel'', 1909, volume III, p. 70.</ref>

Upon arriving at the mouth of the Cranganore river, the Portuguese found that the water was not deep enough for the Portuguese vessels to enter fully loaded, hence the infantry was forced to land and march to the city, causing the element of surprise to be lost.<ref name=monteiro196-200/> Nevertheless, upon arriving at Cranganore, the five transports and 80 prahus of the Zamorin either anchored in the harbour close to shore or breached were boarded and burnt after a brief fight.<ref name=monteiro196-200/> The warriors of Calicut ashore were then routed by Lopo Soares and Cranganore also sacked and burnt, though the homes of the Saint Thomas Christians were spared.<ref name=monteiro196-200>Saturnino Monteiro: ''Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa 1139-1975'', 2013, volume I, pp. 196-200.</ref> A number of soldiers were knighted in the Saint Thomas churches at Cranganore.<ref name=gois70/>

After the raid on Cranganore, the King of Tanur switched sides. He informed Albergaria through an ambassador that he had inflicted a defeat on the forces of the Zamorin and now requested military support to expel them from his territory.<ref name=monteiro196-200/> Albergaria dispatched a detachment of soldiers on a caravel and with the support of the king of Tanur the forces of Calicut were forced to withdraw.<ref name=monteiro196-200/>

===Battle of Pandarane, December 31, 1504===
{{main|Battle of Pandarane}}

[[File:Caravela de armada of Joao Serrao.jpg|thumb|Portuguese carracks and [[Square-rigged caravel]].]]

On December 26, 1505, Albergaria set sail back to Portugal with his fleet but after departing from Cochin he still called at Cannanore.<ref name=monteiro200-206/> While at this port he gathered that there was a convoy of 17 large Muslim merchant ships from Calicut anchored at Pandarane with an estimated 4000 men and Albergaria decided to attack it before leaving for Portugal.<ref name=monteiro200-206/> This fleet had gathered there in preparation to evacuate back to Arabia and Egypt a large number of Muslim merchants with their families and belongings disheartened by the losses incurred because of the Portuguese.<ref>Danvers, 1894, volume I, p. 116.</ref><ref name=crowley150-151>Crowley, 205, pp. 150-151.</ref>

The merchant ships were found linked together in four groups anchored very close to shore, with the bows turned to sea and defended by Mamluk or mercenary Turkic archers while a battery of cannon on a cape overlooked the Pandarane bay.<ref name=monteiro200-206/> Because the carracks were too heavily loaded to take part in the shallow waters so close to shore, Albergaria decided to attack with a detachment of 360 soldiers on two war-caravels and 25 longboats, which was risky though Portuguese morale was high.<ref name=monteiro200-206/> In spite of heavy resistance, the Portuguese soldiers managed to grapple, board and burn all 17 of the much taller Muslim vessels, at the cost of 25 dead and 168 wounded.<ref name=monteiro200-206>Monteiro, 2013, I, pp. 200-206.</ref>

After the battle of Pandarane, despondency overcame the Zamorin as a growing number of merchants quit Calicut, and as a result, hunger struck the city.<ref name=crowley150-151/> The repercussions of the rupture caused by the Portuguese in the traditional trading system "were being felt in ever-widening circles".<ref name=crowley151/> The Venetians had hoped that the Cape Route would prove to be too long or hazardous to be viable, but the Portuguese armadas sailed on every year though 1800 or thirty-five percent out of the 5500 men who departed for India between 1497 and 1504 never returned, most being lost to shipwrecks.<ref name=crowley151>Crowley, 2015, p. 151.</ref>

===Dom Francisco de Almeida appointed viceroy, 1505===
[[File:Retrato de D. Francisco de Almeida (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png|thumb|Dom Francisco de Almeida.]]

Realizing that the affairs in India were difficult to manage from Portugal, King Manuel decided to nominate Dom Francisco de Almeida as Viceroy of India for a period of three years.<ref name=crowley158-162/> Almeida was the first member of the Portuguese high nobility to participate in the India venture, he was then 55 years old, experienced in military, diplomatic and nautical matters, lacked home ties, was mature in his judgements and unmaterialistic.<ref name=crowley158-162/> He was attributed a set of instructions 101 pages long, the detail and accuracy of which reveal the level of Portuguese understandment of the Indian Ocean, gained in seven years.<ref name=crowley158-162/> They embody a sophisticated grasp on concepts modern authors have identified as "geopolitics" and believed were not understood before the 19th century.<ref>Diffie, 1977, p. 227.</ref> Almeida was instructed to only sign peace if the Zamorin agreed to expel the Muslim community from Calicut.<ref name=crowley158-162/> He departed on March 25 with 21 ships and 1500 men, including his son Dom [[Lourenço de Almeida]], considered "physically stronger than anyone else, expert in the use of all weapons."<ref name=crowley158-162>Crowley, 2015, pp. 158-162</ref>

After calling at [[Anjediva Island|Angediva Island]] to build [[Fort Anjediva|Fort São Miguel]], Dom Francisco proceeded to Honavar, which was sacked for harbouring a number of vessels hostile to the Portuguese, also burnt. On this occasion Almeida was offered the vassalage or an alliance to the King of Portugal by a local privateer, [[Timoji|Timoja]], who agreed not to attack Portuguese shipping.<ref name=danvers120/> At Cannanore Dom Francisco began the construction of Fort Sant'Ângelo, which was garrisoned by 150 men.<ref name=danvers120>Danvers, 1894, I, p. 120.</ref>

The losses caused by the Portuguese caused an increasing number of Muslim merchants to quit the Malabar Coast and look for spices further east.<ref name=danvers124-125>Danvers, 1894, I, pp. 124-125.</ref><ref name=crowley190-191>Crowley, 2015, pp. 190-191.</ref> The viceroy Dom Francisco de Almeida therefore dispatched his son Dom Lourenço de Almeida with a squadron of ships to the [[Maldives]], with orders to explore the region and intercept any hostile merchantships sailing between [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], [[Sumatra]] or [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and the [[Red Sea]], as the archipelago was a known stopping point for water and supplies.<ref name=crowley190-191/><ref name=danvers124-125/> As the Portuguese were unfamiliar with the archipelago however, they were driven to Ceylon by contrary winds.<ref name=crowley190-191/><ref name=danvers124-125/> Dom Lourenço had his ships anchor at [[Colombo]] and signed a treaty with the [[Kingdom of Kotte|King of Kotte]] [[Parakramabahu VIII of Kotte|Parakramabahu VIII]], who agreed to supply the Portuguese with [[cinnamon]] in exchange for a military alliance.<ref name=danvers124-125/>

===Second battle of Cannanore, 1506===
{{main|Battle of Cannanore}}

[[File:Sd2-baggala.JPG|thumb|The large ships of the Malabar coast were probably similar to the Arabian baghlah.]]

Dom Francisco de Almeida sought a defensive posture and limited the action of Portuguese fleets to convoy escort duty.<ref name=diffie/> In April 1506, the Zamorin outfitted a fleet of over 200 ships and thanks to the aid of the two Italian gunsmiths he now owned 400 or 500 assorted cannon, though he later had the two gunsmiths executed for trying to leave his service.<ref name=diffie/> The second battle of Cannanore nevertheless resulted in disaster for the fleet of the Zamorin, as its Hindu, Arab and Turkish mercenary crews were totally untrained and uncoordinated, hence many of the larger vessels were sunk and the crews either killed or drowned by three ''naus'' and a caravel commanded by Dom Lourenço de Almeida.<ref name=diffie>Bailey Wallys Diffie: ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, University of Minnesota Press, 1977, 1415-1580'' pp. 232-233.</ref>

===Western Indian coast campaign, 1507===
When news reached Dom Francisco that the Zamorin attempted to strike an alliance with the lord of Diu [[Malik Ayyaz]] (''Melique Az'' in Portuguese), the viceroy once more dispatched Dom Lourenço at the head of a fleet, with orders to escort an allied convoy of trade ships to Chaul and engage in commerce-raiding when possible.<ref name=danvers125-127/>

At [[Chaul]], seven Muslim trade ships from Calicut were found in the harbour and were burnt.<ref name=danvers125-127/> At [[Dabhol|Dabul]] a fleet from Calicut under the command of Kunjali Marakkar was spotted, but although Dom Lourenço wished to attack it at once, the Portuguese captains considered that it was too risky and overruled the commander in a [[Council of war|war council]], hence the Portuguese withdrew.<ref name=danvers125-127/> Four leagues away a ship was chased up a river to a town, and the all the ships in the harbour were burnt, with the exception of two richly laden vessels from Hormuz, which were taken.<ref name=danvers125-127>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp 125-127.</ref>

===Siege of Fort Sant'Ângelo, 1507===
{{main|Siege of Cannanore (1507)}}

[[File:Cannanore Lendas da Índia.png|thumb|Portuguese sketch of the Fort Sant'Ângelo of Cannanore, by [[Gaspar Correia]].]]

The Kolathiri raja who had welcomed the Portuguese died in April 1507 and as his succession was contested, the Zamorin managed to place a preferred candidate who was less inclined to the Portuguese on the throne.<ref name=crowley194>Crowley, 2015, p. 194.</ref>

The captain of Fort Sant'Ângelo Lourenço de Brito was informed by the nephew of the ruler of Cannanore of an impending siege, and so he requested aid from the garrison at Cochin.<ref name=danvers127-129/> 18,000 men converged on the city of Cannanore and the Zamorin supplied 21 cannon.<ref name=crowley194/> A trench was dug across the peninsula where the fort stood in order to cut off the Portuguese but a first assault was repulsed.<ref name=danvers127-129/> As the only freshwater source consisted of a well outside the walls and the Portuguese had to fight to get water, they dug a mine that led underneath it.<ref name=danvers127-129/>

The besiegers erected barricades and ramparts with bales of cotton, which proved sufficient against small cannon and small arms fire, but a large cannon shot scattered them.<ref name=danvers127-129/> The garrison was reduced to dire straits and eating cats, dogs, lizards or other animals until the sea unexpectedly cast shoals of crabs and prawns on the beach near the fort.<ref name=danvers127-129/> One last assault of nairs was repulsed with difficulty and when almost all of the garrison was wounded they were relieved on August 27 by the timely arrival of 11 ships from Europe under the command of [[Tristão da Cunha]]. The king of Cannanore signed a peace treaty favourable to Portugal thereafter.<ref name=danvers127-129>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp 127-129.</ref>

===The battles of Chaul and Diu===
{{main|Battle of Chaul|Battle of Diu}}

[[File:Codice Casanatense Malabarese Muslims.jpg|thumb|Mappilas of Malabar, depicted in the Códice Casanatense.]]

The prominent merchant [[Mayimama Marakkar]] (''Maimame'' in Portuguese) had been dispatched by the Zamorin to Egypt as an ambassador and he lobbied vocally in Cairo for military aid and a united front against the Portuguese. In November 1505 the Sultan of Egypt [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri|Qansuh al-Ghuri]] dispatched a squadron of four carracks, a galleon and 1100 men under the command of [[Amir Husain Al-Kurdi]] (''Mirocem'' in Portuguese), tasked with contesting the Indian Ocean and expelling the Portuguese from India. The Mamluk fleet was however plagued by various deficiencies, including outdated intelligence, which indicated that the Portuguese had no more than one fort and four ships on the Indian Ocean.<ref>Crowley, 2015, p. 178.</ref> At Diu in Gujarat, Hussain was joined by Malik Ayyaz with 40 oarships and [[Kunjali Marakkar]] (''Cunhale'' in Portuguese) with 70-150 war-boats of Calicut.

Unaware of these developments, in January 1508 Dom Lourenço de Almeida once more set out from Cochin tasked with escorting a convoy of allied trade ships to Chaul, with three carracks, three caravels and two galleys. Along the way, the lord of Dabul was forced to pay a yearly tribute. While at Chaul, the Portuguese squadron was unexpectedly attacked at anchor by the joint Mamluk and Gujarati fleet, and Dom Lourenço perished when his flagship was sunk while commanding a withdrawal. The [[battle of Chaul]] proved a [[pyrrhic victory]] for the Muslims however, and both Amir Hussein and Malik Ayyaz returned to Diu to conduct repairs and wait for reinforcements.

The presence of the Mamluk fleet in India presented a serious threat to continued Portuguese presence and the viceroy Dom Francisco determined to destroy it and avenge his son. With the backing of prominent fidalgos and noblemen, he refused to allow his appointed successor Afonso de Albuquerque take office and departed to Diu, where he routed the joint Muslim armada. It was one of the most significant battles in history for it confirmed Portuguese (or European) dominion of Asian seas that would last until [[World War II|World War Two]].

===Attack on Calicut, January 4, 1510===
[[File:Retrato de Afonso de Albuquerque (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png|thumb|The second Portuguese governor of India Afonso de Albuquerque.]]

Afonso de Albuquerque succeeded Dom Francisco as governor of India on November 5, 1509, after the [[Marshal of Portugal]] arrived from Portugal with a fleet of 14 ships, and Dom Francisco left for Lisbon, though he'd perish along the way.<ref name=danvers181-184/>

Dom Fernando bore orders from King Manuel to destroy Calicut.<ref name=danvers181-184/> In order to conceal the objective of the expedition, Albuquerque leaked the information that he was about to attack Goa and gathered intel from a local contact of the Portuguese, the Hindu privateer [[Timoji|Timoja]].<ref name=danvers181-184/> On behalf of the Portuguese, the Trimumpara sent two [[Brahmin]]s to spy on Calicut while letters were sent to inland lords, vassals and friends in the mountainous country urging them to attack the Zamorin; Albuquerque was also supplied with 20 [[proa|prahus]] so he'd be able to land soldiers.<ref name=danvers181-184/> The Brahmins reported that the Zamorin had left the city to fight inland, that there were few [[Nair|Nayars]] in the city and its defenses included some wooden barricades and pitfalls along the beach, plus six large cannon.<ref name=danvers181-184/>

The Portuguese gathered 2000 men and 20 ships for the attack. The fleet left Cochin on the last day of December 1509 and anchored off Calicut on January 3, 1510.<ref name=danvers181-184/> The beachfront barricades were quickly captured the following day.<ref name=danvers181-184/>

By that point, the sun had already risen high and in spite of the heat, Dom Fernando insisted that they press inland into the city.<ref name=danvers181-184/> Against the advice of Albuquerque, Dom Fernando proceeded into the city and reached the royal palace of the Zamorin with his troops, though by that point they were too fatigued to continue.<ref name=danvers181-184/> The Portuguese met little resistance, though great numbers of nairs began gathering and threatening to cut off their path to the sea.<ref name=danvers181-184/> The palace of the Zamorin was plundered and set alight, but as the Portuguese tried to reach their ships they were badly mauled, with Coutinho being killed along with several prominent officers and Albuquerque seriously wounded.<ref name=danvers181-184/> Only the timely arrival of Dom António de Noronha and Rodrigo Rebelo with fresh reinforcements prevented a disastrous rout.<ref name=danvers181-184>Danvers, I, 1894, pp. 181-184.</ref> The Portuguese suffered 300 dead and 400 wounded, while about a 1000 were estimated dead on the Zamorins side, plus the city was badly damaged and the vessels in the harbour burnt.<ref>Sanceau, 1936, p. 101</ref>

===Blockade of Calicut, 1510-1513===
[[File:Dom João de Castro - Roteiro de Goa a Diu - Dabul.jpg|thumb|The port city of Dabul and a Portuguese bastard-galley depicted by [[João de Castro|Dom João de Castro]].]]

After the failed attack on Calicut, Afonso de Albuquerque disengaged from the war against the Zamorin even more than Dom Francisco in order to pursue more important objectives further afield and he reduced the activity against Calicut to a blockade. As governor of India he [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|conquered Goa]] in 1510, [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|Malacca in Malaysia in 1511]], and in 1513 led a campaign to the Red Sea, though this required withdrawing the ships blockading Calicut.

Upon returning from the Red Sea, Albuquerque sailed his ships to Chaul, the port city of the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]].<ref name=danvers276-278/> While there, he received information that the merchant fleet of Calicut had attempted to sail to Arabia after he left Goa but on account of a storm the convoy had been scattered and its merchant ships forced to seek shelter in harbours ranging from Gujarat to as far south as the prominent [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Mount Dely]].<ref name=danvers276-278/>

A vessel at nearby Danda was seized and found to contain a rich cargo of 3000 quintals of pepper and [[ginger]].<ref name=danvers276-278/> [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]] was then detached with three ships to blockade the port of [[Dabhol|Dabul]] until its authorities surrendered two large trade ships found therein, a demand which was quickly met.<ref name=danvers276-278/> António Raposo was dispatched with a [[galiot]] to blockade [[Bhatkal]] until another vessel there was surrendered, while [[Fernão Gomes de Lemos]] was sent with similar orders on a [[fusta]] to [[Mangalore]], where two more ships were at.<ref name=danvers276-278/> Thus, Albuquerque captured the entire ocean-going fleet of Calicut that had set sail to the Red Sea that year, causing the Muslim merchants of Calicut to be ruined.<ref name=danvers276-278/>

Albuquerque then sailed to Goa, where he was received triumphantly by the local inhabitants and garrison.<ref name=danvers276-278>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India'', volume I, A.D. 1481-1571, W.H. Allen & Company, Limited, 1894, pp. 276-278.</ref>

===The assassination of the Zamorin===
Peace negotiations had been going on intermittently for the past three years ever since Albuquerque took office, but even when the Zamorin requested talks he proved indecisive and evasive, which left a poor impression on the governor.<ref>Sanceau, 1936, p. 226.</ref><ref>Danvers, 1894, volume I, p. 281.</ref>

After Albuquerque returned to Goa, Francisco Nogueira reported that he had been unable to sign a peace with the Zamorin due to the influence of the Muslims.<ref name=danvers278-283>Danvers, 1894, volume I, pp. 278-283.</ref> Albuquerque dispatched his nephew [[Garcia de Noronha|Dom Garcia de Noronha]] to convince the Zamorin, but Dom Garcia was likewise unable to obtain more than procrastinatory replies.<ref name=danvers278-283/> Albuquerque corresponded with the heir of Calicut who was pro-Portuguese and persuaded him to have the ruling Zamorin poisoned.<ref name=danvers278-283/>

==Later Hostilities==
===Siege of Calicut, 1526===
{{main|Siege of Calicut (1526)}}

[[File:Portuguese fort at Calicut.jpg|thumb|Portuguese fort at Calicut]]
After the destruction of the Zamorin's fleet by [[Duarte de Menezes]] in 1525, the Zamorin, in reprisal, attacked the fort of Calicut on 3 June 1526.<ref name="Mathew">{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&pg=PA165 |title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497-1600 |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-046-8 |language=en}}</ref> There were 300 Portuguese defenders in the fort, under [[João de Lima]].<ref name="Mathew"/> Reinforcements came from [[Goa]] on 20 September, with the intent of embarking the defenders and attacking the troops of the Zamorin.<ref name="Mathew"/>

Faced with the continuous hostility of the Zamorin however, the Portuguese decided to abandon and partly destroy the fort, which was then captured by the Zamorin.<ref name="Mathew"/>

===Siege of Chaliyam, 1571===
{{main|Siege of Chaliyam}}

[[File:Chale.png|thumb|Chale fortress]]
On 14 July 1571, the Zamorin's troops laid siege to the Portuguese fortress at [[Chaliyam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ayyar|first=K.V Krishna|title=The Zamorins of Calicut|year=1938|pages=206}}</ref> He bombarded the fortress with 40 cannons. [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] troops successfully blockaded the Portuguese reinforcement vessels by placing an artillery battery on the mouth of the river. The supplies sent from [[Kochi]] and [[Kannur]] for the Portuguese were also intercepted. The provisions ran short and the defenders inside the fort were driven to feed on dogs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|title=Malabar Manual|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press (Madras|year=1887|pages=334}}</ref>

The Portuguese captain [[Dom Jorge de Castro]] sent messengers to the Zamorin and sued for peace, offering to surrender cannons kept in their fort, and to indemnify amply for expenses incurred in the war. The Zamorin did not agree to it although his ministers were satisfied with the offer. On November 1571, When the Portuguese were in an extremely dangerous condition for want of food, and did not find any way to conclude peace, they sent messengers offering to surrender the fort and all that it contained, provided that a safe passage was given for them and protection for property in their possession assured, till they reached a place where they could feel safe and secure. The Zamorin agreed to these conditions and permitted the garrison to march out at midnight.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Makhdoom II|first=Zainuddin|title=Tuhfat Al Mujahuddin|year=1582|pages=88}}</ref>

The Zamorin took possession of the cannons and other things found inside and demolished the fortress completely "leaving no stone upon another". [[Dom Jorge de Castro]] was later executed at [[Goa]] by the Portuguese for surrendering the fort.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Monteiro|title=Portuguese Sea Battles, Volume III|year=2011|pages=361–362}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Pereira (1617)|title=História da Índia, ao Tempo Que a Governou o Vice-Rei D. Luiz de Ataíde|year=1986|pages=146}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After the loss of the [[Chaliyam|Chaliyam fortress]] in 1571, an order came out from Portugal to divide the Portuguese possessions into three portions, designated [[India]], [[Kingdom of Mutapa|Mwenemutapa]], and [[Malacca City|Malacca]]. According to [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], "The decline of the Portuguese power seems to have dated from the time of this arrangement, for the consequence was a train of perplexities that distracted the Portuguese more than all the previous attacks of their enemies in India".<ref name=":2" /> However, according to Saturino Monteiro, the fort of Chaliyam had little strategic interest, and its loss did not represent a serious setback for the Portuguese.<ref>Monteiro (2011). ''Portuguese Sea Battles, Volume III - From Brazil to Japan 1539-1579.'' pp. 339.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Military history of Portugal]]
* [[Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[Zamorin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calicut-Portuguese conflicts}}
[[Category:Wars involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]

Kaura Mal

2026-04-19T22:41:53Z

Vilianarij: pg

{{Short description|Subahdar of Multan from 1748 to 1751}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Diwan Kaura Mal
| image =
| office = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subah of Multan#List of governors|governor]] of [[Multan Subah|Multan]]
| 1blankname = [[Monarch]]
| 1namedata = [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]
| term_start = 1748
| term_end = 1751
| predecessor = [[Nawab Zahid Khan]] (as Mughal governor)
| successor = [[Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani|Ali Muhammad Khan Khakwani]] (as Durrani governor)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Shorkot]], [[Subah of Lahore]]
| birth_name =
| death_date = 1752
| death_place = [[Lahore]]
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| allegiance =
| branch =
| service_years =
| rank =
| battles =
| awards =
| caption =
}}

'''Kaura Mal''' was an official of the [[Mughal Empire]] who served as [[Subahdar]] of [[Subah of Multan]] from 1748 to 1751. He served as [[Divan|Diwan]] of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]] and Multan on various occasions as well. Kaura Mal is notable for being one of the few [[Sahajdhari]] [[Sikhs]] in the [[Government of the Mughal Empire|Mughal bureaucracy]].

==Biography==
Kaura Mal was the son of Vallu Ram, a [[Khatri]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_the_Sikhs_Evolution_of_Sikh_c/ZxJDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708-1769 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> or [[Arora]] of Chuggh clan, originally from [[Shorkot]] in the Subah of Lahore. His father and grandfather had been in the service of governors of Multan.<ref name=":0" /> He started his career in the service of the governor of Lahore [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur|Zakariya Khan]], who appointed him as the Diwan of Multan after he helped in the capture and execution of Pannah Bhatti, a rebel chief, in 1738.{{Sfnp|Singh|2011|pp=461–462}}

In 1746 Diwan [[Lakhpat Rai]], in order to avenge the death of his brother [[Jaspat Rai]], vowed to exterminate the Sikh sect and carried out the massacre of Sikhs, in an event known as [[Chhota Ghallughara]], in spite of the pleads of Kaura Mal and the Hindu gentry of Lahore. Disgusted, Kaura Mal went to Multan and took service under [[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], Multan's governor and brother of Yahya Khan, the governor of Lahore. Soon a civil war broke out between the two brothers and Shah Nawaz Khan became governor of Lahore as well, and Kaura Mal was appointed the Diwan of Lahore in 1747.{{Sfnp|Singh|2011|pp=462–463}}

In 1748, Punjab was invaded by [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] and Shah Nawaz Khan was forced to flee. However, after the defeat of the Afghans in the [[Battle of Manupur]] Mughal control over Lahore was re-established. The newly appointed governor of Lahore [[Mir Mannu]] not only made Kaura Mal his Diwan but also appointed him as the deputy governor of Multan.{{Sfnp|Singh|2011|p=462}}

In 1748/1749, a quarrel broke out between [[Nawab Zahid Khan]] and Shah Nawaz Khan over the governorship of Multan. Mir Mannu sent Kaura Mal who defeated and killed Shah Nawaz Khan [[battle of Multan (1749)|in a battle]]; Zahid Khan retired to [[Sitpur]] while Kaura Mal assumed the charge of Multan, [[Thatta Subah|Thatta]] and [[Derajat]].{{Sfnp|Singh|2011|pp=462–463}}<ref name="Ganda">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia_651/page/n75/mode/2up |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |year=1990 |pages=61–64 |language=en}}</ref> Talwandi Rai Bhoe (now known as [[Nankana Sahib]]), where [[Guru Nanak]] spent his early-years, had been a deserted and abandoned habitation until Diwan Kaura Mal sponsored the construction of holy-tanks ([[Temple tank|sarovars]]) and memorial [[gurdwara]]s there in 1750, which had generous land holdings given to them by Kaura Mal, which formed the estate of Nankana Sahib until [[partition of Punjab]] in 1947.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=Guru Nanak's Life and Thought |date=October 2001 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |isbn=817770012X |editor-last=Kair |editor-first=Madanjit |edition=2nd |series=Selected Works of Sirdar Kapur Singh |location=Amritsar |pages=1 |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Piar}}</ref>

Kaura Mal was again recalled by Mir Mannu in October 1751 during Ahmad Shah's second invasion. He was killed by Bazid Khan of [[Kasur]] in a [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|battle near Lahore]] at the instance of [[Adina Beg]], the [[faujdar]] of [[Jalandhar Doab]].{{Sfnp|Singh|2011|p=463}}<ref name="Gandhi1999">{{cite book |author=Surjit Singh Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/191/mode/2up |title=Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1999 |isbn=9788172052171 |pages=188–189}}</ref><ref name="Advanced">{{cite book |author=G.S. Chhabra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29082/page/391/mode/2up |title=Advanced study in History of the Punjab |year=1960 |pages=391}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Kabuli Mal]]
* [[Sukh Jiwan Mal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia |first= |last= |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |editor1-link=Harbans Singh |title=Kaura Mall, Diwan, Maharaja Bahadur (d. 1752) |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism | volume=II E–L |edition=Third |pages=461–463 |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/461/mode/1up |date=2011 |isbn=978-8-1-7380-349-9 |language=English}}

[[Category:1752 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Subah of Multan]]

Abhishek Suryavanshi

2026-04-19T18:37:16Z

Vilianarij: created a post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Abhishek Suryavanshi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Abhishek Dhananjay Suryavanshi
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|3|12|df=y}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| clubnumber = 16
| youthyears1 = 2017–2018
| youthclubs1 = [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]]
| youthyears2 = 2018–2020
| youthclubs2 = [[ATK Reserves And Academy|ATK B]]
| years1 = 2020–
| clubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| caps1 = 27
| goals1 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2024
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 16:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 11:33, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
}}

'''Abhishek Dhananjay Suryavanshi''' (born 12 March 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/48463?type=club|access-date=1 December 2021|publisher=the-aiff.com|title=Abhishek Suryavanshi}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|19 April 2026}}<ref>{{soccerway|abhishek-dhananjay-suryavanshi/762723}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|Super Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
! colspan="2" |Other
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
!Apps
!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[ATK Reserves And Academy|ATK B]]
|[[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2020]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|0||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |— || colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan=2|ATK Total
!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]
|rowspan=2|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|8||0||colspan="8"|–||8||0
|-
|[[2024 CFL Premier Division|2024]]
|4||0||colspan="8"|–||4||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!12!!0!!colspan="8"|–!!12||0
|-
|[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]
|rowspan=5|[[Indian Super League]]
|2||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan=2|–||2{{efn|Appearance(s) in 2021 [[AFC Cup]]}}||0
|colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2022–23 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2022–23]]}}
|0||0||1||0 || colspan="2" |—||2{{efn|Appearance(s) in 2022 [[AFC Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2023–24]]
|14||0||2||0||2||0||1{{efn|Appearance(s) in 2023[[AFC Cup]]}}||0 || colspan="2" |—||19||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2024–25]]
|11||0||5||0||2||0||1{{efn|Appearance(s) in 2024 ACL Two}}||0 || colspan="2" |—||19||0
|-
|[[2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2025–26]]
|1||0
|3||0
|1||0
|colspan=2|-
|2 {{efn|name=IFAShield|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0
|7||0
|-
! colspan=2|Mohun Bagan Total
!40!!0!!11!!0!!5!!0!!6!!0!!2!!0!!64!!0
|-
! colspan=3|Career Total
!40!!0!!11!!0!!5!!0!!6!!0!!2!!0!!64!!0
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Mohun Bagan'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]], [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
*[[Durand Cup]]: [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]

'''Individual'''
*Indian Super League Emerging Player of the Month: April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mohun-bagan-sgs-abhishek-suryavanshi-wins-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-april |title=Mohun Bagan's Abhishek Suryavanshi wins Emerging Player of the Month for April |date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502105717/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mohun-bagan-sgs-abhishek-suryavanshi-wins-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-april |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=2 May 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{soccerway|762723}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suryavanshi, Abhishek}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Janghemlung Panmei

2026-04-19T17:49:36Z

Vilianarij: post

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Janghemlung Panmei
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 August 1977
| birth_place = [[Tamenglong]], Manipur
| office1 = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Tamenglong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamenglong]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = 
| predecessor1 = [[Samuel Jendai]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = R.K Ragaisin
| education =
| alma_mater = Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi
| profession = Social Worker
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Janghemlung Panmei''' is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]] state. He was elected to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tamenglong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamenglong]] in the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] and [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Janghemlung of NPP wins |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/tamenglong-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-tamenglong-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12762312.htm/amp |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Janghemlung Panmei |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=272 |website=My Neta |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>

He was earlier a member of [[Naga People's Front]] and [[Manipur State Congress Party]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panmei, Janghemlung}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:People from Tamenglong district]]
[[Category:Social workers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur State Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians]]

Baba (2002 film)

2026-04-06T13:57:31Z

Vilianarij: created a stub more to come

{{Short description|2002 film by Suresh Krissna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Baba 2002 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| screenplay = [[Rajinikanth]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Gopu-Babu [[S. Ramakrishnan]]
}}
| story = Rajinikanth
| producer = Rajinikanth
| starring = Rajinikanth [[Manisha Koirala]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[Rajinikanth|Lotus International]]
| distributor = Lotus International [[PVR Pictures]] [[V. Nagaraj|SV VVK Pictures]] (Malaysia)<ref name="TNST">{{cite web |title=A tame comeback in ‘Baba’|work=[[The New Straits Times]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6G8rAAAAIBAJ&dq=V.+Nagaraj&pg=PA21&article_id=1443,3082149|page=Entertainment 5|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> [[Lyca Productions]] (Re-release)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lycaproductions.in/distribution/baba-re-release/|title=Baba (Re-release)|date=2024|work=[[Lyca Productions]]|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|8|15|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=S. |date=26 August 2022 |title=Bhagwan Rajni |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/bhagwan-rajni/216985 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190328052001/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/bhagwan-rajni/216985 |archive-date=28 Mar 2019 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 178 minutes 148 minutes (Re-release)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Baba''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[supernatural film|supernatural]] [[action film]] written and produced by [[Rajinikanth]] under his banner Lotus International, directed by [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krissna]], with cinematography by [[Chota K. Naidu]]. The film features Rajinikanth in the title role alongside [[Manisha Koirala]]. The original songs and background score were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].

The film's story is about a carefree young non-believer of supreme power, Baba, who is a [[reincarnation]] of a great saint from the [[Himalaya]]s. After several twists and problems caused by corrupt local politicians, Baba is taken to [[Mahavatar Babaji]], whom Baba was a follower of in his last life. Baba gets tested by the deity to overcome several illusions of the materialistic world and is given seven wishes. How he uses the wishes while developing spirituality and being at loggerheads with the villains at the same time forms the rest of the story.

First released in 2002 with more than 100 days in theatres, the film was met with mixed critical reviews and was a [[box-office failure]], resulting in Rajinikanth reimbursing distributors for their losses. The film was [[Digital remaster|digitally remastered]], [[Re-edited film|re-edited]] with a shorter duration and an [[alternate ending]], and re-released by [[Lyca Productions]] on 10 December 2022, twenty years after its original release, coinciding with Rajinikanth's birthday weekend and received a favourable response.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Rajinikanth's Flop Movie 'Baba' Becomes A Massive Success After The Re-Release |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-s-flop-movie-baba-becomes-a-massive-success-after-the-re-release-1570580 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231202250/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-s-flop-movie-baba-becomes-a-massive-success-after-the-re-release-1570580 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Once a flop, Rajini's 'Baba' turning into a superhit on re-release? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/19/rajinikanth-movie-baba-released-after-20-years-hit.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226153529/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/19/rajinikanth-movie-baba-released-after-20-years-hit.html |archive-date=26 December 2022 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en |access-date=22 November 2024 }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Expand section|February 2026|date=February 2026}}
The film's story is about a carefree young atheist, Baba, who is a reincarnation of a [[Saint]] from the [[Himalayas]]. After several twists and problems caused by corrupt local politicians, Baba is taken to [[Mahavatar Babaji]], whom Baba was a follower of in his last life. Baba gets tested by the deity and is given seven chances of wishes; the test is that if he uses any one of the wishes for his own personal desires, he would have to take many more births for him to get rid of the Karma.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Baba and [[Mahavatar Babaji]] (voice only)
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Chamundeeswari
* [[Goundamani]] as Annamalai
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Baba's maternal uncle
* [[Amrish Puri]] as the ''[[tantrik]]''
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Chamundeeswari's father
* [[Vasu Vikram|MRR. Vasu Vikram]] as Baba's treacherous friend
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Perusu
* [[Karunas]] as Samundi
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Kathirika
* [[N. Viswanathan|Kolkata Viswanathan]] as Baba's father
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Bhai
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Ramaswamy's son
* [[Ashish Vidhyarthi]] as [[deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]] Ippo Ramaswamy
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Divyananda Bharathi
* Bharat Dabholkar as [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] Purushothaman 
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Baba's mother
* [[Sanghavi]] as Lakshmi
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Jagadeeshwari, Chamundeeswari's mother
* [[Deepa Venkat]] as Chamundeeswari's friend
* [[Santhoshi]] as Rajeshwari, sister{{Clarification needed|date=March 2026}}
* [[Vaishnavi (Tamil actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Bhuwaneshwari, Chamundeeswari's sister

;Special appearances
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Minister of Tourism
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as [[Padayappa|Neelambari]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=GE |first=Krupa |date=2018-02-14 |title=Ramya Krishnan, for the win |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/13/ramya-krishnan-for-the-win-1772891.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127053600/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/13/ramya-krishnan-for-the-win-1772891.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Suryaprakash
* [[Sarath Babu]] as the father of the girl saved by Baba
* Bharati Mani as Kanthan (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/baba-review-in-re-edited-version-rajini-sheds-his-political-ambitions/|title=Baba review: Rajini’s cult film holds little appeal for a 2022 audience|date=11 December 2022|work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai TV|The Federal]]|first=N Vinoth|last=Kumar|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

}}

== Soundtrack==
[[A. R. Rahman]] was approached to compose the original songs and [[background score]] of the film. He initially declined the offer because of his busy schedule in [[London]], with ''[[Bombay Dreams]]''. He eventually accepted the film while in [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtu.be/xBImJBy3i9c?t=743 |title=Baba - Why Mahavatar Babaji Face Was not Shown in Film? - Suresh Krissna Opens Up {{!}} Rajini |date=16 August 2020 |language=ta |publisher=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |access-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425050629/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBImJBy3i9c |archive-date=25 April 2021 |url-status=bot: unknown |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The songs were recorded in June 2002. Rahman had to supervise the recordings online.

The soundtrack album was released in July 2002 in Chennai. According to Rahman, he tried novel innovations with ''Baba'', giving more than the [[jingoistic]] music that is a characteristic part of a Rajinikanth film.<ref name="Countdown">{{Cite web |date=2002-08-01 |title=Countdown to 'Baba' mystery |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/lf/2002/08/01/stories/2002080101330200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021116084656/http://www.hinduonnet.com/lf/2002/08/01/stories/2002080101330200.htm |archive-date=16 November 2002 |access-date=1 August 2002 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Some of the songs were filmed in [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-08-13 |title=Exciting fare on the cards |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/13/stories/2002081300230400.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031006031253/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/13/stories/2002081300230400.htm |archive-date=6 October 2003 |access-date=13 August 2002 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Rahman also faced criticism from the film fraternity for not recording the songs on time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2002-06-13 |title=Discordant notes |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/13/stories/2002061300590301.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104200228/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/13/stories/2002061300590301.htm |archive-date=4 November 2002 |access-date=13 June 2002 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] objected to the lyrics of a song that had to be partially deleted from the film later. They objected to what they called unfair commentary on [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] and his ideology.<ref name="Countdown" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2002-08-22 |title="Baba" bashing! |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/mp/2002/08/22/stories/2002082200470200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126114352/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mp/2002/08/22/stories/2002082200470200.htm |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=22 August 2002 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Song
!Singers
!Lyricist
|-
| "Baba Theme" ("Ekam Eva Adhvitheyam")
| [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Dippu Dippu"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| Vairamuthu
|-
| "Kichchu Tha"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Reena Bhardwaj]], [[Rajinikanth]] {{small|(voice-over)}}
| [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Maya Maya"
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| Vaali
|-
| "Rajyama Illai Emaiyama - Version 1 "
| [[P. Jayachandran]]
| Vaali
|-
| "Sakthi Kodu"
| Karthik
| Vairamuthu
|-
| "Rajyama Illai Emaiyama - Version 2"
| P. Jayachandran
| Vaali
|-
| "Baba Rap"
| [[Blaaze]]
| Blaaze
|}

==Release==
This high-budget production was sold at a record price of {{INR}}17 crore to distributors, but the film yielded a share of {{INR}}13 crore worldwide. So, Rajinikanth volunteered to return almost 25% of the investment. In Coimbatore distribution territory, ''Baba'' was sold for {{INR}}1.5 crore. This record remained unbroken until ''[[Chandramukhi]]'', another Rajnikanth film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chandramukhi-first-sale-news-tamil-kkfvDWiddfbsi.html |title=Chandramukhi breaks Baba record price in Coimbatore distribution territory |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026055051/http://www.sify.com/movies/chandramukhi-first-sale-news-tamil-kkfvDWiddfbsi.html |archive-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film made [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]] 2 million in Malaysia but only broke even due to the high cost of distributing the movie.<ref name="TNST"/>

=== Reception ===
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "You tend to think of ''Badsha'' even as you watch ''Baba'' and you wonder at the magic of the former, which still remains unsurpassed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 August 2002 |title=Baba |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/16/stories/2002081600960300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201170455/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/16/stories/2002081600960300.htm |archive-date=1 February 2003 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 July 2017 }}</ref> A critic from [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "A large dose of spiritualism, blended with the usual Rajini-style of mannerisms and punch lines, and some graphics [...] A bit of an uncertain and confusing cocktail".<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jul 25, 2002 |title=Baba Tamil Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/97/tamil/baba/30/review.htm |website=Nowrunning |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |access-date=27 November 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127075150/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/97/tamil/baba/30/review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "Rajnikanth's much hyped Baba is a total let down even for his die-hard fans! The film lacks mass appeal and looks more like a propaganda movie for the 'Hindutva' brigade".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/baba-review-tamil-pcluttajccacb.html|title=Baba|website=Sify|access-date=22 November 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201121060045/https://www.sify.com/movies/baba-review-tamil-pcluttajccacb.html|archive-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Ramadoss, a politician from [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) condemned Rajinikanth for posing with [[beedi]]s in the film and playing the role of a chain smoker in the film, which glorified smoking and drinking and encouraged [[Youth in India|Tamil youth]] to pick up those habits. PMK volunteers attacked theatres which screened the film ''Baba'' and usurped film rolls, and burnt it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2004 |title=Rajini keeps everyone guessing |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Mar232004/n7.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309043030/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Mar232004/n7.asp |archive-date=9 March 2007 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Amidst such controversies and negative criticism, Rajinikanth kept himself away from acting. Despite this, a few novice directors approached him with scripts, all of which he rejected.<ref>{{Cite web |last=JBR |date=23 May 2005 |title=Is it a Rajni film, a film in which Rajini had acted? |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/rajinispecial.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051205211447/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/rajinispecial.shtml |archive-date=5 December 2005 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Re-release==
The film was [[Digital remaster|digitally remastered]] and [[Reissue|re-released]] on December 10, 2022 with its running time being reduced by half-an-hour and having enhanced sound quality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Superstar Rajinikanth's Baba to be re-released in theatres. Deets inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanths-baba-to-be-re-released-in-theatres-deets-inside-2300063-2022-11-21 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225034139/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanths-baba-to-be-re-released-in-theatres-deets-inside-2300063-2022-11-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-unveils-trailer-for-remastered-version-of-baba-a-film-that-will-forever-be-closest-to-my-heart-8304393/|title=Rajinikanth unveils trailer for remastered version of Baba: ‘A film that will forever be closest to my heart’|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204125322/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-unveils-trailer-for-remastered-version-of-baba-a-film-that-will-forever-be-closest-to-my-heart-8304393/|archive-date=4 December 2022|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

The film had a limited re-release within Tamil Nadu and a few cities across India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-17 |title='Baba' re-release box office collection: Rajinikanth starrer earned Rs 4 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/baba-re-release-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-earned-rs-4-crores/articleshow/96296759.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220000304/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/baba-re-release-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-earned-rs-4-crores/articleshow/96296759.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
The film was noted for its dialogue spoken by Rajinikanth "Katham Katham" (Finish, Finish), which gained popularity and also inspired [[Katham Katham|a film of the same name]] released in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=I don't imitate Rajini intentionally: Natraj Subramaniam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150526/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-don%E2%80%99t-imitate-rajini-intentionally-natraj-subramaniam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526213046/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150526/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-don%E2%80%99t-imitate-rajini-intentionally-natraj-subramaniam |archive-date=26 May 2015 |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Suresh Krissna}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Lyca Productions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:2002 controversies]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Japanese people]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about feuds]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films about religion]]
[[Category:Films about spirituality]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films set in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films with atheism-related themes]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
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[[Category:Indian political action films]]
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[[Category:Paramahansa Yogananda]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
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[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Supernatural action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Yoga mass media]]
[[Category:2000s supernatural films]]

Drishya 2

2026-04-05T20:58:10Z

Vilianarij: data - done

{{Short description|Kannada language action thriller}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Drishya 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| story = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Drishyam 2]]''|Jeethu Joseph}}
| producer = Mukesh R. Mehta C. V. Sarathi
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] [[Navya Nair]] [[Aarohi Narayan]] Unnathi [[Asha Sharath]] [[Pramod Shetty]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Anant Nag]]
| cinematography = Seetharam G. S. V.
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| studio = E4 Entertainment
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|12|10}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Drishya 2''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Crime film|crime thriller film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]] and produced by E4 Entertainment. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Swaroopinii|Aarohi Narayan]], Unnathi, [[Asha Sharath]], [[Pramod Shetty]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], and [[Anant Nag]]. It is a remake of the 2021 Malayalam film ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' (2021) and a sequel to ''[[Drishya]]'' (2014).

The film was released on 10 December 2021, and received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Drishya 2 review: A watchable remake of a fine original |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/drishya-2-review-a-watchable-remake-of-a-fine-original-1059541.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210162308/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/drishya-2-review-a-watchable-remake-of-a-fine-original-1059541.html |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=October 2024}}

On the night of 3 March 2014, a convict named Annappa is on the run from the authorities for murdering his brother-in-law. Hiding behind an unfinished police station, he sees Rajendra emerging from it. Afterwards, he attempts to apologize to his wife, but end up being arrested by the police.

Seven years later, Rajendra, Seetha, Sindhu and Shreya are leading a more prosperous life. Rajendra is now a successful businessman, and owner of a movie theatre who yearns to produce a film of his own, despite his family's strong reservations. He is in constant contact with a renowned screenwriter named Vijayshankar, to develop the plot.

However, Sindhu has recurring episodes of epilepsy and has PTSD – a direct consequence of her fears of being arrested, on account of her complicity in the murder of Tarun Chandrasekhar. Jealous of the family's rise in wealth, a number of villagers have resorted to spreading rumours about Sindhu having "venereal connections" with Tarun – much to Seetha's distress.

Seetha's only source of solace is her friendly neighbor Savitha – a government clerk, who is often abused by her alcoholic husband, Joseph – a real estate broker. The [[Karnataka Police]] has been humiliated in their inability to decipher the truth behind Tarun's case. Meanwhile, Rajendra has an encounter with Tarun's father Mr. Chandrasekhar, who vainly begs the former to disclose the location of his son's remains.

Meanwhile, Shreya comes home for spring break and invites her friends for a house party, despite Seetha's objections. With Rajendra remaining aloof to her concerns, Seetha spends more time with Savitha, and on one occasion, inadvertently blurts on the truth about her family's complicity in Tarun's death. Unbeknownst to her, Savitha and Joseph are actually married undercover cops, assigned by [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Prathap Narayan, who is a close friend and colleague of Roopa.

Annappa is released from prison. After struggling to make amends with his now-estranged family, he seeks to find employment. While coming to know that Rajendra's case is still ongoing, he recollects Rajendra's presence at the police station which was under construction. Realizing that Rajendra was indeed complicit in the murder, he tips Prathap – who later summons Roopa and Chandrasekhar from the [[United States of America|U.S.A]].

After the trio bribes him with a sum of {{INRConvert|5|l}}, Annappa reveals Rajendra's presence at the then-unfinished police station on the night of 3 August. Armed with Annappa's revelations, the authorities raid the police station, eventually unearthing a human skeleton. Concurrently, Rajendra, having noticed the events through his [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]] (which he had set up around the police station), seemingly gives up.

Armed with the discovery of the human remains, Prathap, Roopa, and Chandrasekhar summons Rajendra's family for an informal investigation. Rajendra, Seetha, Shreya and Sindhu manage to maintain their alibi. However, Roopa reveals a [[voice recording]] of Seetha's earlier confession to Savitha; the police had bugged the family residence earlier. Having exposed the family, Roopa turns to question Sindhu, resulting in the latter having another epileptic seizure.

Distraught, Rajendra falsely confesses to Prathap that he was the culprit in Tarun's murder. With the police satisfied, the family is released and Rajendra ends up being arrested, but Roopa isn't satisfied as she demands that Rajendra's family be punished as well. Later, Rajendra is placed on trial for Tarun's murder. Concurrently, Vijayshankar, having learned about Rajendra's arrest, pays a visit to Prathap, Roopa and Chandrasekhar.

He reveals that during his business collusions with Rajendra, the latter had fabricated a script for a future [[crime thriller film|crime thriller]], loosely based on Tarun's murder. He further reveals that Rajendra had published a novel, titled ''Drishya'', based on the film script (although it was published under Vijayshankar's name, for copyright protection). The quartet is then informed that Rajendra had officially pleaded not guilty, with his legal defence submitting that he had been framed by the authorities, which had "misused" Drishya's plot as a means to incriminate him.

Realizing that Rajendra's earlier confession matches with Drishya's plot, Prathap deduces that Rajendra had created the novel and the confession, as a part of a scheme to escape legal punishment. Even more surprising, the DNA tests conducted on the skeleton revealed that it doesn't match Tarun's [[Deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA]]. Stunned, Vijayashankar divulges that Rajendra had fabricated an alternate climax for his film – in which the hero (Rajendra), in his bid to evade legal punishment, would procure the remains of another person of same age and sex, who had died owing to similar injuries like that of the villain by befriending the gravedigger of the cemetery where that said body had been interred.

The hero would keep the skeletal remains which he got from the cemetery with him for nearly three years, and befriend a security guard at the district medical college morgue under the pretext of offering him a chance in the film industry. On the night the remains excavated from the police station arrive at the morgue, after plying the security guard with drinks, the hero would switch the body in the morgue, just before the day the DNA analysis is to be performed.

With no physical evidence to prove his culpability, Rajendra is released on personal bail. Rajendra's lawyer Renuka requests the Judge to kindly direct the state police not to proceed against Rajendra and his family for the time being as they are approaching the High Court of Karnataka to stop all the proceedings against them in connection with the "so-called" crime. The Judge calls Prathap to his chambers and tells him that both Rajendra's and Chandrasekhar's families truly deserve justice, but the legal system is unable to provide it to them.

The judge also orders Prathap to end all investigations of Tarun's case, as unsolved cases are not new to the system. Outside the courthouse, Vijayashankar discloses to Roopa and Chandrasekhar that Rajendra's alternate climax had a tail end as well: the hero would transfer the villain's remains to his bereaved parents. Simultaneously, Rajendra has Tarun's cremated skeletal remains anonymously handed over to Roopa and Chandrasekhar.

As Chandrasekhar immerses Tarun's ashes into the river, Prathap convinces Roopa to let go of her enmity with Rajendra, saying that they will never succeed in punishing Rajendra since he is making good on his intent to protect his family. Prathap also states that Rajendra's life is his punishment, as the latter must constantly endeavour in his efforts to protect his family from the ever-watchful eye of the authorities. Meanwhile, Rajendra, who was watching the trio from afar, leaves solemnly.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Rajendra Ponnappa
* [[Navya Nair]] as Seetha
* [[Aarohi Narayan]] as Sindhu
* Unnathi as Shreya
* [[Asha Sharath]] as Roopa Chandrashekhar
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Chandrashekhar
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Prathap Narayan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Anant Nag]] as Vijay Shankar
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Tea shop customer
* Krishna Hebbale as [[Inspector]] Bharat
* [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 5|Lasya Nagraj]] as Savitha
* Narayana Swamy as Joseph
* Sampath Kumar as Annappa
* [[Sonu Gowda]] as [[Advocate]] Renuka
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]]
* Suresh Lakkoor as Judge
* [[Shivaram]] as Tea shop owner}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/v-ravichandran-likely-to-begin-shooting-for-drishya-2-in-may/articleshow/82063568.cms|title=V Ravichandran likely to begin shooting for Drishya 2 in May|date=14 April 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=12 May 2025|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804204450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/v-ravichandran-likely-to-begin-shooting-for-drishya-2-in-may/articleshow/82063568.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming took place in Kadagadalu and Balamuri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/shooting-sets-readied-in-balamuri-for-drishya-2-1019824.html|title=Shooting sets readied in Balamuri for Drishya-2|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> ''Drishya 2'' was slightly modified from the serious tone in the first half of the original film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2021/Dec/09/ravichandran-audience-is-in-no-mood-to-watch-my-earlier-image-28319.html|title=Ravichandran: Audience is in no mood to watch my earlier image|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=9 December 2021|website=Cinema Express|access-date=12 May 2025|archive-date=6 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206195703/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2021/dec/09/ravichandran-audience-is-in-no-mood-to-watch-my-earlier-image-28319.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Dec/08/drishya-2-will-have-enough-kannada-nativity-2392930.html|title='Drishya 2 will have enough Kannada nativity'|first=|last=|date=8 December 2021|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=12 May 2025|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807220157/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Dec/08/drishya-2-will-have-enough-kannada-nativity-2392930.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malebille - Haricharan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/drishya-2/fUHlv4a51So_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=3 December 2021 |access-date=12 May 2025 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209073138/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/drishya-2/fUHlv4a51So_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Malebille
| length1 = 4:25
| lyrics1 = [[Anup Bhandari]]
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| total_length = 4:25
}}

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews from critics.

Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Drishya 2'' is a good attempt and technically sound, thanks to the top-notch technical crew".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=Dec 10, 2021 |title=Drishya 2 Movie Review : A faithful remake, which keeps one hooked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/drishya-2/movie-review/88208508.cms |access-date=2023-07-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130185941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/drishya-2/movie-review/88208508.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The New Indian Express|''The New Indian Express'']] gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "''Drishya 2'' is a faithful remake, making it for a good family outing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Drishya 2 movie review: The truth, lies, and everything in between |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/dec/11/drishya-2-movie-review-the-truth-liesand-everything-in-between-2394116.html |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[ZEE5]]'' called it a realistic recreation that will keep you fascinated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Drishya 2: A Realistic Recreation That Will Keep You Fascinated |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/drishya-2-a-realistic-recreation-that-will-keep-you-fascinated-p-vasu-intends-to-make-a-distinctive-version |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[ZEE5]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{P. Vasu}}
{{Drishyam}}

[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films about epilepsy]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
{{improve categories|date=September 2024}}

Riwayat

2026-04-05T10:48:11Z

Vilianarij: done - done

{{Infobox film
| name = Riwayat
| image = Riwayat.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vijay Patkar]]
| producer = Sanjay Patole [[Ajay Rane]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/indian-origin-professor-ajay-rane-conferred-with-order-of-australia-medal-190134481.html | title=Indian-origin Professor Ajay Rane Conferred With Order of Australia Medal | publisher=PR News | work=Newsdesk | date=7 February 2013 | accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref>
| writer = Ajay Patole Sanjay Patole<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-tough-dealing-with-reality-Dr-Sanjay-Patole/articleshow/16503119.cms | title=It's tough dealing with reality: Dr Sanjay Patole | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=[[The Times Group]] | date=23 September 2012 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | author=Mohd. Salman Khan}}</ref>
| starring = {{ubl|[[Khalid Siddiqui]]|[[Samapika Debnath]]|Saurabh Dubey|[[Salil Ankola]]}}
| music = Sushil Lalji
| cinematography = Suresh Suvarna
| editing = Dinesh Mengade
| studio = Horizon Films Pvt Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2010|05|08|Monaco Charity Film Festival|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/adupont/docs/brochure_version_longue_web|title=MONACO CHARITY FILM FESTIVAL BROCHURE 2010|work=Issuu|date=7 April 2010|accessdate=29 June 2020|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915081537/https://issuu.com/adupont/docs/brochure_version_longue_web|url-status=dead}}</ref>|2012|9|7|India}}
| runtime = 122 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/147148/riwayat | title=Riwayat | work=[[The Guardian]] | accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Riwayat''''' ({{translation|Tradition}}) is a 2010 Indian [[drama film]] directed by [[Vijay Patkar]] and produced by [[Ajay Rane]] and Sanjay Patole.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/riwayat-a-film-on-female-foeticide-by-doctors-news-national-mjdsatadceasi.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205170024/http://www.sify.com/movies/riwayat-a-film-on-female-foeticide-by-doctors-news-national-mjdsatadceasi.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 February 2016 | title='Riwayat' a film on female foeticide by doctors | website=[[Sify]] | date=3 September 2012 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Khalid Siddiqui]], [[Samapika Debnath]], Saurabh Dubey and [[Salil Ankola]] in pivotal roles. The film is based on the issues of [[female foeticide in India]]. The film was screened at international film festivals and won several international awards.

==Cast==
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Raja Desai
* [[Samapika Debnath]] as Anita Desai
* [[Salil Ankola]] as Deepak Desai
* Saurabh Dubey as Seth Girdhar Desai (Raja and Deepak's father)
* [[Narendra Jha]] as Kabeer
* [[Aditya Lakhia]] as Gangaram
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]]
* [[Achint Kaur]]
* [[Rajendra Gupta]]
* Gauri Kulkarni as Radha

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed reviews. Srijana Das Mitra from [[The Times of India]] rated the film 2 out of 5, praised the acting and criticised that the film should have "highlighted the issue only".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Riwayat/movie-review/16297407.cms | title=Riwayat Movie Review | publisher=[[Times of India]] | work=[[The Times Group]] | date=7 September 2012 | accessdate=4 February 2016 | author=Srijana Das Mitra}}</ref> Shaheen Parker from [[Mid-Day]] rated 1.5 out of 5 criticised the film's story and direction.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-riwayat/180543 | title=Movie review: Riwayat | publisher=[[Mid-Day]] | date=8 September 2012 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | author=Shaheen Parker}}</ref>

==Accolades==
The film was selected officially at many [[film festival]]s, including Monaco Charity International Film Festival, [[Cannes Film Festival]], [[Cairo International Film Festival]], [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]], [[CinefestOZ]], and various film festivals in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/cairo-international-film-festival.htm | title=Cairo International Film Festival | publisher=[[Cairo International Film Festival]] | date=2010 | accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=festts>{{cite web | url=http://indyanews.in/riwayat-when-traditions-kill/ | title=RIWAYAT- When traditions kill | publisher=IndyaNews | date=18 August 2012 | accessdate=5 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The film won five awards at different international film festivals.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/city-anchor-film-on-female-foeticide-by-australiabased-docs-out-next-month/990574/ | title=city anchor: Film on female foeticide by Australia-based docs out next month | publisher=[[The Indian Express]] | work=[[Indian Express Group]] | date=20 August 2012 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | author=Garima Mishra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/Riwayat/articleshow/15389207.cms | title=Riwayat - TOI | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=[[The Times Group]] | date=7 August 2012 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | author=TNN}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Awards
!Ceremony
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
| Awards For Excellence
| The Accolade Competition
| {{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://accoladecompetition.org/past-winners/august-2010/ | title=Winners of August 2010 | publisher=The Accolade Competition | date=2010 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | archive-date=5 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205181154/http://accoladecompetition.org/past-winners/august-2010/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Special Jury Award
|Monaco Charity International Film Festival
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=festts/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/doctor-sanjay-patole-writes-script-for-indias-national-ill/story-e6frgcjx-1225874174684 | title=Doctor Sanjay Patole writes script for India's national ill | publisher=[[The Australian]] | date=2 June 2010 | accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)]]
|[[Cannes Film Festival]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref name=festts/>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress - Gauri Kulkarni
|Maverick Movie Awards
|{{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.maverickmovieawards.com/2010.html | title=2010 Maverick Movie Awards | publisher=Maverick Movie Awards | date=2010 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | archive-date=24 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324061813/http://www.maverickmovieawards.com/2010.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Yellow Rose Award for Upcoming Film with World Premiere - [[Vijay Patkar]]
|Jaipur International Film Festival
|{{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/external_clips/191906/50fa2dbfad8a5RED-CARPET-FINAL-PR.doc.pdf | title=3rd Jaipur International Film Festival 27-30 January, 2011 | publisher=Jaipur International Film Festival | date=2011 | accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* ''[http://www.broadway.org.uk/events/film_riwayat Riwayat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205195121/http://www.broadway.org.uk/events/film_riwayat |date=5 February 2016 }}'' at [[Broadway Cinema]] portal
* {{IMDb title|id=1652343}}
* ''[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/riwayat/ Riwayat]'' at the [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

[[Category:2010 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Films about sex selection in India]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Viswam (film)

2026-03-31T02:20:40Z

Vilianarij: New

{{short description|Indian action comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Viswam
| image = Viswam (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sreenu Vaitla]]
| writer = [[Sreenu Vaitla]] '''(Story/Dialogues)''' [[Gopimohan]] Bhanu-Nandu Praveen Verma '''(Screenplay)'''
| producer = Venu Donepudi T. G. Vishwa Prasad Vivek Kuchibotla Kondal Jinna
| starring = [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] [[Kavya Thapar]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Guhan]]
| editing = Amar Reddy Kudumula
| music = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]] [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| studio = Chitralayam Studios People Media Factory
| runtime = 154 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|11|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|17.20 crores}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Gopichand's "Vishvam" Total Collections....Mass Recovery with Mixed Talk!! |url=https://t2blive.com/viswam-movie-ww-total-collections/ |date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Viswam''''' ({{translation|The Universe}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] co-written and directed by [[Srinu Vaitla|Sreenu Vaitla]] while [[Gopimohan]], Bhanu-Nandu and Praveen Verma wrote the screenplay. The film is produced by Chitralayam Studios and People Media Factory.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2024|title=Vaitla Macho Update: గోపీచంద్, శ్రీను వైట్ల సినిమా ఫస్ట్ స్ట్రైక్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్ - అంచనాలు పెంచేస్తున్నారుగా!|url=https://www.telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/director-sreenu-vaitla-and-actor-gopichand-s-vaitla-macho-first-strike-on-april-11th-155423/amp|website=ABP Desam|access-date=22 September 2024|archive-date=9 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409093239/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/director-sreenu-vaitla-and-actor-gopichand-s-vaitla-macho-first-strike-on-april-11th-155423/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] and [[Kavya Thapar]]. The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]] and [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[K. V. Guhan]] and Amar Reddy Kudumula, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Gopichand's Next Film Viswam First Look Revealed|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/gopichands-next-film-viswam-first-look-revealed-889217|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=22 September 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803041412/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/gopichands-next-film-viswam-first-look-revealed-889217|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Viswam Teaser Unveiled; Gopichand And Sreenu Vaitla's Film To Release On October 11 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gopichand-and-sreenu-vaitlas-viswam-teaser-unveiled-film-to-release-on-october-11-article-113029912 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904101904/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gopichand-and-sreenu-vaitlas-viswam-teaser-unveiled-film-to-release-on-october-11-article-113029912 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | first=Aithagoni | last = Raju |title=ఇన్నాళ్లకి కరెక్ట్ ట్రాక్‌లో పడ్డా గోపీచంద్‌, 'విశ్వం' టీజర్‌ రివ్యూ, ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/viswam-movie-teaser-review-gopichand-on-right-track-arj-sj8psp |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=te|trans-title=Gopichand has been on the right track all these years, 'Viswam' teaser review, how is it going?}}</ref>

''Viswam'' was scheduled to release in theatres on 11 October 2024. The film received mixed reviews from critics and became an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Pramod |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Gopichand's "Vishvam" Total Collections....Mass Recovery with Mixed Talk!! |url=https://t2blive.com/viswam-movie-ww-total-collections/ |access-date=October 8, 2025 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot||date=November 2024}}
The film opens with a bomb blast carried out by a student linked to a terrorist network. Professor Sanjay Sharma (Jisshu Sengupta), revealed to be Jalaluddin Qureshi, an ISIS operative, conspires with Bachiraju (Sunil) to orchestrate further attacks. When another professor discovers their plans, both he and the central minister are killed, leaving a young girl, Darshana, as the sole witness.

Darshana becomes the target of Qureshi’s men, but is protected by Gopi Reddy (Gopichand), a seemingly ordinary man. As he fights off multiple attempts on her life, his past is gradually revealed: his real name is Viswam, an orphan adopted by DIG Kailash Satyardhi after terrorists killed his family. He later joined the Anti-Terrorism Squad and had been tracking Qureshi’s network.

Viswam’s personal life intertwines with Samira (Kavya Thapar), a woman he once loved and was betrayed by, but who later reconciles with him. Meanwhile, Qureshi intensifies his attacks, killing Viswam’s adoptive father and targeting Darshana again. In the climax, Viswam rescues the girl, confronts Qureshi, and eliminates his network with the help of his sister Priya (Priya Vadlamani) and surviving allies. Qureshi is killed, and his associates are exposed and arrested, bringing the terror plot to an end.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand T]] as Viswam Satyardhi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] / "Baddam Gopi Reddy"; recruited to [[National Investigative Agency|NIA]] later collaborated with Anti-Terrorist Squad
* [[Kavya Thapar]] as Samira Sarma, Sarma's daughter
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Jalaluddin Qureshi, Pakistan [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] Agent, who disguised with the name of Sanjay Sharma the main antagonist
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Deepak Raj
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Bachiraju, Qureshi's aid; a traitor
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Sarma, Samira's father
* [[Pragathi]] as Kasthuri, Samira's mother
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Karthik, [[Anti-Terrorist Squad]] Member; colleague to Viswam (Cameo Appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/varisu-actor-shaam-plays-a-raw-agent-in-srinu-vaitlas-next/0e26218e92361|title=Varisu actor Shaam plays a RAW agent in Srinu Vaitla's next|date=29 October 2023|work=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>
* [[Anisha Ambrose]] as Meera, Karthik's wife (Cameo appearance)
* [[Priya Vadlamani]] as [[Captain (army)|Captain]] Priya Satyardhi, Viswam's Adopted sister (Cameo appearance)
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Ticket Collector
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Suresh Gopi
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as a political strategist to Bachiraju
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Deekshitulu; Bachiraju's PA.
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Baddam Jali Reddy
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as DIG Kailash Satyardhi; Viswam's father
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Kailash Satyardhi's brother
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Baddam Gopi Reddy's father
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Janaki, Viswam's mother
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Baddam Gopi Reddy's mother
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Vikram Sarma
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Viswam's friend
* [[Master Bharath]] as Raju, Samira's assistant
* [[Suman Talwar|Suman]] as Central Minister Seetharama Raju, Bachiraju's elder brother
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Baddam Bulli Reddy, Jali Reddy's elder brother
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
* [[Chammak Chandra]]
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Vikram Sharma aid
* [[Aziz Naser]] as Massod (One of Qureshi's Henchmen)
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]]
* [[Gautam Raju]]
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar
* Iyal as Darshana
}}

== Production ==
The first filming schedule commenced on 24 September in [[Italy]], and they shot in multiple locations there, including [[Matera]], [[Milan]] and [[Rome]]. A song sequence was filmed there, as well.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-14 |title=Gopichand's next movie with Sreenu Vaitla completes its first schedule in Milan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gopichands-next-movie-with-sreenu-vaitla-completes-its-first-schedule-in-milan/articleshow/104424037.cms |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The Times of India |issn= |archive-date=2024-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923021254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gopichands-next-movie-with-sreenu-vaitla-completes-its-first-schedule-in-milan/articleshow/104424037.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Following that, the crew moved to [[Goa]] for their next schedule.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Afterwards, they shot some scenes in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], at the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in January 2024.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Thereafter, the cast began shooting in [[Hyderabad]]. By the following month, the film had completed approx. 60% of its shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad | first = Avad |date=15 February 2024 |title=Gopichand-Srinu Vaitla film hits a roadblock; THIS popular producer has come to the rescue |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gopichand-srinu-vaitla-film-hits-a-roadblock-popular-producer-comes-to-the-rescue-details-inside/f00f17df48992 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923021303/https://www.ottplay.com/news/gopichand-srinu-vaitla-film-hits-a-roadblock-popular-producer-comes-to-the-rescue-details-inside/f00f17df48992 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March, the makers announced that People Media Factory would join as co producer of the film with Chitralayam Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Gopichand 32 is now Viswam; makers release first teaser of the film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/11/gopichand-32-is-now-viswam-makers-release-first-teaser-of-the-film |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802140603/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/11/gopichand-32-is-now-viswam-makers-release-first-teaser-of-the-film |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-12 |title='Gopichand 32' is now titled 'Viswam'; makers release film's teaser |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gopichand-32-is-now-titled-viswam-makers-release-films-teaser/article68057362.ece |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn= |archive-date=2024-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802140602/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gopichand-32-is-now-titled-viswam-makers-release-films-teaser/article68057362.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser was unveiled on 3 September 2024, with the launch event primarily attended by the cast and the technical crew. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Viswam teaser promises a laugh fest - idlebrain.com |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/viswam-teaser.html |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Viswam
| type = film
| artist = [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| released = 2024
| studio = RushStudios Jubilee 10 Studios
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Telugu
| label = Tips Telugu
| producer = Chaitan Bharadwaj
| prev_title = [[Harom Hara]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Kishkindhapuri]]
| next_year = 2025
| chronology = Chaitan Bharadwaj
}}

The soundtrack and the [[Film score|background score]] were composed by [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]] and [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] (only one song), in his maiden collaboration with both Gopichand and Srinu Vaitla. The first single, "Moroccan Maguva," was released on 11 September 2024, and is a dance track about the hero's romantic interest. [[Rakendu Mouli]]'s lyrics have a liberal use of colloquial Hyderabadi lingo, and it is a unique blending of English, Telugu and Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title='Moroccan Maguva' from Viswam is a groovy dance number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/11/moroccan-maguva-from-viswam-is-a-groovy-dance-number |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single, "Mondi Thalli Pilla Nuvvu" was unveiled thereafter on 24 September, and is a composition about motherly love and affection. The song portrays a mother-daughter relationship in a melodic and heartwarming manner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Second Single from Gopichand, Kavya Thapar-starrer 'Viswam' released |url=https://telanganatoday.com/second-single-from-gopichand-kavya-thapar-starrer-viswam-released |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925095718/https://telanganatoday.com/second-single-from-gopichand-kavya-thapar-starrer-viswam-released |url-status=live }}</ref> "Vastanu Vastanule," the third single, was released on 4 October 2024 and is a romantic melody between the hero and the heroine.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The fourth single, "Gunguru Gunguru" was composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], and is another dance track with heavy mass beats, intending to show the chemistry between the hero and the heroine.

{{Track listing
| headline = Ttrack listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Moroccan Maguva
| length1 = 3:35
| lyrics1 = [[Rakendu Mouli]]
| extra1 = Prudhvi Chandra, Sahithi Chaganti
| title2 = Mondi Thalli Pilla Nuvvu
| length2 = 4:19
| lyrics2 = Sri Harsha Emani
| extra2 = Sahithi Chaganti
| title3 = Vastanu Vastanule
| length3 = 2:58
| lyrics3 = [[Vengi]]
| extra3 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title4 = Gunguru Gunguru
| length4 = 3:38
| lyrics4 = Suresh Gangula
| extra4 = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], Rohini Soratt
}}

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 11 October 2024. [[Amazon Prime Video]] has purchased the streaming rights of the film, and the dubbing rights have been sold for {{INRConvert|12|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viswam box office day 3: The Gopichand starrer takes a very slow start |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/viswam-box-office-day-3-the-gopichand-starrer-takes-a-very-slow-start/55367fe6b4880 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Central Board of Film Certification|''Censor Board of Film Certification'']] suggested fourteen cuts to the original version of the film, mainly those that featured moments of gore, violence and offensive dialogue.{{cn|date=November 2024}} The film eventually received a U/A certificate from the Censor Board, after making changes to some scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-10-08 |title=Viswam makers complete censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/08/viswam-makers-complete-censorship-formalities |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> According to the ''[[British Board of Film Classification]]'', the film received a 15, stating reasons like strong gory violence and injury detail.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Viswam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/viswam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0ote3 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception==
On a similar note, Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "In terms of narrative style, character arcs and the plot itself, this Gopichand and Kavya Thapar starrer feels redundant. The film teems with dozen of characters and a handful of sub plots — in the name of offering wholesome entertainment — with action episodes, romance, emotional drama and mindless comedy; it can get tiresome to sit through 155 minutes of an incoherence narrative, even if one does not look for logical reasoning."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-10-11 |title='Viswam' movie review: Sreenu Vaitla and Gopichand's film is marred by an outdated, meandering narrative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/viswam-movie-review-sreenu-vaitla-and-gopichands-film-is-marred-by-an-outdated-meandering-narrative/article68740262.ece |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt28630710}}
{{Srinu Vaitla}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswam}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films|Viswam]]
[[Category:2024 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srinu Vaitla]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Matera]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]

Chinmayi discography

2026-03-28T19:25:17Z

Vilianarij: further rework details based on references also to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}

[[File:Chimayee.jpg|thumb|Chinmayi in 2008]]
[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] is an Indian playback singer, working mainly for the South Indian film industry. She has produced songs since 2002 and done work in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani. She has also produced various jingles for advertisements and television. She has sung over 1000+ songs.

==List of Tamil songs==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Composer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
! rowspan="2" |''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
|"Kannathil Muthamittal" (Version I)
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
|"Kannathil Muthamittal" (Version II)
|-
![[Five Star (film)|''Five Star'']]
|"Five Star"
|Parasuram Radha
|[[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], Timmy
|-
| rowspan="15" |2003
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]''
|| Oru Nanban Irundhal
| rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Venkat Prabhu]]
|-
| Sandhippoma || [[Unni Menon]], [[Annupamaa|Anupama]]
|-
! ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
| Enna Ithu
| colspan="2" | {{Center|[[Ramesh Vinayakam]]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Boys (2003 film)|''Boys'']]
| Please Sir
| rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[S. P. B. Charan]]
|-
| Ayyappo
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
! ''[[Vaseegara]]''
| Oru Thadavai Solvaya || [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
! ''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]''
| Ennuyir Thozhi || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Unni Menon]]
|-
! [[Whistle (2003 film)|''Whistle'']]
| Kirukka Kadhal Kirukka || rowspan="2" | [[D. Imman]] || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
! [[Sena (film)|''Sena'']]
| Uyir Pirinthalum || Prathap Chandran, Rozan
|-
! ''[[Thithikudhe]]''
| Mainave Mainave (Reprise) || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
! ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]''
| Thirumugam Therinthathu || [[Dhina]] || rowspan="3" | Solo
|-
! ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]''
| Poovae Mudhal Poovae || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
! ''[[Eera Nilam]]''
| Poothene || Sirpy
|-
! [[Soori (2003 film)|''Soori'']]
| Pirivellam || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
![[Sivamani (film)|''Shiva 9848022338'']]
|"Etho Ennai"
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2004
! ''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]]''
| Pudhu Kadhal || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
! ''[[Vishwa Thulasi]]''
| Engu Piranthathu || [[Ilayaraja]] || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! ''[[Chellame]]''
| Kadhalikkum Aasai || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[KK (singer)|KK]], Timmy, [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
|-
! ''[[Thathi Thavadhu Manasu]]''
| "Poo Poo Poonkuruvi" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
! ''Idhayame''
| Kaloori || Pradeep Ravi || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! [[New (film)|''New'']]
| If You Wanna || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Annupamaa|Anupama]], Aparna
|-
! ''[[Oru Murai Sollividu]]''
| Eppadi Solvadhu || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] || [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
! ''Kadhal Sarigama''
| Thanniril Meen Ondru || [[Dhina]] || Solo
|-
! [[Giri (film)|''Giri'']]
| Oppanakkara Veedhiyile || [[D. Imman]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Jananam]]''
| Neethane Emmele || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
!''Senthalam Poove''
|"Senthalam Poove"
|Vimal Raj
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Sema Ragalai]]''
|"Holy Holy"
| rowspan="2" |Simmam Kumar
|[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
|"Thulluvatho Ilamai"
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
! ''[[Kuthu]]''
| Ennai Theendi Vittal || [[Srikanth Deva]] || Prasanna Rao
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005
!''[[Kadhal FM]]''
|"Mugama Manama"
|Aravind - Shankar
|
|-
!''[[Kannadi Pookal]]''
|"Chinna Chinna"(Female)
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|
|-
! ''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]''
| "Solla Mudiyala" || [[Dhina]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
! ''[[Jore (film)|Jore]]''
| Bad Boya || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Prasanna Rao

|-
! ''[[Karka Kasadara]]''
| Noothana || Prayog || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2006
! ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
| Kaadhal Neruppin || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kadhai]]''
| Kadhal Embathu || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
! ''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]''
| Sarasa Logha || [[Sabesh–Murali]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Suchitra]], [[Pop Shalini]], Vindhya
|-
! ''[[Kalabha Kadhalan]]''
| Thogai Virithoru || Niru || rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
! ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''
| Kannanai Ninaikamal || [[Dhina]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| ''Amirtham''
| Nenje Nenje
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhavatharini]] || Karthik
|-
| Kadhale Ennai || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
! ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]''
| Sil Sil || rowspan="3" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || Sathyan
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Kedi (2006 film)|''Kedi'']]
|| Antha Vannam Pola
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| Kunguma Poove || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2007
![[Rameswaram (film)|''Rameswaram'']]
|"Yedho Senja"
|[[Niru]]
|Ranjith
|-
! [[Sivaji (film)|''Sivaji'']]
| "Sahana" || rowspan="3" | [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Udit Narayan]], [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Guru (2007 film)|''Guru'']]
|| "Aaruyire"
| [[A. R. Rahman]], Murtuza Khan, Quadir Khan
|-
| "[[Mayya (song)|Mayya Mayya]]" || [[Maryem Tollar]], [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
|-
! ''[[Mirugam]]''
| "Oru Aattukutty Azhagaale || [[Sabesh–Murali]] || rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
! ''[[Agra (2007 film)|Agra]]''
| "Shyam Milan" || C. S. Babu
|-
! ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]''
| "Manasil Manasil" || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="16"|2008
! ''[[Bheema]]''
| Enadhuyire || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Nikhil Mathew]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Sowmya Raoh]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Sakkarakatti]]''
|| Chinnamma
| rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
| I Miss You Da || rowspan="5" | Solo
|-
! [[Poo (film)|''Poo'']]
| Aavaram Poo || S. S. Kumaran
|-
! ''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]''
| Aayiram Vaanavil || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
! ''Pachai Niramae''
| Vayasu Sonnatha || Sriram
|-
! ''Thangam''
| Pattukkara Vaetti || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
! ''Nenjathai Killadhe''
| Oru Manasuls Iru Manam || [[Premji Amaran]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! ''[[Aayutham Seivom]]''
| Innum Oru || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
|-
! ''Inbaa''
| Yaaro Yaaro || P. B. Balaji || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Thenavattu]]''
| Pattam Poochi || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
|-
! [[Thozha (2008 film)|''Thozha'']]
| Adiye En Annakkili || [[Premji Amaran]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! ''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval]]''
| Konjam || Bala || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
! ''[[Kannum Kannum]]''
| Ennaiyum Unnaiyum || [[Dhina]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Thotta]]''
| Mugam Poo
| rowspan="2"|[[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
! ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]''
| Azhage Azhage
| [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|-
| rowspan="11" |2009
!''[[Sirithal Rasipen]]''
|"Chekka Chekka Sevathavele"
|Iniyavan
|Prasanna
|-
! ''[[Aadhavan]]''
| Vaarayo Vaarayo || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Unni Krishnan]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
|-
! ''[[Pokkisham]]''
| Nila Nee Vaanam || [[Sabesh–Murali]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! [[Ayan (film)|''Ayan'']]
| Oyaayiye Yaayiye || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Benny Dayal]], [[Haricharan]]
|-
! ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]''
| Lesa Parakkudhu || V. Selvaganesh || rowspan="2"| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Munnar (film)|Moonar]]''
|| Konjam Poo Konjam Then (Duet)
| rowspan="2" | Ravi Deventhiran
|-
| Konjam Poo Konjam Then
| Solo
|-
! ''[[Madurai Sambavam]]''
| Kulathil Mudhal || Johan || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
! ''Pudhiya Payanam''
| Vaanavilley Unai Varaindhathu || Prasad Ganesh || Solo
|-
! ''Anthony Yaar''
| Maniyosai Kekalaye || [[Dhina]] || [[Sabesh–Murali]]
|-
! ''Maamaram''
| Kadhal Rowdy || Nandhan Raj || Solo
|-
| rowspan="16" |2010
!''[[Naane Ennul Illai]]''
|"Medhuvaga Medhuvaga"
|[[Amresh Ganesh]]
|Karthik
|-
!''[[Neeyum Naanum]]''
|"Azhagana Enn Azhagana"
|Sriram Vijay
|
|-
!''[[Thunichal]]''
|"Paiyaa Paiyaa"
|[[Premgi Amaren]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya]]''
| Anbil Avan || rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Devan Ekambaram]]
|-
! ''[[Enthiran]]''
| [[Kilimanjaro (song)|Kilimanjaro]] || [[Javed Ali]]
|-
! ''Villalan''
| Naan Naanalla || Ravi Ragav || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Siddhu +2]]''
| Poove Poove || [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]] || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
! [[Nellu (2010 film)|''Nellu'']]
| Kodiyodu Thamarai Poo || S. S. Kumaran || Kaushik
|-
! ''[[Police Quarters|Kadhalar Kudiyiruppu]]''
| Uyirodu Uyiril || [[James Vasanthan]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Viruthagiri]]''
| Devathai Ondru || [[Sundar C. Babu]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
! ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
| Vandae Maatharam || [[D. Imman]] || [[D Imman]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Haricharan]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], Mathangi, [[Pop Shalini]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]], [[Suchithra]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Vamsam]]''
| Marudhaani Poovumele || Taj Noor || MK Balaji
|-
! ''Virundhali''
| Kokha Kokha Kozhi || S. S. Kumaran || Vinitha
|-
! ''[[Sivappu Mazhai]]''
| Kadhal Thaandi || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
! ''[[Jaggubhai]]''
| Apple Laptop || Rafee || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
! ''Naanum En Kadhalum''
| Poo Ondru Mothi || Mariya Manogar || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="35" |2011
!''[[Margazhi 16]]''
|"Karakkan Murakkan"
|E K Bobby
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
![[Sakthi (2011 film)|''Om Shakthi'']]
|"Mayakkaathey Machinaa"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
! ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
| Sara Sara || [[M. Ghibran]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''
| Sotta Sotta || [[C. Sathya]] || [[C. Sathya]]
|-
! ''Vazhividu Kannae Vazhividu''
| Mazhai Varum Pozhuthil || Aathish Uththiriyan || [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
! ''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]''
| Vizhigal Podhum || Rishal Sai || rowspan="6" | Solo
|-
! ''Neeye En Kadhali''
| Iravinil Undhan || Prem Kumar
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Poraali]]''
|| Engirunthu
| rowspan="2" | [[Sundar C Babu]]
|-
| Yaar Ivan (Female)
|-
! ''[[Vithagan]]''
| Kadalirandu Thuliyirandaai || [[Joshua Sridhar]]
|-
! ''[[Ra.One]]''
| En Uyir || [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|-
! rowspan="7" | ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''
| "Jagadananda Karaka" || rowspan="7" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Sree Rama Vaarai" || Sakyath
|-
| "Seetha Seemandham" || Solo
|-
| "Devargal Thithikka" || rowspan="2" | [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|"Ramayaname Sree"
|-
| "Rama Rama" || [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
|-
| "Mangalame Ramanukku" || Anitha Karthikeyan
|-
! [[Ko (film)|''Ko'']]
| Amali Thumali || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swetha Mohan]]
|-
! ''Ra Ra''
| Mayakiputtalae || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
! ''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]''
| Radhiye || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
! ''[[Mudhal Idam]]''
| Aiythaanay
| colspan="2" | {{Center|[[D. Imman]]}}
|-
! rowspan="2"| ''[[Karungali]]''
|| Boomi Thaduthalum
| rowspan="2" | [[Srikanth Deva]] || rowspan="2"| Solo
|-
| Mansurunkiyathe
|-
! ''[[Theneer Viduthi]]''
| Ennavo Pannuthu
| colspan="2" | {{Center|S. S. Kumaran}}
|-
! ''[[Kandaen|Kanden]]''
| Yavarukkum Thalaivan || [[Vijay Ebenezer]] || Sendhil Dass
|-
! ''[[Maithanam]]''
| Kanava Nesama || [[Sabesh–Murali]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]''
| Nenjil Nenjil || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
! ''[[Kullanari Koottam]]''
| Vizhigalile || V. Selvaganesh || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''Muthukku Muthaga''
| Enna Panni Tholache || Kavi Priya Thambi || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| ''[[Aadu Puli]]''
|| Annakili Okkarum
| rowspan="2" | [[Sundar C Babu]] || rowspan="2"| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|Annakkili Okkarum (Humming)
|-
! ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]''
| Koorana Parvaigal || [[Sundar C Babu]] || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
! ''[[Vaada Poda Nanbargal]]''
| Nammai Thandi || Siddharth || V. Prasanna, Aiswathu
|-
! ''[[Ilaignan]]''
| Imaithoodhane || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || Solo
|-
| rowspan="31" |2012
![[Thiruthani (film)|''Thiruthani'']]
|"Adi Vaanaville"
|Perarasu
|[[Unni Menon]]
|-
!''[[Ambuli]]''
|"Nenjukulla Yaaru"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|Karthik
|-
! ''[[Kandathum Kanathathum]]''
| "Oh Samurra Santhangal Podu" || Charlie VA || Solo
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Kondaan Koduthaan]]''
|"Thanjavur Gopuram"
| rowspan="3" |[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|"Pavadai Pattampuchiye"
|Karthik
|-
|"Paatha Pakkure"
|Athithyaram
|-
! ''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]''
| "Nerathin Neramellam" || [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]|| Narayan Nagendra Rao, Achu
|-
! ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''
| "Yenna Solla" || [[D. Imman]]|| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
!''[[Medhai]]''
|"Nilavukku Piranthaval Evalo"
|[[Dhina]]
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
!''[[Naanga]]''
|"Idhazhil"
|Bala Bharathi
|Karthik
|-
! [[Nanban (2012 film)|''Nanban'']]
| "Asku Laska"
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]|| [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Suvi Suresh]]
|-
! ''[[Neerparavai]]''
| "Para Para"(Sad) || [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Ooh La La La (film)|Ooh La La La]]''
| Oh Thozhiye || [[Shekar Chandra]] || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
! ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
| Akila Akila
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]|| [[Aalap Raju]], Sharmila
|-
! ''Padam Paarthu Kathai Sol''
| Ival Yaaro || Ganesh Ragavendran || [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
! ''Panivizhum Nilavu''
| Nenjae || L. V. Ganesh || [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Poorva Kudi''
| Pozhaikka Vandha || rowspan="2" | Bruce || Solo
|-
| Mazhai Thuli || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! ''[[Raattinam]]''
| Yele Yepulla || Manu Ramesan || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Thadaiyara Thakka]]''
| Kalangal || [[S. Thaman]] || [[Javed Ali]]
|-
! ''[[Thuppakki]]''
| Poi Varava
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]|| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Sooriya Nagaram]]''
|| Kichu Kichu
| rowspan="2" | [[Ron Ethan Yohann]] || Solo
|-
| Unnai Pirivena || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Vinayaga]]''
| Idhu Kadhal Varum Samayam || Sham Prasen || [[Unni Krishnan]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ariyaan''
|| Vizhiyaal
| rowspan="2" | Vikram Varman || Solo
|-
| Nee Irukkum Naal Varaikkum || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Mugamoodi]]''
| Mayaavi || K || Solo
|-
! ''[[Eppadi Manasukkul Vanthai]]''
| Eppadi Manasukkul Vanthai || A. J. Daniel || [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
!''Yugam''
|"Andru Oru Naalil"
|Azhagar Ponraj
|
|-
!''Meenkothi''
|"Chumma Chumma Pathu"
|[[Dhina]]
|
|-
!''Therodum Veethiyile''
|"Marandhu Viduu"
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
|-
| rowspan="20" |2013
! ''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]''
| Kaathirundhai Anbe || Prem Kumar || [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], [[Nivas (singer)|Nivas]]
|-
!''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]''
| Iravinil Oruvanai || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] || Solo
|-
! [[Maryan (film)|''Maryan'']]
| Naetru Aval || rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
! [[Kadal (2013 film)|''Kadal'']]
| Magudi Magudi || [[Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam]], [[Tanvi Shah]]
|-
! ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]''
| Vizhiyile Vizhiyile || Simon || [[Haricharan]], [[Blaaze]]
|-
! [[Raanjhanaa|''Ambikapathy'']]
| Kanaave Kanaave || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Madhushree]], [[Vaishali Samant|Vaishali]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath]], [[Sharanya Srinivas]], Aanchal Sethi
|-
! ''[[Annakodi]]''
| "Aavarangaatukulla" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || Sathya Prakash
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Sandhithathum Sindhithathum]]''
| "Uyire Uyirin"(Version l) || rowspan="2" | [[Sabesh–Murali]] || rowspan="4" | [[Haricharan]]
|-
|"Uyire Uyirin"(Version ll)
|-
! ''[[Puthiya Thiruppangal]]''
| Oru Thuli Iru Thuli || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
! ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]''
| Mella Sirithai || Arrora
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Meyyazhagi''
|| Empaera
| rowspan="2" | SP Abhishek || [[S. P. B. Charan]]
|-
| Paranthu Pochu Manamae || rowspan="3" | Solo
|-
! ''Anjal Thurai''
|| Iravu Neram
| Hitesh
|-
! ''Unnodu Oru Naal''
| Swasathil || Sivapragasam
|-
! ''Mye''
| Thada Thada Thada || [[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] || [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
! ''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]''
| Kaaliyana Saalaiyil || Yatish Mahadev || [[S. P. B. Charan]]
|-
! ''[[Maasani]]''
| Naan Paada || N. Fazil || Solo
|-
! ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]''
| Poyum Poyum|| [[S. Thaman]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! ''[[Onbadhula Guru]]''
| Vidhavidhamaga || K || [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| rowspan="29" |2014
!''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]''
|"Simmakallu"
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]]
|-
!''[[Kurai Ondrum Illai]]''
|"Kadhal Mazhyil"
|Ramanujan MK
|[[M. M. Manasi]]
|-
!''[[Marumunai]]''
|"Penne Penne"
|Sathyadev
|[[Silambarasan]]
|-
!''[[Mosakutty]]''
|"Vada Dai Enpurusa"
|[[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
!''[[Panivizhum Malarvanam]]''
|"Thoorathila Aagayam"
|B R Rajin
|Belly Raj
|-
!''[[Rettai Vaalu]]''
|"Kulu Kulungudhu"
|[[V. Selvaganesh]]
|
|-
!''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeyan]]'' (D)
|"Thandavee"
|Shekar Chandra
|
|-
!''[[Theriyama Unna Kadhalichitten]]''
|"Sapa Mapa Ma Pa"
|P R Srinath
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
!''[[Vingyani]]''
|"Un Paarvai Arugil"
|colspan="2"|[[Maris Vijay]]
|-
!''[[Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal]]''
|"July Kaatru"
|B Athif
|Deepak
|-
! ''[[Nerungi Vaa Muthamidathe]]''
| Yaarum Paakkama || Madley Blues || Solo
|-
!''Thirunthuda Kadhal Thiruda''
| Oliyin || Ranjith Melppat || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Yaan (film)|''Yaan'']]
| Latcham Calorie
| rowspan="2" | [[Harris Jayaraj]] || [[Arjun Menon]]
|-
| Nenje Nenje || [[Unni Krishnan]], Pravin Saivi
|-
! ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]''
| Kairegai || X. Paulraj || rowspan="4" | Solo
|-
! ''[[Enna Satham Indha Neram]]''
| Vizhiyal Pesum || Naga
|-
! ''[[Mathapoo]]''
| Yaaridamum Solladha || Velayudham
|-
! ''[[Adiyum Andamum]]''
| Mayam Seidhayo || L.V. Ganeshan
|-
! ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]''
| Idhayam || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
! ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
| Aagayam Koodava || [[C. Sathya]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Thirumanam Enum Nikkah]]''
|Enthaaraa Enthaaraa || [[M. Ghibran]] || Shadaab Faridi
|-
! ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]''
| Kadha Kadha ||[[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]] || Solo
|-
! ''Eppodhum Vendran''
| Jesus Magalae || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
! ''[[Nalanum Nandhiniyum]]''
| Thoongama || Ashwath Naganathan || Balram
|-
! ''[[Vilasam]]''
| Salai Oram Nindru || Ravi Ragav || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! ''Nadhigal Nanaivathillai''
| Jillu Jillu || Soundharyan || rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
! ''[[Kadhal Solla Aasai]]''
| Enna Mayam || S. Lekha
|-
! ''[[Marumugam]]''
| Boom Boom || Agastya || Belliraj
|-
! ''Kalai Vendhan''
| Nenjukkulle || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="34" |2015
!''[[Dharani (film)|Dharani]]''
|"Malapola Unna Sumanthenae"
|Yenson Bakyanathan
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Sagaptham]]''
|"Enakkanavan"
| rowspan="2" | [[Karthik Raja]]
|
|-
|"Karichan Kuruvi"
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Thunai Mudhalvar]]''
|"Aiyoo Aiyoo"
| rowspan="2" |Balaji Pradeep, Harish, Jai
|Prasanna
|-
|"Dhinam Dhinam"
|Rohith
|-
! [[144 (film)|''144'']]
| Poove Pooviname
| colspan="2" | {{Center|[[Sean Roldan]]}}
|-
! | [[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']] (D)
| Anthapurathil || [[Ilayaraja]] || [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
! ''[[Thakka Thakka]]''
| Edhum Sollaamal || [[Jakes Bejoy]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! [[Puli (2015 film)|''Puli'']]
| Mannavanae Mannavanae || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Sooraj Santhosh]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Anitha
|-
! [[Masss|''Massu Engira Masilamani'']]
| Naan Aval Illai || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! [[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|''Maya'']]
| Aayiram Aayiram || [[Ron Ethan Yohann]] || rowspan="3" | Solo
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo|''Meymarandhen Paaraayo'']]
|| Meymarandhen Paaraayo
| rowspan="3" | [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|-
| Nerum Inmaiyaal
|-
| Santhaikku Vanthaayo || Sathya Prakash
|-
! ''[[Asurakulam]]''
| Yedharku Penne || [[C. Sathya]] || Santy Jude, N. S. Kamatchi
|-
! ''[[Yennai Arindhaal...]]''
| Idhayathai Yedho Ondru || rowspan="2" | [[Harris Jayaraj]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Anegan]]''
| Roja Kadale || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Isai]]''
|| Isai Veesi
| rowspan="2" | [[S. J. Surya]] || Solo
|-
| Adho Vanile Nila || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[S. J. Surya]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Mannar Valaikuda''
| "Enkaiyagal Poovagal" || rowspan="2" | Sivapragasam ||| Solo
|-
|"Penne En Seidhai"
|
|-
! [[I (2015 film)|''I'']]
| Ennodu Nee Irundhaal (Reprise) || [[A. R. Rahman]] || Sid Sriram
|-
! ''Viraivil Isai''
| Unnal Kanda || M. S. Ram || rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
! ''[[Arjunan Kadhali]]''
| Yedho Yedho Seithal || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
! ''[[Kadhal 2 Kalyanam]]''
| Ithu Kadhalai Irunthidumo || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
! ''Thagadu Thagadu''
| Naan Naanaga Illai || Balamurali Balu || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! [[Nambiar (film)|''Nambiar'']]
| Ithuvarai Yaarum || [[Vijay Antony]] || [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
! ''Ivanum Panakkaran''
| Sharalalla
| colspan="2" | {{Center|[[Srikanth Deva]]}}
|-
! ''[[Bagavan]]''
| Minnal Minnum || K. K. Bagavath Kumar || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! [[Karthikeya (film)|''Karthikeyan'']]
| Thandava || [[Shekar Chandra]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Boologam]]''
| Tattoo Tattoo || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Vaishali Samant|Vaishali]], [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
!''Avalukkenna Azhagiya Mugam''
|"October Eazhu"
|David Showrrn
|[[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Kadhal Panchayathu''
|"Ada Ennadi Senja"(Female)
| rowspan="2" |E J Johson
|
|-
|"Orumurai Sirupilai"
|
|-
| rowspan="22" |2016
!''[[Nayaki|Nayagi]]''
|"Ennaanadho Edhanadho"
|[[Raghu Kunche]]
|
|-
! ''[[Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings]]''
| Nee Kidaithal || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Thappu Thanda''
| Mughaye Ven Mughaye
| rowspan="2" | Naren Balakumar || [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
| Mughaye Ven Mughaye (Reprise) || Solo
|-
! [[Bongu (film)|''Bongu'']]
| Vella Kuthira || [[Srikanth Deva]] || B. Jagadeesh
|-
! [[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|''Dharma Durai'']]
| Endha Pakkam || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
! [[24 (2016 film)|''24'']]
| Naan Un || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Arijit Singh]]
|-
! ''Puthiya Payanam''
| Nirvaathamay || Edwin S A || [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
! ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]''
| Kottuthu Kottuthu || R. Devarajan || Prasanna
|-
! ''Veera Vamsam''
| Manmadha Manmadha || Kabileshwer || Solo
|-
! ''Pattathari''
| Kannodu || [[S. S. Kumaran]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]''
| Nenjil Yaaradhu || [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] || [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
! ''[[Jackson Durai]]''
| Yethetho || [[Siddharth Vipin]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''Nijama Nizhala''
| Noorukodi Pennil || Subu Siva || Gopal Rao
|-
! ''[[Moondraam Ullaga Por]]''
| Vaanmazhai
| colspan="2" | {{Center|[[Ved Shankar]]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Ennul Aayiram]]''
| Kaathu Kidantha
| rowspan="2" | [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Najim Arshad]]
|-
| Uyiril || Solo
|-
! ''[[Ko 2]]''
| Kannamma || [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] || Inno Genga
|-
! ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]''
| Kadhal Oru Sathurangam || [[Ved Shankar]] || [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
! ''Kathiravanin Kodai Mazhai''
| Pattala Rasave || Sambasivam || Solo
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Uyire Uyire]]''
|"Oh Priya Priya"
| rowspan="2" |[[Anup Rubens]]
|[[Adnan Sami]]
|-
|"Azhage Azhage"
|[[Raja Hasan]]
|-
| rowspan="11" |2017
!''Soorathengai''
|"Adavadi Ponnu Naan"
|Mahesh Panjanathan
|
|-
! ''[[Brahma.com]]''
| Unnale Ellame Unnale || [[Siddharth Vipin]] || [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|-
! ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri|Naan Aanaiyittal]]''
| Thenamma Thenamma || [[Anoop Rubens]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! ''[[Yaakkai]]''
| Naan Ini Kaatril
| colspan="2" | {{Center|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]}}
|-
! ''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]''
| Thottil Madiyil
| colspan="2" | {{Center|R. H. Vikram}}
|-
! ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''
| Nallai Allai || [[A. R. Rahman]] || Sathya Prakash
|-
! ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]''
| Netri Kungumam || [[Justin Prabhakaran]] || V. V. Prasanna
|-
! ''[[Panjumittai]]''
| Manasula Irukkudhu Aasai || [[D. Imman]] || Sarath Santhosh
|-
! ''[[Tubelight (2017 Tamil film)|Tubelight]]''
| Ceylonu Silk Nila || Indra || Solo
|-
! ''[[Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri]]''
| Sila Sil Sila || Amrit || [[Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Naam Shabana|Naanthan Sabhana]]''
|"Naalumey"
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="21" |2018
! ''[[Adanga Maru]]''
| "Sayaali" ||[[Sam C. S.]] || Sathya Prakash
|-
! rowspan="6"|''[[96 (film)|96]]''
| "Vasantha Kaalangal" || rowspan="6" |[[Govind Vasantha]]|| Solo
|-
| "Thaabangale" || rowspan="2" |[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|-
| "Iravingu Theevai"
|-
| "Kaathalae Kaathalae"(Version 1) ||[[Govind Vasantha]]
|-
| "Kaathalae Kaathalae"(Version 2) ||[[Govind Vasantha]], [[Kalyani Menon]]
|-
| "Anthaathi" ||[[Govind Vasantha]], Bhadra Rajin, [[Nassar (actor)|M. Nassar]]
|-
! ''[[Thamizh Padam 2.0]]''
| "Kalavarame" ||[[Kannan (music director)|Kannan]] || [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|-
! ''[[Maniyaar Kudumbam]]''
| "Sleepi Kanda Meenu" ||[[Thambi Ramaiah]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]''
| "Yedhedho Aanene" || rowspan="2" |[[Sam C. S.]] || [[Sam C. S.]]
|-
! ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]''
| "Uyir Uruvaatha" ||Sathya Prakash
|-
! ''[[Thodraa]]''
| "Oru Kadhal Kalavani"
| RN Uthamaraja || rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
! ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]''
| "Kadhal Nilaithane" ||[[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
! ''[[Seyal]]''
| "Neeye Uyre"
| [[Siddharth Vipin]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''[[Padaiveeran]]''
| "Idhuvarai Naan"(Female) ||[[Karthik Raja]] || rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
! ''[[Madura Veeran]]''
| "Un Nenjukkulla" ||[[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|-
! ''[[Vidhi Madhi Ultaa]]''
| "Un Nerukkam Vaazhum" || Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy || [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Udumbara (film)|Udumbara]]''
| "Chinna Poove"
| rowspan="2" | [[Dhina]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Haricharan]]
|-
| "Lankamma"
|-
!''Yaagam''
|"Uyirin Mele"
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
!''[[Santhoshathil Kalavaram]]''
|"Kaala Kaalam Kadhal Kaalam"
|Sivanag
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2019
! ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]''
| "Thaalelo"
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
|Solo
|-
! ''Naanum Single Thaan''
| "Ithuvarai"
| Hitesh Manjunath
| Nivas
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
| "Yen Minukki"
| rowspan="2"|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || Teejay Arunasalam
|-
|"Yen Minukki" (Reprise) ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
! ''[[Bigil]]''
| "Maatharey" || rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]] || Madhura Dhara Talluri, Sireesha, Akshara, Vithusayini
|-
!''[[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]''
| "Maya Maya" || Solo
|-
! ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshethram]]'' (D)
| "Jumma Jumma" ||[[V. Harikrishna]]|| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
! ''[[Devarattam]]''
| "Lesa Lesa" ||[[Nivas K. Prasanna]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[House Owner]]''
| "Neeyagave" ||[[Ghibran]] || Sathya Prakash
|-
! ''[[LKG (film)|LKG]]''
| "Thamizh Anthem Song" ||[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]] || [[P. Susheela]], [[Vani Jairam|Vani Jayaram]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
!''[[Thanimai]]''
|"Veral Regai"
|[[Dhina]]
| rowspan="4" | Solo
|-
!''[[Pulanaivu]]''
|"Pulanaivu Theme"
|Jey Raggaveindra
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
!''[[Nishabdham|Silence]]''
|"Naan Unarvodu"
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
|-
!''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]''
|"Vaan Thooralgal"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|-
! ''[[Naanga Romba Busy]]''
| "Raathiri"
|[[C. Sathya]]
| Sathyaprakash
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]''
| "Theera"
| rowspan="2"|[[Govind Vasantha]]
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
|-
| "Kanaave"
|rowspan="3"|Solo
|-
| rowspan="11" |2021
! rowspan="2" |''[[Nayae Peyae]]''
|"Unakkaga"(Female)
| rowspan="2" |[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|-
|"Ninaithathai"
|-
!''[[Chakra (2021 film)|Chakra]]''
|"Amma Song"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Prarthana Indrajith
|-
!''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''
|"Yaadho"
|[[Govind Vasantha]]
|Solo
|-
!''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]''
|"Vaanil Megham"
|Krishna Kishor
|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
!''N4''
|"Thaniyae Kaadhal"
|Balasubramanian G
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
!''[[Paris Paris]]''
|"Vaazhve Neelaadhe"
|[[Amit Trivedi]] || Sathya Prakash
|-
!''Rocky''
|"Aalilalilo"
|[[Darbuka Siva]]
|Solo
|-
!''Kundrathiley Kumaranukku Kondattam''
| "Theera Theera"
| S. Shankar
| Solo
|-
!''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal (2022 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal]]''
| "Vizhi Pesum"
| [[Radhan]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' (D)
|"Ilaveyil"
|Ronnie Raphael
| Sathya Prakash
|-
| rowspan="17" |2022
!''Kombu Vacha Singamda''
|"Pesatha Mozhiye"
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| K.S. Harisankar
|-
! ''[[Carbon (2022 Indian film)|Carbon]]''
| "Yela Yela"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
| Solo
|-
!''Bell''
|"Itharkuthan"
|Robert
| Sathya Prakash
|-
!''Mayan''
|"Sita Kalyanam"
|M.S.Jones Rupert
|Deepthi Suresh, M.S.Jones Rupert
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Vaaitha''
|"Paarvai Vanna"(Female)
| rowspan="2" |Loceshwaran C
|[[M. M. Manasi]]
|-
|"Paarvai Vanna"(Duet)
|M Krishnaraj, [[M. M. Manasi]]
|-
!''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (D)
|"Menmayaay"
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (D)
|"Hey Fakira"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Sanjith Hegde]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], Anup Bhandari
|-
!''[[Sivi 2]]''
|"Theendum Thegam"
|[[F. S. Faizal]]
|Solo
|-
!''[[Sita Ramam]]'' (D)
|"Piriyadhey"
|[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|[[Kapil Kapilan]]
|-
!''[[Raangi]]''
|"Paniththuli"
|[[C. Sathya]]
|[[C. Sathya]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
!''Repeat Shoe''
|"Thaiyinai Thediyae"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
!''Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham''
|"Thanimai Sirayiley"
|Hari S R
|-
!''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' (D)
|"He Semmandha Ahzage"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
!''One Way''
|"Chinnanjiru Kiliye"
|Aswin Hemanth
|Gowtham Bharathwaj
|-
!''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]'' (D)
|"Nee En Anbaana Thangai"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
![[Second Show (2022 film)|''Second Show'']]
|"Yeno Yeno"
|Praneev Verl
|Sathya Prakash
|-
| rowspan="16" |2023
!''[[Shaakuntalam]]'' (D)
|"Risivananthane"
|Mani Sharma
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
!''Mudakkaruthaan''
| "Poovai Thirakkum"
| [[Sirpy]]
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
!''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]''
|"Indru Vandha"
|Raj Pratap
|-
!''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]''
|"Ey Azhagiye"
|rowspan="2"|[[Sam C. S.]]
|Kapil Kapilan
|-
!''[[Kondraal Paavam]]''
|"Pa Pappa"
|Solo
|-
! ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]''
| "Maragatha Maalai"
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
!''[[Kabadi Bro]]''
| "Yetho Mayakkam"
| A. J. Daniel
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
!''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]''
| "Naam Ulaavum Oadai"
| Sathish Nair
| Solo
|-
!''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' (D)
| "Aradhya"
| [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
!''[[Irugapatru]]''
|"Yeno Yeno Manadhiley"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|Sathya Prakash
|-
![[The Road (2023 film)|''The Road'']]
|"Dummalangi"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
| Sameera Baradwaj
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Hi Nanna]]'' (D)
|"Nizhaliyae"
| rowspan="3" |[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
| "Nyamaliye"
|-
|"Odiyamma"
|[[Dhruv Vikram]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
|-
!''Navayuga Kannagi''
| "Naadaga Kaadhal Anthem"
| Alvin
| rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
!''[[Mangalavaaram|Chevvaikizhamai]]'' (D)
| "Poompaavaiye"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
| rowspan="09" |2024
![[Aadujeevitham (film)|''Aadujeevitham'']] (D)
|"Pathikatha Thee"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Rakshita Suresh]]
|-
!''[[Aalakaalam]]''
|"Anbile Undhan Anbile"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
![[Dange (film)|''Por'']]
|"Nam Kural"
|Elroy Vincent
|rowspan="5"|Solo
|-
!''[[Heeramandi]]'' (D)
|"Ilamangai Inba Theeve"
|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
|-
!''[[Garudan (2024 film)|Garudan]]''
|"Iruthiyai Nee"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
!''[[Kozhipannai Chelladurai]]''
|"Kathirundhen"
|[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
|-
!''[[Aalan]]''
|"Yaazhisaiye"
|Manoj Krishna
|-
!''Seeran''
|"Enna Solla"
|A.K.Sasidaran, Aravind Gerald
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
!''[[Mr. Celebrity (2024 film)|Mr.Celebrity]]'' (D)
|"Unnale Unnale"
|Vinod Yajamanya
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
| rowspan="21" |2025
!''Maanavan''
|"Paaraai Paaraai"
|[[Ghibran]]
|-
!''[[Chennai City Gangsters]]''
| "O Meri Jaan"
| [[D. Imman]]
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
!''[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]'' (D)
|"Love Song"
|[[Stephen Devassy]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]'' (D)
|"Thaedi Nindren"
|rowspan="2"|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|Hesham Abdul Wahab, [[Rahul Ravindran]]
|-
|"O Kelvikkuriye"
|Hesham Abdul Wahab
|-
!''Myyal''
|"Kannala Vala Veesuran"
|Amargeeth
| Solo
|-
!''Maddy Engira Madhavan''
| "Yaarathu Yaarathu"
| [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|"Muththa Mazhai (Reprise)"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| Solo
|-
!''[[3BHK]]''
|"Kaanalin Mele"
| Amrit Ramnath
| [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
!''[[Jenma Natchathiram]]''
|"Manamo"
|colspan="2"|Sanjay Manickam
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Usurae]]''
|"Kaanatha Kanave"
| rowspan="2" | Kiran Joze
| Sathya Prakash
|-
|"Nee En Ulagame"
| Sreekanth Hariharan
|-
!''[[Bison Kaalamaadan]]''
|"Cheenikkallu"
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Aaromaley]]''
|"Intro Reel Love Theme" (Humming Vocals)
| rowspan="2" | Siddhu Kumar
| Solo
|-
|"Eppadi Vandhaayo"
|Anand Aravindakshan
|-
!''Por Paravai''
|"Vinnum Mannum"
| Midhun Narayanan
| Solo
|-
!''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' (D)
|"Vaenguzhalil Ezhaindayadi"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[K. S. Harisankar]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|''Indian Penal Law (IPL)''
|"Yaavalo"
|rowspan="2"|Ashwin Vinayagamoorthy
|rowspan="2"|Shivam Mahadevan
|-
|"Yaavalo" (Reprise)
|-
!''Anantha''
|"Sri Sathya Sai Baba"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
!''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]''
|"Neelothi"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Sooraj Santhosh]]
|-
|rowspan="8"|2026
!''My Lord''
|"Esa Kaaththa"
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|Satya Prakash
|-
!''[[Draupathi 2]]''
|"EmKoney (Reprise)"
|[[Ghibran]]
| Solo
|-
!''[[29 (film)|29]]''
|"Seelay Seelay"
|colspan="2"|[[Sean Roldan]]
|-
!''Vadam''
|"Aasa Kalavaaniye"
|[[D. Imman]]
|rowspan="4"|Solo
|-
!rowspan="2"|''Maragatha Malai''
|"Yaazh Nenjaththai"
|rowspan="2"|L.V. Muthu Ganesh
|-
|"Thaka Thakita"
|-
!''Satan: The Dark''
|"Kural"
|Aswin Krishna
|-
!''Nooru Saami''
|"Maaya Kanavo"
|Balaji Sriram
|[[Kapil Kapilan]]
|-
|}

==List of Telugu songs==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film title
! Song title
! Composer(s)
! Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal|Amrutha]]'' (D)
| "Ye Devi Varamu"(Female)
| rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| "Ye Devi Varamu"(Male)
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| ''[[Allari (film)|Allari]]''
| "Kingini Mingini"
| Paul Jacob
| [[Suresh Peters]], Aparna
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003
| ''[[Naaga]]''
| "Megham Karigenu"
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (D)
| "Please Sir"
| rowspan="3" | [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[S. P. Charan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]''
| "Kalusu Kundhama"
| [[Unni Menon]]
|-
| "Snehitude Unte"
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Chellamae|Prema Chadharangam]]''
| "Vendi Theralo"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum|Kalisunte]]'' (D)
| "Jil Jil Vaana"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| Sathyan
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2006
| ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]''
| "Prema Paravasam"
| [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Jadoo]]''
| "Aakashamalle"
| rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| "Thaluku Thaluku"
| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| ''[[Tata Birla Madhyalo Laila]]''
| "Poovai Pona Cheliya"
| [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Vesavi]]'' (D)
| "Khadhane Nadipe"
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2007
| ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam|Drohi]]'' (D)
| "Undaleni"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Gurukanth]]'' (D)
| "Nuvvu Lekha"
| rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| "Mayya Mayya"
| Mariam Toller
|-
| ''[[Mozhi (film)|Maatarani Mounamidhi]]'' (D)
| "Saage Nadhi" (Female)
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Paruthiveeran|Malligadu]]'' (D)
| "Aiyyaiyo"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| Mukesh
|-
| ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]''
| "Chammakkuro"
| rowspan="2" | [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| Karthik, Anushka
|-
| ''[[Unnale Unnale|Neevalle Neevalle]]'' (D)
| "Hello Sir"
|
|-
| ''[[Sivaji: The Boss (soundtrack)|Sivaji]]'' (D)
| "Sahana"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2008
| ''Andhamaina Manasulo''
| "Anuyuddham"
| [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| Pranavi
|-
| ''[[Bheema (film)|Bheema]]'' (D)
| "O Manasa"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| Sadhana Sargam
|-
| ''[[Ekaloveyudu]]''
| "Happyga Unta"
| Anil Krishna
| Karthik
|-
| ''Karthika Maasam''
| "Neevu Leni Vela"
| Lakshmi Vinayak
| [[S. P. Charan]]
|-
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Maa Vaadu]]'' (D)
| "Nijamena"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| Rakhi
|-
| ''[[Poo (film)|Malli Vs Raviteja]]'' (D)
| "Naa Praanamey"
| [[S. S. Kumaran]]
|
|-
| ''Naa Manasukemaindi''
| "Sakhude"
| [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| Karthik
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Nesthama''
| "Ye Janmadho"
| rowspan="2" | Joy Calvin
| Karthik
|-
| "Ee Vela Naalo"
|
|-
| ''Thinnama Padukunnama Thellarindha''
| "Padaharu Kanne"
| [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| Haricharan
|-
| ''Wall Poster''
| "Jil Jil Nene"
| Lawerence Dasari
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2009
| ''[[Aadhavan|Ghatikudu]]''(D)
| "Mrogindhi"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
| ''Manjeera''
| "Tholi Tholi Saariga"
| [[Shekar Chandra]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kana Kandaen|Priya Priyathama]]''
| "Oho Oho Oorodili"
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2009 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
| "Love You"
| Chinna
| [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
| ''[[Snehituda...|Snehituda]]''
| "Chiluka Navvave"
| Shivaram Shankar
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''Sweet Heart''
| "Manasuki Rangulu"
| Nandan Raj
| Karthik
|-
| ''Tholi Paata''
| "Gunde Vedhane"
| Krishna Vaasa
|
|-
| ''[[Ayan (film)|Veedokkade]]''(D)
| "Oyaayiye Aayiye"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2010
| ''[[Bheemili Kabaddi Jattu]]''
| "Naalo Parugulu"
| [[V. Selvaganesh]]
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Bindaas (2010 film)|Bindaas]]''
| "Girija Girija"
| [[Bobo Shashi]]
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Manmadan Ambu|Manmadha Baanam]]'' (D)
| "Kannu Kannu"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| ''[[Orange (2010 film)|Orange]]''
| "Rooba Rooba"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| Shahil Hada
|-
| ''[[Naanayam|Padmavyuham]]''
| "Thelipoyena"
| [[James Vasanthan]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| ''[[Police Police]]''
| "Aaja Sakhi"
| [[Sai Karthik]]
| Prasanna
|-
| ''[[Endhiran|Robo]]'' (D)
| "Kilimanjaro"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Javed Ali]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Angadi Theru|Shopping Mall]]'' (D)
| "Kathalanu Cheppe"
| rowspan="2" | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
| "Naa Praanam"
| Haricharan
|-
| ''[[Thakita Thakita]]''
| "Manase Ato"
| [[Bobo Shashi]]
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]''
| "Manasa"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Devan Ekambaram]]
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2011
| ''[[Daggaraga Dooranga]]''
| "Anakey"
| [[Raghu Kunche]]
| [[Raghu Kunche]]
|-
| ''[[Ra.One|G One]]'' (D)
| "Em Nathone"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]''
| "Aakalakalala"
| B Babu Shankar
| Hemachandra
|-
| ''[[Engeyum Kadhal|Ninnu Chusthe Love Vasthundhi]]'' (D)
| "Ninne Ninne"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]''
| "Yelango Yelango"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| [[Jaspreet Jasz]]
|-
| ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]''
| "Oopiri"
| [[V. Selvaganesh]]
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Priyudu]]''
| "Albela Albela"
| Mohan Jona
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| ''[[Ko (film)|Rangam]]'' (D)
| "Nemali"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Shweta Mohan|Shweta]]
|-
| ''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Shakthi]]''
| "Mathileka Pichiga"
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| Ranjith
|-
| ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]'' (D)
| "Neevevaro"
| [[Deepak Dev]]
| Karthik
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2012
| ''[[Devudu Chesina Manushulu (2012 film)|Devudu Chesina Manushulu]]''
| "Yemi Sethura"
| [[Raghu Kunche]]
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| ''Em Babu Laddu Kavala''
| "Entha Baagundho"
| [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| Simha
|-
| ''[[Endukante... Premanta!|Endukante Premanta!]]''
| "Yegiri Pove"
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| Hemachandra
|-
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Gajaraju]]'' (D)
| "Cheppinaadhey Thana Premani"
| [[D. Imman]]
| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| ''[[Mugamoodi|Mask]]''
| "Maayavi"
| [[K (composer)|K]]
|
|-
| ''[[Neeku Naaku Dash Dash]]''
| "Nee Kopam"
| Yashwanth Nag
| [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
| ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi|Ok Ok]]'' (D)
| "Akhila Akhila"
| rowspan="3" | [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Aalap Raju]]
|-
| ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Snehithudu]]'' (D)
| "Aska Laska"
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (D)
| "Vellosthaana"
| Karthik
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2013
| ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu|555]]''
| "Manasuki"
| [[Simon K. King]]
| Haricharan
|-
| ''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]]''
| "Puvvulu Ruvvina"
| [[Sachin–Jigar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thalaivaa|Anna]]'' (D)
| "Yem Maya Jaruguthundo"
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| Rakendu Mouli
|-
| ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadali]]'' (D)
| "Magidi Magidi"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| Dinesh, [[Tanvi Shah]]
|-
| ''Na Saami Ranga''
| "Ento Gonthu"
| Agasthya
| Anand
|-
| ''[[Nenem…Chinna Pillana?|Nenem Chinna Pillana]]''
| "Nelakila Dhigi Vachenule"
| [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| Ranjith
|-
| ''[[Om 3D]]''
| "Endhukila"
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
| Haricharan
|-
| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (D)
| "Allari Kanna"
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| Rakendu Mouli
|-
| ''Park''
| "If You Wanna"
| [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| Krishna
|-
| ''[[Sevakudu]]''
| "Aa Devudu Puttinchadu"
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
| [[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal|Traffic]]'' (D)
| "Kalale" (Female)
| rowspan="2" | [[Mejo Joseph]]
|
|-
| "Kalale" (Duet)
| [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Irandaam Ulagam|Varna]]'' (D)
| "Tholi Merupaa"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| "Raathiri Okadini Kalisaane"
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Welcome Obama]]''
| "Buji Buji Nadakalatho"
| rowspan="2" | [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| "Aakaashanante"
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2014
| ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]''
| "Mike Testing 123"
| [[Dharan Kumar]]
|
|-
| ''Band Balu''
| "Naa Raaka Kosam"
| Chinna
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Current Theega]]''
| "Padhaharellaina"
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
|
|-
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
| "Ra Rakumara"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ishq Wala Love]]''
| "Merusthondi"
| [[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
| Rakendu Mouli
|-
| ''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]''
| "Inthalo Ennenno"(Female)
| [[Shekar Chandra]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Yaan (film)|Nene]]'' (D)
| "Laksha Calorie"
| rowspan="2" | [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| Arjun Menon
|-
| "Ninne Ninne"
| [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
| ''[[Poojai|Pooja]]'' (D)
| "Madhilona"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Ra Ra... Krishnayya|Ra Ra Krishnayya]]''
| "Onam Onam"
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
|-
| ''[[Run Raja Run]]''
| "Vadhantune"
| [[Ghibran]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kochadaiiyaan|Vikramasimha]]'' (D)
| "Hridhayam"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
| ''Weekend Love''
| "Edho Edho Chebuthundhi"
| [[Shekar Chandra]]
| [[Geetha Madhuri]]
|-
| ''[[Yamaleela 2]]''
| "Praana Bandhama"
| [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| Nivas
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2015
| ''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]''
| "Kanulu Kalanu"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| ''[[Anegan|Anekudu]]'' (D)
| "Roja Kadalee"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''
| "Hello Hello"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Jayasurya]]'' (D)
| "Telugu Thanama"
| [[D. Imman]]
| Hemachandhra
|-
| ''[[Malli Malli Idi Rani Roju]]''
| "Enno Enno"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu]]''
| "Chamma Chakka"
| [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| Tippu, Priya, Kumari
|-
| ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (2015 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]''
| "Naavaadai"
| [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
|-
| ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan|Nenu Rowdy Ne]]'' (D)
| "Nuvvu Nenu"
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| Ranjith
|-
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo|Prema Leela]]''
| "Prema Thana Dhanamaaye"
| rowspan="3" | [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|
|-
| "Aathanike Thelusa"
|
|-
| "Nijame Priyaa"
|
|-
| ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' (D)
| "Manmadhuda"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| [[Sooraj Santhosh]], Karthikeyan
|-
| ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani|Rakshasudu]]'' (D)
| "Nee Needavutha"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhrammadevi]]''
| "Anthahpuramlo"
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Surya vs Surya]]''
| "Vennellona"(Female)
| rowspan="2" | Satya Mahaveer
|
|-
| "Vennellona"(Duet)
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''[[Yennai Arindhaal|Yentha Vaadu Gaani]]'' (D)
| "Manasuna Edo Raagam"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2016
| ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' (D)
| "Prema Parichayame"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| Hriday Gattani
|-
| ''[[Babu Bangaram]]''
| "Raaka Raaka"
| [[Ghibran]]
| [[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
| ''Janaki Ramudu''
| "Varamaa Varamaa"
| [[Gifton Elias]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]''
| "Manasantha Meghamai"
| [[Kalyani Malik]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kotigobba 2|Kotikokkadu]]'' (D)
| "Daama Daama"
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|-
| ''Love Cheyyala Vadda''
| "Sakhiya"
| Dany Gautham
| Karthik
|-
| ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]''
| "Oye Meghamala"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
| ''Nannu Vadali Neevu Polevule''
| "Mora Saiyyan"
| Amrit
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| ''[[Nayaki]]''
| "Idhemito"
| [[Raghu Kunche]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]''
| "Kannula Mundhe"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''
| "Nee Chepa Kallu"
| [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]]
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2017
| ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai|Cheliya]]'' (D)
| "Allei Allei"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
| ''[[Aval (2017 film)|Gruham]]''
| "Kaatuka Kanne"
| [[Girishh G.]]
| Sathyaprakash
|-
| ''[[Naam Shabana|Nene Sabhana]]''
| "Yeanaadu"
| [[Rochak Kohli]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
| "Unnattundi Gunde"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''Premika''
| "Innallu Enaadu"
| Dilip Bandaari
|
|-
| ''[[Rogue (2017 film)|Rogue]]''
| "Ghumshuda"
| [[Sunil Kashyap]]
|
|-
| ''Tholi Prarichayam''
| "Lalijo Jo Lalijo"
| Indraganti
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]''
| "Nuvve Naa Adhrushtam"
| rowspan="2" | [[Ghibran]]
| [[L. V. Revanth]]
|-
| "Allari Pillagaada"
| Dhanunjay
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2018
| ''Ala''
| "Kougillalo"
| Srinivasa Sharma Rani
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Chi La Sow]]''
| "Mellaga Mellaga"
| rowspan="2" | [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|
|-
| "Chi La Sow"
| Pranav Chaganti, Diwakar
|-
| ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
| "Yenti Yenti"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Needi Naadi Oke Katha]]''
| "Edho Jarige"
| Suresh Bobbili
|
|-
| ''Sharabha''
| "Ottesi Chebutha"
| [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| [[Yazin Nizar]]
|-
| ''[[Tej I Love You]]''
| "Andhamaina"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| rowspan="21" | 2019
| ''[[Arjun Suravaram]]''
| "Kanne Kanne"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
| [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
| ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]''
| "Ohh My Love"
| [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| Poojan Kohli
|-
| ''[[Dear Comrade]]''
| "O Kalala Kathala"
| [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| Sathya Prakash
|-
| ''Dhrusti''
| "Dhrusti Theme"
| Naresh Kumaran
| [[Vedala Hemachandra]], [[Roll Rida]]
|-
| ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Donga]]'' (D)
| "Yenaadu Pandage"
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
| rowspan="4" | Solo
|-
| ''[[Dorasaani]]''
| "Kallalo Kalavaramai"
| [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
|-
| ''[[Evaru]]''
| "Ennenno"
| [[Sricharan Pakala]]
|-
| ''[[Hippi (film)|Hippi]]''
| "Hey Yela" (Female)
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (D)
| "Jumma Jumma"
| [[V. Harikrishna]]
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi's NTR]]''
| "Sisiraniki"
| [[Kalyani Malik]]
| [[Kalyani Malik]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''Madhanam''
| "Choosa"
| rowspan="2" | [[Ron Ethan Yohann]]
|
|-
| "Yegire Yegire" (Humming)
| [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Majili]]''
| "Priyathama Priyathama"
| rowspan="2" | [[Gopi Sundar]]
| Solo
|-
| "Ye Manishike"
| Arun Gopan, Baby Anusha
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Manmadhudu 2]]''
| "Naalona"
| rowspan="2" | [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]]
| Solo
|-
| "Maa Chakkani"
| [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Deepti Parathasarathy
|-
| ''Runam''
| "Yemito Ee Sambaram"
| S V Mallik Teja
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Tholu Bommalata]]''
| "Manasara" (Female)
| rowspan="2" | Suresh Bobbili
|
|-
| "Manasara" (Duet)
| [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
| ''Undiporadhey''
| "Cheliya Nee Paluke"
| Sabu Varghese
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| ''[[Bigil|Whistle]]'' (D)
| "Maanini"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| Madhura Dhara Talluri, Sireesha Bhagavatula
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2020
| ''[[Choosi Choodangaane]]''
| "Venakane Unna"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| ''Degree College''
| "Saradhaga" (Female)
| [[Sunil Kashyap]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]''
| "Inthena"
| rowspan="5" | [[Govind Vasantha]]
|-
| "Pranam"
| Gowtham Bharadwaj
|-
| "Oohale"
| rowspan="3" | [[Govind Vasantha]]
|-
| "Komma Veedi"
|-
| "Anantham"
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Amrutharamam]]''
| "Naala Neeve"
| rowspan="2" | N S Prasu
|
|-
| "Neeve Naaku"
| Thota Subbarao
|-
| ''[[Nishabdham]]''
| "Nee Kanupaapa"
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2021
| ''Cycle''
| "Prema Nuvvekkada"
| G M Sathish
| Harini
|-
| ''[[Chakra (2021 film)|Chakra]]'' (D)
| "Amma Nuvvante"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| Prarthana Indrajith
|-
| ''Ippudu Kaaka Inkeppudu''
| "Unnana Unnana"
| Sahitya Sagar
| Krishna Chaitanya
|-
| ''Merise Merise''
| "Kannulatho Rachinchu"
| Karthik Kodakandla
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| ''[[Kanabadutaledu]]''
| "Gunde Lothullo"
| Madhu Ponnas
|
|-
| ''[[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|Vivaha Bhojanambu]]''
| "Devi Kalyana Vaibhoghame"
| AniVee
| [[Anthony Daasan]]
|-
| ''My Indian Boy Friend''
| "Inthalo"
| Shravan Bharadwaj
| Solo
|-
| ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]'' (D)
| "Devi Nadayade"
| Krishna Kishor
| [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
| ''[[Natyam]]''
| "Thoorpu Padamara"
| Shravan Bharadwaj
| [[Kaala Bhairava]]
|-
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''
| "Manasulone Nilichipoke"
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| rowspan="5" |
|-
| ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]''
| "Nuvvu Nenu E Kshanam"
| [[Sunil Kashyap]]
|-
| ''[[Annaatthe|Peddanna]]'' (D)
| "Ye Jenmalo" (Female)
| [[D. Imman]]
|-
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam]]''
| "Swamy Ra Ra"
| Amit N Dasani
|-
| ''Missing''
| "Solo Life" (Female)
| Ajay Arasada
|-
| ''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea|Marakkar]]'' (D)
| "Kanulanu Kalipina"
| Ronnie Raphael
| Sathya Prakash
|-
| rowspan="18" | 2022
| ''Dheyyamtho Sahajeevanam''
| "Meghalalo Harivillula"
| Ravi Shankar
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| ''Nallamalla''
| "Padha Padha Padhara"
| Peddapalli Rohith (PR)
|-
| ''1996 Dharmapuri''
| "Nadichaa Nadichaa"
| Osho Venkat
| Sri Krishna
|-
| ''[[Shekar (film)|Shekar]]''
| "Chinni Chinni Praanam"
| [[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
| ''[[Major (film)|Major]]''
| "Oh Isha"
| [[Sricharan Pakala]]
| [[Armaan Malik]]
|-
| ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (D)
| "Mrudhumayee"
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| ''[[10th Class Diaries]]''
| "Egirey Egirey"
| Suresh Bobbili
|
|-
| ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (D)
| "Hey Fakira"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| [[Sanjith Hegde]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], Anup Bhandari
|-
| ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''
| "Gulebakavali"
| [[Chirrantan Bhatt]]
| Solo
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
| "Oh Prema"
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| Kapil Kapilan
|-
| ''Aakasha Veedhullo''
| "Paravasinchele"
| [[Judah Sandhy]]
|
|-
| ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|The Life Of Muthu]]'' (D)
| "Ninnu Talachitey"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| Sarthak Kalyani
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Boyfriend for Hire]]''
| "Neevevvaro"
| rowspan="2" | [[Gopi Sundar]]
| Solo
|-
| "Kallalona"
| [[L. V. Revanth]]
|-
| ''[[Ninne Pelladatha]]''
| "Sakhuda"
| Navaneet
| Spandhana Puppala
|-
| ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' (D)
| "Andhaala Nadhive"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| ''[[Gatta Kusthi|Matti Kusthi]]'' (D)
| "Nuvve Leni"
| [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|-
|''[[Panchathantram|Panchathanthram]]''
| "Arere Arere"
| [[Prashanth R Vihari]]
| [[S. P. Charan]]
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2023
| ''Nede Vidudhala''
| "Preminchan Annavu"
| Ajay Arasada
| [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
| ''[[O Kala]]''
| "O Kala"
| Neelesh Mandalapu
|
|-
| ''[[Shaakuntalam]]''
| "Rushivanamlona"
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (D)
| "Veera Raja Veera"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]'' (D)
| "Pedhavulu Veedi Mounam"
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| Deepak Blue
|-
| ''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]''
| "O Ananthamaina Saagaram"
| Sathish Nair
| Solo
|-
| ''[[Dilse]]''
| "Kadalai Maare"
| Srikar Velamuri
|
|-
| ''[[Priyamudan Priya|Priyamaina Priya]]'' (D)
| "Alalu Kalalu"
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
| [[Aalap Raju]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]''
| "Aradhya"
| rowspan="2" | [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
| "Jo Jo Mukunda" (Film Version)
|
|-
| ''[[Chithha|Chinna]]'' (D)
| "Kaalam Edho"
| [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
|-
| ''[[Narakasura (2023 film)|Narakasura]]''
| "Ninnu Vadhali"
| Nawfal Raja AIS
| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| ''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
| "O Praanama"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hi Nanna]]''
| "Odiyamma"
| [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| [[Dhruv Vikram]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2024
| ''[[Aadujeevitham (film)|Aadujeevitham]]'' (D)
| "Sarasa Raaga"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Rakshita Suresh]]
|-
| ''[[Heeramandi]]'' (D)
| "Merise Kallallo"
| [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| Solo
|-
| ''Darshini''
| "Naalo Evo"
| Nizani Anjan
| [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
| ''[[Love Mouli]]''
| "Sita Ram"
| [[Govind Vasantha]]
|
|-
| ''[[Laggam]]''
| "Laga Laaga Laggam"
| Charan Arjun
| [[Sri Krishna]], Shreenika Mahathi
|-
| ''[[Neeli Megha Shyama]]''
| "Arere Manase"
| Shravan Bharadwaj
|
|-
| ''[[Sasivadane]]''
| "Sasivadane"
| Saravana Vasudevan
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| ''Vasthavam''
| "Chinni Gundelo"
| Peddapalli Rohith (PR)
|
|-
| ''Prabuthva Junior Kalashala''
| "Challa Gaali"
| Karthik Rodriguez
| Chaitu Satsangi
|-
| rowspan="20" | 2025
| ''[[Naari: The Women]]''
| "Nishi lo Sashi laa"
| Vinod Kumar (Vinnu)
|
|-
| ''[[Oka Brundavanam]]''
| "Pasi Pasi Thanamey"
| Sunny - Saketh
|
|-
| ''[[23 Iravai Moodu]]''
| "Cherasala"
| Mark K Robin
| [[Kapil Kapilan]]
|-
| ''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
| "Naa Kanti Paapallona"
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|
|-
| ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' (D)
| "Muddu Vaana"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]'' (D)
| "Thanuvu Mosina Praanamaa"
| [[Sam C. S.]]
|
|-
| ''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''
| "Gala Gala"
| [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| ''Virgin Boys''
| "Radhakrishna"
| Smaran
| Gowtham Bharadwaj
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]''
| "Reyi Lolothula"
| rowspan="2" | [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| Hesham Abdul Wahab, [[Vijay Devarakonda]]
|-
| "Em Jaruguthondhi"
| Hesham Abdul Wahab
|-
| ''[[Gatha Vaibhava]]''
| "Varnamaala"
| [[Judah Sandhy]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
| ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' (D)
| "Raave Ika Priya Bhamini"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
| ''Diamond Raja''
| "Aakashame Nuvvani"
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
| [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
| ''11:11''
| "Oh Chinni Navvu"
| [[Mani Sharma]]
| [[Javed Ali]]
|-
| ''Charitha Kaamakshi''
| "Chiru Bidiyam"
| Abu
|
|-
| ''15 18 24 Love Story''
| "Ee Manchullo"
| M L Raja
|
|-
| ''Maddy And Madhav''
| "Nesthama"
| [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
|''[[Raju Weds Rambai]]''
|"Ala Ala"
|Suresh Bobbili
|
|-
|''[[Love OTP]]''
|"Alaiponge"
|Anand Rajavikram
|Pancham Jeeva
|-
|''Anantha'' (D)
|"Sri Sathya Sai Baba"
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2026
|''Trimukha''
|"Enta Muddugunavro"
|Vinod Yajamanya
|
|-
|''Failure Boys''
|"Tolakari Vaana"
| Vijay Bulganin
|
|-
|''Purushaha''
|"Chaatu Chaatu"
|Shravan Bharadwaj
|
|-
|''Dacoit: A Love Story''
|"Rubaroo"
|colspan="2"|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|-
|}

== List of Hindi songs ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Composer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|2026
!''Dacoit: A Love Story''
|"Rubaroo"
|[[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
|Faheem Abdullah
|-
|rowspan="4" |2025
!''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
|"Jag Mein Tera Naam Ho"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|Solo
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]'' (D)
|"Chaand Baki Hai"
|rowspan="2"|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|Hesham Abdul Wahab, [[Rahul Ravindran]]
|-
|"Kya Ho Raha Hai Ye"
|Hesham Abdul Wahab
|-
!''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'' (D)
|"Ang Ang Morey"
|rowspan="3"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
![[Aadujeevitham (film)|''Aadujeevitham'']] (D)
|"Khatti Si Woh Imli"
|[[Armaan Malik]], [[Rakshita Suresh]]
|-
![[Pathu Thala|''AGR'']] (D)
|"Kya Yaad Tumhein"
|[[A. R. Ameen]]
|-
!''Ella''
|"Kahaniyan"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| Solo
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
! rowspan="3" |[[Hi Nanna|''Hi Pappa'']] (D)
|"Saaya Tera"
| rowspan="3" |[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|-
| "Sun Liya"
|-
|"Odiyamma"
|[[Nakash Aziz]], Vishnu Priya
|-
!''[[Mangalavaaram|Mangalvaar]]'' (D)
| "Ae Zindagi"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
!''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]'' (D)
|"Ye Hawa Khilaf Hai Tere"
|Sathish Nair
|-
!''[[Shaakuntalam]]'' (D)
|"Rushimooniyon Ka"
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
!''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]'' (D)
|"Meri Pyari Behna"
|
|-
![[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']] (D)
|"Khawbon Mein"
| rowspan="2" |[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Nakash Aziz]]
|-
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (D)
|"Hey Fakira"
|[[Sanjith Hegde]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], Anup Bhandari
|-
!''[[Major (film)|Major]]'' (D)
|"Oh Isha"
|[[Sricharan Pakala]]
|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
!''Gahan''
|"Hum Jo Mile" (Female)
|V S Jithendra
| Solo
|-
!''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' (D)
|"Madhdham"
|Ronnie Raphael
| Sathya Prakash
|-
![[Annabelle Sethupathi|''Annabelle Rathore'']] (D)
|"Dheere Chal"
|Krishna Kishore
|[[Javed Ali]]
|-
!''[[Pagglait]]''
|"Radha's Poem"
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
!''[[Jhalki]]''
|"Chandamama"
|[[Sandesh Shandilya]]
|-
!''Gun Pe Done''
| "Channa" || Rimi Dhar || Jasim Sharma
|-
||2016
! ''[[Dongri Ka Raja]]''
| "Piya Tu Piya" || Asad Khan || [[Arijit Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
!''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' (D)
|"Baadalon"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
! ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
|"Mera Naam Mary Hai"
| [[Ajay–Atul]]
| Solo
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Guddu Rangeela]]''
| "Sooiyan"
| rowspan="2" | [[Amit Trivedi]] || [[Arijit Singh]]
|-
| "Saheban" ||[[Amit Trivedi]], [[Shahid Mallya]]
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014
!''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]''
| "[[Mast Magan]]"
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| [[Arijit Singh]]
|-
! rowspan="2"|''[[Samrat & Co]]''
| "O Humnava"
| rowspan="2"|[[Mithoon]]
| Gajendra Varma, [[Mithoon]]
|-
| "Shukra Tera" ||[[Arijit Singh]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''
| "Zehnaseeb"
| rowspan="2"|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|-
| "Ishq Bulaava" ''(Film Version only)'' || [[Sanam Puri]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013
! ''[[Phata Poster Nikla Hero]]''
| "[[Main Rang Sharbaton Ka]]" ||[[Pritam Chakraborty]] || [[Atif Aslam]]
|-
! ''[[Chennai Express]]''
| "Titli" ||[[Vishal–Shekhar]] || [[Gopi Sunder]], [[Srimathumitha]]
|-
! ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''
| "Ay Sakhi" ||[[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Madhushree]], [[Vaishali Samant|Vaishali]], Aanchal Sethi
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010
! rowspan="2"|''[[Lamhaa]]''
||"Madno"
| rowspan="2"| [[Mithoon]] || Kshitij Tarey
|-
| "Sajnaa" ||[[Mika Singh]]
|-
!''[[Enthiran|Robot]]'' (D)
|"Kilimanjaro"
| rowspan="11" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Javed Ali]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Jhootha Hi Sahi]]''
| "Maiyya Yashoda" (Jamuna Mix) || rowspan="2" | [[Javed Ali]]
|-
|"Maiyya Yashoda" (Thames Mix)
|-
| rowspan="1"|2009
!''[[Delhi-6]]''
| "Dil Gira Dafatan"||[[Ash King]]
|-
| rowspan="1"|2008
!''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
|"She is the One" ''(Background Score - Humming)''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
! rowspan="2" |[[Guru (2007 film)|''Guru'']]
|"[[Tere Bina (Guru song)|Tere Bina]]"
|[[A. R. Rahman]], Murtuza Khan, Qadir Khan
|-
| "[[Mayya (song)|Mayya]]" ||[[Maryem Tollar]], [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (D)
|"Suhana Sama" (Version l)
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|"Suhana Sama" (Version ll)
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 2005
! [[Mangal Pandey: The Rising|''Mangal Pandey'']]
| "Holi Re" ||[[Udit Narayan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Madhushree]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|2003
!''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (D)
|"Please Sir"
| [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[SPB Charan]]
|-
|}

==List of Malayalam songs==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Composer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="6"|2025
!''[[Sarvam Maya]]''
|"Chiri Thottu"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]], Weldon
|-
!''[[Paathirathri]]''
|"Nilagamanam"
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|Solo
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]'' (D)
|"Poke Poke"
|rowspan="2"|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|Hesham Abdul Wahab, Rahul Dev
|-
|"Nee Ariyunnundo"
|Hesham Abdul Wahab
|-
!''Super Star Kalyani''
|"Pathiye Pathiye"
|Suresh Karthik
|K. S. Harisankar
|-
!''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]''
|"Naruthingal"
|Bibin Ashok
|Sooraj Santhosh, Bibin Ashok
|-
| 2024
!''[[The Goat Life|The Goat Life - Aadujeevitham]]''
|"Omane"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Rakshita Suresh]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
!''[[Hi Nanna]]'' (D)
|"Odiyamma"
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|[[Yazin Nizar]], [[Divya Menon]]
|-
!''[[Chithha|Chitta]]'' (D)
|"Kannil Njano"
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''
|"Nin Koode Njan Illayo"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|Gowtham Bharadwaj
|-
!''[[Shaakuntalam]]'' (D)
|"Rishivanam Aagum"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Crisna
|-
! ''[[Little Miss Rawther]]''
|"Snehadweepile"
| rowspan="2" |[[Govind Vasantha]]
|[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
!''[[19(1)(a)]]''
|"Paravakal"
|Solo
|-
!''[[Yashoda (film)|Yashoda]]'' (D)
|"Ennomal Anujjathi"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' (D)
|"Hey Fakira"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
||[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], Anup Bhandari
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
!''[[A for Apple]]''
|"Thottu Thottu Vidarnnu" ||[[Jerry Amaldev]] ||[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! ''Oronnonnara Pranayakadha''
| "Udalodu Uyirupol" || [[Anand Madhusoodanan]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Dear Comrade]]'' (D)
|"Ee Kathayo"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|Sathyaprakash
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
! ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (D)
| "Macho" || [[A.R. Rahman]] || [[Sid Sriram]]
|-
! [[Nene Raju Nene Mantri|''Raja Kireedam'']]
| "Radhamma Radhamma" || [[Anoop Rubens]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! ''[[C/O Saira Banu]]''
| "Aaromale"(Female) || [[Mejo Joseph]] || Solo
|-
| rowspan="4"|2016
! [[Majnu (2016 film)|''Majnu'']]
| "Thoo Megham Pol" || [[Gopi Sunder]]||
|-
! [[Sambar (film)|''Sambar'']]
| "Oro Dhinam" || [[Sunny Viswanath]]||
|-
! ''[[Mudhugauv]]''
| "Halli Sreehalli" || [[Rahul Raj]] || [[Rahul Raj]]
|-
! ''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
| "Oonjalilaadi Vanna" || [[Jerry Amaldev]] || [[Jerry Amaldev]]
|-
||2015
! ''[[Nirnayakam]]''
| "Ilaveyil Chirakkumaay" || rowspan="2" | [[M Jayachandran]] || Anoop Shankar
|-
| 2014
! [[Cousins (2014 film)|''Cousins'']]
| "Neeyen Vennila" || [[Haricharan]]
|-
| rowspan="4"|2012
! ''[[Manthrikan]]''
| "Swarnatherileri" || [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]] || Lijesh
|-
! [[Hero (2012 film)|''Hero'']]
| "Maayaathe Ormayil" || [[Gopi Sunder]] || [[Haricharan]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[Karmayogi (2012 film)|''Karmayogi'']]
|| "Malar Manjariyil"(Duet)
| rowspan="2"| [[Ouseppachan]] || Ranjith Govind
|-
| "Malar Manjariyil"(Female) || rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
||2011
! [[Traffic (2011 film)|''Traffic'']]
| "Unaroo Mizhiyazhake" || [[Mejo Joseph]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
! ''[[Oru Small Family]]''
| "Swantham Swantham" || [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
! ''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
| "Vandae Maatharam" || [[D. Imman]] || [[D Imman]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Haricharan]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], Mathangi, [[Pop Shalini]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]], [[Suchithra]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| 2009
! ''[[Utharaswayamvaram]]''
| "Mallike Mallike" || rowspan="3" | [[M. Jayachandran]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| 2005
! ''Iniyennum''
| "Oh Priyane" || rowspan="2" | Solo
|-
| 2004
! ''[[Akale]]''
| "Pravukal"
|-
| 2003
! ''[[Thilakkam]]''
| "Enna Thavam Seythaney" || [[Kaithapram Viswanathan Namboothiri]]|| Baby Nimisha
|-
| 2002
! ''[[Valkannadi]]''
| "Kukku Kukku" || [[M Jayachandran]] || [[M Jayachandran]]
|}

==List of Kannada songs==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Composer !! Co-singer(s)
|-
|rowspan="6" |2025
!''[[Love OTP]]''
|"Sada Nanalle"
|Anand Rajavikram
|Pancham Jeeva
|-
!''[[Devil (2025 film)|Devil]]''
|"Onde Onde Sala"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Kapil Kapilan]]
|-
!''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]'' (D)
|"Nannaliruva Praana Nee"
|[[Sam C. S.]]
|Solo
|-
!''[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]'' (D)
|"Love Song"
|[[Stephen Devassy]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]'' (D)
|"Oh Thaare"
|rowspan="2"|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|Hesham Abdul Wahab, Dheekshith Shetty
|-
|"Yaav Kadege Kathe"
|Hesham Abdul Wahab
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
!''1990's''
|"Dinagalu Kshanagalu"
|E C Maha Raja
|Abhishek M R, Vishnu
|-
!''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]''
|"Hey Gagana"
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
![[Aadujeevitham (film)|''Aadujeevitham'']] (D)
|"Maanada Tumba"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Rakshita Suresh]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
!''[[Hi Nanna]]'' (D)
|"Odiyamma"
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|[[Yazin Nizar]], Vishnu Priya
|-
!''[[Chithha|Chikku]]'' (D)
|"Kanna Baana"
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
!''Yathabhava''
|"Jaavane"
|Utsav Shrey
|
|-
!''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' (D)
|"Aradhya"
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
!''[[Shaakuntalam]]'' (D)
|"Ruhivanadalondu"
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
!''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
|"Hey Fakira"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|[[Sanjith Hegde]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], Anup Bhandari
|-
!''Girki''
|"Kadiyalenu"
|Veer Samarth
|
|-
!''[[By Two Love]]''
|"Pogadiro Ranga"
|[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
!''Bahukrita Vesham''
|"Aa As Aleyo"
|Vyshak V Bhargav
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
!''[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]'' (D)
|"Manasali"
|Ronnie Raphael
| Sathya Prakash
|-
! ''[[Ranam (2021 film)|Ranam]]''
| "Manasare Ninna Nodi"
| Ravi Shankar
| [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Hamsika Iyer]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
!''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''
|"Soul Of Dia"
| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| [[Sanjith Hegde]]
|-
!''Naanu Matthu Gunda''
|"Kavalodeda"
|Karthik Sharma
|Arun Kamath
|-
!''Nanthara''
|"Cheliyagide"
|Rishal Sai
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
!''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]''
|"Kanninda Aagaaga"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
| Sai Charan
|-
!''[[Dear Comrade]]'' (D)
|"Oh Kanasa Kathe"
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|Sathyaprakash
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
! ''[[Orange (2018 film)|Orange]]''
| "Yaaro Yaaro" ||[[S. Thaman]] || Solo
|-
! ''[[Bhairava Geetha]]''
| "Nee Nanna Bhagavathgeethe" || Ravi Shankar || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
!''Naanu L/O Jaanu''
|"Bhoomi Achegide Mouna"
|Srinath Vijay
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
! ''[[Manasu Mallige]]''
| "Thangaliya Roopa" ||[[Ajay–Atul]] || [[Ajay–Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]
|-
! [[Rogue (2017 film)|''Rogue'']]
| "Ghumsudha" ||[[Sunil Kashyap]] || Solo
|-
||2016
! ''Sipaayi''
| "Nanna Kanasina" ||[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]|| [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath|Ajaneesh Loknath]]
|-
|2015
!''Haadi Beedi Love Story''
|"Yaar Eva Yaak Eva"
|C R Bobby
|
|-
| Rowspan=2|2014
! ''[[Ninnindale]]''
| "Ninthe Ninthe" ||[[Mani Sharma]] || [[Vijay Prakash]], Sudhamayi
|-
! ''[[Tirupathi Express (film)|Tirupathi Express]]''
| "Usire Usire Vandisu" ||[[Arjun Janya]] || [[K. Kalyan]]
|-
|2013
!''[[Gombegala Love]]''
|"Premave Jeeva"
|Srinath Vijay
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
![[Breaking News (2012 film)|''Breaking News'']]
|"Sundari Sura Sundari"
|Stephen Prayog
| Solo
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Godfather (2012 film)|''Godfather'']]
| "Nannade Shruthi"
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]|| Vijay Prakash
|-
|"Neene Ee Kanna" ||[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
! rowspan="2" |''[[Aata (2011 film)|Aata]]''
|"Rama Rama"
| rowspan="2" |[[Sadhu Kokila]]
|[[Kailash Kher]]
|-
|"Idhu Love"
|
|-
!''[[Gun (2011 film)|Gun]]''
|"Thaaja Thaaja"
|Ronnie Raphael
|
|-
!''[[Taare]]''
|"Kanasu Kandagide"
|C R Bobby
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
! ''[[Gaana Bajaana]]''
| "Gundetu Gundetu"
| [[Joshua Sridhar]]
| [[Benny Dayal]]
|-
! ''[[Police Quarters]]''
| "Biseyada Suddioneda" ||[[James Vasanthan]] || rowspan="4" |Solo
|-
!''[[Shourya (2010 film)|Shourya]]''
|"Kaledu Hoythu"
|[[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
!''Sihigali''
|"Hele Thangaali"
|G R Shankar
|-
| rowspan="9"|2008
! rowspan="2"|''Athmiya''
||"Maleye Maleye"
| rowspan="2"|[[Manoj George]]
|-
| "Aralisu Baa Eega"
| [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
|-
! ''[[Inthi Ninna Preethiya]]''
| "Madhuravana" ||[[Sadhu Kokila]] || Solo
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Cee Galli''
|| "Yelae"
| rowspan="2"| G. R. Shankar || rowspan="2" | [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
| "Kathegara Yaruvane"
|-
! ''Chikkamangalur Chikkamallige''
| "Ho Vasundara" || K. Kalyan || Priyadharshini Ram
|-
! ''[[Mast Maja Maadi]]''
| "Chori Chori" || PB Balaji || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
! ''Gange Baare Tunge Baare''
| "Nadhiyaagi" ||[[Sadhu Kokila]] || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
! ''[[Hani Hani (film)|Hani Hani]]''
| "Beda Beda" || S. Chinna || [[Gurukiran]]
|}

==List of Marathi songs==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Composer(s) !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
! rowspan="3" |[[Baji (2015 film)|''Baji'']]
|"Majha Baji"
| rowspan="3" |[[Atif Afzal]]
|
|-
|"Shravan Shravan"
|[[Atif Afzal]]
|-
|"Majha Baji"(Unplugged)
|
|-
|2016
!''[[Sairat]]''
|"[[Sairat Zaala Ji]]"
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|[[Ajay Gogavale]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
!''Lagan''
|"Sarala"
|P Shankaram
|Onkarswaroop Bagde
|-
!''Ti Majhi Prem''
|"Nighu Gela"
|Rajveer Gaangji
|
|}

==List of other language songs==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Song title !! Composer(s) !! Co-singer(s) !! Language !!Notes
|-
||2017
!''[[Hameer (film)|Hameer]]''
| "Zarmar Varse Mehuliyo"
| [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| Gujarati ||
|-
||2018
!''[[Amizade]]''
| "Morachi Paankha"
| Rithesh Shridhar
| Solo
| Konkani || Goa State Award for ''Best Playback Singer (Female)''
|-
|}

== Independent music ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year !! Song title !! Other artists !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
| Anbin Thooral
| rowspan="8"|Solo
|Tamil
| rowspan="3" |Joy of Giving Week (Proceeds to 17000ft.org)
|-
| Sneha Saandvanam || Malayalam
|-
| Prema Chinukulu
| rowspan="2"| Telugu
|-
| 2022 || Laali - 1MinMusic || Debut as composer - Instagram #1MinMusic
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| Vel Maaral || Tamil
| rowspan="4" |Devotional
|-
| Subrahmanya Bhujangam
| rowspan="2"|Sanskrit
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
| Subramanya Trishathi
|-
| Pamban Swamigal Aruliya Bandham || Tamil
|-

|}

=== As featuring artist ===

* ''Cairo to India'' - "Rock The Tabla" ([[Hossam Ramzy]], [[A. R. Rahman]]) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Thiruda'' ([[Iraj Weeraratne]]) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Psycho Mantra, Bullet Benjamin
* ''Butterfly'' ([[Shekhar Ravjiani]]) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Modhiram Mati Poga'' (Teejay) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Ulagam Maranthu'' (Jude Jeyaraj) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Tholadivaaram'' ([[N. R. Raghunanthan]]) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] (DooPaaDoo)
* ''Yedho Oar Arayil'' ([[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] (DooPaaDoo)
* ''Suprabatham'' featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] (DooPaaDoo)
* ''Vaarthaigal'' featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] (DooPaaDoo)
* ''Kadhal Nodiye'' featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Sathya Prakash (DooPaaDoo)
* ''Inaivom Indrae'' (Jerard Felix) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''[[Spirit of Chennai]]'' (C Girinadh)
* ''Nee Venakale Nadichi'' (Saurabh-Durgesh) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Mandhira Kannile'' (Saurabh-Durgesh) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Naino Ki Aarziyaan'' (Saurabh-Durgesh) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Vetrumai Pazhagu'' (Jerard Felix) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Rahul Nambiar]] and Sathya Prakash
* ''O Jaana'' (Nilesh Khandale) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Shahid Mallya]]
* ''Yezhunthu Vaa'' ([[Shashaa Tirupati]]) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Venal Kaalam Etho Konil'' (Naveen Anandh) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Pesu'' (B. Babushankar) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Blaaze]], Mugen Rao, Madhumitha Babushankar, Avaneesh Babushankar
* ''Kunguma Poove'' (Flute Navin) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Nithirai Nila'' (Mathews Pulickan) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
* ''Raya'' (Sagar Janardhan) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Crazy 96'' (Karthik Venkatesh) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and Santhosh Venky
* ''Mayakural Ondru Ketkuthey'' (Baiju Jacob) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
* ''Pesaamal Pesum Mounangal'' (E R Ram Kumar) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Haricharan]]
* ''Pada Pada'' (Dennis Norton) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Lyrics by Krishna Kanth, Starring [[Anupama Parameswaran]]
* ''Varugalayo'' (Baiju Jacob) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Lyrics by Akshyaa Dinesh, Record Label - Rancho PQ Music
* ''Tumhari Mohabbat'' ([[Javed-Mohsin]]) with [[Chinmayi Sripada]] and [[Stebin Ben]] feat. [[Parth Samthaan]] and [[Surbhi Chandna]], Record Label - DRJ Records
* ''Sajle Re Tujhyachsathi'' (Amrutosh Sunil Karanjkar) with [[Chinmayi Sripada]] and [[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj Joshi]]
* ''Mehandhiya'' ([[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and Sarthak Kalyani, Record Label - VYRL South
* ''Vyah Naio Karna'' (Dhrruv Dhalla) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Kani Pelli Chesukonu'' (Dhrruv Dhalla) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Povom Naanum Neeyum'' (Anto Mathew) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Ponnavani Varavaay - Onam Song'' (Sabeesh George) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Laila Majnu'' (Jubair Muhammed) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Murugan Varam'' (C. Sathya) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]]

=== Videography ===

* ''[[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam]]'' by [[A. R. Rahman]]
* ''Thiruda'' ([[Iraj Weeraratne]]) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Psycho Mantra, Bullet Benjamin
* ''Inaivom Indrae'' (Jerard Felix) featuring [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Kannula Munde - Lyric Video'' from [[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]] by [[A. R. Rahman]]
* ''Mayya Mayya'' by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Yezhunthu Vaa'' ([[Shashaa Tirupati]]) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Venal Kaalam Etho Konil'' (Naveen Anandh) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Pesu - Talk to Me'' (B. Babushankar) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Blaaze]], Mugen Rao, Madhumitha Babushankar, Avaneesh Babushankar
* ''Kunguma Poove'' (Flute Navin) with [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* ''Kan Moodudho'' (feat. Tharun Sekar) by [[Sean Roldan]] for Coke Studio Tamil - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] x John Pradeep JL

== Jingles and advertisements ==
Chinmayi has sung in various jingles and also dubbed for several artists in advertisements. She continues to extensively dub and sing for AD filmmaker and Musician Babushankar Balasubramanian in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam advertisements. Additionally, she has dubbed in Hindi, Odia, and Bengali languages.

'''Some of the Jingles in which she has sung:'''
* The Chennai Silks (Vivaha Pattu) – ''Pattu Katti Poo Mudikka''
* Sri Ganapathy Silks
* Maa Fruit Drink Advertisement – ''Anbukku''
* Kalyan Jewellers – ''Humming'' (Composed by [[G. V. Prakash]])
* Toyota Etios Theme Song – ''Pehli Baar'' (Composed by [[A. R. Rahman]])
* RuPay Debit Card – ''Ghadi Ke Do Kaaton''
* Prince Jewellery Ad – ''Singara Nagaiyum'' (Tamil and Kannada) / ''Abharana Pravayam'' (Malayalam)
* Prince Jewellery – ''Idhu Enna Maayam'' (Tamil) / ''Idhu Maayajalam'' (Malayalam)
* Jayalakshmi Silks – ''Madhura Swapnanghal'' (New Version)
* 7UP – ''Payanigalin''
* Sri Devi Textiles
* Tata Gold Plus Ad
* Vajee Care
* Pepsi Ad - ''Kannathil Muthamittal''
* Nalli Silks Ad
* Textile India Ad
* Spinz Talc Ad
* Nyle Ad
* Suryan FM Title song – ''Kuyilin Baashaiyai''
* Ragamalika Title Song
* Vencobb Chicken Ad – Tamil/Telugu
* JCS Jewel Creation's - ''Imaiye''
* Saravana Stores
* Vivaaha: Deivigam, The Chennai Silks - ''Inaiyum''
* Sunland Oil
* DooPaaDoo.com
* Colgate Active Salt – ''Uppin Gynanam''
* Sudha Hospitals – ''Aararo''
* Sree Kumaran Thanga Maligai
* GRB Ghee – ''Manal Manalaai Nei Irundhaal''
* GRB Masala – ''Illi Swalpa, Alli Innu Swalpa'' (Kannada)
* GRB Ghee – ''Oorukku Oru Suvai''
* GRB Ghee – ''Prathi Ooriki Oko Ruchi''

Chinmayi has lent her voice for [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] in most of her AD Films in both Tamil and Telugu. She has also dubbed for [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] in her series of AD Films for ''Super Saravana Stores'' and ''GRT Jewellers - Golden Eleven Plan''. Other works include dubbing for actress [[Anushka Shetty]] in the ''Head and Shoulders'' TVC and ''Sri Lakshmi Jewellery'', for [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] in a series of TVCs for ''Pothys (Samudrika Pattu)'', ''Lazza Ice Cream'', ''Gokul Santol (Soap and Powder)'', and ''GRT Jewellers'', for [[Srushti Dange]] in the ''GRT - Flexi Gold Plan'' TVC, for [[Sania Mirza]] in the ''Vencobb Chicken'' TVC, for multiple artists in a series of ADs for ''Estancia'', ''Sabena Citrus Plus'', ''Sree Gold Dhall'', ''Gold Winner'', ''Anjali Oil'', ''Hrithay Oil'' and for [[Jyotika]] in one of the ''Sakthi Masala'' ADs.

She has also been featured in advertisements for Dheepam Oil (M S Subbulakshmi Edition) in all 4 South Indian Languages.

== Title songs for television ==
Chinmayi has also sung title songs for various television serials and shows. She first sang the title song of ''Anbulla Snehithiye'', after she was introduced to the serial director by director [[Mani Ratnam]]. The list of serials she has sung for:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinmayionline.com/songs.html |title=chinmayionline |publisher=chinmayionline.com |access-date=2011-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227173705/http://www.chinmayionline.com/songs.html |archive-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Year
! Song !! Serial Title !! Language
|-
|2001
| ''Snehidi'' || Anbulla Snehidiye || Tamil
|-
|2002
| ''Marakka Mudiyuma'' || Marakka Mudiyuma || Tamil
|-
|2006-2009
|''Title Song''
|[[Ben 10]]
|| Tamil, Telugu
|-
|2007
| ''Natakam'' || Natakam || Telugu
|-
|2007
| ''Paathaigal'' || Paathaigal || Tamil
|-
|2007
| ''Sarathakam'' || Sarathakam || Telugu
|-
|2007
| ''Pratigatana'' || Pratigatana || Telugu
|-
|2008
| ''Naana'' || Naana || Telugu
|-
|2008
| ''Vaaram'' || Vaaram || Tamil
|-
|2008
| ''Kanavugal'' || Kanavugal || Tamil
|-
|2011
| ''Maraka'' || Maraka Mudiyuma || Tamil
|-
|2011
| ''Marum Yugangal'' || Simran Thirai || Tamil and Telugu
|-
|2013
| ''Ganga'' || Ganga Gayathri || Tamil
|-
|2013
| ''Oru Siru Siru'' || Idhayam Thotta Kathigal || Tamil
|-
|2013
| ''Oru Nathi'' || Saratha || Tamil
|-
|2013
| ''Pookkal Adhu'' || Appa || Tamil
|-
|2013
| ''Thooradha'' || Meera || Tamil
|-

|2014
| ''All songs'' || [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayanam]] || Tamil
|-
|2014
| ''Uyire Uyirin'' || Kanmaniye || Tamil
|-
|2014
| ''Kodi Mullai'' || Kodi Mullai || Tamil
|-
|2015
| ''Mullai Malli'' || [[Aadhira (TV series)|Aadhira]]||Tamil
|-
|2015
|''Akaya Ellai Neeye''
|[[Keladi Kanmani (TV series)|Keladi Kanmani]]
|Tamil
|-
|2020
|''Muta kannu''
|[[Anbe Vaa (2020 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]
|Tamil
|-
|2022
|''Anbe Meera''
|[[Meera (2022 TV series)|Meera]]
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|''Varamaga vanthale''
|Punitha
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|''Hey Anamika''
|Anamika
|Tamil
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Tukoji Rao Holkar

2026-03-27T09:20:44Z

Vilianarij: updated references based on references further for accuracy

{{Short description|Maharaja of Indore from 1795 to 1797}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{multiple issues|
{{Peacock|date=February 2026}}
{{Citations needed|date=March 2026}}
}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tukoji Rao I Holkar
| image =
{{Easy CSS image crop
|image = Tukoji Rao I Holkar.jpg
|desired_width = 220
|location = center
}}
| caption = Portrait of Tukoji Rao, early 19th century
| succession = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|33x30px]] 4th [[Holkar]] Ruler of [[Indore]]
| predecessor = [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]
| successor = [[Kashi Rao Holkar]]
| reign = {{ubl|13 August 1795 –
|15 August 1797}}
|succession1 = Commander-in-Chief of [[Indore]]
|reign1 = 1767 – 1795
|reign-type1 = Years of Service
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1723|06|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1797|8|15|1723|6|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
|house = [[Holkar]]
| full name =
| mother =
| father = [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] (adoptive) Tanuji Holkar (biological)
| issue = {{ubl|
|[[Kashi Rao Holkar]]
|[[Vithoji Rao Holkar]]
|[[Yashwant Rao Holkar]]
|Malhar Rao II Holkar
}}
| spouses = {{ubl|
|Rakhmabai Holkar
|Radhabai Holkar
}}
| module =
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| branch =
| rank = [[Senapati]]
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}

* [[Maratha]]-[[Rohilla]] [[War|Conflicts]]
** Farrukhabad (1751)
* [[Afghan-Maratha War]]
** Peshawar (1758)
** [[Capture of Delhi (1760)|Delhi (1760)]]
** [[Battle of Kunjpura|Kunjpura (1760)]]
** [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat (1761)]]
** [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|Delhi (1771)]]
** Purana Qila (1772)
* [[First Anglo-Mysore War]]
** Gajendragad (1786)
*[[First Anglo-Maratha War]]
**[[Battle of Wadgaon|Wadgaon (1779)]]
** Bhorghat (1781)
*Maratha-Nizam War
**[[Battle of Kharda|Kharda (1795)]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
}}

'''Tukoji Rao I Holkar''' (26 June 1723 – 15 August 1797) was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Indore]] from 1795 until his death in 1797, belonging to the [[House of Holkar|Holkar clan]]. He was the great-nephew and adoptive son of [[Dynasty|dynastic]] founder [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malhar Rao]]. He served as commander of forces for 27 years before briefly occupying the throne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Holkar dynasty |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Holkar-dynasty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260321202524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Holkar-dynasty |archive-date=21 March 2026 |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Upon [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]’s death in August 1795, Tukoji Rao Holkar succeeded her as Maharaja of Indore and reigned until his own death in August 1797. Tukoji Rao gained responsibility of the principality at a time of crisis. Contemporary Maratha records describe Tukoji Rao Holkar as a trusted commander‑in‑chief under Malhar Rao Holkar, and it is reported that Malhar Rao expressed confidence in him on his deathbed. Malhar Rao said, "You are the only one who can uphold my name and protect Prince [[Male Rao Holkar]] [grandson of Malhar Rao] after my death." However, Male Rao also had a very short life span. He died on 13 March 1767 due to sickness. At this juncture, Tukoji Rao submitted himself to the service of the ruling queen of Indore, Ahilyabai, and she could withstand the challenges she had in the service of her people of [[Malwa]]. Ahilyabai also respected him as her brother-in-law, as Tukoji Rao was the adopted son of Malhar Rao Holkar I.<ref>{{cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8AbPDwAAQBAJ&q=tukoji+holkar | title = Rise and Fall of The Maratha Empire 1750-1818|author=Sanish Nandakumar| date = 7 February 2020| publisher = Notion Press|isbn=9781647839611|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

Tukoji Rao Holkar I served as a commander under Malhar Rao Holkar I and later as Commander-in-Chief during Ahilyabai Holkar's reign. During this period, he managed military and administrative duties for the Holkar state. He was popular with the people of Malwa and the territories comprising the Holkar State continued to be prosperous for nearly two years after the death of Ahilya Bai.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

He actively participated in the [[Maratha conquest of North-west India|conquests of Punjab]] and fought in the Battles of Lahore, Attock, and Peshawar, in which he commanded many of the Maratha forces in the Punjab region and the frontier regions of [[Attock]] and [[Peshawar]]. Historical accounts indicate that Holkar participated in operations in the northwest, including actions near [[Jalalabad]] against Afghan commanders. Following the Maratha defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat, he was involved in the Maratha Resurrection, and subsequently in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]], after which his relation with [[Mahadaji Scindia]] deteriorated.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&dq=tukoji+holkar&pg=PA166|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|author=N. G. Rathod|year=1994|isbn=9788185431529|pages=163–173|publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref>

[[Shah Alam II|Shah Alam]] spent six years in the Allahabad fort. After the [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|capture of Delhi]] in 1771 by the Marathas, he left for his capital under their protection.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine (1712–1772)|editor=A. C. Banerjee |editor2=D. K. Ghose|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]], [[Orient Longman]]|year=1978|pages=60–61}}</ref> He was escorted to Delhi by [[Mahadaji Shinde]], and left Allahabad in May 1771. During their short stay, Marathas constructed two temples in the [[Allahabad]] city, one of them being the famous [[Alopi Devi Mandir]]. However, after reaching Delhi in January 1772 and realizing the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, Shah Alam ordered his general [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] to drive them out. In retaliation, Tukoji Rao Holkar and [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]] attacked Delhi and defeated Mughal forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial ''[[Deed|sanad]]'' for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was, however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English. As such, the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PA7|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785, Volume 1|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=1998|pages=7–8|isbn=9788171545780}}</ref> The Maratha and British armies fought in Ramghat, but the sudden demise of the Peshwa and the civil war in [[Pune]] to choose the next Peshwa forced the Maratha to retreat.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=MS_jrForJOoC|page=57}}|title=History of Modern India: 1707 A.D. up to 2000 A.D. |first=Radhey Shyam |last=Chaurasia |year=1947}}</ref>

Tukoji Rao died on 15 August 1797. Historical records note that he did not use a personal seal during his lifetime, maintaining the administrative style of Malhar Rao’s lineage.<ref name="Malcolm1823">{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=John |author-link=John Malcolm |url=https://archive.org/details/amemoircentrali00malcgoog |title=A Memoir of Central India, Including Malwa, and Adjoining Provinces |publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen |year=1823 |volume=1 |location=London |pages=194-195}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{Commons category|Tukoji Rao Holkar}}
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Tukoji's character was portrayed by Sanjay Mahendirata.
* In 2021-22 [[Hindi]] TV series [[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]], James Naivedhya Ghadge played the role of young Tukoji Rao Holkar followed by Siddharth Bannerjee initially and then Sandeep Vasantrao Gaikwad.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Holkar|Holkar Dynasty]]||1723 || 15 August 1797}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahilya Bai Holkar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Indore]]|years=1795 – 1797}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kashi Rao Holkar]]}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holkar, Tukoji Rao}}
[[Category:Maratha Chiefs in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1723 births]]
[[Category:1797 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Indore State]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Maratha generals]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Indore district]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

Villain (2002 film)

2026-03-26T17:53:18Z

Vilianarij:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Villain
| image = Villain 2002 poster.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| writer =
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = [[Yugi Sethu]]
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Kiran Rathod]]
| producer = [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = [[S. S. Chakravarthy|NIC Arts]]
| distributor = NIC Arts
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan S. Moorthy
| editing = K. Thanigachalam
| released = {{film date|df=y|2002|11|04}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR|8 Crores}}
| gross = {{INR|32 Crores}}
}}

'''''Villain''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[heist film|heist]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]] and produced by [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] in the main dual lead role alongside [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] and [[Kiran Rathod]]. [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] composed the score and soundtrack for the film.

''Villain'' was released on 4 November 2002. It received positive reviews and became a blockbuster. Ajith won his second [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with [[Villain (2003 film)|the same name]] starring [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] in 2003.

== Plot ==
Shiva and Vishnu are identical twins. Shiva, the elder one, is a bus conductor, while Vishnu, the younger one, has a [[mild intellectual disability]]. During their childhood, Shiva overhears his parents' plot to send Vishnu to an unknown orphanage and to hide this information from him. To save his brother Vishnu, Shiva runs away to another city with him and strives hard to look after him. A 'dada' Sundaramoorthy, who runs a beggar trade, beats Vishnu brutally, and Vishnu becomes disabled for life. Shiva leaves Vishnu in a home run by a social worker Lalitha.

During the day, Shiva works as a bus conductor, and at the same time, poses as Vishnu: to play [[Robin Hood]] and steal from the rich and corrupt. A gang including Thangam, Mani, and others assist him in these operations. He is never suspected, and so, with the stolen money, he takes care of not only Vishnu, but also 800 people in other institutions for the physically disabled. A college student Lavanya falls in love with Shiva, but he later learns that she is Sundaramoorthy's sister-in-law. Matters worsen when Sundaramoorthy becomes the chairman of the institute for the physically disabled. How Shiva deals with the situation forms the rest of the story.

During the film, Thangam is secretly in love with Shiva, though he does not know this. Later, she gives up her love and lets Lavanya marry Shiva. At last, Shiva marries Lavanya and Thangam marries Vishnu. The brothers live happily ever after.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Shiva
***Dinesh Sha as Young Shiva
**Vishnu
*** Naresh Sha as Young Vishnu
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Thangam, Shiva's friend who secretly loves him
* [[Kiran Rathod]] as Lavanya, Shiva's love interest
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Lalitha Subramaniam
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Mani, Shiva's friend
* [[Karunas]] as Nochikuppam Dampudi
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as ACP
* [[FEFSI Vijayan]] as Sundaramoorthy (main [[antagonist]])
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Shiva's and Vishnu's father
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Minister
* [[Manobala]] as Pyramid Natarajan's brother-in-law
* [[Rekha (Tamil actress)|Rekha]] as Rajalakshmi, Lavanya's sister and Sundaramoorthy's wife
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Father Karunakaran
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Shiva's friend
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Shiva's friend
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as a police officer
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as a police officer
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Sundaramoorthy's assistant
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Thangam's friend
* [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] as a man with heroin
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Minister
* [[Priyanka]] as Lavanya's friend
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Pyramid Natarajan's House Security
* [[R. Sundarrajan]] as Minister's related
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Henchman
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Emcee
* [[Citizen Mani]] as Bus passenger
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Police officer
* [[Kanal Kannan]] in a special appearance as a henchman
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] in the end of the film as a man requesting a photo
* Vasanthi in a special appearance in "Adicha Nethi Adi"<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Vikram: Fans Spot 'Agent Tina' in These Old Songs of Kamal Haasan, Ajith, Thalapathy Vijay After Vasanthi's Character Earns Audience Appreciation |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/vikram-fans-spot-agent-tina-in-these-old-songs-of-kamal-haasan-ajith-thalapathy-vijay-after-vasanthis-character-earns-audience-appreciation-3796936.html |website=LatestLY}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==

The film saw the first collaboration of Ajith Kumar and K. S. Ravikumar, with the former revealing that he was initially reluctant to work with the director in fear of a misunderstanding. Kiran Rathod was signed the film as the second female lead alongside Meena after the success of ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]''.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/nov/02tamil.htm Movies: No big Tamil film release this Diwali]. rediff.com (2 November 2002). Retrieved on 2015-07-26.</ref><ref name=vi>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030704122010/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/01/stories/2002110101200500.htm Adding glamour to Deepavali]. The Hindu (1 November 2002). Retrieved on 2015-07-26.</ref> The shooting of the film was completed in 39 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000080200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040116031114/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/30/stories/2002103000080200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2004|title=Giving hits, his speciality|date=30 October 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack features 7 songs composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/villain-songs-T0000448|title=Villain songs download|work=Raaga|access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mossymart.com/product/villain-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-vidhyasagar/|title=Villain Tamil Film Audio CD by Vidhyasagar|work=Mossymart|access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pathinettu Vayathil
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length1 = 5:22
| title2 = Orae Manam
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Chandana Bala
| length2 = 4:45
| title3 = Adicha Nethi Adi
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| length3 = 5:25
| title4 = Aadiyil Kaathadicha
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 1:32
| title5 = Hello Hello
| extra5 = [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| length5 = 5:04
| title6 = Thappu Thanda
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length6 = 4:44
| title7 = Aadiyil Kaathadicha (Sad Version)
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length7 = 1:41
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = 28:31
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Villain'' released in Diwali on 4 November 2002 alongside [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] starrer ''[[Bagavathi]]''.<ref name=vi /> [[The Hindu]] reviewer claimed that "if you don't rack your brains about the feasibility of the hero's game plans, you could enjoy watching "Villain"" and that "Ajit scores on both fronts".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030627192235/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501040201.htm Villain]. The Hindu (15 November 2002). Retrieved on 2015-07-26.</ref> Another critic cited that it was "great slag-less and racy screenplay and some stunning performances from Ajith make this film a treat for the senses".<ref>[http://movies.bizhat.com/review_villain.php BizHat.com – Villain Review. Ajith, Meena, Kiran, Nasser, Ramesh Khanna, Vijay Kuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104162800/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_villain.php |date=4 January 2013 }}. Movies.bizhat.com. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "'Villain' is a film that would satisfy Ajit's fans, and after a series of flops it is a well deserved success for the handsome actor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov227.asp|date=22 November 2002|title=Villain|work=Chennai Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405174503/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov227.asp|archive-date=5 April 2005}}</ref> ''New Straits Times'' wrote "Villan seems aimed specifically to
please Ajith's and Kiran's fans. If you are one of their fans, you will probably enjoy this film. However, the film would have been a lot better minus some songs which really test our patience".<ref>{{cite newspaper|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a8YtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z3sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769%2C4020971|newspaper=New Straits Times|page=73|access-date=23 September 2024|title=Pleasing tale of an modern -day Robin Hood|first=K.N.|last=Vijiyan|date=26 November 2002}}</ref> ''Indiainfo'' wrote "Slick photography by Ashok-Murthy and trendy music by Vidyasagar makes this other than mediocre film watchable. Ajith's acting is okay. Kiran looks glamorous. Meena's role is tacky. In a bid to appease everyone - youth, women and mass - director K. S. Ravikumar missed the line. He should have been taken more care over script. A watchable film for the sheer sake of songs and sexy Kiran".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/villain.html|title=Villain - Quite an ordinary fare!|website=Indiainfo|access-date=23 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021216081942/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/villain.html|archive-date=16 December 2002}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "10 years ago 'Gentleman' happened. Twist the story around a bit and serve it in a new bottle, and, there it is- 'Villain' from director KS Ravikumar (Story: Yugi Sethu). It's all the magic of screenplay. In the depths of the story lies the engrossing flashbacks of Ajith's life. With those extremely poignant scenes the director had moved the film ahead".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/villan.shtml|title=Villain|website=Cinesouth|access-date=29 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021212224852/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/villan.shtml|archive-date=12 December 2002}}</ref> C. Shivakumar of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "It is just another average film with the usual ingredients of romance, violence and some ordinary music. Director K S Ravikumar, who is working for the first time with Ajith, has overdone the dramatisation of the lead character. The narration is interspersed with some flashback scenes but lacks the punch when it comes to picturisation of the songs".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec15/filmr.asp|title=Villain (Tamil)|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=13 March 2025|first=C.|last=Shivakumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003105505/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec15/filmr.asp|archive-date=3 October 2003|date=15 December 2002}}</ref> Ajith's performance earned him his second [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040901/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-17/news-interviews/27262867_1_film-awards-lal-jose-girish-kasaravalli Ajit, Simran bag Filmfare awards]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (17 May 2003). Retrieved on 2015-07-26.</ref><ref>[http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Villain.htm 10 years ago]. Cinematoday3.itgo.com. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0417241}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}

{{improve categories|date=January 2024}}
[[Category:2000s heist films]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 action films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. S. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Broom

2026-03-24T21:57:31Z

Vilianarij: fixed issues

{{Short description|Cleaning tool for floor}}
{{redirect-several|dab=no|Broom (disambiguation)|Broomstick (disambiguation)|Push broom scanner|Whisk broom scanner}}
[[File:BroomsforSale.jpg|thumb|[[Sorghum]]-made brooms with long handles as well as short [[Handle (grip)|handles]]]]

A '''broom''' ({{IPAc-en|b|r|uː|m|}}), also known as a '''broomstick''', is a [[cleaning tool]], consisting of usually stiff fibers (often made of materials such as plastic, glued hair, or corn husks) attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. It is thus a variety of [[brush]] with a long handle. It is commonly used in combination with a [[dustpan]].

A distinction is made between a "hard broom" and a "soft broom" and a spectrum in between. Soft brooms are used in some cultures chiefly for sweeping walls of cobwebs and [[spiders]], like a "[[feather duster]]", while hard brooms are for rougher tasks like sweeping dirt off sidewalks or concrete floors, or even smoothing and texturing wet [[concrete]]. The majority of brooms are somewhere in between, suitable for sweeping the floors of homes and businesses, soft enough to be flexible and to move even light dust, but stiff enough to achieve a firm sweeping action.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The broom is also a symbolic object associated with [[witchcraft]] and [[ceremonial magic]].
[[File:Houki-constructionworker-japan-2012.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=3|Video of a Japanese construction worker cleaning up his construction site with a broom]]

== Etymology ==
The word ''broom'' derives from types of shrubs referred to as [[broom (shrub)|brooms]]. ''Common broom'' typically refers to whatever shrub is most commonly used to make the bristles for a broomstick in a given region.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=2}} The name of the shrubs began to be used for the household implement in [[Late Middle English]] and gradually replaced the earlier ''[[besom]]'' during the [[Early Modern English]] period. The song ''[[Broom Buzzems|Buy Broom Buzzems]]'' (by [[William Purvis (Blind Willie)|William Purvis]] 1752–1832) still refers to the "broom besom" as one type of [[besom]] (i.e. "a besom made from broom").

Flat brooms, made of [[Sorghum bicolor|broom corn]],<ref>{{cite web | title=How to make a broom | url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Do-It-Yourself/How-To-Make-A-Broom.aspx | publisher=Ogden Publications, Inc. | access-date=2010-03-15 | archive-date=2013-03-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314180901/http://www.motherearthnews.com/Do-It-Yourself/How-To-Make-A-Broom.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> were invented by [[Shakers]] in the 19th century with the invention of the [[Shaker broom vice|broom vice]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Broom |url=http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/broom |access-date=2008-11-05 |archive-date=2009-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202063621/http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/broom |url-status=live }}</ref>
A smaller whisk broom or brush is sometimes called a duster.

== Function ==
Brooms are used to clean dust and ash.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=2}} They may be used to clean homes, appliances such as ovens and fireplaces, or outdoor areas such as streets and yards.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=1}}

== History ==
{{See also|Shaker broom vise}}
[[File:Broom Han Dynasty British Museum MAS.776.jpg|thumb|Broom excavated from [[Dunhuang]], [[China]], dated 200 BCE – 200 CE. Kept in the [[British Museum]].]]

The history of the broom dates back to Mesopotamia around 4000 B.C. They were made from branches bound together with herbs. Initially, they were short and lacked a handle; over time, however, the design evolved and became more manageable with the addition of a stick or pole.

The earliest brooms and brushes are from prehistory, when things such as bird wings and [[bur]]s were fastened to handles of bone, ivory, or wood. The indigenous peoples of the [[Southwestern United States]] created brooms from [[yucca]] plants for cleaning [[pueblo]]s.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=120}} The indigenous people of Saint Lucia created brooms from coconut fronds for cleaning around hearths.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|pp=120–121}} Brooms are mentioned in the 1540 manuscript ''[[Codex Mendoza]]'' of the [[Aztecs]], which instructs girls to sweep.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=120}}

The birch besom was made by fastening twigs to a handle with a strip of [[ash wood]], harvested from a log after washing it in a running stream. The besom became a symbol of breweries in England, where brewers used it as a whisk while fermenting alcoholic beverages, and the brooms were typically displayed by [[pub]]s. When not in use, a brewer's besom was stored and dried on wall pegs or hanging by a leather cord. The broom was not washed so that yeast would remain in the bristles for future uses.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=122}} Hearth besoms were created in Ireland to keep ash on a hearth.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=121}} Until the 18th century, brooms were crafted by hand.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=2}}

In 1797, the quality of brooms changed when Levi Dickenson, a farmer in [[Hadley, Massachusetts]], made a broom for his wife, using the tassels of [[sorghum]], a grain he was growing for the seeds. His wife spread good words around town, creating demand for Dickenson's sorghum brooms. The sorghum brooms held up well, but ultimately, like all brooms, fell apart. Dickenson subsequently invented a machine that would make better brooms, and faster than he could. In 1810, the foot treadle broom machine was invented. This machine played an integral part in the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = History of Early American Brooms and Broom Making |website=BroomShop.com|url = http://broomshop.com/history/|access-date = 2015-09-29|archive-date = 2015-09-18|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150918074503/http://broomshop.com/history/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Earle |first=Alice Morse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2RWAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Levi+Dickenson%22+broom&pg=PA256 |title=Home Life in Colonial Days |date=1898 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4556-0592-7 |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Besenbinder.JPG|thumb|upright|Making brooms, 2012]]
The [[Shakers]] began growing broom corn to create brooms in the present-day United States, which they crafted on [[treadle]] wheels and stored hanging on the wall under a cotton hood. The Shaker Theodore Bates invented the flat broom in 1798.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=889}} [[Benjamin Franklin]] grew [[French broom]], a practice which was then taken up by [[Thomas Jefferson]], who had broomsticks made from the plant. Americans commonly kept brooms with their fireplaces by the early 19th century.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=123}} At this time, brooms were often made by children, the disabled, the elderly, and slaves.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|pp=123, 587}} By the middle of the century, brooms were created in factories with [[machine press]]es, trimmers, and [[winding machine]]s and then sold [[door-to-door]]. People in the [[American frontier]] crafted brooms with a wet [[Rawhide (material)|rawhide]] fastening, which dried and hardened around the bristles.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=123}}

Henry Hadley invented a hybridized machine-harvested broom corn at the [[University of Illinois]] in 1983 for more efficient creation of brooms.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=125}} Modern factory-made brooms are made with straw bristles, which are flattened and stitched together before a handle is inserted.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=124}} In industrialized countries, brooms are sometimes replaced or superseded by powered cleaning instruments such as [[leaf blower]]s and [[vacuum cleaner]]s.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=125}} Brooms remain commonly used for cleaning purposes in the 21st century.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=2}}

One source mentions that the United States had 303 broom factories by 1839 and that the number peaked at 1,039 in 1919. Most of these were in the [[Eastern United States]]; during the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s, the number of factories declined to 320 in 1939.<ref name="EOHC-Broom">{{cite web|last=Fugate|first=Tally D.|title=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture|work=Broom Factories|access-date=August 13, 2012|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/B/BR024.html|archive-date=November 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119131923/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/B/BR024.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state of [[Oklahoma]] became a major center for broom production because broom corn grew especially well there, with The Oklahoma Broom Corn Company opening a factory in [[El Reno, Oklahoma|El Reno]] in 1906. Faced with competition from imported brooms and synthetic bristles, most of the factories closed by the 1960s.<ref name="EOHC-Broom" />

== Design and types ==
A broom is made up of two parts: the handle, which is a long cylindrical stick, and the stiff fibers lined parallel at its base.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=2}}

The United States [[International Cooperation Administration]] made a distinction between brooms based on bristle quality. Parlor brooms are made of smooth green fibers and typically have brushes 14 to 18 inches long. Carpet brooms are a cheaper variant of the parlor broom that uses bristles rejected for use in parlor brooms for being off-color or lower quality. Standard brooms use bristles that were deemed too low-quality for either parlor brooms or carpet brooms, often dyed green to emulate other brooms.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=2}} Hearth brooms, or toy brooms, are made of miscellaneous fibers that cannot be used in other brooms. They are not typically sold as consumer products.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=3}}

Warehouse brooms use heavier fibers such as [[rattan]] or [[palmyra palm]] and are bound with metal. Different grades of warehouse broom are used to denote the surface it is designed for, such as smelters, decks, or railroads. Their brushes measure about 16 to 18 inches long.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=3}}

Cob brooms are used to clean webs from high areas and were historically made with round brushes.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|pp=122–123}} Whisk brooms use bristles that are shorter and finer than other brooms.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=3}} Rubber brooms were created in the early 20th century to prevent the debris raised when sweeping with straw brooms.{{Sfn|Snodgrass|2004|pp=857–858}}

== Materials and production ==
=== Brush ===
The brush of a broom is most commonly made with the fibers of broom corn. Other common plant materials used in brooms include palmyra, rice straw, rice root, [[piassava]], grass, [[sedge]], and twigs. They may use a mix of materials, with lower quality fibers filling out the brush.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=3}} Broom making involves botanical knowledge, particularly about broom plants.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=4}}

For manufactured brooms, the fibers are sorted by quality and fitted into the appropriate type of broom.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=4}} They are then put through an evener to align the fibers, a saw to remove stems, and a scraper to break open the straw and remove the seeds. The fibers are dyed or bleached to achieve a uniform color, or they are wetted if they are already high quality so they can be more easily wound.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|pp=4–5}} The outer fibers of the brush are typically treated with a dye, called broom crystals, to preserve the color after use.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=4}}

As an alternative to plant fibers, brooms can be fitted with synthetic brushes made of materials like nylon or plastic.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=3}}

=== Handle and fastening ===
Wooden broom handles are commonly made from [[hardwood]] or [[fir]]. Commercial wood broom handles are painted or [[Wood finishing|finished]].{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|pp=3–4}} [[Lacquer]]s can increase the lifespan of the broom's handle in addition to serving an aesthetic purpose.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=4}} Wooden broom handles are often about 42 inches long and seven-eighths to one and one-eighth inches in diameter.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=3}}

Metal tension wires, sometimes crafted specifically for use in brooms, are put through a winding machine to fasten the bristles to the handle.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=4}} The wire is wound through a hole in the handle before fastening the brush, typically over the last six inches of the handle. Additional bristles are added to the sides for a flat brush shape and to provide a surface for sweeping. The stem ends of the fibers are then cut and tapered and the wire is nailed into the handle. The wire is then finished by one of several methods, such as with a metal cap, with a velvet coat, or by being tapered.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=5}} After the broom is wired, the fibers can again be scraped or seeded.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=6}}

Twine, often made of cotton or linen, is used to stitch the brush.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=4}} At least five stitches will typically be used. The outside of the brush may be wrapped with a material like leather, replacing a twine band used to hold the brush together during manufacturing.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=6}}

Commercially sold brooms may apply a glued label to the fastening with the brand name or broom model, which can be used as a cover for the clamp marks left by a wiring machine.{{Sfn|International Cooperation Administration|1957|p=4}}

== Magic ==
[[File:Goya - Caprichos (68).jpg|thumb|left|[[Francisco Goya]]'s ''[[Los Caprichos]]'': ''¡Linda maestra!'' ("The Follies: Beautiful Teacher!") – witches heading to a [[Witches' Sabbath|Sabbath]] on a broomstick]]

In the context of [[witchcraft]], ''broomstick'' is likely to refer to the broom as a whole, known as a ''[[besom]]''. The first known reference to [[witch]]es flying on broomsticks dates to the 11th-century Islamic traditionalist theologian [[Ibn Qudamah]]in his book al-Mughnī ( The Persuader ). The first reference to [[witch]]es flying on broomsticks in Europe dates to 1453, confessed by the male witch [[Guillaume Edelin]].<ref>''[[Man, Myth & Magic (encyclopedia)|Man, Myth and Magic]]: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural''. 1970, edited by Richard Cavendish.</ref> The concept of a [[flying ointment]] used by witches appears at about the same time, recorded in 1456.

In [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]'s 1939 film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', the [[Wicked Witch of the West]] used a broomstick to fly over [[Land of Oz|Oz]]. She also used it to skywrite "[[Surrender Dorothy]]" above the [[Emerald City]]. [[Wizard of Oz (character)|The Wizard]] commands [[Dorothy Gale|Dorothy]] and her three traveling companions to bring the Wicked Witch's broomstick to him in order to grant their wishes. Dorothy carries it to the Wizard with the [[Scarecrow (Oz)|Scarecrow]], [[Tin Woodman|Tin Man]], and [[Cowardly Lion|Lion]] after the Wicked Witch's death.

In the poem {{lang|la|italic=no|"Der Zauberlehrling"}} ("The Sorcerer's Apprentice") by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], the titular apprentice brings a broom to life to do his chore of filling a well full of water. The broom overdoes its job and when chopped into pieces, each splinter becomes a new broom that flood the room until the apprentice's master, the sorcerer, stops them. The poem was [[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)|set to music]] by [[Paul Dukas]], which in turn inspired (and provided the soundtrack to) an animated short by [[Walt Disney Productions|Disney]] in the 1940 film ''[[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]]'', starring [[Mickey Mouse]]. The Disney brooms have had recurring cameos in Disney media, mostly portrayed as janitors, albeit not out of control or causing chaos such as in the original appearance.

Flying witches' brooms also appear in ''[[Bedknobs and Broomsticks]]'' and ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]''.

In [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]], witches' broomsticks are short bundles of sticks tied together without a handle.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Spooner|first1=Samantha|title=From hippie bans to broomstick flying limits, here are Africa's most absurd laws|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-10-14-from-sex-toy-bans-to-broomstick-flying-limits-presenting-africas-absurd-laws|work=[[Mail & Guardian|Mail & Guardian Africa]]|date=15 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029223232/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-10-14-from-sex-toy-bans-to-broomstick-flying-limits-presenting-africas-absurd-laws|archive-date=29 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Flying brooms play an important role in the fantasy world of [[Harry Potter]], used for transportation as well as for playing the popular airborne game of [[Quidditch]]. Flying brooms, along with [[flying carpets]], are the main means of transportation in the world of [[Poul Anderson]]'s novel
[[Operation Chaos (novel)|''Operation Chaos'']].

The [[Flying Broom]] ({{langx|tr|Uçan Süpürge}}) is a [[feminism|feminist]] organization in [[Turkey]], deliberately evoking the associations of a flying broom with witches.

== Culture ==
Brooms are used in some rituals.{{Sfn|Nedelcheva|Dogan|Guarrera|2007|p=1}}

[[Jumping the broom]] is a tradition sometimes practiced in [[African American]] weddings in which the couple leaps over a broom to symbolically represent the leap into domestic life. The tradition was practiced by [[enslaved Americans]] and other groups of low social class in the United States through the 19th century. It was revitalized by [[Alex Haley]] after it was prominently featured in his novel ''[[Roots: The Saga of an American Family]]'' in 1976 and became part of a broader reclamation of Black heritage at the time.{{Sfn|Parry|2016|pp=81–83}} Other marginalized groups, such as the [[Celts]] and the [[Romani people|Romani]], have historically been described as practicing similar traditions in Britain.{{Sfn|Parry|2016|p=86}} The precise origin of jumping the broom is uncertain.{{Sfn|Parry|2016|p=84}}

The [[Métis people]] of Canada have a broom dancing tradition. There are broom dancing exhibitions where people show off their broom dancing skills. The lively broom dance involves fast footwork and jumping.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/02316 |work=The Virtual Museum of Metis History and Culture |title=Broom Dance, Metisfest 2001 |access-date=January 10, 2024}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], American submarine crews would tie a broom to their boat's [[conning tower]] when returning to port to indicate that they had "swept" the seas clean of enemy shipping.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://victortradingco.com/broom-lore/|title=Broom Lore|website=Victoria Trading Company|access-date=2021-08-28|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828223911/https://victortradingco.com/broom-lore/|url-status=live}}</ref> The tradition has been devalued in recent years by submarine crews who fly a broom simply when returning from their boat's shake-down cruise. This tradition may stem from the action of the Dutch admiral [[Maarten Tromp]] who tied a broom to his main mast after defeating the British admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] at the [[Battle of Dungeness]] in 1652. This has often been interpreted as a message that he would "sweep the British from the seas". This story remains unsubstantiated,<ref>The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. 1988, edited by Peter Kemp</ref> but may have its origin in the tradition of hoisting a broom as a sign that a ship was for sale,<ref>"Local Events." Evening Telegram (St. John's, N.L.), 1891-10-14:4.</ref> which seems more likely as Tromp had captured two of Blake's ships in the battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_dungeness.html|title=Battle of Dungeness, 30 November 1652|access-date=20 April 2012|archive-date=17 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317160554/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_dungeness.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], it is called ''Baṛhanī'' (prosperer), as it is believed that it's prospers the family and house.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson |first=G.A. |title=Bihar Peasant Life |year=1885 |publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Press|location=London |pages=11}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
* In 1701 [[Jonathan Swift]] wrote a "[[Meditation Upon a Broomstick]]", a parody of [[Robert Boyle]]'s ''Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects'':{{quote|But a Broom-Stick, perhaps you will say, is an Emblem of a Tree standing on its Head; and pray what is Man, but a Topsy-turvey Creature, his Animal Faculties perpetually mounted on his Rational; His Head where his Heels should be, groveling on the Earth, and yet with all his Faults, he sets up to be an universal Reformer and Corrector of Abuses, a Remover of Grievances, rakes into every Sluts Corner of Nature, bringing hidden Corruptions to the Light, and raises a mighty Dust where there was none before, sharing deeply all the while, in the very same Pollutions he pretends to sweep away: His last Days are spent in Slavery to Women, and generally the least deserving; till worn to the Stumps, like his Brother Bezom, he is either kickt out of Doors, or made use of to kindle Flames, for others to warm themselves by.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publicdomainreview.org/collections/a-meditation-upon-a-broomstick-1711/ |title=A Meditation upon a Broomstick (1711) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009113751/https://publicdomainreview.org/collections/a-meditation-upon-a-broomstick-1711/ |archive-date=2016-10-09 |work=[[Public Domain Review]]}}</ref>}}
*In [[J.K. Rowling]]'s ''[[Harry Potter]]'' novels and [[Harry Potter (film series)|film adaptations]], broomsticks are a common form of transport for wizards and witches. These are also used for the magical sport of [[Quidditch]], in which players use their broomsticks to fly around a field and shoot goals.

===Politics===
[[File:General Buhari holding a broom at a campign rally.jpg|thumb|Nigerian opposition politicians holding brooms at a campaign rally]]
For much of the 20th century, political cartoons and propaganda would often depict new or oncoming leaders sweeping away old, corrupt or unpopular figures.

The broom is used as a symbol of the following political parties:
* [[Aam Aadmi Party]], India
* [[All Progressives Congress]], Nigeria

=== Religion ===
* In [[Jainism]], monks and nuns have a little broom with them, in order to gently brush aside ants and small animals, to avoid crushing them. This is part of observing the principle of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahinsā]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Jainism/index.aspx|title=Jainism|access-date=2011-03-30|archive-date=2011-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331095121/http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Jainism/index.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Shakers]] are often credited with the invention of the flat broom.

=== Sports ===
* [[Curling broom]]
* In [[baseball]] and [[basketball]], when the [[home team]] is close to accomplishing a sweep (having won the first two games of a three-game series or first three games of a four-game series), some fans will bring brooms to the ballpark and brandish them as a way of taunting the visiting team (examples: Arkansas vs. LSU, 2011; Red Sox vs. Yankees, May 13–15, 2011 and June 7–9, 2011).
* In [[broomball]], broomsticks have their heads removed and are used to push a ball into a goal, on an ice surface. The game is similar to hockey, except players do not wear skates.

== Image gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:"Arya" sapu biasa.jpg|Common soft broom in Indonesia
File:Holding Shield and Holding Broom tomb doors, 2 of 2, China, unearthed from Lanjia Yard, Pixian County, Sichuan, Eastern Han dynasty, 25-220 AD, stone - Sichuan Provincial Museum - Chengdu, China - DSC04747.jpg|Carved [[relief]]s on stone tomb doors showing a man dressed in ''[[Hanfu]]'' and holding a broom, Chinese [[Eastern Han dynasty]] (25–220 AD), from Lanjia Yard, [[Pi County]], [[Sichuan province]], [[Sichuan Provincial Museum]] of [[Chengdu]], [[China]]
File:Broom in China 01.jpg|A soft broom commonly used in [[Hainan Province]], China
File:Banaue Philippines Handmade-brooms-01.jpg|Typical Filipino soft brooms (walís-tambô), [[Banaue, Ifugao|Banaue]], [[Ifugao province|Ifugao]], [[Philippines]]
File:Indian home made brooms for cleaning outdoor, 2011-2.jpg|A hard-broom (walís-tingtíng) stall in the Philippines. Philippine hard brooms are often made from the hard primary veins of the leaves of the coconut palm frond.
File:Broom from a home in Haiti.jpg|A typical broom at a home in Haiti
File:Broom (PSF).jpg|A broom with bristles traditionally made using [[Sorghum bicolor|broom corn]]
File:A broom made of twigs from Rwanda.jpg|A broom at a Rwandan home, made out of twigs
File:Simple turkey tail brooms.png|alt=Turkey tail brooms|Two 'turkey tail' style brooms made from broom corn
File:Shinchunagon Taira no Tomomori Sweeping the Deck LACMA M.84.31.97.jpg|Japanese warrior sweeping the deck with a broom before killing himself
File:Miotła 001q.JPG|Floor broom
File:Sure We Can Earthday clean 2021 2.jpg|[[Clean-up (environment)|Street clean]] volunteer uses a broom, [[Earth Day]] 2021
Choolu.JPG|Broom made of the stem of coconut leaf
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Bath broom]]
* [[Besom]]
* [[Mop]]
* [[Squeegee]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nedelcheva |first1=Anely M |last2=Dogan |first2=Yunus |last3=Guarrera |first3=Paolo Maria |date=2007 |title=Plants traditionally used to make brooms in several European countries |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-3-20 |doi-access=free |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=1884134 |pmid=17475017}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Parry |first=Tyler D. |date=2016 |title=The Holy Land of Matrimony: The Complex Legacy of the Broomstick Wedding in American History |journal=American Studies |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=81–106 |issn=0026-3079 |jstor=44982553}}
* {{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45572-9}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=it5RAQAAMAAJ |title=Brooms: Operational Data |date=1957 |author=[[International Cooperation Administration]], Office of Industrial Resources|ref={{harvid|International Cooperation Administration|1957}}}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Brooms}}

{{Cleaning tools|state=expanded}}
{{Witchcraft}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Brooms| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Cleaning tools]]
[[Category:Domestic implements]]
[[Category:Magic items]]

Madras Presidency

2026-03-24T20:35:12Z

Vilianarij: slightly expanded references as per guidelines and updated info per sources

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision of India from 1652 to 1950}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Presidency of Fort St. George {{small|{{nobold|1639–1937}}}}<hr/>Province of Madras {{small|{{nobold|1937–1950}}}}
| national_anthem = "[[God Save the King|God Save the King/Queen]]" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:God Save the King Historical National Anthem of Great Britain(1914).ogg]]</div>
| common_name = Madras Presidency
| era = [[New Imperialism]]
| year_start = 1639
| event_start = Ceded by Vijaynagar governor
| event1 = [[Government of India Act 1833|Madras becomes a province of India]] but retains title of "Presidency"
| date_event1 = 1833
| event_end = [[Constitution of India|Madras becomes a state of India]] and remained as [[State of Madras]]
| date_event2 = 1937
| event2 = Renamed as Province of Madras
| year_end = 1950
| p1 = Vijaynagar Empire
| p2 = Nawab of the Carnatic
| s1 = Madras State
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| s2 =
| flag_p2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_type = [[Star of India (flag)|Flag]]
| image_coat = Badge of British Madras (Presidency of Fort St. George).png
| symbol_type = Badge
| image_map = Madras map 1913.jpg
| image_map_caption = The Madras Presidency in 1913
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes =
| official_languages = [[English language|English]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (by 1937)
| demonym =
| capital = [[Chennai|Madras]] [[Ooty]] ([[summer capital]])
| today = [[India]]
| title_deputy = [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Premier]]
| deputy2 = [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]]
| year_deputy2 = 1949–1950 (last)
| year_deputy1 = 1920–1921 (first)
| deputy1 = [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]]
| title_leader = [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency#Governors (of British Raj)|Governor]]
| legislature = Madras Provincial Legislature
| population_estimate = 49,341,810
| population_estimate_year = 1941
| house1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras Legislative Council]] (1861–1950)
| house2 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras Legislative Assembly]] (1937–1950)
| leader1 = [[George McCartney, 1st Earl McCartney|George McCartney]]
| year_leader1 = 1785–1786 (first)
| leader2 = [[Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji|Krishna Bhavsinhji]]
| year_leader2 = 1948–1950 (last)
}}
{{Colonial India}}

The '''Madras Presidency''', officially called the '''Presidency of Fort St. George''' until 1937, later the '''Madras Province''', was an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative subdivision]] of [[British Raj]] and later its successor, the [[Dominion of India]]. At its greatest extent, the presidency included most of [[South India]], including all of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], almost all of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Malabar District|northern parts of Kerala]], parts of [[Karnataka]], [[Odisha]] and [[Telangana]] in the modern day. The city of [[Madras]] (present-day Chennai) was the official and winter capital of the presidency and [[Ooty|Udagamandalam]] (present-day Ooty) was the summer capital.<ref name=":0" />

In 1639, the [[East India Company]] purchased the village of Madrasapatnam and one year later it established the Agency of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], precursor of the Madras Presidency, although there had been Company factories at [[Machilipatnam]] and [[Armagaon]] since the very early 1600s. The agency was upgraded to a Presidency in 1652 before once more reverting to its previous status in 1655. In 1684, it was re-elevated to a Presidency and [[Elihu Yale]] was appointed as president. In 1785, under the provisions of [[Pitt's India Act]], Madras became one of three presidencies established by the Company. Thereafter, the head of the area was styled "Governor" rather than "President" and became subordinate to the [[Governor-General of India|viceroy]] in [[Calcutta]], with Madras' titulature that would persist until 1950. Judicial, legislative and executive powers rested with the Governor who was assisted by a Council whose constitution was modified by reforms enacted in 1861, 1909, 1919 and 1935. Regular elections were conducted in Madras up to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in 1938. By 1908, the province comprised twenty-two districts, each under a [[District Collector]], and it was further sub-divided into ''taluks'' and ''firqas'' with villages making up the smallest unit of administration.

Following the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] of 1917, Madras was the first [[provinces of India|presidency of India]] to implement a system of [[dyarchy]], and thereafter its Governor ruled alongside a prime minister. In the early decades of the 20th century, many significant contributors to the [[Indian independence movement]] came from Madras. Madras was later admitted as [[Madras State]], a state of the Indian Union at the inauguration of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950.

== History ==

=== Before the arrival of the English ===
The discovery of [[dolmen]]s from this portion of the subcontinent shows inhabitation as early as the [[Stone Age]]. The first prominent rulers of the northern part of the future Presidency were the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Pandya dynasty]] (230 BC{{snd}}AD 102). Following the decline of the Pandyas and the Cholas, the country was conquered by a little known race of people called the [[Kalabhras]].<ref name = "ptsrinivasaiyengar_p535">[[#History of the Tamils|Iyengar 1929]], p. 535</ref> The country recovered under the subsequent [[Pallava dynasty]] and its civilisation attained a peak when the chola kings started acquiring vast places in Tamil Nadu during the 10th century. Following the conquest of Madurai by [[Malik Kafur]] in 1311, there was a brief lull when both culture and civilisation began to deteriorate. The Tamil and Telugu territories recovered under the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], founded in 1336. Following the empire's demise, the country was split amongst numerous sultans, [[Palaiyakkarar|polygars]] and European trading companies.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title = They administered our region HERITAGE |url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/04/stories/2007060451940400.htm |date=4 June 2007|access-date=6 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102228/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/04/stories/2007060451940400.htm |newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Between 1685 and 1947, a number of kings ruled the areas that became part of the Madras Presidency.<ref name="dolmens">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], pp. 138–142.</ref>

The southwestern portions of the presidency, which together constitute [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Kerala]], has a distinct history, language, and culture from its eastern counterparts.

=== Early English trading posts (1600–1639) ===
On 31 December 1600, [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I of England]] (1533–1603) granted a group of English merchants a charter to establish a [[joint-stock company]] which became known as the [[East India Company]].<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v2p6">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter, 1908]], p. 6</ref><ref name="oldentimeIp5">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 5</ref><ref name="oldentimeIp6">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 6</ref><ref name="oldentimeIp7">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 7</ref> Subsequently, during the reign of [[James I of England|King James I]] (1567–1625), [[Sir William Hawkins]] and [[Thomas Roe|Sir Thomas Roe]] were sent to negotiate with the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627) to permit the establishment of [[Factory (trading post)|trading factories]] in India on behalf of the company. The first of these were built at [[Surat]] on the west coast<ref name="oldentimeIp11">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 19</ref> and at [[Masulipatnam|Masulipatinam]] on the country's eastern seaboard.<ref name="oldentimeIp26">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 26</ref> Masulipatinam is thus the oldest English trading post on India's east coast, dating back to 1611. In 1625, another factory was established at Armagon, a few miles to the south, whereupon both the factories came under the supervision of an [[agencies of British India|agency]] based at Machilipatnam.<ref name="oldentimeIp26"/> The English authorities decided to relocate these factories further south, due to a shortage of cotton cloth, the main trade item of the east coast at the time. The problem was compounded when the Sultan of [[Golconda]] started harassing the local officers.<ref name="oldentimeIp26"/> The East India Company's administrator [[Francis Day of Madras|Francis Day]] (1605–73) was sent south, and after negotiations with the Raja of Chandragiri, he obtained a land grant in 1639 to set up a factory in the village of Madraspatinam <ref name="oldentimeIp26"/> where the new [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]] was built. An agency was created to govern the new settlement, and the factor [[Andrew Cogan]] of Masulipatinam was appointed as its first Agent.<ref>[[#Roy|Roy 2012]], p. 74</ref> All the agencies along India's east coast were subordinated to the East India Company [[Bantam Presidency|presidency of Bantam]] in [[Java]].<ref>[[#Chaudhuri|Chaudhuri 2006]], p. 206</ref> By 1641, Fort St George became the company's headquarters on the [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref>[[#Thorpe|Thorpe 2011]], p. 94</ref>

=== Agency of Fort St George (1640–1684) ===
Andrew Cogan was succeeded by Francis Day (1643–1644), [[Thomas Ivie]] (1644–1648) and [[Thomas Greenhill (colonial administrator)|Thomas Greenhill]] (1648–52 and 1655–58). At the end of Greenhill's term in 1652, Fort St George was elevated to a Presidency, independent of Bantam<ref name="oldentimeIp26"/> and under the leadership of the first president, [[Aaron Baker]] (1652–1655).<ref name="oldentimeIp26" /> However, in 1655 the status of the fort was downgraded to an Agency and made subject to the factory at Surat,<ref name="newellp18">[[#Newell|Newell 1919]], p. 18</ref> until 1684. In 1658, control of all the factories in Bengal was given to Madras, when the English occupied the nearby village of [[Triplicane]].<ref name="oldentimeIp281">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 281</ref><ref name="oldentimeIp282">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 282</ref>{{main|History of Madras Presidency}}

=== Expansion (1684–1801) ===
In 1684, Fort St George Black Town where the 'natives' lived. The White Town was confined inside the walls of Fort St. George and the Black Town outside of it. The Black Town later came to be known as [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madrascourier.com/insight/the-etymology-of-madras/|title=The Etymology of Madras|last=Sohail|first=Sara|date=10 May 2019|website=Madras Courier}}</ref> During this period, the presidency was significantly expanded and reached an extent which continued into the early 19th century. During the early years of the Madras Presidency, the English were repeatedly attacked by the Mughals, the [[Maratha]]s and the [[Nawab]]s of [[Golkonda]] and the [[Carnatic region]].<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p251">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 251</ref> In September 1784, by Pitt's India Act, passed by the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] to unify and regulate the administration of the territories of the East India Company, the President of Madras was made subordinate to the [[Governor-General of India]] based in Calcutta.<ref name="regulatingact">[[#A History of India|Kulke 2004]], p. 245</ref> In September 1746, Fort St George was captured by the French, who ruled Madras as a part of [[French India]] until 1749, when Madras was handed back to the British under the terms of the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle]] of the previous year.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p252">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 252</ref>

In 1801, the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Arcot]], [[Azim-ud-Daula]] signed the [[Carnatic Treaty]] bringing the [[Carnatic region]] under British rule. In return, Azim-ud-Daula was entitled to one-fifth of the total revenue of the state and the honour of a 21-gun salute.

=== During the Company rule (1801–1858) ===
{{See also|Company rule in India}}
[[File:Silver One Rupee Coin of Arkat Mint of the Madras Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Alamgir II, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, October 2, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of the Madras Presidency, minted in Arkat, struck in the name of Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]].]]
From 1801 until 1858, Madras was a part of British India and was ruled by the British East India Company. The last quarter of the 18th century was a period of rapid expansion. [[Anglo-Mysore wars|Successful wars against Tipu Sultan]] (1782–99), Maruthu Pandyar, Velu Thampi, and [[Polygar Wars|Polygars]] added vast areas of land and contributed to the exponential growth of the presidency. The system of [[subsidiary alliances]] originated by [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]] as [[Governor-General of India]] (1798–1805) also brought many [[princely states]] into the area militarily subordinate to the Governor of Fort St George.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p254">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 254</ref> The largest kingdom of the hill-tract region of Visakhapatanam was Jeypore and in 1777 it was conquered by Captain Matthews.{{sfn|Tara Dutt|2015|p=45}} The hill tracts of [[Ganjam]] and [[Visakhapatnam]] were the last places to be annexed by the British.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p255">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 255</ref>

The period also witnessed a number of rebellions starting with the 1806 [[Vellore Mutiny]].<ref name="velloremutiny2">[[#Read|Read 1997]], pp. 34–37</ref> The rebellion of Velu Thambi and [[Paliath Achan]] and the [[Poligar War]]s were other notable insurrections against the British rule, but the Madras Presidency remained relatively undisturbed by the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857.<ref name="indianrevoltp288">[[#Dodd|Dodd 1859]], p. 288</ref>

The Madras Presidency annexed the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1831 on allegations of maladministration<ref name="mal">[[#Kamath|Kamath 1980]], p. 250</ref> and restored it to [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wodeyar]] (1881–94), the grandson and heir of the deposed [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] (1799–1868) in 1881. [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]] was annexed in 1855, following the death of [[Shivaji II of Thanjavur|Shivaji II]] (1832–1855) who left no male heir.<ref name="comm">[[#Kamath|Kamath 1980]], pp. 250–253</ref>

=== British Raj (1858–1947) ===
{{See also|British Raj}}

In 1858, under the terms of Queen's Proclamation issued by [[Queen Victoria]], the Madras Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown.<ref name="victoriap221">[[#Hibbert|Hibbert 2000]], p. 221</ref> During the period of governor [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] (1854–1859), measures were taken to improve education and increase representation of Indians in the administration. Legislative powers were given to the Governor's council under the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]].<ref name="sadasivanp22">[[#Sadasivan|Sadasivan 1974]], p. 22</ref> The council was reformed and expanded under the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]],<ref name="sadasivanp40">[[#Sadasivan|Sadasivan 1974]], p. 40</ref> the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]],<ref name="sadasivanp54">[[#Sadasivan|Sadasivan 1974]], p. 54</ref><ref name="sadasivanp55">[[#Sadasivan|Sadasivan 1974]], p. 55</ref> the [[Government of India Act 1919]], and the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. [[V. Sadagopacharlu]] (1861–63) was the first Indian to be appointed to the council.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp418">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 418</ref> The legal profession was specially prized by the newly emerging corpus of educated Indians.<ref name="eliteformation">{{Cite book| title=Elite Formation in Nineteenth Century South India, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tamil Culture and History|publisher=Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaysia Press|year=1968|first=Robert Eric|last= Frykenberg}}</ref> The first Indian judge to be appointed was [[C. V. Runganada Sastri]]; in 1877, [[T. Muthuswamy Iyer]] became the first Indian judge of the [[Madras High Court]] despite strong opposition from the [[Anglo-Indian]] media.<ref name="subramania_iyer_bio">[[#S.A.|S.A. 1969]], p. 14</ref><ref name="tercentenaryp223">[[#Tercentenary|Tercentenary Madras Staff 1939]], p. 223</ref><ref name="high_court_report">{{cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/lawday.pdf|page=17|title=Report of the High Court of Madras|publisher=High Court, Madras|year=2007|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208160615/http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/lawday.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> He also acted as the [[Chief Justice]] of the Madras High Court for a few months in 1893, thereby becoming the first Indian to hold the post.<ref name="Malaviya_bio">[[#Paramanand|Pramanand 1985]]</ref> In 1899, [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] became the first Indian to be appointed [[Advocate-General]] of the Madras Presidency. A number of roads, railways, dams and canals were constructed during this period.<ref name="tercentenaryp223" />

Two large famines occurred in Madras during this period, the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] and the [[Indian famine of 1896–97]].<ref name="famine">[[#Romesh Chunder Dutt|Dutt 1999]], p. 10</ref> As a result of the first, the population of the presidency fell for the first time from 31.2 million in 1871 to 30.8 million in 1881. These famines and alleged partiality shown by the government in handling the [[Chingleput Ryots' Case]] and the [[Salem Riots of 1882|Salem riots trial]] caused discontent among the population.<ref name="thehindu_willingtostrike">{{cite news|title=Willing to strike and not reluctant to wound |url=http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm |date=13 September 2003 |last=S. |first=Muthiah |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107181430/http://www.hindu.com/th125/stories/2003091300770200.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref>

=== Indian Independence movement ===
{{See also|Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Annie Besant.001.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Annie Besant]] in 1922|alt=an elderly woman seated in a chair]]

A strong sense of national awakening emerged in the Madras Presidency in the later half of the 19th century. The first political organisation in the province, the Madras Native Association, was established by [[Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty]] on 26 February 1852.<ref name="sadasivanp18">[[#Sadasivan|Sadasivan 1974]], p. 18</ref> However, the organisation did not last long.<ref name="sadasivanp28">[[#Sadasivan|Sadasivan 1974]], p. 28</ref> The Madras Native Association was followed by the [[Madras Mahajana Sabha]] which was started on 16 May 1884. Of the 72 delegates who participated in the first session of the [[Indian National Congress]] at Bombay in December 1885, 22 hailed from the Madras Presidency.<ref name="indiannationalevolutionp58">[[#Mazumdar|Mazumdar 1917]], p. 58</ref><ref name="indiannationalevolutionp59">[[#Mazumdar|Mazumdar 1917]], p. 59</ref> Most of the delegates were members of the Madras Mahajana Sabha. The third session of the Indian National Congress was held in Madras in December 1887<ref name="howindiawroughtforfreedomp35">[[#Annie Besant|Besant 1915]], p. 35</ref> and was a huge success attended by 362 delegates from the province.<ref name="howindiawroughtforfreedomp36">[[#Annie Besant|Besant 1915]], p. 36</ref> Subsequent sessions of the Indian National Congress took place in Madras in 1894, 1898, 1903 1908, 1914 and 1927.<ref name="congress_sessions">{{cite web|url=http://www.aicc.org.in/congress-sessions.htm|title=Congress Sessions|publisher=Indian National Congress |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625043516/http://www.aicc.org.in/congress-sessions.htm |archive-date = 25 June 2008 |access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky|Madam Blavatsky]] and [[Henry Steel Olcott|Colonel H. S. Olcott]] moved the headquarters of the [[Theosophical Society]] to [[Adyar (Tamil Nadu)|Adyar]] in 1882.<ref name="theosophicalsocietyadyar">{{cite web|url=http://www.ts-adyar.org/founders.html|title=Biography of the founders of the Theosophical Society|publisher=Theosophical Society, Adyar |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080603025259/http://www.ts-adyar.org/founders.html |archive-date = 3 June 2008 |access-date = 17 November 2012}}</ref> The society's most prominent figure was [[Annie Besant]], who founded the [[Home Rule League]] in 1916.<ref name="anniebesantbio">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/besant_annie.shtml|title=BBC Historic Figures – Annie Besant|work=BBC|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108030034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/besant_annie.shtml|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> The Home Rule Movement was organised from Madras and found extensive support in the Province. Nationalistic newspapers such as ''[[The Hindu]]'', the ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' and the ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' actively endorsed the campaign for independence.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300810200.htm&date=2003/09/13/&prd=th125& | title=A clarion call against the Raj | date=13 September 2003 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=17 November 2012 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112002540/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003091300810200.htm&date=2003%2F09%2F13%2F&prd=th125& | archive-date=12 January 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> India's first trade union was established in Madras in 1918 by [[V. Kalyanasundaram]] and [[Bahman Pestonji Wadia|B. P. Wadia]].<ref name="slaterp168">[[#Slater|Slater 1918]], p. 168</ref>

=== Dyarchy (1920–37) ===
{{main|Diarchy in Madras Presidency}}

{{multiple image
| image1 = Cnatesamudaliar.JPG
| width1 = 130
| image2 = Periyar during Self respect movement.JPG
| width2 = 130
| footer = The non-Brahmin movement was started by [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]] ''(left)'' who founded the Justice Party in 1916 and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] ''(right)'', who founded the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and took over the Justice party in 1944
}}
A [[dyarchy]] was created in Madras Presidency in 1920 as per the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] with provisions made for elections in the presidency.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp179">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 179</ref> Democratically elected governments would henceforth share power with the Governor's autocratic establishment. Following the first elections held in November 1920, the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], an organisation established in 1916 to campaign for increased representation of non-Brahmins in the administration, against the [[Mylapore clique]], came to power.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp180">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 180</ref> [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] became the first Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency but resigned soon after due to declining health and was replaced by [[Raja of Panagal|P. Ramarayaningar]], Minister of Local Self-Government and Public Health, popularly known as the Raja of Panagal.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp182">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 182</ref> The party split in late 1923 when C. R. Reddy resigned from primary membership and formed a splinter group allied with the opposition [[Swaraj Party|Swarajists]]. A [[motion of no-confidence]] was proposed against Ramarayaningar's government on 27 November 1923, but was defeated 65–44. Ramarayaningar remained in power until November 1926. The enactment in August 1921 of the first communal Government Order (G.O. No. 613), which introduced caste-based communal reservations in government jobs, remains one of the high points of his rule. In the following elections of 1926 the Justice Party lost. However, as no party was able to obtain a clear majority, the Governor, [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]], set up a cross-party government under the leadership of [[P. Subbarayan]] and nominated its supporting members.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp190">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 190</ref> In the election of 1930, the Justice Party was victorious, and [[P. Munuswamy Naidu]] became Chief Minister.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp196">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 196</ref> The exclusion of ''[[Zamindars]]'' from the Ministry split the Justice Party once again. Fearing a no-confidence motion against him, Munuswamy Naidu resigned in November 1932 and the [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili|Raja of Bobbili]] was appointed Chief Minister in his place.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp197">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 197</ref> The Justice Party eventually lost the [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1937 elections]] to the Indian National Congress, and [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] became Chief Minister of Madras Presidency.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp199">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 199</ref>

During the 1920s and 1930s, an [[Anti-Brahmin]] movement emerged in the Madras Presidency. It was launched by [[E. V. Ramaswamy]] who, unhappy with the principles and policies of the Brahmin leadership of the provincial Congress, left the party to form the [[Self-Respect Movement]]. Periyar, as he was alternatively known, criticised [[Brahmins]], [[Hinduism]], and Hindu superstitions in periodicals and newspapers such as ''Viduthalai'' and ''Justice''. He also participated in the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], which campaigned for the right of untouchables in [[Travancore]] to enter temples.<ref name="Periyar Speeches and Writings">[[#W.B.|W.B. 2005]], pp. 3–8</ref>

=== Last days of British rule ===
[[File:Rajaji1939.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[Indian National Congress]] came to power for the first time in 1937 with [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] ''(pictured at a rally)'' as its Chief Minister|alt=a person addressing a seated crowd]]

In 1937, the Indian National Congress was elected to power in the Presidency of Madras for the first time.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp199"/> [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] was the first chief minister of the presidency to come from the Congress party. He successfully enacted the Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act<ref name="casteinindianpoliticsp116">[[#Caste in Indian Politics|Thurston 1909]], p. 116</ref> and introduced both prohibition<ref name="rajajiroleinfreedommovementp149">[[#Rajagopalachari|Bhakshi 1991]], p. 149</ref> and sales taxes in the Madras Presidency. His rule is largely remembered for the use of Hindi being made compulsory in educational institutions, a measure which made him highly unpopular as a politician<ref name="hindi_imposition">{{cite news | last=Kumar | first=P. C. Vinoj | title= Anti-Hindi sentiments still alive in TN | date=10 September 2003 | work =Sify News }}</ref><ref name="anti-hindi_agitations">{{cite web | title=Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970, Chapter 4| url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&chunk.id=s1.4.21&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch4&brand=ucpress| last=Ramaswamy| first=Sumathi| year=1997| publisher=University of California}}</ref> and sparked widespread [[Anti-Hindi agitations]], which led to violence in some places. Over 1,200 men, women, and children were jailed for their participation in such Anti-Hindi agitations<ref name="anti-hindi_agitations_2">[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 1997]], Chapter 4</ref> while Thalamuthu and Natarasan died during the protests.<ref name="anti-hindi_agitations" /> In 1940, ministers of the Congress party resigned in protest over the Government of India's declaration of war on Germany without their consent. The Governor of Madras, [[Arthur Hope, 2nd Baron Rankeillour|Sir Arthur Hope]], took over the administration and the unpopular law was eventually repealed by him on 21 February 1940.<ref name="anti-hindi_agitations" />

Most of the Congress leadership and erstwhile ministers were arrested in 1942, as a result of their participation in the [[Quit India movement]].<ref>[[#P.|P. 2001]], pp. 42–44</ref> In 1944, Periyar renamed the Justice Party as [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and withdrew it from electoral politics.<ref>[[#W.B.|W.B. 2005]], p. 109</ref> After the end of the Second World War, the Indian National Congress re-entered politics, and in the absence of any serious opposition it easily won the [[1946 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1946 election]].<ref name="commons">{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1946/apr/16/india-failure-of-constitutional-machinery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209050140/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1946/apr/16/india-failure-of-constitutional-machinery|url-status=dead|title=INDIA (FAILURE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY) |archive-date=9 February 2013|website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=16 April 1946|access-date=25 December 2019}}</ref> [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] was then elected as Chief Minister with the support of [[Kamaraj]] and served for eleven months.

=== Post Independence ===
Prakasam was succeeded by [[O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar]], who was the chief Minister of the province when India gained independence on 15 August 1947.<ref name="James Walch">[[#Walch|Walch 1976]], pp. 157–160</ref> The Madras Presidency became the [[Madras State]] in after the enactment of [[Constitution of India]] on 26 January 1950.<ref name="tnassembly">{{cite web|url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/statelegislature.php|title=The State Legislature – Origin and Evolution |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Madras Prov North 1909.jpg|thumb|200px|Madras province (North), 1909]]
[[File:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|thumb|200px|Madras province (South), 1909]]
At its greatest extent, the Madras Presidency included much of [[southern India]].
Present-day territories that were once part of the presidency are the whole Indian [[States of India|State]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] excluding the region of [[Banaganapalle]] Princely State, the [[Tondai Nadu]], [[Kongu Nadu]], [[Chola Nadu]] and part of [[Pandya Nadu]] regions of [[Tamil Nadu]], the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar region of North Kerala]], the [[Lakshadweep Islands]], the [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Gajapati District|Gajapati]], [[Rayagada District|Rayagada]], [[Koraput District|Koraput]], [[Nabarangapur District|Nabarangapur]] and [[Malkangiri District|Malkangiri]] districts of southern [[Odisha]] and the [[Bellary]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], and [[Udupi]] districts of [[Karnataka]] and the parts of [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalapalli]], [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] districts of [[Telangana]].
The presidency had its winter capital at [[Madras]] and summer capital at [[Ootacamund]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|date=1975|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWY6AQAAIAAJ&q=Ooty+capital+Madras+Presidency|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005519/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sWY6AQAAIAAJ&dq=Ooty+capital+Madras+Presidency&hl=en|archive-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Demographics of Madras Presidency}}
{{Historical populations
|align = left
|state=collapsed
|1871|31597872
|1881|31170631
|1891|35630440
|1901|38199162
|footnote=Sources:
*<ref name="Kumar">[[#Kumar|Kumar 1965]], p. 120-121</ref>
}}

In 1822, the Madras Presidency underwent its first census, which returned a population of 13,476,923. A second census conducted between 1836 and 1837 recorded a population of 13,967,395, an increase of only 490,472 over 15 years. The first quinquennial population enumeration took place from 1851 until 1852. It returned a population of 22,031,697. Subsequent enumerations were made in 1851–52, 1856–57, 1861–62, and 1866–67. The population of Madras Presidency was tallied at 22,857,855, 24,656,509 in 1861–62 and 26,539,052 in 1866–67.<ref name="officialadministrationp327">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 327</ref> The first organised census of India was conducted in 1871 and returned a population of 31,220,973 for the Madras Presidency.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiav16p256">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter]], Volume 16, p. 256</ref> Since then, a census has been conducted once every ten years. The last census of British India held in 1941 counted a population of 49,341,810 for the Madras Presidency.<ref name="statesmanp137">[[#Statesman|Steinberg 1950]], p. 137</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{See also|Dravidian languages}}
[[File:Language map MadrasPresidency.jpg|thumb|200px|Linguistic map of the Madras Presidency|alt=map of a region]]

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and English languages were all spoken in the Madras Presidency. Tamil was spoken in the southern districts of the presidency from a few miles north of Madras city as far west as the Nilgiri hills and Western Ghats.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap120">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 120</ref> Telugu was spoken in the districts to the north of Madras city and to the east of Bellary and Anantapur districts.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap120" /> In the district of South Kanara, the western part of Bellary and Anantapur districts, Kannada was spoken.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap121">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 121</ref> Malayalam was spoken in the districts of Malabar and South Kanara and the princely states of Travancore and Cochin, while Tulu was spoken in South Canara.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap121" /> Oriya was spoken in the districts of then Ganjam and Vizagapatam.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap121" /> English was spoken by Anglo-Indians and Eurasians. It was also the link language for the presidency and the official language of British India in which all government proceedings and court hearings were conducted.<ref>[[#Mollin|Mollin 2006]], p. 17</ref>

According to the 1871 census, there were 14,715,000 people who spoke Tamil, 11,610,000 people who spoke Telugu, 2,324,000 people who spoke Malayalam, 1,699,000 spoke Canarese or Kannada, 640,000 people spoke Oriya and 29,400 people spoke Tulu.<ref name="officialadministrationp6">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 6</ref> The 1901 census returned 15,182,957 speakers of Tamil, 14,276,509 Telugu-speakers, 2,861,297 speakers of Malayalam, 1,518,579 were speakers of Kannada, 1,809,314 spoke Oriya, 880,145 spoke Hindusthani/Urdu and 1,680,635 spoke other languages.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p260">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 260</ref> At the time of Indian independence, Tamil and Telugu speakers made up over 78% of the total population of the presidency, with Kannada, Malayalam and Tulu speakers making up the rest.<ref name="statesmanp174">[[#Statesman|Steinberg 1950]], p. 174</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:Iyengar Vedic students 1909.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Iyengar|Vaishnavite Brahmin]] students at a [[Gurukulam]] in [[Tanjore]], c. 1909|alt=a set of individuals, some in seated position]]
[[File:Mohammadan boy 1914.jpg|thumb|200px|Muslim (called in English at the time as [[Muhammadan]]) boy, c. 1914|alt=image of a standing boy in a religious costume]]

In 1901, the population breakdown was: [[Hindu]]s (37,026,471), Muslims (2,732,931), and Christians (1,934,480). By the time of India's independence in 1947, Madras had an estimated population of 49,799,822 Hindus, 3,896,452 Muslims and 2,047,478 Christians<ref name="statesmanp141">[[#Statesman|Steinberg 1950]], p. 141</ref>

Hinduism was the predominant religion in the presidency and practised by around 88% of the population. The main Hindu denominations were [[Saivite]], [[Vaishnavite]] and [[Lingayat]].<ref name="officialadministrationp337">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 337</ref> Among the Brahmins, the [[Smartha]] doctrine was quite popular.<ref name="universalhistory_1781_110">[[#universalhistory|T. 1765]], p. 110</ref> Worship of village gods was strong in the southern districts of the presidency while the [[matha]]s at [[Kanchi]], [[Sringeri]] and [[Ahobilam]] were regarded as the centres of the Hindu faith. Of the Hindu temples, the largest and most important were the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Venkateswara temple at Thirupathi]], the [[Brihadeeswarar temple]] at [[Tanjore]], the [[Meenakshi Amman temple]] at [[Madurai]], the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam]], the [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha|Krishna temple at Udupi]] and the [[Padmanabhaswamy temple]] in the princely state of Travancore. Islam was brought to the southern part of India by Arab traders although most converts were made from the 14th century onwards, when [[Malik Kafur]] conquered [[Madurai]]. [[Nagore]] was the holiest city for the Muslims of the Madras Presidency. The presidency also had one of the oldest Christian populations in India. Branches of the Syrian church, contrary to historical evidence, are popularly believed to have been instituted by [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], an apostle of [[Jesus Christ]] who visited the Malabar coast in 52 AD<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap137">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 137</ref> Christians were mainly concentrated in the [[Tinnevely]] and [[Malabar district|Malabar]] districts of Madras Presidency with native Christians forming over one–quarter of the total population of the princely state of Travancore.<ref name="geop110">[[#Pirie|Pirie 1883]], p. 110</ref>
Hill tribes of the Nilgiris, Palani and Ganjam regions such as the [[Todas]], [[Badagas]], [[Kota people (India)|Kotas]], [[Yerukala people|Yerukalas]] and the [[Khonds]], worshiped tribal gods and were often classified as Hindus. In 1921, the [[Raja of Panagal]]'s government passed the Hindu Religious Endowments Bill that established government-controlled trusts in the Madras Presidency to manage [[Hindu temple]]s and prevent potential misuse of their funds.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp73">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 73</ref> Until the early years of the 20th century, certain [[Dalits|Hindu communities]] were not allowed inside Hindu temples. However, along with the emancipation of Indian women and removal of social evils, untouchability was slowly eradicated through legislation and social reform. The [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao|Raja of Bobbili]] who served the Premier from 1932 to 1936, appointed untouchables to temple administration boards all over the presidency and reformed the administration of the [[Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams]], the trust which manages the Hindu temple at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupathi]]. In 1939, the Congress government of [[C. Rajagopalachari]] introduced the Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act which removed all restrictions on untouchables entering Hindu temples.<ref name="casteinindianpoliticsp116" /> [[Chithira Thirunal]] of Travancore had issued a similar had earlier introduced similar legislation, the [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] at the advice of his Diwan, [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C. P. Ramaswamy Ayyar]], in 1937.<ref name="socialconflictp42">[[#Smith|Smith 1976]], p. 42</ref> The provincial government under Ramasamy Reddy passed the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act on 11 May 1947, which was intended to give Dalits and other prohibited Hindus full and complete rights to enter Hindu temples.<ref name="rightopray">{{cite journal|title=Right to pray|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2615/stories/20090731261504200.htm|volume=26|issue=15|year=2009|journal=Frontline}}</ref><ref name="untouchabilityp317">{{cite book|title=Untouchability in India: implementation of the law and abolition|author=Rāmacandra Kshīrasāgara|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=1986}}</ref> The [[Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act]] which gave [[Devadasi]]'s the legal right to Marry and also making it illegal to dedicate girls to Hindu temples was passed on 9 October 1947.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|author=Parvathi Menon|title=Ideals, Images and Real Lives: Women in Literature and History|editor=Alice Thorner |editor2=Maithreyi Krishnaraj|year=2000|volume=18|issue=16|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1816/18160740.htm|access-date=27 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|page=264|title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|author=B. S. Chandrababu|author2=L. Thilagavathi|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2009|isbn=978-8189909970}}</ref>

== Administration ==
{{See also|Administrative divisions of Madras Presidency}}
The [[East India Company Act 1784]] ([[24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2]]. c. 25) created an executive council with legislative powers to assist the Governor. The council initially consisted of four members, two of whom were from the Indian civil service or covenanted civil service and the third, an Indian of distinction.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap181">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 181</ref> The fourth was the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Madras Army]].<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap182">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 182</ref> The council was reduced to three members when the Madras Army was abolished in 1895.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap182" /> The legislative powers of this council were withdrawn as per the Government of India Act 1833 and it was reduced to the status of a mere advisory body.<ref name="sadasivanp17">[[#Sadasivan|Sadasivan 1974]], p. 17</ref> However, these powers were restored as per Indian Councils Act 1861.<ref name="sadasivanp17" /> The council was expanded from time to time through the inclusion of official and non-official members and served as the main legislative body till 1935, when a legislative assembly of a more representative nature was created and legislative powers were transferred to the assembly. On India's independence on 15 August 1947, the three-member Governor's executive council was abolished.

The origins of Madras Presidency lay in the village of Madraspatnam which was obtained in 1640.<ref name="officialadministrationp21">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 21</ref> This was followed by [[Fort St David]] which was acquired in 1690. [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput district]], known as the "jaghire" of Chingleput, obtained in 1763, was the first district in the Madras Presidency.<ref name="officialadministrationp21" /> Salem and [[Malabar district|Malabar]] districts were obtained from Tipu Sultan in 1792 as per the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] and [[Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)|Coimbatore]] and [[Kanara]] districts after the [[Fourth Mysore War]] in 1799.<ref name="officialadministrationp22">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 22</ref> The territories of the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]] were constituted as a separate district in 1799. In 1800, the districts of Bellary and Cuddapah were created out of the territory ceded by the [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad.<ref name="officialadministrationp21" />{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=291}} In 1801, the districts of North Arcot, South Arcot, Nellore, [[Trichy|Trichinopoly]], Madura and Tinnevely were created out of the territories of the erstwhile Carnatic kingdom.<ref name="officialadministrationp21" /> [[Tiruchirappalli District|Trichinopoly district]] was made a sub-division of Tanjore district in June 1805 and remained so till August 1808 when its status as a separate district was restored. The districts of Rajahmundry (Rajamahendravaram), Masulipatnam and Guntur were created in 1823.<ref name="officialadministrationp20">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 20</ref> These three districts were reorganised in 1859 into two – the Godavari and Krishna districts.<ref name="officialadministrationp20" /> Godavari district was further bifurcated into East and West Godavari districts in 1925. The Kurnool kingdom was annexed in 1839 and was constituted as a separate district of the Madras Presidency.<ref name="officialadministrationp21" /> For administrative convenience, the district of Kanara was split into North and South Kanara in 1859. North Kanara was transferred to [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1862. Between 1859–60 and 1870, the districts of Madras and Chingleput were put together into a single district.<ref name="officialadministrationp21" /> A separate Nilgiris district was carved out of Coimbatore district in 1868.<ref name="officialadministrationp22" /> As of 1908, Madras Presidency was made up of 24 districts<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap182" /> each administered by a District Collector who was from the Indian Civil Service. The districts were sometimes sub-divided into divisions each under a Deputy Collector. The divisions were further sub-divided into taluks and union panchayats or village committees. Agencies were sometimes created in British India out of volatile, rebellion-prone areas of the presidency. The two important agencies in the Madras Presidency were the [[Vizagapatam Hill Tracts Agency]] which was subject to the District Collector of Vizagapatam and the [[Ganjam Hill Tracts Agency]] subject to the District Collector of Ganjam. In 1936, the districts of Ganjam and Vizagapatam (including the Vizagapatam and the Ganjam agencies) were partitioned between Madras and the newly created province of Orissa.

There were five princely states subordinate to the Madras government. They were [[Banganapalle State|Banganapalle]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], [[Pudukkottai State|Pudukkottai]], [[Sandur State|Sandur]], and [[Travancore]].<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap1">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 1</ref> All these states had a considerable degree of internal autonomy. However, their foreign policy was completely controlled by a Resident who represented the Governor of Fort St George.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap183">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 183</ref> In case of Banganapalle, the Resident was the District Collector of Kurnool, while the District Collector of Bellary<ref name="macleanp63">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 63</ref> was the Resident of Sandur.<ref name="macleanp65">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 65</ref> The Resident of Pudukkottai from 1800 to 1840 and 1865 to 1873, was the District Collector of Tanjore, from 1840 to 1865, the District Collector of Madura and from 1873 to 1947, the District Collector of Trichinopoly.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v20p232">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 232</ref>

== Armed forces ==
[[File:Madras Light Cavalry 1845.JPG|thumb|100px|A British officer in the Madras Light Cavalry|alt=painting of a soldier]]
{{main|Madras Army}}

The English East India Company was first permitted to set up its own garrison in 1665 to guard its settlements. Notable amongst the early operations of the company's forces were the defence of the city from Mughal and Maratha invaders and from the incursions of the Nawab of Carnatic. In 1713, the Madras forces under Lieutenant John de Morgan distinguished themselves in the siege of Fort St David and in putting down [[Edward Harrison (British administrator)#Richard Raworth's Rebellion|Richard Raworth's Rebellion]].<ref name="oldentimeIIp198">[[#Madras in the Olden Time|Wheeler 1996]], p. 198</ref>

When [[Joseph François Dupleix]], the Governor of French India, began to raise native battalions in 1748, the British of Madras followed suit and established the Madras Regiment.<ref name="armiesofindiap4">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 4</ref> Though native regiments were subsequently established by the British in other parts of India, the distances that separated the three presidencies resulted in each force developing divergent principles and organisations. The first reorganisation of the army took place in 1795 when the Madras army was reconstituted into the following units:
* European Infantry – Two battalions of ten companies
* Artillery – Two European battalions of five companies each, with fifteen companies of [[lascar]]s
* Native Cavalry – Four regiments
* Native Infantry – Eleven regiments of two battalions<ref name="armiesofindiap7">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 7</ref>

[[File:Jamadar 20thDeccanHorse Madras.JPG|thumb|150px|left|A Jamadar of the 20th Deccan Horse|alt=painting of a soldier]]

In 1824, a second reorganisation took place, whereupon the double battalions were abolished and the existing battalions were renumbered. The [[Madras Army]] at the time consisted of one European and one native brigade of horse artillery, three battalions of foot artillery of four companies each, with four companies of lascars attached, three regiments of light cavalry, two corps of pioneers, two battalions of European infantry, 52 battalions of native infantry and three local battalions.<ref name="armiesofindiap20">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 20</ref><ref name="armiesofindiap21">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 21</ref>

Between 1748 and 1895, as with the Bengal and Bombay armies, the Madras Army had its own Commander-in-Chief who was subordinate to the president, and later to the [[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras|Governor of Madras]]. By custom, the Commander-in-chief of the Madras Army was a member of the Governor's Executive Council. The army's troops participated in the [[Battle of Manila (1762)|conquest of Manila]] in 1762,<ref name="armiesofindiap14">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 14</ref> the 1795 expeditions against Ceylon and the Dutch as well as the conquest of the Spice Islands in the same year. They also took part in expeditions against [[Mauritius]] (1810), [[Java Expedition|Java]] (1811),<ref name="armiesofindiap15">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 15</ref> the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars|wars against Tipu Sultan]] and the [[Carnatic Wars]] of the 18th century, the British attack on [[Cuttack]] during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]],<ref name="armiesofindiap57">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 57</ref> the [[Siege of Lucknow]] during the [[Indian Mutiny]], and the invasion of Upper Burma during the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]].<ref name="armiesofindiap123">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 123</ref>

The 1857 Mutiny, which quickly led to drastic changes in the Bengal and Bombay armies, had no effect on the Madras Army. In 1895, the presidency armies were finally merged and the Madras regiments came under the direct control of the Commander-in-chief of British India.<ref name="armiesofindiap126">[[#Armies of India|Major MacMunn 1911]], p. 126</ref>

in 1890 three madras infantry battalions were accordingly reconstituted, at least for
a time, by tapping two south Indian communities which had not yet
provided many recruits to the Indian army-the Mappilas and the coorgs, the government of madras was sceptical, and agreed to the formation of
two Mappila battalions only on condition they were deployed outside Malabar. Raised in 1900, the new regiments
were complete failure, they soon dwindled to 600 men 'quite useless for service'.
ref:The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860–1940
<ref>The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860-1940, Page:16</ref>

== Land tenure ==
[[File:Thomas Munro front.jpg|thumb|150px|Statue of [[Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Munro]] who introduced the "[[Ryotwari|Ryotwari System]]" in the Madras Presidency|alt=statue of an individual seated in a horse]]

{{See also|List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency}}

Revenue from land rental as well as an income tax based on the tenant's net profits from their land was the presidency's main source of income.

In ancient times, land appears to have been held in common with an individual unable to sell it without the consent of the other owners, who in most cases were members of the same community.<ref name="officialadministrationp82">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 82</ref> Prior to the arrival of the British, the concept of individual proprietorship of land had already emerged along India's west coast<ref name="officialadministrationp85">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 85</ref> such that the new administration's land revenue system was not markedly different from that of its predecessor.<ref name="officialadministrationp83">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 83</ref> Nevertheless, landlords never sold land without the consent of other members of the community.<ref name="officialadministrationp85" /> This communistic property rights system was known as ''{{transliteration|ta|kaniachi}}'' among the [[Vellalars]], ''{{transliteration|sa|swastium}}'' among the [[Brahmins]] and ''mirasi'' among Muslims and Christians.<ref name="officialadministrationp85" /> In the [[Tanjore district]], all ''mirasi'' in the village were vested in a single individual who was called the ''Ekabhogam''.<ref name="officialadministrationp85" /> The ''mirasidar''s were required to donate a certain amount of money known as ''mirei'' to the village administration.<ref name="officialadministrationp85" /> They also paid a specified sum to the Government. In return, the ''mirasidar''s demanded non-interference by the government in the internal affairs of the villages.<ref name="officialadministrationp86">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 86</ref>

The proprietary system was entirely different in the district of Malabar and the states of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Travancore]] where communal ownership of land did not exist.<ref name="officialadministrationp88">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 88</ref> Instead, land was individual property mostly owned by the landowning gentry, to wit the [[Namboodiri]] and [[Nair]] people, who did not have to pay land-tax and held extensive freeholds of land rented to tenants for agricultural purposes. In return, the Nairs supplied the king with fighting men in times of war while the Namboodhiris managed the upkeep of Hindu temples. These landlords were somewhat self-sufficient and had their own police and judicial systems such that the personal expenses of the Raja were minimal.<ref name="officialadministrationp88" /> However, landlords lost their exemption from the taxes on land if they disposed of it<ref name="officialadministrationp89">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 89</ref> meaning that mortgage of land was more common than sale. Individual proprietorship of land was also common in the Telugu-speaking areas of the presidency.<ref name="officialadministrationp90">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 90</ref> The chieftains of the Telugu-speaking districts had more or less maintained an independent existence for a long time,<ref name="officialadministrationp90" /> furnishing the sovereign with armies and equipment in times of war. In return, their right to revenues from land remained unmolested.<ref name="officialadministrationp90" /> During the time of the British, most of land in the northern districts of the presidency were parcelled out among these petty "Rajahs".<ref name="officialadministrationp90" />

Islamic invasions caused minor changes in the land proprietorship system when taxes on Hindu land owners were raised and private ownership of property came down.<ref name="officialadministrationp91">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 91</ref>

When the British took over administration, the centuries-old system of land proprietorship was left intact.<ref name="officialadministrationp92">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 92</ref> The new rulers appointed middlemen to collect revenue for lands which were not under the control of local ''[[zamindar]]''s. In most cases, these go-betweens ignored the welfare of the farmers and exploited them to the full.<ref name="officialadministrationp92" /> A Board of Revenue was established in 1786 to solve the issue but to no avail.<ref name="officialadministrationp93">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 93</ref> At the same time, the ''zamindari'' settlement established in Bengal by [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] proved highly successful and was later implemented in the Madras Presidency from 1799 onwards.<ref name="officialadministrationp94">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|MaClean 1877]], p. 94</ref>

However, the Permanent Settlement was not as successful as it had been in Bengal. When the Company did not reach the expected profit levels, a new system known as the "Village Settlement" was implemented between 1804 and 1814 in the districts of Tinnevely, Trichinopoly, Coimbatore, North Arcot and South Arcot. This involved the leasing of land to the principal cultivators, who in turn leased the land to ''[[ryot]]s'', or peasant farmers. However, as a village settlement had few differences compared to a permanent settlement, it was eventually discarded. In its place came the "Ryotwari Settlement" implemented by [[Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Munro]] between 1820 and 1827. According to the new system, land was handed over directly to the ''ryots'' who paid their rent directly to the government. The land was assessed and paid revenue fixed by the Government This system had a number of advantages as well as disadvantages for the ''ryots''. In 1833, Lord William Bentinck implemented a new system called the "Mahalwari" or village system under which landlords as well as ''ryots'' entered into a contract with the Government.<ref>[[#Ahmed|Ahmed 2011]] pp. 392–4</ref><ref>[[#Rai|Rai 2011]], p. 91</ref>

By the early 20th century, the greater part of the land was held by ''ryots'' who paid rent directly to the Government. Zamindari estates occupied about {{convert|26|e6acre|km2}}, more than one-quarter of the whole presidency. The ''peshkash'', or tribute, payable to the government in perpetuity was about £330,000 a year. ''Inams'', revenue-free or quit-rent grants of lands made for religious endowments or for services rendered to the state, occupied an aggregate area of nearly {{convert|8|e6acre|km2}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=290}} In 1945–46, there were {{convert|20945456|acre|km2}} of Zamindari estates yielding revenues of {{INR}}{{formatnum:9783167}} and {{convert|58904798|acre|km2}} of ''ryotwari'' lands which produced {{INR}}{{formatnum:72665330}}.<ref name="statesmanp154">[[#Statesman|Steinberg 1950]], p. 154</ref> Madras had forest coverage of {{convert|15782|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="statesmanp155">[[#Statesman|Steinberg 1950]], p. 155</ref>

The Land Estates Act of 1908 was passed by the Madras Government in order to protect cultivators in Zamindaris from exploitation. Under the act, ''ryot''s were made permanent occupants of the land.<ref name="thangarajp287">[[#Thangaraj|Thangaraj]] 2003, p. 287</ref> However, far from protecting the ''ryot''s, the legislation proved to be detrimental to the interests of the cultivators in the Oriya-speaking northern districts of the presidency<ref name="patnaikp330">[[#Patnaik|Patnaik]] 1997, p. 330</ref> who were the intended beneficiaries, as it tied the cultivator to his land and landlord with the chains of eternal serfdom. In 1933, an amendment to the Act was introduced by the Raja of Bobbili to curb the rights of Zamindars and safeguard the cultivators from exploitation. This act was passed in the legislative council despite strong opposition from the Zamindars.

== Agriculture and irrigation ==
[[File:Madras Rice 1936.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A 1936 map of rice stations in Madras Presidency|alt=a map of a region]]

Almost 71% of the population of Madras Presidency was engaged in agriculture<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap193">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 193</ref><ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p276">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 276</ref> with the agricultural year usually commencing on 1 July.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap194">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 194</ref> Crops cultivated in the Madras Presidency included cereals such as rice, corn, kambhu ([[Sorghum bicolor|Indian millet]]) and [[Finger millet|ragi]] as well as<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap195">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 195</ref> vegetables including [[brinjal]], [[sweet potato]], [[okra|ladies' fingers]], beans, onions, garlic<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap196">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 196</ref> and spices such as [[Chili pepper|chilli]], [[Black pepper|pepper]] and [[ginger]] along with vegetable oils made from [[castor bean]]s and peanuts.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap197">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 197</ref> Fruits cultivated included [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], banana [[jackfruit]], cashew nuts, mangos, [[custard apple]]s and [[papaya]]s.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap202">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 199</ref> In addition, cabbages, cauliflowers, [[pomelo]]s, peaches, betel pepper, [[niger seed]] and [[millet]] were introduced from Asia, Africa or Europe,<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap195" /> while grapes were introduced from Australia.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap200">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 200</ref> The total cultivated area used for food crops was 80% and for cash crops, 15%.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p274">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 274</ref> Of the gross area, rice occupied 26.4 per cent; ''kambhu'', 10 per cent; ragi, 5.4 per cent and ''Cholam'', 13.8 per cent.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p274" /> Cotton occupied {{convert|1740000|acre|km2}}, oilseeds, 2.08 million, spices,0.4 million and indigo, 0.2 million.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p274" /> In 1898, Madras produced 7.47 million tons of food grains from {{convert|21570000|acre|km2}} of crops grown on {{convert|19300000|acre|km2}} of ''ryotwari'' and ''inam'' lands, which supported a population of 28 million.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p276" /> The rice yield was 7 to 10 cwt. per acre, the ''cholam'' yields were 3.5 to 6.25 cwt. per acre, ''khambu'', 3.25 to 5 cwt. per acre and ragi, 4.25 to 5 cwt. per acre.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p274" /> The average gross turnout for food crops was 6.93 cwt. per acre.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p276" />

[[File:Periyar Dam during construction.JPG|right|thumb|200px|The [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] was constructed across the [[Periyar river]] for power generation|alt=image of a dam]]

Irrigation along the east coast is carried out mostly by means of dams across rivers, lakes and [[irrigation tanks]]. The main source of water for agriculture in the [[Coimbatore]] district were tanks.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap200"/>

The Land Improvement and Agriculturists Loan Act passed in 1884 provided funds for the construction of wells and their utilisation in reclamation projects.<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p278">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 278</ref> In the early part of the 20th century, the Madras government established the Pumping and Boring Department to drill boreholes with electric pumps.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap202"/> The [[Mettur Dam]],<ref name="goughp130">[[#Gough|Gough 2008]], p. 130</ref> the Periyar Project, the Cudappah-Kurnool canal and the Rushikulya Project were the biggest irrigation projects launched by the Madras Government. Constructed below the [[Hogenakkal Falls]] on the Madras-Mysore border in 1934, the Mettur Dam supplied water to the western districts of the presidency. The Periyar Dam (now known as the Mullaperiyar Dam) was constructed across the Periyar river in Travancore, near the border.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap203">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 203</ref> This project diverted the waters of the Periyar river to the Vaigai River basin in order to irrigate the arid lands to the east of the Western Ghats.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap203" /> Similarly, the Rushikulya Project was launched to utilise the waters of the Rushikulya river in Ganjam.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap205">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 205</ref> Under the scheme over {{convert|142000|acre|km2}} of land were brought under irrigation.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap205" /> The British also constructed a number of dams  and canals for irrigation. An upper dam was constructed across the Kollidam river near Srirangam island.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap206">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 206</ref> The Dowlaishwaram dam across the Godavari river, the Gunnavaram aqueduct across the Vaineteyam Godavari, the Kurnool-Cuddapah canal<ref name="imperialgazetteer1908v16p276" /> and the Krishna dam are examples of major irrigation works carried out by the British.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap205" /><ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap206" /> In 1946–47, the total area under irrigation was {{convert|9736974|acre|km2}} acres which yielded a return of 6.94% on capital outlay.<ref name="statesmanp175">[[#Statesman|Steinberg 1950]], p. 175</ref>

== Trade, industry and commerce ==
[[File:Sea front Tuticorin 1913.jpg|thumb|200px|The port of [[Tuticorin]]]]
[[File:M V Cunniah Chetty showroom.jpg|thumb|200px|Textile showroom of M. V. Cunniah Chetty and Sons, circa 1914]]
[[File:Handloom weaving 1913.JPG|thumb|200px|Weaving on [[Handloom]]s, c. 1913]]
[[File:ParryRefinery Samalkota 1914.jpg|thumb|200px|Parry & Co. sugar refineries at [[Samalkota]], c. 1914]]
[[File:MadrasAutomobilesLtd1914.JPG|thumb|200px|Workshops of the Madras Automobiles Ltd., c. 1904]]

The trade of the Madras Presidency comprised that of both the presidency with other Provinces and its overseas trade. External trade made up 93 per cent of the total with internal trade making up the remainder.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap297">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 297</ref> Foreign trade accounted for 70 per cent of the total while 23 per cent was inter-provincial.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap297" /> In 1900–01, imports from other provinces of British India amounted to {{INR}}13.43 crores while exports to other provinces amounted to {{INR}}11.52 crores. During the same year, exports to other countries reached {{INR}}11.74 crores while imports were valued at {{INR}}66.2 million.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p354">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 354</ref> At the time of India's independence, imports of the presidency amounted to {{INR}}71.32 crores a year while exports were valued at {{INR}}645.1 million.<ref name="statesmanp175" /> Trade with the United Kingdom made up 31.54% of the total trade of the presidency with Madras the chief port accounting for 49% of the total trade.<ref name="statesmanp175" />

Cotton piece-goods, cotton twist and yarn, metals and kerosene oil were the main items of import while animal hides and skins, raw cotton, coffee and piece-goods were the chief exports.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap297" /> Raw cotton, animal hides, oil seeds, grains, pulses, coffee, tea and cotton manufactures were the main items of sea trade.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap43">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 43</ref> Most of the sea trade was carried through the presidency's principal port of Madras. Other important ports were Gopalpur, Kalingapatnam, Bimlipatnam, Visakhapatnam, Masulipatnam, Cocanada, Madras, Cuddalore, Negapatam, Pamban and Tuticorin on the east coast along with Mangalore, Cannanore, Calicut, Cochin, Alleppey, [[Quilon|Quilon (Coulão)]] and Colachel on the western seaboard.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap36">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 36</ref> The port of Cochin was taken over by the Government of India on 1 August 1936, and that of Madras on 1 April 1937.<ref name="statesmanp175" /> There were Chambers of Commerce in Madras, Cochin and Cocanada.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap298">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 298</ref> These chambers each nominated a member to the Madras Legislative Council.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap298" />

Cotton-ginning and weaving were two of the main industries in the Madras Presidency. Cotton was produced in large quantities in the Bellary district and was pressed in [[George Town, Chennai|Georgetown]], Madras.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap208">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 208</ref> The scarcity of cotton in Lancashire caused by a decline in trade due to the [[American Civil War]] gave an impetus to cotton and textile production and led to cotton presses being established all over the presidency.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap208" /> In the early years of the 20th century, Coimbatore emerged as an important centre for cotton textiles and earned the epithet "Manchester of South India". The northern districts of Godavari, Vizagapatam and Kistna were well-known cotton-weaving centres. There was a sugar factory at Aska in Ganjam run by F. J. V. Minchin and another at Nellikuppam in South Arcot district run by the East India Distilleries and Sugar Factories Company.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap210">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 210</ref> In the Telugu-speaking northern districts of the presidency large quantities of tobacco were cultivated to be subsequently rolled into [[cheroot]]s.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap211">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 211</ref> Trichinopoly, Madras and Dindigul were the main cheroot-producing areas.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap211" /> Until the discovery of artificial [[aniline]] and [[alizarine]] dyes, Madras possessed a thriving vegetable dye manufacturing industry.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap211" /> The city also imported large quantities of aluminium for the manufacture of aluminium utensils.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap212">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 212</ref> In the early 20th century, the government established the Chrome Tanning Factory which manufactured high-quality leather.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap213">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 213</ref> The first brewery in the presidency was founded in the Nilgiri Hills in 1826.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap213" /> Coffee was cultivated in the region of [[Wynad]] and the kingdoms of [[Coorg]] and [[Mysore]]<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap214">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 214</ref> while tea was grown on the slopes of the Nilgiri Hills.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap216">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 216</ref> Coffee plantations were also established in Travancore but a severe blight at the end of the 19th century destroyed coffee cultivation in the kingdom and almost wiped out coffee plantations in neighbouring Wynad.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap214" /> Coffee-curing works were located at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[Mangalore]] and [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap216" /> In 1947, Madras had 3,761 factories with 276,586 operatives.<ref name="statesmanp175" />

The presidency's fishing industry thrived, with Shark's fins,<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap219">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 219</ref> fish maws<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap219" /> and fish curing-operations<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap220">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 220</ref> the main sources of income for fishermen. The southern port of Tuticorin was a centre of conch-fishing<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap223">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 223</ref> but Madras, along with Ceylon, was mainly known for its pearl fisheries.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap222">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 222</ref> Pearl fisheries were harvested by the [[Paravas]] and was a lucrative profession.

The total revenue of the presidency was {{INR}}57 crores in 1946–47 made as follows: Land revenue, {{INR}}8.53 crores; Excise, {{INR}}14.68 crores; Income tax, {{INR}}4.48 crores; Stamp revenue, {{INR}}4.38 crores; forests, {{INR}}1.61 crores; other taxes, {{INR}}8.45 crores; Extraordinary receipts, {{INR}}2.36 crores and revenue fund, Rs.5.02 crores. Total expenditure for 1946–47 was {{INR}}569.9 million.<ref name="statesmanp175" /> 208,675 k.v.a of electricity was generated at the end of 1948 of which 98% was under government ownership.<ref name="statesmanp175" /> The total amount of power generated was 467 million units.<ref name="statesmanp175" />

The [[Madras Stock Exchange]] was established in [[Madras|Madras city]] in 1920 with a strength of 100 members but gradually faded away and membership had reduced to three by 1923 when it had to be closed down.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp264">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 264</ref> Nevertheless, the Madras Stock Exchange was successfully revived in September 1937 and was incorporated as the Madras Stock Exchange Association Limited.<ref name="madras_stock_exchange2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mseindia.in/About-History.aspx|title=History of Madras Stock Exchange|access-date=6 November 2008|publisher=Madras Stock Exchange Limited|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225230/http://www.mseindia.in/About-History.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> [[EID Parry]], [[Binny and Co.]] and [[Arbuthnot & Co|Arbuthnot Bank]] were the largest private-owned business corporations at the turn of the 20th century.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp261">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 261</ref> EID Parry manufactured and sold chemical fertilizers and sugar while the Binnys marketed cotton garments and uniforms manufactured at its spinning and weaving facility, the [[Buckingham and Carnatic Mills]] in [[Otteri]].<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp261"/><ref name="madrasrediscoveredp262">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 262</ref><ref name="madrasrediscoveredp263">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 263</ref> Arbuthnot, owned by the [[Arbuthnot family]], was the largest bank in the presidency until its crash in 1906.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp410">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 410</ref> Reduced to penury, disillusioned former Indian investors established the [[Indian Bank]] with funds donated by [[Nagarathar|Nattukottai Chetties]].<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp338">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 338</ref><ref name="madrasrediscoveredp339">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 339</ref>

Between 1913 and 1914, Madras had 247 companies.<ref name="sinhap44">[[#Sinha|Sinha 2005]], p. 44</ref> In 1947, the city led in the establishment of registered factories but employed only 62% of the total productive capital.<ref name="sinhap44" />

The first Western-style banking institution in India was the Madras Bank which was established on 21 June 1683, with a capital of one hundred thousand pounds sterling.<ref name="bankadministrationp70">[[#Banking Administration|Kumar 2003]], p. 70</ref> This was followed by the opening of the Carnatic Bank in 1788, the Bank of Madras in 1795 and the Asiatic Bank in 1804. In 1843, all the banks were merged to form the Bank of Madras.<ref name="bankadministrationp70" /> The Bank of Madras had branches in all the presidency's major cities and princely states including Coimbatore, Mangalore, Calicut, [[Alappuzha|Alleppy]], Cocanada, [[Guntur]], Masulipatnam, [[Ootacamund]], Negapataam, [[Tuticorin]], Bangalore, and Cochin, as well as a branch in [[Colombo]] in [[British Ceylon]]. In 1921, the Bank of Madras merged with the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Bengal to form the Imperial Bank of India.<ref name="bankadministrationp71">[[#Banking Administration|Kumar 2003]], p. 71</ref> In the 19th century, the Arbuthnot Bank was one of the largest privately owned banks in the presidency.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp410" /> The [[City Union Bank]],<ref name="thehindu_20061009">{{cite news|title=The birth of a bank|date=6 October 2006|first=S.|last=Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/09/stories/2006100900420500.htm|location=Chennai, India|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109022805/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/10/09/stories/2006100900420500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> the [[Indian Bank]],<ref name="thehindu_20061009" /> [[Canara Bank]],<ref name="thehindu_20061009" /> [[Corporation Bank]],<ref name="thehindu_20061009" /> [[Tamilnad Mercantile Bank|Nadar Bank]],<ref name="tercentenaryp261">[[#Tercentenary|Tercentenary Madras Staff]] 1939, p. 261</ref> [[Karur Vysya Bank]],<ref name="fareastp498">[[#Eur|Eur 2002]], p. 498</ref> [[Catholic Syrian Bank]],<ref name="fareastp498" /> [[Karnataka Bank]],<ref name="fareastp498" /> [[Bank of Chettinad]],<ref name="chettiarsp43">[[#W.S.|W.S. 1973]], p. 43</ref> [[Andhra Bank]],<ref name="commercialbanksp40">[[#B.|B. 1998]], p. 37</ref> [[ING Vysya Bank|Vysya Bank]],<ref name="commercialbanksp40" /> [[Vijaya Bank]],<ref name="fareastp498" /> [[Indian Overseas Bank]]<ref name="thehindu_20040412">{{cite news|title=Building a bank, the MCt. way|url=http://www.hindu.com/biz/2004/04/12/stories/2004041200331800.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 April 2004|location=Chennai, India|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106022529/http://www.hindu.com/biz/2004/04/12/stories/2004041200331800.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> and the [[Bank of Madura]] were some of the leading banks headquartered in the presidency.

== Transport and communication ==
[[File:Map of the Madras and South Mahratta Railway lines.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Map of the Madras and South Mahratta Railway lines]]

In the early days of the agency, the only means of transportation were bullock-carts known as ''jhatkas'' along with [[palanquin]]s.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap185">[[#Thurston|Thurston 1913]], p. 185</ref> The roads connecting Madras to Calcutta in the north and the kingdom of Travancore in the south served as lines of communication during wars.<ref name="provincialgeographiesofindiap185" /> From the early 20th century onwards, bullock-carts and horses were gradually replaced by bicycles and motor vehicles, while motor buses were the main means of private road transportation.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp323">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 323</ref> Presidency Transport and the City Motor Service were pioneers, operating buses manufactured by Simpson and Co. as early as 1910.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp323" /> The first organised bus system in Madras city was operated by Madras Tramways Corporation between 1925 and 1928.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp323" /> The 1939 Motor Vehicles Act imposed restrictions on public-owned bus and motor services. Most of the early bus services were operated by private agencies.

[[File:NMR up train at Kateri Road 05-02-28 04.jpeg|thumb|200px|The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
[[File:Pamban Rail Bridge.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Pamban Bridge|Pamban railway bridge]], which connects the [[Pamban island]] with the Indian mainland was constructed in 1914]]
[[File:Backwater Malabar 1913.JPG|thumb|200px|A backwater and canal in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], c. 1913]]
The first organised initiative for the construction of new roads and maintenance of existing roads in the presidency was initiated in 1845 with the appointment of a special officer for the maintenance of main roads.<ref name="millp134">[[#Mill|Mill 1996]], p. 134</ref> The principal roads under the aegis of the officer were the Madras-Bangalore road, Madras-Trichinopoly road, Madras-Calcutta road, Madras-Cuddapah road and the Sumpajee Ghaut road.<ref name="millp134" /> A Public Works Department was initiated by Lord Dalhousie in 1852 and subsequently in 1855 an East coast canal was constructed for the purpose of easy navigation.<ref name="millp134" /> Roadways were handled by the Public Works Secretariat which was under the control of the member of the Governor's Executive Council. The principal highways of the presidency were the Madras-Calcutta road, the Madras-Travancore road and the Madras-Calicut road.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p303">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 303</ref> By 1946–47, the Madras Presidency had {{convert|26201|mi|km}} of metalled roads and {{convert|14406|mi|km}} of unmetalled roads, and {{convert|1403|mi|km}} of navigable canals.<ref name="statesmanp175" />

The first railway line in South India was laid between Madras and Arcot, which was opened for traffic on 1 July 1856.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 321</ref> The line was constructed by the Madras Railway Company formed in 1845.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> The railway station at [[Royapuram]], the first in South India, was built in 1853 and served as the headquarters of the Madras Railway Company.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> The Great Southern of India Railway Company was set up in the United Kingdom in 1853.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> and had its headquarters at Trichinopoly where it constructed its first railway line between Trichinopoly and Negapatam in 1859.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> The Madras Railway Company operated standard or broad-gauge railway lines while the Great South Indian Railway Company operated metre-gauge railway lines.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p301">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 301</ref> In 1874, The Great Southern Indian Railway Company merged with the Carnatic Railway Company (established in 1864) and was renamed the Southern Indian Railway Company.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp322">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 322</ref> The Southern Indian Railway Company merged with the Pondicherry Railway Company in 1891 while the Madras Railway Company merged with the Southern Mahratta Railway Company in 1908 to form the Madras and South Mahratta Railway Company.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> A new terminus was built at [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore]] for the Madras and South Mahratta Railway Company.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp321" /> In 1927, the South Indian Railway Company shifted its headquarters from Madurai to [[Chennai Central]]. The company operated a suburban electric train service for Madras city from May 1931 onwards.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp322" /> In April 1944, the Madras and South Mahratta Railway Company was taken over by the Madras Government. In 1947, there were {{convert|4961|mi|km}} of railway in the presidency, in addition to {{convert|136|mi|km}} of district board lines.<ref name="statesmanp175" /> Madras was well-connected with other Indian cities like Bombay and Calcutta and with Ceylon.<ref name="indianempiresouvenirp14">[[#Indian Empire Souvenir|Christophers 1927]], p. 14</ref> The {{convert|6776|ft|m|adj=on}} [[Pamban Bridge|Pamban railway bridge]] connecting [[Mandapam]] on the Indian mainland with [[Pamban island]] was opened for traffic in 1914.<ref name="pamban_bridge">{{cite news | last=Srinivasan | first=T. A. | title= Swept off its feet, literally | date=8 July 2005 | url =http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800680300.htm | work =The Hindu: Entertainment Chennai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024121541/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/08/stories/2005070800680300.htm | archive-date=24 October 2008 | url-status=usurped | access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> The [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] was inaugurated between [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]] and [[Ootacamund]] in 1899.

The Madras Tramways Corporation was promoted in Madras city in 1892 by Hutchinsons and Co. and began operating in 1895, before even London had its own tramway system.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp323" /> It plied six routes in Madras linking distant parts of Madras city and covered a total of {{convert|17|mi|km}}.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp323" />

The chief navigable waterways in the presidency were the canals in the Godavari and the Kistna deltas.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p303" /> The [[Buckingham canal]] was cut in 1806 at a cost of 90 [[lakh]]s of silver<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p304">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 304</ref> to connect the city of Madras with the delta of the Kistna river at Peddaganjam. Ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company frequently docked at Madras and provided frequent services to Bombay, Calcutta, Colombo and Rangoon.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindia1908v16p304" />

In 1917, Simpson and Co. arranged for a test flight by the first aeroplane in Madras<ref name="chennai_firstplane">{{cite web|url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chnhistevents.htm|title=Historical Events at a Glance|publisher=District Collectorate, Chennai|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415034646/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chnhistevents.htm|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref> while a flying club was established at the Mount Golf Club grounds near [[St Thomas Mount]] by a pilot named G. Vlasto in October 1929.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp127">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 127</ref> This site was later used as the Madras aerodrome.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp127" /> One of the early members of the club, Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar went on to establish an aerodrome in his native Chettinad.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp127" /> On 15 October 1932, [[Royal Air Force]] pilot [[Nevill Vintcent]] piloted [[J. R. D. Tata]]'s plane carrying air-mail from Bombay to [[Madras]] via Bellary.<ref name="airindia_history_1930s">{{cite web|url=http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1932-1940.aspx?MID=196|title=History 1932–1940|publisher=Air India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119195918/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/Time-line-1932-1940.aspx?MID=196 |archive-date=19 November 2008|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> This was the beginning of [[Tata Airlines|Tata Sons]]' regular domestic passenger and airmail service from Karachi to Madras. The flight was later re-routed through Hyderabad and became bi-weekly.<ref name="airindia_history_1930s" /> On 26 November 1935, Tata Sons started an experimental weekly service from Bombay to Trivandrum via Goa and Cannanore. From 28 February 1938, onwards, Tata Sons' Aviation division, now renamed Tata Airlines, began a Karachi to Colombo airmail service via Madras and Trichinopoly.<ref name="airindia_history_1930s" /> On 2 March 1938, the Bombay-Trivandrum air service was extended to Trichinopoly.<ref name="airindia_history_1930s" />

The first organised postal service was established between Madras and Calcutta by Governor [[Edward Harrison (British administrator)|Edward Harrison]] in 1712. After reform and regularisation, a new postal system was started by [[Sir Archibald Campbell]] and was introduced on 1 June 1786. The presidency was divided into three postal divisions: Madras North up to Ganjam, Madras South-West to Anjengo (erstwhile Travancore) and Madras West, up to Vellore. In the same year, a link with Bombay was established then in 1837, the Madras, Bombay and Calcutta mail services were integrated to form the All-India Service. On 1 October 1854, the first stamps were issued by the Imperial Postal Service. The General Post Office (GPO), Madras, was established by Sir Archibald Campbell in 1786. In 1872–73, a bimonthly sea-mail service began between Madras and Rangoon. This was followed by the commencement of a fortnightly sea-mail service between Madras and ports on the eastern coast.

Madras was linked to the rest of the world through telegraphs in 1853 and a civilian telegraph service was introduced on 1 February 1855. Soon afterwards, telegraph lines linked Madras and Ootacamund with other cities in India. A Telegraph department was set up in 1854, with a Deputy Superintendent stationed in Madras city. The [[Colombo]]-[[Talaimannar]] telegraph line established in 1858, was extended to Madras in 1882, thereby connecting the city with [[Ceylon]].<ref name="impressionsofceylonp207">[[#Impressions of Ceylon|Wright 1999]], p. 207</ref> Telephones were introduced in the presidency in 1881 and on 19 November 1881, the first telephone exchange with 17 connections was established at Errabalu Street in Madras.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp54">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 54</ref> A wireless telegraphy service was established between Madras and Port Blair in 1920 and in 1936, the Indo-Burma radio telephone service was established between Madras and Rangoon.

== Education ==

The first schools offering Western-style education in the presidency were established in Madras<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap383">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 383</ref> during the 18th century. In 1822, a Board of Public Instruction was created based on the recommendations of Sir Thomas Munro, after which schools teaching students in vernacular language was established.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap338">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 338</ref> A central training school was set up in Madras as per Munro's scheme.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap338" /> However, this system appeared to be a failure and the policy was altered in 1836 in order to promote European literature and science.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap338" /> The Board of Public Instruction was superseded by a Committee for Native Education.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap339">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 339</ref> In January 1840, during the viceroyalty of [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], a University Board was established with [[Alexander John Arbuthnot|Alexander J. Arbuthnot]] as the Joint Director of Public Instruction.<ref name="The Hindu_madras_university">{{cite news | last=Jebaraj | first=Priscilla | title=Ongoing saga of higher learning | date=5 September 2008 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/05/stories/2008090554532400.htm | location=Chennai, India | access-date=17 November 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109071315/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/05/stories/2008090554532400.htm | archive-date=9 November 2012 | work=[[The Hindu]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The central school was converted to a high school in April 1841 with 67 students and in 1853 became the [[Presidency College, Madras|Presidency College]] with the addition of a college department.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap339" /><ref name="The Hindu_madras_university" /> On 5 September 1857, the [[University of Madras]] was established as an examining body using the [[University of London]] as a model with the first examinations held in February 1858.<ref name="The Hindu_madras_university" /> [[C. W. Thamotharampillai|C. W. Thamotharam Pillai]] and Caroll V. Visvanatha Pillai of Ceylon were the first to graduate from the university.<ref name="The Hindu_madras_university" /> [[S. Subramania Iyer|Sir S. Subramaniya Iyer]] was the first Indian Vice-Chancellor of the university.<ref name="The Hindu_madras_university" />

Similarly, [[Andhra University]] was established by the Andhra University Act of 1925<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp74">[[#Ralhan|Ralhan 2002]], p. 74</ref> and in 1937, the University of Travancore was established in the princely state of Travancore.<ref name="university_of_travancore">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralauniversity.edu/ |title=University of Kerala Home page |publisher=University of Kerala |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611165005/http://www.keralauniversity.edu/ |archive-date=11 June 2010 }}</ref>

The Government Arts College, established in [[Kumbakonam]] in 1867, was one of the first educational institutions outside Madras.<ref name="craikp260">[[#Craik|Craik 2007]], p. 260</ref> The oldest engineering college in the presidency, [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], was established as a Government Survey School in 1794 before being upgraded to an Engineering College in 1861.<ref name="muthiahp239">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 239</ref> Initially, only [[Civil Engineering]] was taught,<ref name="muthiahp239" /> with the further disciplines of Mechanical Engineering added in 1894, Electrical Engineering in 1930 and Telecommunication and Highways in 1945.<ref name="muthiahp240">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 240</ref> The AC College, with its emphasis on textiles and leather technology, was founded by Alagappa Chettiar in 1944.<ref name="muthiahp241">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 241</ref> The [[Madras Institute of Technology]], which introduced courses such as aeronautical and automobile engineering was established in 1949.<ref name="muthiahp241" /> In 1827, the first medical school in the presidency was established then followed by the [[Madras Medical College]] in 1835.<ref name="indianempiresouvenirp41">[[#Indian Empire Souvenir|Christophers 1927]], p. 41</ref> The [[Saidapet Teachers' College|Government Teacher's College]] was established at [[Saidapet]] in 1856.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap343">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 343</ref>

Among the private institutions, the [[Pachaiyappa's College]], established in 1842, is the oldest Hindu educational institution in the presidency. The [[Annamalai University]], established by Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar in Chidambaram in 1929, was the first university in the presidency to have hostel facilities<ref name="annamalai_university">{{cite web|url=http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|title=About University|publisher=Annamalai University|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125052844/http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.htm|archive-date=25 November 2012}}</ref> Christian missionaries were pioneers in promoting education in the region. The [[Madras Christian College]], [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]] at Mangalore, [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] in Madras and the St. Peter's College at Tanjore were some of the educational institutions established by Christian missionaries.

The Madras Presidency had the highest literacy rate of all the provinces in [[British India]].<ref name="emergenceofindiannationalismp103">[[#Seal|Seal 1971]], p. 103</ref> In 1901, Madras had a male literacy rate of 11.9 per cent and a female literacy rate of 0.9 per cent.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap345">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 345</ref> In 1950, when the Madras Presidency became Madras State, the literacy rate was slightly higher than the national average of 18 per cent.<ref name="mehrotrap23">[[#Mehrotra|K. Mehrotra 2006]], p. 23</ref> In 1901, there were 26,771 public and private institutions with 923,760 scholars of whom 784,621 were male and 139,139 female.<ref name="imperialgazetteerofindiap361">[[#The Imperial Gazetteer of India|Hunter 1908]], p. 361</ref> By 1947, the number of educational institutions had increased to 37,811 and the number of scholars to 3,989,686.<ref name="statesmanp174" /> Apart from colleges, in 1947 there were 31,975 public and elementary schools, 720 secondary schools for boys and 4,173 elementary and 181 secondary schools for girls.<ref name="statesmanp174" /> Most of the early graduates were [[Brahmins]].<ref name="eliteformation" /><ref name="slaterp168"/> The preponderance of Brahmins in the universities and in the civic administration was one of the main causes for the growth of the Anti-Brahmin movement in the presidency. Madras was also the first province in British India where caste-based communal reservations were introduced.

In 1923, the ''Madras University Act'' was passed after its introduction by Education Minister [[A. P. Patro]].<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp74" /> Under the bill's provisions, the governing body of [[Madras University]] was completely reorganised on democratic lines. The bill asserted that the governing body would henceforth be headed by a Chancellor who would be assisted by a pro-Chancellor, usually the Minister of Education. Apart from the Chancellor and the pro-Chancellor who were elected, there was to be a Vice-Chancellor appointed by the Chancellor.<ref name="encyclopediapoliticalpartiesp74" />

== Culture and society ==
Hindus, Muslims and Christians generally followed a joint family system.<ref name="homelifeinindiap62">[[#Home Life in India|Finnemore 1917]], p. 62</ref><ref name="socialstructurep69">[[#Srinivas|Srinivas 1982]], p. 69</ref> The society was largely patriarchal with the eldest male member the leader of the family.<ref name="socialstructurep69" /> Most of the presidency followed a patrilineal system of inheritance.<ref name="genderp472">[[#Agarwal|Agarwal 1994]], p. 472</ref> The only exceptions were the district of Malabar and the princely states of Travancore and Cochin which practised the ''[[marumakkathayam]]'' system.<ref name="kinshipp177">[[#Böck|Böck 2000]], p. 177</ref>

Women were expected to confine themselves to indoor activities and the maintenance of the household. Muslims and high-caste Hindu women observed [[purdah]].<ref name="homelifeinindiap62" /> The daughter in the family rarely received an education and usually helped her mother with household chores.<ref name="homelifeinindiap22">[[#Home Life in India|Finnemore 1917]], p. 22</ref> Upon marrying, she moved to the house of her in-laws where she was expected to serve her husband and the elder members of his family.<ref name="homelifeinindiap63">[[#Home Life in India|Finnemore 1917]], p. 63</ref><ref name="homelifeinindiap64">[[#Home Life in India|Finnemore 1917]], p. 64</ref> There have been recorded instances of torture and ill treatment of daughters-in-law.<ref name="homelifeinindiap63" /><ref name="homelifeinindiap64" /> A Brahmin widow was expected to shave her head and was subjected to numerous indignities.<ref name="homelifeinindiap65">[[#Home Life in India|Finnemore 1917]], p. 65</ref><ref name="homelifeinindiap66">[[#Home Life in India|Finnemore 1917]], p. 66</ref>

Rural society comprised villages where people of different communities lived together. Brahmins lived in separate streets called ''[[agraharams]]''. Untouchables lived outside village limits in small hamlets called ''cheris'' and were strictly forbidden from having houses in the village.<ref name="castesandtribesv6p87">[[#Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Thurston 1909]], p. 87</ref> They were also forbidden from entering important Hindu temples or approaching high-caste Hindus.<ref name="castesandtribesv6p87_2">[[#Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Thurston 1909]], p. 78</ref><ref name="castesandtribesv6p79">[[#Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Thurston 1909]], p. 79</ref>

[[Slavery in Madras Presidency|Serfdom]] was practised in almost all castes from Brahmins to non-Brahmins subjecting agricultural labourers to bondage for non-payment of debt.<ref>[[#British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society 1841]], p. 5</ref> The Law Commission report on slavery in 1841 contains the indicative figures on the number of slaves, computed based on the population of specific castes
of [[Pallar]] and [[Paraiyar]].<ref name="Britishp4">[[#British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society 1841]], p. 4</ref> There were proposed regulations in 1811 and 1823 to prevent child labour.<ref>[[#British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society 1841]], p. 27</ref> In 1833, the British Crown and the House of Commons proposed immediate abolition of slavery in India, but East India Company decreed otherwise.<ref>[[#Price|Price 1837]], p. 154</ref> All legal recognition to permit the civil status of slavery were withdrawn with the Act V of 1843 and selling of slaves became a criminal offence in 1862 under the new [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>[[#Chatterjee|Chatterjee 2006]], p. 231</ref> In spite of these regulations, serfdom continued and the slave population formed 12.2%{{snd}}20% of the total population in 1930 across various districts of the presidency.<ref name="Kumarp52">[[#Kumar|Kumar 1965]] pp. 52–53</ref>

The [[Malabar Marriage Act, 1896|Malabar Marriage Act of 1896]] recognised ''[[sambandham]]'' contracts as legal marriages while the ''marmakkathayam'' system was abolished by the Marmakkathayam Law of 1933.<ref name="balakrishnanp21">[[#P.V.|P.V. 1981]], p. 21</ref> Numerous measures were taken to improve the lot of [[Dalit]] outcasts. The Thirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams Act (1933), included Dalits in the ''devasthanam''s administration. The presidency's Temple Entry Authorization Act (1939)<ref name="casteinindianpoliticsp116" /> and its Temple Entry Proclamation (1936) of Travancore were aimed at elevating the status of Dalit and other low castes to a position equal to that of high-caste Hindus. In 1872, [[T. Muthuswamy Iyer]] established the Widow Remarriage Association in Madras and advocated the remarriage of Brahmin widows.<ref name="Madhaviah_biography">[[#Anantha|Anantha Raman 2005]], p. 87</ref> The ''[[devadasi]]'' system was regulated in 1927 and completely abolished on 26 November 1947.<ref name="thehindu_20071217">{{cite news|title=When the devadasi tradition ended|last=S.|first=Muthiah|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/17/stories/2007121750320500.htm|date=17 December 2007|location=Chennai, India|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109071456/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/17/stories/2007121750320500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> The Widow Remarriage movement was spearheaded in the Godavari district by [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]].<ref name="violencep213">[[#Roy|Roy 2002]], p. 213.</ref> Most of the pioneers of social reform were Indian nationalists.<ref name="scoailbackgroundp224">[[#Desai|Desai 2005]], p. 224.</ref><ref name="religionnationalismp26">[[#Deol|Deol 2000]], p. 26.</ref>

Traditional pastimes and forms of recreation in rural areas were [[cock-fighting]], [[jallikattu|bull-fighting]], village fairs and plays.<ref name="homelifeinindiap3541">[[#Home Life in India|Finnemore 1917]], pp. 35–41</ref> Men in urban areas indulged in social and communistic activities at recreational clubs, music concerts or sabhas, dramas and welfare organisations. [[Carnatic music]] and [[bharatanatyam]] were especially patronised by the upper and upper-middle class Madras society. Of the sports introduced by the British in the presidency, [[cricket]], tennis, [[association football|football]], and [[field hockey|hockey]] were the most popular. An annual cricket tournament, known as the [[Madras Presidency Matches]], was held between Indians and Europeans during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp173">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 173</ref>

The presidency's first newspaper, the ''Madras Courier'', was started on 12 October 1785, by Richard Johnston, a printer employed by the British East India Company.<ref name="muthiahp50">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 50</ref> The first Indian-owned English-language newspaper was ''The Madras Crescent'' which was established by freedom-fighter [[Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty]] in October 1844.<ref name="muthiahp53">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 53</ref> Lakshminarasu Chetty is also credited with the foundation of the [[Madras Presidency Association]] which was a forerunner of the Indian National Congress. The number of newspapers and periodicals published in the presidency totalled 821 in 1948. The two most popular English-language newspapers were ''[[The Hindu]]'' established by [[G. Subramania Iyer]] in 1878, and ''[[The Madras Mail|The Mail]]'',<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp54"/> established as the ''Madras Times'' by the Gantz family in 1868.<ref name="muthiahp51">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 51</ref>

Regular radio service in the presidency commenced in 1938 when [[All India Radio]] established a station in Madras.<ref name="muthiahp164">[[#Muthiah|Muthiah 2004]], p. 164</ref> Cinemas became popular in the 1930s and 1940s with the first film in a South Indian language, [[R. Nataraja Mudaliar]]'s Tamil film ''Keechaka Vadham'', released in 1916. The first sound films in Tamil and Telugu were made in 1931 while the first Kannada talkie ''Sati Sulochana'' was made in 1934 and the first Malayalam talkie ''Balan'' in 1938.<ref name="milestonemovie">{{cite news|title=A milestone movie|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/26/stories/2004112602680500.htm|date=26 November 2004|first=Randor|last=Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318134433/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/26/stories/2004112602680500.htm|archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> There were film studios at Coimbatore,<ref name="reeltime">{{cite news|title=Reel-time nostalgia|last=M.|first=Allirajan|date=17 November 2003|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm|location=Chennai, India|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109071506/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]],<ref name="discipline_stickler">{{cite news|title=Stickler for discipline|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/08/stories/2008080851340600.htm|date=8 August 2008|first=Randor|last=Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|location=Chennai, India|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103114526/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/08/stories/2008080851340600.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> Madras and [[Karaikudi]].<ref name="avm">{{cite news|title=The innovative film-maker|last=S.|first=Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah|work=The Hindu|date=30 January 2006|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/30/stories/2006013000270500.htm|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318134438/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/30/stories/2006013000270500.htm|archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref> Most early films were made in Coimbatore and Salem<ref name="reeltime" /><ref name="discipline_stickler" /> but from the 1940s onwards, Madras began to emerge as the principal centre of film production.<ref name="reeltime" /><ref name="avm" /> Until the 1950s, most films in Telugu,<ref name="cinemasofindiap345">[[#Thoraval|Thoraval 2000]], p. 345</ref> Kannada<ref name="mininghomemoviep174">[[#Ishizuka|Ishizuka 2008]], p. 174</ref> and Malayalam<ref name="popculturep233">[[#Kasbekar|Kasbekar 2006]], p. 233</ref> were made in Madras.

<gallery class="center">
File:Tamil brahmin couple circa 1945.jpg|A Westernized middle-class urban Tamil Brahmin couple. c.a .1945

File:M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar.jpg|Tamil film actor [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
File:Nambudiri house 1909.jpg|A [[Namboodiri]] [[Brahman]]'s house, c.a. 1909
File:Hindu devotees Secunderamalai Madurai.jpg|Hindu devotees in procession around the temple at [[Tirupparankunram]], c.a. 1909
File:Kapu bride and groom 1909.jpg|[[Telugu people|Telugu]] bride and groom belonging to the [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] caste, c.a. 1909
File:Cajetan Lobo Prabhu.jpg|A [[Mangalorean Catholics|Mangalorean Catholic]] gentleman belonging to the ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonn]]'' caste, c. a. 1938

File:William Henry Jackson-Refreshment stall.jpg|Refreshment stall at a railway station in the Madras Presidency, c. a. 1895
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[Administrative divisions of Madras Presidency]]
* [[Madras States Agency]]
* [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency]]
* [[Advocate-General of Madras]]
* [[Sheriff of Madras]]
* [[Bengal Presidency]]
* [[Bombay Presidency]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|35em}}
; Government publications
* {{cite book |title=Slavery and the slave trade in British India: with notices of the existence of these evils in the islands of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, drawn from official documents|publisher=T. Ward, and to be had at the office of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery society|year=1841|last=British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society|ref=British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society}}
* {{cite book|title=Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency|first=MaClean|last=C. D.|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1877|ref=Official Administration of the Madras Presidency}}
* {{cite book | title=The India List and India Office List| last=Great Britain India Office| year=1905| publisher=Harrison and Sons| location=London|ref=India Office List 1905}}
* {{cite book|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.123568|last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1908|ref=The Imperial Gazetteer of India}}
* {{cite book | title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways| year=1926| publisher=South Indian Railway Company| location=Madras|ref=South Indian Railway}}
* Madras District Gazetteers
* {{cite book|title=Memorandum of progress of the Madras Presidency during the last forty years of British Administration|last=Raghavaiyangar|first=Srinivasa|author-link=S. Srinivasa Raghavaiyangar|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1893|url=https://archive.org/details/memorandumonpro00raghgoog|quote=madras presidency.|ref=Memorandum of progress}}
* {{cite book|title=Economic Studies Vol I:Some South Indian villages|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190113|last=Slater|first=Gilbert|author-link=Gilbert Slater|year=1918|ref=Slater}}
* {{cite book | title=Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume| last=Tercentenary Madras Staff| year=1939| publisher=Oxford Press|ref=Tercentenary}}
* {{cite book |author=Tara Dutt |title=Odisha District Gazetteers: Nabarangapur |url=http://www.gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Nabarangapur_Gazetteer.pdf |year=2015 |publisher=Government of Odisha |isbn=978-81-86772-17-1 }}
* {{cite book|title=Provincial Geographies of India:The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and Associated States|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|author-link=Edgar Thurston|publisher=Cambridge University|year=1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTc1AQAAIAAJ&q=madras+presidency|ref=Thurston}}
* {{cite book|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. I to VII|last=Thurston|first=Edgar|author2=K. Rangachari |publisher=Government of Madras|year=1909|ref=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|isbn=0-520-04315-4|author2-link=K. Rangachari}}
* {{cite book| title=Hand-book to the cotton cultivation in the Madras presidency| url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktocotton00wheerich| last=Wheeler| first=James Talboys| year=1862| publisher=J. Higginbotham and Pharaoh and Co.| ref=Cotton}}
* {{cite book | title=Madras in the Olden Time: Being a History of the Presidency from the First Foundation of Fort St. George to the Occupation of Madras by the French (1639–1748)| last=Wheeler| first=James Talboys| year=1996| publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=8120605535 |ref=Madras in the Olden Time}}

; Other publications
* {{cite book|title=The Aristocracy of South India|first=Vadivelu|last=A.|publisher=Vest & Co.|year=1903|ref=Aristocracy of South India}}
* {{cite book|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|author-link=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Oxford University|year=1921|ref=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders}}
* {{cite book| title=How India Wrought for freedom| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201490| last=Besant| first=Annie| author-link=Annie Besant| year=1915| publisher=Theosophical Publishing House| location=Adyar, Madras| ref=Annie_Besant}}
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{{refend}}

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Andaz Apna Apna

2026-03-16T21:28:36Z

Vilianarij: expanded content

{{short description|1994 Indian Hindi film by Rajkumar Santoshi}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Andaz Apna Apna
| image = Andaz Apna Apna.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| producer = [[Vinay Kumar Sinha]]
| writer = Rajkumar Santoshi Dilip Shukla
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Aamir Khan]]
*[[Salman Khan]]
*[[Raveena Tandon]]
*[[Karisma Kapoor]]
*[[Paresh Rawal]]
*[[Shakti Kapoor]]
}}
| music = Tushar Bhatia (songs) [[Viju Shah]] (score)
| cinematography = Ishwar R. Bidri
| editing = V. N. Mayekar
| distributor = Vinay Pictures [[Ultra Distributors]]
| released = {{Film date|1994|11|04|df=yes}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}29 million<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3035|title=Andaz Apna Apna – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107234907/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3035|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}8.65 million<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz Apna Apna}}''' ({{Translation|Everyone Has Their Own Style}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] and produced by [[Vinay Kumar Sinha]]. It stars [[Aamir Khan]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Paresh Rawal]] (in a dual role) and [[Shakti Kapoor]]. The film focuses on two [[gold diggers]] who attempt to woo an heiress to have access to her father's wealth. They soon realize that the heiress has exchanged her identity with that of her secretary. By that point, one of them is genuinely in love with the heiress, and the other gold digger has fallen for the secretary.

The film was released on 4 November 1994 and the plot elements of the film were later used in other language films such as ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' (1996), ''[[Veedevadandi Babu]]'' (1997) and ''[[Galate Aliyandru]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/andaz-apna-apna-25-years-salman-khan-aamir-khan-karisma-kapoor-raveena-tandon-rare-photos-cult-comedy-6102581/lite/ | title=25 years of Andaz Apna Apna: Rare photos from the sets of Aamir-Salman starrer | date=5 November 2019 }}</ref> The climax of this film is a rehashed version of the climax of a 1972 film ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=18 October 2015 |title=Infocus: Dadamoni, Pran and fun times |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Dadamoni-Pran-fun-times/articleshow/49443859.cms |access-date=8 December 2019 |work=Bangalore Mirror |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107234914/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mami-mr-india-reunion-movie-mela-invisible-man-anil-kapoor-mogambo/articleshowajax/49443805.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=49433091&photocount=6&photoexclude=3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the film was unsuccessful at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=...तो इसलिए फ्लॉप हो गई थी आमिर-सलमान की फिल्म अंदाज अपना-अपना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-these-are-the-reasons-why-aamir-khan-and-salman-khan-film-andaz-apna-apna-was-flop-1921758.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516015045/https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-these-are-the-reasons-why-aamir-khan-and-salman-khan-film-andaz-apna-apna-was-flop-1921758.html |archive-date=2018-05-16 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=livehindustan.com |date=24 April 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> the film has since emerged as a [[cult film]].

== Plot ==
Both Amar Manohar and Prem Bhopali are daydreamers living with their fathers Murli and Bankelal respectively. They learn that millionaire Ram Gopal Bajaj's daughter Raveena Bajaj is coming to India from [[London]] with her secretary Karishma to find a suitable groom. Amar and Prem decide to woo Raveena to get a share in her father's wealth.

Amar and Prem meet each other when they escape from their towns and board a bus bound for [[Ooty]] where Raveena and Karishma live. They soon realise that they have the same goal and they also fail at several attempts to woo Raveena and Karishma but they manage to enter their house.

Amar pretends that he has lost his memory and eyesight after getting knocked out by Raveena when he tried to flirt with her, while Prem pretends to be a doctor at their house to cure him of his diseases but he unknowingly falls in love with Karishma.

Meanwhile, nobody knows that Ram Gopal has an evil twin-brother Shyam Gopal "Teja" Bajaj who plans to kidnap him and pose as him to go to London. He has also sent his two sidekicks Robert and Bhalla to live in Raveena and Karishma's house as their servants. Later, Amar and Prem discover that the secretary Karishma is actually the wealthy "Raveena" while the wealthy Raveena is actually the secretary "Karishma", as they had exchanged their identities as Raveena wanted to find a suitable groom for herself who will love her, not her money. However, Amar still falls in love with the real Karishma while Prem also still falls in love with the real Raveena.

Soon, Ram Gopal arrives in India and seeing the true nature of Amar and Prem, declines their marriages with Raveena and Karishma, respectively. They plan a fake kidnapping of him along with their friends where they will heroically "rescue" him which will make him agree to their marriages. Teja also plans along with Robert and Bhalla to kidnap Ram Gopal and steal all of his money converted into his diamonds. Robert and Bhalla somehow manage to kidnap Ram Gopal which shocks Amar and Prem. When they go to Teja's hideout to rescue Ram Gopal, they mistake Teja for him and take him to his house.

The next day, Raveena and Karishma tell their suspicion to Amar and Prem who discover the truth by secretly following Teja to his hideout where Ram Gopal tricks him and escapes his hideout prison. However, Amar and Prem mistake him for Teja and imprison him again - resulting in Teja imprisoning Amar and Prem as well before escaping from his hideout. Amar and Prem still manage to convince Robert and Bhalla that Ram Gopal is Teja and free him from prison. An escaping Teja is then stopped by Amar and Prem along with Robert and Bhalla.

Meanwhile, throughout the film, Robert and Bhalla are constantly harassed by Crime Master Gogo who is demanding his money taken by Teja back, but he discovers Ram Gopal's diamonds and he kidnaps him along with Raveena and Karishma. At Gogo's hideout, Amar and Prem arrive and they try to control the situation along with Ram Gopal as each motive of each villain is revealed in a comic standoff. However, the police who were already called by Amar and Prem, are able to find Gogo's hideout and arrest all of the criminals. Ram Gopal finally gets all of his diamonds back and he also agrees to the marriages of Amar and Prem with Real Karishma and Raveena (fake Raveena and fake Karishma), respectively.

==Cast==
* [[Aamir Khan]] as Amar Manohar / Teelu
* [[Salman Khan]] as Prem Bhopali / Dr. Prem Khurana
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Karishma (Fake Raveena)
* [[Karishma Kapoor]] as Raveena Bajaj (Fake Karishma)
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as Ram Gopal Bajaj / Shyam Gopal Bajaj aka Teja (dual role)
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Crime Master Gogo
* [[Viju Khote]] as Robert
* [[Shehzad Khan]] as Vinod Bhalla
* [[Javed Khan Amrohi]] as Anand Akela
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Inspector Pandey
* [[Harish Patel]] as Sevaram
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Johnny
* [[Deven Verma]] as Murli Manohar
* [[Jagdeep]] as Bankelal Bhopali
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as himself
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as herself

==Production==

=== Development ===
After the success of his debut film ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990), director [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] was approached by producer [[Vinay Kumar Sinha]] for a film. The latter wanted to make a film with [[Aamir Khan]].<ref name="santoshi">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/rajkumar-santoshi-didn-t-know-andaz-apna-apna-would-be-such-a-laugh-riot-507350|title=Rajkumar Santoshi: Didn't know Andaz Apna Apna would be such a laugh riot|publisher=NDTV|date=11 April 2014|access-date=12 April 2014|archive-date=13 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413033237/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/rajkumar-santoshi-didn-t-know-andaz-apna-apna-would-be-such-a-laugh-riot-507350|url-status=live}}</ref> Having made a film on a serious subject, Santoshi wanted to make a comedy film now.<ref name="first">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/from-flop-to-cult-film-the-journey-of-andaz-apna-apna-1477407.html|title=From flop to cult film: The journey of Andaz Apna Apna|last=Chintamani|first=Gautam|publisher=Firstpost|date=12 April 2014|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228190329/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/from-flop-to-cult-film-the-journey-of-andaz-apna-apna-1477407.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was then decided that he would write a story about two warring buddies, the human versions of [[Tom and Jerry]].<ref name="santoshi" /> Santoshi wrote the screenplay with Dilip Shukla, also modelling the characters on ''[[Archie comics]]''.<ref name="rm">{{cite AV media|title=25 Years of Andaz Apna Apna: Rajkumar Santoshi: Rajeev Masand|publisher=Rajeev Masand|work=YouTube|date=12 November 2019|medium=Motion picture|location=India}}</ref> Despite the film feeling impromptu, every scene and dialogue was in the script.<ref name="rm" /> The film was in production for over three years.

=== Casting ===
Santoshi then decided to cast [[Salman Khan]] followed by then relative newcomers Karisma Kapoor and Raveena Tandon as the female leads along with Paresh Rawal in a double role.<ref name="first"/> Santoshi finished the script after the casting.<ref name="tehelka">{{cite news |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2014/04/20-years-of-andaz-apna-apna-the-hittest-funniest-flop-show/ |title=The Hittest Funniest Flop Show |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |work=Tehelka |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=11 January 2016 |archive-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226230118/http://www.tehelka.com/2014/04/20-years-of-andaz-apna-apna-the-hittest-funniest-flop-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also wrote several dialogues on the set which were in his mind and not in the script.<ref name=rm/> [[Amrish Puri]] was supposed to play the role of Mogambo's younger brother, Zorambo. But due to the length of the film, the character was removed.<ref name=rm/> [[Sunny Deol]] was supposed to do a cameo in the film, who was not available at that time. It was done by [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].<ref name=rm/>

Initially, Salman Khan wanted more screen space than the other but later agreed to have the same amount of screen time.<ref name="three">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Andaz-Apna-Apna-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/33131003.cms|title=Andaz Apna Apna: Lesser known facts|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309070539/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Andaz-Apna-Apna-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/33131003.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tinnu Anand]] was offered the role of the villain "Gogo", but could not do it because of date issues.<ref name="tehelka"/> It was eventually played by [[Shakti Kapoor]]. While shooting, Santoshi had to call for a cut as almost the entire crew including the director of photography laughed so hard that it shook the camera.<ref name=rm/> The [[Muhurat shot]] was done by cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref name="three"/> {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz Apna Apna}} took three years in making, which resulted in some [[Continuity (fiction)|continuity]] issues.<ref name="tehelka"/><ref name="three"/> Ishwar Bidri was the director of photography while V. N. Mayekar served as the editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andaz-apna-apna/cast/|title=Andaz Apna Apna Cast & Crew|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 September 1994|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709003150/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andaz-apna-apna/cast/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
[[Aamir Khan]] made a special appearance in the 1993 film ''[[Damini]]'' to promote the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-14 |title=Here Are 5 Aamir Khan Appearances We Bet You Had Totally Forgotten About (Or Perhaps Never Knew) |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/5-aamir-khan-appearances-_n_6868510 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107234909/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/5-aamir-khan-appearances-you-had-totally-forgotten-about-or-per_n_6868510 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Andaz Apna Apna
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Tushar Bhatia
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=y|1994|04|11}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/andaz-apna-apna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/485074458 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074215/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/andaz-apna-apna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/485074458 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2018 |title=Andaz Apna Apna (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:44
| label = [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|ZqZPtnPY8vQ|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The film featured 7 songs composed by Tushar Bhatia with lyrics by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].

Vocals for Salman Khan were performed by his then-frequent collaborator [[SP Balasubrahmanyam]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size=95%"
!#
! Song !! Singer
|-
|1.
| "Ello Ji Sanam Hum Aa Gaye"
| Behroze Chatterjee & Vicky Mehta
|-
|2.
|"Shola Shola Tu Bhadke"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmaniam|S.P Balasubramaniam]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], Behroze Chatterjee &  Debashish Dasgupta
|-
|3.
| "Dil Karta Hai Tere Pass"
| Mangal Singh
|-
|4.
| "Yeh Raat Aur Yeh Doorie"
| [[Asha Bhosle]] & [[S. P Balasubramaniam]]
|-
|5.
| "Do Mastane Chale Zindagi Banane"
| [[S.P Balasubramaniam]] & Debashish Dasgupta
|-
|6.
|"Jaana Tune Jaana Nahin Haila"
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Debashish Dasgupta & [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|7.
|"Bandu Bol Mera Kya Banega"
|Tushar Bhatia
|-
|}

==Reception==
=== Box office ===
The film was commercially unsuccessful at the box-office.<ref name="bo">{{cite news |date=7 July 2014 |title=100 Filmfare Days: 74- Andaz Apna Apna |work=Filmfare |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-74-andaz-apna-apna-6618.html |access-date=11 January 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107234915/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/feedback.php?app_id=301265226619562&channel=https%3A%2F%2Fstaticxx.facebook.com%2Fx%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter%2F%3Fversion%3D46%23cb%3Df239e1d3fb62cb4%26domain%3Dwww.filmfare.com%26is_canvas%3Dfalse%26origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.filmfare.com%252Ff1e73129235d3e4%26relation%3Dparent.parent&container_width=0&height=100&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmfare.com%2Ffeatures%2Fupcoming-korean-dramas-and-movies-to-watch-in-november-2023-bts-yet-to-come-my-demon-and-more-62376.html&locale=en_US&numposts=15&order_by=social&sdk=joey&width=600 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its total domestic gross was {{INR|8.18 crore}}, and its overseas gross was $150,000, bringing its worldwide gross to {{INRConvert|8.653|c|year=1994}}.<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Andaz Apna Apna |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721202805/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3035 |archive-date=21 July 2016 |access-date=21 July 2016 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

The lack of publicity and tough competition from other films of that year were reasons for its business.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Prashant |date=8 March 2014 |title=Andaz Apna Apna didn't get a fair chance: Aamir Khan |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/andaz-apna-apna-didn-t-get-a-fair-chance-aamir-khan/story-Qf5eCpovjACIPEXAJN9k1L.html |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094954/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/andaz-apna-apna-didn-t-get-a-fair-chance-aamir-khan/story-Qf5eCpovjACIPEXAJN9k1L.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Santoshi also attributes the failure to the fact that the film was not released and distributed well due to a new distributor.<ref name="rm" /> All of these films were very strong in their box office presence and {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz Apna Apna}}, belonging to a different genre, could not compete well. It has however, in subsequent years, achieved a [[cult classic]] status among Hindi audiences.<ref name="santoshi" /><ref name="first" />

=== Critical reception ===
While reviewing ''[[Grand Masti]]'' in 2013, critic [[Khalid Mohamed]] described {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz Apna Apna}} in the "collection of excellent comedies" from Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20130927/ARTICLE/309279864/1072|title=In Bad Taste|last=Mohamed|first=Khalid|work=Khaleej Times|date=27 September 2013|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113342/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20130927/ARTICLE/309279864/1072|url-status=live}}</ref> Film critic [[Raja Sen]] called it a "cornball classic" and "one of the greatest comedies in recent times."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/23watch.htm|title=Weekend Watch: Andaz Apna Apna|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=Rediff.com|date=23 December 2005|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205023559/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/23watch.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, comedian [[Aditi Mittal]] wrote: "Writing about {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz Apna Apna}}, I have realized, is like writing about mother's love. Everyone has their own version of how it affects them, what lines they remember the most."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/to-us-our-own/|title=To Us, Our Own|last=Mittal|first=Aditi|work=The Indian Express|date=6 April 2014|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180241/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/to-us-our-own/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was featured in ''[[Filmfare]]'''s 100 Days series.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-74-andaz-apna-apna-6618.html|title=100 Filmfare Days: 74- Andaz Apna Apna|work=Filmfare|date=7 July 2014|access-date=29 November 2020|archive-date=25 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625013601/https://www.filmfare.com/features/100-filmfare-days-74-andaz-apna-apna-6618.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This movie is available on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://youtube.com/YKUcE6Rj0i8?si=A757zJ3_W8Wcn3ac}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Several dialogues from this film like "Teja main hu. Mark Idhar hai", "Crime Master Gogo, Mogambo ka Bhatija", "Do dost ek cup me chai piyenge" etc., are popular.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=11 April 2014 |title=Andaz Apna Apna: 20 hilarious dialogues |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/andaz-apna-apna-20-dialogues-you-cant-forget-188532-2014-04-11 |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113000551/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/andaz-apna-apna-20-dialogues-you-cant-forget/1/355090.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=11 April 2015 |title=Andaz Apna Apna: 20 iconic dialogues from the Salman Khan, Aamir Khan-starrer |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/andaz-apna-apna-20-iconic-dialogues-from-the-salman-khan-aamir-khan-starrer/story-GEw5L7D4kmAKI6xnnsUfRJ.html |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111092318/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/andaz-apna-apna-20-iconic-dialogues-from-the-salman-khan-aamir-khan-starrer/story-GEw5L7D4kmAKI6xnnsUfRJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It went on to be an inspiration for the plot element of the Tamil film ''Ullathai Allitha'', the Telugu film ''Veedevadandi Babu'' and the Kannada film ''Galate Aliyandru''. {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz Apna Apna}} did not have a bound script<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=10 Interesting Facts about Andaz Apna Apna |date=5 November 2014 |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/10-interesting-facts-about-andaz-apna-apna-299289.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530161513/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/10-interesting-facts-about-andaz-apna-apna-299289.html |url-status=live }}</ref> most of the dialogues were improvised by the cast and crew during the shoot of the film. The film was featured in ''[[Filmfare]]'''s 100 Days series.<ref name=":3" /> It was voted as the 2nd best Bollywood comedy film of all time in an online poll conducted by ''[[The Indian Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-19 |title=Surfers pick 'Hera Pheri', 'Andaz Apna Apna' as top Hindi comedy films of all time in Indian Express online poll |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hera-pheri-andaz-apna-apna-as-top-comedy-films-of-all-time-in-indian-express-online-poll/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003045334/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hera-pheri-andaz-apna-apna-as-top-comedy-films-of-all-time-in-indian-express-online-poll/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The plot elements of the film were used in many languages as ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' (1996), ''[[Veedevadandi Babu]]'' (1997), and ''[[Galate Aliyandru]]'' (2000). ''Andaz Naya Naya'' is a Bollywood animated 3D film, an official remake of {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz Apna Apna}}, but it has been shelved for unknown reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan to lend voice for Andaz Naya Naya? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-to-lend-voice-for-andaz-naya-naya/story-4nFnuHcPnw8Rb09jV6EsHM.html |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 May 2012 |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173112/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-to-lend-voice-for-andaz-naya-naya/story-4nFnuHcPnw8Rb09jV6EsHM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Producer Sidharth Jain began to question if the film would do any good at the box office because Indian animated films do not get the good market, so Jain shelved the film after being 35% done.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koimoibollywood.blogspot.sg/2013/08/salman-aamirs-andaz-apna-apnas-animated.html|title=Andaz Naya Naya news|publisher=Koimoi|date=29 August 2013|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017191226/http://koimoibollywood.blogspot.sg/2013/08/salman-aamirs-andaz-apna-apnas-animated.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Robert, the character from the film played by [[Viju Khote]], also makes an appearance in ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'', a 2009 film also directed by Rajkumar Santoshi.

The film was re-released with a new 4K restoration by Vinay Pictures and Prasad Film Labs on 25 April 2025, 31 years after its original release.<ref>{{cite news |title='Andaz Apna Apna' re-release: Salman Khan and Aamir Khan's comedy classic returns to theaters on April 25 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/andaz-apna-apna-re-release-salman-khan-and-aamir-khans-comedy-classic-returns-to-theaters-on-april-25/articleshow/119869870.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2025}}</ref>

==Nominations==

{{Anchor|Awards|Accolades}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
|-
| rowspan=4|[[40th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Best Film Award|Best Film]]
| [[Vinay Kumar Sinha]]
| rowspan="4"{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Best Director Award|Best Director]]
| [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Aamir Khan]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]]
|[[Shakti Kapoor]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0109117}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|andaz_apna_apna}}
{{Rajkumar Santoshi}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1990s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1994 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajkumar Santoshi]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]

Rosemary (poet)

2026-03-15T09:35:36Z

Vilianarij: done

{{Short description|Indian poet and translator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rosemary
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Maria Goretti
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|6|22}}
| birth_place = [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = Indian
| death_place =
| death_date =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Poet, Translator
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Priyan Chacko Ommen
| children = 3<ref>{{cite news |title=ഇരുട്ടിൽ ചില മിന്നാമിന്നികൾ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/malayalam-writer-rosemary-life-in-the-time-of-corona-1.4713583 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml | author=റോസ്‌മേരി | date=24 April 2020 | accessdate=6 May 2023}}</ref>
| parents = K. C. Chacko Rosamma
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]
| influences =
| signature =
}}'''Rosemary''' is a [[Malayalam language]] poet and translator from [[Kerala]], India. She has received many awards including [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] in 2019. Her autobiography, ''Nilaavil Oru Panineerchampa'' was published in 2021.

==Biography==
Rosemary, born Maria Goretti,<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosemary – Samyukta Poetry |url=https://www.samyuktapoetry.com/2021/10/24/rosemary/}}</ref> was born on 22 June 1956, in [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam district]], to K. C. Chacko (Pappachan) and Rosamma.<ref name="keralawomen"/> She changed her name to Rosemary herself because of the difficulty of pronouncing her birth name.<ref name="IE Malayalam">{{cite news |title=സ്നേഹം നിറയ്ക്കുന്ന കൈകൾ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/marakkanavathavar-ashitha-rosemary/ |work=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She completed her school education at Gracie Memorial School, Parathode, and continued her studies at St. Dominic's College, Kanjirapally, Mar Ivanios College, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Chidambaram Annamalai University and Thiruvananthapuram Press Club to secure a Master's Degree in English Literature and a Diploma in Journalism.<ref name="keralawomen"/><ref name="ManoramaOnline">{{cite news |title=മനോരമ ബുക്സ് കവിതമഴയിൽ റോസ് മേരിയുടെ '3 കവിതകൾ' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/manorama-books/2020/06/11/manorama-books-kavimazha-rose-mary.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> She has worked in the editorial department of the [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi daily]] and as a television correspondent for [[India Today]] (Malayalam).<ref name="keralawomen"/>

Rosemary lives in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=":0" />

==Literary career==
Rose Mary, who Poet [[Madhavikkutty|Madhavikutty]] considered as her successor,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-18 |title=റോസ് മേരി, Author at തസറാക് |url=https://thasrak.com/author/rosmery/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=തസറാക് |language=en-US}}</ref> published her first poetry collection, ''Vakkukal Chekkerunnidam'' published in 1996. Although she declares herself to be a [[Feminism|feminist]], she believes her writings do not reflect feminist leanings.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |last1=Shibitha |title=റോസ്‌മേരീ, മാധവിക്കുട്ടി എറിഞ്ഞുതന്ന ആ ചിലങ്കകൾ ആർക്കാണ് കൈമാറാൻ പോവുന്നത്? |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/interviews/malayalam-writer-rosemary-interview-1.4531399 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref> She has been a member of several committees such as the [[Sahitya Akademi]] Advisory Board and the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

==Bibliography ==
===Poetry collection===
*{{cite book |title=Vakkukal Chekkerunnidam |date=1996 |publisher=DC books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788171306855 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Chanju Peyyunna Mazha |date=1998 |publisher=Current Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788124014660 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Venalil Oru Puzha |date=2002 |publisher=Current Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788124013267 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Lajavanthi Ennoruval |date=2019 |publisher=Mathrubhumi Books |isbn=9788182680074 |language=Malayalam}}

===Translations===
*{{cite book |title=Hamelinile Kuzhaloothukaranum Mattu Kathakalum -6 |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala State Bala Sahitya Institute |isbn=9788184942286 |language=Malayalam}} Children's' literature.
*{{cite book |title=Choolam Kuthunna Rakshanum Mattukathakalum - 5 |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala State Bala Sahitya Institute |isbn=9788184942279 |language=Malayalam}} Children's' literature.
*{{cite book |title=Talathirinja Pannikoottam Mattu Kathakalum - 4 |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala State Bala Sahitya Institute |isbn=9788184942262 |language=Malayalam}} Children's' literature.
*{{cite book |title=Uchum Kurukkanum Mattukathakalum - 3 |date=2010 |publisher=Kerala State Bala Sahitya Institute |isbn=9788184942255 |language=Malayalam}} Children's' literature.
*{{cite book |title=Thambaleenayum Mattu Kathakalum-2 |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala State Bala Sahitya Institute |isbn=9788184942248 |language=Malayalam}} Children's' literature.
*{{cite book |title=Chenthoppiyaninja Penkuttyyum Mattu Kathakalum 1 |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala State Bala Sahitya Institute |isbn=9788184942231 |language=Malayalam}} Children's' literature.
*{{cite book |title= Rip Van Winkilum Mattu Kathakalum |date=2012 |publisher=Kerala State Bala Sahitya Institute |isbn= 9788182662131 |language=Malayalam}} Children's' literature.
*''Lokothara BalaKathakal'', Malayalam translation of Children's' literature stories from around the world.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
*''Lokaprasaktha Nadodi Kathakal'', Malayalam translation of famous folk stories from around the world.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
*''Bible Kathakal'', Malayalam translation of stories from holy Bible.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
*''Kahlil Gibran Kavithakal'', Malayalam translation of [[Kahlil Gibran]] poems.<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
* She has translated [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]'s biography into Malayalam.<ref name="MDN">{{cite news |last1=Manohar |first1=Thomas |title=റോസ് മേരി - കവിതയുടെ സൗഹൃദ മുദ്ര |url=https://www.malayalamdailynews.com/?p=114709 |work=Malayalam Daily News |date=23 September 2014 |language=ml-IN |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202154639/https://www.malayalamdailynews.com/?p=114709 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Memoirs===
*{{cite book |title=Vrichikakaattu Veeshumbol |date=2020 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |location=[[Kottayam]] |isbn=9788124013960 |edition=4 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Jalakakkazhcha |date=2020 |publisher=Pusthaka Prasadhaka Sangham |isbn=9780000131072 |language=Malayalam}}
*''IvideInganeyum Oral''<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>
*''Chempaka Ennoru Pappathi''<ref name="ManoramaOnline"/>

===Autobiography===
*{{cite book |title=Nilaavil Oru Panineerchampa |date=2021 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi Books]] |isbn=9789390574759 |language=Malayalam}}

==Awards and honors==
Rosemary received 4th Esenin Award by Esenin Museum, Moscow, the Foundation Russkiy Mir and Russian Cultural Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, in 2012, for introducing many Russian works to Malayalam language.<ref name="keralawomen"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-18 |title=Esenin award given away to writer Rosemary |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/esenin-award-given-away-to-writer-rosemary/article4212881.ece |access-date=2022-04-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2019, She received [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=എസ് ഹരീഷ്, സന്ദീപാനന്ദ ഗിരി, ബോബി ജോസ് കട്ടിക്കാട് എന്നിവർക്ക് സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/photogallery/kerala/ssahitya-akademi-award-for-s-harish-sandeepananda-giri-and-bobby-jose-kattikkad-aa-348357.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=News18 Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She is also a recipient of SBT Poetry Award, [[Muthukulam Parvathy Amma Award]] and Lalithambika Antharjanam Young Writer Award.<ref name="keralawomen">{{cite web |title=റോസ് മേരി |url=https://www.keralawomen.gov.in/ml/node/738 |website=Kerala Women |publisher=Department of Women and Child Development, Kerala state |language=ml |date=26 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Rosemary – Samyukta Poetry |url=https://www.samyuktapoetry.com/2021/10/24/rosemary/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |language=en-US}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Dalda

2026-03-13T20:11:06Z

Vilianarij: fix

{{short description|Vegetable ghee popular in South Asia}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{for|the peptide|DALDA}}
[[File:Dalda_Vegetable_Ghee.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dalda vegetable ghee]]

'''Dalda''' is a [[vegetable oil]] ([[Fat hydrogenation|hydrogenated]] vegetable cooking oil) brand popular in [[South Asia]] (specifically in the [[Indian region]]).

== History ==
Dalda (formerly Dada) was the name of the Dutch company that imported vanaspati ghee into India in the 1930s as a cheap substitute for [[Ghee|desi ghee]] or clarified butter. In [[British India]], desi ghee was considered an expensive product and not easily affordable for the common public and was used sparingly in Indian households, hence the need for a cheaper and more affordable substitute.<ref name=BS/><ref name=Dawn/>

In 1931, ''Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Company'' was incorporated to manufacture synthetic ''vanaspati ghee.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-10 |title=Seven years after delisting, Unilever Pakistan is investing heavily in growth |url=https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/01/10/seven-years-after-delisting-unilever-pakistan-is-investing-heavily-in-growth/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Profit by Pakistan Today |language=en-US |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321150043/https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/01/10/seven-years-after-delisting-unilever-pakistan-is-investing-heavily-in-growth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the early 1930s, [[hydrogenated vegetable oil]] available in [[India]] was imported into the country by Hussein Dada and Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Co (now called [[Hindustan Unilever Limited]] and [[Unilever Pakistan]]).<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|title=Dalda grabs Tullo in edible oil business|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/283163/dalda-grabs-tullo-in-edible-oil-business|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|author=Dilawar Hussain|date=5 January 2008|accessdate=20 September 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212845/https://www.dawn.com/news/283163/dalda-grabs-tullo-in-edible-oil-business|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BS/> Hindustan Vanaspati wanted to start manufacturing hydrogenated vegetable oil locally and hence a new category of hydrogenated oil under the new brand name Dalda was born. Until then, Hussein Dada had been selling his imported product under the name Dada Vanaspati. He was asked for his cooperation by Lever Brothers to let the company insert the letter 'L' from Lever Brothers into the new brand name to make it Dalda. He agreed to the name change. Dalda was introduced in 1937, becoming one of the longest-running brands in India and Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=BS>{{cite news|title=40 years ago...And now: How Dalda built, and lost, its monopoly (Dalda was established in an advertising blitzkrieg but later ran into trouble)|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/40-years-ago-and-now-how-dalda-built-and-lost-its-monopoly-115030501153_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard (newspaper)|author=Viveat Susan Pinto|date=5 March 2015|accessdate=20 September 2021|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045613/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/40-years-ago-and-now-how-dalda-built-and-lost-its-monopoly-115030501153_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1939, The Dalda film was an advertisement created for the marketing campaign for a [[vanaspati]] (cooking fat) brand called Dalda. Lintas created the India's first multi-media advertising campaign.<ref name="discover">{{cite web |title=Pitata's Discover Q&A for Kids: 'How Did Advertising Start in India?' |url=http://www.pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=104&page=2 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2006-08-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021020705/http://www.pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=104&page=2 |archivedate=2006-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinto |first=Viveat Susan |date=2015-03-05 |title=40 years ago...And now: How Dalda built, and lost, its monopoly |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/40-years-ago-and-now-how-dalda-built-and-lost-its-monopoly-115030501153_1.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410045613/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/40-years-ago-and-now-how-dalda-built-and-lost-its-monopoly-115030501153_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindustan Vanaspati's "Dalda" product came to be synonymous with the genre, to the extent that the main style of hydrogenated vegetable oil is commonly designated generically as "[[Vanaspati#Hydrogenated vegetable oil|vanaspati ghee]]".<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=BS/> In 2003, Unilever announced the [[Strategy|strategic decision]] to sell off the Dalda brand in both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" />

== In India ==
In 2003, [[Bunge Limited]] acquired the Dalda brand from [[Hindustan Unilever Limited]] for reportedly under Rs. 100 crore.<ref name="BS" /><ref name="India Dalda Brand Acquisition2">{{cite web |date=17 January 2014 |title=India-Dalda Brand Acquisition2 |url=http://dalda.co.in/our_story.html#growing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610081720/http://dalda.co.in/our_story.html#growing |archive-date=10 June 2016 |website=dalda.co.in |accessdate=20 September 2021}}</ref> Then Bunge made Dalda an umbrella brand ([[Positioning (marketing)|brand repositioning]]) and started selling different types of refined oils (soyabean, sunflower, Palmolive, etc) based on geography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-06 |title=Dalda: The rise, fall, and revival of The Vanaspati ghee |url=https://thestrategystory.com/2021/02/06/dalda-vanaspati-ghee-company/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The Strategy Story |language=en-US |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124102312/https://thestrategystory.com/2021/02/06/dalda-vanaspati-ghee-company/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In Pakistan ==
On 30 March 2004, [[Unilever Pakistan]] accepted an offer of Rs.133 crores for the sale of its Dalda brand and related business of edible oils and fats to the newly incorporated company, Dalda Foods (Pvt.) Limited. This was a one-of-a-kind corporate transaction in Pakistan, in which a group of six senior Unilever executives formed a management group and successfully purchased the Dalda business from Unilever Pakistan. This was achieved under the banner of the newly formed company Dalda Foods (Pvt.) Limited with the support of key financial institutions and Pakistan's biggest edible oil importer Westbury Group.<ref name=Dawn/> In 2017, Dalda Foods was getting ready to get on the [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/03/dalda-foods-set-to-get-listed-on-stock-exchange/|title=Dalda Foods set to get listed on stock exchange|author=Mohammad Farooq|newspaper=Pakistan Today (newspaper)|date=3 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213842/https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/03/dalda-foods-set-to-get-listed-on-stock-exchange/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2017/12/20171209325505/ Equity market: three IPOs fetched Rs 8.6 billion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920230711/https://fp.brecorder.com/2017/12/20171209325505/ |date=20 September 2021 }} Business Recorder (newspaper), Published 9 December 2017, Retrieved 20 December 2021</ref>

==See also==
* [[Harvey Duncan Dalda film]]
* [[Margarine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://daldafoods.com/ Dalda foods website]
* [http://dalda.co.in/#&panel1-1 Dalda India]
* [https://www.daldafoods.com/ Dalda Foods Pakistan]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Cooking oils]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Food and drink in India]]
[[Category:Pakistani brands]]
[[Category:Vegetable oils]]

Kaun Pravin Tambe?

2026-03-11T08:16:07Z

Vilianarij:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Hindi filme}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaun Pravin Tambe?
| image = Kuan Pravin Tambe? Poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Jayprad Desai]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Shital Bhatia]]|Sudip Tewari}}
| writer = Kiran Yadnyopavit
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shreyas Talpade]]|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Anjali Patil]]}}
| music = Sai-Piyush
| cinematography = Sudheer Palsane
| editing = Ghorakshnath Khande
| studio = {{ubl|[[Fox Star Studios]]|[[Friday Filmworks]]|Bootroom Sports}}
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|04|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kaun Pravin Tambe? ''''' ({{translation|Who is Pravin Tambe?}}) is a [[List of Hindi films of 2022|2022]] Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[biographical film|biographical]] [[sports drama]] film directed by [[Jayprad Desai]]. It is based on the life of Indian cricketer [[Pravin Tambe]]. The film stars [[Shreyas Talpade]] and premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 1 April 2022.<ref name="Release">{{cite web |title=Pravin Tambe biopic starring Shreyas Talpade to release on Disney+ Hotstar |website=The Hindu |date=8 March 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pravin-tambe-biopic-starring-shreyas-talpade-to-release-on-disney-hotstar/article65203985.ece |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

This was the last film to be released under the Fox Star Studios name before being rebranded to Star Studios on 27 May 2022.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as [[Pravin Tambe]]
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Vidyadhar (Vidya) Paradkar, Coach of Orient Shipping Associates
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Rajat Sanyal, a sports journalist from Pioneer News Media Networks Pvt Ltd. & Author
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Vaishali Tambe, Pravin's wife
* Shekar Betkar as Bandu
* Aditi Patil as Deepa Tambe
* Nyshita Bajaj as Pari Tambe
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Jyoti Tambe, Pravin's mother
* [[Arun Nalawade]] as Vijay Tambe, Pravin's father
* Nitin Rao as [[Abey Kuruvilla]]
* Chirag Trivedi as [[Rahul Dravid]]
* Prasad Oak as Vijay Patil
* Ajinkya Date as Jatin
* Gaurav Kamble as Shyam
* Asif Ali as Journalist Kishore
* Vedant Mishra as Vikas
* Ankur Dabas as Ajay Kadam (Captain of Orient Shipping Associates)
* Jagdish Chavan as Jagdish
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Anurag Saikia]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Khamakha
| length1 = 2:46
| lyrics1 = Shakeel Azmi
| music1 = [[Anurag Saikia]]
| extra1 = [[Vivek Hariharan]], [[Anurag Saikia]]
| total_length = 2:46
}}

== Release ==
The film premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 1 April 2022, in Hindi also dubbed in Tamil as ''Yaar Pravin Tambe?'' and Telugu as ''Pravin Tambe Evaru?''.<ref name="India Today 2022">{{cite web |title=Latest News, Breaking News Today - Bollywood, Cricket, Business, Politics - IndiaToday |website=India Today |date=10 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-news-breaking-news-today-bollywood-cricket-business-politics |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Director Jayprad Desai has given us a pulsating human drama in the guise of a sports biopic".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaun Pravin Tambe Movie Review |url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/kaun-pravin-tambe-movie-review-52988.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Unless you are venturing into the sports biopic genre with 'Kaun Pravin Tambe?'—let's be honest here—it will not leave you stupefied."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kaun Pravin Tambe? Review: Shreyas Talpade's sports saga is sincere but sluggish |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/kaun-pravin-tambe/ottmoviereview/90558613.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "It pieces together a fascinating life story that is much more about dour tenacity than about flashy achievements and staggering statistics".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaun Pravin Tambe? Review: Sports Biopic Is Both Entertaining And Engaging |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kaun-pravin-tambe-review-shreyas-talpade-is-fabulous-as-the-titular-medium-pacer-2856340/amp/1 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''Firstpost'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Few Indian actors are as qualified to take on Pravin Tambe's biopic as the Hindi-Marathi star Shreyas Talpade who first attracted the national spotlight playing a deaf-mute cricketer in Nagesh Kukunoor's 2005 film [[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaun Pravin Tambe? movie review: Engaging cricket drama based on an inspiring true story |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaun-pravin-tambe-movie-review-engaging-cricket-drama-based-on-an-inspiring-true-story-10507331.html/amp |website=Firstpost |date=April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Rohan Naahar of ''[[Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Shreyas Talpade delivers an earnest performance in Hotstar's unmemorable cricket biopic, which feels like reading a dozen editions of the Wisden almanac back-to-back".<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaun Pravin Tambe movie review: Hotstar biopic drops the ball despite a fine knock by Shreyas Talpade |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaun-pravin-tambe-movie-review-shreyas-talpade-hotstar-film-7845912/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|18568902}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaun Pravin Tambe}}
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of cricketers]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]

Suhani Pittie

2026-03-10T01:48:41Z

Vilianarij:

{{Short description|Indian jewelry designer}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suhani Pittie
| image = Suhani Pittie at Lakme Fashion Week.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|04|14}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Gemological Institute of America]], USA
| occupation = Gemologist and Jewellery Designer
| years_active = 1998–present
| relatives = [[Anamika Khanna]]
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Grunge Begum (2010), Urban Folk (2011), Child of Eden (2012), Dances of Earth (2013),<ref name="blouinartinfo">{{cite web
|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HSmZeSBgZQ9hjIK2R6FdjO/First-Person--Grunge-begum.html
|title=First Person Grunge 'begum'
|date= 23 March 2013
|publisher=[[Livemint]]
|website=
|access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes" /> Nowhere People (2016)<ref name="femina">{{cite web
|url=http://www.femina.in/fashion/fashion-news/suhani-pitties-moving-tribute-at-lfw-19315.html
|title=Jewellery designer Suhani Pittie's moving tribute
|author= Aditi Rao
|date= 27 August 2016
|publisher=[[The Times of India]]
|website=[[Femina (India)|Femina]]
|access-date=25 April 2017}}
</ref><ref name="fft">{{cite web
|url=http://www.fashionforwardtrends.com/trends/suhani-pittie-strikes-emotional-chord-nowhere-people/
|title=Suhani Pittie Strikes an Emotional Chord with 'Nowhere People'
|author= Anjori Grover Vasesi
|date= 27 August 2016
|publisher=
|website=FFT, Fashion Forward Trends
|access-date=25 April 2017}}
</ref><ref name="mint">{{cite web
|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/WgvsdZ6Wd1rMfX5f7OJZpJ/This-was-my-toughest-show-Suhani-Pittie.html
|title=This was my toughest show: Suhani Pittie
|author= Vangmayi Parakala
|date= 15 September 2016
|publisher=
|website=[[LiveMint]]
|access-date=25 April 2017}}
</ref>
| style =
| television = 
|website=
}}

'''Suhani Pittie''' (born 14 April 1981) is an Indian jewellery designer based in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/jul/20/jewellery-designer-suhani-pittie-thanks-her-patrons-2006787.html|title=Jewellery designer Suhani Pittie thanks her patrons|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref> She launched her own jewellery label, Suhani Pittie label in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/designers/2019/jul/20/suhani-pittie-and-her-artisans-show-us-how-their-statement-pieces-are-made-from-scratch-16705.html|title=Suhani Pittie and her artisans show us how their statement pieces are made from scratch|website=www.indulgexpress.com|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/designers/2019/jul/26/suhani-pitties-brand-new-destination-wedding-collection-is-an-ode-to-indian-brides-who-love-decking-16903.html|title=Suhani Pittie's brand new destination wedding collection is an ode to Indian brides who love decking up their hair mogra on their D-day|website=www.indulgexpress.com|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref> The [[World Gold Council]] has enlisted Pittie as one of the top 10 most inventive and ingenious jewellery designers in the world.<ref name="wgc">{{cite web
|url=http://www.gold.org/jewellery/about_gold_jewellery/great-designers/archive/suhani_pittie/
|title=Suhani Pittie
|website=gold.org
|publisher=[[World Gold Council]]
|access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in [[Calcutta, India]] to a traditional business family, Suhani studied gemology at the Gemological Institute of America in [[Carlsbad, California|Carlsbad]], USA. One of three sisters, she is the youngest.<ref name="highheelconfidential">{{cite web
|url=http://www.highheelconfidential.com/an-interview-suhani-pittie/
|title=An Interview: Suhani Pittie
|last1=Payal
|first1=Priyanka
|date=23 January 2008
|publisher=High Heel Confidential
|website=highheelconfidential.com
|access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> At age 20, Suhani established her own training institute, teaching grading of diamonds and coloured stones.<ref name="bcouncil" /> Her work earned her the ''SinGem Award for Excellence'' in the field of gemology.<ref name="fdci">{{cite web
|url=http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=580649375
|title=Accessory Designer Members: Suhani Pittie (Accessory Designer)
|date=23 January 2008
|publisher=[[Fashion Design Council of India]]
|website=fdci.org
|access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/beyond-a-striking-new-festive-line-dakshinam-suhani-pittie-is-working-towards-expanding-her-portfolio/article19833694.ece|title='I've always been a rebel'|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2017-10-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2004, Suhani move to Hyderabad, participated in the exhibitions, where her collection was ordered by the fashion stores of India.<ref name="mint2003">{{cite web
|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HSmZeSBgZQ9hjIK2R6FdjO/First-Person--Grunge-begum.html
|title=First Person | Grunge 'begum'
|last1=Pittie
|first1=Suhani
|date=23 March 2013
|publisher=HT Media
|website=[[Livemint.com]]
|access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="navhindtimes">{{cite web
|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/zest/suhani-pittie-mixing-mediums-creatively
|title=Suhani Pittie: Mixing Mediums Creatively
|author= Meher Castelino
|date=28 July 2012
|publisher= [[Navhind Times]]
|website=
|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="economictimes">{{cite web
|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-11/news/42942309_1_costume-jewellery-imitation-jewellery-gjf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014212559/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-11/news/42942309_1_costume-jewellery-imitation-jewellery-gjf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 October 2013
|title=Costume jewellery clocked 20–30% growth in FY14
|author= Sutanuka Ghosal & Anuradha Himatsingka
|date=11 October 2013
|publisher= Bennett, Coleman & Co.
|website= [[The Economic Times]]
|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> She was the first Indian jewellery designer to be selected to showcase at the [[Miami Fashion Week]]; subsequently she received an order from the [[Museum of Arts and Design]], New York.<ref name="intoday">{{cite web
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20070326-suhani-pittie-first-indian-accessory-designer-invited-to-miami-748924-2007-03-25
|title=A Real Gem. Designer Suhani Pittie to be invited to Miami Fashion Week
|author= Kimi Dangor
|date=26 March 2007
|publisher=[[India Today]]
|website=
|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/02/15/stories/2009021550230700.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203143/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/02/15/stories/2009021550230700.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 October 2013
|title=Crafting dreams in silver
|author= Ajuli Dasgupta
|date=15 February 2009
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> Her design collections were also shown at the [[India Fashion Week]], [[Lakme Fashion Week]] and other shows.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web
|url=http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1530005.ece
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192425/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1530005.ece
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 October 2013
|title=Suhani Pittie's tribal tales
|author= Ayesha Singh
|date=7 April 2013
|publisher= [[The New Indian Express]]
|website=
|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> Her jewellery has been worn by many celebrities. Actress [[Sonam Kapoor]] has been regularly seen wearing her work at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] from 2013.<ref name="mumbaiboss">{{cite web
|url=http://mumbaiboss.com/2013/05/16/fashion-look-book-sonam-kapoor-and-vidya-balan-at-cannes/
|title=Fashion Look Book: Sonam Kapoor and Vidya Balan At Cannes
|author= editorial
|date=16 May 2013
|publisher= Kaisar Media
|website= Mumbai Boss
|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="bollywoodlife">{{cite web
|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/sonam-kapoor-wears-a-saree-at-the-66th-cannes-international-film-festival/
|title=Sonam Kapoor wears a saree at the 66th Cannes International Film Festival
|author= Deboshree Ghosh
|date=15 May 2013
|publisher= India.com
|website= Bollywoodlife.com
|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/sonam-kapoor-cannes-film-festival-jewellery-designer-5-years-suhani-pittie-fashion-325834-2016-05-27|title=This designer has been nailing Sonam's Cannes jewellery for the past 5 years|date=May 30, 2016 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-cannes-2017-sonam-kapoor-becomes-golden-bae-on-day-2-red-carpet-2447924|title=Cannes 2017: Sonam Kapoor becomes golden bae on Day 2 red carpet!|last=Sharma|first=Rucha|date=2017-05-23|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>

In 2009 Suhani was short-listed for the ''Young Fashion Entrepreneur Award'' held by the [[British Council]].<ref name="bcouncil">{{cite web
|url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/hy/india-arts-iyfe_2009.doc
|title=Young Fashion Entrepreneur Award 2009: the list of winners and finalists
|date=21 November 2009
|publisher=[[British Council]]
|website=britishcouncil.org
|access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref> As a finalist she showcased her collections to [[Prince Charles]], [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall]], [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Edward]] and [[Gaj Singh]] at the [[Balsamand Lake|Balsamand Lake Palace]] in [[Jodhpur]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2011 the [[Indian Express]] daily newspaper invited her as a speaker at the prestigious [[World Crafts Council]] in New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 2017, N4M Reviews, adjudged Suhani as No 1 among the Top Most Famous and Best Jewellery Designers In India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news4masses.com|title=Top Most Famous and Best Jewellery Designers In India, N4M Survey|date=2017-09-15|website=N4M (news4masses)|language=en-US|access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref> In an exclusive interview to N4M, she cited how she heated an old piece of silver, drilled a hole in it, bent it into an offbeat shape and made it into a necklace. This was the first piece she made and claimed to her credit.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Suhani was also selected to co-operate with veteran artist [[Thota Vaikuntam]] to convert his miniature paintings into jewellery. She worked with fashion designer [[Anamika Khanna]] as the designer for accessories. [[Swarovski]] commissioned her to create exclusive designs for them, as a part of their 10th Anniversary celebrations in India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The [[Femina (India)|Femina magazine]] named Suhani as one of the "35 most powerful women in India, under 35". The [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune magazine]] included her in the list of 5 people to watch out for in India.. She was also enlisted as one of the youngest Youth Icons of Andhra Pradesh by Passionate Foundation. The American travel and lifestyle channel [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] chose to feature her work and invited as a co-host with [[Lisa Ray]] for their Oh My Gold show (the Hyderabad episode).{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Suhani is also a columnist of [[Deccan Chronicle]] and [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]], she writes on fashion and jewellery.<ref name="hindu" /> The ace designer made it to the top six finalists at the Satya Brahma founded Indian Affairs [[India Leadership Conclave]] 2016 edition annual awards in the category of Indian Affairs Jewellery Designer of Innovations Creativity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilc2016.in/indian-affairs-jewellery-designer-of-innovations-creativity-2016/|title=Indian Affairs Jewellery Designer of Innovations Creativity 2016|date=2016-04-21|website=India Leadership Conclave 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-03}}</ref> She is also a member of [[Fashion Design Council of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fdci.org/members/profile/580649375.html|title=Members|website=www.fdci.org|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>

==Suhani Pittie label==

Suhani Pittie is known for contemporary jewellery and comments on her collections:<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/special-report/suhani-pittie-be-unconventional/articleshow/5989839.cms
|title=Suhani Pittie: Be unconventional
|author= ET Bureau
|date=30 May 2010
|publisher=
|website=[[Indiatimes.com]]
|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>

"My first collection, ''Grunge Begum'' was a story of the Nizam (of Hyderabad). There were copper coins and beryls and the whole regal perspective to it. Move next to ''Free Religion'', it was truly free spirited like the gypsies and the jatra dancers who meander and move with their surroundings and become one with it. There was copper, steel, cheed (beads). It was very free spirited much like their culture. ''Urban folk'' was an urban kaleidoscope. It reflected the much modern perspectives in relation to the very earthy Rajasthani culture. ''Child of Eden'', was about going back in time where you were in love with everything. But that too is expressed in the form of an Indian garden. There are peacocks and swans. My latest collection, ''Dances with the Earth'' is a collection inspired by the raw ancient beauty that celebrates a particular form of paganism seen amongst tribes of centuries gone by. Using copper, one of the first metals used by humans, this collection is dedicated to the spirit of the tribals living in tune with Nature. I am very one with what I see around me. It influences me."

The Suhani Pittie label retails from stores across India and abroad, including its flagship store at Hyderabad and online store.<ref name="highheelconfidential" /><ref name="navhindtimes" />

== Awards ==

* 2012: ''Young Women Achievers'' award by the [[FICCI]] Ladies Organisation<ref name="ficciflo">{{cite web|url=http://www.ficciflo.com/events/yfhc/1213/31oct.html|title=Interactive Session with Young Women Achievers By Ms. Vasuki Sunkavalli & Ms. Suhani Pittie|date=31 October 2012|website=[[FICCI]]|publisher=Young FICCI Ladies Organization|access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
* ''2012: Audi Ritz Icon'' award by [[Audi]] and [[Ritz Magazine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.suhanipittie.com Official Site]
* [http://www.facebook.com/suhanipittie Facebook Page]
* [https://twitter.com/SuhaniPittie Twitter Page]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pittie, Suhani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian jewellery designers]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]

2000 Asia Cup

2026-03-07T04:57:25Z

Vilianarij: add references per standard format

{{Short description|Cricket tournament in Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2000 Asia Cup
| image = Pepsi Asia Cup 2000 logo.png
| caption =
| fromdate = 29 May
| todate = 7 June 2000
| administrator = [[Asian Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Knockout]]
| host = Bangladesh
| champions = {{cr|PAK}}
| runner up = {{cr|SL}}
| count = 1
| participants = 4
| matches = 7
| attendance =
| player of the series = {{cricon|PAK}} [[Yousuf Youhana]]
| most runs = {{cricon|PAK}} [[Yousuf Youhana]] (295)
| most wickets = {{cricon|PAK}} [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]] (8)
| previous_year = 1997
| previous_tournament = 1997 Asia Cup
| next_year = 2004
| next_tournament = 2004 Asia Cup
}}

'''2000 Asia Cup''' (as called '''Pepsi Asia Cup''') was the seventh edition of the [[Asia Cup]] for [[cricket]], which was held in [[Bangladesh]] between 29 May – 7 June 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61152.html|title=Asia Cup: No problem in selecting the probables|first=AC|last=Ganesh|date=3 May 2000|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> [[Indian cricket team|India]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]], and [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] took part in the tournament. Pakistan won their first ever Asia cup beating Sri Lanka by 39 runs in the final. All the games were played at [[Dhaka|Dhaka's]] [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]]. [[Yousuf Youhana]] was declared the Man of the Series.

== Tournament structure ==

Each side played each other once in the group stages. The top 2 teams based on points at the end of the group stages met each other in a one-off final. Each win yielded 2 points while a tie/no result yielded 1 point. The tournament was the first edition of Asia Cup to feature coloured player clothing and to be played with a white ball.

==Venue==
7 matches were played at [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; margin:auto"
!City!!Venue!!Capacity!!Matches
|-
| [[Dhaka]], [[Dhaka Division]] || [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]] || 36,000 || 7
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Location map+|Bangladesh|width=300|float=center|caption=|places=
{{Location map~|Bangladesh|lat_deg=23|lat_min=43|lon_deg=90|lon_min=24|position=left|background=|label=[[Dhaka]]}}
}}
|}

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:auto; margin:auto"
|-
! {{cr|BAN}}
! {{cr|IND}}
! {{cr|PAK}}
! {{cr|SRI}}
|-
| [[Aminul Islam (cricketer, born 1968)|Aminul Islam]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
| [[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
| [[Moin Khan]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) & ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
| [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Javed Omar]]
| [[Rahul Dravid]]
| [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]
| [[Marvan Atapattu]]
|-
| [[Shahriar Hossain]]
| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| [[Yousuf Youhana]]
| [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
|-
| [[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]]
| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
| [[Saeed Anwar]]
| [[Aravinda De Silva]]
|-
| [[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]]
| [[Ajay Jadeja]]
| [[Imran Nazir (cricketer)|Imran Nazir]]
| [[Russel Arnold]]
|-
| [[Habibul Bashar]]
| [[Hemang Badani]]
| [[Shahid Afridi]]
| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
|-
| [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]]
| [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]]
| [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]]
| [[Indika De Saram]]
|-
| [[Khaled Mahmud]]
| [[Ajit Agarkar]]
| [[Shoaib Malik]]
| [[Romesh Kaluwitharana]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Khaled Mashud]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
| [[Anil Kumble]]
| [[Wasim Akram]]
| [[Upul Chandana]]
|-
| [[Naimur Rahman]]
| [[Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran|Thiru Kumaran]]
| [[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer)|Mohammad Wasim]]
| [[Chaminda Vaas]]
|-
| [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]]
| [[Amit Bhandari]]
| [[Mohammad Akram (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammad Akram]]
| [[Nuwan Zoysa]]
|-
| [[Hasibul Hossain]]
| [[Nayan Mongia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
| [[Azhar Mahmood]]
| [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
|-
| [[Shafiuddin Ahmed]]
| [[Nikhil Chopra]]
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (cricketer)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| [[Sajeewa de Silva]]
|-
| [[Mushfiqur Rahman]]
| [[Sunil Joshi]]
| [[Arshad Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
| [[Kaushalya Weeraratne]]
|}

==Group stage table==

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|show_tie=no
|source= [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2000-61067/points-table-standings ESPN Cricinfo]
|update=complete

|team_order=PAK, SRI, IND, BAN

|win_BAN=0 |loss_BAN=3 |tie_BAN=0 |nr_BAN=0 |nrr_BAN=-2.800
|win_IND=1 |loss_IND=2 |tie_IND=0
|nr_IND=0 |nrr_IND=-0.416
|win_PAK=3 |loss_PAK=0 |tie_PAK=0 |nr_PAK=0 |nrr_PAK=1.920
|win_SRI=2 |loss_SRI=1 |tie_SRI=0
|nr_SRI=0 |nrr_SRI=1.077

|name_BAN={{cr|BAN}}|status_BAN=H
|name_IND={{cr|IND}}
|name_PAK={{cr|PAK}}
|name_SRI={{cr|SRI}}

|result1=Q |result2=Q
|result3=E |result4=E
|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1
|text_Q=Advanced to the [[#Final|Final]]
|col_E=#fcc
|text_E=Eliminated
|winpoints=2|drawpoints=1|tiepoints=1
}}

==Match summary==

{{Limited overs international
| date = 29 May 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 175/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 178/1 (30.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Javed Omar]] 85[[not out|*]] (146)
| wickets1 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 2/28 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aravinda de Silva]] 96 (93)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]] 1/42 (10 overs)
| result= Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Kaushalya Weeraratne]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65699/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-1st-match-asia-cup-2000/ (Scorecard)]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind) and [[Saleem Badar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Aravinda de Silva]] (SL)
}}
----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 30 May 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 249/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]] 64 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Thiru Kumaran]] 3/54 (9 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score2 = 252/2 (40.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Saurav Ganguly]] 135* (124)
| wickets2 = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] 1/28 (5 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Mushfiqur Rahman]] (Ban) and [[Hemang Badani]] (Ind) both made their ODI debuts.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65700/bangladesh-vs-india-2nd-match-asia-cup-2000/ (Scorecard)]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[B. C. Cooray]] (SL) and [[Mohammad Nazir]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Saurav Ganguly]] (Ind)
}}
----
{{Limited overs international
| date= 1 June 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 276/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] 105 (116)
| wickets1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 2/44 (8 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score2 = 205 (45 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 93 (95)
| wickets2 = [[Kaushalya Weeraratne]] 3/46 (9 overs)
| result= Sri Lanka won by 71 runs
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65701/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-match-asia-cup-2000/ (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Saleem Badar]] (Pak) and [[Mohammad Nazir]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (SL)
}}
----
{{Limited overs international
| date = 2 June 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 320/3 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Imran Nazir (cricketer)|Imran Nazir]] 80 (76)
| wickets1 = [[Naimur Rahman]] 1/41 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score2 = 87 (34.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Habibul Bashar]] 23 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] 3/5 (4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 233 runs
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65702/bangladesh-vs-pakistan-4th-match-asia-cup-2000/ (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan|S Venkataraghavan]] (Ind) and [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Imran Nazir (cricketer)|Imran Nazir]] (Pak)
| notes = Bangladesh's 87 was the [[List of Asia Cup cricket records|lowest total in Asia Cup tournaments]] by any team until Sri Lanka's 50 in [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sportstar |first1=Team |title=IND vs SL: Sri Lanka 50 all out, records lowest Asia Cup total in final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/sri-lanka-50-all-out-asia-cup-2023-ind-vs-sl-lowest-team-scores-records-siraj-six-wickets/article67318262.ece |access-date=17 September 2023 |work=Sportstar |date=17 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs international
| date= 3 June 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 295/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yousuf Youhana]] 100 (112)
| wickets1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 3/43 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score2 = 251 (47.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajay Jadeja]] 93 (103)
| wickets2 = [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result= Pakistan won by 44 runs
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat
| notes = [[Amit Bhandari]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
*''[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] and [[Ajay Jadeja]] (Ind) both played their last international match.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/photos/mohammad-azharuddin-ajay-jadeja-made-their-last-appearance-for-india-516191|title=Mohammad Azharuddin, Ajay Jadeja make their last appearance for India|date=2 September 2016|access-date=3 June 2018|work=Cricket Country|archive-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102002729/http://www.cricketcountry.com/photos/mohammad-azharuddin-ajay-jadeja-made-their-last-appearance-for-india-516191|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65703/india-vs-pakistan-5th-match-asia-cup-2000/ Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[B. C. Cooray]] (SL) and [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Yousuf Youhana]] (Pak)
}}
----
{{Limited overs international
| date= 5 June 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 192 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 62 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Azhar Mahmood]] 3/24 (8 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score2 = 193/3 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yousuf Youhana]] 90 (130)
| wickets2 = [[Sajeewa de Silva]] 2/34 (6 overs)
| result= Pakistan won by 7 wickets
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8532/scorecard/65704/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-6th-match-asia-cup-2000/ Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]] (Ind) and [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Yousuf Youhana]] (Pak)
}}

==Final==
{{Limited overs international
| date= 7 June 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 277/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saeed Anwar]] 82 (115)
| wickets1 = [[Nuwan Zoysa]] 2/44 (8 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score2 = 238 (45.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 100 (124)
| wickets2 = [[Arshad Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Arshad Khan]] 2/42 (10 overs)
| result= Pakistan won by 39 runs
| report = [http://usa.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/OD_TOURNEYS/ASIA/SCORECARDS/PAK_SL_ASIA_ODI-FINAL_07JUN2000.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Shyam Bansal]] (Ind) and [[Arani Jayaprakash]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Moin Khan]] (Pak)
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Runs
![[Batting average (cricket)|Average]]
!SR
!HS
!100
!50
!4s
!6s
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Yousuf Youhana]]
|4
|4
|'''295'''
|147.50
|73.75
|100*
|1
|2
|23
|4
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|SL}} [[Marvan Atapattu]]
|4
|4
|'''245'''
|81.66
|72.27
|100
|1
|1
|18
|1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|SL}} [[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
|4
|4
|'''183'''
|45.75
|87.55
|105
|1
|0
|23
|0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]
|4
|4
|'''175'''
|87.50
|109.37
|75*
|0
|2
|16
|3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourav Ganguly]]
|3
|3
|'''156'''
|78.00
|92.85
|135*
|1
|0
|9
|7
|-
! colspan="11" |Source: ''Cricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Cup, 2000 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=808&type=tournament|access-date=2021-11-06|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Player
!Matches
!Innings
!Wickets
!Overs
!Econ.
!Ave.
!BBI
!S/R
!4WI
!5WI
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]]
|3
|3
|'''8'''
|19.2
|3.82
|9.25
|4/29
|14.5
|1
|0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Azhar Mahmood]]
|4
|4
|'''5'''
|30
|3.53
|21.20
|3/24
|36.0
|0
|0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajit Agarkar]]
|3
|3
|'''5'''
|30
|4.63
|27.80
|2/47
|36.0
|0
|0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Arshad Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]
|4
|4
|'''5'''
|38
|3.68
|28.00
|2/42
|45.6
|0
|0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Wasim Akram]]
|3
|3
|'''4'''
|20
|4.05
|20.25
|2/38
|30.0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan="11" |Source: ''Cricinfo''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Cup, 2000 Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=808&type=tournament|access-date=2021-11-06|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/61067.html|title=Asia Cup 2000|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}

{{Asia Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2000}}

[[Category:2000 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:Asia Cup|2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1997–98 to 2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:May 2000 sports events in Asia]]
[[Category:June 2000 sports events in Asia]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{International-cricket-competition-stub}}

Sazaa (1951 film)

2026-03-04T04:10:57Z

Vilianarij: Put up

{{other uses|Sazaa (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sazaa (1951 film)
| image = Sazaa 1951 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Fali Mistry]]
| producer = [[G. P. Sippy]]
| writer = Hasrat Lacknow (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story = Hasrat Lacknow
| based_on =
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Nimmi]] [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] [[K. N. Singh]] [[Durga Khote]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Jal Mistry]]
| editing = Shankerlal Nayar
| studio = G. P. Productions
| distributor = G. P. Productions
| released = {{Film date|1951|10|05|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sazaa''''' ({{translation|Punishment}}) is a 1951 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Fali Mistry]].<ref>{{cite book | first1=Ashish | last1=Rajadhyaksha | first2=Paul | last2=Willemen | url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=New Delhi | orig-date=1994 | year=1998 | isbn=0-19-563579-5 }}</ref> The film stars [[Dev Anand]], [[Nimmi]] and [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]].<ref name="BFTPHindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sazaa-1951/article2209124.ece | title=Sazaa (1951) | work=The Hindu | first=Suresh | last=Kohli | date=8 July 2011 | access-date=20 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620163723/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sazaa-1951/article2209124.ece | archive-date=20 June 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A lady's loud shreik is heard from the first floor of a bungalow. Ashok (Dev Anand) hurriedly descends the staircase, apparently running away from the source of shreik, runs into a street where he meets with an accident with Kamini's (Shyama) car. Kamini rushes him to a hospital. Kamini visits Ashok daily at the hospital without fail unless he recovers. Upon knowing Ashok is jobless and homeless, Kamini offers him a manager's job at her father Muthumal's (Gope) company and arranges for him to meet Mothumal over dinner. At Kamini's house, Ashok meets and falls in love with the maidservant Asha (Nimmi) who also happens to be his childhood mate. In due course, Asha reciprocates his feelings.

In reality, Ashok is the only son of a wealthy widower, Major Durjan (K. N. Singh), who gets him locked in a room with the instruction “to cremate him if he died of suffocation” after a chance discovery of another character, Rani Ma (Durga Khote), a [[Doppelgänger|look-alike]] of his deceased wife. Rani Ma is angry at Ashok, as her only daughter was abandoned by him on the night of their marriage, leading to her going mad. Durjan defies Rani Ma and decides to get Ashok married to Asha. The couple unite.

== Cast ==
*[[Dev Anand]] as Ashok
*[[Nimmi]] as Asha
*[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] as Kamini
*[[K. N. Singh]] as Major Durjan
*[[Durga Khote]] as Rani Maa
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Asha's Mother
*[[Mukri]] as Batwa
*[[Gope (actor)|Gope]] as Muthumal

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sazaa (1951 film)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[S. D. Burman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1951
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|HMV]]
| producer = [[S. D. Burman]]
}}

The music was composed by [[S. D. Burman]], while [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] wrote the lyrics for the songs.<ref name="BFTPHindu"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/sazaa.htm | title=Sazaa (1951) | publisher=Hindigeetmala.net | access-date=24 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625145733/http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/sazaa.htm | archive-date=25 June 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> On the album, film critic Suresh Kohli of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that all the songs "have thoughtful lyrics that provide a sense of permanency through S.D. Burman's immortal compositions."<ref name="BFTPHindu"/>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Dhak Dhak Jiya Kare"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Tum Na Jane Kis Jahan"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Hum Pyar Ki Baazi Hare"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Ho Gayi Re Teri Ho Gayi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Aaja Aaja Tera Intezar Hai, Tujhe Dhund Raha Mera Pyar Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Talat Mehmood]]
|-
| "O Roopnagar Ke Saudagar, O Rang Rangeele Jadugar"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Pramodini Desai]]
|-
| "Aa Gupchup Gupchup Pyar Karen"
| [[Hemant Kumar]], [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
|-
| "Yeh Baat Koi Samjhaye Re"
| [[Sandhya Mukherjee]]
|-
|}

== Reception ==
Kohli wrote, "Given the limited scope of the script, the cast performs well with the dreamy-eyed Nimmi particularly excelling".<ref name="BFTPHindu"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0043997|Sazaa (1951 film)}}
* ''[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sazaa-2/cast/ Sazaa (1951 film)]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mlAmXWkWgk Sazaa Full Film]'' on [[YouTube]]
{{Portal bar|1950s|Bollywood|Film|India}}

[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:1951 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1950s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Fali Mistry]]

Sukhi Jeevan

2026-03-03T23:08:31Z

Vilianarij: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sukhi Jeevan
| image =

| caption =
| director = {{ubl|Master Bhagwan|Harishchandra}}
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1942}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sukhi Jeevan''''' is a [[Bollywood]] film released in [[Bollywood films of 1942|1942]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Hindi Movie |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-date=2 March 2021|url-status=unfit}}</ref>
<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9781579581466}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Bhagwan
*[[Ashalata Biswas]]
*Harishchandra
*Nazira
*Bibijan
*W. M. Khan
*Shyam Kumar
*Samson

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0156112 |title =Sukhi Jeevan }}

[[Category:1942 films]]
[[Category:1942 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1942 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1942 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Shrey Mittal

2026-03-02T12:42:21Z

Vilianarij:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1995)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shrey Mittal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|02|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2019{{ndash}}present
| known for =''[[Splitsvilla]]'' ''[[Indiawaali Maa]]'' ''[[Pishachini]]'' ''[[Naagin 6]]''
}}

'''Shrey Mittal''' (born 22 February 1995) is an Indian actor and reality TV personality best known for winning the reality show ''[[Splitsvilla]]'' in 2020<ref name="IndianExpress-January2020">{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=17 January 2020 |title=Priyamvada Kant and Shrey Mittal win Splitsvilla 12 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/priyamvada-kant-shrey-mittal-win-splitsvilla-12-6221777/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and for his leading role in the Hindi-language television series ''[[Naagin 6]]'' in 2022–2023.<ref name="IndiaForums-December2022">{{Cite web | last=Akbani Siddiqui |first=Aqsa |date=21 December 2022 |title=Despite being a big star, Tejasswi Prakash was quite warm and welcoming: Shrey Mittal of 'Naagin 6' |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/despite-being-a-big-star-tejasswi-prakash-was-quite-warm-and-welcoming-shrey-mittal-of-naagin-6_192809 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TimesOfIndia-May2023">{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Sukarna |date=4 May 2023 |title=Exclusive: Shrey Mittal on Naagin 6 being a turning point in his career, 'There is no bigger show than this on Indian TV' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shrey-mittal-on-naagin-6-being-a-turning-point-in-his-career-there-is-no-bigger-show-than-this-on-indian-tv/articleshow/99990151.cms |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |language=en}}</ref> Hailing from Indore,<ref name="TimesOfIndia-September2023">{{Cite news |last=Doshi |first=Hasti |date=14 September 2023 |title=On Hindi Diwas today, Shrey Mittal says, 'I feel more confident when I speak in Hindi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/on-hindi-diwas-today-shrey-mittal-says-i-feel-more-confident-when-i-speak-in-hindi/articleshow/103659645.cms |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |language=en}}</ref> Mittal studied film production at the [[Whistling Woods International]] institute in Mumbai and acting at the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]] in Los Angeles.<ref name="InternationalBusinessTimes-April2024">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=Actor Shrey Mittal turns entrepreneur, ventures into film production with FX Fantasy |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/actor-shrey-mittal-turns-entrepreneur-ventures-into-film-production-fx-fantasy-867582 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=International Business Times |language=en}}</ref> A versatile performer who has acted in Hindi television series, web series, and films, Mittal also ventured into film production in 2024 by launching his post-production studio, FX Fantasy.<ref name="InternationalBusinessTimes-April2024" />

== Career ==
Mittal first gained significant public attention by winning season 12 of the reality television show ''[[Splitsvilla]]'' in 2020.<ref name="IndianExpress-January2020" /> He subsequently acted in recurring roles in the television series ''[[Indiawaali Maa]]'' in 2020–2021<ref name="IWMBuzz-November2020">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2020 |title= Indiawaali Maa fame Shrey Mittal REVEALS the best way to burn calories |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/lifestyle/health-fitness/indiawaali-maa-fame-shrey-mittal-reveals-best-way-burn-calories/2020/11/07 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Pishachini]]'' in 2022.<ref name="IWMBuzz-October2022">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title= Pishachini: Rani to be threatened by a fierce competitor |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/spoilers/pishachini-rani-to-be-threatened-by-a-fierce-competitor/2022/10/20 |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> Following this he starred in the popular television series ''[[Naagin 6]]'' alongside actor Tejasswi Prakash, where he played a lead role for seven months (2022–2023).<ref name="IndiaForums-December2022" /><ref name="TimesOfIndia-May2023" />

Mittal has expressed a strong preference for acting roles that provide him with creative satisfaction,<ref name="TimesOfIndia-July2023">{{Cite news |last=Mondal |first=Sukarna |date=7 July 2023 |title=Exclusive: Naagin 6 actor Shrey Mittal wishes to take up challenging roles, says 'I want to play dark and negative characters' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-naagin-6-actor-shrey-mittal-wishes-to-take-up-challenging-roles-says-i-want-to-play-dark-and-negative-characters/articleshow/101573411.cms |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes-April2024">{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Deep |date=14 April 2024 |title=Splitsvilla winner Shrey Mittal: Creative satisfaction is most important for me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/splitsvilla-winner-shrey-mittal-creative-satisfaction-is-most-important-for-me-101713097988887.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and has ventured into web series and films in addition to his television work. In 2024 he acted in a drama-comedy web series titled ''Social Disconnect'' that is directed by Karishma Kohli and also features actors [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Vihaan Samat]], and [[Anya Singh]].<ref name="HindustanTimes-April2024" /> He will make his film debut with the Hindi-language film ''Operation AMG'', which is based on the 2022 Operation Ganga mission for evacuating Indian students from war-torn Ukraine.<ref name="TimesOfIndia-May2024">{{Cite news |date=5 May 2024 |title=TV actor Shrey Mittal to make his Bollywood debut in Operation AMG |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-actor-shrey-mittal-to-make-his-bollywood-debut-in-operation-amg/articleshow/109855990.cms |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |language=en}}</ref>

Despite his successes, Mittal's career has faced challenges including project cancellations and delays that were particularly exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="HindustanTimes-September2020">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2020 |title=Splitsvilla 12 winner Shrey Mittal in home isolation after testing Covid-19 positive: 'Feels very personal all of a sudden'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/splitsvilla-12-winner-shrey-mittal-in-home-isolation-after-testing-covid-19-positive-feels-very-personal-all-of-a-sudden/story-OZWROjisFT0MkRzqyktyAP.html |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IndiaToday-September2020">{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=3 September 2020 |title=Splitsvilla 12 winner Shrey Mittal tests coronavirus positive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/splitsvilla-12-winner-shrey-mittal-tests-coronavirus-positive-1718184-2020-09-03 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> These setbacks, which occurred after his initial success in ''[[Splitsvilla]]'', include a shelved project named ''Raah-e-Ishq'' and an unnamed action film that was ultimately not produced.<ref name="HindustanTimes-April2024" />

In 2024 Mittal launched his post-production studio, FX Fantasy.<ref name="InternationalBusinessTimes-April2024" /> From December 2025 to February 2026, he portrayed Krish Khanna in ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]'', after a two year television hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Shachi|date=30 December 2025|title=Shrey Mittal Makes Television Comeback With Mangal Lakshmi - Lakshmi Ka Safar|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/shrey-mittal-makes-television-comeback-with-mangal-lakshmi-lakshmi-ka-safar-aa-ws-l-9800948.html|access-date=31 December 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Splitsvilla]]''
| Himself
| Winner, Season 12
| <ref name="IndianExpress-January2020" />
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Indiawaali Maa]]''
| Akshay Gowda
| Recurring role
| <ref name="IWMBuzz-November2020" />
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Pishachini]]''
| Veer
| Recurring role
| <ref name="IWMBuzz-October2022" />
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Naagin 6]]''
| Raghuveer Ahlawat
| Lead role
| <ref name="IndiaForums-December2022" /><ref name="TimesOfIndia-May2023" />
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Bekaboo]]''
| Raghuveer Ahlawat
| Appeared in 3 crossover episodes of ''[[Naagin 6]]'' and ''[[Bekaboo]]'' in May 2023
|
|-
| 2025–2026
| ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
| Krish Khanna
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2024
| ''Social Disconnect''
|
|
| <ref name="HindustanTimes-April2024" />
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2024
| ''Operation AMG''
|
|
| <ref name="TimesOfIndia-May2024" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=9165038}}
* {{instagram|iamshreymittal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Shrey}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Fouja

2026-03-02T05:18:56Z

Vilianarij: created - done

{{Short description|Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fouja
| image = Fouja film poster (2023).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Pramod Kumar Punhana
| writer = Pravesh Rajput Akash Singh
| producer = Ajit Dalmia
| starring = Karthik Dammu Pavan Malhotra Aishwarya Sanjay Singh
| released = {{Film date|2023|06|01|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Fouja''''' is a 2023 Indian three national award winning film [[Hindi]]-language action drama film directed by Pramod Kumar Punhana and produced by Ajit Dalmia.<ref name=award>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/an-award-winning-paean-to-the-army-from-haryana/amp Pramod Kumar Punhana]</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hindustantimesdaily |date=2023-05-22 |title="Fouja" is not just a film; it is our reverence for the soldiers and their families," said veteran… |url=https://medium.com/@hindustantimesdaily/fouja-is-not-just-a-film-it-is-our-reverence-for-the-soldiers-and-their-families-said-veteran-9c4a929d7a9 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> The film stars Karthik Dammu, [[Pavan Malhotra]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Pavan Malhotra on National Award for 'Fouja': Proud that a film on Indian army won |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/pavan-malhotra-on-national-award-for-fouja-proud-that-a-film-on-indian-army-won-2583374-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and Aishwarya Sanjay Singh in prominent roles. The movie tells a story set against the backdrop of the Indian Army and centers around themes of familial sacrifice, duty, and personal redemption.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sakshi |title=Fouja Trailer out: Another true story of brave {{as written|sol|ider [sic]}} to be told; W... |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/fouja-trailer-out-another-true-story-of-brave-solider-to-be-told-watch-sak/138453/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> The screenplay was written by Pravesh Rajput and Akash Singh.<ref name=":02"/>

== Plot ==
''Fouja'' revolves around the life of Karthik Dammu's character, a young man struggling to meet the expectations of his father, played by [[Pavan Malhotra]], who hails from a family with a long history of military service. For seven generations, every male in the family has served and sacrificed for the country. However, due to a [[physical disability]], the father himself could not join the army. This unfulfilled dream becomes a lifelong regret, and he places his hopes on his son.

The film contrasts the son's lack of discipline with the father's unwavering desire to see him join the army. As the son spends his time idly, the father eventually decides to join the army himself, only to be disappointed again. Meanwhile, the son realizes the importance of fulfilling his father's dream and begins to prepare for army recruitment. The story also touches on village politics, as a corrupt contractor targets the family's land.

== Cast ==

* [[Pavan Malhotra]] as Karthik's father
* Karthik Dammu
* Aishwarya Singh
* Jogi Mallang
* Hari Om Kaushik
* Naveen
* Janhvi Singh Sangwan
* Neeva Malik
* Sandeep Sharma
* Jogi Malang

== Reception ==
''Fouja'' was praised for its story and performances, especially that of Pavan Malhotra. Subhash K Jha from ''[[Times Now]]'' remarked that ''Fouja'' is "commendable for its pitch for army recruitment more than its cinematic qualities," noting that [[Pavan Malhotra]]'s performance overshadowed the rest of the cast, including Karthik Dammu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=Fouja: Pawan Malhotra's Powerful Performance Anchors This Well-Intended Soldier's Story |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/fouja-pawan-malhotras-powerful-performance-anchors-this-well-intended-soldiers-story-article-112955344 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' also lauded Malhotra's performance, stating, "Actor Pawan Malhotra has carried the film 'Fauja' on his strong shoulders from start to finish."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fouja Movie Review: बड़ा संदेश देती छोटे बजट की फिल्म 'फौजा', पवन मल्होत्रा की अदाकारी का दिखा अलहदा अंदाज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/fouja-movie-review-in-hindi-by-pankaj-shukla-pramod-kumar-ajit-dalmiya-pavan-raj-malhotra-karthik-dammu-2023-06-04 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The film received critical acclaim and won three [[National Film Awards|National Awards]], including the Best Supporting Actor Award for [[Pavan Malhotra]] for his portrayal of the father,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Film Awards 2024{{!}} Pavan Malhotra on winning Best Supporting Actor for Fouja: It's like a pat on the back |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/national-film-awards-2024-pavan-malhotra-on-winning-best-supporting-actor-for-fouja-it-s-like-a-pat-on-the-back-101723804550995.html |archive-date= |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/pavan-malhotra-wins-second-national-film-award-for-fouja-826616 |title=Video {{!}} Pavan Malhotra Wins Second National Film Award For Fouja |language=en |access-date=2024-09-28 |via=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> Best Debutant director Pramod Kumar Punhana, and Best Lyricist [[Naushad]] Sadar khan.<ref name=award/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27794632}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Periyanna

2026-02-27T19:58:47Z

Vilianarij: quick improve structure based on references based on references

#REDIRECT [[Perianna]]

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Godachi Shree Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara Temple

2026-02-26T22:14:25Z

Vilianarij: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{orphan|date=May 2024}}
{{Short description|Hindu temple in India}}
'''Godachi Shree Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara Temple''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to divine couple [[Virabhadra]] and [[Bhadrakali]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2018 |title=Godachi Shree Veerabhadreshwara Kshetra |language=Kn |work=Udayavani |url=https://m.udayavani.com/article/godichi-sri-veerabhadreshwa-temple/345603 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818082405/https://m.udayavani.com/article/godichi-sri-veerabhadreshwa-temple/345603 |url-status=dead }}</ref> located in [[Godachi]] village of [[Belagavi district]] in [[Karnataka]]. The temple's [[garbhagriha]] is in [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara style]] and the door way is in [[Western Chalukya architecture|Chalukya style]] of architecture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Belgaum%201987%20Chapter%20(19).pdf |title=Belagavi Gazette |publisher=gazetter.karnataka.gov.in |year=1987 |location= |pages=30–31 |language=En |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817114717/https://gazetteer.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Belgaum%201987%20Chapter%20%2819%29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godachi Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara |url=https://www.karnataka.com/badami/godachi-veerabhadra-temple/ |website=Karnataka.com|date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Godachi Shree Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara Temple
| native_name = ಗೊಡಚಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಭದ್ರಕಾಳಿ ವೀರಭದ್ರೇಶ್ವರ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ
| native_name_lang = Kn
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
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| perrow = 2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Temple Godachi Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara.png
| caption1 = Veerabhadreshwara
| image2 = Godachi Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara Temple.png
| caption2 = Bhadrakali
}}
| image_upright =
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| caption =

| religious_affiliation =
| deity = {{hlist|[[Virabhadra]]|[[Bhadrakali]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2022 |title=Historical Godachi Temple |language=Kn |work=Times of Karnataka |url=https://timesofkarnataka.in/historical-temple-site-godachi/}}</ref>}}
| tradition =
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| location = [[Godachi]]
| locale =
| district =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = Karnataka
| map_size =
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| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|16.013560|75.194051|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

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| architecture_style = *[[Vijayanagara architecture]]
*[[Western Chalukya architecture|Chalukya architecture]]<ref name=":0" />
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| footnotes =<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2017 |title=Godachi Shree Veerabhadreshwara |language=Kn |work=Prajavani |url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/belagavi/ಭಕ್ತರ-ಸೆಳೆವ-ಗೊಡಚಿ-ವೀರಭದ್ರೇಶ್ವರ-ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ-535907.html}}</ref>
}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| name = Shree Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara
| deity_of = {{Small|Divine couple<hr>Warrior avatars of [[Adishakti]] and [[Shiva]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veerabhadra Temple, Godachi, Karnataka |url=https://www.ishtadevata.com/temple/veerabhadra-temple-godachi-belgaum/ |website=ishtadevata.com}}</ref><hr>{{Small|{{hlist|Deities of|Power|Protection|Auspiciousness}}}}
| member_of =
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Godachi Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara Swamy.png
| caption1 = Veerabhadreshwara
| image2 = Godachi Bhadrakali Veerabhadreshwara swamy.png
| caption2 = Bhadrakali
}}
| alt = 
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| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Adi Shakti|Adishakti]]|[[Shiva]]}}
| cult_center = 
| abode = 
| planet = [[Mangala]]
| mantra = *oṃ bhadrakāl̤yai namaḥ
*oṃ vīrabhadrāya namaḥ
| mantra benefits =
| weapon = 
| battles = [[Daksha Yajna]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2020 |title=Dharmasthala of Uttara Karnataka, Godachi Temple |language=Kn |work=Public Tv |url=https://publictv.in/public-tour-godachi-veerabhadreshwara-temple-north-karnataka-dharmasthala/}}</ref>
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| day = Tuesday
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| texts = [[Shiva Purana]]
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| festivals = {{hlist|Bhadrakali Jayanthi|[[Maha Shivaratri]]|[[Shravana]]|Veerabhadreshwara Jayanthi|Jathre}}
| nirvana =
}}

{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Godachi Jathre<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godachi Fair / Jathre |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/godachi-fair-jathre-1 |website=utsav.gov.in}}</ref>
|native_name = ಗೊಡಚಿ ಜಾತ್ರೆ
|native_name_lang = Kn
|nickname =
|logo =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption =
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ಶ್ರೀಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ಗೊಡಚಿ ವೀರಭದ್ರೇಶ್ವರ ಜಾತ್ರೆ.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|alt =
|caption = Godachi Shree Veerabhadreshwara Jathre
|status = Active
|genre = Fair
|date = 
|begins = 
|ends = 
|frequency = Annually
|venue =
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|years_active = 
|first = 
|founder_name = 
|last =8 December 2022 
|prev =
|next =26 December 2023{{needs update|date=September 2025}}{{Small|{{defn|[[Purnima|Full moon day]] of [[Margashira|Margashira Month]] in [[Hindu calendar]]}}}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2019 |title=ಗೊಡಚಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ್ತಿಲ ಹುಣ್ಣಿಮೆ ಸಂಭ್ರಮ |language=Kn |url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/belagavi/all-set-for-godachi-jathre-688925.html}}</ref>

|participants =
|attendance =
|capacity =
|area =
|budget =
|activity = *[[Veeragase]]
*Rathotsava
*Laksha Deepotsava<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2017 |title=ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಧರ್ಮಸ್ಥಳ ವೀರಭದ್ರೇಶ್ವರ ಜಾತ್ರೆಗೆ ಬನ್ನಿ |work=OneIndia.com |url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/belagavi/ramadurga-godachi-veerabhadreshwara-temple-jatra-mahotsav-130354.html}}</ref>
|leader_name =
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|current = 2023
|footnotes =<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2018 |title=Godachi Rathotsava |language=Kn |work=Vijaya Karnataka |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/belagavi/godachi-veerabhadreshwara-rathotsava/articleshow/67208817.cms |url-status=}}</ref>
}}
{{Saivism}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bhadrakali temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Sudha Rani

2026-02-20T14:35:09Z

Vilianarij: brief correct page based on references and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudha Rani
| image = Sudharani (Kannada film actress) (1).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sudharani in 2020
| birth_name = Jayashree
| birth_date = 14th Aug 1973
| birth_place = [[Tumkuru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| yearsactive = 1978–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Sanjay |1996|1998|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Govardhan|2000}}
}}
| children = 1
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Jayashree''', known by her screen name '''Sudha Rani''', is an Indian actress, voice artist and former model. She has primarily worked in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films in addition to some [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. As on Feb 2024, she has acted in about 150 films across industries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=Shrirastu Shubhamastu team honors Sudharani's 38-year acting journey; watch video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shrirastu-shubhamastu-team-honors-sudharanis-38-year-acting-journey-watch-video/articleshow/108063289.cms |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As a child artist, she acted in ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'' (1978), ''[[Kulla Kulli]]'' (1980), ''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]'' (1981) Bhagyavantha and ''[[Ranganayaki (1981 film)|Ranganayaki]]'' (1981). She debuted as a lead actress at age 13 with ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' (1986). She has won the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] and the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] twice for her performances in [[Panchama Veda (film)|''Panchama'' ''Veda'']] (1990) and [[Mysore Mallige (film)|''Mysore Mallige'']] (1992).

==Early years==
Sudha Rani was born in [[Tumakuru]] and brought up in [[Malleswaram]], [[Bengaluru]] district, [[Karnataka]] into "a conservative [[Brahmin]] family" of H. S. Gopalakrishna and Nagalakshmi. The family lived in the [[Malleswaram]] suburb of [[Bengaluru]]. Sudha Rani aspired to be a doctor since most of her relatives were into academics with many doctors among them.<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last1=Anien |first1=Tini Sara |title=Sudharani: I faced camera first when I was just three |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sudharani-i-faced-camera-first-when-i-was-just-three-846146.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921111917/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sudharani-i-faced-camera-first-when-i-was-just-three-846146.html |archive-date=21 September 2023 |language=en |date=5 June 2020}}</ref> Her uncle was eminent film personality, [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].

Sudha Rani was educated at St. Thomas school, in its Malleswaram and [[Seshadripura]] branches, and recalled reading books being her pastime as a child. She first faced camera for an advertisement for Kwality Biscuits when she was two and a half years old. The cameraman of the advertisement recommended her name to director of the 1978 film, ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'', who cast her to play the younger version of [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]'s character and her brother as the younger version of [[Rajinikanth]]'s character.<ref name="dh1"/> Her mother enrolled Sudha Rani in dance classes at age five; she would train in [[Kuchipudi]] and [[Bharata Natyam]]. At age 7, she was roped in by her brother for his short film based on children, titled as ''Child is Here'' which won an international award.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} She also actively participated in the children shows at the [[Prabhat Kalavidaru]] theatre troupe.

==Film career==
===1978-1985: As a child actor===
Sudha was credited as Baby Jayashree in all her childhood projects. She made her first appearance in television in the [[Kwality Wall's|Kwality biscuits]] advertisement when she was two and a half years old.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anien |first=Tini Sara |title=Sudharani: I faced camera first when I was just three |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sudharani-i-faced-camera-first-when-i-was-just-three-846146.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> At the age of three, she made her film debut with ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'' in 1978 starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Rajinikanth]]. She played the younger role of the lead actress [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] in the film. This was followed by a series of child characters played in ''[[Kulla Kulli]]'' (1980), [[Puttanna Kanagal]]'s ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]'', [[Renuka Sharma]]'s ''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]'', ''[[Bhagyavantha]]'' (all released in 1981) and ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'' (1982).

===1986-2000: Debut as a lead and success===
Sudha was noticed by producer [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] in a [[Upanayana|thread ceremony]] video when she was 12 and was selected to play the lead role in the film ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' in 1986 opposite [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. The film turned out to be a major commercial success establishing the careers of both the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anien |first=Tini Sara |title=Sudharani: I faced camera first when I was just three |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sudharani-i-faced-camera-first-when-i-was-just-three-846146.html |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> They became a popular pair and were cast in more films such as ''[[Mana Mechchida Hudugi]]'' (1987), ''[[Ranaranga]]'' (1988), ''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]'' (1990), ''[[Midida Shruthi]]'' (1992) and ''[[Samara (1995 film)|Samara]]'' (1995). In 1988, she played daughter to [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in ''[[Devatha Manushya]]''. She reprised her role played in ''Mana Mechchida Hudugi'' in her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut, ''[[Annakili Sonna Kathai]]'' (1989), paired opposite [[Sathyaraj]].

Few other films where Sudha's performance was noted during this period include [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] starrer ''[[Avane Nanna Ganda]]'', [[Dwarakish]] directorial ''[[Krishna Nee Kunidaga]]'' (both 1989) and ''[[Panchama Veda (film)|Panchama Veda]]'' (1990) which earned her first [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Karnataka State Film Award]], the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film, ''[[Master Kapuram]]'' (1990), where she was credited as Gayatri and the Tamil films, ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' (1991) and ''[[Thangakkili]]'' (1993), credited as Shali. In 1992, she featured in a lead role in [[K S Narasimha Swamy]]'s poetry collection film, ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'', directed by [[T. S. Nagabharana]]. She played the role of Padma who falls in love with a poet and entangles in the village's feudal structure. The film won several awards upon release including Sudha's maiden [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Kannada|Filmfare Award]] and second Karnataka State Film Award.

After Shiva Rajkumar, her next successful pairing was with [[Ramesh Aravind]]. They both went on to star in over eight films, including ''Panchama Veda'' (1990), ''Vasanthakala Paravai'' (1991), ''[[Mouna Mozhi]]'' (1992), ''[[Srigandha]]'', ''[[Aragini]]'', ''[[Anuraga Sangama]]'' (all 1995), ''Ganda Mane Makkalu'', ''Varagala Bete'', ''Balondu Chaduranga'' and ''Accident''. Her other successful pairing were with [[Ambareesh]] (''[[Saptapadi (1992 film)|Saptapadi]]'', ''[[Mannina Doni]]'', ''[[Munjaneya Manju]]'', ''Mr. Abhishek''), [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] (''[[Mane Devru]]''), [[Shashikumar]] (''[[Swathi (1994 film)|Swathi]]''), [[Anant Nag]] (''Nanenu Madlilla''), [[Devaraj]] and [[Ramkumar]] (''[[Kavya (film)|Kavya]]'', ''[[Mahakshathriya]]''). With actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], she appeared, although not opposite role, in ''Mahakshathriya'' (1994) and ''[[Kona Edaithe]]'' (1995).

In 1995, she expanded to [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films with ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' playing the lead role opposite [[Jayaram]]. She ended the decade with her comeback film after a brief hiatus of three years with a lead role in [[Sunil Kumar Desai]]'s ''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]'' (2000). She received her second Filmfare Award for her performance in the film.

===2001-till date: Supporting roles===
After 2000, Sudha took up supporting roles with minimum screen space since she had to cater to her family responsibilities. She began this with a cameo appearance in [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]'s Kannada-Telugu bilingual [[Hagiographical|hagiographical]] film, ''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]''. Her next notable role came with [[Kavita Lankesh]]'s ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]'' (2003) which showcased three generations of couple life with Sudha pairing opposite [[Prakash Raj]]. Her performance as a sister-in-law to [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in ''[[Namma Basava]]'' (2005) was praised by critics. Some other note worthy roles came with ''[[Auto Shankar (film)|Auto Shankar]]''. ''[[Magic Ajji]]'' (both 2005), ''[[Thirupathi (2006 Kannada film)|Thirupathi]]'' (2006), ''[[Mr. Garagasa]]'', ''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava]]'' (both 2008), ''[[Ghauttham]]'' (2009), ''[[Dandupalya (film)|Dandupalya]]'' (2012) and ''[[Bharath Stores]]'' (2013). The [[Satire (film and television)|satire]] comedy film ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]'' (2015) earned her critical praise and won her Filmfare Best Supporting Actress award. She made a comeback to Tamil cinema with ''[[Nibunan]]'' which was simultaneously shot in Kannada under the title ''Vismaya'' in 2017. She took up lead actor mother roles in films such as ''[[Padde Huli]]'', ''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]'' and ''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]'', all released in 2019. She wound up the decade playing [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Police Commissioner]] role in ''[[Kannad Gothilla]]'' (2019).

Sudha continued to feature in several films playing supporting roles in 2020s. These include ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' (2021), ''[[Avatara Purusha (2022 film)|Avatara Purusha]]'', ''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]'' (both 2022), ''[[Yuva (2024 film)|Yuva]]'', ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'', ''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]'' (all 2024) and the Kannada-Telugu bilingual ''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]'' (2025).

==Personal life==
Sudha Rani married a U.S.-based anesthesia specialist, Dr. Sanjay in 1996. However citing irreconcilable differences, they parted ways in 1998. Later, she married Govardhan in 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/19spice.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the Kannada film industry |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> and has a daughter Nidhi, born in 2001.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Filmography ==
=== Kannada films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'' || Young Geetha || Credited as Baby Jayashree || <ref name="dh2">{{cite web |title=On my pinboard- Sudha Rani |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/on-my-pinboard-sudha-rani-2012980 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923111419/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/on-my-pinboard-sudha-rani-2012980 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=6 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Kulla Kulli]]'' || Young Chitra
|Credited as Baby Jayashree|| <ref name="dh2"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981 || ''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]'' || Young Ranganayaki
|Credited as Baby Jayashree||<ref>{{cite web |title=Puttanna Kanagal: ಕನ್ನಡದ ರಂಗನಾಯಕಿ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಆರತಿ ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಇನ್ನೂ ಒಬ್ಬ ನಾಯಕಿ ಇದ್ರು ಗೊತ್ತೇ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/kannada-director-puttanna-kanagal-old-story-about-ranganayaki-movie-rvj-kvd-928121.html |website=News18 Kannada |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=kn |date=4 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anupama (1981 film)|Anupama]]'' || Young Anupama
|Credited as Baby Jayashree||<ref name="dh2"/>
|-
| ''[[Bhagyavantha]]'' || Young Tara
|Credited as Baby Jayashree||<ref name="dh2"/>
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Baadada Hoo]]'' || Usha || Credited as Sudha ||
|-
| 1986
|''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]'' || Mala || Debut as lead actor || <ref>{{cite web |title=ಶಿವಣ್ಣ ಮೊದಲು ಹೀರೋ ಆಗಿದ್ದ 'ಆನಂದ್‌' ಸಿನಿಮಾಕ್ಕೆ 34ರ ಸಂಭ್ರಮ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/shivarajkumar-sudharani-starrer-anand-movie-completes-34-years/articleshow/76471558.cms |website=Vijay Karnataka |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=kn |date=19 Jun 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987
|''[[Manamecchida Hudugi]]'' || Gowri || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Mana Mechida Hudugi Sudharani Shares Throwback With Shivanna |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/mana-mechida-hudugi-sudharani-shares-throwback-with-shivanna-620194 |website=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vijayotsava'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988
||''[[Devatha Manushya]]'' || Seetha || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sudharani shares a priceless memory on Dr Rajkumar's birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudharani-shares-a-priceless-memory-on-dr-rajkumars-birth-anniversary/articleshow/75344054.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 September 2023 |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ranaranga]]'' || Shashikala || || <ref name="th2">{{cite web |last1=Sebastian R. |first1=Shilpa |title=Queen of hearts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/queen-of-hearts/article19917715.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ganda Mane Makkalu'' || Kamala || ||
|-
| ''Sambhavami Yuge Yuge'' || || ||<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/04/06/ganda-mane-makkalu-1988/ |title=Ganda Mane Makkalu – ಗಂಡ ಮನೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳು (1988/೧೯೮೮) |date=6 April 2013 |publisher=Kannada Movies Info |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1989
|''[[Krishna Nee Kunidaga]]'' || Radha || || <ref name="th2"/>
|-
| ''Manmatha Raja'' || Rathi || ||<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/01/01/krishna-nee-kunidaga-1989/ |title=Krishna Nee Kunidaga – ಕೃಷ್ಣ ನೀ ಕುಣಿದಾಗ (1989/೧೯೮೯) |date=January 2013 |publisher=Kannada Movies Info |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Avane Nanna Ganda]]'' || Mangala || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1990
|''[[Panchama Veda (film)|Panchama Veda]]'' || Rukmini || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Nathan |first1=Archana |title=The past holds up a mirror |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/The-past-holds-up-a-mirror/article14173004.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=24 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aasegobba Meesegobba]]'' || Urmila
|| ||
|-
| ''Ashoka Chakra'' || Asha || ||
|-
| ''Halliya Surasuraru'' || Gowri || ||
|-
| ''[[Prathap (1990 film)|Prathap]]'' || Shanthi || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Arjun Sarja's evergreen song Prema Baraha re-created |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/arjun-sarjas-evergreen-song-prema-baraha-re-created-with-aishwarya-and-chandan/articleshow/58277830.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=21 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa'' || [[Parvati]] || ||
|-
| ''Thrinethra'' || Asha || ||
|-
| 1991
|''Varagala Bete'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1992
|''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' || Padma ||
| <ref name="th2"/>
|-
| ''[[Midida Shruthi]]'' || Sujatha || ||
|-

| ''[[Mannina Doni]]'' || Sowbhagya/Padmavathi{{efn|name=two names|She played one character with two names.}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]]'' || Lakshmi || Extended special appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Saptapadi (1992 film)|Sapthapadi]]'' || Sudha || ||
|-
| ''[[Belliyappa Bangarappa]]'' || Herself || Cameo ||
|-
| ''Hosa Raaga'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1993
|''[[Munjaneya Manju]]'' || Meera || ||
|-
| ''[[Mane Devru]]''
| Janaki
|
| <ref name="Paddehuli">{{cite web |title=Ravichandran and Sudharani unite for Shreyas' Paddehuli |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/may/21/ravichandran-and-sudharani-unite-for-shreyas-paddehuli-6122.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en |date=21 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bhagawan Sri Saibaba'' || [[Parvati]] || ||
|-
| ''Hrudaya Bandhana'' || Dr. Asha || ||
|-
| ''[[Ananda Jyothi]]''|| Jyothi || ||
|-
| ''Kumkuma Bhagya'' || Mary || ||
|-
| ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]'' || [[Pramlocha|Marisha]] || Special appearance in song Maarisha Maarisha ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1994
|''[[Mahakshathriya]]'' || Priyadarshini/Lakshmi || Double role ||
|-
| ''[[Swathi (1994 film)|Swathi]]'' || Swathi || ||
|-
| ''Gold Medal'' || Usha || ||
|-
| ''Vijaya Kankana'' || Nayana || ||
|-
| ''[[Curfew (1994 film)|Curfew]]'' || Sudha || Cameo ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1995
| ''[[Srigandha]]'' || Arundathi || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Srigandha, The Kannada Classic That Was Also Made In Telugu With These Actors |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/srigandha-the-kannada-classic-that-was-also-made-in-telugu-with-these-actors-7934479.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 September 2023 |language=en |date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aragini]]'' || Rani || || <ref>{{cite web |title=Don't stop the music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/dont-stop-the-music/articleshow/5232353.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=23 September 2023 |date=16 November 2009}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kona Edaithe]]'' || Vishnu's wife || Cameo ||
|-
| ''Mister Abhishek'' || Kiran || ||
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Sangama]]'' || Kasthuri || ||
|-
| ''[[Samara (1995 film)|Samara]]'' || Usha || ||
|-
| ''[[Kavya (film)|Kavya]]'' || Kavya || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1996
|''Simhadri'' || || ||
|-
| ''Vasantha Kavya'' || Kavya || ||
|-
| ''Stunt Master'' || Pooja || ||
|-
| 1999
| ''Naanenu Maadlilla'' || Chitra || ||
|-
| 2000
|''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]'' || Radha || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Riti |first1=M. D. |title=Not upto the mark! |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/24spar.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=25 September 2023 |date=24 July 2000}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
|''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' || Bhoodevi || Cameo ||
|-
| ''Chandana Chiguru'' || Bharathi || ||
|-
| 2002
| ''Thrishakthi''
| Jahnavi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
| ''Badri''
|
| Cameo
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Badri - a film of Sainika Yogeshwar |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_badri.asp |website=Viggy.com |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]''
| Jyothi
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=For friends & parents |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan12/ent4.asp |publisher=Deccan Herald |accessdate=24 September 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030817165428/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan12/ent4.asp |archivedate=17 August 2003 |date=12 January 2003 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|-
| ''Khaaki''
| Tulasi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Bimba (film)|Bimba]]'' || Dolly || || {{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
|-
| ''Talikattuva Shubhavele'' || Jyothi || ||<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deepak |first1=S. N. |title=Talikattuva Shubhavele |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep262004/mr5.asp |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309103021/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep262004/mr5.asp |archive-date=9 March 2005 |date=26 September 2004}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2005
|''[[Namma Basava]]'' || Basava's sister-in-law || || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Vijayasarathy |first1=R. G. |author1-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |title=Namma Basava is entertaining |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/12namma.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=25 September 2023 |date=12 September 2005}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anna Thangi (2005 film)|Anna Thangi]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''Thunta'' || Sudha || ||
|-
| ''[[Auto Shankar (film)|Auto Shankar]]'' || Geetha || ||
|-
| ''[[Magic Ajji]]'' || Nirmala Devi || ||
|-
| ''Abhinandane'' || Kamala || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
|''[[Thirupathi (2006 Kannada film)|Tirupathi]]'' || District Commissioner Margaret || ||
|-
| ''O Priyathama'' || Vasu || ||
|-
| ''[[Mandya (film)|Mandya]]'' || Gayatri || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
|''Thamashegagi'' || Ramya || ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Preethi Yeke Bhoomi Melide]]'' || Chikkayya's wife || Cameo ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
|''[[Accident (2008 film)|Accident]]'' || Suguna Shankar || Cameo ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Garagasa]]'' || Gauri || ||
|-
| ''Prachanda Ravana'' || Mandodari || ||
|-
| ''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava]]'' || [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sharadamba]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2009
|''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' || Lucky's mother || Cameo ||
|-
| ''[[Ghauttham]]'' || Rajeswari || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyada Balegara (film)|Bhagyada Balegara]]'' || Unnamed || Special appearance in song "Ghallu Ghallenutha" ||
|-
| ''Eshtu Nagthi Nagu'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Huchchi]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''Ishwar'' || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
|''Kaanana'' || Basanthi || ||
|-
| ''[[Thamassu]]'' || Munavar's mother || Cameo ||
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Jolly Boy]]'' || Indramma Gopalaswamy || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''Jeevana Joke-alli'' || Amrutha || ||
|-
| ''Indina Satya'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Dandupalya (film)|Dandupalya]]'' || Bharathi || ||
|-
| ''[[Guru (2012 film)|Guru]]'' || Tejaswini || ||
|-
| 2013
|''[[Bharath Stores]]'' || Bharathi || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
|''Vasundhara'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Sachin! Tendulkar Alla]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Bahaddur]]'' || Doctor || ||
|-
| ''[[Belli (film)|Belli]]'' || Nidhi || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2015
|''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]''
| Vandana
|
|
|-
| ''Rebel''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Billa''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Luv U Alia]]''
| Kiran's mother
|
|
|-
| ''[[Plus (film)|Plus]]''
| Samarthana
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Not a Plus, But a Minus |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/oct/17/not-a-plus-but-a-minus-830472.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=17 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sharp Shooter (film)|Sharpshooter]]''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Diganth Looks Like a Hollywood Star in Sharp Shooter |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/jul/30/diganth-looks-like-a-hollywood-star-in-sharp-shooter-641837.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=30 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''Siganduru Chowdeshwari Mahime''
| Chowdeshwari Devi
|
|
|-
| ''July 22, 1947''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Narendra Modi bowled over after watching Kannada film! |url=https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/narendra-modi-bowled-over-after-watching-kannada-film |website=newskarnataka.com |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926094516/https://newskarnataka.com/special/features/narendra-modi-bowled-over-after-watching-kannada-film |archive-date=26 September 2023 |date=21 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
|''[[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]]''
| Varalakshmi
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Happy New Year: Punch of five stories |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/may/06/happy-new-year-punch-of-five-stories-1601539.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=6 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dada is Back]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nibunan|Vismaya]]''
| Dr. Prema
|
| <ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Arjun Sarja s 150th movie shooting completed |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/267062/Arjun-Sarja-s-150th-movie-shooting-completed |website=India Herald |access-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926094131/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/267062/Arjun-Sarja-s-150th-movie-shooting-completed |archive-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bharjari]]''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Dhruva Sarja's 'Bharjari' scores a hit at the box office |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/dhruva-sarja-s-bharjari-scores-hit-box-office-68658 |website=The News Minute |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en |date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Life Jothe Ondh Selfie]]''
| Thulsi
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title='Life Jothe Ondu Selfie' movie review: A realistic take on relationships |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/aug/25/life-jothe-ondu-selfie-movie-review-a-realistic-take-on-relationships-1862367.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019
| ''[[Padde Huli]]''
| Sampath's mother
|
| <ref name="Paddehuli"/>
|-
| ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]]''
| Spandana
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Anien |first1=Tini Sara |title=Films are about teamwork, says actor Sudharani |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/films-are-about-teamwork-says-actor-sudharani-730837.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en |date=26 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amar (2019 film)|Amar]]''
| Amar's mother
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Abhishek and Tanya Hope battle cold in Switzerland for Amar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/nov/11/abhishek-and-tanya-hope-battle-cold-in-switzerland-for-amar-1896907.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=11 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chitrakatha''
| Samaya
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=B Jayashree and Sudharani play different roles in 'Chitra Katha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/b-jayashree-and-sudharani-play-different-roles-in-chitra-katha/articleshow/70129812.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=8 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Geetha (2019 film)|Geetha]]''
| Geethanjali
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Shwetha |first1=Aravind |title='Geetha' review: Ganesh's love story is set in the backdrop of language rights agitation |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/geetha-review-ganesh-s-love-story-set-backdrop-language-rights-agitation-109620 |website=The News Minute |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en |date=27 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vrithra]]''
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sudharani is part of Vrithra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudharani-is-part-of-vrithra/articleshow/66040958.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=3 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kannad Gothilla]]''
| [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Shwetha |first1=Aravind |title='Kannad Gothilla' review: Jingoistic thriller that takes its subject too far |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/kannad-gothilla-review-jingoistic-thriller-takes-its-subject-too-far-112783 |website=The News Minute |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en |date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
| Usha
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Shwetha |first1=Aravind |title='Mayabazar 2016' review: This clean comedy thriller is a jolly ride |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/mayabazar-2016-review-clean-comedy-thriller-jolly-ride-119140 |website=The News Minute |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=en |date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Law (film)|Law]]''
| Dr. Vimala Pathak
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Law is not a routine legal drama: Raghu Samarth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/law-is-not-a-routine-legal-drama-raghu-samarth/articleshow/76913606.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=12 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2021
| ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
| Professor
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=What's a rugby game got to do with 'Yuvarathnaa'? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/oct/05/whats-a-rugby-game-got-to-do-with-yuvarathnaa-2043281.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=5 October 2019 |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| ''[[Trikona (film)|Trikona]]''
| Seetha
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Sebastian R. |first1=Shilpa |title=Director Rajashekar: 'Trikona is a rare experiment' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-rajashekar-trikona-is-a-rare-experiment/article32511290.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=22 September 2023 |language=en-IN |date=3 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Avatara Purusha (2022 film)|Avatara Purusha Part 1]]''
| Yashodha
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title='Avatara Purusha': Comic relief with a black twist |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/may/07/avatara-purusha-comic-relief-with-a-black-twist-2450590.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]''
| Nurse
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive: I was blown away by my character in Thurthu Nirgamana, says Sudharani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-i-was-blown-away-by-my-character-in-thurthu-nirgamana-says-sudharani/articleshow/92261271.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2023 |date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vasanthi Nalidaga''
| Madhu
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Vasanthi Nalidaga Review ಸಿಂಪಲ್ ಲವ್‌ಸ್ಟೋರಿ ಮತ್ತು ಜೀವನಪಾಠ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/rohith-sridhar-sadhu-kokila-vasanthi-nalidaga-kannada-film-review-rmaupt |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=kn |date=3 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2023
| ''Prajarajya''
| Vagdevi
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Y. Maheswara |title=Prajarajya Movie Review: Corrupt netas' tale |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/prajarajya-movie-review-corrupt-netas-tale/articleshow/98418433.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=26 September 2023 |language=en |date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|[[Juni (film)|''Juni'']]
|Juni's Mother
|
|
|-
|[[Yuva (2024 film)|''Yuva'']]
|Girija
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-14 |title=Yuva Rajkumar: "ಸುಧಾರಾಣಿ ಮೇಡಂ ನನ್ನ ಕಾಫಿ ಪಾರ್ಟ್ನರ್": ಯುವ ಹೀಗೆಂದಿದ್ದೇಕೆ? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/yuva-rajkumar-said-that-his-coffee-partner-is-sudharani-203974 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|[[Avatara Purusha 2|''Avatara Purusha Part 2'']]
|Yashodha
|
|
|-
|''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]''
| Vedhanth's mother
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2025
|''[[Firefly (2025 film)|Firefly]]''
| Padma
|
|
|-
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|Meera
|
|
|-
|''[[Nidradevi Next Door]]''
|Sudha
|
|
|-
|''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Chowkidar (2026 film)|Chowkidar]]''
|Uma Shankar
|
|
|}

=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Annakili Sonna Kathai]]'' || Gowri
|
|
|-
|1991
| ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' || Uma || rowspan="5" |Credited as Shali ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1992 || ''Vasanthakala Malargal'' || Shanthi
|
|-
| ''[[Mouna Mozhi]]'' || Kasthuri
|
|-
| ''[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]'' ||
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://letterboxd.com/film/sugamana-sumaigal/ |title=Sugamana Sumaigal 1992 Directed by Parthiban |publisher=Letter Box |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Thangakkili]]'' || Swathi
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Nibunan]]''
| Dr. Prema
|
| <ref name="auto2"/>
|-
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|1990||''[[Master Kapuram]]''
|Geeta
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|Credited as Gayatri
|
|-
|''Irugillu Porugillu''
|
|
|
|-
|1991
| ''Srisaila Bhramarambika Kataksham''
|[[Bhramari|Bhramarambika]]
|
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Bangar Patler]]'' ||
|Tulu|| ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]'' || Ambika
|Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Jessie''
| Dr. Aradhya
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]'' || Meera||
|
|}

===Voice-over===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Actress
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Premotsava]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]'' || [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Maurya (film)|Maurya]]''|| [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Monalisa (film)|Monalisa]]'' || [[Sadha]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]'' || [[Madhuri Bhattacharya]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Maanikya]]'' || [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|-
| 2022 || ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''|| [[Raveena Tandon]]
|}

===Television===
*''Aramane'' (Udaya TV)<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/popular-kannada-serial-aramane-to-go-off-air-from-march-16/articleshow/63300979.cms</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Year{{efn|name=years|Refers to the year in which the ceremony was held.}}
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1987
|''[[Mana Mechchida Hudugi]]''
|[[B. R. Panthulu|BR Panthulu Award]]
|Best Actress
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Panchama Veda (film)|Panchama Veda]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1992
|rowspan="2"| ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>[https://ia903105.us.archive.org/10/items/40thFilmfareSouthBestActorActress/40th%20Filmfare%20South%20Best%20Actor%20Actress.jpg Magazine clipping] us.archive.org</ref>
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Vaastu Prakaara]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Winners-63rd-Filmfare-South-Awards/articleshow/52816168.cms|title=Winners: 63rd Filmfare South Awards|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Life Jothe Ondh Selfie]]''
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|website=Filmfare |date=13 December 2019 |access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]''
| Chandanavana Film Critics Academy Awards
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Anjanappa |first1=Bharath |title=Kantara and KGF 2 win max at Critics' Awards |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/kantara-and-kgf-2-win-max-at-critics-awards-786347 |website=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=25 September 2023 |language=en |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

{{Commons category}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0710161}}

{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress|state=expanded}}
{{FilmfareKannadaBestActress |state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Sudha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Borivali West metro station

2026-02-18T15:02:26Z

Vilianarij:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Yellow Line 2A metro station}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Borivali (West)
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|बोरीवली (पश्चिम)}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow
| image = Borivali (west) metro station.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption =
| address = Mhada Colony, Borivali, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400091
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2313925|N|72.8408607|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}}
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| owned = [[File:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| parking = yes (paid)<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Parking Facility To Be Introduced Near 5 Metro Stations In Mumbai |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/civic/mumbai-parking-facility-near-5-metro-stations-77653 |website=mumbailive.com |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|April|02}}
| accessible =
| code = '''206'''
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=2A|right=Eksar|left=Shimpoli}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 2}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 2}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Borivali (West)''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 2 (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This station is located in [[Borivali]], Mumbai. This station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA), and was inaugurated on 2 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mumbai Metro's 2A & 7 Lines to Cover Andheri to Dahisar in Just 75 Minutes {{!}} Know Fare, Routes as Ops Begin Today |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mumbai-metros-2a-7-lines-to-cover-andheri-to-dahisar-in-just-75-minutes-know-fare-routes-as-ops-begin-today-6877861.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[J Kumar Infraprojects]] was awarded the contract to construct the station in June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Tainted J Kumar Infraporjects bags Dahisar-DN Nagar Metro 2A project |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015125202/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=dna}}</ref> The MMRDA announced that electrification of the line had been completed on 26 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2021 |title=MMRDA to conduct test run for two elevated Metro lines next week |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-to-conduct-test-run-for-two-elevated-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/82979298.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref>

Borivali West was opened to the public on 2 April 2022, along with the first phase of Line 2A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Mumbai: Phase 1 of Metro Line 2A and 7 opened for public |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-8-pm-today-phase-1-of-metro-line-2a-7-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-7850274/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=Mumbai Metro: These 2 lines to get operational today. Check route, other details |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-7-to-get-operational-today-check-route-other-details-11674107578757.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Station layout ==

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Right}} ([[Eksar metro station|Eksar]]) →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} ([[Shimpoli metro station|Shimpoli]])
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Borivali West station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Borivali]]

Gazi Aziz Ferdous

2026-02-18T00:27:09Z

Vilianarij: typo fix

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gazi Aziz Ferdous
| office = Member of Parliament
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 13 December 2005
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| native_name = গাজী আজিজ ফেরদৌস
| native_name_lang = bn
}}

'''Gazi Aziz Ferdous''' (died 2005) was a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and member of parliament from [[Jhalokati-2]].

==Career==
Ferdous was elected to parliament from Jhalokati-2 in 1991 and 1996 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate. He had also served as the [[Jhalokati Sadar Upazila]] chairman.<ref name="bnmp">{{cite news |title=Former Jhalokathi BNP MP dies in Dhaka |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/former-jhalokathi-bnp-mp-dies-in-dhaka |access-date=23 January 2019 |work=bdnews24.com |date=13 December 2005}}</ref>

==Death==
Ferdous died on 13 December 2005 in [[Dhaka]], Dhanmondi, Bangladesh.<ref name="bnmp" />
Died because of a stroke in his sleep on the coach of his daughters apartment.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferdous, Gazi Aziz}}
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jhalokati Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Jhalokati District]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Coup d'état of Yanaon

2026-02-15T04:28:26Z

Vilianarij: minor cleanup

{{Short description|1954 coup in French colonial enclave in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=February 2012}}
{{essay-like|date=February 2012}}
}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Coup d'état of Yanaon
| date = 13 June 1954
| place = [[Yanam|Yanaon]], [[French India|French settlements in India]]
| result = Crisis resolved
| combatant1 = Anti-integration faction
| combatant2 = Pro-merger faction
| commander1 = [[Samatam Krouschnaya]]

[[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]]

[[Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidou]]
| commander2 = [[Dadala Raphael Ramanayya]]

[[V. Subbiah]]

[[Edouard Goubert]]

[[Madimchetty Satianandam]]
}}
A [[coup d'état]] took place in [[Yanam]], [[India]], in 1954 as India and [[France]] held negotiations regarding the future of [[French India|French settlements in India]]. Yanam, along with Pondicherry, Karikal, and Mahé, was one of four small French colonial enclaves remaining in India after its 1947 independence from Britain. Though widely separated along both of India's coasts, the towns were collectively known as Pondicherry ({{Langx|fr|Pondichéry}}; [[Indian English]]: Puducherry), after the largest of the settlements.

[[Yanam, French India|Yanam]] had [[francophile|pro-France]] (anti-integration) leaders such as [[Samatam Krouschnaya]], [[Kamichetty Sri Parassourama Varaprassada Rao Naidu]], and [[Kamichetty Venougopala Rao Naidou]], as well as pro-India (pro-merger) leaders like [[Dadala Raphael Ramanayya]], [[V. Subbiah]], [[Edouard Goubert]] and [[Madimchetty Satianandam]]. While Krouschnaya would remain committed to France, most of the anti-integration leaders later switched to the pro-merger camp. The integration of the colony into India was further hastened by the active intervention of India's [[consul (representative)|consul]], [[Kewal Singh]].

The coup d'état of Yanaon was interpreted differently by different people. While Indian nationalists considered it an act of liberation, some pro-French leaders saw it as an act of treachery.

==Causes==
After India gained its independence from Britain in 1947, there was immense pressure on France to relinquish control of its small Indian territories. Some areas were quickly ceded, but others, with deeper French cultural ties, were reluctant to sever ties with France, or wanted to negotiate special status within India. In 1948 the Indian and French governments agreed that the future political status of Puducherry would be determined by referendum of its residents; that October, in elections widely seen as unfair, pro-French councillors won nearly every Municipal Assembly seat in Pondicherry territory.

In Yanam, there was a particularly strong pro-French fraction, which prompted a strong reaction by Nationalist Indians, led by former French policeman [[Dadala Raphael Ramanayya]] and activist Sellane Naicker. Tensions escalated over a period of years. The French police cracked down on pro-merger activists, while gangs of [[Goonda|''goondas'']] harassed, threatened, and beat supporters of the rival side.

Since Yanam was small in area and population, Kewal Singh wanted to seize it first. On the night of 11 April 1954, at a conference at Kandamangalam,{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} he asked Dadala Raphael Ramanayya for a plan for its liberation, which ultimately resulted in the coup d'état.

==Before the coup==
On 10 December 1953, R.K. Tandon was transferred and [[Kewal Singh]] took his place as India's consul. He was able to wean some of the anti-merger leaders and members of the representative assembly away from the pro-France camp, and took them to [[New Delhi]].

The movement for unification with India gathered momentum under [[V. Subbiah]], and gained a powerful ally when [[Edouard Goubert]] switched his loyalty to the pro-merger camp. A momentous event in the independence movement of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] occurred on 18 March 1954, when the members of the executive council, the mayor of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], and leaders from seven adjoining communes proclaimed their decision to merge with India, without a [[referendum]]. All of the communes in [[Karaikal]] soon followed suit. This decision was to be confirmed by the representative assembly.

When the [[French India Socialist Party]] initiated moves to ratify the merger resolution, the French Governor scuttled it by postponing the session. Provoked by this, the Socialists made plans to capture the outlying communes one by one, then move on Pondicherry. The [[Communist Party of India]] was also ready to launch a campaign to merge Pondicherry with India. Accordingly, the leaders of the French India Socialist Party hoisted the [[Indian National Flag]] atop the Nettapakkam police station on the last day of March in 1954. Thus a [[provisional government]], with Edouard Goubert as the head, was formed in the enclave of Nettapakkam. The Indian Armed Reserve was posted around its borders.

In the meanwhile, negotiations were going on between the governments of India and France. Kewal Singh met all the leaders of the provisional government at a conference in Kandamangalam in the night of 11 April 1954. He explained that the French authorities were not taking the provisional government at Nettapakkam seriously. He suggested that if the leaders wanted real liberation of all settlements, they should occupy any of the big four settlements. Subsequently, a plan was formed for Dadala Raphael Ramanayya to liberate Yanam.

On 13 April 1954, Dadala arrived in Yanam and proceeded to neighbouring [[Kakinada]] (a town in the adjacent Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]) the next day. In Yanam, he was warned that he could be captured or killed if he ventured to start a nationalist agitation there. Next day Dadala was ambushed by the French administration's police at Farampeta village but managed to escape back to Indian territory.

Dadala also purchased a large number of Indian flags and started a house-to-house campaign, requesting students and their leaders to organise a meeting in the town hall grounds. Along with his new nationalistic recruits, he hired lorries and made tours in the streets of Yanam, inviting the people to meetings.

The French colonial police also raided some villages on Indian territory. Loudspeakers were installed around Yanam town, that played patriotic songs and explained to people the reasons for merger with India. Inside Yanam, anti-merger leaders such as [[Samatam Krouschnaya]] and [[Kamichetty Sri Parasurama Varaprasada Rao Naidu]] also organised meetings and counter-processions against the merger.

At the beginning of June, the secretary-general of the French administration of Pondicherry met Dadala and informed him that the government was transferring the two European officials who were residing in Yanam. He requested safety of these officials from the nationalist volunteers while leaving the place. Dadala accompanied the two officials till Kakinada from where they departed by train to Pondicherry.

==Preparation for the coup==
Dadala made arrangements to take over the administration of Yanam after consultation with the officials of Kakinada and other pro-merger Yanam leaders, such as [[Madimchetty Satianandam]] (the mayor of Yanam), Yerra Jagannatha Rao, [[Kamichetty Sri Parasurama Varaprasada Rao Naidu]], and Kanakala Tatayya Naidou. Kamichetty Parasuram Naidu agreed to join the pro-merger camp.

Satianandam fled from Yanam fearing persecution by the French colonial administration and his home was ransacked. 78-year-old [[physician]] [[Samatam Krouschnaya]], a pro-France leader, was appointed interim mayor of Yanam. He was by now the lone anti-integration leader fighting against the merger.

==Coup d'État de Yanaon==
In the early morning of Sunday, 13 June 1954, Dadala marched at the head of a few thousand non-violent and peaceful volunteers from Kakinada towards the [[bungalow]] of the chief administrator of Yanam, in order to capture it and hoist the Indian flag. Bayankar Achary, another Indian revolutionary and patriot was a member of the volunteer corps. Marching 50 yards ahead of his volunteers with a [[megaphone]], he requested the French police and other officials to cooperate and surrender. The French police retaliated and threw grenades, which fell at 20 meters from Dadala and exploded harmlessly. Then they started firing on the unarmed volunteers.

The volunteers took shelter behind the [[Manyam Zamindar]]’s [[choultry]]. Several policemen stopped firing and ran away to lock themselves inside the police building fearing mob fury. The nationalists surrounded them and had them disarmed. The volunteers combed the town and arrested all pro-France leaders and conducted spot trials against them. When they admitted to their guilt, [[clemency]] was shown to them and nobody was harmed. The peaceful coup d'état of Yanam was announced by [[All India Radio]] and the mass media.

The [[Indian National Flag]] was hoisted on the top of administrator's [[bungalow]]. The pro-merger group formed a new [[provisional government]] of Yanam headed by Dadala and adopted a resolution declaring the liberation of Yanam.

==Death of Samatam==
Another significant event that happened that day was the death of Samatam Krouschnaya. During that day, he battled alone against all pro-merger groups for the continuation of French sovereignty over Yanam. Samatam died while trying to jump from a wall at Pydikondala house.

==Aftermath==
The coup d'état of Yanaon enraged the French authorities of Pondicherry. Rumours were spread to the effect that the French were dispatching a cruiser to Yanam to capture pro-merger leaders and to re-establish their authority. Just three days before the coup, the last colonial chief administrator of Yanam, George Sala, was recalled by [[André Ménard]], the then Governor General of Pondicherry.

Dadala was appointed as acting commissioner of Yanam for 14 days. Towards the end of June 1954, Kewal Singh paid a visit to Yanam and requested Dadala's return to Pondicherry to continue his activities there. On 3 July, Dadala left Yanam, after having made all arrangements for its proper administration.

On 1 November 1954, Yanam was de facto transferred to India. [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited Pondicherry on 16 January 1955. Edouard Goubert, S. Perumal, Dadala and Sri Pakirisamy Pillai presented addresses to Pandit Nehru in a public meeting in the maidan of Gorimedu.

[[France]] declared it was not responsible for the events occurred after 13 June 1954 in the Treaty of Cession signed by French and Indian authorities on 28 May 1956.

Dadala was appointed as high-ranking officer in the department of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] until he retired on 29 June 1963, three days before the de jure and final merger of Yanam into the newly formed Indian [[Union territory]] of Pondicherry.

==See also==
{{Portal|France|India}}
* [[Municipal Administration in French India]]
* [[Dadala Raphael Ramanayya]]
* [[Yanam]]
*Military coups in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''My Struggle for freedom of French Provinces in India'', autobiography written by Dadala Raphael Ramanayya.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040316130110/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1956/chap133.htm 1956 Treaty of Cession] – [[Indian Ministry for External Affairs]]
*[https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.1955.tb02588.x THE FRENCH AND PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928215622/http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/Nallam.pdf Entrevue avec Dr Nallam, Août 2004] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.indereunion.net/actu/pondy/madana/intermadana.htm Interview with Shanmuganandan Madanacalliany] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://www.indereunion.net/actu/pondy/internallam.htm Interview with Dr. Nallam] {{in lang|fr}}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024284 Future of French India], by Russel H. Fifield (Associate Professor of Political Science at University of Michigan)

{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Cold War coups}}

[[Category:1954 in India]]
[[Category:1954 in France]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1954]]
[[Category:June 1954 in Asia]]
[[Category:1950s coups d'état|India]]
[[Category:20th century in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:20th century in French India]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Political integration of India]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:France–India relations]]
[[Category:Yanam]]

Sukumar Brahma

2026-02-12T02:59:29Z

Vilianarij: Stub

{{Infobox person
| name = Sukumar Brahma

| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Professor
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] Dominion Energy Distinguished Professor in power engineering
| notable_works =
}}

'''Sukumar Brahma''' is a scientist in the field of [[electrical engineering]], and a [[Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE). He has been named as a fellow member for his contributions to power system protection with distributed and renewable generation.<ref name="Year">{{cite web | last=Year | first=Elevation | title=IEEE Fellows Directory - Member Profile | website=[[IEEE]] | url=https://services27.ieee.org/fellowsdirectory/getdetailprofile.html?custNum=S6NKtL7sjjBvD6teJ2Y%2FLg%3D%3D&bccaptions=Search%20Results&bclocations=%2Ffellowsdirectory%2Fkeywordsearch.html%3Fkeyword%3Dbrahma | access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>

==Education==
Sukumar received the B.E. degree from [[Gujarat University]] in 1989, the M.Tech. degree from [[The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]] in 1997, and the Ph.D. degree from [[Clemson University]], [[Clemson, South Carolina|Clemson]], SC, USA, in 2003.<ref name="IEEE Xplore 2022">{{cite web |title=Sukumar Brahma's profile on IEEExplore | website=IEEE Xplore | date=2022-01-25 | url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37276187500 | access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>

==Career==
He is currently a Dominion Energy Distinguished Professor in power engineering and the Director of Clemson University Electric Power Research Association, Clemson University.<ref name="Clemson University, South Carolina">{{cite web | title=Sukumar Brahma - College of Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences | website=Clemson University, South Carolina | url=https://www.clemson.edu/cecas/departments/ece/faculty_staff/faculty/sbrahma.html | access-date=2022-02-01}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Johan H. Enslin]]
*[[Mohammad Shahidehpour]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahma, Sukumar}}
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Clemson University faculty]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Yusuf Kandhlawi

2026-02-10T07:26:49Z

Vilianarij: Done

{{short description|Second Amir of Tablighi Jamaat (1917–1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
| name = Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi
| image =
| birth_date = 20 March 1917
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1965|04|02|1917|03|20}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Pakistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| alma_mater = [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]]
| works =''[[Hayat al-Sahaba]]'', ''[[Amani al-Ahbar fi Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar]]'', Muntakhab Ahadith, Six Points
| main_interests = Basic principles and practices of [[Islam]]
|disciple_of =[[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]]
|influences =[[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]], [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]
|influenced = [[Hafiz Patel]], [[Muhammad Umar Palanpuri]]
| office1 = 2nd [[Amir]] of [[Tablighi Jamaat]]
| term_start1 = 1944
| term_end1 = 1965
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhalwi]]
| successor1 = [[Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi]]
}}
{{Deobandi}}
'''Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi''' (20 March 1917 – 2 April 1965) was an Indian Islamic scholar who became the second [[amir|ameer]] of the [[Tablighi Jamaat]].<ref name="wordpress">[https://tablighijamaat.wordpress.com/2008/06/09/biography-of-maulana-muhammad-yusuf-kandhlavi-second-ameer-of-tableeghi-jamaat/ Profile of Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi on wordpress.com website], Retrieved 7 May 2017</ref><ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed Yûsuf|last=Özşenel|first=Mehmet}}</ref>

==Biography==
Kandhlawi memorized the [[Quran]] at the age of ten, from Hafiz Imam Khan Mewati. Syed Ahmad Faizabadi, the elder brother of Syed [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], sent an honorary degree to Yusuf commemorating his memorization of the Quran.

He graduated afrom [[Mazahir Uloom]] at the age of 20, in 1936 (1355 AH).<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/islamandthequran/ah-years-converted-to-ad-years Conversion Chart showing Islamic Calendar years converted to AD years on sites.google.com website], Retrieved 8 May 2017</ref>

He died in [[Lahore]] in 1965, at the age of 48. His funeral at Delhi was attended by at least two hundred thousand mourners.<ref name="CT">[https://www.central-mosque.com/index.php/History/shaykh-maulana-muhammad-yusuf-kandhlawi-ra.html Profile of Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi - Second Ameer (leader) of Tablighi Jamaat], Retrieved 8 May 2017</ref>
His funeral prayer was led by [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] and was buried next to the grave of his father [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]].<ref name="central">{{cite web |title=Shaykh (Maulana) Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi (RA) |url=https://central-mosque.com/index.php/History/shaykh-maulana-muhammad-yusuf-kandhlawi-ra.html |website=Central-Mosque.com |access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Books Written
!Title
!Description
!Volumes
! Language
|-
|''[[Hayatus Sahabah|Hayat Al-Sahabah]]''
|The Prophet's Companions' Way of Life
|3
|Arabic
|-
|''[[Amani al-Ahbar fi Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar]]''
|an annotation of a major work by Imam [[Ahmad Al-Tahawi]]
|4
|
|-
|'' Muntakhab Ahadith''<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |p=175–176 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Uddin |first=Md. Arif |title=A Study On Hadith Literature In India With Special Reference To Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlavi |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/641670 |language=en |pages=182–188 |year=2025 |location=India}}</ref>
|
|
|Urdu/Arabic
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Uddin |first=Md. Arif |title=A Study On Hadith Literature In India With Special Reference To Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlavi |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/641670 |language=en |pages=103–167 |year=2025 |location=India}}
*[https://www.banuri.edu.pk/bayyinat-detail/%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81 bayyinat]
*[https://archive.org/details/Maktaba-Maulana-Yusuf-Kandhalvi-ra Maqtaba]
*[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/14738 Yousuf Kandhalwi : Daawati Afkaar aur Dini Khidmaat]
*[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/239103 Al Qiyamul Insaaniyyah Fee Kitaabi Hayaatis Sahaaba Lish Shaykh Muhammad Yusuf Al Kandehlavi Rahimahullah]
*[https://www.arabnews.com/node/225669 Scholar Of Renown: Muhammad Yusuf Al-Kandhlawi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130713122030/http://www.minsid.com/Bayans/Urdu_Bayans.html Bayans or speeches in Urdu language of Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi]
* [https://dailytoq.com/india/9000-tablighi-jamaat-members-quarantined-includes-over-1300-foreigners-india-news.html 9,000 Tablighi Jamaat members quarantined]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://blogspree.co Quran - An Article To Throw More Light] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127084843/http://blogspree.co/ |date=27 November 2021 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandhlawi, Muhammad Yusuf}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Tablighi Jamaat people]]
[[Category:Mazahir Uloom alumni]]
[[Category:People from Shamli district]]
[[Category:Emirs of Tablighi Jamaat]]

Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni

2026-02-09T04:57:06Z

Vilianarij: new - done

{{Short description|Indian herpetologist (born 1978)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{resume-like|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 27 December 1978
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| known_for = [[Herpetologist]], [[Environmental activist|Eco-warrior]],<ref name="Fernandez">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2013/jun/270613-travel-why-this-rainmaker-must-be-protected.htm|title=Why this 'Rainmaker' must be protected|last=Fernandez|first=Fiona|date=27 June 2013|work=[[Mid-Day]]|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref> [[Ecologist]], [[Conservation biology|Conservationist]]
| training =
| movement =
| notable_works = ''The Goan Jungle Book''
| patrons =
| awards =
| elected =
| website =
}}

'''Nirmal Ulhas Kulkarni''' (born 27 December 1978 in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]) is a [[herpetologist]], field ecologist, [[conservation biology|conservationist]], and [[wildlife photographer]]. Director (Ecology) of Wildernest Nature Resort,<ref name="Wildernest Nature Resort">{{cite web|url=http://www.wildernest-goa.com/ |title=Wildernest Nature Resort}}</ref> an eco-tel in the Chorla Ghats ([[Goa]]), Chairman of the Mhadei Research Centre, Team Lead of Hypnale Research Station and promoter of HERPACTIVE, a study initiative on [[Herpetofauna]]. {{As of|2012|December}}, he lives in [[Goa]].<ref name="Banerjee">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Vd0V7bQFuS3BD4oiWPsN4H/Nirmal-Kulkarni-ecologist.html|title=Nirmal Kulkarni, ecologist|last=Banerjee|first=Ananda|date=28 December 2012|work=[[Livemint]]|accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nirmal's grandfather, Shantaram Yeshwant Kulkarni, often took him along on morning walks near their home in [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]], and taught him about the wildlife in their backyard. Their long morning walks together and evening tales were woven around the wildlife of the [[Konkan]] region.

==Career==

A Bachelor in [[Applied arts|Applied Arts]] from the [http://goacollegeofart.com/ Goa College of Art], Nirmal also holds a Masters in Environment and Ecology from the [http://www.ecology.edu/ Indian Institute of Environment and Ecology], [[New Delhi]]. In addition, he has completed a year-long course in Basic [[Herpetology]] from the [[Bombay Natural History Society]]. These foundation courses, during which he met experts in the field like Ashok Captain, [[Bittu Sahgal]], Varad Giri, [[K. Ullas Karanth|Dr. Ulhas Karanth]] and [[Romulus Whitaker]], enabled him to leapfrog from a snake handler and nature photographer to a herpetologist.

===Related work===
In 16 years of ground work with communities, field staff, researchers and students, Nirmal has experimented the combination of science, photography, activism and successfully linked field conservation, communities, livelihoods, natural resource management and environment protection, into a practical working model at Wildernest Nature Resort, Chorla Ghat, Goa and in the surrounding areas.

Nirmal has researched, mapped and recorded the secrets of the [[Mhadei]] Bio Region. He would often accompany renowned historian and [[environmentalist]] Mr. Rajendra Kerkar into deep forests, armed with just a camera. Those journeys whetted his appetite to know more about the region which was undocumented, and on several self-funded journeys he photo-documented the diversity of Mahdei – particularly lesser known animal species like reptiles and amphibians, insects and spiders.

By establishing the [http://www.mhadeiresearchcenter.org/ Mhadei Research Centre], the Northern Western Ghat's first independent field research station, he has established a single platform that trains young naturalists, brings communities and wildlife enthusiasts together, and documents the biodiversity of the region. His other base, The Hypnale Research Station at Kuveshi, [[Karnataka]] is considered as a beacon to follow for other field stations in the Western Ghats of India. Using these two bases, he has spent much of the last decade in inspiring young Turks to carry the mantle of conserving the Western Ghats for posterity.

===Discoveries===
*Discovery of [[Ichthyophis davidi]]<ref name="Banerjee" /><ref>Current Science 2011; 101: 1015-1019</ref>
*Discovery of [[Gegeneophis]] goaensis<ref name="Banerjee" /><ref>Bhatta, G. K., K.P. Dinesh, P. Prashanth and N. U. Kulkarni. 2007. A new species of Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) from Goa, India. Zootaxa. 1409: 51-59.</ref>
*Discovery of Gegeneophis mhadeiensis<ref name="Banerjee" /><ref>Bhatta, G., Dinesh, D. P., Prashanth, P., Kulkarni, N. U. (2007). ''A new species of the Indian caecilian genus Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) from the surroundings of Mahadayi Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats.'' Current Science, 93(10), 1442-1445.</ref>
*Range extension of sub-species of the pit viper (Peotobothrops jerdonii xanthomelas) - the Jerdon's Red spotted pit viper - from the [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary|Eaglenest Wildlife sanctuary]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].
*Discovery of Fegervarya gomantaki

==Television and media==
http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/nirmal-kulkarni-s-efforts-to-save-the-wildlife/237330

http://en.gaonconnection.com/india/campaign-to-create-awareness-about-threatened-python-species-in-india

==Honors and awards==
* Nehru Yuva Award for spreading conservation message amongst the Goan youth for over a decade, January 2001
* Mudra award for Ad campaign on wildlife protection by Goa College of Art, [[Goa University]], April 2001
* Sarpamitra award by Indian Herpetological Society for contribution to Reptile conservation in the Sahyadris in general and Goa in particular, March 2002
* Ecologist of the year Award for ecology-related work in the state of Goa by ECHO Goa, an organization working for nature conservation, November 2005
* 1st Place in State level Wildlife Photography contest in Nature Photography and Wildlife Photography competition organized by Forest Department, October 2008
* Gera Big Green Goenkar Award for work in wildlife conservation in Goa, June 2009
* Carl Zeiss Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goawildwatch.blogspot.in/2011/04/nirmal-kulkarni-receives-carl-zeiss.html |title=Goa Wildwatch |year=2011 |accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref> for research and conservation initiatives, April 2011
* Nomination for Lokmat Gourav Puraskar 2012
* Karmaveer Puraskar<ref name="Banerjee" /> November 2012.
* Vasundhara Award September 2013.
* [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] Earth Hero award 2013 in the ‘Inspire’ category in [[Delhi]] on 15 November 2013
* Sanctuary Asia Award 'Wind Under Wings' 2014

==Conservation initiatives==
Conservation for the sake of conserving not only wildlife habitats, but also forest community dominated landscapes near such ecological habitats, providing alternative and yet low-impact livelihoods has always been a long-term goal for Nirmal and has been achieved in many areas. While working with communities his team has supported young sparks and trained them to become entrepreneurs, skilled employment and eco-warriors in field. He has inspired volunteers, students and professionals to join in various capacities for field conservation by sacrificing time and toiling hard to collate data, conduct outreach programs and influence policy. His work has inspired and motivated many to choose conservation as full-time careers, while others have supported with resources and guidance.

As part of his scientific pursuit -
• He has headed and contributed to several research projects:
* National [[Biodiversity]] Strategy and Action Plan – studying man-reptile relationship in [[Sattari]] Taluka
* [[Sahyadri]] Ecologically Sensitive Area – documenting and compiling reptile species
* Indian Herpetological Society – creating a detailed database of snakes in Goa, [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] for an e-guide
* [http://www.forest.goa.gov.in/ Goa Forest Department] – participation in three wildlife census
* Habitat monitoring and impact on the Olive Ridley Sea Turtles at Morjim beach, which ultimately led to the conservation of their nesting areas
* Mhadei Bachao Abhiyan – independent study on the impact the Mahdei river diversion will have on the Herpetofauna
* Compilation of basic biodiversity checklists of sacred groves in Sattari Taluka
* Archeological Society of India – documentation of heritage iconography in Sattari

He has significant discoveries to his credit -
* Goan caecilian (Gegeneophis goaensis) – Sattari District, Keri Village, [[Goa]]
* Mahdei caecilian (Gegeneophis mhadeiensis) – Chorla Village, Khanapur Taluka, Karnataka
* Chorla Giant striped Ichthyophis (Ichthyophis davidi) from Chorla and Castle Rock in Karnataka
* Range extension of sub-species of the [[Pit Viper]] (Protobothrops jerdonii xanthomelas) – the Jerdon's Red Spotted Pit Viper – Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, [[Arunachal Pradesh]]

In addition, he has worked as a volunteer with the Wildlife Conservation Society for estimating prey for tigers in the [[Nagarhole National Park|Nagarhole Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Karnataka, and as a group team leader on a Conservation Programme at the [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]], Arunachal Pradesh. He is also involved in data collection and consultancy services on eco-tourism and wildlife research projects in six states, including Goa, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal. His experience in setting up and running Wildernest Nature Resort, an eco-tel in the heart of Chorla Ghats, holds him in good stead.

Nirmal's growing role as an activist can be seen in the successful ‘Save the Frogs’ campaign against the local consumption of Indian Bullfrogs, which he led along with co-campaigner Clinton Vaz and the Goa Forest Department. The campaign included awareness-cum-law enforcement activities. He was also part of a team that worked on conserving the Bhimgad Forests in Karnataka. Their efforts ultimately led to the creation of the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary. The efforts by his team under Nirmal's leadership also have helped declare the Mahdei [[Wildlife Sanctuary]] as a Proposed Tiger Reserve and bring attention to the Mahdei Dam Project that is slated to irreversibly damage prime [[Western Ghats]] habitat.

He is associated with and connected to multiple state and national-level organizations which focus on ecological and wildlife conservation. Most notably, he is affiliated to:
* Goa State Wildlife Advisory Board
* Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Centre for Herpetology
* Goa Heritage Action Group
* Indian Bird Conservation Network and Goa State Bird Conservation Network
* [[Western Ghats]] Core Group – Goa State
* [[Bombay Natural History Society]]
* Mahdei Bachao Abhiyan
* Sahyadri Ecologically Sensitive Area (SESA) Committee
* Katraj Snake Park and Uttara's Ark, a Wildlife rehabilitation center cum snake park at [[Katraj]], [[Pune]]
* TigerLink network, a national network formed to conserve the tiger and its habitat
* Conservation and Livelihoods network, a network formed to protect community rights as well as natural habitats in the country
* Indian Herpetological Society, a body working in the field of reptile conservation in the country
* [http://veabgoa.org/ Vivekanand Environment Awareness Brigade], an NGO involved in spreading conservation awareness in the state

He was assisted, and mentored by stalwarts in the field of biodiversity research and documentation, most notably Dr. [[Claude Alvares]], Dr. Manoj Borkar, Dr. G K Bhatt and Dr. M. K. Janarthanan.

Nirmal and his team work with communities, both urban and rural, with youth and children, with professionals and tourists and in all these target groups the approaches are different and depend on issues as well as needs. The confidence building measures include providing sustainable livelihoods to over 200 families directly or indirectly, reviving age old green traditions, documenting intellectual property issues and providing platforms for communities as well as individuals to rise. The Children's Outreach Programme is the backbone of their initiatives and touches 30 schools across 3 states, which has been acknowledged on a national level by wildlife conservation groups as well as by the media.

Nirmal Kulkarni was invited to the [[Philippines]] in August 2013 on a series of lectures and talks. He was invited to speak on ‘Engaging youth for conservation through field research training in India’ by the University of Cebu and the KAS Environmental Law Talks committee. He was also a speaker at "Nurturing Biodiversity Protection among Children" that was organized by the Philippines Earth Justice Center and Dept of Education, City of Cebu Province.
Nirmal also engaged with Forest stewards of the Tabunan forests and with Councilor archival at the Eco House on issues ranging from conservation and recycling to wildlife documentation. He was also a speaker at the Forum on Eco Tourism that was organized by Cebu City government and Grassroots Travel.
Nirmal was also interviewed on a local television channel by the Cebu lady lawyer's association and his work was covered in local newspapers.

His efforts in the Goa State have been covered by [[CNN-IBN]], [[BBC]] Open Country, [[NDTV]], [[Zee News]], Sahara News, [[ETV Marathi]], [[ABP News|Star News]] and other local media. Also, his personal databank of professional images of Goa's hinterland and diversity is used by various NGOs, individuals, and institutions in the state as well as nationally for education and creating awareness.

==Books==

Nirmal has authored ''[http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/conservation/reviews/book-reviews/4446-the-goan-jungle-book.html The Goan Jungle Book]'' which is aimed at educating students in particular and the Goan populace in general about Goa's lesser known wildlife.<ref name="Banerjee" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Nirmal Ulhas}}
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mata Ki Chowki

2026-02-04T03:37:22Z

Vilianarij: minor refine references per standard format additionally

{{short description| Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MataKiChowki2.jpg
| caption = TV release poster for Mata ki Chowki
| runtime = 25 Minutes
| creator =
| director = Rajesh Ram Singh Ranjan Kumar Singh
| starring = [[Shantipriya (actress)|Shantipriya]] [[Gautam Rode]] [[Richa Mukherjee]] Sai Ballal Simran Sharma [[Muskaan Nancy James]] Sangeeta Khanayat [[Ankit Bathla]]
| country = India
| network = [[Sahara One]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2008|6|9}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2011|10|7}}
| num_episodes = 845
| theme_music_composer = Dony Hazarika
| composer = Dony Hazarika
}}
'''''Mata ki Chowki''''' is an Indian television series produced by [[Swastik Pictures]], which aired on [[Sahara One]] from 9 June 2008 to 7 October 2011. The series produced 845 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-mythological-tv-show-that-give-an-insight-to-goddess-dugra-1114969.html|title=Mythological tv shows that give an insight to goddess Durga|last=|first=|date=21 September 2017|website=News18|access-date=}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mata ki Chowki follows the story of a girl known as Vaishnavi, a great devotee of the [[Goddess]] [[Vaishno Devi]], and details events in her life concerning her faith.

Vaishnavi is an orphan child who later finds herself adopted by Shradhha & Vidyasagar. Throughout her life, Vaishnavi's devotion towards Mata Vaishno Devi is seen in the miracles that occur in her favour and the struggles she encounters. Season 2 revolves around Vaishnavi's daughter, Sakshi. The third season covers the life of Sakshi's daughters, Nisha and Asha.

==Cast==
* [[Shantipriya]] as Mata [[Vaishno Devi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/dance-with-the-goddess/story-GoI8zLN06giOdhfD67DTNN.html | title=Dance with the Goddess | date=26 September 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Ishita Vyas]] as Devi [[Kali]]
* [[Richa Mukherjee]] as Child Vaishnavi (2008).
* Sai Ballal as Pandit Vidyasagar (Vaishnavi's foster father). He is Shraddha's husband and a priest of the Maa Vaishno Devi temple in Bhadarwaan village.
* [[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Shraddha Sagar (Vaishnavi's foster mother & Sonakshi's biological mother).
*[[Muskaan Nancy James]] as Vaishnavi Sagar / Vaishnavi Vansh Kumar (Season-1). She is very innocent and a true devotee of Mata Vaishno Devi.
* Rahul Raj Singh as Vansh Kumar (Vaishnavi's Husband).
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Sheel Kumar (Bade Papa /Prabhuji), Vansh, Yash and Gautam's father, Ambika's husband and Sabhya's elder brother.
* [[Sheela Sharma]] as Ambika Sheel Kumar (Badi Maa), Vansh, Yash and Gautam's mother.
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Yash Kumar, the eldest son of Sheel Kumar and Gauri's father.
* Riddhima Tiwari as Arpita Yash Kumar, Gauri's mother.
* Krishna Soni as Gautam Kumar, an elder jobless son of Sheel Kumar (2008-2009).
* Minakshi Sahane as Lata Mousi (Vidyasagar's home caretaker).
* [[Giriraj Kabra]] as Madhav (Vaishnavi's silent lover).
* [[Zahida Parveen]] as Sanyukta Gautam Kumar (Badi Bhabhi), Gautam's wife and the elder daughter-in-law of Sheel Kumar.
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Sabhya Kumar (Chhote Papa), Sheel Kumar's brother, Priyamvada's husband and Moksh's father.
* Usha Bachani as Priyamvada Sabhya Kumar (Chhoti Maa), Moksh's mother and Sabhya's wife.
* [[Sachal Tyagi]] as Moksh Kumar, Madhura's husband and Mansi and Kannu's father.
* Seema Malik as Madhura Moksh Kumar (Chhoti Bhabhi), Moksh's wife, Mansi, and Kannu's mother.
* Shaika Parveen as Sonakshi (Chulbuli) (Vaishnavi's foster sister).
* [[Adita Wahi]] as Natasha, Vansh's girlfriend and the daughter of Tantrik Baba.
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Munna Rajdan (Sanyukta's elder brother).
* Unknown child as young Sonakshi Sagar (Chhoti Chulbuli).
* Nitin Trivedi as Natasha's father / Tantrik Baba.
* [[Mehul Nisar]] as Gulfam 'Gullu' (Abdul Chacha's son).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mehul-back-in-Mata-Ki-Chowki/articleshow/4661077.cms|title=Mehul back in 'Mata Ki Chowki'|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Poonam Joshi]] as Monica, Sabhya's girlfriend.
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Narayan.
* Simran Sharma as Child Sakshi (Lt. Vansh-Vaishnavi's daughter).
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Mahashweta Devi/Fake Mata Rani.
* [[Gautam Rode]] as Aman (Sheel-Shweta's Illegal Son) Prabhuji's devotee.
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] / Harsh Vashisht as Rudra (Bali) Narayan (Sakshi's husband). He is Hari Narayan and Kusum's youngest son.
* Vishnu Sharma as Hari Narayan (Sakshi's father-in-law), the patriarch of the Narayan Family and a wealthy businessman.
* Shreedhara / Tiya Gandwani as Kkusumganga Hari Narayan (Sakshi's mother-in-law).
* Siddharth Dhawan as Vishnu Narayan (Sakshi's Jeth).
* [[Anushka Singh]] as Savita Vishnu Narayan (Sakshi's Jethani).
* Dhriti Bhatia as Mata Rani Baal Roop/ Chhoti Durga.
* [[Himani Chawla]] as Radha Rudra Narayan (Bali's 1st wife/Sakshi's Soutan).
* Deepti Dhyani as Maya Rudra Narayan (Bali's 2nd wife/Sakshi's Soutan).
* Sangeeta Khanayat as Asha Narayan (Sakshi's young daughter).
* Svetlana Mishra as Nisha Narayan (Sakshi's elder daughter).
* [[Ankit Bathla]]/Suman Dey as Arjun (Asha's husband).
* Anshul Singh as Shakti.
* Pankaj Kumar as Yamdev (Vaishnavi's Mahasankap track).
* Unknown person as Brahm Dev (Vaishnavi's Panch-dev Pariksha track).
* Unknown person as Mata Rani ka Kishori roop (Mrs. Sanghvi's track).
* Unknown person as Gauri Yash Kumar (Vaishnavi's Niece).
* Ashalata Wabgaonker as Dadi Maa (Sheel and Sabhya's mother, Vansh, Yash, Gautam, and Moksh's grandmother).
* Reshmi Ghosh as Nirti Maa.
* Vaidehi Dhamecha as Grown-up Mansi Moksh Kumar (Moksh and Madhura's daughter).
* Samaira Rao as Grown-up Gauri Yash Kumar (Yash and Arpita's daughter).
* [[Vibhuti Thakur|Vibhuti Patil Thakur]] as Shyama Hari Narayan (Hari Narayan and Kusum's daughter, Vinod's wife, Rudra, Vishnu, and Dheeraj's sister).
* Paras Thukral as Vinod (Shyama's husband, Hari Narayan, and Kusum's son-in-law).
* Ritwik Dhanjani as Dheeraj Hari Narayan (Rudra and Vishnu's youngest brother).
* Neeral Bhardwaj as Bhoomi.
* Jitendra Trehan as Ram Chacha.
* Iklaq Khan as Abdul Chacha (Vidyasagar's neighbour, Gullu's father).
* Muskaan Sayed as Rajni.
* Manoj Ramola as Hari
* Phalguni Desai as Manorma Narayan, Hari Narayan's Sister.
* Unknown person as Sona (Sheel House's servant).
* Farzil Pardiwala as Devrishi Naarad.
* Unknown person as Kutilaa.
*Suman Dey.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060402235233/http://saharaone.in/ Sahara One Official Website]
*{{IMDb title|8860136|Mata Ki Chowki}}

{{Sahara One Programmes}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Swastik Productions television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]

Sai Nath University

2026-02-02T00:24:10Z

Vilianarij: add intro per standard format after review

{{Short description|Private university in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sai Nath University
| image =
| other_name = SNU
| motto = Inclusion, Innovation & Ethics
| established = {{start date and age | 2012 }}
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private]]
| chancellor = Dr. Chandra Prakash Agarwal
| vice_chancellor = Dr. S. P. Agarwal
| academic_staff = 100+
| students = 1,000+
| city = [[Ranchi]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.488464|N|85.407980|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| campus = Semi-Urban
| website = {{URL|http://www.sainathuniversity.com/}}
| colours = Royal Blue & Orange{{Color box|RoyalBlue|border=darkgray}} {{Color box|Orange|border=darkgray}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sai Nath University''' is a [[Private university (India)|private university]] located in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Sai Nath University was set up in 2012 vide Sai Nath University, Jharkhand Act 2012 and is duly recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] as a private university.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=11&Unitype=3 | title=Private University Jharkhand | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=5 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121126/jsp/jharkhand/story_16239542.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703034648/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121126/jsp/jharkhand/story_16239542.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 July 2016 | title=Private varsity at capital door | publisher=Telegraph | date=26 November 2012 | accessdate=5 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.jharkhand.gov.in/DEPTDOCUPLOAD/uploads/8/D20138059.pdf | title=.Jharkhand Gazette | publisher=Jharkhand Government | accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> Sai Nath University is approved by PCI, BCI, NCTE, AICTE, INC and State Nursing Council.

== Academics ==
Sai Nath University offers degree programs in all major disciplines including [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate education]]. Sai Nath University has the following [[academic departments]]:<ref>{{Cite web | title=Courses Archive - Welcome to Sai Nath University | url=https://www.sainathuniversity.com/courses/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421230023/https://www.sainathuniversity.com/courses/ | archive-date=2025-04-21 | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref>

*Faculty of Science & Technology
*Faculty of Medical Science & Research
*Faculty of Nursing
*Faculty of Agriculture
*Faculty of Education & Physical Education
*Faculty of Law & Research
*Faculty of Pharmacy
*Faculty of Management

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of private universities in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.sainathuniversity.com}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Universities in Jharkhand}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ranchi]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu

2026-01-23T19:21:55Z

Vilianarij: stub

[[File:Temple Tangore 1.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram Nataraja temple]] considered the foremost of all Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu''' is governed by the [[Shaiva Agamas]] ([[IAST]]:Āgama) that revere the ultimate reality as the [[Hindu deity]], [[Shiva]]. [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Āgama]] ([[Sanskrit]]: आगम, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஆகமம்) in the [[Hindu]] religious context means a traditional doctrine or system which commands faith.<ref>
[https://books.google.com/books?id=j4SOIISR9PUC&dq=%22a+traditional+doctrine,+or+system+which+commands+faith%22&pg=PP11 Siva sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity By Vasugupta, Jaideva Singh]</ref> Temple worship according to Āgamic rules can be said to have started during the [[Pallava dynasty]] (551-901 A.D.) in [[South India]], but they were fully under establishment during the [[Chola dynasty]] (848-1279 A.D.)<ref>[[#Vasudevan|Vasudevan 2003]], p. 26</ref> The temples during the Chola period expanded to [[Sri Lanka]] and islands in [[South East Asia]]. The temple complex was expanding with niches for various deities on the stipulated sides of the sanctum. ''[[Lingam]]'' was universalised and ''[[prakarams]]'' (precincts) with subsequent deities came up. The temple ''parivara'' (deities related to primary deity) expanded considerably during the Chola period. The niches of following Āgamic rules for building Shiva temples in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[South Indian]] state continues even in the modern era. Some of the prime images like that of ''lingam'', [[Ganesha|Vinayagar]] and [[Parvati]] are present in all the Shiva temples. Almost all the temples follow the same custom during festivals and worship methods with minor exceptions. Most of the Shiva temples in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Sri Lanka]] (like [[Munneswaram temple]], [[Koneswaram temple]], [[Tennavaram temple]], [[Ketheeswaram temple]], [[Naguleswaram]]) are built in [[Dravidian architecture]].

==Symbolism behind the structure of a Shiva Temple==
[[File:Tiruvannamalai Temple.jpg|thumb|200x200px|right|The Annamalaiyar Temple in [[Thiruvannaamalai]], India, an ideal example of Dravidian Architecture]]
The temple structure resembles the human body with all its subtleties.<ref>Rao 1989</ref><ref>[[#Subramuniyaswami|Subramuniyaswami 2003]], p. 810</ref> The five walls encircling one another are the ''koshas'' (sheaths) of human existence.<ref name="Chakrabarti">Chakrabarti 1998, p.36</ref>
The outermost is the ''[[Kosha#Kosha|Annamaya kosha]]'', symbolizing the material body.<ref name="Chakrabarti"/> The second is ''[[Pranamaya|Pranamaya kosha]]'', symbolizing the sheath of vital force or ''[[prana]]'' (breath).<ref name="Chakrabarti"/> The third is ''[[Kosha#Manomaya kosha|Manomaya kosha]]'', symbolizing the sheath of the thoughts, the ''mana''.<ref name="Chakrabarti"/> The fourth is the ''[[Vijnanamaya|Vijnanamaya kosha]]'', symbolizing, the sheath of the intellect.<ref name="Chakrabarti"/> The fifth and innermost is the ''[[Anandamaya|Anandamaya kosha]]'', symbolizing the sheath of bliss.<ref name="Chakrabarti"/>

Dravidian Shiva temples invariably follow the structure, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were constructed:<ref name=Fergusson>{{cite book |last= Fergusson |first= James|title= History of Indian and Eastern Architecture |orig-year= 1910 |edition= 3rd |year= 1997 |publisher=Low Price Publications |location= New Delhi|page= 309}}</ref>
* The principal part of the temple is called the ''[[Vimana (tower)|Vimana]]m'', which is the roof of the sanctum sanctorum.
* The porches or ''[[mandap|Mantapams]]'' (halls), which always cover and precede the door leading to the sanctum.
* Gate-pyramids, ''[[Gopurams]]'' is the principal feature of the temple seen from outside.
* Pillared halls (''Chaultris'' or ''Chawadis'') are used for festivals and daily gatherings.

A temple always contains [[temple tank]]s or wells for water called ''[[theertham]]'' used for sacred purposes of ablution.<ref name=Fergusson/>

==Common terminologies==
These terminologies are not specific to Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu, but common across all temples built in [[Tamil Architecture|Tamil architecture]].

=== Moola Sannidhi or Garbhagriha ===
{{main|Garbhagriha}}
'''Garbhagriha''' or '''garbha gṛha''' (Devanagari: गर्भगॄह) is a Sanskrit word meaning the interior of the [[sanctum sanctorum]], the innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple where resides the [[murti]] (idol or icon) of the primary [[deity]] of the temple. Literally the word means "womb chamber", from the Sanskrit words ''garbha'' for womb and ''griha'' for house. Only ''[[pujari]]'' (priests) are allowed to enter the sanctum.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent - Glossary
|access-date=2007-01-24
|archive-date=6 March 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.templenet.com/glossary.html
|title=Templenet - Glossary
|access-date=2007-01-29
}}</ref>

=== Vimanam ===
{{main|Vimana (architectural feature)}}
[[File:Madurai Meenakshi temple shikhara.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Golden vimana of [[Madurai Meenakshi Temple]]]]
'''Vimana''' (Tamil:விமானம்) is a term for the tower above the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or Sanctum sanctorum in a Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/glossary1.html#vimana
|title = Glossary
|publisher = art-and-archaeology
|access-date = 2007-02-10
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070112141553/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/glossary1.html#vimana
|archive-date = 2007-01-12
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=Indian temple architecture: form and transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa
|author=Adam Hardy
|year=1995
|isbn=9788170173120
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&q=vimana+architecture&pg=PA17}}</ref> The towering roof of the other deities is also called the ''vimanam''. These do not assume as much significance as the outer ''gopurams'' (gateway towers), with the exception of a few temples where the ''vimanams'' are as famous as the temple complex - ''Kanka sabai'' (Golden stage) at [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram]] covered with golden plates and the [[Ananda Nilayam]] ''vimanam'' of the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] are examples.

===Prakaram===
{{main|Prakaram}}
[[File:Sri Ramanatha swamy Temple Carridor.jpg|200x200px|left|[[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] ''prakaram''|thumb]]
[[File:Prakaram Passage.jpg|thumb|[[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayiladuthurai]] Prakaram |233x233px]]
A '''Prakaram''' (Tamil: பிரகாரம், Sanskrit: प्राकारम), also spelled ''Pragaram'' or ''Pragaaram'') in [[Indian architecture]] is an outer part around the Hindu temple sanctum. These may be enclosed or open and are typically enclosed for the inner most ''prakaram''. Typically a Hindu Temple<ref name="ching"/> prayer hall is built in front of the temple's sanctum sanctorum (''garbhagriha'') in the first ''prakaram''.<ref name="glossary">{{cite web
|url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent - Glossary
|access-date=2007-01-08
|archive-date=6 March 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref>

=== Gopuram ===
{{main|Gopuram}}
[[File:Arunchaleshvara Temple - Tiruvannamalai - India 02.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Annamalaiyar Temple]] ''gopurams'']]
[[File:Gopura of the Mayuranathaswamy Temple.jpg|thumb|Gopuram of the [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswamy Temple, Mayiladuthurai]]|233x233px]]
A '''Gopuram''' or '''Gopura''', is a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of any temple, especially in [[Southern India]]. This forms a prominent feature of [[Koil]]s, [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temples]] of the Dravidian architecture.<ref name=ching2>{{cite book
| first=Francis D.K.
| last= Ching| year= 2007
| title= A Global History of Architecture
| url=https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin
| url-access=registration
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
| location=New York
| isbn= 978-0-471-26892-5
| page= [https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin/page/762 762]|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are topped by the ''kalasam'', a bulbous stone or metal [[finial]]. The ''gopurams'' function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref name=ching>{{cite book
| first=Francis D.K.
| last= Ching
| year= 1995
| title= A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
| location=New York
| isbn= 0-471-28451-3
| page= 253}}</ref>

The gopuram's origins can be traced back to early structures of the Pallava dynasty. By the twelfth century under the [[Pandya]] rulers these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary obscured from view by the gopuram's colossal size.<ref name=mitchell>{{cite book
| last =Mitchell
| first =George
| title = The Hindu Temple
| publisher =University of Chicago Press
| year =1988
| location =Chicago
| pages = 151–153
| isbn = 0-226-53230-5}}</ref> It also dominated the inner sanctum in amount of ornamentation. Often a shrine has more than one gopuram.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura
|title=gopura
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|access-date=2008-01-20
}}
</ref> The gopuram raises from a square or rectangular granite or brick base to a pyramidal structure with multiple storeys. A temple may have multiple gopurams, typically constructed into multiple walls in tiers around the main shrine. ''Rajagopuram'' indicates the prime one of all the ''gopurams'' within the temple. It is typically the most commonly used gateway and the tallest of all.

==Main Deities==
===Lingam===
{{main|Lingam}}
[[File:Lingaico.png|200x200px|left|thumb|Image of structure of ''Lingam'']]
[[File:Siva Lingam at Jambukesvara temple in Srirangam.JPG|200x200px|thumb|right|Decorated form of Shiva Lingam]]

The '''Lingam''' (also, '''Linga''', '''Ling''', '''Shiva linga''', '''Shiv ling''', Sanskrit लिङ्गं {{IAST|liṅgaṃ}}, meaning "mark" or "sign") is a representation of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity Shiva used for worship in Hindu temple.<ref name="Fowler">Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, by Jeanne Fowler, pgs. 42-43, at [https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C&dq=Hinduism+murtis+shiva+linga&pg=PA42 Books.Google.com]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The ''lingam'' is the principal deity in most Shiva temples in South India. The lingam is often represented with the [[Yoni]], a symbol of the goddess or of [[Shakti]], female creative energy.<ref name="zimmer">[[Heinrich Zimmer]], [[Joseph Campbell]], ''Myths and symbols in Indian art and civilization'', 127 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PTfNMQP81nAC&dq=lingam&pg=PA127]</ref> The union of lingam and yoni represents the "indivisible two-in-oneness of male and female, the passive space and active time from which all life originates".<ref name = "eva">{{cite book|last=Jansen|first=Eva Rudy|title=The book of Hindu imagery: gods, manifestations and their meaning|year=2003|publisher=Binkey Kok Publications|isbn=90-74597-07-6|pages = 46, 119|orig-year = 1993}}</ref> A complementary theory suggests that the Lingam represents the beginning and ending ''[[Stambha]]'' pillar symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.<ref name="E.U.Harding">
{{cite book
| last = Harding
| first = Elizabeth U.
| title = Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar
| chapter = God, the Father
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 1998
| pages = 156–157
| isbn = 978-81-208-1450-9
}}</ref><ref name="paris_congress">
{{cite book
| last = Vivekananda
| first = Swami
| title = The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda
| chapter = The Paris Congress of the History of Religions
| chapter-url = https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/the_paris_congress.htm
| volume = 4
}}</ref>
The propagation of ''linga'' worship on a large scale in South India is believed to be from Chola times (late 7th century A.D.), through ''[[Rig veda]]'', the oldest literature details about worshipping Shiva in the form of ''linga''.<ref name="Vasu">[[#Vasudevan|Vasudevan 2003]], p. 105</ref> Pallavas propagated Somaskanda as the principal form of worship, slightly deviating from the ''Shaiva agamas''; Cholas being strict ''shaivas'', established ''lingams'' in all the temples.<ref>[[#Vasudevan|Vasudevan 2003]], p. 106</ref> The relation between Shiva and the ''lingam'' extends to the [[Indus Valley civilization]], where several remains, such as the round stone caps at [[Harappa]] and the well-known seal of polycelphalic ''[[yogi]]'' (saint), have led scholars to attribute the primordial native origin.<ref>[[#Darian|Darian 2001]], pp. 100-102</ref> ''Svayambu lingam'' indicates a ''lingam'' that comes into existence on its own accord and not erected by human beings.<ref>[[#Anand|Anand 2004]], p. 177</ref> Some of the temples are built around the lingam, with its position maintained as the sanctum.

The temple structures is divided into five ''lingams'' with the main one at the sanctum supplying power to the rest. The others are ''dhvaja lingam'' or flag ''lingam'' (signifying flag pole), ''bhadra lingam'' or prosperous ''lingam'' (signifying the ''[[Bali Pitha|bali pitha]]''), ''stupa lingam'' (signifying ''vimana'' tower) that raises over sanctum and the sacrificer or officiating priest.<ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1991]], p. 134</ref>

===Parvati===
{{main|Parvati}}
[[File:Sri Ganga Parvathi Sametha Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple - Parvathi Devi.jpg|200x200px|thumb|Parvati Shrine within a Shiva temple]]
'''Parvati''' (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|[[wikt:पार्वती|पार्वती]]}}, [[IAST]]: Pārvatī) is a Hindu [[Devi|goddess]]. ''Shaiva'' tradition is replete with a number of form of goddesses and all of the consorts, Parvati is the most celebrated and artistic.<ref>[[#Dehejia|Dehejia 1999]], p. 4</ref> Parvati is nominally the second consort of Shiva, the [[Hindu deities|Hindu god]] of destruction and rejuvenation. However, she is not different from [[Dakshayani|Satī]], being the reincarnation of Shiva's wife. Parvati is the mother of the gods and goddess, [[Ganesha]] and [[Murugan|Skanda (Kartikeya)]]. Some communities believe her to be the sister of [[Vishnu]]. Parvati, when depicted alongside Shiva, generally appears with two arms, but when alone, she is shown having four or eight arms, and astride a tiger or lion. Generally considered a benevolent goddess, Parvati also has wrathful incarnations, such as [[Durga]], [[Kali]],<ref>[[#Dehejia|Dehejia 1999]], p. 30</ref> [[Shitala Devi]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], [[Chandi]], and the [[Mahavidyas]] as well as benevolent forms like [[Kathyayini]], Mahagauri, [[Kamalatmika]], [[Bhuvaneshwari]], and [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]].

=== Ganesha ===
{{main|Ganesha}}
[[File:Ganesha, Brihadeeswarar Temple.jpg|The shrine of Ganesa inside a temple|200x200px|left|thumb]]
'''Ganesha''' (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|गणेश}}; IAST: {{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}; {{Audio|Ganesha.ogg|listen}}), also spelled '''Ganesa''' or '''Ganesh''', also known as '''Ganapati''' (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|गणपति}}, IAST: {{IAST|gaṇapati}}), Vinayaka (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|विनायक}}; IAST: {{IAST|Vināyaka}}), and Pillaiyar (Tamil: {{lang|ta|பிள்ளையார்}}), is one of the deities best-known and most widely worshipped in the Hindu pantheon.<ref>[[#Rao|Rao]], p. 1.</ref> Ganesa is the first son of Shiva and is given the primary importance in all Shiva temples with all worship starting from him. Local legend states the Tamil word Pillayar splits into ''Pillai'' and ''yaar'' meaning who is this son, but scholars believe it is derived from the Sanskrit word ''pulisara'' meaning elephant.<ref>[[#Brown|Brown 1991]], p. 25.</ref> K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1963:57-58) thinks that Pallavas adopted the Ganesa motif from [[Chalukyas]].<ref>[[#Clothey|Clothey 1978]], p. 221</ref> During the 7th century, Vatapi Ganapati idol was brought from Badami (Vatapi - Chalukya capital) by
Paranjothi, the general of Pallavas who defeated Chalukyas.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Vatapi Ganapati
|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/vatapi.html
|access-date=2010-03-28}}
</ref>

=== Skanda ===
{{main|Kartikeya}}
[[File:Murugan, National Museum of India, New Delhi.jpg|200x200px|right|thumb|Image of Skanda, the six faced God]]
'''Murugan''' ({{langx|ta|முருகன்}}, Sanskrit:सुब्रह्मण्य, {{langx|sa|कार्तिकेय}}) also called '''Kartikeya''', '''Skanda''' and '''Subrahmanya''', is more popular in South India especially among Tamil people famously referred as ''Thamizh Kadavul'' (God of Tamils). He is the patron deity of the Tamil land (Tamil Nadu).<ref name="Cage of Freedom">[[#Cage|Cage of Freedom By Andrew C. Willford]]</ref> Like most Hindu deities, he is known by many other names, including {{IAST|Senthil (Smart)}}, {{IAST|Saravaṇa}}, {{IAST|Kārtikeya}} (meaning 'son of [[Krittika]]' ), Arumugam, Sanmuga(from Sanskrit '' {{IAST|Ṣaṇmukha}}''), Shadanana (meaning 'one with six faces'), {{IAST|Kumāra}} (meaning 'child or son'), {{IAST|Guhan}} or ''Guruhuha'' (meaning 'cave-dweller'), {{IAST|Skanda}} (meaning 'that which is spilled or oozed, namely seed' in Sanskrit),<ref>[[#Clothey|Clothey]], p.49 Skanda is derived from the verb {{IAST|skanḍr}} meaning "to attack, leap, rise, fall, be spilled, ooze"</ref> {{IAST|Subrahmaṇya}}, {{IAST|Vēlaṇ}} and Swaminatha.<ref>Many Faces of Murakan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God By Fred W. Clothey p.1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&dq=Skanda&pg=PA49 M1]</ref> ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'', possibly the most ancient of the extant Sangam works, dated between the 3rd century [[BCE]] and 5th century [[Common Era|CE]] glorified Murugan, " the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," and " the favoured god of the Tamils.".<ref>Kanchan Sinha, Kartikeya in Indian art and literature, 1979, Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.</ref> The Sangam poetry divided space and Tamil land into five allegorical areas and according to the ''[[Tirumurugarruppatai]]'' (circa 400-450 A.D.) attributed to the great Sangam poet Nakkiirar, Murugan was the presiding deity of the Kurinci region (hilly area). ''Tirumurugaruppatai'' is a deeply devotional poem included in the ten idylls (''[[Pattupattu]]'') of the age of the third Sangam.<ref>[[#Krishnan|Krishan 1999]], p.59</ref> The cult of Skanda disappeared during the 6th century and was predominantly expanded during late 7th century Pallava period - Somaskanda sculptured panels of the Pallava period stand as a testament.<ref>[[#Krishnan|Krishan 1999]], p.60</ref>

==Other images==
Shiva is worshipped in nine forms: Lingam, Lingodbhava, Chandrashekhara, Somaskanda, Bhairava, Virabhadra, Nataraja, and Dakshinamurti.<ref>[[#Cuppiramaṇiyan|Cuppiramaṇiyan 1985]], p. 224</ref>

===Lingodbhava===
{{main|Lingodbhava}}
[[File:lingothbhavar.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Lingodbhava or emergence of the lingam]]
'''Lingodbhava''' or emergence of ''lingam'', found in various ''[[Puranas]]'' as a symbol of Shiva, augments the synthesis of the old cults of pillar and phallic worship.<ref>[[#Anand|Anand 2004]], p. 132</ref> The idea emerged from deity residing in a pillar and later visualised as Shiva emerging from the ''lingam.''<ref name="Vasu"/> The lingodbhava image can be found in the first precinct around the sanctum in the wall exactly behind the image of Shiva. [[Appar]], one of the early Shaivite saint of the 7th century, gives evidence of this knowledge of ''puranic'' episodes relating to Lingodbhava form of Shiva while [[Campantar|Sambandar]] refers this form of Shiva as the nature of light that could not be comprehended by [[Brahma]] and Vishnu.<ref>[[#Parmeshwaranand|Parmeshwaranand 2001]], p. 820</ref>

=== Nataraja ===
{{main|Nataraja}}
[[File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|thumb|200x200px|left|Shiva Nataraja, the Lord of the Dance]]
'''Nataraja''' or '''Kuththan''' (Tamil: கூத்தன்) is a depiction of the [[Hindu]] god Shiva as the cosmic dancer who performs his divine dance to destroy a weary universe and make preparations for god Brahma to start the process of creation. A Tamil concept, Shiva was first depicted as Nataraja in the famous [[Chola art|Chola bronzes]] and sculptures of Chidambaram. The dance of Shiva in Tillai, the traditional name for [[Chidambaram]], forms the motif for all the depictions of Shiva as Nataraja.<ref name="Singh">[[#Singh|Singh 2009]], p. 1079</ref><ref name="National">[[#NGC|National Geographic 2008]], p. 268</ref><ref name="Soundara Rajan">[[#Soundara|Soundara Rajan 2001]], p. 263-264</ref> He is also known as Sabesan, which means "The lord who dances on the [[dais]]". The form is present in most Shiva temples in South India, and is the main deity in the famous temple at [[Chidambaram Temple|Chidambaram]].<ref>G. Vanmikanathan. (1971). Pathway to God through Tamil literature, Volume 1. A Delhi Tamil Sangam Publication.</ref> The sculpture is usually made in bronze, with Shiva dancing in an [[aureole]] of flames, lifting his left leg (or in rare cases, the right leg) and balancing over a demon or dwarf ([[Apasmara]]) who symbolizes ignorance.

=== Dakshinamurti ===
{{main|Dakshinamurti}}
[[File:Dakshinmurthy.jpg|thumb|upright|Dakshinamurti]]
'''Dakshinamurti''' or '''Jnana Dakshinamurti''' (Tamil: தட்சிணாமூர்த்தி, Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|दक्षिणामूर्ति}} IAST: {{IAST|Dakṣiṇāmūrti}})<ref>. For iconographic description of the {{IAST|Dakṣiṇāmūrti}} form, see: Sivaramamurti (1976), p. 47.</ref> is an aspect of Shiva as a [[guru]] (teacher) of all fields. This aspect of Shiva is his personification of the ultimate awareness, understanding and knowledge.<ref>''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola</ref> The image depicts Shiva as a teacher of [[yoga]], music, and wisdom, and giving exposition on the ''[[Shastras]]'' to his disciples.<ref>For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see: Kramrisch, p. 472.</ref> He is worshipped as the god of wisdom, complete and rewarding meditation.<ref>Magick of the Gods and Goddesses: Invoking the Power of the Ancient Gods By D. J. Conway p.284</ref> This form of Shiva is popular in the Southern states of India especially Tamil Nadu. ''Dakshina'' indicates south and this deity is south facing usually depicted in the wall of first precinct around the sanctum.

=== Somaskanda ===
{{main|Somaskanda}}

[[File:Somaskanda thirunageswaram.jpg|200x200px|left|Murti of Somaskanda - Shiva accompanied by Skanda the child and Parvati|thumb]]

'''Somaskanda''' derives from Sa (Shiva) with Uma (Parvati) and Skanda (child Murugan).<ref>[[#Pal|Pal 1988]], p. 271</ref> It is the form of Shiva where he is accompanied by Skanda the child and Paravati his consort<ref name="Smith">[[#Smith|Smith 1996]], p. 203</ref> in sitting posture. Though it is a Sanskrit name, it is a Tamil concept and Somaskandas are not found in North Indian temples.<ref>[[#Ghose|Ghose 1996]], p. 3</ref> In the [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Tiruvarur Thygarajar Temple]], the principal deity is Somaskanda under the name of Thyagaraja.<ref name="Smith"/> All temples in the Thygaraja cult have images of Somaskanda as Thyagarajar - though iconographically similar, they are iconologically different. Architecturally when there are separate shrines dedicated to the ''utsava'' (festival deity) of Somaskanda, they are called Thyagaraja shrines.<ref>[[#Ghose|Ghose 1996]], p. 11</ref> Unlike Nataraja, which is a Chola development, Somaskanda was prominent even during the Pallava period much earlier to Cholas.<ref>[[#Smith|Smith 1996]], p. 205</ref> References to the evolution of the Somaskanda concept are found from Pallava period from the 7th century A.D. in carved rear stone walls of Pallava temple sanctums.<ref name="Ghose">[[#Ghose|Ghose 1996]], p. 12</ref> There are 40 such images of Somaskanda found in different temples including the [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanthar temple]] at [[Kanchipuram]]. Most of the images are attributed to [[Narasimhavarman II|Rajasimha Pallava]] (700-728 A.D.), [[Mahendravarman I|Mahendra Pallava]] (580-630 A.D.), [[Narasimhavarman I|Narasimha Pallava]] (630-668 A.D.) and [[Paramesvaravarman I|Parameswara Pallava]] (670-700 A.D.).<ref name="Ghose"/><ref>[[#Williams|Williams 1981]], p. 61</ref> Somaskanda was the principal deity during the Pallava period replacing ''lingam'', including the temples at [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Mahabalipuram]], a UNESCO world heritage site. But the cult was not popular and Somaskanda images were relegated to subshrines.<ref>[[#Vasudevan|Vasudevan 2003]], pp. 39-40</ref> [[Sangam literature]] does not mention Somaskanda and references in literature are found in the 7th century ''[[Tevaram]]''.<ref name="Ghose"/> Somaskanda's continuing importance is highlighted by the fact that the deity takes prominence in all the prime festivals.

=== Chandeshvara Nayanar ===
{{main|Chandeshvara Nayanar}}
[[File:Chandekeshwara sculpture at Ramalingeshvara temple at Narasamangala.jpg|thumb|200x200px|right|Image of Chandeshvara Nayanar with an axe]]
'''Chandeshvara Nayanar''' is one of the 63 [[Nayanars]], Shaiva saints of the 7th-10th century. According to legend, there once lived a young boy Chandesa who offered the milk given to him for sale to the ablution of ''lingam'' he made of sand. His father kicked the ''lingam'' in anger, whereupon the boy cut off his father's leg with an axe. Shiva appeared and appointed him as the chief of ''ganas'' (attendants), and decreed that Chandesa must also be worshipped daily in Shiva temples.<ref>[[#Pal|Pal 1988]], pp. 283-284</ref> The image of the Nayanar with an axe in his hand is present in the first precinct around the sanctum in all Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.

=== Bhairava ===
{{main|Bhairava}}
'''Bhairava''' (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|भैरव}}, "Terrible" or "Frightful",<ref>For {{lang|sa|भैरव}} as one of the eight forms of Shiva, and translation of the adjectival form as "terrible" or "frightful" see: Apte, p. 727, left column.</ref>), sometimes known as Bhairo or Bhairon or Bhairadya or Bheruji (In Rajasthan), is the fierce manifestation of Shiva associated with annihilation.<ref>For Bhairava form as associated with terror see: Kramrisch, p. 471.</ref> He is depicted ornamented with a range of twisted serpents, which serve as earrings, bracelets, anklets, and sacred thread ([[yajnopavita]]). He wears a tiger skin and a ritual apron composed of human bones.<ref name="ASIA-SI">[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectId=27267 Bhairava statuette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130031628/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectId=27267 |date=2011-01-30 }} in copper from 15th-16th century Nepal, in collection of [[Smithsonian Institution]]. Accessed 11 August 2007.</ref> Bhairava has a [[Dogs in religion|dog]] (''[[Shvan|Shvana]]'') as his divine [[vahana]] (vehicle). Bhairava is known as Vairavar in Tamil where he is often presented as a [[Gramadevata|grama devata]] or village deity who safeguards the devotee on all eight directions. In Chola times, Bhairava was referred to as [[Bhikshatana|Bhikshatanar]], a mendicant, and the image can be found in most Chola temples.<ref name="Dehejia">[[#Dehejia|Dehejia 1990]], p. 21</ref>

=== Navagraha ===
{{main|Navagraha}}
[[File:Navagraham.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The traditional arrangement of the ''Navagraha'']]
'''Graha''' (from Sanskrit ग्रह gráha—seizing, laying hold of, holding<ref>Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Monier-Williams, (c) 1899</ref>) is a 'cosmic influencer' on the living beings of mother [[Bhumidevi|Bhumi]] (Earth). In [[Hindu astrology]], the [[Navagraha]] (Sanskrit: नवग्रह, ''nine seizers'' or ''nine influencers'') are some of these major influencers. All the navagraha have relative movement with respect to the background of fixed stars in the [[zodiac]]. This includes the planets: [[Mars]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Jupiter]], [[Venus]], and [[Saturn]], the [[Sun]], the [[Moon]], as well as positions in the sky, [[Rahu]] (north or ascending [[lunar node]]) and [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] (south or descending lunar node).

As per Hindu customs, the Navagraha are typically placed in a single square with the [[Surya|Sun (Surya)]] in the center and the other deities surrounding Surya; no two of them are made to face each other. In [[South India]], their images are generally found in all important [[Saivism|Shiva]] temples. They are invariably placed in a separate hall, on a pedestal of about three feet in height, usually to the north-east of the ''sanctum sanctorum''.

There are two kinds of installation of the planets when arranged in this fashion, known as ''Agama Pradishta'' and ''Vaidika Pradishta''. In ''Agama Pradishta'', Surya occupies the central place, [[Chandra]] on Surya's east, [[Budha]] on his south, [[Brihaspati]] on his west, [[Shukra]] on his north, [[Mangala]] on his south-east, [[Shani]] on his south-west, Rahu on north-west and Ketu in the north-east. Temples such as [[Suryanar Kovil|Suryanar temple]], Tiruvidadaimarudur, Tiruvaiyaru and Tirucchirappalli follow this system. In ''Vaidika Pradishta'', Surya is still in the centre, but Shukra is in the east, Mangala in the south, Shani in the west, Brihaspati in the north, Chandra in the south-east, Rahu in the south-west, [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]] in the north-west and Budha in the north-east.

=== Durga ===
{{main|Durga}}
[[File:Durga Deity in Tiruvannamalai.JPG|200x200px|thumb|right|Image of Durga in sculpture]]
'''Durga''' ({{langx|sa|दुर्गा}}); (listen: {{audio|Durga_pro.ogg|Durga}}); meaning "the inaccessible"<ref>{{cite web |title= Durga |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174252/Durga |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> or "the invincible"; "one who can redeem in situations of utmost distress"<ref>{{cite web|title=Article on Durga About.com Hinduism|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/hindugoddesses/a/durga.htm|access-date=2 October 2011|archive-date=1 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001064600/http://hinduism.about.com/od/hindugoddesses/a/durga.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a form of [[Devi]], the supremely radiant [[goddess]], depicted as having eighteen arms, riding a [[lion]] or a [[tiger]], carrying weapons and a [[lotus (plant)|lotus]] flower, maintaining a meditative smile, and practicing [[mudra]]s, or symbolic hand gestures. The name is made of Sanskrit ''dur-'' = "with difficulty" (compare Greek δυσ- (''dys''-)) and ''gā'' ("come", "go"). The buffalo sacrifice depiction transposes into ritual Durga's feat killing the buffalo demon.<ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1988]], p. 62</ref> The deity is north facing usually depicted in the wall of first precinct around the sanctum. In Tamil Nadu Shiva temples, she stands gracefully on the severed head of buffalo and lion is rarely included.<ref name="Pal 1988, p. 37">[[#Pal|Pal 1988]], p. 37</ref>

=== Saptamatrika ===
{{main|Matrikas}}

The '''Sapthamatrika''' are a group of seven [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu deities|goddesses]] who are always depicted together.<ref>[[#Kinsley|Kinsley]], p.151</ref> Since they are usually depicted as a heptad, they are called ''Saptamatrikas'' (Sanskrit: {{IAST|saptamātṝkās}}, {{lang|sa|सप्तमातृका}}, "seven mothers"): [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]], Vaishnavi, Maheshvari, Indrani, Kaumari, [[Varahi]] and [[Chamunda]] or Narasimhi. In Tamil Nadu temples, the saptamatrika are rarely represented in the dancing form compared to their northern counterparts.<ref name="Pal 1988, p. 37"/>

==Other structurals==
=== Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam ===
{{main|Dwajasthambam}}
[[File:Pali peedam.jpg|thumb|200x200px|right|Image of Pali peedam with lotus petals]]
[[File:Dvajasthamba.jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|The ''Dvajasthamba'' (''kodi maram'' or flag staff) of a temple]]
Near the main entrance of the temple are situated the ''Dvajasthamba'', sacrificial altar called ''pali peedam'' and vehicle called ''vahanam'' facing the main deity.<ref name="Rampal">[[#Rampal|Rampal 2008]], p. 60</ref> ''Pali Peedam'' or altar is for offering - Shiva temples being vegetarian, the offering is usually flowers and cooked rice. Most Shiva temples in South India have one in each direction and some have as many as 8 for the 8 directions. The usual shape of the altar is a stone of masonry on a platform topped by lotifarm altar, called the ''lotus altar''. The lotifarm altar has a base, a cup shaped upside down over it and lotus like petals from the frills that widen towards the base. The lotifram shape is considered a symbole of prosperity and hence this is considered ''bhadra linga'' or the prosperour ''lingam''.<ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1991]], p. 135</ref> ''Dvajasthamba'' is the flag tree of flag pole. It is a cylindrical structure usually located after the first ''gopuram'' behind the ''vahana'' in ''Agamic'' temples.<ref name="Rampal"/><ref>[[#Subramuniyaswami|Subramuniyaswami 2003]], p. 233</ref> The flag staff can have a three-part division with the top representing Shiva, middle Vishnu and lower half Brahma.<ref>[[#Hiltebeitel|Hiltebeitel 1991]], pp. 134-135</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== Nandi ===
{{main|Nandi (bull)}}
[[File:Nandi at Gangaikonda Cholapuram.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Image of Nandi]]
Each main deity of the Shiva temple has a vehicle associated with them - Shiva has ''Nandi'' (sacred bull), Parvati has lion, Muruga has peacock and Vinayagar has mice. Nandi or Nandin ({{langx|ta|நந்தி}} {{langx|sa|नंदी}}), is now universally supposed to be the name for the [[bull]] which serves as the mount (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|vāhana}}'') of Shiva and as the gate keeper of Shiva and Parvati in Hindu mythology. Temples venerating Shiva and Parvati display stone images of a seated Nandi, generally facing the main shrine. There are also a number of temples dedicated solely to Nandi.

But the application of the name Nandin to the bull (Sanskrit: ''vṛṣabha'') is in fact a development of recent centuries, as Gouriswar Bhattacharya has documented in an illustrated article entitled "Nandin and Vṛṣabha".<ref>Gouriswar Bhattacharya, "Nandin and Vṛṣabha", ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'', Supplement III,2, XIX. Deutscher Orientalistentag, 1977, pp. 1543-1567.</ref>

=== Nayanmars ===
{{main|Nayanars}}
[[File:Sri Kokarneshvarar Temple in Tirukokarnam.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The 63 Nayanars]]

Some of the large Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu have the shrines of the 63 ''Shaivite'' saints called ''[[nayanars|nayanmars]]'' or Arubathimoovar, belonging to the 6th to 9th century A.D. Some smaller temples carry the images of the 4 prime ''nayanmars'' namely Appar, Tirugnana Sambandar, Sundarar and Manickavasagar. [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]] are 275<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html
|title=A comprehensive description of the 275 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns
|work=templenet.com
|access-date=11 January 2011
}}</ref> temples that are revered in the verses of ''[[Tevaram]]'' by the three ''nayanmars'' in the 6th-9th century CE and are amongst the prime Shiva temples of the continent. The ''[[Vaippu Sthalangal]]'' are places that were mentioned casually in the songs in ''Tevaram''.<ref>''International review for the history of religions, Volumes 15-17''. International Association for the History of Religions, CatchWord (Online service)</ref> A posture or symbol was associated with each saint, and every generation of sculptors has followed the convention without any individual identity.<ref>[[#Aravamuthan|Aravamuthan 1992]], p. 61</ref>

===Utsava deities===
Each of the main deity has a festival image called ''[[utsavar]]'' associated with them. These ''utsavars'' are usually made of bronze and stored in the respective shrines of the deities. ''[[Panchaloha]]'' (Sanskrit Devanagari: पञ्चलोह; [[IAST]]: pañcaloha) (also called ''Panchaloham'' - literally, "five metals") is a term for traditional five-metal alloys of sacred significance used for making Hindu temple icons. The tradition started from the Chola era from the 7th century and continues during the modern era.<ref>[[#Varghese|Varghese 2008]], p. 53</ref> These festival deities are taken out of the shrines in processions during festivals.

===Village deities===
[[File:Ayyanar idols near Gobichettipalayam.jpg|thumb|Ayyanar idols near Gobi|200px|right]]
{{Main|Village deities of Tamil Nadu}}
The village deities are not part of Shiva temples, but are located outside some of the Shiva temples or outside the village where the Shiva temple is located. Most of the male deities are considered forms of Shiva and are treated as guardian deities.

* [[Ayyanar]] ({{langx|ta|ஐயனார்}}) is worshipped as a guardian deity predominantly in Tamil Nadu and [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Tamil villages]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. The earliest reference to ''Aiynar-Shasta'' includes two or more [[hero stone]]s to hunting chiefs from the [[Arcot|Arcot district]] in Tamil Nadu. The hero stones are dated to the 3rd century C.E. It reads "Ayanappa; a shrine to Cattan." This is followed by another inscription in [[Uraiyur]] near [[Tiruchirapalli]] which is dated to the 4th century C.E.<ref name=Kala67>[[#Williams|Williams]], p.67</ref> Literary references to ''Aiyanar-Cattan'' is found in [[Silappatikaram]], a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Buddhist]] work dated to the 4th to 5th century C.E.<ref name="Kala66">[[#Williams|Williams]], p.66</ref> From the [[Chola]] period (9th century C.E) onwards the popularity of ''Aiyanar-Shasta'' became even more pronounced.<ref name="Kala62">[[#Williams|Williams]], p.62</ref>
* [[Madurai Veeran]] ({{langx|ta|மதுரை வீரன்}}, ''Maturai Vīraņ'' lit. Warrior of [[Madurai]]) is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] folk deity popular in southern Tamil Nadu. His name was derived as a result of his association with the southern city of Madurai as a protector of the city.<ref>[[#Stephanides|Stephanides 1994]], p. 146</ref>
* [[Muneeswarar]] (Tamil: முனீஸ்வரன்) is a [[Hindu]] god. 'Muni' means 'saint' and 'iswara' represents 'Shiva'. He is considered as a form of Shiva, although no scriptural references have been found to validate such claims. He is worshiped as a family deity in most Shaivite families.
* [[Karuppu Sami]] ({{langx|ta|கருப்புசாமி}}) (also called by many other names) is one of the regional [[tamil language|Tamil]] male deities who is popular among the [[rural]] social groups of [[South India]], especially [[Tamil Nadu]] and small parts of [[Kerala]]. He is one of the 21 associate folk-deities of [[Ayyanar]] and is hence one of the so-called [[Kaval Deivam]]s of the Tamils.
* [[Sudalai Madan]] or Madan, is a regional Tamil male deity who is popular in South India, particularly Tamil Nadu. He is considered to be the son of Shiva and Parvati. He seems to have originated in some ancestral guardian spirit of the villages or communities in Tamil Nadu, in a similar manner as Ayyanar.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |last=Subramuniyaswami |first=Satguru Sivaya |title=Dancing with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism |year=2002|publisher=Himalayan Academy |location=India |isbn=0-945497-89-X|ref=Subramuniyaswami}}
*{{cite book |last=Cuppiramaniyan |first=Ca. Vē |author2=G. Rajendran |title=Heritage of the Tamils: temple arts
|year=1985|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location=India |ref=Cuppiramaniyan}}
*{{cite book |last=Rampal|first=Krishna Gopal |title=Sacred Structures: artistic renditions of Hindu temples in Malaysia |year=2008 |publisher=National Library Board |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-05-9585-2| ref=Rampal}}
*{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Swami P. |author2=Swami Parmeshwaranand |title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HQvbJDacNDMC |year=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7625-427-4| ref=Anand}}
*{{cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |author2=Swami Parmeshwaranand |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas: Volume 3.(I-L) |year=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7625-226-3| ref=Pameshwaranand}}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=David |title=The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India |year=1996 |publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |location=United Kingdom |isbn=0-521-48234-8 |ref=Smith |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/danceofsivarelig0000smit }}
*{{cite book |last=Ghose |first=Rajeshwari |title= The Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu: a study in conflict and accommodation|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-1391-X| ref=Ghose}}
*{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna Gottfried |title= Kalādarśana: American studies in the art of India |year=1981|publisher=American Studies in the Art of India |location=Delhi |isbn=90-04-06498-2| ref=Williams}}
*{{cite book |last=Vasudevan|first=Geetha |title=The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-383-3| ref=Vasudevan}}
*{{cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |title=Indian Sculpture: 700-1800 Volume 1|year=1988|publisher=Los Angeles County Museum of Art |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-383-3| ref=Pal}}
*{{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=On Hindu ritual and the goddess |year=1991|publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=USA |isbn=0-226-34045-7| ref=Hiltebeitel}}
*{{cite book |last=National Geographic|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations |year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=United States|isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7| ref=NGC}}
*{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarina |author2=Lindsay Brown |author3=Mark Elliott |author4=Paul Harding |author5=Abigail Hole |author6=Patrick Horton |title=Lonely Planet India |year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Australia |id=ABN 36-0005-607-983| ref=Singh}}
*{{cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3| ref=Soundar}}
*{{cite book |last=Darian |first=Steven G. |title=The Ganges in myth and history|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-1761-3| ref=Darian}}
*{{cite book |last=Ramachandra Rao |first=S. K. |title=The Compendium on Gaņeśa |year=1992 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |location=Delhi |isbn= 81-7030-828-3 | ref=Ram}}
*{{cite book| last =Brown| first =Robert| year = 1991| title =Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God | location =Albany| publisher =State University of New York | isbn =0-7914-0657-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oF-Hqih3pBAC| ref=Brown}}
*{{cite book| last =Krishan| first =Yuvraj | year = 1999| title =Gaṇeśa: unravelling an enigma Hinduism and Its Sources Series| location =Delhi| publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited | isbn =9788120814134|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKoyRJxj9jUC&q=ganesa+pallava&pg=PA94| ref=Krishnan}}
*{{cite book| last =Clothey | first =Fred W.| year = 1978| title =The many faces of Murukan̲: the history and meaning of a South Indian god | location =Hague| publisher =Mouton Publishers | isbn =90-279-7632-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&q=ganesa+pallava&pg=PA221| ref=Clothey}}
*{{cite book| last =Dehejia | first =Harsha V. | year = 1991| title =Parvati: Goddess of Love | location =Hague| publisher =Grantha Corporation | isbn =1-890206-14-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Njk0OSw_VYQC&q=parvati| ref=Dehejia1}}
*{{cite book |last=Dehejia |first=Vidya |title=Art of the imperial Cholas |year=1990 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=USA |isbn=0-231-07188-4| ref=Dehejia}}
*{{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf |title=The cult of Draupadī, Volume 1 Mythologies from Gingee to Kuruksetra |year=1988|publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=USA |isbn=0-226-34046-5| ref=Hiltebeitel}}
* {{cite book |title= Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions|last= Kinsley|first= David|year= 1998|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn= 81-208-0394-9|orig-year = 1988| ref=Kinsley}}
* {{cite book |title= Indian architectural theory: contemporary uses of Vastu Vidya|last= Chakrabarti|first=Vibhuti |year= 1998|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Surrey |isbn=0-7007-1113-9|page=36 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo-dCM_pp7wC&q=kosha+architecture&pg=PA36|orig-year = 1998| ref=Chakrabarti}}
*{{cite book |last=Rao|first=Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra |author2=Rama R. Rao |author3=Kalpatharu Research Academy |title=Āgama-kosha|year=1989|publisher=Kalpatharu Research Academy| ref=Rao}}
*{{cite book |last= Aravamuthan |first=T. G. |author-link=T. G. Aravamuthan |title=Portrait sculpture in south India |year=1992 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0800-3| ref=Aravamuthan}}
*{{cite book |last=Stephanides |first=Stephanos |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3| ref = Stephanides}}
* {{cite book |title= India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World|last= Varghese|first=Alexander P. |year= 2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. |location=Chennai|isbn=978-81-269-0903-2|page=53 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&q=panchaloha&pg=PA53|orig-year = 2008| ref = Varghese}}
* {{cite book | last = Williams | first = Joanna| title = Kaladarsana: American studies in the art of India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&q=Aiyanar+Hero+stones&pg=RA2-PA67| publisher = [[E.J. Brill]]| year = 1981 | isbn =90-04-06498-2| ref = Williams }}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu|*]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu iconography]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]

Krushna Chandra Patra

2026-01-21T03:52:04Z

Vilianarij: done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krushna Chandra Patra
| image = Krushna Chandra Patra 2024.jpg
| office = Minister of Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| predecessor = [[Atanu Sabyasachi Nayak]]
| office1 = Minister of Science & Technology [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 12 June 2024
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| predecessor1 = Ashok Chandra Panda
| office2 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2024
| predecessor2 = Sudhir Kumar Samal
| constituency2 = [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| term_start3 = 2000
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = Nabin Chandra Narayan Das
| successor3 = Sudhir Kumar Samal
| constituency3 = [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1964|02|25}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Gita Patra
| father = Madhusudan Patra
| education = [[Master of Science]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| profession = Businessman, Politician
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=118
}}

'''Krushna Chandra Patra''' is an Indian politician and Minister of Food Suppliers, Consumer Welfare, Science & Technology [[Government of Odisha]]. He is a member of the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]] assembly constituency of [[Dhenkanal district]].

He did his M.Sc. from [[Utkal University]] in 1988, and LLB, [[Utkal University]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=676 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] took oath in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha’s first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patra, Krushna Chandra}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Dhenkanal]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lodipur, Tekari, Gaya district

2026-01-20T22:10:07Z

Vilianarij: New Basic Location Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lodipur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.988|N|84.815|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Gaya
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1700
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magadhi language|Magadhi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0631
| registration_plate = BH02
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Tekari
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 15

%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Aurangabad
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Tekari
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lodipur''' is a small village in Tekari subdivision of [[Gaya District]] in the state of [[Bihar]], India. It is about 6 km from [[Tekari]], located on a state highway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lodipur Village Population - Tikari - Gaya, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/254719-lodipur-bihar.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gaya district]]

{{Gaya-geo-stub}}

Superstar (2017 film)

2026-01-09T04:16:35Z

Vilianarij: Pg

{{short description|2017 Gujarati romantic film by Bhavin Wadia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Superstar
| image = File:Superstar poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Bhavin Wadia
| producer = Snehan Dave
| screenplay = Mrugank Shah & Deep Lalani
| starring = Dhruvin Shah [[Rashami Desai]] <ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.kinkylittleboots.com/review/movie-reviews/trailer-of-superstar-featuring-rashami-desai-out-now/ |title=Trailer Of Superstar Featuring Rashami Desai Out Now! |publisher=Kinkylittleboots.com |date=6 January 2017 |accessdate=3 February 2017}}</ref>
| music = Parth Bharat Thakkar
| distributor = RR Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|2|3}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| cinematography = Girish Kant<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gujuwood.com/movies/superstar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121165323/http://gujuwood.com/movies/superstar/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 January 2017 |title=Superstar Gujarati Movie Trailer, Casting, Videos, News, Information |publisher=Gujuwood.com |date= |accessdate=3 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://urbangujarati.com/2017/01/07/superstar-gujarati-movie-songs/ | title=Superstar Gujarati Movie Songs: Upcoming Urban Gujarati Film 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518030439/https://urbangujarati.com/2017/01/07/superstar-gujarati-movie-songs/ | archive-date=2017-05-18}}</ref>
}}

'''''Superstar''''' (2017) is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] romantic thriller film directed by Bhavin Wadia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dumkhum.com/trailer-of-superstar-featuring-rashami-desai-out-now/ |title=Trailer of Superstar featuring Rashami Desai out now! |website=dumkhum.com |date=6 January 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> It is presented by Navkar Events Private Limited and produced by Snehan Dave. The film marks the debut of Dhruvin Shah and is the first Gujarati film of TV actor [[Rashami Desai]]. The film was slated to release on 3 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmywave.com/superstar-official-trailer/ |title=Superstar {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Dhruvin Shah, Rashami Desai, Arvind Vegda|website=filmywave.com|language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref> The film was released on Netflix in the US on 10 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whats-on-netflix.com/whats-new/new-released-on-netflix-us-aug-10-2017/ |title=New Releases on Netflix US (Aug. 10, 2017) |website=whats-on-netflix.com |language=en-US|access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rishi Kapadia aka RK is a reigning Bollywood superstar. Married to Anjali ([[Rashami Desai]]), he has a son and a happy family. Their smooth life is shaken up and thrown out of gear when a series of incidents put RK and Anjali's life in a fix. The film tells the story of their race to find out who is trying to destroy their lives before the antagonist succeeds.

==Cast==
* Dhruvin Shah as Rishi Kapadia aka RK
* [[Rashami Desai]] as Anjali Kapadia
*Harshad kumar as inspector vaghela

== Soundtrack ==
Superstar features songs sung by [[Armaan Malik]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[Arvind Vegda]] and [[Aishwarya Majmudar|Aishwarya Majumdar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://urbangujarati.com/2017/01/07/superstar-gujarati-movie-songs/ |title=Superstar Gujarati Movie Songs : Upcoming Urban Gujarati Film 2017 |date=7 January 2017 |website=Urban Gujarati|access-date=20 January 2017}}</ref>

Music and background score for the film is composed by [[Parth Bharat Thakkar]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Superstar
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Parth Bharat Thakkar
| cover =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Zee Music Gujarati
| producer =
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| all_music =
| music_credits =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Aayo Maro Superstar
| extra1 = Arvind Vegda & [[Meet Jain]] (Rap)
| length1 = 03:04
| title2 = Jaadugari
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length2 = 03:35
| title3 = Ibaadat
| extra3 = [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] and [[Aishwarya Majumdar]]
| length3 = 04:27
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result
|-
| rowspan="2"|Gujarati Iconic Film Awards (GIFA 2017)
| Best Actress
| [[Rashami Desai]]
| {{nom}}
|-

| Best Male Debut
| Dhruvin Shah
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| Gujarati Transmedia Awards (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2018-02-18|title=Celebs attended 17th Transmedia Gujarati Screen and Stage Aawards at Andheri West|url=https://nrinews24x7.com/celebs-attended-17th-transmedia-gujarati-screen-stage-aawards-andheri-west/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=NRInews24x7|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|fix-attempted=yes|date=September 2024}}</ref>
| Best Debut Actress
| [[Rashami Desai]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Debut Actor
| Dhruvin Shah
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]

Indian 2-paisa coin

2026-01-09T01:06:24Z

Vilianarij: started data.

{{Short description|Former denomination of the Indian Rupee}}
{{distinguish|2 naye paise (Indian coin)}}
{{Infobox coin
| Denomination = Two paisa
| Country = India
| Value = 2[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]] ({{frac|2|100}}{{INR}})
| Unit =
| Mass_g = 2.95
| Mass_troy_oz =
| Mass_grain =
| Mass_ounce =
| Mass_special = 
| Gold_troy_oz =
| Silver_troy_oz =
| Diameter_mm = 18
| Diameter_inch = 0.71
| Diameter_special = 
| Thickness_mm = 1.80
| Thickness_inch = 0.071
| Thickness_special = 
| Edge = Smooth
| Composition = [[Cupronickel]]
| Years of Minting = {{Start date|1957}}–{{end date|1981}}
| Mintage =
| Mint marks = [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai]] = ⧫
| Circulation = [[Withdrawal of low-denomination coins|Demonetized]] (1979)
| Catalog Number = KM#12
| Obverse = 2_paise_coin,_India,_1965.jpg
| Obverse Design = [[State Emblem of India]] with country name.
| Obverse Designer =
| Obverse Design Date =
| Obverse Discontinued =
| Obverse2 =
| Obverse2 Design =
| Obverse2 Designer =
| Obverse2 Design Date =
| Obverse2 Discontinued =
| Obverse3 =
| Obverse3 Design =
| Obverse3 Designer =
| Obverse3 Design Date =
| Obverse3 Discontinued =
| Obverse4 =
| Obverse4 Design =
| Obverse4 Designer =
| Obverse4 Design Date =
| Obverse4 Discontinued =
| Reverse =
| Reverse Design = Face value and year of minting
| Reverse Designer =
| Reverse Design Date =
| Reverse Discontinued =
| Reverse2 =
| Reverse2 Design =
| Reverse2 Designer =
| Reverse2 Design Date =
| Reverse2 Discontinued =
| Reverse3 =
| Reverse3 Design =
| Reverse3 Designer =
| Reverse3 Design Date =
| Reverse3 Discontinued =
| Reverse4 =
| Reverse4 Design =
| Reverse4 Designer =
| Reverse4 Design Date =
| Reverse4 Discontinued =
}}
The Indian '''Two paise''' ({{langx|hi|दो पैसे}}) (singular: ''Paisa''), is a former denomination of the [[Indian Rupee]]. The 2[[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]] coin equals {{frac|1|50}} of the Indian Rupee. The symbol for Paisa is ([[File:Indian Paisa symbol.svg|8px]]).

==History==

Prior to 1957, the [[Indian rupee]] was not [[Decimalisation|decimalised]] and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 [[Anno Domini|AD]] was further divided into 16 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]. Each anna was further divided to four [[Indian pice]]s and each pice into three [[Pie (monetary subunit)|pies]] till 1947 when the pie was demonetised. In 1955, India amended the "[[The Indian Coinage Act, 1906|Indian Coinage Act]]" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called "Naya Paisa" (English: ''New Paisa''). On 1 June 1964, the term "Naya" was dropped and the denomination was simply called "One paisa". Paisa coins were issued as a part of "The Decimal Series".<ref name="2 paise coins">{{cite news|title=2 paise coins|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=21 August 2017|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces10685.html}}</ref><ref name="Republic India Coinage">{{cite news|title=Republic India Coinage|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=21 August 2017|url=https://rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/mc_republic.aspx}}</ref><ref name="History of Indian coins">{{cite news|title=History of Indian coins|publisher=India Numismatics|access-date=21 August 2017|url=https://indianumismatics.wordpress.com/category/history-of-indian-coins/}}</ref>

==Mintage==
Two paise coins was minted only in the year 1964 at the [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|India Government mint]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present day Mumbai) and borne symbol ⧫ (small dot/diamond) as mint mark. The coin was [[Withdrawal of low-denomination coins|demonetized]] in 1979.<ref name="History of Indian coins"/><ref name="2 Paise">{{cite news|title=2 Paise|publisher=colnect.com|access-date=21 August 2017|url=http://colnect.com/en/coins/list/variant/2100}}</ref>

===Total mintage===
Total 323,504,000 coins were minted in 1964.<ref name="2 Paise"/>

===Composition===
Two paise coins were minted from [[Cupronickel]] alloy in [[Coin orientation|medallic orientation]]. The coins weighed 2.95 grams, had a diameter of {{convert|18|mm|in}} and thickness of {{convert|1.8|mm|in}}. Scalloped with eight notches, the coins had smooth edge.<ref name="2 paise coins"/><ref name="2 Paise"/>

==See also==
* [[Indian paisa]]
{{Portal bar|India|Money|Numismatics}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Indian currency}}

[[Category:Historical currencies of India]]
[[Category:Coins of India]]

{{Authority control}}

Mega Sports Complex, Ranchi

2026-01-05T23:28:14Z

Vilianarij: New The Post W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Multi purpose sports complex in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
The '''Mega Sports Complex''' is a multi purpose sports complex located in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]. It is owned by the [[Government of Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mega Sports Complex |url=http://sports.jharkhand.gov.in/documents/Pay-and-Play.pdf |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Jharkhand Government}}</ref>

== History ==
The stadium hosted [[2011 National Games of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217024435/http://www.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/spt_evt/dhanbad/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in|archive-date=17 February 2011|website=www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in}}</ref>

==Features==
{{Main|2011 National Games of India#Venues}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of sporting complexes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mega Sports Complex, Ranchi {{!}} Meinhardt India |url=https://meinhardtindia.com/projects/mega-sports-complex-ranchi/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports in Ranchi, Stadiums in Ranchi, Sports Persons from Ranchi |url=https://www.ranchionline.in/city-guide/amp/sports-in-ranchi |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.ranchionline.in}}</ref>
!Name
!Sport
! colspan="2" |capacity
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Track and field]]
|35,000
|Main stadium
|-
|
|Practicing ground
|-
|Ganpat Rai Indoor Stadium
| rowspan="4" |Indoor sports
|4,000
|
|-
|[[Harivansh Tana Bhagat Indoor Stadium|Tana Bhagat Indoor Stadium]]
|4,000
|
|-
|Tanveer Khan Indoor Stadium
|4,000
|
|-
|Sheikh Bhikari Administrative Block
|22,000
|
|-
|Tennis center
|[[Tennis]]
|2,000
|
|-
|Veer Budhu Bhagat Aquatic Stadium
|[[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
|3,194
|
|-
|Kabaddi and Kho Kho Stadium
|[[Kabaddi]] and [[Kho kho]]
|
|
|-
|Tikait Umrao Shooting Range
|[[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
|
|
|-
|Badminton Courts
|[[Badminton]]
|
|
|-
|Rugby Outdoor Stadium
|[[Rugby sevens]]
|
|
|-
|Sighu Kunhu Velodrome
|[[Track cycling]] and [[Roller skating]]
|
|
|-
|Archery Range
|[[Archery]]
|
|Outdoor
|-
|Ram Dayal Kala Bhavan
|
|
|''Auditorium ''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|23.380|85.388|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Sport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Ranchi]]

Halenda

2025-12-23T21:42:47Z

Vilianarij: added references

{{short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Halenda''' is a village in [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holidayiq.com/destinations/Halenda-Overview-8371.html |title=Halenda, India |accessdate=2011-12-29 |publisher=HolidayIQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828030719/http://www.holidayiq.com/destinations/Halenda-Overview-8371.html |archive-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=62703 |title=Halenda village |accessdate=2011-12-29 | publisher=Glorious India }}</ref>

==Geography==
Halenda's altitude is 197 meters (649 feet).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Halenda.html |title=Halenda, India Page |accessdate=2011-12-29 }}</ref>

==Postal code==
The postal code is 360032.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postal-zip.com/post-code-halenda-india-zip-code-halenda-2/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712171940/http://postal-zip.com/post-code-halenda-india-zip-code-halenda-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-12 |title=Post code Halenda India (Zip code Halenda) |date=2011-06-22 |accessdate=2011-12-29 |publisher=Postal code, zip code, Area code and pin code of cities & villages }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamil-page.com/city_detail.php?pincode=360032&city=Halenda&district=&state= |title=Halenda |accessdate=2011-12-29 |publisher=Tamil classified posting |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081427/http://tamil-page.com/city_detail.php?pincode=360032&city=Halenda&district=&state= |archivedate=2012-04-26 }}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

{{Rajkot district}}

{{coord|22.088185|71.05171|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Rajkot district]]

{{Rajkot-geo-stub}}

Crime Alert

2025-12-14T19:50:13Z

Vilianarij: stub

{{short description|Indian crime television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name = ''Crime Alert - Jurm Ke Khilaaf Awaaz'' Crime Alert - Hamari Maqsad Aapki Hifaazat Crime Alert - Darna Nahin Mitana Hai Crime Alert - Jurm Ki Kahani Khud Ki Zubani
| genre = [[Reality]] [[Documentary]] [[Crime]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Himanshu Padak Shankarlal W. Pankaj
| writer = Naila Ali Chockle
| director = Anil Rawat
| creative_director = Sanat Roy
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* Girish Jain
* [[Amit Pachori]]
* [[Sudha Chandran]]
* [[Suhaib Ilyasi]] (for Dangal 2)
* [[Sushant Singh]]
}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See Below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 1000+
| producer = [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]] [[Sudha Chandran]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sudha Chandran turns anchor and producer with 'Crime Alert'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/sudha-chandran-turns-anchor-and-producer-with-crime-alert-688890#google_vignette|work=Indiatvnews|date=5 March 2021 |accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref> [[Suhaib Ilyasi]]
| company = {{unbulleted list|
Roots In East Productions
|V Edit Studios LLP
|Rowdy Rascal Productions
|[[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]<ref>{{cite web|title=TV Shows|url=http://www.shashisumeet.com/sslp/index.html|work=Shashisumeetproductions|accessdate=31 March 2021}}</ref>
|Optimystix Entertainment<ref>{{cite web|title=Crime Alert|url=https://optimystix.tv/crime_alert/|work=Optimystix|accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref>
|Waterdrop Entertainment
|Sumeet Arts
|Filmi Nights
}}
| runtime = 50 minutes
| editor = Ravi Bhushan Vinod Kohli
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] (2017—2023) Dangal 2 (2023—present)
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|04|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[#Spin-off|India Alert]]''
| image_alt =
| list_episodes =
| released =
}}

'''''Crime Alert - Darna Nahin Mitana Hai''''' ({{Translation|Crime Alert – Don't Be Afraid, Eliminate[crime]}}) is an Indian crime television show that aired on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] and Dangal 2 as '''''Crime Alert - Hamari Maqsad Aapki Hifaazat''''' ({{Translation|Crime Alert - Our Aim Is Your Safety}}). It was hosted by Girish Jain, [[Amit Pachori]], [[Sudha Chandran]] (for Dangal TV), [[Suhaib Ilyasi]] and [[Sushant Singh]] (for Dangal 2). This show is based on real-life crimes in India, with dramatized reconstructions, altered names, and changed locations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crime Alert is back in a new avatar!|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/crime-alert-is-back-in-a-new-avatar-220907|work=Tribuneindia|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dangal TV is set to re-launch show 'Crime Alert' as Dangal Original|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/industry-briefing-news/dangal-tv-is-set-to-re-launch-show-crime-alert-as-dangal-original-111333.html|work=Exchange4media|date=4 March 2021 |accessdate=13 March 2021}}</ref> A version titled '''''Crime Alert - Jurm Ki Kahani Khud Ki Zubani''''' aired on Dangal 2 from December. The series was produced by '''Filmi Nights Production House'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=सुहेब इलियासी का नया सीरियल क्राइम अलर्ट दंगल टू जल्दी प्रसारित किया जाएगा - mobile |url=https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/suhaib-ilyasi-s-new-serial-crime-alert-dangal-to-be-aired-soon-1846474 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

In 2017, the show was relaunched on [[Dangal TV]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindi TV serials - Crime Alert - Hindi|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/crime-alert-hindi|work=Nettv4u|accessdate=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Crime Alert' on Dangal TV gets all new episodes|url=https://www.adgully.com/crime-alert-on-dangal-tv-gets-all-new-episodes-101789.html|work=adgully|date=12 March 2021 |accessdate=14 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Crime Alert Khauf Ka Saaya: Promo|url=https://m.facebook.com/dangal.tv.channel/videos/crime-alert-khouf-ka-saaya-promo/389939945509961/|work=Facebook|accessdate=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Crime Alert' on Dangal TV gets all new episodes as Dangal Original|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/movie-channels/crime-alert-on-dangal-tv-gets-all-new-episodes-as-dangal-original-210312?amp|work=Indiantelevision|date=12 March 2021 |accessdate=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Crime Alert {{!}} नई कहानी 2 July {{!}} Every Sunday at 12:30 pm {{!}} Dangal 2 | date=27 June 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lvzAiOjpVM |access-date=2023-07-01 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2025, '''''Crime Alert - Time Aaj Ka Crime Aaj Ka''''' has started airing on Dangal 2 with actor Sushant Singh as the host.

== Plot ==
The hosts present dramatized reenactments of true crime stories involving individuals who committed serious crimes driven by motives such as love, revenge, and greed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crime Alert: it has been Emotionally Alarming to Describe the stories says Sudha Chandran|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/crime-alert-it-has-been-emotionally-alarming-to-describe-the-stories-says-sudha-chandran/videoshow/82032317.cms|work=timesofindia|access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=सुधा चंद्रन 'क्राइम अलर्ट' के साथ एंकर और प्रोड्यूसर बनीं|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/tv-tv-star-sudha-chandran-will-make-her-debut-as-an-anchor-with-crime-alert-776200|work=Indiatv|date=4 March 2021 |accessdate=12 March 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Girish Jain
* [[Amit Pachori]]
* [[Avinesh Rekhi]]
* [[Sudha Chandran]]
* [[Suhaib Ilyasi]]
* [[Mohit Abrol]]
* [[Sushant Singh]]
* Mahi Sharma
* Vikram Wadhwa

== See also ==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt13588896/ Crime Alert] on IMDb
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt15133628/ Crime Alert Season 2] on IMDb
* [https://www.facebook.com/CrimeAlertDangalTV/ Official Facebook page of Crime Alert]

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]

Disney India

2025-12-06T05:22:41Z

Vilianarij: started entry

{{Short description|Indian regional subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Walt Disney Company India
| logo = Disney India logo.webp
| logo_size = 250
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = [[Media conglomerate]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1993|8|1}}
| founders = [[The Walt Disney Company]]
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = India
| products = {{ubl|[[Film]]s|[[Television show|television programs]] and [[television channel|channels]] | [[Television advertisement]]s}}
| services = {{ubl|[[Film distribution]] | [[Film promotion]] | [[Music recording]] | [[Music publishing]] | [[Over-the-top media service]]s|[[Streaming media]]}}
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Disney Entertainment]]
| divisions = {{ubl|Disney India Consumer Products|Disney India Interactive|[[JioStar]] (36.84%)}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.disney.in/|disney.in}}
}}

The '''Walt Disney Company India''', also known as '''Disney India''', is the Indian [[subsidiary]] of [[The Walt Disney Company]], headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].

In March 2019, The Walt Disney Company India became India's biggest [[television broadcaster]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Vidhi |date=15 December 2017 |title=Fox deal set to make Disney India's biggest broadcaster |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/sdRdjtYGZyJXQadZwTl0LL/Fox-deal-set-to-make-Disney-Indias-biggest-broadcaster.html |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=Mint |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321080449/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/sdRdjtYGZyJXQadZwTl0LL/Fox-deal-set-to-make-Disney-Indias-biggest-broadcaster.html |url-status=live}}</ref> after the [[acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney]], which included [[Disney Star|Star India]].

== History ==

=== Establishment ===
The Walt Disney Company India was initially established as a joint venture partnership between [[The Walt Disney Company]] and [[Modi Enterprises]] in August 1993 as a licensing agreement. Disney received approval in October 2001 from the Indian [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] to establish a fully owned subsidiary to launch the Disney Channel in India. Despite the approval for the subsidiary, its joint venture partner, Modi Enterprises, protested because of similarities to their joint venture. At the end of the 10-year licensing agreement in 2003, Modi Enterprises and Disney were unable to reach a new agreement, dissolving the joint venture in August 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghaswalla |first=Amrita Nair |date=15 August 2003 |title=Disney, Modi end India JV |work=The Economic Times |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-15/news/27541902_1_disney-brand-walt-disney-television-international-modi-enterprises |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424063842/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-15/news/27541902_1_disney-brand-walt-disney-television-international-modi-enterprises |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2003, Walt Disney Television International Asia Pacific assumed control of the distribution of content through channels like [[Star Movies (Indian TV channel)|Star Movies]], [[AXN (Indian TV channel)|AXN]], and [[HBO Asia|HBO]], including 29 hours of children's programming weekly through channels such as [[DD Metro]], [[ETV Network|Eenadu]], [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]], [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] and [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2003 |title=Walt Disney to open local sales office in India |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-03/news/27530493_1_walt-disney-television-international-star-movies-star-world |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203234737/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-03/news/27530493_1_walt-disney-television-international-star-movies-star-world |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Fully owned subsidiary ===
The Walt Disney Company (India) Private Limited began operations in July 2004 and is based in Mumbai.<ref name="Bloomberg 2011">{{Cite press release |title=The Walt Disney Company India & UTV Join Creative Forces |date=19 May 2011 |publisher=The Walt Disney Company (India) |location=Bangalore, India |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAt5o8k1cUNc |access-date=23 April 2014 |author= |via=Bloomberg L.P. |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424040655/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAt5o8k1cUNc |url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2004, Walt Disney Television International India launched the [[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[Toon Disney]] Channel with five language feeds (English, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, and Tamil). The channels were to be distributed by the Star Group.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2005 |title=After Tamil & Telegu, Toon Disney goes Hindi from 1 September |publisher=Indian Television |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/aug/aug244.htm |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301233453/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/aug/aug244.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2004 |title=Walt Disney channels to be distributed by STAR |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-11-25/news/27387474_1_walt-disney-television-international-disney-channel-star-bouquet |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424030751/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-11-25/news/27387474_1_walt-disney-television-international-disney-channel-star-bouquet |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Indiantelevision.com 2009" /> In December 2004, with [[UTV Indiagames]] as a partner, [[Disney Interactive]] released Disney games, wallpapers, and ringtones available on [[Bharti Airtel]]. In 2005, [[Disney Consumer Products]] (DCP) began working with various Indian retail outlets to establish Disney Corners within the outlets to sell licensed merchandise.<ref name="Bhattacharjee 2005">{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Manisha |date=25 April 2005 |title=Disney's Eisner, Iger in India; to meet PM & President |work=Indiantelevision.com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr296.htm |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424034506/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr296.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August, [[Funskool]] India and Disney entered into a contract for Funskool to sell Disney Princess products in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adesara |first=Hetal |date=15 October 2005 |title=Disney gives merchandising heavy push with 'Princess' range |work=Indiantelevision.com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/mam/headlines/y2k5/oct/octmam56.htm |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424031529/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/mam/headlines/y2k5/oct/octmam56.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2007, Disney India and [[Yash Raj Films]] agreed to co-produce and co-finance a yearly animated film for the Indian market. Both companies work together on merchandising and games for the films.<ref name="Business Standard India 2007" />

In July 2006, Disney India acquired a controlling stake in [[Hungama TV]] from UTV Software Communications Limited while also taking a 14.9% share in UTV.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Leahy |first1=Joe |first2=Sundeep |last2=Tucker |date=13 September 2006 |title=Disney switches on to Hindi market |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1114f6f4-4347-11db-9574-0000779e2340 |access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> In 2008, the company took an additional 17.5% stake in UTV.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Ashish |date=18 June 2008 |title=UTV investment is long-term play |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/-utv-investment-is-long-term-play-108061801044_1.html |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424042138/http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/-utv-investment-is-long-term-play-108061801044_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 September 2006, the Disney Jeans brand was launched under a licence to Indus Clothing, which planned to open 30 Disney Jeans stores by the end of 2007.<ref name="Business Standard 2006">{{Cite news |date=26 September 2006 |title=Disney Jeans launched, plans 30 stores |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/disney-jeans-launched-plans-30-stores-106092600046_1.html |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=24 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424031848/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/disney-jeans-launched-plans-30-stores-106092600046_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In October, Disney Consumer Products (DCP) franchised the rights to set up 150 Disney Artist brand stores under the Disney Artist brand to Ravi Jaipuria Corporation for a period of 5 years. The stores were to sell greeting cards, stationery, arts, crafts, and party products in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and the Maldives featuring Disney characters.<ref name="The Times of India 2006">{{Cite news |date=12 October 2006 |title=Disney to set up 150 stores in India |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Disney-to-set-up-150-stores-in-India/articleshow/2153876.cms?referral=PM |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625003007/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Disney-to-set-up-150-stores-in-India/articleshow/2153876.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Disney Publishing Worldwide]], a division of Walt Disney India, announced a licensing agreement in April 2009 with the local publisher Junior Diamond to publish Disney comics in English and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Priyanka |date=15 April 2009 |title=Disney launches comic books in India |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/disney-launches-comic-books-in-india/355148/ |access-date=21 August 2010 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607175656/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/disney-launches-comic-books-in-india/355148/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Jetix/Toon Disney was changed to [[Super Hungama|Disney XD]] on 14 November 2009.<ref name="Indiantelevision.com 2009">{{Cite news |date=12 November 2009 |title=Jetix rebrands to Disney XD in India |work=Indiantelevision.com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/jetix-rebrands-to-disney-xd-in-india |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505184133/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/jetix-rebrands-to-disney-xd-in-india |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2010s ===
In May 2011, Disney and UTV agreed to co-produce Disney-branded family films with creative functions handled jointly. UTV produces, markets, and distributes the films.<ref name="Bloomberg 2011" /> In July 2011, Walt Disney Company (South East Asia) Pvt Ltd. offered to purchase public shareholders' stakes with the objective of increasing their ownership. In February 2012, Disney announced the completion of the acquisition of UTV. UTV Chief Executive Officer [[Ronnie Screwvala]] replaced Mahesh Samat as managing director of The Walt Disney Company (TWDC) India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2012 |title=Walt Disney to acquire a controlling stake in UTV |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |location=New Delhi |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/walt-disney-to-acquire-controlling-stake-in-utv-112020103001_1.html |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231715/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/walt-disney-to-acquire-controlling-stake-in-utv-112020103001_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Disney launched [[Disney Junior (Indian TV channel)|Disney Junior]], a channel for preschool kids.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2011 |title='Disney Junior' for pre-school kids debuts on Disney Channel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/disney-junior-for-pre-school-kids-debuts-on-disney-channel/articleshow/9099925.cms |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Disney India launched its live Entertainment operations in 2015 with the production of ''[[Beauty and the Beast (musical)|Beauty and the Beast]], a'' musical to be shown from October to December in Mumbai and Delhi.<ref name="Malvania 2015">{{Cite news |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=12 August 2015 |title=Disney launches its theatrical brand with Beauty and the Beast |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/disney-launches-its-theatrical-brand-with-beauty-and-the-beast-115081201691_1.html |access-date=13 August 2015 |archive-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813231559/http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/disney-launches-its-theatrical-brand-with-beauty-and-the-beast-115081201691_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Disney India indicated in August 2016 that it was shutting down UTV Motion Pictures, its Hindi film production unit, and focusing on the distribution of its Hollywood films. Disney India managing director Siddharth Roy Kapur also indicated he would let his contract lapse on 1 January 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=26 August 2016 |title=Disney India to exit from Hindi film production business |work=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/disney-india-to-exit-from-hindi-film-production-business/articleshow/53865976.cms |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-date=15 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215163215/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/disney-india-to-exit-from-hindi-film-production-business/articleshow/53865976.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 November 2016, Mahesh Samat was to return as managing director, four years after he left the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=26 October 2016 |title=Mahesh Samat returns to Disney India as Managing Director after four years |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mahesh-samat-returns-to-disney-india-as-managing-director-after-four-years/articleshow/55044922.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029132458/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/mahesh-samat-returns-to-disney-india-as-managing-director-after-four-years/articleshow/55044922.cms |archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>

On 12 September 2017, [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney International]] announced a restructuring of its business in Asia and that Mahesh Samat is to lead the new Disney South Asia division, combining India, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2017 |title=Mahesh Samat gets expanded role in Disney Asia restructure |work=Indian Television Dot Com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/disney-appoints-two-mds-kang-for-n-asia-samat-for-south-170912 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912201146/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/disney-appoints-two-mds-kang-for-n-asia-samat-for-south-170912 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 October 2017, The Walt Disney Company India officially announced the launch of [[Disney International HD]] to be on 29 October. The channel was to be the exclusive home to live-action [[List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel|Disney Channel original content]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2017 |title=Disney to launch English GEC HD on 29 Oct |work=Indian Television Dot Com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/gec-channel-disney-international-hd-to-launch-on-29-oct-171005 |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322103905/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/english-entertainment/gec-channel-disney-international-hd-to-launch-on-29-oct-171005 |url-status=live}}</ref> The channel will not have any animation content and will be replacing [[Bindass Play]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2017 |title=Disney to shut Bindass Play on 29 Oct to launch Disney Intl HD |work=Television Post |url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/disney-to-shut-bindass-play-on-29-oct-to-launch-disney-intl-hd/ |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928145818/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/disney-to-shut-bindass-play-on-29-oct-to-launch-disney-intl-hd/ |archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>

Disney launched its second HD channel, UTV HD, on 21 October 2018, showing Bollywood and Hollywood films in Hindi. It premiered a new movie every Friday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2018 |title=Disney India launches HD Hindi movie channel |language=en-US |work=TelevisionPost |url=https://www.televisionpost.com/disney-india-launches-hd-hindi-movie-channel/ |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030171904/https://www.televisionpost.com/disney-india-launches-hd-hindi-movie-channel/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 7 November 2017, Disney announced the promotion of Abhishek Maheshwari as country head for India. He was to report to Mahesh Samat, Walt Disney International South Asia managing director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=7 November 2017 |title=Disney names Abhishek Maheshwari as Country Head for India |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/disney-names-abhishek-maheshwari-as-country-head-for-india/articleshow/61545751.cms |access-date=10 November 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110173437/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/disney-names-abhishek-maheshwari-as-country-head-for-india/articleshow/61545751.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 December 2017, Disney announced its intent to acquire 21st Century Fox–parent company of rival [[Disney Star|Star India]] and streaming service [[Hotstar]]–for US$52.4 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snider |first=Mike |date=14 December 2017 |title=Disney to buy key 21st Century Fox assets for $52.4 billion |language=en |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2017/12/14/disney-21st-century-fox/945309001/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503100713/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2017/12/14/disney-21st-century-fox/945309001/ |archive-date=3 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Castillo |first=Michelle |date=14 December 2017 |title=Disney to buy 21st Century Fox assets in a deal worth more than $52 billion in stock |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/14/disney-to-buy-21st-century-fox-assets.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214133050/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/14/disney-to-buy-21st-century-fox-assets.html |archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>

Consumers Products licensed DLF Brands for Disney & Me stores that opened in April 2018.<ref name="The Economic Times 2018">{{Cite news |date=11 April 2018 |title=Disney & Me stores foray into India |work=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/disney-me-stores-foray-in-india/articleshow/63712465.cms |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080140/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/disney-me-stores-foray-in-india/articleshow/63712465.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Live Entertainment division's second musical, ''[[Aladdin (2011 musical)|Aladdin]]'', premiered on 20 April 2018.<ref name="Disney to Launch 2018">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=Disney to Launch 'Aladdin' Stage Musical in India |url=https://variety.com/2018/legit/asia/disney-to-launch-aladdin-in-india-1202711558/ |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302075416/http://variety.com/2018/legit/asia/disney-to-launch-aladdin-in-india-1202711558/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 December 2018, Disney announced [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]], who serves as president of Fox Asia and chairman of Star India, would lead Disney's Asia Pacific region and chairman of Disney India after the acquisition of 21st Century Fox closes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Stewart |date=13 December 2018 |title=Disney Sets Out International Leadership Team Post-Fox Deal |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/disney-sets-out-international-leadership-team-post-fox-deal-1203088968/ |access-date=14 December 2018 |website=Variety |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213194133/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/disney-sets-out-international-leadership-team-post-fox-deal-1203088968/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 April 2019, Uday Shankar, president of Disney Asia Pacific, announced the restructuring of the complete entity of Star India and Disney, while Sanjay Gupta would lead the Indian businesses and head [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Disney Studios India]] and [[Star Studios|Fox Star Studios]] in India, directly reporting to Uday Shankar who is also Chairman of Star and Disney India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=1 April 2019 |title=Disney Gives Leadership Roles to Several Fox Staffers in Asia Reshuffle |language=en |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/disney-leadership-roles-fox-staff-asia-reshuffle-1203177260/ |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151855/https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/disney-leadership-roles-fox-staff-asia-reshuffle-1203177260/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Gupta resigned as country head in November 2019, while UTV channels were merged into the Star India bouquet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2019 |title=Sanjay Gupta Steps Down As Country Manager, Star & Disney India |language=en |work=BW Businessworld |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Sanjay-Gupta-Steps-Down-As-Country-Manager-Star-Disney-India/08-11-2019-178677/ |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201213716/http://www.businessworld.in/article/Sanjay-Gupta-Steps-Down-As-Country-Manager-Star-Disney-India/08-11-2019-178677/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Disney XD was replaced with [[Super Hungama|Marvel HQ]] channel on 20 January 2019 at noon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2019 |title=Disney India to replace Disney XD with Marvel HQ |work=Best Media Info |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2019/01/disney-india-to-replace-disney-xd-with-marvel-hq/ |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233449/https://bestmediainfo.com/2019/01/disney-india-to-replace-disney-xd-with-marvel-hq/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Disney Star|Star India networks]] took over the distribution of Disney channels in July 2019. Disney Channel, Hungama TV, Marvel HQ, and Disney Junior became part of ''the Disney Kids Pack'' while Bindass and Disney International HD became part of the ''Star Value Pack''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star India launches Disney Kids Pack with new campaign |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/star-india-launches-disney-kids-pack-with-new-campaign-98252.html |website=exchange4media |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721072347/https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/star-india-launches-disney-kids-pack-with-new-campaign-98252.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, in February 2020, [[StarPlus#Star Gold|Star Gold]] underwent a branding overhaul, while its sister channel Movies OK was replaced by Star Gold 2.

=== 2020s ===
On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding would be replaced with Utsav from 1 February in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2020 |title=Disney Renaming Star Channels in the Netherlands |url=https://whatsondisneyplus.com/disney-renaming-star-channels-in-the-netherlands/ |publisher=What's On Disney Plus |accessdate=1 September 2021 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004100401/https://whatsondisneyplus.com/disney-renaming-star-channels-in-the-netherlands/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 January 2022, Tata Sky was rebranded into [[Tata Play]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=26 January 2022 |title=Tata Sky is now Tata Play, firm drops brand name after 18-year-run |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/tata-sky-is-now-tata-play-firm-drops-brand-name-after-18-year-run/articleshow/89127825.cms |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126025223/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/tata-sky-is-now-tata-play-firm-drops-brand-name-after-18-year-run/articleshow/89127825.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Marvel HQ was replaced with the [[Super Hungama]] channel on 1 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney Kids Network to launch new channel Super Hungama – Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/disney-kids-network-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-118684.html |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228024944/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/disney-kids-network-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-118684.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 May 2022, Fox Star Studios was renamed [[Star Studios]], as part of the removal of the "Fox" name from the studios that had been acquired from 21st Century Fox by Disney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Fox Star Studios rebrands to Star Studios |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fox-star-studios-rebrands-to-star-studios/article65466364.ece |access-date=28 May 2022 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607090816/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fox-star-studios-rebrands-to-star-studios/article65466364.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following a restructuring paradigm, Disney announced plans to shut down the UTV brand, with UTV Movies, UTV HD, and [[UTV Action]] being replaced respectively by [[StarPlus#Star Gold Romance|Star Gold Romance]], the HD feed of Star Gold 2, and [[StarPlus#Star Gold Thrills|Star Gold Thrills]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star India to shut down UTV Movies and UTV Action |url=https://journalismguide.in/star-india-to-shut-down-utv-movies-and-utv-action/ |access-date=14 March 2023 |website=journalismguide.in |date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314111212/https://journalismguide.in/star-india-to-shut-down-utv-movies-and-utv-action/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2023, Head of Network Entertainment Kevin Vaz left the company to join [[Viacom18]] as CEO of TV Business.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farooqui |first1=Javed |title=Disney Star's Kevin Vaz set to join Viacom18 as CEO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/disney-stars-kevin-vaz-set-to-join-viacom18-as-ceo/articleshow/99643793.cms |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122190756/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/disney-stars-kevin-vaz-set-to-join-viacom18-as-ceo/articleshow/99643793.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Farooqui |first1=Javed |title=Kevin Vaz joins Viacom 18 as CEO of TV business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kevin-vaz-joins-viacom-18-as-ceo-of-tv-business/articleshow/101678156.cms |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122190756/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/kevin-vaz-joins-viacom-18-as-ceo-of-tv-business/articleshow/101678156.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2023, The Walt Disney Company began exploring strategic options for their businesses in India, such as forming a joint venture or selling it completely; the company had major domestic cricket rights to competitors, which had weakened the Disney+ Hotstar service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frater |first1=Patrick |title=Disney Reportedly Exploring Strategic Options in India, Including Potential Sale or Joint Venture |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/disney-india-business-potential-sale-joint-venture-1235667496/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Variety |date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713222509/https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/disney-india-business-potential-sale-joint-venture-1235667496/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Between September and October 2023, Disney held preliminary talks with [[Reliance Industries]], [[Adani Group]], [[Sun Group]], [[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]], and [[Sony Pictures Networks India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kalesh |first1=Baiju |last2=Singh |first2=Preeti |last3=P R |first3=Sanjai |title=Disney India Sale Talks Draw Firms Including Reliance |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-18/disney-india-sale-talks-said-to-draw-firms-including-reliance |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Bloomberg.com |url-access=registration |date=18 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919043931/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-18/disney-india-sale-talks-said-to-draw-firms-including-reliance |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sriram |first1=M. |last2=Kalra |first2=Aditya |title=Blackstone holds initial talks with Disney for stake in India arm, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/blackstone-talks-with-disney-stake-india-arm-sources-2023-10-11/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |agency=Reuters |date=11 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024171503/https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/blackstone-talks-with-disney-stake-india-arm-sources-2023-10-11/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav |title=Sony begins talks with Disney to buy India biz |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/sony-begins-talks-with-disney-to-buy-india-biz-11697390191465.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Mint |url-access=subscription |date=15 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022203933/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/sony-begins-talks-with-disney-to-buy-india-biz-11697390191465.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2023, it was reported that Disney was nearing a cash and stock deal with Reliance Industries for the sale of its operations in India, including a controlling stake in Disney Star. The assets Reliance will acquire are reportedly valued at around US$7–8 billion (valuing the entire division at US$10 billion), and a transaction could be announced as early as November.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Disney Set To Sell Indian Operation To Reliance Industries in Deal Valuing Biz At $10B – Report |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/disney-set-to-sell-india-business-reliance-industries-report-1235581318/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Deadline |date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030154012/https://deadline.com/2023/10/disney-set-to-sell-india-business-reliance-industries-report-1235581318/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the CEO of Disney, Robert Iger, refuted such claims at first, it was announced in December 2023 that Disney and Reliance had signed a non-binding term sheet for a merger. According to its terms, Reliance would hold a 51% in the merged company in cash and stock, while Disney would own the remaining 49%. For purposes of the merger, a subsidiary of [[Viacom18]] will be created to absorb Disney Star through a [[stock swap]]. The deal is expected to be completed by February 2024, pending ratification and regulatory approval, although Reliance aims to complete it by the end of January.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barman |first1=Arijit |last2=Farooqui |first2=Jaaved |title=Reliance, Disney ink non-binding agreement for mega merger |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/reliance-disney-ink-non-binding-agreement-for-mega-merger/articleshow/106255328.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=25 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Vaishnawi |title=Mukesh Ambani's Reliance-Disney Star deal explained: 10 points on mega-merger |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/mukesh-ambanis-reliance-disney-star-deal-explained-10-points-on-megamerger-101703494970189-amp.html |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaustubh |first1=Abhinav |title="We'd Like To Stay," Disney CEO On Hotstar's Alleged Sale To Reliance Jio, Adani Group |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/wed-like-to-stay-disney-ceo-on-hotstars-sale-to-reliance-jio-adani-group/articleshow/105090482.cms |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=9 November 2023}}</ref>

In February 2024, [[The Walt Disney Company]] and [[Reliance Industries]] reached a deal to merge their streaming and television assets, with the joint venture valued at $8.5 billion, including synergies. As part of the deal, Viacom18 would be merged into [[Disney Star]], with Disney holding a 36.84% stake in the combined entity. This would bring together assets such as linear television entertainment channels [[StarPlus]], [[Colors TV]], and the [[Star Gold Network]]; sports channels [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] and [[Sports18]]; and the streaming services [[JioCinema]] and [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. [[Nita Ambani]] will serve as the chairperson of the joint venture, while [[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]] will serve as vice chairperson. The deal gives 16.34% to Reliance and 46.82% to Viacom18<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/reliance-disney-india-merge-streaming-tv-assets-to-create-rs-70-352-crore-media-powerhouse-5-key-highlights-11709129039923.html |title=Reliance, Disney India merge streaming, TV assets to create ₹70,352 crore media powerhouse; 5 key highlights |last=Prasad |first=Nikita |date=28 February 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref> and is expected to close sometime in late 2024 or early 2025, pending regulatory approval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney And Reliance Clinch Joint Venture in India |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Jill |last=Goldsmith |date=28 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/disney-star-reliance-india-joint-venture-in-india-1235840411/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=RELIANCE AND DISNEY ANNOUNCE STRATEGIC JOINT VENTURE TO BRING TOGETHER THE MOST COMPELLING AND ENGAGING ENTERTAINMENT BRANDS IN INDIA |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/ea700929-d4cd-43d9-8d05-a6d2553436e8.pdf |website=BSE India |publisher=BSE India}}</ref> The deal was approved by the [[National Company Law Tribunal]], with the JioCinema streaming service being moved to the [[Viacom18]] unit as part of the merger.<ref>{{cite web |title=NCLT approves merger process for Reliance's arm Viacom18 and Star India |first=Abhijeet |last=Kumar |date=14 May 2024 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nclt-approves-merger-process-for-reliance-s-arm-viacom18-and-star-india-124051700335_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NLCT sets the ball rolling on merger of Reliance's arm Viacom18 and Star India |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/nclt-sets-the-ball-rolling-on-merger-of-reliances-arm-viacom18-and-star-india/articleshow/110192337.cms |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Divisions ==

=== Current divisions ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Store
! Licensee
! Start date
! Closed Date
|-
| Disney Corners Departments
|
| April 2005<ref name="Bhattacharjee 2005" />
| rowspan="5" |
|-
| Disney Jeans
| Indus Clothing
| 26 September 2006<ref name="Business Standard 2006" />
|-
| Disney Artist
| Ravi Jaipuria Corporation
| 10 October 2006<ref name="The Times of India 2006" />
|-
| Disney & Me
| DLF Brands
| April 2018<ref name="The Economic Times 2018" />
|-
| shopDisney
|
| 23 November 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2020 |title=ShopDisney, Disney's Online Store, Now Live in India |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/disney-store-india-online-shopdisney-free-shipping-disappointing-2328949 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=Gadgets 360 |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105125107/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/disney-store-india-online-shopdisney-free-shipping-disappointing-2328949 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
* [[JioStar]] (36.84%)
** [[Disney Channel (India)]]
** [[Disney Jr. (India)]]
** [[Disney International HD]]
* [[Disney Consumer Products#Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media|Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media]]
** [[Disney Consumer Products]]
** [[Disney Publishing Worldwide]]
** Disney Interactive

=== Former divisions ===
* Walt Disney Pictures India
* UTV Software Communications
** [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
** [[UTV Indiagames]]
** [[UTV Ignition Games]]
* Disney India Media Networks
* Asianet Star Communications
* Novi Digital Entertainment

==== Walt Disney Pictures India ====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Producer(s)
! scope="col" | Co-production Co.
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Roadside Romeo]]''
| [[Jugal Hansraj]]
| [[Aditya Chopra]]
| {{ubl|[[Yash Raj Films]] | [[Walt Disney Pictures]] | [[Tata Elxsi]]}}
| [[List of Indian animated feature films|Animated Film]] [[National Film Award for Best Animated Film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=56th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019152853/http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Nominated- [[Visual Effects Society Awards 2008|Visual Effects Society Award]] for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture<ref>{{Cite web |title=7th VES Awards |url=https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/7th-annual-ves-awards |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721005412/https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/7th-annual-ves-awards |url-status=live}}</ref>
| <ref name="Business Standard India 2007">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2007 |title=Yash Raj, Disney in animation films tie-up |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/yash-raj-disney-in-animation-films-tie-up-107061301114_1.html |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231142847/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/yash-raj-disney-in-animation-films-tie-up-107061301114_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2008 |title=Disney releases Bollywood animation 'Roadside Romeo' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3250464/Disney-releases-Bollywood-animation-Roadside-Romeo.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3250464/Disney-releases-Bollywood-animation-Roadside-Romeo.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]''
| [[Habib Faisal]]
| [[Arindam Chaudhuri]]
| Planman Motion Pictures
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=58th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |archive-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307013755/http://dff.nic.in/2011/58_NFA.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walt Disney releases first live action Hindi feature Do Dooni Chaar |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-business/walt-disney-releases-first-live-action-hindi-feature-do-dooni-chaar-113101403495_1.html |access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| ''[[Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper]]''
| Tapaas Chakravarti
|
| distribution only DQ Entertainment International
| [[List of Indian animated feature films#TV films|Animated TV Movie]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2010 |title=Disney brings Satyajit Ray's detective Feluda to the small screen |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html |access-date=19 May 2017 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727144129/http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
| [[Prakash Kovelamudi]]
| [[Prasad Devineni]] Prakash Kovelamudi
| {{ubl|A Bellyful of Dreams Entertainment|[[Arka Media Works]]}}
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2010 |title=Walt Disney picks Shruti, Siddharth! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Walt-Disney-picks-Shruti-Siddharth/articleshow/5689807.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321010831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-17/news-interviews/28114703_1_walt-disney-characters-film |archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zokkomon]]''
| [[Satyajit Bhatkal]]
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2011 |title=Walt Disney's Zokkomon to Release on 22nd April 2011 |work=Bollywood Trade |url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/box-office-reports/walt-disneys-zokkomon-to-release-on-22nd-april-2011/d9bf9f92-258f-46da-9316-a7f83a21d036/index.htm |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321024004/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/box-office-reports/walt-disneys-zokkomon-to-release-on-22nd-april-2011/d9bf9f92-258f-46da-9316-a7f83a21d036/index.htm |archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Arjun: The Warrior Prince]]''
| Arnab Chaudhuri
| [[Ronnie Screwvala]] [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
| [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| Animated Film Nominated – [[Annecy International Animated Film Festival#Feature films|Grand Prix]] at [[Annecy International Animated Film Festival|2013 Annecy International Animated Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2013 |title=Arjun: The Warrior Prince Nominated for Annecy Cristal Award 2013 |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/arjun-the-warrior-prince-nominated-for-annecy-cristal-award-2013 |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904153950/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/arjun-the-warrior-prince-nominated-for-annecy-cristal-award-2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2012 |title=Disney's "Arjun" opens in Hollywood |url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/disneys-arjun-opens-monday-night-in-hollywood-69157.html |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181540/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/disneys-arjun-opens-monday-night-in-hollywood-69157.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Luck Luck Ki Baat]]''
| Iqbal Khan
| [[List of Disney Channel (India) series|Disney Channel India]]
| SOL Productions
| [[Television film]] Remake of 2001 [[List of Disney Channel original films|Disney Channel original movie]] [[The Luck of the Irish (2001 film)|The Luck of the Irish]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2012 |title=Disney India's First Ever Made for Television Film to Premiere on 30 Sep. |publisher=India Television |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/sep/sep291.php |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908055815/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/sep/sep291.php |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]''
| [[Shashanka Ghosh]]
| [[Fawad Khan]]{{ubl|[[Anil Kapoor]] | [[Rhea Kapoor]] | Siddharth Roy Kapur}}
| {{ubl|UTV Motion Pictures|Anil Kapoor Film Company}}
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney India to co-produce Khubsoorat remake with Kapoors – NDTV |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/disney-india-to-co-produce-khubsoorat-remake-with-kapoors-456638 |access-date=18 May 2017 |website=Movies.ndtv.com |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213133234/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/disney-india-to-co-produce-khubsoorat-remake-with-kapoors-456638 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[ABCD 2]]''
| [[Remo D'Souza]]
| Siddharth Roy Kapur
| UTV Motion Pictures
| Sequel to the 2013 film [[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance]].
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2015 |title=Disney India creates its first local franchise with 'ABCD 2' |work=[[Indian Express Limited]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disney-india-creates-its-first-local-franchise-with-abcd-2/ |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219035426/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disney-india-creates-its-first-local-franchise-with-abcd-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Apna Bhai Gaju Bhai]]''
| Sandeep Patil and Aarsh Vohra
| Disney Channel India
| [[Toonz India Ltd|Toonz Animation]]
| Animated TV movie based on [[List of Disney Channel (India) series#2016|Disney Channel's animated TV series]] ''[[Gaju Bhai]]''
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2016 |title=When Jollywood's Superstar meets Bollywood's superstar! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/When-Jollywoods-Superstar-meets-Bollywoods-superstar/articleshow/52868823.cms |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627165056/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/When-Jollywoods-Superstar-meets-Bollywoods-superstar/articleshow/52868823.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
| [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
| {{ubl|[[Aamir Khan]] | [[Kiran Rao]] | Siddharth Roy Kapur}}
| Aamir Khan Productions UTV Motion Pictures
| Highest Grossing Indian film till date.
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2017 |title=DANGAL is an extremely special film for Disney, says Disney India Studios VP |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/17/jan/dangal-collections-records-disney-india.asp |website=Glamsham.com |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326062923/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/17/jan/dangal-collections-records-disney-india.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''
| [[Anurag Basu]]
| Anurag Basu [[Ranbir Kapoor]] Siddharth Roy Kapur
| {{ubl|PictureShuru Entertainment|UTV Motion Pictures|Ishana Movies}}
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title=Jagga Jasoos new poster out; Ranbir Kapoor-Katrina Kaif starrer to release on 14 July |work=Firstpost/ShowSha |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-new-poster-out-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-starrer-to-release-on-14-july-3477252.html |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624005138/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jagga-jasoos-new-poster-out-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-starrer-to-release-on-14-july-3477252.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Home Entertainment ===
The following Indian films were released under the [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] banner.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Home Entertainment Release date
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | International Title
! scope="col" | Original Theatrical Release date
! scope="col" | Production Company
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| 12 January 2010
| ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]''
| ''Like Stars on Earth''
| 21 December 2007
| Aamir Khan Productions and [[PVR Pictures]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2009 |title=Disney releasing 'Taare Zameen Par' on DVD in US |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Disney-releasing-lsquoTaare-Zameen-Parrsquo-on-DVD-in-US/article16853948.ece |access-date=18 May 2017 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501171144/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Disney-releasing-lsquoTaare-Zameen-Parrsquo-on-DVD-in-US/article16853948.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 26 July 2011
| ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
| ''Once Upon a Warrior''
| 14 January 2011
| Disney India, A Bellyful of Dreams Entertainment, and Arka Media Works
| rowspan="3" | Part of Disney World Cinema series
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2011 |title=Disney Releasing 3 Indian Films in North America |work=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/172630/disney-releasing-3-indian-films.html |access-date=6 July 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021163719/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/172630/disney-releasing-3-indian-films.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Do Dooni Chaar]]''
| ''Two Twos Are Four''
| 8 October 2010
| Disney India and Planman Motion Pictures
|-
| ''[[Zokkomon]]''
| ''Zokkomon''
| 22 April 2011
| Disney India
|}

=== Disney Live Entertainment ===
'''Musicals'''
* ''[[Beauty and the Beast (musical)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' (2015)<ref name="Malvania 2015" /> The staff on the show include Vikranth Pawar (director), [[Leslee Lewis]] (music director), and [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] (choreography).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2015 |title=Disney to create the magic of Broadway in India |url=https://www.adgully.com/disney-to-create-the-magic-of-broadway-in-india-62577.html |access-date=22 May 2017 |publisher=Adgully}}</ref>
* ''[[Aladdin (2011 musical)|Aladdin]]'' (2018) The musical is co-produced with Indian company BookMyShow.<ref name="Disney to Launch 2018" />

== See also ==
* [[UTV Motion Pictures|List of films released by UTV Motion Pictures]]
* [[List of Walt Disney Pictures films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.disney.in/}}
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/the-walt-disney-company-india-private-limited/U74999DL2003PTC121582?from=mdr Info] at [[The Economic Times]]

{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Disney}}
{{Disney Star}}
[[Category:Disney India| ]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian animation studios]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Mass media companies of India]]
[[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]
[[Category:Television companies of India|Broadcasting]]
[[Category:Television networks in India]]
[[Category:The Walt Disney Company subsidiaries|India]]

M. V. Raghavan

2025-11-30T10:53:08Z

Vilianarij: updated page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Family name hatnote|Melathu Veettil|lang=Malayali}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name =
| name = M. V. Raghavan
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1933|05|05}}
| birth_place = [[Kannur district|Cannanore]], [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present day [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India)
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|11|09|1933|05|05}}
| party = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Communist Party of India]] (1949–1964)|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–1986)|[[Communist Marxist Party]]}}
| children = 4 (incl. [[M. V. Nikesh Kumar]])
| spouse = Janaki
}}

'''Melathu Veettil Raghavan''' (5 May 1933 – 9 November 2014) was a veteran Communist leader and a former Minister in [[Kerala]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/min19.htm |title=Minister for Co-operation|publisher=Kerala Legislative Assembly, Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> He was the General Secretary of the [[Communist Marxist Party|CMP]], an alliance partner in the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]. Prior to the formation of the CMP he was a prominent leader of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/marxist-communist-party-founder-mv-raghavan-passes-away-1794239.html|title=Marxist Communist Party founder MV Raghavan passes away|date=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/m-v-raghavan-communist-leader-who-took-on-cpm-in-kerala-dead/|title = M V Raghavan, Communist leader who took on CPM in Kerala, passes away|date = 10 November 2014}}</ref>

He was expelled from the CPI(M) following an inner party struggle in which he advocated alliance with the [[Kerala Congress]] and the [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] against the official line of keeping these 2 parties out of [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]. He then formed the [[Communist Marxist Party|CMP]] and later joined the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]. He was a minister in UDF governments a number of times.

He belongs to [[Kannur district]] of Kerala. His district is one of the developing zones in the country. Raghavan set up the first co-operative sector medical college in the country, [[Government Medical College, Kannur|Government Medical College]] in [[Kannur district|Kannur District]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} He was the key person to build the first Visha Chikitsa Kendram (Snake Venom Removal Centre) in [[Pappinisseri]], Kannur district. His other major achievement has been the setting up of a Snake Park in Dharmasala, which has become a major tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nairscharity.org/activities.html |title=Nair's Charity, Kannur, Kerala, South India - Nair and Nambiar Marriage Bureau | Nair & Nambiar Brides and Grooms in Kerala |accessdate=2010-01-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911050120/http://nairscharity.org/activities.html |archivedate=11 September 2009 }}</ref>

==Positions held==
* Member, 4th Kerala Legislative Assembly from Madayi – CPI(M)
* Member, 5th Kerala Legislative Assembly from Thaliparamba – CPI(M)
* Member, 6th Kerala Legislative Assembly from Kuthuparamba – CPI(M)
* Member, 7th Kerala Legislative Assembly from Payyannur – CPI(M)
* Member, 8th Kerala Legislative Assembly from Azhikode – CMP
* Member, 9th Kerala Legislative Assembly from Kazhakkootam – CMP
*Member, 11th Kerala Legislative Assembly from Trivandrum-West-CMP<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m533.htm |title = Members - Kerala Legislature}}</ref>
* Minister for Co-Operation, [[Government of Kerala]], 24 June 1991 to 9 May 1996
* Minister for Co-Operation and Ports, [[Government of Kerala]], 17 May 2001 to 20 April 2006
* President, Pappinissery Panchayat, Kannur (16 years)

==Personal life==

Raghavan was born to Shankaran Nambiar on 5 May 1933 in [[Kannur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceokerala.nic.in/SE/115/M_V_RAGHAVAN/MVRAGHAVAN_CR1.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410140215/http://ceokerala.nic.in/SE/115/M_V_RAGHAVAN/MVRAGHAVAN_CR1.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was married to Janaki. The couple have three sons,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/|title=MarunadanMalayalee.com|website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com}}</ref> notable being [[M. V. Nikesh Kumar]], a journalist<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/04/stories/2005020402070200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604104547/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/04/stories/2005020402070200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 June 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Writing with light | date=4 February 2005}}</ref> and a daughter.

Since 2005, Raghavan was bed-ridden with advanced Parkinson's disease. He died on 9 November 2014<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.marunadanmalayali.com/news/keralam/raghavan-died-6958 |title = എം വി രാഘവൻ അന്തരിച്ചു; യാത്രയായത് കേരളം കണ്ട ഏറ്റവും തന്റേടിയായ രാഷ്ട്രീയ നേതാവ്; അവ}}</ref> at the age of 81.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cmp-leader-mv-raghavan-passes-away/article6580210.ece | title= CMP leader M.V. Raghavan passes away | date=9 November 2014 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=26 November 2019 }}</ref> He was cremated with full state honours at Payyambalam Beach Crematorium, near the memorials of [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]], [[A. K. Gopalan]], [[K. G. Marar]] and [[E. K. Nayanar]]. Janaki, his wife, died in 2021.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/aug/07ragha.htm Rediff On The NeT: Communist Marxist Party leader M V Raghavan in a no-holds-barred interview about his recent arrest]
* [http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m533.htm Members - Kerala Legislature]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, M. V.}}
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Marxist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]

Beliatore

2025-10-29T11:42:03Z

Vilianarij: small improve details based on references and updated info based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beliatore
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.33|N|87.22|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura District|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.52
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 79
| population_total = 6,463
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03241
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Beliatore''' is a [[Census Town]] and a [[Gram Panchayat]] in the [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Beliatore is the birthplace of artist [[Jamini Roy]].<ref>It has some villages around...like Oltora, Chandar, Bandhkana, Bandkana, kanchchala etc [http://www.indianartcircle.com/dhoomimalgallery/dmg_1.shtml#BM11 Indian Art Circle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034328/http://www.indianartcircle.com/dhoomimalgallery/dmg_1.shtml#BM11 |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

==History==

[[Binoy Ghosh]] visited Beliatotre in 1968, primarily to attend the [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]] and fair of [[Dharmathakur]] held on the occasion of [[Ashadha]] [[Purnima]]. Three deities – Dharmaraj, Swarupnarayan, Madan – were taken on large wooden horses and the ritual of ''ban-phonra'' (piercing of tongue, hand or breast with bamboo splinters) was performed by devotees from the lower castes such as Bauris, Khaira, Lohar and others. The village was predominantly populated by the people of lower castes, mainly [[Bauris]], in earlier days. Some well-to-do trading families came and settled there and around two hundred years ago the zamindars, the Roy family, came in. Both belonged to the upper castes. The worship of Dharmathakur, in its present form, was taken up at Beliatore after both the zamindar and trading families had dreams about it. The worship of a popular folk deity of the lower castes was taken up by the upper caste people as per dream wishes and obviously as a part of the process of Brahminisation in the area. With the passage of time, the proportion of upper caste people in the village has gone up and that of the lower castes has come down. [[Manasa]] puja and [[Bhadu (festival)|Bhadu]] festival are celebrated in a big way. In earlier days, Jhapan Utsav, with display of live snakes, was celebrated in Beliatore, but it has been discontinued.<ref name="binoyghosh">Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 394-399, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata</ref>

Kachu Roy came and first settled in [[Jagannathpur, Bankura|Jagannathpur]] and then moved to Beliatore, around 200 years prior to Binoy Ghosh’s visit. Kachu Roy had three sons – Atmaram, Banchharam and Panchanan. The renowned artist [[Jamini Roy]] was great grandson of Panchanan Roy. Basanta Ranjan Roy Bidvatballava, whose name is linked with ''[[Srikrishnakirtan]]'', was a cousin of Jamini Roy. Both of them made rich contributions to the literature-culture of Bengal. They are related to [[Pratapaditya]].<ref name="binoyghosh"/>

Jamini Roy’s sister, Sujankumari, was married at the age of 13 but returned as a widow to Beliatore at the age of 21. She developed a primary school, which is still there. Initially she had a small number of upper caste students, but later collected a large number of Bauri students. Her move drew in bitter criticism from village folk. Sujankumari was 80 years old, but still active, when Binoy Ghosh visited Beliatore. When asked what the meaning of the word ‘Bauri’ was, she had explained how the word meant, ‘those who have been kept out of society’.<ref name="binoyghosh"/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=500| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|87|6|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bankura Sadar subdivision in Bankura district''' M: municipal town/ city, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: hill centre, T: temple/ religious centre, B: barrage Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|25|48|N|87|16|48|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Barjora| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Barjora]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|19|48|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Beliatore| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= Beliatore (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|26|44|N|87|15|8|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ghutgarya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ghutgarya]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|11|N|86|54|9|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jhantipahari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jhantipahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|15|0|N|87|4|12|E}}| label-pos5=right |label5=Bankura| numbered5=M| mark-title5 =[[Bankura]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|16|34|N|86|59|52|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Achuri| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Achuri]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|23|50|N|87|6|32|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Amarkanan| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Amarkanan]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|5|32|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bikna| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bikna]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|18|6|N|86|58|57|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Chhatna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chhatna]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|28|12|N|87|7|48|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Durlabhpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Durlabhpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|25|12|N|87|7|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gangajalghati| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Gangajalghati]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|18|51|N|87|5|38|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kanchanpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kanchanpur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|28|30|N|87|13|22|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Maliara| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Maliara]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|6|22|N|87|11|5|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Medinipur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Medinipur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|34|12|N|87|6|0|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Mejia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Mejia, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|10|9|N|87|9|48|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Murakata| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Murakata]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|8|31|N|87|12|7|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Onda| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Onda, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|24|33|N|87|22|35|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Pakhanna| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Pakhanna]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|12|48|N|87|1|8|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Puabagan| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Puabagan]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|53|N|86|48|33|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20=Saldiha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Saldiha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|31|59|N|86|55|59|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21=Saltora| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Saltora]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|24|0|N|86|59|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Susunia| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Susunia]] (H)| shape-color22=#87410E
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|29|N|86|55|57|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Biharinath| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Biharinath]] (H)| shape-color23=#87410E
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|9|55|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos24=top|label24=Bahulara| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Bahulara Ancient Temple]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|12|38|N|87|5|31|E}} | label-pos25=bottom|label25=Ekteswar| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Ekteswar]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|12|52|N|87|7|22|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Sonatapal| numbered26=T| mark-title26= [[Sonatapal]] (T) |shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|20|48|N|87|18|12|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27=Jagannathpur| numbered27=T| mark-title27= [[Jagannathpur, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Barrage| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=right| label-size28=10| mark-size28=12| numbered28=B|mark-title28 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.5088|87.2418}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=40| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.3028|86.8958}}| label30=Dwarakeswar| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=70| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none
|mark-coord31={{coord|23.2488|86.9318}}| label31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=20| label-pos31=top| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none}}

===Location===
Beliatore is located at {{coord|23.33|N|87.22|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Beliator.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Beliatore]</ref> It has an average elevation of 79 metres (259 feet). It is situated by the River Shali. The town is very well connected to others important place, situated 23 km from Durgapur, 21 km from Bankura town and 23 km from Sonamukhi.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Bankura Sadar subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is part of the Bankura Uplands in the west gradually merging with the Bankura-Bishnupur Rarh Plains in the north-east. The western portions are characterised by undulating terrain with many hills and ridges. The area is having a gradual descent from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The soil is [[laterite]] red and hard beds are covered with scrub jungle and [[Shorea robusta|sal]] wood. Gradually it gives way to just uneven rolling lands but the soil continues to be lateritic. There are coal mines in the northern part, along the [[Damodar River]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 89% of the population living in rural areas and only 11% living in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Beliatore had a total population of 6,463 of which 3,249 (50%) were males and 3,214 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 591. The total number of literates in Beliatore was 5,010 (85.32% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2016 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Beliatore had a population of 5,653. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Beliatore has an average literacy rate of 77.51%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 55% of the literates being male and 45% being female. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Beliatore police station has jurisdiction over parts of [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]] CD block. The area covered is 222.71 km2 and the population covered is 7,563.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://bankurapolice.org/beliatore/ |title = Beliatore PS | publisher= Bankura District Police | access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura'', Beliatore covered an area of 1.52 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 5 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved tap water from un-treated sources, hand pumps. It had 1,000 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 2 charitable hospitals/ nursing homes, 14 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had were 19 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. It had 1 recognised shorthand, typewriting and vocational training institution, 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan), 1 working women’s hostel, 1 old age home. Among the social cultural and recreational facilities, it had 2 auditoriums/ community halls, 2 public libraries. An important commodity it manufactured was sweets. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank and 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1429-1434; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1429; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1430; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1431; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Page 1432; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1432; Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 7 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Road ===
Beliatore is well connected to nearby cities and towns through bus services which include both private and government operators. [[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)|State Highway 8]] and [[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)|State Highway 9]] pass through Beliatore. Beliatore is 23 km from [[Durgapur]] [[rail station]] and 22 km from [[Bankura]] town and 23 km from [[Sonamukhi]]. Various bus and train service connecting easily [[Kolkata]], [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[Asansol]], [[Barakar]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Siliguri]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Purulia]], [[Jamshedpur|Tata]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and many more places.

=== Railway ===
[[Beliatore railway station]] is situated on the [[Bankura-Masagram line]] (formerly Bankura Damodar Railway) of [[South Eastern Railway Zone (India)|South Eastern Railway]]. [[Diesel multiple unit|DEMU]] services were available between [[Bankura]] and Mashagram<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/taag/trains-at-a-glance-bqa-bankura-junction-to-msae-masagram-junction/955/0/8691|title=Bankura-Mashagram DEMU|work=Time Table|publisher=indiarailinfo|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> 4 times a day the train run on this route.

There used to be the now-defunct [[Bankura Damodar Railway]] from [[Bankura]] to Rainagar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls13/ses9/260202.html |title=Parliament Question |access-date=30 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205071455/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/lsdeb/ls13/ses9/260202.html |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=5966 PIB Release on Lok Sabha Questions]</ref>

== Education ==
There is one higher secondary school for boys (HS for coed), one girls high school, and one undergraduate degree college named [[Jamini Roy College]].

[[Jamini Roy College]] was established in 1986. It is affiliated to the [[Bankura University]] and offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit and history.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://jaminiroycollege.org/jrc/ |title = Jamini Roy College | publisher= JRC | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/JaminiRayCollege/Jamini_Ray_College.shtml |title = Jamini Roy College, Bankura| publisher= College Admission| access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>

Beliatore High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1942. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 20 computers, a library with 3,265 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130301102/beliatore-high-school.html|title = Beliatore High School |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

Sri Sarada Devi Balika Bidyamandir is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1955. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 1 computer, a library with 250 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130300703/sri-sarada-devi-balika-vidya-m.html |title = Sri Sarada Devi Balika B |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 26 April 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
Beliatore is famous for Mecha Sandesh, a combination of chhatu, chhana, khoya, sugar and ghee.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060302002646/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060106/asp/calcutta/story_5686328.asp The Telegraph 6 January 2006]</ref> and the art of wooden bead things.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.infobanc.com/bell_bd.htm |title=Bell Beads |access-date=30 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206035500/http://www.infobanc.com/bell_bd.htm |archive-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
[[Jamini Roy]]

[[Khudiram Das]]

[[Bimal Ghosh(Moumachi)]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bankura district]]

Battle of Medenine

2025-10-11T23:45:38Z

Vilianarij: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|1943 Allied offensive within the Tunisia campaign of WWII}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Battle of Medenine
|partof =the [[Tunisian campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
|image = File:Battle of Médenine.jpg
|image_upright = 1.0
|caption = Battle of Medenine
|date = 6 March 1943
|place = [[Medenine]], [[Tunisia]]
|coordinates = {{coord|33|21|17|N|10|30|19|E|display=inline|region:TN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
|map_type=Tunisia
|map_size=150
|map_caption={{centre|Medenine, capital of the [[Medenine Governorate]] in Tunisia}}
|map_label=Medenine
|result = Allied victory
|combatant1 = {{ubl|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|{{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}|{{flag|Free France}}}}
|combatant2 = {{ubl|{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}}}
|commander1 = [[Bernard Montgomery]]
|commander2 = {{ubl|[[Erwin Rommel]]|[[Giovanni Messe]]}}
|strength1 = {{ubl|2 infantry divisions|1 armoured division|1 armoured brigade}}
|strength2 = {{ubl|2 infantry divisions|3 panzer divisions (understrength)}}
|casualties1 = {{ubl|130|6 tanks|49 vehicles|32 guns, anti-tank guns}}
|casualties2 = {{ubl|635|41–52 tanks}}
|notes =
|campaignbox =
{{Campaignbox Tunisia Campaign}}
}}
The '''Battle of Medenine''' ('''{{langx|de|Unternehmen Capri}}''' ['''Operation Capri''']) was an [[Axis powers|Axis]] spoiling attack at [[Medenine]] in [[Tunisia]] on 6 March 1943. The operation was intended to delay an attack by the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] on the [[Mareth Line]]. The British had been forewarned by [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] decrypts of German wireless communications and rushed reinforcements from Tripoli and Benghazi before the Axis attack, which was a costly failure. General [[Erwin Rommel]], the commander of [[Army Group Africa]] {{lang|de|(Heeresgruppe Afrika)}}, could not afford to lose forces needed for the defence of the Mareth Line and the effort was abandoned at dusk that day.

During the night, the Eighth Army remained alert for the possibility of another Axis attempt and sent forward reconnaissance patrols to keep watch and demolish knocked-out Axis tanks. During the day the {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} and {{lang|it|[[Regia Aeronautica]]}} had made a maximum effort with little effect against the Allied anti-aircraft defence and the [[Desert Air Force]] (DAF). On 7 March the Axis forces began a withdrawal northwards towards the Mareth Line, the Eighth Army pursuit being slowed by rain. The Battle of Medenine was the last commanded by Rommel in the North African Campaign, who returned to Europe for good soon afterwards.

==Background==

===Axis retreat from El Alamein===
The retreat of {{lang|de|[[Panzer Army Africa|Deutsch-Italienische Panzerarmee]]}} took place from {{nowrap|5 November 1942 – 15 February}} 1943 and on 8 November, [[Operation Torch]] began in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} evaded British outflanking moves but traffic jams, fuel shortage, poor weather and air attacks reduced the retreat to {{cvt|6|–|7|mi}} per day. {{lang|it|[[Comando Supremo]]}} in Rome and {{lang|it|[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]}} in Berlin took an optimistic view of the situation and {{lang|it|Comando Supremo}} chose the [[Brega|Mersa-el-Brega]]–[[El Agheila]] position as the terminus of the retreat, despite the position having a front {{cvt|110|mi}} long, strong points up to {{cvt|5|mi}} apart, too far for mutual support and being protected by only {{nowrap|30,000 mines.}} When the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} arrived, the {{lang|de|[[Afrika Korps]]}} had only {{nowrap|5,000 men,}} {{nowrap|35 tanks,}} {{nowrap|16 armoured cars,}} {{nowrap|12 anti-tank guns,}} {{nowrap|12 field howitzers}} and deliveries of only {{cvt|50|LT}} of the {{cvt|400|LT}} of supplies needed daily.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|pp=388–389}}

Rommel had wanted retreat to Wadi Akarit in the Gabès area, {{cvt|120|mi}} further west, where the non-motorised troops could defend the narrow gap between the Mediterranean and the Chott Djerid. The tanks and motorised infantry could join the [[5th Panzer Army]] (Colonel-General [[Hans-Jürgen von Arnim]]) further north, drive back the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]] from Tunisia into Algeria, then swiftly return to force back the Eighth Army, preparatory to embarkation for Europe. At a meeting with Hitler on 28 November, Rommel discussed the proposal but only received a promise of more supplies. On the night of {{nowrap|11/12 December,}} the British attacked and on the following evening the {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} resumed its retreat and despite the chronic fuel shortage, evaded another outflanking move. The {{lang|de|Panzerarmee}} took up a defensive position at [[Buerat]] on 29 December but this was poorly fortified, wide open to an outflanking manoeuvre and vulnerable to being cut off by an attack on Gabès by the First Army from southern Tunisia. The supply situation was little better, with {{cvt|152|LT|t|0}} tons of the {{cvt|400|LT|t|0}} daily requirement being delivered and 95 per cent of the fuel being used to distribute supplies or for withdrawals.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|pp=389–392}}

The [[Long Range Desert Group]] (LRDG) attacked Axis supply lines and hundreds of lorries were stranded along roads for lack of fuel, while the Eighth Army massed petrol and ammunition for its next attack. On 13 January 1943, the infantry of the [[21st Panzer Division]] were sent north to the 5th Panzer Army, to guard against the loss of Gabès and on 15 January, the Eighth Army attacked with {{nowrap|450 tanks}} against {{nowrap|36 German}} and {{nowrap|57 Italian}} tanks; in the evening Rommel ordered another withdrawal. Lack of fuel and apprehension about the threat to Gabès, led to the retreat passing beyond the [[Tarhuna]]–[[Homs]] line and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] was occupied by the British on 23 January, the Axis retreat from El Alamein having covered {{cvt|1400|mi}}. On 13 February, the last Axis soldiers left Libya and on 15 February, the rearguard reached the [[Mareth Line]], {{cvt|80|mi}} inside Tunisia. {{lang|it|Comando Supremo}} intended the line to be held indefinitely but Rommel considered it too vulnerable to another flanking move, unlike the Wadi Akarit position, another {{cvt|40|mi}} back.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|pp=392–394}}

===Operation Torch===
{{main|Operation Torch}}
On 7 November 1942, Anglo–American troops landed in Morocco and Algeria, the British First Army (Lieutenant-General [[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]]) either side of Algiers and the US [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] (Major-General [[Lloyd Fredendall]]) at Casablanca and Oran, against the resistance of [[Vichy French]] forces, until an armistice on 10 November. On 14 November, the Allied forces tried to reach Tunis, {{cvt|500|mi}} to the east through mountainous country by a [[coup de main]] assisted by parachute landings but poor weather, a rapid German build-up of {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} aircraft and the airlift of troops from Sicily to Tunisia under [[Case Anton]] ended the advance on 30 November. The Axis troops were able to form a bridgehead around the ports of Tunis and Bizerta and by December, about {{nowrap|15,000 German}} troops, fifty [[Panzer IV]] and forty [[Tiger I|Tiger]] tanks had arrived. The 5th Panzer Army had been formed on 8 December and winter weather began in mid-month, which was further to the advantage of the Axis defenders, as {{lang|de|Panzerarmee Afrika}} continued its retreat from El Alamein towards southern Tunisia.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|pp=209, 215}} Having stabilised the Axis position in Tunisia, the 5th Panzer Army undertook several local offensives in the new year, at the [[Battle of Sidi Bou Zid]] (14–17 February), the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]] (19–24 February) and [[Operation Ochsenkopf]] (26 February – 4 March 1943).{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=289–303, 326–329}}

===Mareth Line===
{{main|Mareth Line}}
[[File:Tunisia1942-1943.svg|thumb|{{centre|Tunisia during the 1942–1943 campaign}}]]
Southern Tunisia is a region of [[badlands|broken terrain]], with rocky ridge lines and desert, which obstruct manoeuvre; opposite a [[Bight (geography)|bight]] where the north–south coast opens to the east, a semi-arid, scrub covered coastal plain is met inland by the [[Matmata Hills]] which run south to north. North of Gabès, the road to Sfax passes between the sea and the Chotts, the only route north for the Eighth Army.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=154}} Across the plain in a line roughly southwest to northeast, lay the Mareth Line, a fortification built by the French in the 1930s.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=315}}

In the north, the hills and line of forts terminated at the [[Tebaga Gap]], a [[mountain pass|low pass]] between the Matmata Hills and the Djebel Tebaga, another line of high ground to the west of the gap running east–west.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=315}}{{efn|Known as the Gabès gap, the coastal strip from Gabès to Wadi Akarit from the sea to the Chott el Fedjadj and the northwards ridges extending to the heights of Djebel Tebaga Fatnassa.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=315}}}} North and west of this feature is the [[Chott el Djerid]]; west of the Matmata Hills, lies dry [[Jebel Dahar]] country and then the impassable sand of the [[Grand Erg Oriental]]. Gabès is on the coast where the plain meets the route from the Tebaga Gap.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=154}}

The Mareth Line followed the line of [[Wadi Zigzaou]], a natural tank obstacle, with steep banks rising up to {{cvt|70|ft}}; the north-west side had been fortified by the French and was reinforced by Axis engineers. The wadi crosses the coastal plain from Zarat to Toujane and into the Matmata Hills beyond. In 1938, the French judged Jebel Dahar to be impassable to motorised transport and had not extended the Mareth Line any further inland but 1943 motor vehicles had much better performance.{{sfn|Howard|1972|p=347}} The Italian [[First Army (Italy)|1st Army]] (General [[Giovanni Messe]]) occupied the Mareth Line with the [[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|90th Light Division]], [[164th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|164th Light ''Afrika'' Division]], and the [[10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|10th Panzer Division]], [[15th Panzer Division]] and the 21st Panzer Division of the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} with about {{nowrap|200 tanks}} and the [[80th Infantry Division "La Spezia"]].{{sfn|Neillands|2004|p=228}}

==Prelude==

===Axis preparations===
[[File:Giovanni Messe.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|{{centre|General Giovanni Messe}}]]
On 28 February, Rommel, Messe and the senior panzer unit commanders met to discuss an attack on Medenine, the junction of several roads and tracks. An attack from three directions was suggested, from Toujane to Metameur on the left, an attack in the centre and an attack on the right from the Hallouf Pass to Medenine. Rommel suggested an attack nearer the coast to create the possibility of attacking from an unexpected direction but the subordinates disagreed because of information from reconnaissance by the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} that the coastal approaches were difficult, mined and covered by many guns. There was no room for manoeuvre and the tanks would be easy targets for British artillery and aircraft. Rommel gave way and the plan was drawn up by Messe and Lieutenant-General [[Heinz Ziegler]], the temporary commander of the {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}}.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=323–324}}

The attack was set for 6 March to give time for the units involved in {{lang|de|Unternehmen Morgenluft}} (the Battle of Sidi Bou Zid) to replace casualties and re-organise. Messe planned to encircle the British troops between the Mareth Line and Medenine with the DAK Group ({{lang|de|Generalleutnant}} [[Hans Cramer]]) formed from the three {{lang|de|Afrika Korps}} panzer divisions, Reconnaissance units 3 and 33, a battalion of the 164th Light {{lang|de|Afrika}} Division, a parachute battalion, seven field artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft battalions and Column Bari ({{lang|de|Generalleutnant}} [[Theodor Graf von Sponeck|Theodor von Sponeck]]) a battlegroup with two battalions of Panzergrenadier Regiment 200, two battalions of Panzergrenadier Regiment 361, the {{lang|it|La Spezia}} and the {{lang|it|Trieste}} battle groups with two battalions each, a battery of German field guns and several {{lang|de|[[Nebelwerfer]]}}, seven Italian field batteries and part of three anti-aircraft batteries; both columns had attached anti-tank and engineer units.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|p=324}}

===Axis plan===

The DAK was to capture a line from Hir en Nraa to Ksar Rebounten and then circle north or north-east, the 10th Panzer Division advancing from the Hallouf valley to capture Metameur. The 21st Panzer Division was to emerge from the south end of Djebel Tebaga and attack towards Hir Ksar Koutine. The 15th Panzer Division was to move from Djebel er Remtsia towards Hir en Nraa followed by its infantry and the Reconnaissance units were to cut the Foum Tatahouine–Medenine road to prevent the movement of British reinforcements. Column Bari was to make a frontal attack at Zemlet el Lebene with Battle Group {{lang|it|Spezia}} on the right flank, Panzer Grenadier Regiment 200 in the centre and Battle Group {{lang|it|Trieste}} on the left.{{efn|The mechanised units had three issues of petrol, there was one issue of ammunition for all of the attacking force and there were varying amounts of ammunition, depending on the type of gun. The {{lang|it|Luftwaffe}} had about {{nowrap|100 operational}} aircraft and the {{lang|it|Regia Aeronautica}} had about sixty.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=323–324}}}} On 5 March, the {{lang|it|Luftwaffe}} and {{lang|it|Regia Aeronautica}} were to bomb Allied airfields and cover the assembly of the ground force and on 6 March were to attack British artillery positions east of Zemlet el Lebene, close the forward Allied airfields, provide fighter escorts for the ground attack and reconnoitre from Tatahouine to Ben Gardane.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=323–324}}

===British preparations===
Long before the Eighth Army reached the port of Tripoli, thought had been given to an attack on the Mareth Line and the LRDG had been sent to survey the land south of the Matmata Hills. Despite maps and reports indicating that the ground was impossible for tanks and lorries, the LRDG found a route inland southwards and around the hills to the Tebaga Gap, between the Chott el Fejaj salt marsh and the hills.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|p=227}} The [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] ([[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[George Erskine]]) had probed forward from Tripoli, while the [[51st (Highland) Division]] (Major-General [[Douglas Wimberley]]) and the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] (Major-General [[Bernard Freyberg]]) rested at the port. Winter rains turned the ground into a swamp, until a short lull beginning on 15 February, when the 7th Armoured and 51st (Highland) divisions moved forward and captured airfields at Medenine on 17 February. The next day the [[Free French Flying Column]] and the 1st Infantry Battalion Marine and Pacific arrived with General [[Philippe Leclerc]], after a march across the Sand Sea from Lake Chad, to join the Eighth Army. [[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|XXX Corps]] ([[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Oliver Leese]]) brought the 2nd New Zealand Division forward from Tripoli, which had the [[8th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|8th Armoured Brigade]] and the [[22nd Guards Brigade|201st Guards Brigade]] under command.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|pp=227–228}}

The Allied code breakers of the [[Government Communications Headquarters|Government Code and Cipher School]] at [[Bletchley Park]] in England, read Axis [[Enigma machine|Enigma codes]] and on 25 February, warned Montgomery that Rommel had ordered the termination of the Battle of Kasserine Pass (19–24 February). On 28 February, they decrypted orders from Rommel for a reconnaissance to be conducted by the 1st Italian Army, preparatory to an attack on the Eighth Army by 4 March and a fuel return on 1 March showed that the Axis forces had sufficient for a three-day operation. On 26 February, the Eighth Army had only about one division at Medenine, most of its tanks were with [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] (Lieutenant-General [[Brian Horrocks]]) at Benghazi, {{cvt|1000|mi}} away and an attack on the Mareth Line could not be ready before 20 March. Montgomery thought that XXX Corps at Medenine would not be able to withstand an attack before 7 March but over three days and nights, reinforcements were rushed forward and by 4 March, {{nowrap|400 tanks,}} {{nowrap|350 field}} guns and {{nowrap|470 anti-tank}} guns had been moved up. The DAF had also increased the number of aircraft in the area to double that of the Axis air forces. At {{nowrap|5:36 a.m.}} on 6 March, Allied code breakers sent notice to Montgomery of the thrust line of the attack and that it was to begin at {{nowrap|6:00 a.m.}}{{sfn|Hinsley|1994|pp=282–283}}

==Battle==

===6 March===

[[File:A British 'Pheasant' 17-pdr anti-tank gun in action on the Medenine front in Tunisia, 11 March 1943. NA1076.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|left|{{centre|British [[Ordnance QF 17-pounder|17-pounder anti-tank gun]] in action, 11 March 1943}}]]
It was foggy when the Axis bombardment of the British forward positions began at {{nowrap|6:00 a.m.}} and for ninety minutes tanks, guns and other vehicles emerged from the heights between Toujane and Kreddache. Tanks of the 15th Panzer Division moved along the Toujane–Medenine road and then turned north against the positions of the 7th Armoured Division and were engaged by the anti-tank guns of the 131st Infantry Brigade and the 2nd Battalion Scots Guards.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=325–326}} On the 2nd New Zealand Division front, the 164th Light {{lang|de|Afrika}} Division was engaged by Bren carriers of the 21st NZ Battalion, which met seven vehicles carrying infantry and anti-tank guns at close range in the fog.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=147}}

The New Zealanders inflicted many casualties, for the loss of two casualties and a carrier. Small parties of Axis infantry probed the front and as the fog dispersed, artillery was seen moving up. The British artillery did not reply, being under orders to wait until the attackers were in range of the maximum number of guns; the anti-tank guns were only to commence firing at short range. The 5th Field Regiment [[Royal Artillery]] (RA) did not begin to fire until Axis tanks were engaged by the forward six-pounders and then bombarded infantry and lorries following the tanks, isolating them.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=147}}

At about {{nowrap|8:30 a.m.,}} tanks were reported to be converging on Tadjera Kbir (Point 270) and the 28th NZ Battalion reported ten tanks and thirty trucks moving up the wadi to its right. The tanks reached a dummy minefield and then diverted towards rising ground, as had been intended. Two [[Ordnance QF 6-pounder|6-pounder]] anti-tank guns from the 73rd Anti-Tank Regiment RA opened fire and knocked out four Panzer III Specials at {{cvt|400|yd|m}} and the mortars of the 28th NZ Battalion knocked out a fifth tank. When the crews alighted, mortars, machine-guns and artillery joined in. The attackers were taken by surprise and disorganised but then spotted the anti-tank guns and returned fire. A 6-pounder was damaged and two men wounded but the rest kept firing until the other weapons commenced fire; the surviving tanks retired. Fifteen prisoners from the 10th Panzer Division, including the tank company commander, were taken.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=147}}

Just after {{nowrap|9:00 a.m.,}} 21st Battalion mortar fire dispersed a group of infantry dismounting from vehicles and by about {{nowrap|10:00 a.m.,}} the remaining infantry withdrew and dug in {{cvt|3|–|4|mi|km}} to the rear. The British artillery fired everywhere, especially on areas registered beforehand, as soon as Axis troops or vehicles moved into them. The leading tanks of the 21st Panzer Division crossed a skyline and were engaged, observers of the 201st Guards Brigade reporting that they "wandered rather vaguely".{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=325–326}} The 2nd New Zealand Division was not attacked again during the morning but much disorganised movement of tanks and transport was seen. It was realised that the main Axis effort was against Tadjera Kbir and further north. On the left flank, Reconnaissance units 3 and 33 and the Headquarters {{lang|de|Kampfstaffel}} with nine tanks, worked round to the Foum Tatahouine–Medenine road against the Free French Flying Column, which repulsed attacks along the road from a point {{cvt|12|mi}} south of Medenine, losing {{nowrap|27 casualties}} during the day.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=148}}

[[File:The British Army in Tunisia 1943 NA1106.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.75|British soldiers inspect a knocked-out German [[Panzer IV]] after the battle.]]
In the afternoon, Axis infantry joined in the attacks and from about {{nowrap|3:30 p.m.}} were dispersed by the 2nd New Zealand Division artillery. At {{nowrap|5:45 p.m.,}} about {{nowrap|1,000 infantry}} with tank support advanced west of Point 270 and were devastated by the 2nd New Zealand Division artillery, the 5th [[Army Group Royal Artillery]] field and medium regiments and the heavy anti-aircraft guns on a landing ground nearby. A troop of captured {{nowrap|88 mm}} guns with Royal Artillery crews operated as anti-aircraft guns.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=148}} On the 51st Highland Division and 7th Armoured Division fronts, the Axis attacks were more determined but had little success and Tadjera Kbir was never threatened. At {{nowrap|6:00 p.m.,}} {{nowrap|27 Axis}} tanks and infantry were engaged by the New Zealand field artillery, after which there were no more attacks on the New Zealand front.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=149}} At about {{nowrap|8:30 p.m.,}} Rommel accepted a suggestion from Messe to end the attack, since it could not be continued without risking losses which would compromise the defence of the Mareth Line.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=325–326}}

Sorties by {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} and {{lang|it|Regia Aeronautica}} fighter-bombers and fighters were made during the day but had little effect as the DAF controlled the air above the battlefield. Two New Zealanders were killed and two wounded in a raid over the 4th Field Ambulance and Bf 109 was shot down by the 26th Battalion with a captured Breda machine-gun. As dusk fell, the attackers withdrew, a detachment of the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] and other units at Haddada having remained undisturbed, despite being isolated when the FFF Column on the right was forced back, during an Axis outflanking move.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=149}}

During the night of {{nowrap|6/7 March,}} XXX Corps patrols went out to find out if the attack would resume on 7 March, despite the Axis tank casualties, which as dark fell on 6 March, were already known to be {{nowrap|40–50, making}} another attack unlikely. On the New Zealand Division front, vigilance was maintained in case of an outflanking move south of the defensive line and after dark the five tanks knocked out on the 28th Battalion front were demolished, along with the others disabled along the XXX Corps front. Some tanks of the Staffordshire Yeomanry were moved forward slightly in the New Zealand area but the night was quiet except for British artillery harassing fire until {{nowrap|3:30 a.m.}}{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=149}}

==Aftermath==
===Analysis===

In 1966, Ian Playfair, the British official historian, wrote that during the attack, the XXX Corps artillery fired about {{nowrap|30,000 shells}} and that the {{lang|de|Luftwaffe}} had made a maximum effort, attacking DAF airfields and attempting close support of the 1st Italian Army, which failed against British anti-aircraft fire and the DAF, only tactical reconnaissance sorties having much success.{{sfn|Playfair|2004|pp=325–326}} In 1978, Matthew Cooper wrote that had the Axis attacked the previous week, it might have found the Eighth Army unprepared, having attacked at short notice to divert attention from the British First Army during {{lang|de|Unternehmen Ochsenkopf}}. The rapid preparations made to receive the Axis attack, enabled the Eighth Army easily to defeat the offensive and Rommel wrote that the failure to delay the British attack on the Mareth Line, caused "a great gloom" and that for the Axis to remain in Africa was suicide.{{sfn|Cooper|1978|p=396}}

===Casualties===
In 1943, Montgomery made a diary note that the Eighth Army had suffered {{nowrap|130 casualties}} and in 1957, G. F. Howe, the US official historian, recorded German losses of {{nowrap|61 killed,}} {{nowrap|388 wounded}} and {{nowrap|32 missing,}} {{nowrap|33 Italians killed,}} {{nowrap|122 wounded}} and {{nowrap|9 missing;}} a minimum of {{nowrap|41 Axis}} tanks were lost. The Germans claimed {{nowrap|6 British}} tanks, {{nowrap|16 scout}} cars, {{nowrap|33 motor}} vehicles, {{nowrap|32 anti-tank}} and anti-aircraft guns and {{nowrap|51 prisoners.}}{{sfn|Howe|1991|p=519}} In 1966, [[Ian Playfair]], the British official historian, called the Eighth Army losses ''trifling'' and recorded {{nowrap|635 Axis casualties,}} mostly Germans and {{nowrap|44–56 Axis}} tanks.{{sfnm|1a1=Brooks|1y=1991|1p=169|2a1=Playfair|2y=2004|2p=326}}

===Subsequent operations===
At dawn on 7 March, some groups of Axis transport were seen moving to the north and quickly drew out of range as they were engaged by artillery.{{sfn|Stevens|1962|p=150}} There were rearguard actions from {{nowrap|7 to 8 March,}} as the Germans withdrew to the Mareth Line and [[Gabès]] but British attempts at pursuit were frustrated by the weather and the speed of the Axis withdrawal. On 10 March, some heights were still occupied and there was sporadic long-range artillery fire; Rommel left Africa the same day for the last time, leaving Arnim in command. The defeat had been so comprehensive that it caused the Germans to question their security and Montgomery was rebuked for not taking greater steps to hide the source of his information.{{sfn|Sebag-Montefiore|2001|p=277}}

On 6 March, Montgomery wrote to [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] Sir [[Alan Brooke]], the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] (the professional head of the British Army)

{{blockquote|He is trying to attack me in daylight with tanks, followed by lorried infantry. I have 500 6pdr atk guns dug in...I have 400 tanks...good infantry...and a great weight of artillery. It is an absolute gift, and the man must be mad.|Montgomery{{sfn|Brooks|1991|pp=171–172}}}}

Allied plans for the attack on the Mareth Line continued virtually undisturbed.{{sfn|Brooks|1991|p=170}} On 17 March, the II US Corps began Operation Wop ([[sic]]), an attack towards Gafsa, the Eighth Army began the preliminary Operation Walk and Operation Canter and then began Operation Pugilist, the [[Battle of the Mareth Line]] on 19 March.{{sfn|Neillands|2004|pp=231–232}}

==See also==

* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of French military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of Italian Army equipment in World War II]]
* [[North African campaign timeline]]
* [[List of World War II battles]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=S. |title=Montgomery and the Eighth Army |year=1991 |publisher=The Bodley Head (for the Army Records Society) |location=London |isbn=978-0-370-31723-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=M. |title=The German Army 1933–1945, Its Political and Military Failure |publisher=Stein and Day |year=1978 |location=Briarcliff Manor, NY |isbn=978-0-8128-2468-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Hinsley |first=F. H. |author-link=Harry Hinsley |series=History of the Second World War |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (Abridged) |location=London |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1994 |orig-year=1993 |edition=2nd (rev.) |isbn=978-0-11-630961-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Grand Strategy: August 1942 – September 1943 |volume=IV |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |last=Howard |first=M. |author-link=Michael Howard (historian) |year=1972 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-11-630075-1}}
* {{cite book |first=G. F. |last=Howe |title=Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West |series=United States Army in World War II: Mediterranean Theatre of Operations |publisher=Department of the Army |location=Washington |year=1991 |orig-year=1957 |edition=online scan |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-MTO-NWA/USA-MTO-NWA-24.html |access-date=2 June 2015 |isbn=978-0-16-001911-1}}
* {{cite book |first=R. |last=Neillands |title=Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps, 1939–1945 |publisher=John Murray |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7195-5647-0}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|2004}}|first1= I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2= C. J. C. |last2=Molony |first3=F. C. |last3=Flynn |first4=T. P. |last4=Gleave |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa |volume=IV |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=1966 |year=2004 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=978-1-84574-068-9|display-authors=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Sebag-Montefiore |first=H. |author-link=Hugh Sebag-Montefiore |title=Enigma: The Battle of the Code |publisher=Phoenix |year=2001 |location=London |isbn=978-0-7538-1130-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Stevens |first=W. G. |title=Bardia to Enfidaville |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |chapter-url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Bard-c7.html|chapter=Ch 7. The Medenine Incident |year=1962 |location=Wellington, NZ |publisher=New Zealand Historical Publications Branch |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Bard.html |via=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection |access-date=27 August 2015 |oclc=4377202}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=D. |title=And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in the Second World War |publisher=A & C Black |location=London |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-44820-482-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewin |first=R. |title=The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps |author-link=Ronald Lewin |year=1979 |orig-year=1977 |publisher=Batsford |location=London |edition=pbk. repr. Corgi |isbn=978-0-552-10921-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Pimlott |first=John |title=The Viking Atlas of World War II |year=1995 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0-67085-373-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Stevens |first=Major-General W. G. |title=Bardia to Enfidaville |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |publisher=New Zealand Historical Publications Branch |location=Wellington, NZ |year=2016 |orig-year=1962 |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Bard.html |edition=online scan |oclc=4377202 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stout |first1=M. |last2=Duncan |first2=T. |title=New Zealand Medical Services in Middle East and Italy Part 3 |series=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |chapter-url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Medi-c11-3.html |chapter=Ch 11, Tunisia: The Battle of Medenine |year=2016 |orig-year=1956 |location=Wellington, NZ |publisher=New Zealand Historical Publications Branch |edition=online scan |oclc=4373371}}
* {{cite book |title=The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force (Air 41/10) |author= |year=2001 |orig-year=1948 |publisher=[[Air Ministry]] |location=Richmond, Surrey |series=Public Record Office War Histories No. 248 |isbn=978-1-903365-30-4}}

==External links==
* [http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/ww2/middle_east/qme020.html Queen's in the Middle East, Medenine]

{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medenine, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Tunisian campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:March 1943]]

Khan-i Arzu

2025-10-06T07:34:49Z

Vilianarij: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzu]]