Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

S. H. M. B. Noor Chowdhury

2026-05-10T17:20:01Z

Vilianajgd: made some data initial version...

{{short description|Bangladeshi retiired army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury
| native_name = এস.এইচ.এম.বী. নূর চৌধুরী
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sylhet]], [[Assam Province]], British India
| rank = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]
| allegiance = {{PAK}} (Before 1971) {{BAN}}
| branch = {{army|Pakistan}} {{Army|Bangladesh}}
| service_years = 1967–1996
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
| commands = *Deputy Commander of [[S Force (Bangladesh)|S Force]]
*Company Commander of Bengal Lancers
*GSO-1 of [[9th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|9th Infantry Division]]
| known_for = [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| honorific_prefix =
| awards = [[Bir Bikrom]] ''(Revoked)''
| alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]
}}

'''S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury''' is a retired army officer of [[Bangladesh Army]] who was convicted for his part in the [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]].

==Career==
In 1974, Noor was a major of the [[Bangladesh Army]] in the First Bengal Lancer unit. A [[Major (rank)|major]] of the Lancers, [[Shariful Haque Dalim]], had gotten into a scuffle with the sons of [[Bangladesh Awami League]] leader [[Gazi Golam Mostafa]]. Officers from the Lancer then ransacked the house of Mostafa. This resulted in those officers including Dalim and Noor losing their commission in the army.<ref name="jnn">{{cite web|title=Farooq's confession|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/august-15-special-coverage/farooqs-confession-1269634|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=19 November 2009}}</ref> In May or June 1975 Noor and other officers met with Khondakar Mushtaque to talk about a plot to remove Sheikh Mujib from power. The officers wished to remove the government of Sheikh Mujib and replace that under the leadership of [[Khondakar Mushtaque]].<ref name="fdn"/>

On 14 August 1975, the army officers met to finalize their plans for the next day. Noor was placed in the team that was to attack the residence of Sheikh Mujib.<ref name="jnn"/> Noor along with Major [[Mohammad Bazlul Huda]] shot and killed Sheikh Mujib while he was coming down the stairs.<ref name="fdn">{{cite web|title=Shame darker than the night|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/shame-darker-the-night-1270021|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=15 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhaka to urge Interpol to track down Bangabandhu's killers|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-109114|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=9 October 2009}}</ref>

The attack on 15 August 1975 killed Mujib and most of his family members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Convicted killers stay safe abroad|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/convicted-killers-stay-safe-abroad|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=3 November 2013}}</ref> After the coup, Noor was posted to the Bangladeshi embassy in Tehran as the second secretary. In 1996 when a Bangladesh Awami League government was voted to power, Noor was recalled to Bangladesh. He refused to comply with the government order and lost his job as a result.<ref>{{cite web|title=Govt to recover money spent on 7 killers|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-142786|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=15 June 2010}}</ref>

Chowdhury and his wife visited Canada in 1996. They overstayed their visas, and in 1997 Chowdhury filed a refugee claim.<ref>{{cite news |last=Godfrey |first=Tom |title=Send Killer Back - Bangladeshis - Coup Leader Seeks Refugee Status |work=The Toronto Sun |date=6 December 1999 |page=12}}</ref>

On 3 November 1975 former acting [[President of Bangladesh|President]] [[Syed Nazrul Islam]], former [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], former [[Finance Ministry (Bangladesh)|Finance Minister]] [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]], and former [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman]] were killed by the mutinous officers in [[Dhaka Central Jail]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HC hearing of appeals against verdict starts after 4yrs|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-45692|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=14 July 2008}}</ref>

==Trial==
The Metropolitan Sessions Judge's Court of Dhaka had sentenced him to life imprisonment for the murder of four national leaders of Bangladesh in the 1975 Jail killing case and 11 other defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment; three to death.<ref>{{cite web|title=SC adjourns hearing till today|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-260816|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Delivery of judgment on appeals begins|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-50957|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=19 August 2008}}</ref> On 28 August the Bangladesh High court confirmed his life sentence.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Muslem to die; Farook, Shahriar, Huda, Mohiuddin acquitted|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-52330|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=29 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2 more to walk gallows|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/muslemuddin-marfat-ali-hashem-mridha-to-walk-gallows|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> The Supreme Court of Bangladesh called the jail killing a Criminal conspiracy after confirming the sentences of the accused on 1 December 2015. Majors present in [[Bangabhaban]] has asked the jailer at Dhaka Jail to provide the assassins with access to the four leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=It was a criminal conspiracy|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/it-was-criminal-conspiracy-181171|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

===Extradition===
{{Update section|date=January 2025}}
The Canadian government has refused to extradite Noor as Noor has been sentenced to death in Bangladesh. The Canadian government has shown willingness to resolve the issue with Bangladesh through discussions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhaka, Ottawa to find solution to Noor Chowdhury's extradition|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/dhaka-ottawa-agree-solution-noor-chowdhurys-extradition-1285447|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=17 September 2016}}</ref> Canada has reportedly not approved his application for political asylum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death convicts stay safe abroad|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/death-convicts-stay-safe-abroad-166501|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=3 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three ex-army men to die|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/three-army-men-to-die|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Noor has proclaimed his innocence in an interview on the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nur not innocent|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-176612|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|date=6 March 2011}}</ref>

After the death of [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]], Bangladeshi foreign minister [[AK Abdul Momen]] expressed grievances against Canada's extradition policies as related to Noor.<ref>{{cite news|work=India Today|title='Canada has become a hub for murderers': Bangladesh Foreign Minister backs India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/canada-has-become-a-hub-for-murderers-bangladesh-foreign-minister-backs-india-2442068-2023-09-29|date=29 September 2023}}</ref>

== CBC coverage ==
On November 17, 2023, the [[CBC Television|CBC]] program ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV program)|The Fifth Estate]]'' aired an episode titled [[The Assassin Next Door (The Fifth Estate)|The Assassin Next Door]]. The episode explored the circumstances of the Noor Chowdhury case and included interviews with numerous prominent figures including [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] [[Sheikh Hasina]], the [[List of high commissioners of Bangladesh to Canada|High Commissioner of Bangladesh in Canada]] [[Khalilur Rahman (diplomat)|Dr. Khalilur Rahman]], and other individuals involved in the case.

Chowdhury was said to be living in a condo in [[Etobicoke]] and was filmed tending to plants on his balcony but fled when confronted by journalist [[Mark Kelley]] outside his residence.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |via=YouTube |website= The Fifth Estate |date=Nov 18, 2023 |title=Why the killer of Bangladesh's first president is free in Canada |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guFAUgzsq0w }}</ref> The [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]] including [[Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada]] (IRCC) refused to comment on the case.

==See also==
* [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, S.H.M.B Noor}}
[[Category:People of the 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi lieutenant colonels]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bir Bikrom]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Districts of West Bengal

2026-05-07T18:26:52Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
[[File:WestBengalDistricts numbered.svg|thumb|300px|Districts of West Bengal]]
The '''[[West Bengal]]''' is an Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] located in eastern portion of the country. As of year 2025, the state is divided into '''23''' districts and '''5''' administrative divisions.

The [[Himalayas]] lies in the north of West Bengal and the [[Bay of Bengal]] is at the south. Between them, the river [[Ganga]] flows eastwards and its main [[distributary]], the [[Hooghly River]], flows south to reach the Bay of Bengal. The [[Siliguri Corridor]], which connects [[North-East India]] with rest of the [[India]], lies in the [[North Bengal]] region of the state. Geographically, [[West Bengal]] is divided into a variety of regions—[[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]], [[Terai]] and [[Dooars]] region, [[North Bengal plains]], [[Rarh region]], [[Western plateau and high lands]], coastal plains, [[Sundarbans]] and the [[Ganga Delta]].<ref name=swhydro/>

In 1947, when India gained independence, the state of West Bengal was formed, with 14 districts, as per [[1947 Partition of Bengal|partition plan]] of the then [[Bengal]] province of [[British India]].<ref name=parttionbanglaped/><ref name=partitionspoil/> The former princely state [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] joined as a district on 26 January 1950,<ref name=CBE/> and the former French [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] [[Chandannagore]] joined as part of the [[Hooghly district]] in 1954.<ref name=Chander/> The [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956 led to addition of [[Purulia district]] to the state and to enlargement of West Dinajpur district.<ref name=PF/> Later, larger districts such as West Dinajpur, 24 Parganas and Midnapore were bifurcated.

West Bengal is now divided into 23 districts which includes the newly formed [[Alipurduar district]] (formed on 25 June 2014), [[Kalimpong district]] (formed on 14 February 2017), [[Jhargram district]] (formed on 4 April 2017), and the splitting of the former [[Bardhaman district]] into [[Purba Bardhaman district]] and [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] (formed on 7 April 2017). The districts are grouped into five divisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/60975-alipurduar-to-become-bengal-s-20th-dist.html |title=The Statesman: Alipurduar to become Bengal's 20th dist |access-date=2014-06-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231709/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/60975-alipurduar-to-become-bengal-s-20th-dist.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Alipurduar-a-new-district-on-June-25/articleshow/36916065.cms|title = Roy Alipurduar: Alipurduar a new district on June 25 | Kolkata News – Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]] | date=21 June 2014 }}</ref>

Tropic of Cancer (23°30' N latitude) passes through five Districts of West Bengal. Divisions are administered by Divisional Commissioners.<ref name=blocdir/> [[Kolkata]], the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the state, constitutes the [[Kolkata district]]. Other districts are further divided into administrative units such as subdivisions and blocks, administered by [[Sub-divisional magistrate|SDO]] and [[Block Development Officer|BDO]], respectively. The [[Panchayati Raj]] has a three-tier structure in the state. The atomic unit is called a [[Gram Panchayat]], which is the ''Panchayat'' organisation for a collection of villages.<ref name=gpdef/> The block-level organisations are called ''Panchayat Samiti'',<ref name=psdef/> and the district-level organisations are named ''Zilla Parishad''.<ref name=zpdef/>
==Geography==
{{main|Geography of West Bengal}}
[[File:Sunrise_from_Sandakphu_(8652110340).jpg|thumb|[[Sandakphu]] highest point of [[West Bengal]]]]
[[File:Mandarmani_Beach_Sunset.jpg|thumb|[[Mandarmani]] sea beach located in [[East Medinipur district]]]]
[[File:Ajodhya_Hills_in_Purulia_district_07.jpg|thumb|[[Ajodhya Hills]] located in [[Purulia district]]]]
[[File:End_of_Winter._New_plantation._Paddy_field._Sunset_(16527970625).jpg|thumb|Bengal [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] of [[Nadia district]]]]
[[File:Sundarban_National_Park,_a_Tiger_Reserve_mangrove_forest_in_West_Bengal_05.jpg|thumb|[[Sundarban]] mangrove region of [[South 24 Parganas district]]]]
[[File:Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg|thumb|[[Adina Mosque]] at [[Malda district]]]]
[[File:Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg|thumb|[[Kolkata district]], capital region of [[West Bengal]]]]
[[File:Rasmancha_at_Bishnupur,_WB.jpg|thumb|[[Bishnupur (West Bengal)|Bishnupur]] [[Rasmancha]] temple of [[Bankura district]]]]
[[File:Kathgola_Palace_at_Murshidabad_district.jpg|thumb|[[Kathgola Palace]] of [[Murshidabad district]]]]
[[File:Cooch_Behar_Palace_alias_Victor_Jubilee_Palace_of_Cooch_Behar_Town_at_Cooch_Behar_district_in_West_Bengal_01.jpg|thumb|[[Cooch Behar Palace]] at [[Cooch behar district]]]]
[[File:Chandannagar_-_Gala_Kuthi_-_Ruplal_Nundy_Memorial_Cancer_Research_Centre.jpg|thumb|[[Chandannagar]], former [[French colony]] at [[Hooghly district]]]]

West Bengal is bordered by three countries: Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh; and five Indian states: Sikkim, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Assam. Sikkim and Bhutan are located to the north of the state, Nepal to the northwest, Bihar and Jharkhand in the west, Odisha in the southwest, the Bay of Bengal to the south, and Bangladesh and Assam are in the east. West Bengal is the only state of India that has both snowy mountains (Himalayas in the north) and sea beaches (on the coast of the Bay of Bengal in the south). In between them, the river Ganga enters the state from west, before it branches off into its main distributaries: the Hooghly River, which flows southwards to reach the Bay of Bengal, and the [[Padma River]], which flows eastwards into Bangladesh.

The districts that are located at the north of the Ganga—[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]], [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]] and [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] — are often referred to collectively as [[North Bengal]]. Kalimpong is a newly added district of West Bengal.<ref name=swhydro>{{cite web | url = http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/07symposium/presentationpdf/ChristianaD_pro.pdf | title = Arsenic Mitigation in West Bengal, India: New Hope for Millions | author = David Christiana | publisher = Southwest Hydrology | page = 32 | date = 1 September 2007 | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124232/http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/07symposium/presentationpdf/ChristianaD_pro.pdf | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Geographically, this area is divided into the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Terai and Dooars region, and the North Bengal plains.<ref name=swhydro/> The Siliguri Corridor, also known as Chicken's Neck, which connects North-East India with rest of the India, lies in this region. The [[Indo-Bangladesh enclaves]] are either [[enclave]]s or [[exclave]]s of the Cooch Behar district or the Jalpaiguri district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vinokurov.info/downloads/ch6enclavecasestudies.pdf | title = Theory of Enclaves, Chapter 6: Enclave stories and case studies | author = Evgeny Vinokurov | publisher = Evgeny Vinokurov's website | year = 2005 | page = 17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070727184014/http://www.vinokurov.info/downloads/ch6enclavecasestudies.pdf |archive-date = 27 July 2007 | access-date = 20 December 2008}}</ref>

The districts on the south of the Ganges—[[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]], [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]], [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Midnapore]], [[Jhargram]], [[East Midnapore]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]—constitute a variety of geographical regions such as the Rarh region, the Western plateau and high lands, the coastal plains, the Sunderbans and the Ganga Delta.<ref name=swhydro/> Kolkata, the capital of the state, constitutes the Kolkata district.

The uninhabited [[South Talpatti Island]], which surfaced in the Bay of Bengal in the 1970s near the Indo-Bangladesh border, is claimed by both India and Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1817/18170730.htm | title = Of Indo-Bangladesh distrust | author = A.G. Noorani | publisher = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline magazine]] | date = 31 August 2001 | access-date = 29 December 2008 | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326124740/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1817/18170730.htm | archive-date = 26 March 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
After India [[History of the Republic of India|gained independence]] in 1947, the province of Bengal was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] along religious lines. The western part remained in India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined newly formed Pakistan as a province called [[East Pakistan]] (later giving rise to Bangladesh in 1971).<ref name=parttionbanglaped>{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |year=2012 |chapter=Partition of Bengal, 1947 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> At the time of its creation in 1947, the state of West Bengal was divided into 14 districts—Bankura, Birbhum, Burdwan, Calcutta (Kolkata), Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hooghly, Howrah, Malda, Midnapore, Murshidabad, Nadia, West Dinajpur and 24 Parganas.<ref name=partitionspoil>{{cite book
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&q=bengal+1947+district&pg=PR6
|title = The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967
|last = Chatterji
|first = Joya
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|year = 2007
|isbn = 978-0-521-87536-3
|access-date = 8 December 2008
|page = 58
}}</ref> Cooch Behar district was a [[princely state]] named Koch Bihar till 20 August 1949, when the state formally agreed to join India. Transfer of administration was started on 12 September 1949 and was completed on 19 January 1950, when Cooch Behar became a district of West Bengal.<ref name=CBE>{{cite web
|url = http://coochbehar.gov.in/HTMfiles/brief_history.html
|title = Brief History of Cooch Behar
|publisher = Official website of Cooch Behar District
|access-date = 10 September 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080258/http://www.coochbehar.gov.in/Htmfiles/brief_history.html
|archive-date = 24 July 2011
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> Chandannagar, which was earlier part of the [[French India]], had voted to join India in a plebiscite in 1949. Formally, it joined India in 1952 and finally became a part of the Hooghly district of West Bengal on 2 October 1954.<ref name=Chander>{{cite web
|url = http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html
|title = States of India since 1947
|publisher = World Statesmen website
|access-date = 7 November 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080618002451/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |archive-date = 18 June 2008}}</ref> The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised boundaries of the Indian states along linguistic lines. As this act was implemented, the then West Dinajpur district was enlarged with the addition of some areas from Bihar, and the Purulia district was formed on 1 November 1956 from parts of the Manbhum district of Bihar.<ref name=PF>{{cite web
|url = http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html
|title = District profile
|publisher = Official website of Purulia District
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091209215309/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html
|archive-date = 9 December 2009
|access-date = 18 November 2008
}}</ref>

Later, some large districts were divided into smaller districts. On 1 March 1986, the district of [[24 Parganas]] was bifurcated into two districts—the North 24 Parganas district and the South 24 Parganas district.<ref name=24P>{{cite book
|last = Mandal
|first = Asim Kumar
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jbKGojVTWGcC&q=24+parganas+history+divide+two+district&pg=PA168
|title = The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis
|publisher = Indus Publishing
|pages = 168–169
|isbn = 81-7387-143-4
|year = 2003
|access-date = 4 September 2008
}}</ref> On 1 April 1992, the [[West Dinajpur district]] was bifurcated into the Uttar Dinajpur district and the Dakshin Dinajpur district.<ref name=NDE>{{cite web
|url = http://uttardinajpur.nic.in/
|title = Home page
|publisher = Official website of Uttar Dinajpur District
|access-date = 1 September 2008
}}</ref><ref name=SDE>{{cite web
|url = http://ddinajpur.nic.in/Historical_Perspective/historical_perspective.html
|title = Historical Perspective
|publisher = Official website of South Dinajpur District
|access-date = 1 September 2008
}}</ref> On 1 January 2002, the erstwhile [[Midnapore district]] was bifurcated into the Purba Medinipur district and the Paschim Medinipur district.<ref name=MP>{{cite web
|last = Jana
|first = Naresh
|date = 31 December 2001
|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040813170439/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1011231/national.htm#head3
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 13 August 2004
|title = Tamluk readies for giant's partition
|publisher = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]]
|access-date = 1 September 2008
}}</ref>

Since 2007, the demand for a separate [[Gorkhaland]] state has been revived by the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Top-Story/Call-for-Gorkhaland-renewed.html
|title = Call for Gorkhaland renewed
|date = 7 October 2007
|publisher = Darjeeling Times
|access-date = 11 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222214506/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Top-Story/Call-for-Gorkhaland-renewed.html
|archive-date = 22 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The [[Kamtapur People's Party]] and its supporters' movement for a separate [[Kamtapur]] state that covers the North Bengal has also gained momentum in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.aol.in/news-story/west-bengal-faces-another-blockade-this-time-for-kamtapur-state/2008062513039012000006/index.html
|title = West Bengal faces another blockade, this time for Kamtapur state
|author = Indo Asian News Service
|date = 25 June 2008
|publisher = AOL India News
|access-date = 11 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090329064637/http://www.aol.in/news-story/west-bengal-faces-another-blockade-this-time-for-kamtapur-state/2008062513039012000006/index.html
|archive-date = 29 March 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Administrative structure==
{{see also|Administrative divisions of West Bengal}}

[[File:Divisions of West Bengal.svg|thumb|Divisions of West Bengal]]
A district is governed by a [[District Collector]], who is better known as a District Magistrate (DM) in the state of West Bengal.<ref name=panchayatdef>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/2.htm
|title = Section 2 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973
|publisher = Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal
|access-date = 9 December 2008
}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A DM is an officer from either [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) or [[West Bengal Civil Service]] (WBCS), and is appointed by the State Government of West Bengal.<ref name=panchayatdef/> Each district is divided into subdivisions, except the Kolkata district, which contains urban area only, administered by [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]. A subdivision is governed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|sub-divisional magistrate]] (SDM), better known as a Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO).<ref>{{cite book
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nvzcy7o4sgAC&q=collector+SDO+BDO&pg=PA298
|title = Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues
|page = 298
|author = Ramesh Kumar Arora, Ramesh Kumar Arora [[Rajni Goyal]]
|year = 1995
|publisher = New Age Publishers
|isbn = 81-7328-068-1
|access-date = 9 December 2008
}}</ref> Other than urban units such as town [[Municipality|municipalities]], a subdivision contains 'community development blocks' (also known as ''CD blocks'' or ''blocks'' or Tehsil or Taluka). A block consists of urban units such as [[census town]]s and rural units called [[gram panchayat]]s. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO),who is similar as Tehsildar and who is appointed by the Government of West Bengal.<ref name=panchayatdef/>

A gram panchayat, which consists of a group of villages, is administered by a village council headed by a ''[[Sarpanch|Pradhan]]''.<ref name=gpdef>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/9.htm
|title = Section 9 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973
|publisher = Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal
|access-date = 9 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410074155/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/9.htm
|archive-date = 10 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> As per the West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973, each Block has a ''Panchayat Samiti'', whose members include the ''Pradhan''s of the constituent gram panchayats, and the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]s from the block.<ref name=psdef>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/94.htm
|title = Section 94 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973
|publisher = Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal
|access-date = 9 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081527/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/94.htm
|archive-date = 10 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> A ''Panchayat Samiti'' is headed by a ''Sabhapati''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/98.htm
|title = Section 98 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973
|publisher = Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal
|access-date = 9 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410091602/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/98.htm
|archive-date = 10 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The third tier of the Panchayati Raj is ''Zilla Parishad'', a district level organisation with the ''Sabhapati''s of the constituent ''Panchayat Samiti''s and the [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]s from the district as its members.<ref name=zpdef>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/140.htm
|title = Section 140 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973
|publisher = Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal
|access-date = 9 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410092140/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/140.htm
|archive-date = 10 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> A ''Zilla Parishad'' is headed by a ''Sabhadhipati''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/143.htm
|title = Section 143 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973
|publisher = Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal
|access-date = 9 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410085518/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/143.htm
|archive-date = 10 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> For the Darjeeling district, the ''Zilla Parishad'' has ceased to exist, but a similar organisation for the [[Siliguri subdivision]] exists, which is designated as a ''Mahakuma Parishad''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/185.htm
|title = Section 185 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973
|publisher = Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal
|access-date = 9 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410091113/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/185.htm
|archive-date = 10 April 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

The [[Gorkha Hill Council]], formed in 1988, administers three (out of four) subdivisions of the Darjeeling district: [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling Sadar]], [[Kalimpong subdivision|Kalimpong]] and [[Kurseong subdivision|Kurseong]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Historic-Documents/Memorandum-of-Settlement.html
|title = Memoranda of Settlement – DGHC
|publisher = Darjeeling Times
|access-date = 11 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090329055451/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Historic-Documents/Memorandum-of-Settlement.html
|archive-date = 29 March 2009
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> Gorkha Hill Council manages the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services.<ref name=DarjeelingAdmin>{{cite web
|url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/darj-hist.html#drj-today
|title = History of Darjeeling: Darjeeling-Today
|publisher = Official website of Darjeeling District
|access-date = 29 December 2008
}}</ref> District administration of Darjeeling, which is still responsible for election, ''panchayat'', law and order, revenue ''etc.'', also acts as an interface between the Council and the State Government.<ref name=DarjeelingAdmin/>

A [[Superintendent (police)#India|District Superintendent of Police]], better known as a Superintendent of Police, heads the District Police organisation of [[West Bengal Police]]. This is as per the Police Act of 1861, which is applicable to the whole of India.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://indiacode.nic.in/fullact1.asp?tfnm=186105
|title = The Police Act, 1861
|publisher = India Code Legislative Department
|access-date = 14 December 2008
}}</ref> The Superintendents of Police are officers of the [[Indian Police Service]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://persmin.nic.in/ais/B11new.htm#s17
|title=Indian Police Service (Uniform) Rules
|publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410111230/http://persmin.nic.in/ais/B11new.htm
|archive-date=10 April 2009
|access-date=14 December 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> For every subdivision, there is a Subdivision Police, headed by a Police officer of the rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police.<ref name=humanrights>{{cite web
|url = http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/police_organisations.pdf
|title = Police Organisation of India
|publisher = Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
|page = 9
|access-date = 14 December 2008
}}</ref> Under subdivisions, there are Police Circles, each headed by an Inspector of Police.<ref name=humanrights/> A Police Circle consists of Police Stations, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police.<ref name=humanrights/>

The [[Calcutta High Court]] has the jurisdiction of the state of West Bengal. Though most of the districts have more courts other than a District Court, not every subdivision of the state has a Court.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.banglarmukh.com/e-gov/English/Departments/DeptDetails.asp?DPId=140&LinkId=6&Type=1
|title = Different Courts in West Bengal (Other than High Courts, Kolkata)
|publisher = Judicial Department, Government of West Bengal
|access-date = 14 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326011120/http://www.banglarmukh.com/e-gov/English/Departments/DeptDetails.asp?DPId=140&LinkId=6&Type=1
|archive-date = 26 March 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

A group of districts forms a division, which is administered by a 'Divisional Commissioner'. West Bengal is now divided in twenty three districts, grouped under five divisions:<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=19 March 2008
|access-date=19 November 2008
|work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
![[Malda division]]
![[Burdwan division]]
![[Jalpaiguri division]]
![[Presidency division]]
![[Medinipur division]]
|-
|
* [[Malda district]]
* [[Uttar Dinajpur district]]
* [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
* [[Murshidabad district]]
|
* [[Birbhum district]]
* [[Hooghly district]]
* [[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
* [[Purba Bardhaman district]]
|
* [[Alipurduar district]]
* [[Cooch Behar district]]
* [[Darjeeling district]]
* [[Jalpaiguri district]]
* [[Kalimpong district]]
|
* [[Howrah district]]
* [[Kolkata district]]
* [[Nadia district]]
* [[North 24 Parganas district]]
* [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]]
|
* [[Bankura district]]
* [[Jhargram district]]
* [[Purulia district]]
* [[Purba Medinipur district]]
* [[Paschim Medinipur district]]
|-
|}

==List of districts==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Sl no.
!Code<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080911133331/https://www.mail.nic.in/docs/MailService_e-mail_address_Policy_WithCodes.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 11 September 2008
|title = NIC Policy on format of e-mail Address: Appendix (2): Districts Abbreviations as per ISO 3166–2
|pages = 5–10
|publisher = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry Of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India
|date = 18 August 2004
|access-date = 24 November 2008
}}</ref>
!District
!Headquarters<ref name=wbdistp>{{cite web
|url = http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=WB
|title = Districts : West Bengal
|publisher = Government of India portal
|access-date = 24 November 2008
}}</ref>
!Established<ref>Here 'Established' means year of establishment as a district of West Bengal. The state of West Bengal was established in 1947 with 14 districts of erstwhile Bengal province of British India.</ref>
!Subdivisions<ref name=blocdir/>
!data-sort-type="number"|Area<ref name=wbcensus2011>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/west%20bengal/3-a2.xls | title = Area, Population, Decennial Growth Rate and Density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the Districts
| publisher = 2011 census of India | format = XLS | access-date = 13 December 2012}}</ref>
!Population {{As of|2011|alt=2011}}<ref name=wbcensus2011/>
! data-sort-type="number" | Population Density
!Map
|-
|1
|AD
|[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|[[Alipurduar]]
|2014<ref name=MP/>
|align="left"|
* [[Alipurduar subdivision|Alipurduar Sadar]]

|{{convert|3136|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|1,491,250
|{{convert|441|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Alipurduar in West Bengal (India).svg|frameless|152x152px]]
|-
|2
|BN
|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|[[Bankura]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]]
* [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]
* [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]
|{{convert|6882|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|3,596,674
|{{convert|523|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Bankura in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|3
|BR
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|[[Asansol]]
|2017
|align="left"|

* [[Asansol Sadar subdivision|Asansol Sadar]]
* [[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]
|{{convert|1603.17|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|2,882,031
|{{convert|1798|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
| [[File:Paschim Bardhaman in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|4
|BR
|[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|[[Bardhaman]]
|2017
|align="left"|

* [[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]]
* [[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]]
* [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar North]]
* [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]]
|{{convert|5,432.69|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|4,835,532
|{{convert|890|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
||[[File:Purba Bardhaman in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|5
|BI
|[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|[[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Suri Sadar subdivision|Suri Sadar]]
* [[Bolpur subdivision|Bolpur]]
* [[Rampurhat subdivision|Rampurhat]]
|{{convert|4545|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|3,502,404
|{{convert|771|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Birbhum in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|6
|KB
|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|[[Cooch Behar]]
|1950<ref name=CBE/>
|align="left"|
* [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision|Cooch Behar Sadar]]
* [[Dinhata subdivision|Dinhata]]
* [[Mathabhanga subdivision|Mathabhanga]]
* [[Mekhliganj subdivision|Mekhliganj]]
* [[Tufanganj subdivision|Tufanganj]]
|{{convert|3387|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|2,819,086
|{{convert|833|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Cooch Behar in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|7
|DA
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|[[Darjeeling]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision|Darjeeling Sadar]]
* [[Kurseong]]
* [[Siliguri subdivision|Siliguri]]
* [[Mirik subdivision|Mirik]]
|{{convert|3149|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|1,595,181
|{{convert|732|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Darjeeling in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|8
|DD
|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|[[Balurghat]]
|1992<ref name=SDE/>
|align="left"|
* [[Balurghat subdivision|Balurghat Sadar]]
* [[Gangarampur subdivision|Gangarampur]]
|{{convert|2219|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|1,676,276
|{{convert|755|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Dakshin Dinajpur in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|9
|HG
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|[[Chinsura]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Chinsurah subdivision|Chinsurah Sadar]]
* [[Chandannagore subdivision|Chandannagore]]
* [[Srirampore subdivision|Srirampore]]
* [[Arambagh subdivision|Arambagh]]
|{{convert|3149|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|5,519,145
|{{convert|1753|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Hooghly in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|10
|HR
|[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|[[Howrah]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Howrah Sadar subdivision|Howrah Sadar]]
* [[Uluberia subdivision|Uluberia]]
|{{convert|1467|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|4,850,029
| {{convert|3306|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Howrah in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|11
|JP
|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|[[Jalpaiguri]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision|Jalpaiguri Sadar]]
* [[Malbazar subdivision|Malbazar]]
* [[Dhupguri subdivision|Dhupguri]]
|{{convert|3386|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|2,381,596
|{{convert|837|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Jalpaiguri in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|12
|JH
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
|[[Jhargram]]
|2017<ref name=CBE/>
|align="left"|
* [[Jhargram subdivision|Jhargram Sadar]]
|{{convert|3,037.64|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|1,136,548
|{{convert|374|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
| [[File:Jhargram in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|13
|KO
|[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|1947
| [[Kolkata]]
|{{convert|206.08|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|4,496,694
|{{convert|24306|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Kolkata in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|14
|KA
| [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
|[[Kalimpong]]
|2017<ref name=MP/>
|align="left"|
* [[Kalimpong subdivision|Kalimpong Sadar]]
|{{convert|1044|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|251,642
||{{convert|241|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Kalimpong in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|15
|MA
|[[Malda district|Malda]]
|[[Malda City|English Bazar]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Chanchal subdivision|Chanchal]]
* [[Malda Sadar subdivision|Malda Sadar]]
|{{convert|3733|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|3,988,845
|{{convert|1069|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Malda in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|16
|ME
|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|[[Medinipur]]
|2002<ref name=MP/>
|align="left"|
* [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]]
* [[Medinipur Sadar subdivision|Medinipur Sadar]]
* [[Ghatal subdivision|Ghatal]]
|{{convert|6308|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|4,776,909
|{{convert|757|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Paschim Medinipur in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|17
|ME
|[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|[[Tamluk]]
|2002<ref name=MP/>
|align="left"|
* [[Tamluk subdivision|Tamluk Sadar]]
* [[Haldia subdivision|Haldia]]
* [[Egra subdivision|Egra]]
* [[Contai subdivision|Contai]]
|{{convert|4785|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|5,095,875
|{{convert|1076|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Purba Medinipur in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|18
|MU
|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|[[Baharampur]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Berhampore|Barhampur Sadar]]
* [[Domkol subdivision|Domkol]]
* [[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]
* [[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]]
* [[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]
|{{convert|5324|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|7,103,807
|{{convert|1334|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Murshidabad in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|19
|NA
|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
|1947
|align="left"|
* [[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Sadar]]
* [[Kalyani subdivision|Kalyani]]
* [[Ranaghat subdivision|Ranaghat]]
* [[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]]
|{{convert|3927|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|5,167,601
|{{convert|1316|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Nadia in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|20
|PN
|[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|[[Barasat]]
|1986<ref name=24P/>
|align="left"|
* [[Barrackpore subdivision|Barrackpore]]
* [[Barasat Sadar subdivision|Barasat Sadar]]
* [[Bangaon subdivision|Bangaon]]
* [[Basirhat subdivision|Basirhat]]
* [[Bidhannagar subdivision|Bidhannagar]]
|{{convert|4094|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|10,009,781
|{{convert|2445|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:North 24 Parganas in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|21
|PS
|[[South 24 Parganas]]
|[[Alipore]]
|1986<ref name=24P/>
|align="left"|
* [[Baruipur subdivision|Baruipur]]
* [[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
* [[Diamond Harbour subdivision|Diamond Harbour]]
* [[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
* [[Alipore Sadar subdivision|Alipore Sadar]]
|{{convert|9960|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|8,161,961
|{{convert|819|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:South 24 Parganas in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|22
|PU
|[[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|[[Purulia]]
|1956<ref name=PF/>
|align="left"|
* [[Purulia|Purulia Sadar]]
* [[Manbazar]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/bengal-chief-minister-sub-division-purulia-manbazar-jhalda/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171216164706/http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/bengal-chief-minister-sub-division-purulia-manbazar-jhalda| archive-date = 2017-12-16| title = We are developing Purulia as a tourism hub: Mamata Banerjee : All India Trinamool Congress}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113052455/http://aitcofficial.org/aitc/bengal-chief-minister-sub-division-purulia-manbazar-jhalda/ |date=13 January 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Raghunathpur subdivision|Raghunathpur]]
* [[Jhalda subdivision|Jhalda]]
|{{convert|6259|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|2,930,115
|{{convert|468|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Purulia in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
|23
|UD
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|[[Raiganj]]
|1992<ref name=NDE/>
|align="left"|
* [[Raiganj subdivision|Raiganj Sadar]]
* [[Islampur subdivision|Islampur]]
|{{convert|3140|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|3,007,134
|{{convert|958|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
|[[File:Uttar Dinajpur in West Bengal (India).svg|center|152x152px]]
|-
!—
!Total
! 23
! —
! —
! 69
!{{convert|88,752|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
!91,347,736
!{{convert|1029|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}
![[File:India WB.svg|thumb|West Bengal located in India]]
|}

==Demographics==
The following is a list of the basic demographic data for the districts of West Bengal at the time of the 2011 census by their population rank in [[List of districts of India|India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Districts by Population, Growth Rate, Sex Ratio 2011 Census |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank !! District (West Bengal) !! Population (2011 census) !! Bengali (Bangla) Speakers !! Percentage (%) of Bengali Speakers !! Growth Rate !! Sex Ratio !! Literacy !! Density/KM
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1 || [[North 24 Parganas district|Uttar 24 Parganas]] || 10,009,781 || 8,899,696 || 88.91% || 12.86|| 955 || 84.53 || 2,445
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2 || [[South 24 Parganas district|Dakshin 24 Parganas]] || 8,161,961 || 7,984,030 || 97.82% || 18.17 || 956 || 77.51 || 819
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 3 || [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] || 7,103,807 || 6,996,539 || 98.49% || 21.09 || 958 || 66.59 || 1,334
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 4 || [[Paschim Medinipur]] || 5,913,457 || 5,153,577 ||87.15% || 14.44 || 960 || 79.04 || 636
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 5 || [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] || 5,519,145 || 4,828,699 || 87.49% || 9.49 || 958 || 82.55 || 1,753
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 6 || [[Nadia district|Nadia]] || 5,167,600 || 5,065,281 || 98.02% || 12.24 || 947 || 75.58 || 1,316
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 7 || [[Purba Medinipur]] || 5,095,875 || 5,009,754 || 98.31% || 15.32 || 936 || 87.66 || 1,076
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 8 || [[Howrah district|Howrah]] || 4,850,029 || 4,122,039 || 84.99% || 13.31 || 935 || 83.85 || 3,300
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 9 || [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] || 4,841,632 || 4,495,939 || 92.86% || 11.92 || 945 || 76.21 || 1,099
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 10 || [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]] || 4,496,694 || 2,763,218 || 61.45% || −1.67 || 908 || 86.31 || 24,306
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 11 || [[Malda district|Malda]] || 3,988,845 || 3,631,444 || 91.04% || 21.50 || 939 || 62.71 || 1,071
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 12 || [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]] || 3,872,846 || 2,539,037 || 65.56% || 13.77 || 954 || 73.79 || 621
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 13 || [[Bankura district|Bankura]] || 3,596,674 || 3,261,463 || 90.68% || 12.64 || 954 || 70.95 || 523
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 14 || [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] || 3,502,404 || 3,235,520 || 92.38% || 16.15 || 956 || 70.90 || 771
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 15 || [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]] || 3,007,134 || 2,046,655 || 68.06% || 22.90 || 936 || 60.13 || 956
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 16 || [[Purulia district|Purulia]] || 2,930,115 || 2,360,500 || 80.56% || 15.43 || 955 || 65.38 || 468
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 17 || [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] || 2,882,031 || 1,676,765 || 58.18% || 11.92 || 945 || 76.21 || 1,099
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 18 || [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]] || 2,819,086 || 2,672,211 || 94.79% || 13.86 || 942 || 75.49 || 833
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 19 || [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] || 1,846,823 || 489,592 || 26.51% || 14.47 || 971 || 79.92 || 585
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 20 || [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]] || 1,676,276 || 1,414,944 || 84.41% || 11.16 || 954 || 73.86 || 753
|}

== Economy ==
The following is a list of basic economic data for the districts of West Bengal as of 2023–2024, the latest year for which data is available:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/SiteFiles/Publications/2_09052017100008.pdf|title=State Domestic Product and District Domestic Product of West Bengal 2014–15|last=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal|date=6 May 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!District
!''[[Economy|Real Economy]] ([[GDP|Nominal GDP Per Capita]] in 2023–2024)''
|-
|[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|$3,500
|-
|[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|$2,200
|-
|[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|$1,600
|-
|[[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|$1,900
|-
|[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|$2,800
|-
|[[Paschim Midnapore|Paschim Medinipur]]
|$1,700
|-
|[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|$2,500
|-
|[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|$2,400
|-
|[[North 24 Parganas district|Uttar 24 Parganas]]
|$2,400
|-
|[[South 24 Parganas|Dakshin 24 Parganas]]
|$1,900
|-
|[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|$4,400
|-
|[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|$1,900
|-
|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|$1,600
|-
|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|$1,900
|-
|[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|$3,000
|-
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|$1,200
|-
|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|$1,500
|-
|[[Malda district|Malda]]
|$1,600
|-
|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|$1,600
|-
|[[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|$1,600
|-
|'''[[Economy of West Bengal|West Bengal]]'''
|$2,400
|}

==Proposed districts==
The West Bengal cabinet has approved the creation of following seven new districts on 1 August 2022. This will increase the number of total districts from 23 to 30. As of March 2026, the seven proposed districts announced by the West Bengal government are yet to be notified and they remain in the planning and administrative restructuring phase, with the state still formally operating with 23 existing districts.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Proposed District
! Proposed Headquarters
! Current District
! Division

|-
| [[Jangipur district]]
| [[Jangipur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]]
| [[Murshidabad district]]
| [[Malda division]]

|-
| [[Berhampore district]]
| [[Berhampore]]
| [[Murshidabad district]]
| [[Malda division]]

|-
| [[Ranaghat district]]
| [[Ranaghat]]
| [[Nadia district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|-
| [[Bishnupur district, West Bengal|Bishnupur district]]
| [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]]
| [[Bankura district]]
| [[Medinipur division]]

|-
| [[Ichamati district]]
| [[Bangaon]]
| [[North 24 Parganas district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|-
| [[Basirhat district]]
| [[Basirhat]]
| [[North 24 Parganas district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|-
| [[Sundarbans district]]
| [[Joynagar Mojilpur|Joynagar]]
| [[South 24 Parganas district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|}

; Additional demands for new districts: From time to time, several ministers and elected representatives, such as MLAs and MPs, have proposed the following new districts:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Proposed District
! Proposed Headquarters
! Current District
! Division
|-

|-
| [[Mathabhanga district]]
| [[Mathabhanga]]
| [[Cooch Behar district]]
| [[Jalpaiguri division]]

|-
| [[Siliguri district]]
| [[Siliguri]]
| [[Darjeeling district]]
| [[Jalpaiguri division]]

|-
| [[Islampur district]]
| [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]]
| [[Uttar Dinajpur district ]]
| [[Malda division]]

|-
| [[Chanchal district]]
| [[Chanchal]]
| [[Malda district]]
| [[Malda division]]

|-
| [[Kandi district]]
| [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]
| [[Murshidabad district]]
| [[Malda division]]

|-
| [[Rampurhat district]]
| [[Rampurhat]]
| [[Birbhum district]]
| [[Burdwan division]]

|-
| [[Katwa district]]
| [[Katwa]]
| [[Purba Bardhaman district]]
| [[Burdwan division]]

|-
| [[Kalna district]]
| [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]
| [[Purba Bardhaman district]]
| [[Burdwan division]]

|-
| [[Arambagh district]]
| [[Arambagh]]
| [[Hooghly district]]
| [[Burdwan division]]

|-
| [[Chandannagore district]]
| [[Chandannagore]]
| [[Hooghly district]]
| [[Burdwan division]]

|-
| [[Srirampore district]]
| [[Srirampore]]
| [[Hooghly district]]
| [[Burdwan division]]

|-
| [[Manbazar district]]
| [[Manbazar]]
| [[Purulia district]]
| [[Medinipur division]]

|-
| [[Raghunathpur district]]
| [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]]
| [[Purulia district]]
| [[Medinipur division]]

|-
| [[Ghatal district]]
| [[Ghatal]]
| [[Paschim Medinipur district]]
| [[Medinipur division]]

|-
| [[Contai district]]
| [[Contai]]
| [[Purba Medinipur district]]
| [[Medinipur division]]

|-
| [[Uluberia district]]
| [[Uluberia]]
| [[Howrah district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|-
| [[Barrackpore district]]
| [[Barrackpore]]
| [[North 24 Parganas district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|-
| [[Baruipur district]]
| [[Baruipur]]
| [[South 24 Parganas district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|-
| [[Diamond Harbour district]]
| [[Diamond Harbour]]
| [[South 24 Parganas district]]
| [[Presidency division]]

|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Divisions of West Bengal]]
* [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal]]
* [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal]]
* [[List of cities in West Bengal by population]]
* [[List of RTO districts in India#WB—West Bengal|List of RTO districts in West Bengal]]
* [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[:Category:Community development blocks in West Bengal]]
* [[:Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wb.gov.in/ Official website of Government of West Bengal]
* [https://www.sarkariways.com/2023/08/west-bengal-districts-list-2023.html New Districts List of West Bengal]

{{Districts of India}}
{{West Bengal topics}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Districts of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|Districts]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|West Bengal]]

Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar

2026-04-30T19:20:52Z

Vilianajgd: put up a stub

{{Short description|College in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar'''
| native_name =
| image_name = RIE,Bhubanswar Main Building.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = Come to learn and go to serve
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1963
| closed =
| type = Govt. Funded
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Prof. Manasi Goswami <ref>{{Cite web |title=RIE {{!}}{{!}} Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar |url=https://riebbs.ac.in/page.php?purl=principal-s-message |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=riebbs.ac.in}}</ref>
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord|20|17|20|N|85|49|57|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| former_names = '''Regional College of Education[RCE]'''
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[Utkal University]]
| website = {{url|www.riebbs.ac.in}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar''' is a constituent unit of [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]], New Delhi, caters to the educational needs of teachers of Eastern Indian region. It provides academic and technical support to the state of [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The institute act as a regional resource centre for all areas of education, especially [[school education]]. [[UNESCO]] [[Bangkok]] has declared Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar as a resource centre for [[Information and communication technologies|ICT]].<ref>NCERT Annual Report 2010-2011, Page :194, Published by NCERT, New Delhi [ November-2011]</ref>

==Departments==

===Department of Education===
#Educational Technology
#Special Education
#Physical Education
#Psychology Laboratory

===Department of Education in Science & Mathematics===
#Physics
#Chemistry
#Mathematics
#Botany
#Zoology
#Agriculture
#Teaching Learning Aids Center / SUPW Cell
#Population Education Cell

===Department of Education in Social Science & Humanities===
#Hindi
#English
#Odia
#Bengali
#Geography
#History
#Political Science
#Economics

===Department of Extension Education===

===Computer Application Center===

===SSA Cell===

===Demonstration Multipurpose School===

The Demonstration Multipurpose School is an integral part of Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar and act as a laboratory for trying out innovative practices in school education and teacher education. The school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], New Delhi. It imparts education from classes 1 to 12 in English medium.

==Courses==
*'''4 year integrated B.Sc. B.Ed'''
*'''4 year integrated B.A. B.Ed'''
*'''2 year B.Ed.(Arts & Science)'''
*'''2 year M.Ed.'''
*'''1 year M.Phil.(Education)'''
*'''DCGC'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://as.ori.nic.in/riebbs/Courses.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 September 2012 |archive-date=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430052754/http://as.ori.nic.in/riebbs/Courses.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Pre-Ph.D.[Education]'''

==Library==
The institute's library has more than 70,000 documents, which includes about 59,000 books, 1000 bound volumes of periodicals, 300 reports, 580 dissertations, 100 maps. It subscribes around 77 Indian and foreign journals and 16 daily newspapers every year. An average of 550 new books are being added to the library in each year.<ref>[http://as.ori.nic.in/riebbs/Library.html RIE Library]</ref>

==Laboratory==
The institute has three chemistry laboratories, two physics laboratories and one dark room for optical experiments. The institute also houses one lab each for botany and zoology. The labs are well equipped with sufficient number of apparatuses and modern electronic devices. There is also a biological museum which puts into display a number of biological specimens. There are also two computer laboratories and one state-of-the-art ICT{{clarify|What is ICT?|date=July 2021}} studio.

==Hostel==
The institute has hostel facilities too, well within its campus. The names of the hostels operated by the Institute are, viz.,
*[[Homi J. Bhabha|Homibhaba]] Hostel (for boys)
*[[Gopabandhu Das|Gopabandhu]] Hostel (for girls)
*[[Srinivasa Ramanujan|Ramanujan]] Hostel (for boys)
*[[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Ashutosh]] Hostel (for girls)
* [[Sarojini Naidu|Sarojini]] Hostel (for guests)
* Laxmibai Hostel (for girls)

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:DM_School_Temple.jpg|Campus Temple
File:DM_School_Assembly_Ground.jpg|Assembly Ground
File:DM_School_Basketball.jpg|Basketball field
File:Dm_School_Athletic_Complex.jpg|Main Athletic Complex
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
#{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120512094538/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Regional-Institute-of-Education-Bhubaneswar RIE, Bhubaneswar]}}

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges of education in India]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Education in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]

Krishan Hooda

2026-04-25T03:42:05Z

Vilianajgd: adding pg!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1945–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishan Hooda
| office = Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2020
| constituency = [[Baroda Assembly constituency|Baroda]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = Ramphal
| successor = [[Indu Raj Narwal]]
| parents = Bhale Ram
}}

'''Krishan Hooda''' (1945–2020)<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2020 |title=Baroda MLA Sri Krishan Hooda dies at 74 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/baroda-mla-sri-krishan-hooda-dies-at-74/story-sJAOpzLjosaGRB7SPI7sQK.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian politician from Haryana. He was elected as a Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Baroda Assembly constituency]] from 2009 to 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Krishan Hooda(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BARODA(SONIPAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7600 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हरियाणा: कांग्रेस विधायक श्रीकृष्ण हुड्डा का निधन, पहलवान योगेश्वर दत्त को हराया था |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/congress-mla-sri-krishan-hooda-passes-away |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He last represented the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Congress MLA from Haryana, Krishan Hooda dies |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/congress-mla-from-haryana--krishan-hooda-dies.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> winning the 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election from Baroda. Earlier, he won three times from the [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Congress MLA Shri Krishan Hooda dies after prolonged illness |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/congress-mla-krishan-hooda-dies-after-prolonged-illness-70203 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2020 |title=दुखद: हरियाणा कांग्रेस के विधायक कृष्ण हुड्डा का निधन, लंबे समय से थे बीमार |url=https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/haryana-congress-mla-krishna-hooda-passed-away-1153141 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref> He vacated his seat for [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]in 2005.

== Early life and education ==
Hooda was born in Garhi Sampla Kiloi, Haryana in 1945 to Bhale Ram. He passed Class 9 from Government High School, Khidwali tehsil, Rohtak, in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Krishan Hooda(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BARODA(SONIPAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7600 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hooda was first elected as an MLA winning from [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Assembly constituency]] representing the Lok Dal in the 1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election. He won again on Samta Party ticket in the [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] where he polled 27,884 votes and defeated Ram Phool of HVP by a margin of 8,165 votes. He won for the third time from the same constituency in 2005 defeating Prem Singh of the [[Indian National Lok Dal]] party by a margin of 34,863 votes, but later shifted to [[Baroda Assembly constituency]] where he won continuously for three times in the 2009, 2014 and 2019 elections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2020-11-10 |title=Baroda bypoll: BJP's Yogeshwar Dutt defeated by Congress nominee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/baroda-bypoll-congress-candidate-indu-raj-leading-over-bjps-yogeshwar-dutt/article33064289.ece |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He won the [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Kapoor Singh Narwal of INLD by a margin of 25,343 votes. In 2014, he retained the seat defeating Narwal again. In the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] he defeated his nearest rival, Yogeshwar Dutt of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,100 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Baroda election result LIVE: Sri Krishan Hooda of Congress defeats BJP's Yogeshwar Dutt by over 5,100 votes |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/baroda-assembly-election-results-2019-live-updates-yogeshwar-dutt-bjp/1744405/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hooda, Krishan}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1996–2000]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1987–1991]]

Ramesh Chandra Barooah

2026-04-24T18:00:51Z

Vilianajgd: put up data...

{{Short description|Indian politician from Assam state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| office3 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Assam]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Purnima Barooah|1945|}}
| term4 = 1961 - 21 March 1978
| predecessor4 = Nilmoni Barthakur
| successor4 = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| constituency4 = [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
| office4 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
| 1blankname3 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| term3 = 1967 - 1970
| death_date = Unknown
| term_start = 22 March 1972
| birth_date = 1 July 1912
| 1namedata2 = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhury]]
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| term2 = 11 November 1970 - 17 January 1972
| office2 = Minister for Supply, Excise, Trade and Commerce
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| successor = [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]
| predecessor = Mahi Kanta Das
| deputy = [[Golok Rajbanshi]]
| term_end = 20 March 1978
| children = 4
}}

'''Ramesh Chandra Barooah''' (1 July 1912- died)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2019-07-02 |title=Ramesh Chandra Barooah's 107th birth anniversary celebrated at Dibrugarh - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/ramesh-chandra-barooahs-107th-birth-anniversary-celebrated-at-dibrugarh/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> was an [[Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He was a member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. He was twice a cabinet minister, as well as becoming speaker of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|assembly]] in 1972.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Assam (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8NQAQAAMAAJ&q=BAROOAH+,+Shri+RAMESH+CHANDRA+,+B.L.+,+Congress+(+Dibrugarh+1972+)+;+born+in+February+,+1914+;+educated+at+... |title=Assam Legislative Assembly Who's who |date=1973 |publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramesh Ch Barooah as a minister |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-05 |title=List of Speakers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/speaker-list.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005014038/http://assamassembly.gov.in/speaker-list.html |archive-date=2021-10-05 }}</ref>

== Education and personal life ==
Barooah was educated at [[Dibrugarh]], [[Guwahati|Gauhati]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He had a B.L. He married Shrimati Purnima Barooah in 1945 and they had two sons and two daughters.

== Political career ==
Barooah was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the newly created constituency of [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] in the [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. He received 6351 votes, losing to [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|communist]] candidate Nilamoni Barthakur.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dibrugarh Election Results 2016, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up and Current MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/dibrugarh.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

In 1961, there was a [[by-election]] in [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. Barooah was again the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|constituency]]. He received 6522 votes, defeating Nilamoni Barthakur by 2550 votes.

In the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Barooah sought reelection in [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. He received 11588 votes, defeating his nearest [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist]] opponent by 5150 votes.

In the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Barooah again sought reelection as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in [[Dibrugarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]. He received 8480 votes, defeating his nearest opponent by 2532. In 1967, [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]] constituted his ministry for the second time and Barooah was made a cabinet minister. He served until the end of the ministry. After Mahendra Mohan Choudhury formed his ministry, Barooah was made minister for Supply, Trade, Commerce and Excise and he served until the end of the ministry.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

In the [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Barooah sought reelection in Dibrugarh. He received 18669 votes, easily defeating his nearest opponent by 16143 votes.<ref name=":2" /> Barooah was appointed [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] on 22 March 1972. During his tenure, he chaired the debate of the first, second and third [[Motion of no confidence|motion of no-confidence]] against the ministry of [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Barooah did not seek reelection in the [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate in the election was defeated by Janata Party candidate [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]], who later became [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister of Assam]].<ref name=":2" />

Barooah was also Chairman (Governing Body) of [[Assam Medical College]].

== Tributes ==
In 2017, Barooah’s 104th birth anniversary was observed. An art competition for school students was organized at Dibrugarh Government Higher Secondary and Multipurpose Girls’ School. The competition was inaugurated by Indeswar Khaund, who lit the traditional lamp and paid floral tributes to Barooah. [[Sarat Barkotoky]] gave a brief description on Barooah’s life, in the presence of Barooah’s family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2017-01-25 |title=Birth anniversary of Janeta Ramesh Chandra Baruah observed - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/birth-anniversary-of-janeta-ramesh-chandra-baruah-observed/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the 107th birth anniversary of Barooah was celebrated in [[Dibrugarh]]. The ceremonial lamp was lit by his niece, Ila Dowerah.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |date=2010-09-15 |title=107th birth anniversary of RC Barooah celebrated |url=https://assamtribune.com/107th-birth-anniversary-of-rc-barooah-celebrated |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barooah, Ramesh Chandra}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:People from Dibrugarh district]]

Navdanya (NGO)

2026-04-19T16:12:36Z

Vilianajgd: put up details

{{Short description|India-based non-governmental organization}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
'''Navdanya''' is an [[India]]n-based [[non-governmental organisation]] which promotes [[Conservation movement|biodiversity conservation]], [[biodiversity]], [[organic farming]], the rights of farmers, and the process of [[seed saving]]. One of Navdanya's founders, and prominent members, is [[Vandana Shiva]], an environmental [[activist]], [[physicist]], and [[author]]. Navdanya began in 1984 as a program of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology (RFSTE), a participatory research initiative founded by the environmentalist Vandana Shiva, to provide direction and support to environmental activism.<ref name=Navdanya>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Navdanya|url=http://www.navdanya.org/about-us|accessdate=19 April 2011}}</ref> "Navdanya" means "nine crops" that represent India's collective source of [[food security]].<ref name="Navdanya"/>

[[File:Dr. Vandana Shiva DS.jpg|right|thumb|[[Vandana Shiva]], one of the founders of Navdanya (2014)]]
Navdanya is a member of the [[Terra Madre|Terra Madre slow food movement]].
Navdanya is a network of seed keepers and organic producers spread across 16 states in India.

Navdanya has helped set up 54 community [[seedbank|seed bank]]s across the country, trained over 500,000 farmers in "[[food sovereignty]]" and [[sustainable agriculture]] over the past two decades, and helped set up the largest [[direct marketing]], [[fair trade]] organic network in the country. Navdanya has also set up a learning center, Bija Vidyapeeth (School of the Seed) on its biodiversity conservation and organic farm in [[Doon Valley]], [[Uttarakhand]], north India.

It has criticised [[genetic engineering]]. Navdanya claims to be a women-centred movement for the protection of [[biodiversity|biological]] and [[cultural diversity]].

==Save a Seed==

20th Century farming revolutionised traditional food production methods by using cheap (but [[Hubbert peak theory|non renewable]]) hydrocarbon fuels and agricultural chemical products which make a major contribution to [[greenhouse gas emissions]], blamed for causing climate change. These new methods together with cheap transport and fuel led to the optimisation and industrialization of food production.

Navdanya's Seeds of Freedom campaign is intended to provide a source or exchange of diverse naturally occurring crop-seed

==GMO free campaign==
Since 1991 they have been campaigning against GM crops and food in India. Working with citizens' movements, [[grassroots|grassroot]] organisations, NGOs and governments, they have made significant contributions to the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD) and the Biosafety Protocol.

During the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] Hong Kong Ministerial, Navdanya joined 740 other organisations in presenting their opposition to the WTO's stance on GMOs.

==Biopiracy==
RFSTE/ Navdanya started the campaign against biopiracy with the Neem Campaign in 1994 and mobilised 100,000 signatures against neem patents and filed a legal opposition against the USDA and WR Grace patent on the fungicidal properties of [[neem]] (no. 436257 B1) in the [[European Patent Office]] (EPO) at Munich, Germany.

Along with RFSTE, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) of Germany and Ms. [[Magda Alvoet]], former Green Member of the European Parliament were party to the challenge. The patent on Neem was revoked in May 2000 and it was reconfirmed on 8 March 2005 when the EPO revoked in entirety the controversial patent, and adjudged that there was "no inventive step" involved in the fungicide patent, thus confirming the 'prior art' of the use of Neem.

The next victory against "biopiracy" for Navdanya came in October 2004 when the European Patent Office in Munich revoked Monsanto's patent on the Indian variety of wheat "Nap Hal". This was the third consecutive victory on the IPR front after Neem and Basmati. Monsanto was assigned a patent (EP 0445929 B1) on wheat on 21 May 2003 by the [[European Patent Office]] in Munich under the simple title "plants". On January 27, 2004 Research Foundation for Science Technology and Ecology (RFSTE) along with Greenpeace and Bharat Krishak Samaj BKS) filed a petition at the European Patent Office (EPO), Munich, challenging the patent rights given to Monsanto on Indian Landrace of wheat, Nap Hal. The patent was revoked in October 2004.<ref name="Biopiracy Campaign">{{cite web|title=Biopiracy Campaign|url=http://navdanya.org/campaigns/biopiracy|accessdate=20 April 2011}}</ref>

==Citations==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.navdanya.org Navdanya Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130420001439/http://www.seedsoffreedom.info/watch-the-film/watch-the-film-english/ Watch the film]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1984 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Environmental organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Food sovereignty]]
[[Category:Biopiracy]]

Sitaram Verma

2026-04-12T12:38:16Z

Vilianajgd: Starting a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sitaram Verma
| image =
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|17th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sadar Assembly constituency|Sadar]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Raj Prasad Upadhyay]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end = March 2022
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Lambhua Assembly constituency|Lambhua]]
| assembly = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Devmani Dwivedi]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| father = Shivnath Verma
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = 1948
| birth_place = [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Pushpa Verma
}}

'''Sitaram Verma''' is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and represents the [[Lambhua Assembly constituency]] from [[Sultanpur district]].<ref name="Sitaram Verama 2022"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lambhua-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7811555/|access-date=2022-04-19|title=Lambhua (Uttar Pradesh) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up|date=9 March 2022 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

He previously served as a member of the [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]], representing the [[Sadar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lambhua-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923219-2022-03-09|access-date=2022-04-07|title=Lambhua, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Sitaram Verma wins Lambhua with 55460 votes|date=10 March 2022 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election/sadar-1810781991|access-date=2022-04-19|title=UTTAR PRADESH ELECTION 2017-2022: SADAR ASSEMBLY SEAT|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Political career==
Following the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] he was elected as an MLA from the Lambhua Assembly constituency after defeating Samajwadi Party (SWP) candidate Santosh Pandey by a margin of 95,33 votes.<ref name="Sitaram Verama 2022">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24190.htm?ac=190|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022|access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sitaram Verma was born to Shivnath Verma and his wife in [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] in 1948 in a family.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18190/18|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|title=Profile of Sitaram Verma|accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref> Sitaram is married to Pushpa Verma and lives with his family of six in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=20279 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Day after disappearance, Sultanpur MLA's Alzheimer's-stricken wife found in Barabanki |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/day-after-disappearance-sultanpur-mla-s-alzheimer-s-stricken-wife-found-in-barabanki-101698848787933.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Sitaram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ramji Das Rishidev

2026-04-11T20:54:18Z

Vilianajgd: put up new stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1954–2020)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramji Das Rishidev
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1954|5|6|}}
| birth_place = Gokhalpur, [[Araria district]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|09|14|1954|5|6|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-former-minister-ramji-das-rishidev-passed-away-one-day-former-mla-anandi-prasad-died-20747671.html|title = पूर्व मंत्री रामजी दास ऋषिदेव का निधन, एक दिन पूर्व विधायक आनंदी प्रसाद का हुआ था निधन}}</ref>
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 13 April 2008
| term_end = 26 November 2010
| office = Minister of Environment & Forest [[Government of Bihar]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Ramchandra Sahani]]
| successor = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| office1 = Minister of Co-operatives [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 24 November 2005
| term_end1 = 13 April 2008
| caption =
| image =
| term_start3 = 1998
| term_end3 = 1999
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2005
| term_end2 = 2010
| predecessor2 = [[Parmanand Rishideo]]
| successor2 = [[Parmanand Rishideo]]
| constituency2 = [[Raniganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Raniganj]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor1 =
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sukdeo Paswan]]
| successor3 = [[Sukdeo Paswan]]
| constituency3 = [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sukumari Devi|1972}}
| children = 4 Sons & 3 Daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| successor1 = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3909.htm
}}

'''Ramji Das Rishidev''' (born 6 May 1954) was an Indian politician and former cabinet minister in the [[Government of Bihar]] from November 2005 to November 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar assembly elections 1995, 2000, 2005|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/elect_05/elections.html|access-date=|website=www.bihartimes.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=mediavigil|title=Cabinet Reshuffle in Bihar & at Centre|url=http://www.biharwatch.in/2008/04/cabinet-reshuffle-in-bihar-at-centre.html|access-date=2022-02-02|language=en}}</ref> He represented [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]] in [[Lok Sabha]] in [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] and [[Raniganj (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] in [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]].

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rishidev, Ramjidas}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Araria district]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rajeev Ranjan Prasad

2026-04-11T20:33:38Z

Vilianajgd: put up new details

{{Short description|Indian Jurist & High Court Judge (born 1966)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajeev Ranjan Prasad
| office = Judge at [[Patna High Court]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Rajeev Ranjan Prasad |url=https://patnahighcourt.gov.in/judge/MzE4-a5MCvbTHYcU= |website=The High Court of Judicature at Patna |publisher=Hon'ble Patna High Court |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>
| image =
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| country = [[India]]
| nominator = [[Supreme Court of India|Collegium of the Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 22 May 2017
| term_end = 4 September 2028
| state = [[Bihar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|09|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tarhari, Lakhisarai district, Bihar
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]] (B.Com)
[[Hansraj College]], [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] (Special Certificate Course in Commerce)
[[University of Delhi|Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi]] (LL.B)
| occupation = [[Judge]]
| profession = Law, Judiciary
| website = https://patnahighcourt.gov.in/judge/MzE4-a5MCvbTHYcU=
| parents = Shri Umesh Prasad Singh (Father), Smt. Laxmi Singh (Mother)
}}
'''Rajeev Ranjan Prasad''' (born 5 September 1966) is an Indian jurist serving as a judge of the [[Patna High Court]]. He was appointed to the position on 22 May 2017. Prior to his elevation, he practiced as an advocate at the [[Patna High Court]], handling constitutional, civil, and financial matters.

==Early life and education==
Rajeev Ranjan Prasad was born on 5 September 1966 in Tarhari, Lakhisarai district, [[Bihar]], into a family with a legal background. His father, Umesh Prasad Singh, was a Senior Advocate at the [[Patna High Court]].
He completed his early education in [[Patna]] before pursuing a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (B.Com.) from [[Patna University]]. He then enrolled in [[Hansraj College|Hansraj College, University of Delhi]], for a Special Certificate Course in Commerce, where he secured the first position in first division. After briefly joining the [[Delhi School of Economics]] for postgraduate studies, he decided to pursue law and obtained an LL.B. degree from the [[Delhi University|Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi]], in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice Rajeev Ranjan Prasad |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=1323&cid=83 |website=CDJ Law Journal |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
After completing his legal education, Prasad enrolled as an advocate and began practicing at the [[Patna High Court]]. His legal practice included handling cases related to corporate affairs, financial disputes, and government policies. On 22 May 2017, he was appointed as a Judge of the [[Patna High Court]] by the [[President of India]], following a recommendation from the Collegium of the [[Supreme Court of India]].

==Notable judgments==
During his tenure as a judge, Justice Prasad has delivered several significant rulings:
* '''Bank Loan Recovery Case (2023)''': He ruled that banks and financial institutions cannot forcibly seize vehicles using recovery agents without following [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank of India (RBI)]] guidelines and due legal process.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simranjeet |title=Banks, Financial Indment of loan is illegal: Patna High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/05/29/banks-using-recovery-agents-to-forcibly-seize-vehicles-is-illegal-patna-high-court-legal-news/ |website=SCC Times |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>
* '''1997 Murder Case Acquittal (2024)''': As part of a Division Bench, he upheld the acquittal of three women accused of murder, citing inconsistencies in witness testimonies and lack of medical evidence.

==See also==
* [[Patna High Court]]
* [[Judiciary of India]]
* [[Supreme Court of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Rajeev Ranjan}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian solicitors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]

P. P. Kunhikrishnan

2026-04-01T11:53:36Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Notability|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. P. Kunhikrishnan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1973
| birth_place = Thadiyan Kovval, [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2022-present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''
}}
'''P. P. Kunhikrishnan''' is an Indian film actor who works predominantly in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. His debut film ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' (2022) was critically acclaimed for his role as a magistrate. He also won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor]] for his performance in this film.<ref>{{cite news
|title = മനുഷ്യത്വവും സമഭാവനയുമുള്ള ആ മജിസ്‌ട്രേറ്റ് ഇതാ ഇവിടെയുണ്ട്!
|url = https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/interview/nna-thaan-case-kodu-movie-magistrate-pp-kunhikrishnan-interview-684007/
|publisher = malayalam.indianexpress
|date = 11 August 2022
|accessdate = 1 September 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|title = Sneak-peak into films and personalities that bagged Kerala State Film Awards 2022
|url = https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Fimage%2Fcontentid%2Fpolicy%3A1.8752156%3A1690019354%2Fimage%2Fpp%2520kunhikrishnan.jpg%3F%24p%3D0b0ade4%26w%3D856%26q%3D0.8&tbnid=4EXy2aEmcIbCPM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Fmultimedia%2Fphotos%2Fsneak-peak-into-films-and-personalities-that-bagged-kerala-state-film-awards-2022-1.8752148&docid=3bqXY8ukf33_AM&w=361&h=500&itg=1&hl=en&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim%2Fm4%2F2&kgs=32f99eb2b53a0175&shem=abme%2Ctrie
|publisher = mathrubhumi
|date = 22 July 2023
|accessdate = 1 September 2024
|language = English
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|title = പി. പികുഞ്ഞി കൃഷ്ണൻ
|url = https://www.kasargodvartha.com/kerala/pp-kunhikrishnan-receives-characterhtml/cid13789206.htm
|publisher = kasargodvartha
|date = 21 July 2023
|accessdate = 1 September 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref>

==Personal life==
P.P. Kunhikrishnan resides at Thadiyan Kovval near [[Udinoor]] in [[Kasaragod]] district.He retired as a Hindi teacher in Udinoor School and is also a member of [[Padne]] Grama Panchayat.

Kunhikrishnan's first film [[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]] Unniraja brought it to the cinema.Later, [[Rajesh Madhavan]], the casting director of this film, selected him.<ref>
{{cite news
|title = വാതത്തിന് മരുന്നുമായി ന്നാ താൻ കേസ് കൊട് ഫെയിം നടൻ കുഞ്ഞികൃഷ്‍ണൻ
|url = https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/p-p-kunhikrishnan-malayalam-film-actor-gives-kottamchukkadi-thailam-hrk-sgv0us
|publisher = asianetnews
|date = 19 July 2024
|accessdate = 1 September 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref>

Kunhikrishnan's wife Saraswati Thadiyan Kovval is a teacher at Kovval School. Eldest son Sarang is in Merchant Navy. Second son Azad is studying in [[Chennai]].<ref>
{{cite news
|title = സിനിമാ നടനാക്കിയത് ഉണ്ണിരാജ: ചാക്കോച്ചനെയും കുഴപ്പിച്ച ആ മജിസ്ട്രേറ്റ്; അഭിമുഖം...
|url =
https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/08/12/interview-with-pp-kunhikrishnan-nna-thaan-case|publisher = manoramaonline
|date = 12 August 2022
|accessdate = 1 September 2024
|language = Malayalam
}}
</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' || Magistrate ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Madanolsavam (2023 film)|Madanolsavam]]'' ||Chindan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=New single from Suraj Venjaramoodu's Madanolsavam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/05/new-single-from-suraj-venjaramoodus-madanolsavam-out-41983.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Corona Papers ]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kasargold ]]'' || Comrade Narayanan||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' || Kaitholapprambil Ramachandran ||
|-
|| ''[[Vishesham]]'' || Rahulan Nair||
|-
| rowspan=3 |2025 ||''[[Oru Jaathi Jathakam]]'' || Mambrath Raghavan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-20 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan's Oru Jaathi Jathakam confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/20/vineeth-sreenivasans-oru-jaathi-jathakam-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samshayam]]'' ||Bhaskaran||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=Samshayam Movie Review: Suspicion, Laughter, and a Stirring Dilemma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/samshayam/movie-review/121217869.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Pet Detective]]'' ||Astrologer||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-23 |title=The Pet Detective OTT Release: When and where to watch Sharaf U Dheen’s Malayalam action comedy online|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/the-pet-detective-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sharaf-u-dheens-malayalam-action-comedy-online-1398667 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Pinvilla |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Pennu Case]]'' || Gangadharan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-12-17 |title=Nikhila Vimal's Pennu Case gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/17/nikhila-vimals-pennu-case-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prakambanam]]'' || Sidhu's grandfather ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-08-02 |title=PP Kunhikrishnan pays tribute to Kalabhavan Navas with photo from 'Prakambanam' set|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/08/02/actor-pp-kunhikrishnan-remembers-kalabhavan-navas-prakambanam-sets.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform|| class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Perilloor Premier League]]'' || Manikandan ||[[Disney+ Hotstar]] ||
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !!Channel !! Notes
|-
|2026||''Ee Puzhayum Kadannu''||Aravindan||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title=Gomathi Priya is back to Malayalam TV; New show 'Ee Puzhayum Kadannu' coming soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gomathi-priya-is-back-to-malayalam-tv-new-show-ee-puzhayum-kadannu-coming-soon/articleshow/126602831.cms|access-date=2026-01-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name |13866858}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunhikrishnan, P.P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

Cinema of India

2026-03-28T20:13:44Z

Vilianajgd: basic rework formatting after review and updated info

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Cinema of India
| image = India film clapperboard (variant).svg
| image_size =
| caption =
| screens = 9,742 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of cinema screens across India from 2016 to 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1346899/india-number-of-cinema-screens |website=Statista |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>
| screens_per_capita = 6 per million (2021)<ref name="Capacity">{{Cite web |title=Feature films: Cinema infrastructure – Capacity |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-has-fewer-movie-screens-than-peer-economies-shows-data-123030200849_1.html |access-date=7 May 2019 |website=[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref>
| distributors = 
| produced_year = 2021–2022
| produced_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Feature Films Certified in 2021—22 |url=https://filmfederation.in/files/iff2022.pdf |website=[[Film Federation of India]] |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>
| produced_total = 2886 {{increase}}
| produced_fictional =
| produced_animated =
| produced_documentary =
| admissions_year = 2016
| admissions_ref = <ref name="adm_gross_uis">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Culture: Feature Films |url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5538 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103112139/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5538 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=7 May 2019 |publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}</ref>
| admissions_total = 2,020,000,000
| admissions_per_capita = 1.69
| admissions_national = 1,713,600,000 {{increase}}
| box_office_year = 2024
| box_office_ref = <ref name="FE_Jan2025">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Gopika |date=11 January 2025 |title=Indian cinema generates Rs 11,833 crore in 2024 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-indian-cinema-generates-rs-11833-crore-in-2024-report-3712657/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosser |first1=Michael |date=13 January 2025 |title=INews Indian box office falls 3% to $1.36bn in 2024 topped by 'Pushpa 2' |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/indian-box-office-falls-3-to-136bn-in-2024-topped-by-pushpa-2/5200717.article |work=[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]|access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
| box_office_total = {{INR|11,833 crore|link=no}} ({{USD|1.36 billion|long=no}})
| box_office_national =
}}


{{Culture of India}}

The '''cinema of India''', consisting of [[Film|motion pictures]] made by the Indian [[film industry]], has had a large effect on [[world cinema]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Hasan Suroor |date=26 October 2012 |title=Arts: Sharmila Tagore honoured by Edinburgh University |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/sharmila-tagore-honoured-by-edinburgh-university/article4031942.ece |access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="produced">{{bulleted list|
*{{cite news |title=How India's COVID crisis has changed Bollywood |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-indias-covid-crisis-has-changed-bollywood/a-58291931 |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=16 July 2021}}
*{{Cite web |title=Leading film markets worldwide by number of films produced 2018 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/252727/leading-film-markets-worldwide-by-number-of-films-produced/ |access-date=7 June 2020 |website=Statista}}
*{{cite news |title=Tamil leads as India tops film production |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=22 August 2013}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/gvfilms.pdf |title=Electrolux-2nd |access-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207042220/http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/gvfilms.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2012}}}}</ref> Indian cinema is made up of various [[#Cinema by language|film industries]], each focused on producing films in a specific language, such as [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia Cinema|Odia]] and others.

Major centres of [[film]] production across the country include [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Kochi]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Bhubaneswar]]-[[Cuttack]], and [[Guwahati]].{{refn|group=details|
* Mumbai is the hub of [[Hindi cinema]] and [[Marathi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2013 |title=The birth of India's film industry: how the movies came to Mumbai |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/25/birth-indias-film-industry-movies-mumbai |access-date=2 January 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2011 |title=Commercial and bollywood hub Mumbai vs Media and political 'capital' Delhi: Is the race over? |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/commercial-and-bollywood-hub-mumbai-vs-media-and-political-capital-delhi-is-the-race-over/articleshow/11235198.cms |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
* Hyderabad is the hub of the [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2013 |title=Most of Jubilee Hills, Film Nagar is Wakf land |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/most-of-jubilee-hillsfilm-nagar-is-wakf-land/article4690033.ece |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2016 |title=ANR inspired Telugu film industry's shift from Chennai |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/anr-inspired-telugu-film-industrys-shift-from-chennai/article5606692.ece |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
* Chennai is the hub of [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2017 |title=Tamil films: How north Chennai marks its presence while Kodambakkam thrives |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-films-how-north-chennai-marks-its-present-while-kodambakkam-thrives/story-TrsZN4P2BCWrIz61aOOBsK.html |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&pg=PA248 |title=After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-56858-427-0 |page=248|publisher=PublicAffairs }}</ref>
* Kolkata is the home of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2013 |title=Lights, camera, action... |work=Business Standard India |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/lights-camera-action-112040200044_1.html |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2020 |title=Will viewers return to theatres after lockdown? asks Bengal's film industry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/will-viewers-return-to-theatres-after-lockdown-asks-bengal-s-film-industry/story-NhCGFgvIsZEVSAtDHXHZKP.html |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2016 |title=Love, sex and the bhadralok |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/love-sex-and-the-bhadralok/article9429012.ece |access-date=3 January 2021 |publisher=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>
* Kochi is known as the hub of [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2013 |title=Kochi sizzling onscreen |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1439876.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526145345/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1439876.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2013 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2013 |title=Mollywood comes home to Kochi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/mollywood-comes-home-to-kochi/article4472387.ece |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2015 |title=Kochi Says Lights, Camera, Action! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2015/apr/06/kochi-says-lights-camera-action-738634.html |access-date=3 January 2021 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2017 |title=Mini-film city at Ramanthuruth |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mini-film-city-at-ramanthuruth/articleshow/61540255.cms |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
* Bengaluru is the hub of [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2017 |title=Bengaluru's 100-yr-old Badami House, hub of Kannada cinema, will soon be no more |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengalurus-100-yr-old-badami-house-hub-kannada-cinema-will-soon-be-no-more-69856 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2016 |title=Thriving nucleus of a film industry |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Thriving-nucleus-of-a-film-industry/article12767348.ece |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
* The [[twin cities]] of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack play host to the [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia cinema]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The New Capital at Bhubaneswar |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/apr/engpdf/55-59.pdf |magazine=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2020 |title=First archives for Odia films soon |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jun/25/first-archives-for-odia-films-soon-2160999.html |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>
* Guwahati is the hub of [[Assamese cinema]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2018 |title=Express Rewind: Assamese cinema and the murmurs of a comeback |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/express-rewind-2018-assamese-cinema-and-the-murmurs-of-a-comeback-5514942 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2019 |title=Guwahati to host 65th Filmfare Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/guwahati-to-host-65th-filmfare-awards/articleshow/72233153.cms |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>}} For a number of years, the Indian film industry has ranked first in the [[world]] in terms of annual film output.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading film markets worldwide by number of films produced 2018 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/252727/leading-film-markets-worldwide-by-number-of-films-produced/ |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Indian cinema earned {{INR|11, 833 [[crore]]|link=yes}} ($1.36 billion) at the Indian box-office.<ref name="FE_Jan2025" /> [[Ramoji Film City]] located in Hyderabad is certified by the [[Guinness World Records]] as the largest film studio complex in the world measuring over 1,666 [[acre]]s (674 [[Hectare|ha]]).<ref name="Guinness World Records">{{cite web |title=Largest film studio |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio |access-date=2 January 2021 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

Indian cinema is composed of [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] and [[Multiculturalism|multi-ethnic]] film art. The term '[[Bollywood]]', often mistakenly used to refer to Indian cinema as a whole, specifically denotes the Hindi-language film industry. Indian cinema, however, is an umbrella term encompassing multiple film industries, each producing films in its respective language and showcasing unique cultural and stylistic elements.

In 2021, [[Telugu cinema]] emerged as the largest film industry in India in terms of box office.<ref name="OM2">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=10K Crore: Return of the box office |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/10k-crore-return-of-the-box-office.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Ormax Media |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> In 2022, [[Hindi cinema]] represented 33% of box office revenue, followed by [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] representing 20%, [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] representing 16%, [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] representing 8%, and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] representing 6%, with [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] being the other prominent film industries based on revenue.<ref name="OM" /><ref name="Statista_20222">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Distribution of the Indian box office in 2022, by language |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/948615/india-box-office-share-by-language/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Statista]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007050652/https://www.statista.com/statistics/948615/india-box-office-share-by-language/ |archive-date=7 October 2023 }}</ref> As of 2022, the combined revenue of [[Cinema of South India|South Indian]] film industries has surpassed that of the Mumbai-based Hindi-language film industry (Bollywood).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022 |title=The rise of South Indian Cinema: How Southern movies are going national |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/storyboard18/how-it-works/the-rise-of-south-indian-cinema-how-southern-movies-are-going-national-3828.htm |access-date=11 February 2023 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1b">{{Cite news |date=11 July 2020 |title=India Box Office collections: Regional cinema led by Telugu, Tamil movies overtakes Bollywood |work=The Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/bollywoods-big-but-regional-cinema-is-also-raking-in-the-moolah/2020134/ |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> As of 2022, Telugu cinema leads Indian cinema with 23.3 [[crore]] (233 million) tickets sold, followed by Tamil cinema with 20.5 crore (205 million) and Hindi cinema with 18.9 crore (189 million).<ref name="mint">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=31 January 2023 |title=Footfalls for Hindi films slump up to 50% |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/footfallsforhindifilmsslumpupto50-11675188279041.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OM">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Ormax Media Report: 2022 |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/data/library/IndiaIsBackReport-GroupM-OrmaxMedia-2022.pdf |access-date=14 February 2023 |website=Ormax Media |language=en}}</ref>

Indian cinema is a global enterprise,<ref name="Khanna155">Khanna, 155</ref> and its films have attracted international attention and acclaim throughout [[South Asia]].<ref name="Khanna158">Khanna, 158</ref> Since [[Sound film|talkies]] began in 1931, Hindi cinema has led in terms of box office performance, but in recent years it has faced stiff competition from Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=S. V. |date=22 September 2022 |title=Is Telugu cinema replacing Hindi as India's favourite film industry? |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/is-telugu-cinema-replacing-hindi-as-indias-favourite-film-industry/article65889929.ece |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Nairita |last2=Joshi |first2=Tushar |date=22 December 2021 |title=Is South cinema the new Bollywood? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/is-south-cinema-the-new-bollywood-1890835-2021-12-22 |access-date=20 January 2022 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Overseas Indians account for 12% of the industry's revenue.<ref name="Potts74">Potts, 74</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of cinema of India}}
The history of cinema in India extends to the beginning of the film era. Following the public screening of the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière]] brothers' and Robert Paul's moving pictures in London in late 1895 and early 1896, respectively, commercial [[cinematography]] became a worldwide sensation and these films were shown in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) that same year.<ref name="Burra&Rao252">Burra & Rao, 252</ref>

=== Silent era (1890s–1920s) ===
From 1913 to 1931, all the movies made in India were [[silent film]]s, which had no sound and had [[intertitle]]s.<ref name="IT-2017">{{cite magazine |title=First Indian talkie film Alam Ara was released on this day: Top silent era films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/silent-films-311163-2016-03-14 |magazine=India Today |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
| style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"|
<div class="center">
; History of Indian cinema
</div>
|-
|
<gallery>
File:PundalikAd.jpg|Newspaper ad for ''[[Shree Pundalik]]''
File:Raja Harishchandra.jpg|A scene from ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]''
</gallery>
|-
|
<gallery>
File:Phalke.jpg|[[Dadasaheb Phalke]], {{circa|1930s}}<ref name="thecolorsofindia1" /><ref name="google1" /><ref name="indiatimes1" /><ref name="vilanilam128" />
File:AVM Studios Globe.jpg|[[AVM Productions|AVM Studios]] globe
</gallery>
|-
|
|}
In 1913, [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] released ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1913) in Bombay, the first film made in India. It was a silent film incorporating [[English language|English]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Hindi]] [[intertitle]]s.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Ishani |title=Dadasaheb Torne, not Dadasaheb Phalke, was pioneer of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-dadasaheb-torne-not-dadasaheb-phalke-was-pioneer-of-indian-cinema-1826721 |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=DNA |date=21 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Films steadily gained popularity across India as affordable entertainment for the masses (admission as low as an ''anna'' [one-sixteenth of a rupee] in Bombay).<ref name="Burra&Rao252" /> Young producers began to incorporate elements of Indian social life and culture into cinema, others brought new ideas from across the world. Global audiences and markets soon became aware of India's film industry.<ref name="Burra&Rao252-253">Burra & Rao, 252–253</ref>

In 1927, the British government, to promote the market in India for [[British films]] over American ones, formed the [[Indian Cinematograph Committee|Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purohit |first=Vinayak |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ae1Zrmz6ETwC|page=986}} |title=Arts of transitional India twentieth century, Volume 1 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-86132-138-4 |page=985 |access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> This committee failed to support the intended recommendations for promoting British film, instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry. As a result, their suggestions were set aside.

=== Sound era ===
The first Indian [[sound film]] was ''[[Alam Ara]]'' (1931) made by [[Ardeshir Irani]].<ref name="Burra&Rao253">Burra & Rao, 253</ref>

The first film studio in South India, Durga Cinetone, was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in [[Rajahmundry]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2005 |title=The Hindu News |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506025001/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300.htm |archive-date=6 May 2005}}</ref>{{contradictory inline|reason=The previous section states that the first studio of South India was established by Mataraja Mudaliar in Madras|date=October 2022}} The advent of sound to Indian cinema launched musicals such as ''Indra Sabha'' and ''Devi Devyani'', marking the beginning of song-and-dance in Indian films.<ref name="Burra&Rao253" /> By 1935, studios emerged in major cities such as Madras, Calcutta and Bombay as filmmaking became an established industry, exemplified by the success of ''[[Devdas (1935 film)|Devdas]]'' (1935).<ref name="Burra&Rao254">Burra & Rao, 254</ref> The first colour film made in India was ''Kisan Kanya'' (1937, Moti B).<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Indian Colour Film |url=http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/cinema/first-color-film-made-in-india.html |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Swamikannu Vincent]], who had built the first cinema of South India in [[Coimbatore]], introduced the concept of "tent cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land to screen films. The first of its kind was in Madras and was called Edison's Grand Cinema Megaphone, named for the electric carbons used in motion picture projectors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2010 |title=He brought cinema to South |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505150330/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm |archive-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>{{explain|date=October 2022}} [[Bombay Talkies]] opened in 1934 and [[Prabhat Film Company|Prabhat Studios]] in [[Pune]] began production of Marathi films.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> However, while Indian filmmakers sought to tell important stories, the [[British Raj]] banned ''Wrath'' (1930) and ''[[Raithu Bidda (1939 film)|Raithu Bidda]]'' (1938) for broaching the subject of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="Burra&Rao253" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2012 |title=How free is freedom of speech? |url=http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how-free-is-freedom-of-speech/49700 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060853/http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how-free-is-freedom-of-speech/49700 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Postnoon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating 100 Years of Indian Cinema: www.indiancinema100.in |url=https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054328/https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

The Indian ''[[Masala (film genre)|Masala film]]''—a term used for mixed-genre films that combined song, dance, romance, etc.—arose following the Second World War.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> During the 1940s, cinema in [[South India]] accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls, and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> The [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA), an art movement with a [[Communism|communist]] inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-679">Rajadhyaksa, 679</ref> IPTA plays, such as ''[[Nabanna]]'' (1944), prepared the ground for [[Realism (arts)|realism]] in Indian cinema,<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-679" /> as seen in the films ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) and ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), among India's most recognisable cinematic productions.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-681">Rajadhyaksa, 681</ref>

Following independence, the 1947 [[partition of India]] divided the nation's assets and a number of studios moved to Pakistan.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> Partition became an enduring film subject thereafter.<ref name="Burra&Rao254" /> The Indian government had established a [[Films Division]] by 1948, which eventually became one of the world's largest documentary film producers.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-681-683">Rajadhyaksa, 681–683</ref>

=== Golden Age (late 1940s–1960s) ===
[[File:Satyajit Ray in New York.jpg|thumb|right|[[Satyajit Ray]] is recognised as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAM/PFA - Film Programs |url=http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122004852/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray |archive-date=22 January 2015 |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics on Ray - Satyajit Ray Film and Study Center, UCSC |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927033629/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html |archive-date=27 September 2014 |access-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyajit Ray: five essential films |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/satyajit-ray-5-essential-films |website=British Film Institute|date=12 August 2013 }}</ref>|305x305px]]

The period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Moti Gokulsing |first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharpe |first=Jenny |year=2005 |title=Gender, Nation, and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge |journal=Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=58–81 [60 & 75] |doi=10.1353/mer.2005.0032 |s2cid=201783566}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gooptu |first=Sharmistha |date=July 2002 |title=Reviewed work(s): ''The Cinemas of India'' (1896–2000) by Yves Thoraval |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=37 |issue=29 |pages=3023–4}}</ref> This period saw the emergence of the [[parallel cinema]] movement, which emphasised [[social realism]]. Mainly led by Bengalis,<ref name="Gokulsing-18" /> it laid the foundations for Indian [[Neorealism (art)|neorealism]].<ref name="filmreference">{{Cite web |date=3 August 1980 |title=Do Bigha Zamin |url=http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115204002/http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy |archive-date=15 January 2010 |access-date=13 April 2009 |publisher=Dear Cinema}}</ref>

''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' (1955–1959, [[Satyajit Ray]]) won prizes at several major international film festivals and firmly established the parallel cinema movement.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-683">Rajadhyaksa, 683</ref> It was influential on [[world cinema]] and led to a rush of [[coming-of-age film]]s in [[art house]] theatres.<ref name="Sragow">{{Cite journal |last=Sragow |first=Michael |year=1994 |title=An Art Wedded to Truth |url=http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412212046/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/sragow.html |archive-date=12 April 2009 |access-date=11 May 2009}}</ref>

During the 1950s, Indian cinema reportedly became the world's second largest film industry, earning a gross annual income of {{INRConvert|250|m|year=1953}} in 1953.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pani |first=S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kH4HAQAAIAAJ |title=The Film Daily Year Book of Motion Pictures |date=1954 |publisher=John W. Alicoate |volume=36 |page=930 |chapter=India in 1953 |quote=THE INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY, said to be the second largest in the world, claims to have invested Rs. {{nowrap|420 million}} and to have a gross annual income of Rs. {{nowrap |access-date=1 May 2022 |250 million}}.}}</ref> The government created the Film Finance Corporation (FFC) in 1960 to provide financial support to filmmakers.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-684">Rajadhyaksa, 684</ref> While serving as Information and Broadcasting Minister of India in the 1960s, [[Indira Gandhi]] supported the production of off-beat cinema through the FFC.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-684" /> Commercial [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] began thriving, including acclaimed films ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957) and ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959, [[Guru Dutt]]) ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951) and ''[[Shree 420]]'' (1955, [[Raj Kapoor]]). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India.<ref name="Gokulsing-18">{{Cite book |last=K. Moti Gokulsing |first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |page=18}}</ref>

[[Epic film]] ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957, [[Mehboob Khan]]) was the first Indian film to be nominated for the US-based Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} and defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sridharan |first=Tarini |date=25 November 2012 |title=Mother India, not Woman India |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106095550/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mother-india-not-woman-india/article4131747.ece |archive-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo |title=Bollywood Blockbusters: ''Mother India'' (Part 1) |date=2009 |type=Documentary |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715143942/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChe8xWDwbo&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PL8D9A71E9A0EED3C4 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnRef|Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1|2009}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kehr |first=Dave |date=23 August 2002 |title=Mother India (1957). Film in review; 'Mother India' |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C03E5DE153CF930A1575BC0A9649C8B63 |access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> It spawned a new genre of [[dacoit film]]s.<ref name="Teo">{{Cite book |last=Teo |first=Stephen |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pi8lDwAAQBAJ|page=122}} |title=Eastern Westerns: Film and Genre Outside and Inside Hollywood |date=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781317592266 |page=122 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961, [[Dilip Kumar]]) was a dacoit [[crime drama]] about two brothers on opposite sides of the law, a theme that became common in Indian films in the 1970s.<ref name="Ganti">{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=GTEa93azj9EC|page=153}} |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-28854-5 |pages=153–}}</ref>

Actor [[Dilip Kumar]] rose to fame in the 1950s, and was the biggest Indian [[movie star]] of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Usman |first=Yasser |date=16 January 2021 |title=Dilip Kumar as 'Pyaasa' hero is what Guru Dutt wanted. But first day of shoot changed it all |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dilip-kumar-as-pyaasa-hero-is-what-guru-dutt-wanted-but-first-day-of-shoot-changed-it-all/586596/ |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Bollywood legend Dilip Kumar became India's biggest star |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-bollywood-legend-dilip-kumar-became-indias-biggest-star-1.75765994 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=Gulf News |date=9 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He was a pioneer of [[method acting]], predating [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] method actors such as [[Marlon Brando]]. Much like Brando's influence on [[New Hollywood]] actors, Kumar inspired Hindi actors, including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazumder |first1=Ranjib |title=Before Brando, There Was Dilip Kumar |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/12/11/before-brando-there-was-dilip-kumar |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=TheQuint |date=11 December 2015}}</ref>

===1970s–present===
By 1986, India's annual film output had increased to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah1CAQAAIAAJ |title=Films in Review |date=1986 |publisher=Then and There Media, LCC. |page=368 |quote=And then I had forgotten that lndia leads the world in film production, with 833 motion pictures (up from 741 the previous year).}}</ref> Hindi film production of Bombay, the largest segment of the industry, became known as "Bollywood".

{{Pie chart
| caption = Summary of the 2022 box office revenues.
| value1 = 33
| label1 = Hindi
| value2 = 20
| label2 = Telugu
| value3 = 16
| label3 = Tamil
| value4 = 10
| label4 = Bengali
| value5 = 8
| label5 = Kannada
| value6 = 6
| label6 = Malayalam
| other = yes
}}

By 1996, the Indian film industry had an estimated domestic cinema viewership of 600{{nbsp}}million people, establishing India as one of the largest film markets, with the largest regional industries being Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 1996 |title=Business India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9wiAQAAMAAJ |journal=[[Business India]] |publisher=A. H. Advani |issue=478–481 |page=82 |quote=As the Indian film industry (mainly Hindi and Telugu combined) is one of the world's largest, with an estimated viewership of 600 million, film music has always been popular.}}</ref> In 2001, in terms of ticket sales, Indian cinema sold an estimated 3.6 billion tickets annually across the globe, compared to [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]'s 2.6 billion tickets sold.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2 December 2002 |title=Bollywood: Can new money create a world-class film industry in India? |url=https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12-02-2002.txt |journal=[[Business Week]] |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727012740/https://people.well.com/user/willard/Kripalani-%20Bollywood%20Investments%20BizWeek12-02-2002.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lorenzen |first=Mark |date=April 2009 |title=Go West: The Growth of Bollywood |url=http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7796/CreativeEncounters%20Working%20Papers%2026.pdf?sequence=1 |website=Creativity at Work |publisher=[[Copenhagen Business School]]}}</ref>

====Hindi====
Realistic [[parallel cinema]] continued throughout the 1970s,<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-685">Rajadhyaksa, 685</ref> practised in many Indian film cultures. The FFC's art film orientation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688">Rajadhyaksa, 688</ref>

Hindi commercial cinema continued with films starring [[Rajesh Khanna]] such as ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1969), ''[[Sachaa Jhutha]]'' (1970), ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' (1971), ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' (1971), ''[[Kati Patang]]'' (1971) ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972), ''[[Dushman (1971 film)|Dushman]]'' (1972) and ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag]]'' (1973).{{importance inline|date=October 2022}}

By the early 1970s, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation,<ref name="raj">{{Cite book |last=Raj |first=Ashok |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ|page=21}} |title=Hero Vol.2 |date=2009 |publisher=[[Hay House]] |isbn=9789381398036 |page=21 |language=en}}</ref> dominated by musical [[romance film]]s.<ref name="indianexpress2">{{Cite news |date=20 June 2017 |title=Revisiting Prakash Mehra's Zanjeer: The film that made Amitabh Bachchan |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revisiting-prakash-mehra-zanjeer-the-film-that-made-amitabh-bachchan-4714064/}}</ref> Screenwriter duo [[Salim–Javed]] ([[Salim Khan]] and [[Javed Akhtar]]) revitalised the industry.<ref name="raj" /> They established the genre of gritty, violent, [[Bombay underworld]] [[crime film]]s with ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) and ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975).<ref name="ganti">{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=GTEa93azj9EC|page=153}} |title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema |date=2004 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=9780415288545 |page=153 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ|page=72}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=9789352140084 |page=72 |language=en}}</ref> They reinterpreted the rural themes of ''Mother India'' and ''Gunga Jumna'' in an urban context reflecting 1970s India,<ref name="raj" /><ref name="legends">{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Surendra |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=AfJkAAAAMAAJ|page=51}} |title=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |page=51 |language=en}}</ref> channelling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses,<ref name="raj" /> unprecedented growth of [[slum]]s<ref name="Mazumdar" /> and urban poverty, corruption and crime,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ|page=74}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |isbn=9789352140084 |page=74 |language=en}}</ref> as well as [[anti-establishment]] themes.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite news |date=29 January 2017 |title=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html}}</ref> This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by [[Amitabh Bachchan]],<ref name="hindustantimes" /> who reinterpreted Kumar's performance in ''Gunga Jumna''<ref name="raj" /><ref name="legends" /> and gave a voice to the urban poor.<ref name="Mazumdar">{{Cite book |last=Mazumdar |first=Ranjani |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=xenNBrRKOGoC|page=14}} |title=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9781452913025 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref> The women on the other hand were shown as ones who have adopted western values and outfits especially by heroines like [[Parveen Babi]] (who was featured on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine for a story on Bollywood's success) and [[Zeenat Aman]].

By the mid-1970s, Bachchan's position as a lead actor was solidified by crime-action films ''Zanjeer'' and ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975).<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688" /> The devotional classic ''[[Jai Santoshi Ma]]'' (1975) was made on a low budget and became a box office success and a cult classic.<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688" /> Another important film was ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975, [[Yash Chopra]]),<ref name="Ganti" /> a [[crime film]] with brothers on opposite sides of the law which [[Danny Boyle]] described as "absolutely key to Indian cinema".<ref name="Kumar" />

The term "[[Bollywood]]" was coined in the 1970s,<ref name="collaco">{{Cite news |last=Anand |date=7 March 2004 |title=On the Bollywood beat |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403234115/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/03/07/stories/2004030700390600.htm |archive-date=3 April 2004}}</ref><ref name="khanna">{{Cite web |last=Subhash K Jha |date=8 April 2005 |title=Amit Khanna: The Man who saw 'Bollywood' |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409171523/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13713296 |archive-date=9 April 2005 |access-date=31 May 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> when the conventions of commercial Bombay-produced Hindi films were established.<ref name="Chaudhuri58">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ|page=58}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] |isbn=9789352140084 |page=58}}</ref> Key to this was [[masala film]] genre, which combines elements of [[Action film|action]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Romance film|romance]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[melodrama]] and [[Musical film|musical]].<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2017 |title=How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}}</ref> Their film ''[[Yaadon Ki Baarat]]'' (1973) has been identified as the first masala film and the first quintessentially Bollywood film.<ref name="Chaudhuri58" /><ref name="bhaumik">Kaushik Bhaumik, [https://thewire.in/24564/an-insightful-reading-of-our-many-indian-identities/ An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities], [[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]], 12 March 2016</ref> Masala films made Bachchan the biggest Bollywood movie star of the period. Another landmark was ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977, [[Manmohan Desai]]).<ref name="bhaumik" /><ref name="Dwyer2005">{{Cite book |last=Rachel Dwyer |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ}} |title=100 Bollywood films |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7436-433-3 |page=14 |access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> Desai further expanded the genre in the 1970s and 1980s.

Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the 1980s, with films such as ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]'' (1981), ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982), '' [[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]'' (1983), ''[[Tohfa]]'' (1984), ''[[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]]'' (1986), ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr India]]'' (1987), and ''[[Tezaab]]'' (1988).

In the late 1980s,{{clarify timeframe|date=October 2022|reason=The following sentence talks about a revival in 1982, not the late 1980s}} Hindi cinema experienced another period of stagnation, with a decline in box office turnout, due to increasing violence, decline in musical melodic quality, and rise in video piracy, leading to middle-class family audiences abandoning theatres. The turning point came with Indian blockbuster ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982) which began the era of disco music in Indian cinema. Lead actor [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and music director [[Bappi Lahiri]] had the highest number of mainstream Indian hit movies that decade. At the end of the decade, [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989) created a new formula for Bollywood musical romance films, reviving the genre and defining Hindi cinema in the years that followed. The film consolidated [[Sridevi|Sridevi's]] position as the biggest female star of the era.<ref name="iDiva">{{Cite web |last=iDiva |date=13 October 2011 |title=Sridevi – The Dancing Queen |url=http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/sridevi-the-dancing-queen/8403 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051712/http://idiva.com/photogallery-entertainment/sridevi-the-dancing-queen/8403 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Ray">{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Kunal |date=18 December 2016 |title=Romancing the 1980s |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Romancing-the-1980s/article16898867.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2012 |title=Yash Chopra's greatest hits - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Yash-Chopra-s-greatest-hits/Article1-948908.aspx |access-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126002510/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Yash-Chopra-s-greatest-hits/Article1-948908.aspx |archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> Commercial Hindi cinema grew in the late 1980s and 1990s, with the release of ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]'' (1987), ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' (1988), ''[[ChaalBaaz|Chaalbaaz]]'' (1989), ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' (1989), ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991), ''[[Saajan]]'' (1991), ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' (1992), ''[[Khalnayak]]'' (1993), ''[[Darr]]'' (1993),<ref name="Rajadhyaksa96-688" /> ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994), ''[[Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge]]'' (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya]]'' (1998) and ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998). Cult classic ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994) directed by [[Shekhar Kapur]] received international recognition and controversy.<ref>[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html Arundhati Roy, Author-Activist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124103723/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/roy.html |date=24 November 2010 }} ''india-today.com''. Retrieved 16 June 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html "The Great Indian Rape-Trick"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182145/http://www.sawnet.org/books/writing/roy_bq1.html|date=14 April 2016}}, SAWNET – The South Asian Women's NETwork. Retrieved 25 November 2011</ref>

[[File:Sridevi, Zee Cine Awards 2018.jpg|thumb|202x202px|[[Sridevi]] (2012) was regarded as the most popular female star in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From India Today Magazine {{!}} When Sridevi emerged as the highest paid Indian actress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19870630-sridevi-emerges-as-the-undisputed-empress-of-tinsel-town-the-highest-paid-indian-actress-799027-1987-06-29 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=India Today |date=30 June 1987 |language=en}}</ref>]]

In the late 1990s, there was a resurgence of parallel cinema in Bollywood, largely due to the critical and commercial success of [[crime films]] such as ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998) and ''[[Vaastav]]'' (1999). These films launched a genre known as "Mumbai noir",<ref name="Nayar">{{Cite news |last=Aruti Nayar |date=16 December 2007 |title=Bollywood on the table |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm |access-date=19 June 2008}}</ref> reflecting social problems in the city.<ref name="Jungen">{{Cite web |last=Christian Jungen |date=4 April 2009 |title=Urban Movies: The Diversity of Indian Cinema |url=http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225942/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2009/fribourg/indian_cinema_chjungen.htm |archive-date=17 June 2009 |access-date=11 May 2009 |publisher=[[FIPRESCI]]}}</ref> [[Ram Gopal Varma]] directed the [[Sarkar (film series)|Indian Political Trilogy]], and the [[Gangster (film series)|Indian Gangster Trilogy]]; film critic Rajeev Masand had labelled the latter series as one of the "most influential movies of Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-contract-mangled-mess-of-satya-company/69135-8.html|title=Masand's Verdict: ''Contract'', mangled mess of ''Satya'', ''Company''|work=CNN-News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527|title=Behind The Scenes - Rachel Dwyer - May 30, 2005|work=outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref name="The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|work=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> The first instalment of the trilogy, [[Satya (1998 film)|''Satya'']], was also listed in [[CNN-IBN]]'s 100 greatest [[Indian films]] of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html|title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time|work=IBNLive|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003536/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the "[[Khans of Bollywood|Three Khans]]": [[Aamir Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and [[Salman Khan]].<ref name="desiblitz">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=The Three Khans of Bollywood – DESIblitz |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-three-khans-of-bollywood}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Rob |title=Are Bollywood's Three Khans The Last Of The Movie Kings? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2016/03/20/are-bollywoods-three-khans-the-last-of-the-movie-kings/ |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Combined, they starred in the top ten [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood films]],<ref name="desiblitz" /> and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=MK |date=16 October 2016 |title=After Aamir, SRK, Salman, why Bollywood's next male superstar may need a decade to rise |language=en |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after-aamir-srk-salman-why-bollywoods-next-male-superstar-may-need-a-decade-to-rise-3049864.html |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=12 July 2017 |title=Why Aamir Khan Is The King Of Khans: Foreign Media |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-is-the-king-of-the-king-khans-moved-ahead-of-shah-rukh-salman-1723117 |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful for most of the 1990s and 2000s, while Aamir Khan has been the most successful since the late 2000s;<ref name="forbes-2017-1-23">{{Cite web |last=D'Cunha |first=Suparna Dutt |title=Why 'Dangal' Star Aamir Khan Is The New King Of Bollywood |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/01/23/why-dangal-star-aamir-khan-is-the-new-king-of-bollywood/ |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> according to ''[[Forbes]]'', Shah Rukh Khan is "arguably the world's biggest movie star" as of 2017, due to his immense popularity in India and China.<ref name="aamir-forbes">{{Cite web |last=Cain |first=Rob |date=5 October 2017 |title=Why Aamir Khan Is Arguably The World's Biggest Movie Star, Part 2 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/05/heres-why-aamir-khan-is-arguably-the-worlds-biggest-movie-star-part-2/ |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Other notable Hindi film stars of recent decades include [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sunil Shetty]] and [[Sunny Deol]] among males and [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Kajol]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Preity Zinta]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] among females.

''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' (2014, [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]), the third instalment of the Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after ''[[Maqbool]]'' (2003) and ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muzaffar Raina |date=25 November 2013 |title=Protests hit Haider shoot on Valley campus |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story_17609286.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150420041308/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131125/jsp/nation/story_17609286.jsp%23.VTR8zH3LfK4 |archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> won the ''People's Choice Award'' at the 9th [[Rome Film Festival]] in the Mondo Genere making it the first Indian film to achieve this honour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=The Official Awards of the ninth edition of the Rome Film Festival |url=http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the-official-awards-of-the-ninth-edition-of-the-rome-film-festival.0000.FCR-4509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026173454/http://www.romacinemafest.it/ecm/web/fcr/en/home/content/the-official-awards-of-the-ninth-edition-of-the-rome-film-festival |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014 |website=romacinefest.it}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=October 2022}}

The 2000s and 2010s also saw the rise of a new generation of popular actors like [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rajkumar Rao]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Tiger Shroff]], as well as actresses like [[Vidya Balan]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Kiara Advani]], [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Kriti Sanon]] with Rani, Balan, and Ranaut and gaining wide recognition for successful female-centric films such as '' [[ Black]] ''(2005), ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2011), ''[[Kahaani]]'' (2012), ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' and ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'' (2015).

[[Salim–Javed]] were highly influential in [[South Indian cinema]]. In addition to writing two [[Kannada cinema|Kannada films]], many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other regions, including Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, Salim–Javed retained the rights in South India, where they sold remake rights for films such as ''Zanjeer'', ''Yaadon Ki Baarat'' and ''Don''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kishore |first1=Vikrant |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=wQLeCwAAQBAJ|page=238}} |title=Salaam Bollywood: Representations and Interpretations |last2=Sarwal |first2=Amit |last3=Patra |first3=Parichay |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317232865 |page=238 |language=en}}</ref> Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for actor [[Rajinikanth]].<ref name="indianexpress2" /><ref name="Mint">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=18 July 2016 |title=10 Rajinikanth films that were remakes of Amitabh Bachchan starrers |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/1zecmlLkbhchQlpXOOOsxN/10-Rajinikanth-films-that-were-remakes-of-Amitabh-Bachchan-s.html}}</ref>

[[Sridevi]] is widely regarded as the first female superstar of Indian cinema due to her pan-Indian appeal with equally successful careers in [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema]]. She is the only Bollywood actor to have starred in a top 10 grossing film each year of her active career (1983–1997).{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 2024, regional film industries collectively accounted for around '''60 % of India's box office share''', with Hindi cinema's contribution falling to '''40 %''', reflecting a notable shift in audience preferences toward regional-language films including [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Gujarati cinema]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samosa |first=Social |title=Regional films gain ground with 60% share as Hindi cinema drops to 40% : Report |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/report/regional-films-gain-ground-with-60-share-hindi-cinema-drops-to-40-8618346 |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=www.socialsamosa.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Telugu====
[[K. V. Reddy]]'s ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957) is a landmark film in Indian cinema, a classic of [[Telugu cinema]] that inspired generations of filmmakers. It blends myth, fantasy, romance and humour in a timeless story, captivating audiences with its fantastical elements. The film excelled in various departments like cast performances, production design, music, cinematography and is particularly revered for its use of technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Mayabazar (1957) |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mayabazar-1957/article7159111.ece |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502053722/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mayabazar-1957/article7159111.ece |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2013 |title="1" The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/1/article4395126.ece}}</ref> The use of special effects, innovative for the 1950s, like the first illusion of moonlight, showcased technical brilliance.. Powerful performances and relatable themes ensure Mayabazar stays relevant, a classic enjoyed by new generations. On the centenary of Indian cinema in 2013, [[CNN-IBN]] included ''Mayabazar'' in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-60.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312062626/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-60.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a poll conducted by CNN-IBN among those 100 films, ''Mayabazar'' was voted by the public as the "Greatest Indian film of all time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2013 |title=Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080737/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll-608772.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

[[K. Viswanath]], one of the prominent auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending [[parallel cinema]] with mainstream cinema. His works such as ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1980) about revitalisation of Indian classical music won the "Prize of the Public" at the [[Besançon]] Film Festival of [[France]] in the year 1981.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/88_29thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=K. Viswanath Film craft Page 6 DFF|access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> ''[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]'' included [[J. V. Somayajulu]]'s performance in the film on its list of "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref name=":1a">{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0|title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema|magazine=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]|first1=Shishir|last1=Prasad|first2=N. S.|last2=Ramnath|first3=Sohini|last3=Mitter|date=27 April 2013 |access-date = 27 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]'' (1986) was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] to the [[59th Academy Awards]].<ref name=":0" /> ''[[Swarna Kamalam]]'' (1988) the dance film choreographed by [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]], and [[Sharon Lowen]] was featured at the [[Ann Arbor Film Festival]], fetching three [[Cinema Express Awards - 1988|Indian Express Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/020517/dance-without-frontiers-k-viswanath-director-who-aims-to-revive-classical-arts.html|title=Dance without frontiers: K Viswanath – Director who aims to revive classical arts|date=2 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=30 June 2011 - Ranjana Dave |url=http://archive.asianage.com/dance/meaning-movement-323|title=The meaning in movement |publisher=The Asian Age |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| image1 = K. Vishwanath at National Film Awards Function 2017.jpg
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| footer = ''From left to right:'' [[K. Viswanath]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]], [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Chiranjeevi]]
| image3 = Singeetam srinivasa rao.jpg
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| image4 = Chiranjeevi at Amitabh Bachchan's 70th birthday celebration (cropped).jpg
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}}

[[B. Narsing Rao]], [[K. N. T. Sastry]], and [[Akkineni Kutumba Rao|A. Kutumba Rao]] garnered international recognition for their works in new-wave cinema.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Arts / Cinema: Conscientious filmmaker |date=7 May 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948.ece |access-date=25 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509045951/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1998948.ece |archive-date=9 May 2011 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from NelloreOne Nellore |url=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=1nellore.com |publisher=One Nellore}}</ref> Narsing Rao's ''[[Maa Ooru]]'' (1992) won the "[[Media Wave International Film Festival|Media Wave Award]]" of Hungary; ''[[Daasi (1988 film)|Daasi]]'' (1988) and ''[[Matti Manushulu]]'' (1990) won the Diploma of Merit awards at the [[16th Moscow International Film Festival|16th]] and [[17th Moscow International Film Festival|17th]] [[Moscow International Film Festival|MIFF]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mwave.irq.hu/index.php?modul=menupontok&kod=18028&nyelv=+/index.php|title=MEDIAWAVE ARCHÍVUM (1991-2022) :: 1992 :: FILMES DÍJLISTA - www.mediawave.hu|website=mwave.irq.hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Travel : Unsung moments |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305213636/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/01/stories/2005030100530300.htm |archive-date=5 March 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sastry's ''[[Thilaadanam]]'' (2000) received "New Currents Award" at the [[Busan International Film Festival|7th Busan]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=http://www.biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page_num=4892 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620083906/http://biff.kr/Template/Builder/00000001/page.asp?page_num=4892 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017 |website=Busan International Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=How Kamli came alive onscreen |date=31 December 2004 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/30sastry.htm |access-date=25 August 2012 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Rajnesh Domalpalli's ''[[Vanaja (film)|Vanaja]]'' (2006) won "Best First Feature Award" at the [[57th Berlin International Film Festival|57th Berlinale]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2008 |title=Vanaja Best First Feature |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2007/03_preistraeger_2007/03_preistraeger_2007.html |access-date=22 August 2012 |website=57th Berlinale}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=The year's ten best films and other shenanigans {{pipe}} Roger Ebert's Journal |date=19 December 2012 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-years-ten-best-films-and-other-shenanigans |access-date=26 August 2019 |publisher=Roger Ebert}}</ref>

[[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989), which attained [[cult film|cult following]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=4 October 2010 |title=A saga in the making? |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-saga-in-the-making/article812802.ece |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-saga-in-the-making/article812802.ece |archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> introduced [[steadicam]]s and new sound recording techniques to Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=29 October 2015 |title=Raj Tarun to star in a silent film by RGV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj-Tarun-to-star-in-a-silent-film-by-RGV/articleshow/49567908.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419120901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Raj-Tarun-to-star-in-a-silent-film-by-RGV/articleshow/49567908.cms |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Siva'' attracted the young audience during its theatrical run, and its success encouraged filmmakers to explore a variety of themes and make experimental films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=Nagarjuna's Shiva completes 25 years |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas-Shiva-completes-25-years/articleshow/44401475.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419025043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas-Shiva-completes-25-years/articleshow/44401475.cms |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Varma introduced [[road movie]] and [[film noir]] to Indian screen with ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]'' (1991).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20120528-edouard-waintrop-on-the-new-indian-cinema-758464-2012-05-18 |title=Cannes critic on RGV's film craft at fribourg festival|date=18 May 2012 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |access-date=21 January 2023}}</ref> Varma experimented with close-to-life performances by the lead actors, which bought a rather fictional storyline a sense of authenticity at a time when the industry was being filled with commercial fillers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=18 October 1991|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్షణ క్షణం|language=te|page=7|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18-oct-1991.pdf|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913133558/http://zaminryot.com/pdf/1991/Oct/18-oct-1991.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] introduced [[time travel]] to the Indian screen with ''[[Aditya 369]]'' (1991). The film dealt with exploratory dystopian and apocalyptic themes, taking the audience through a post-apocalyptic experience via time travel and folklore from 1526 CE, including a romantic subplot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=12 October 2018 |title=The story behind the song ' Nerajaanavule' from the movie Aditya 369 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-story-behind-the-song-nerajaanavule-from-the-movie-aditya-369/article25201254.ece |access-date=28 August 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was inspired by the classic sci-fi novel ''[[The Time Machine]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singeetam Srinivasa Rao Interview: "The Golden Rule Of Cinema Is That There Is No Golden Rule" |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103175919/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/interviews/singeetam-srinivasa-rao-interview-golden-rule-cinema-no-golden-rule/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 September 2010 |title=Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's gems before Christ |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-singeetham-srinivasa-rao/20100907.htm |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sudeep's excited about film with Ram Gopal Varma |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sudeeps-excited-about-film-with-Ram-Gopal-Varma/articleshow/18046826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/news-interviews/36373029_1_sudeep-ram-gopal-varma-rgv |archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref>

[[Chiranjeevi]]'s works such as the social [[drama film]] ''[[Swayamkrushi]]'' (1987), [[comedy thriller]] ''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986), the [[Vigilante film|vigilante thriller]] ''[[Kondaveeti Donga]]'' (1990),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Donga (1990) |url=http://www.REPLACE |publisher=IMDb}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024}}</ref> the [[Western genre|Western thriller]] ''[[Kodama Simham]]'' (1990), and the [[action film|action thriller]], ''[[Gang Leader]]'' (1991), popularised genre films with the highest estimated cinema footfalls.<ref name="gang_leader">{{Cite news |last=Gopalan |first=Krishna |date=30 August 2008 |title=Southern movie stars & politics: A long love affair |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3424194.cms |access-date=19 September 2010}}</ref> [[Sekhar Kammula]]'s ''[[Dollar Dreams (film)|Dollar Dreams]]'' (2000), which explored the conflict between American dreams and human feelings, re-introduced [[social realism]] to Telugu film which had stagnated in formulaic commercialism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangadhar |first=V |date=17 July 2000 |title=rediff.com, Movies: The Dollar Dreams review |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/17dream.htm |access-date=28 August 2019 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> War drama ''[[Kanche]]'' (2015, [[Krish (director)|Krish Jagarlamudi]]) explored the 1944 Nazi attack on the Indian army in the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] of the Second World War.<ref name="Hans India MR">{{Cite web |last=Kalyanam |first=Rajeswari |date=24 October 2015 |title=Breaking new grounds |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Breaking-new-grounds--182145 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025164933/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-10-24/Breaking-new-grounds--182145 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |access-date=5 February 2016 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>

[[File:SS Rajamouli, 2021.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[S. S. Rajamouli|S.S Rajamouli]] has been described as "the biggest Indian film director ever" and "India's most significant director today".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=30 April 2022 |title=Indian director Rajamouli scores a global hit with new film RRR |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/30/indian-director-ss-rajamouli-rrr-film-teluga-cinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |date=1 April 2022 |title=Director's Roar |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/directors-roar/}}</ref>]]

[[Pan-Indian film|Pan-Indian]] film is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with [[Telugu cinema]] as a mainstream commercial film appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2022 |title=The secret of the pan-Indian success of films from the south: Balancing the local and universal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-secret-of-the-pan-indian-success-of-films-from-the-south-8068662/}}</ref> [[S. S. Rajamouli]] pioneered the pan-Indian films movement with duology of epic action films ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017), that changed the face of Indian cinema. ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' became the first Indian film to be nominated for American [[Saturn Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2016 |title='Baahubali' nominated for Saturn Awards in five categories |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali-nominated-for-saturn-awards-in-five-categories/}}</ref> It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances, and became a record-breaking box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2022 |title="Baahubali-the-beginning" |website=[[Metacritic]] |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-the-beginning/}}</ref> The sequel ''Baahubali 2'' (2017) went on to win the American "[[Saturn Award for Best International Film]]" & emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection|second-highest-grossing Indian film]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=27 June 2018 |title='Black Panther' Leads Saturn Awards; 'Better Call Saul,' 'Twin Peaks' Top TV Trophies |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn-awards-2018-black-panther-better-call-saul-twin-peaks-1202860077/ |access-date=9 January 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhir |first=TS |date=May 2017 |title=Is Baahubali 2 a Hindu film? Dissecting religion, folklore, mythology in Rajamouli's epic saga |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is-baahubali-2-a-hindu-film-bahubali-2-religion-rajamouli-3416228.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=FirstPost}}</ref>

S.S Rajamouli followed up with the alternate historical film ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' (2022) that received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and [[VFX]], which further consolidated the Pan-Indian film market. The film was considered one of the ten best films of the year by the [[National Board of Review]], making it only the seventh non-English language film ever to make it to the list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2022 |title='RRR' Oscar campaign gets a boost: Rajamouli's film named among National Board of Review's 10 best films |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/rrr-oscar-campaign-gets-a-boost-rajamoulis-film-named-among-national-board-of-reviews-10-best-films/articleshow/96109907.cms}}</ref> It also became the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389}}</ref> The film went on to receive several other nominations at the [[Golden Globe Awards]], [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|Critics' Choice Movie Award]] including [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=12 December 2022 |title='RRR' Roars With Golden Globe Noms for Original Song and Non-English Language Film |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr-golden-globes-nominated-1235456635/}}</ref> Films like ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'', ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' and ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' have further contributed to the pan-Indian film wave.

Actors like [[Prabhas]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Ram Charan]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] enjoy a nationwide popularity among the audiences after the release of their respective Pan-Indian films. [[Film criticism|Film critics]], journalists and analysts, such as [[Baradwaj Rangan]] and Vishal Menon, have labelled Prabhas as the "first legit Pan-Indian Superstar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2020 |title="Is Prabhas India's First Legit PAN Indian Star?'". |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-movies-is-prabhas-indias-first-legit-pan-indian-star-baradwaj-rangan}}</ref>

[[Hindi cinema]] has been remaking [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films since the late 1940s, some of which went on to become landmark films. Between 2000 and 2019, one in every three successful films made in Hindi was either a remake or part of a series. And most of the star actors, have starred in the hit remakes of Telugu films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2023 |title=Bollywood's Telugu takeover: 'Shehzada' to 'Jersey', remakes of hit South films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bollywoods-telugu-takeover-shehzada-to-jersey-remakes-of-hit-south-films/photostory/98038983.cms?picid=98039072 |access-date=8 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Tamil ====

Tamil cinema established Madras (now [[Chennai]]) as a secondary film production centre in India, used by [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]], other South Indian film industries, and [[Cinema of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act, 1939 |url=http://www.tnvat.gov.in/English/TN_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX_ACT_1939.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015202926/http://tnvat.gov.in/English/TN_ENTERTAINMENT%20TAX_ACT_1939.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=26 September 2011 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> Over the last quarter of the 20th century, Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |title=A gold mine around the globe |language=en |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-business-in-overseas-market/article8483410.ece |access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eros buys Tamil film distributor |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=290977 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903230315/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=290977 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |access-date=6 October 2011 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-12/news/29649940_1_big-cinemas-anil-arjun-screens|title=With high demand for Indian movies, Big Cinemas goes global|access-date=26 September 2011|work=The Times of India|date=12 June 2011}}</ref> The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and [[Tamil diaspora]] populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the [[Western Hemisphere]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Symposium: Sri Lanka's Cultural Experience |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1604/16040780.htm |access-date=26 September 2011}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2339090.ece|title=Celebration of shared heritage at Canadian film festival|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 September 2011|location=Chennai, India|date=9 August 2011}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| image2 = Kamal Haasan at 62nd Filmfare Awards south.jpg
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| footer = ''From left to right:'' [[Mani Ratnam]] (film director), [[Kamal Hasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]]
| image3 = Rajinikanth at the Inauguration of MGR Statue 1.jpg
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''[[Marupakkam]]'' (1991, [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]) and ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' (2007) each won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref name="Baskaran2013">{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jBcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |title=The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema |publisher=Westland |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4 |pages=164–}}</ref> Tamil films receive significant patronage in neighbouring Indian states [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], Gujarat and New Delhi. In Kerala and Karnataka the films are directly released in Tamil but in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana they are generally dubbed into Telugu.<ref name="sify1">{{Cite web |last=Movie Buzz |date=14 July 2011 |title=Tamil films dominate Andhra market |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-films-dominate-andhra-market-news-tamil-lhnlKUabgib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065723/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-films-dominate-andhra-market-news-tamil-lhnlKUabgib.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=27 April 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 December 2006 |title=A few hits and many flops |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103213349/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122901630100.htm |archive-date=3 January 2007}}</ref>

Tamil films have had international success for decades. Since ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1948), ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995) was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese (as ''Mutu: Odoru Maharaja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutu: Odoru Maharaja |url=http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073202/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/1140/1/SES71_011.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>) and grossed a record $1.6 million in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautaman Bhaskaran |date=6 January 2002 |title=Rajnikanth casts spell on Japanese viewers |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520060231/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/01/06/stories/2002010601320900.htm |archive-date=20 May 2007 }}</ref> In 2010, ''[[Enthiran]]'' grossed a record $4 million in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Agni Natchathiram & Kaakha Kaakha {{!}} 12 Unknown facts in Kollywood history! |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/15-unknown-facts-in-kollywood-history/angi-natachathiram-kaakha-kaakha.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Tamil-language films appeared at multiple film festivals. ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (Ratnam), ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyyil]]'' ([[Vasanthabalan]]) and ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' ([[Ameer Sultan]]), ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' ([[Priyadarshan]]) premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]. Tamil films were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on eight occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Oscar failures (25 Images) |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID=3290&category=Movies&picno=1&Section=Bollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922140550/http://movies.ndtv.com/GalleryDetails.aspx?ID=3290&category=Movies&picno=1&Section=Bollywood |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=12 May 2011 |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref> Chennai-based music composer [[A. R. Rahman]] achieved global recognition with two [[Academy Awards]] and is nicknamed as "Isai Puyal" (musical storm) and "Mozart of Madras". ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987, [[Kamal Haasan]]) was included in [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|''Time''{{'s}} All-Time 100 Movies]] list.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050525030815/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,nayakan,00.html Nayakan], [[Time's All-Time 100 Movies|All-Time 100 Best Films]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 2005</ref>

====Malayalam====
[[File:Director of the film’Naalu Pennugal’ Adoor Gopalkrishnan addressing a press conference on November 29,2007 at IFFI, Panaji, Goa.jpg|thumbnail|180px|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]]]
Malayalam cinema experienced its Golden Age during this time with works of filmmakers such as [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], [[G. Aravindan]], [[T. V. Chandran]] and [[Shaji N. Karun]].<ref name="malayalamcinema1">{{Cite web |title=Cinema History Malayalam Cinema |url=http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223132036/http://malayalamcinema.com/Content-4/CinemaHistory.html |archive-date=23 December 2008 |access-date=30 December 2008 |publisher=Malayalamcinema.com}}</ref> Gopalakrishnan is often considered to be Ray's spiritual heir.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=31 July 1997 |title=The Movie Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/jul/31adoor.htm |access-date=21 May 2009 |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> He directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including ''[[Elippathayam]]'' (1981) which won the [[Sutherland Trophy]] at the [[London Film Festival]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1984 ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'', directed by Jijo Punnoose under [[Navodaya Studio]], was released and it was the first Indian film to be filmed in [[3D film|3D]] format. Karun's debut film ''[[Piravi]]'' (1989) won the [[Caméra d'Or]] at [[1989 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]], while his second film ''[[Swaham]]'' (1994) was in competition for the [[Palme d'Or]]. ''[[Vanaprastham]]'' was screened at the [[Un Certain Regard]] section of the Cannes Film Festival.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} [[Murali Nair]]'s ''[[Marana Simhasanam]]'' (1999), inspired by the first execution by [[electrocution]] in India, the film was screened in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section at the [[1999 Cannes Film Festival]] where it won the [[Caméra d'Or]].<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5370/year/1999.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Throne of Death |access-date=10 October 2009|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/08mur.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: An interview with Murali Nair |publisher=M.rediff.com |date=8 July 1999 |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> The film received special reception at the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82b6db57 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826075649/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82b6db57 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2019 |title=Marana Simhasanam (1999) |newspaper=BFI |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=site admin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19990607-london-based-indian-filmmaker-murali-nair-wins-coveted-best-first-film-award-at-cannes-781050-1999-06-07 |title=Golden windfall - Society & The Arts News - Issue Date: Jun 7, 1999 |publisher=Indiatoday.in |date=7 June 1999 |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref>

[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' (1993), scripted by [[Madhu Muttam]], is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an [[Ezhava]] ''[[tharavad]]'' of [[Alummoottil]] meda' (an old traditional house) located at Muttom, Alappuzha district, with a central [[Travancore]] [[Ezhava|Channar]] family, in the 19th century.<ref name="Mani01">{{Cite book |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |url={{GBurl|rMRw0gTZSJwC|p=264}} |title=Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict |last2=Osella |first2=Caroline |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-7453-1693-X |page=264}}</ref> It was remade in four languages – in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Apthamitra]]'', in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' , in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Rajmohol]]'' and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' – all being commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shobana reminisces on impact of Manichitrathazhu on film's "27 birthday" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana-reminisces-on-impact-of-manichitrathazhu-on-films-27-birthday/articleshow/79880037.cms|access-date=8 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Mathews |first1=Anna }}</ref> [[Jeethu Joseph]]'s ''[[Drishyam]]'' (2013) was remade into four other Indian languages: ''[[Drishya]]'' (2014) in [[Kannada]], ''[[Drushyam]]'' (2014) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' (2015) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]'' (2015) in [[Hindi]]. Internationally, it was remade in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] language as ''[[Dharmayuddhaya]]'' (2017) and in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] as ''[[Sheep Without a Shepherd]]'' (2019), and also in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2020 |title=Wu Sha: The Chinese remake of Mohanlal starrer Drishyam is minting moolah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mohanlal-drishyam-chinese-remake-box-office-6228054/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1438519432154730500|user=antonypbvr|title=ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷയിലേക്ക് റീമേക്ക് ചെയ്യുന്ന ആദ്യ മലയാള ചിത്രമായി 'ദൃശ്യം' മാറിയ വിവരം സന്തോഷപൂർവം അറിയിക്കുന്നു. ജ...|date=16 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' to be remade in Indonesian |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/big-update-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-drishyam-to-get-an-indonesian-remake/articleshow/86284816.cms}}</ref>

====Kannada====
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Ethnographic works took prominence such as [[B. V. Karanth]]'s ''[[Chomana Dudi]]'' (1975), (based on ''Chomana Dudi'' by [[Shivaram Karanth]]), [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''[[Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)|Kaadu]]'' (1973), (based on ''Kaadu'' by [[Srikrishna Alanahalli]]), [[Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy|Pattabhirama Reddy]]'s ''[[Samskara (film)|Samskara]]'' (1970) (based on ''Samskara'' by [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]]), fetching the Bronze Leopard at [[Locarno International Film Festival]],<ref name="1nellore.com">{{Cite web |title=Tikkavarapu Pattabhirama Reddy – Poet, Film maker of international fame from Nellore |url=http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102018/http://1nellore.com/1849/tikkavarapu-pattabhirama-reddy-poet-film-maker-of-international-fame/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> and [[T. S. Nagabharana]]'s [[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysuru Mallige]] (based on the works of poet [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=TS Nagabharana movies list |url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts-nagabharana-movies.htm |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=bharatmovies.com}}</ref> [[Girish Kasaravalli]]'s ''[[Ghatashraddha]]'' (1977), won the Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Asiatic Film Mediale |url=http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116041627/http://www.asiaticafilmmediale.it/2002/uk/intro.html |archive-date=16 November 2008 |publisher=asiaticafilmmediale.it }}</ref> ''[[Dweepa]]'' (2002), made to Best Film at [[Moscow International Film Festival]],<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=25 April 2011 |title=Girish Kasaravalli to be felicitated |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/girish-kasaravalli-to-be-felicitated/article1765035.ece |access-date=25 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="awa">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2002 |title=A genius of theatre |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100.htm |access-date=14 March 2009 |website=The Frontline |archive-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206090143/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1920/stories/20021011005912100.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Prashanth Neel]]'s ''[[K.G.F (film series)|K.G.F]]'' (2018, 2022) is a [[period film|period]] [[action film|action]] series based on the [[Kolar Gold Fields]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The story of KGF is fresh and special for Indian cinema: Yash |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/05/no-technology-can-replace-the-theatrical-experience-1907707.html |access-date=12 September 2022 |newspaper=The New Indian Express | first=Shilajit | last=Mitra | date=5 December 2018 }}</ref> Set in the late 1970s and early 1980s the series follows Raja Krishnappa Bairya aka Rocky ([[Yash (actor)|Yash]]), a Mumbai-based high ranking [[Contract killing|mercenary]] born in poverty, to his rise to power in the Kolar Gold Fields and the subsequent uprising as one of the biggest gangster and businessman at that time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/yash-prashanth-neel-kgf-chapter-2-total-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-ta-1327904.html | title=KGF Chapter 2 Closing Collections : యశ్ కేజీఎఫ్ ఛాప్టర్ 2 క్లోజింగ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. ఎన్ని వందల కోట్ల లాభం అంటే | date=9 June 2022 }}</ref><ref name="newsable.asianetnews.com">{{cite web |title=Yash's KGF: Chapter 2 makes multiple records in Canada |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/yash-kgf-chapter-2-makes-multiple-records-in-canada-drb-rcfwqh |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> The film gathered cult following becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|highest-grossing Kannada film]].<ref name="kgf12">{{citation|title=Yash's film KGF: Chapter 1 made more than Rs 250 crore at the box office worldwide and became a magnum-opus. Now, the makers are busy with pre-production work of KGF: Chapter 2.|date=9 February 2019|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yash-reveals-he-has-approached-sanjay-dutt-for-kgf-chapter-2-1452187-2019-02-09|work=indiatoday}}</ref> [[Rishab Shetty]]'s ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' (2022), received acclaim for showcasing the [[Buta Kola|Bhoota Kola]], a native [[Sacred dance|Ceremonial dance]] performance prevalent among the [[Hindus]] of coastal Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kantara Twitter review: Celebs and netizens hail Rishab Shetty's film as a masterpiece |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-twitter-review-celebs-and-netizens-hail-rishab-shettys-film-as-a-masterpiece/a62eac765e36.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=Ottplay |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Marathi====
[[Marathi cinema]] also known as Marathi film industry, is a film industry based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is the oldest film industry of India. The first Marathi movie, ''Raja Harishchandra'' of Dadasaheb Phalke was made in 1912, released in 1913 in [[Girgaon]], it was a silent film with [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-English [[intertitle]]s made with full Marathi actors and crew, after the film emerged successful, Phalke made many movies on Hindu mythology.

In 1932, the first [[sound film]], ''[[Ayodhyecha Raja]]'' was released, just five years after 1st Hollywood sound film ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'' (1927). The first Marathi film in colour, ''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]'' (1972), was made by [[V. Shantaram]]. In 1960s{{En dash}}70s movies was based on rural, social subjects with drama and humour genre, [[Nilu Phule]] was prominent villain that time. In 1980s, M. Kothare and [[Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]] made many hit movies on thriller, and comedy genre respectively. [[Ashok Saraf]] and [[Laxmikant Berde]] starred in many of these and emerged as top actors. [[Anant Mane]], Kamlaker Torne, [[Raja Paranjape|Raja Paranjpe]], [[Rajdutt|Raj Dutta]] are considered as the best film Directors of the Marathi film's golden era. Mid-2000s onwards, the industry frequently made hit movies.<ref name="IT-2017" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Goldsmith" />

== Cultural context ==
[[File:Victoria Public Hall, Chennai.JPG|thumb|[[Victoria Public Hall]], [[Chennai]], served as a theatre in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.]]
[[File:Imax theater hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Prasads IMAX Theatre, [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], was once the world's largest 3D-IMAX screen and the most attended screen in the world.<ref name="CNN Travel">{{Cite news |title=CNN Travel |work=CNN|url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/escape/worlds-10-coolest-movie-theaters-355218}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Newspaper">{{Cite news |date=7 August 2011 |title=King of Good times Prasad's Imax |publisher=The Hindu Newspaper |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2332172.ece}}</ref><ref name="gizmodo.com">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2009 |title=The Seven IMAX Wonders of the World |url=https://gizmodo.com/5273201/the-seven-imax-wonders-of-the-world |access-date=12 June 2013 |publisher=Gizmodo.com}}</ref>]]
[[File:Ramoji 14.jpg|thumb|[[Ramoji Film City]], Hyderabad, is the world's largest film studio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramoji Film City sets record |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/03/stories/2005080301301901.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208180407/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/03/stories/2005080301301901.htm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=3 August 2007 |website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>]]

K. Moti Gokulsing and [[Wimal Dissanayake]] identified six major influences that have shaped Indian popular cinema:<ref name="Gokulsing">{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |last2=Dissanayake, Wimal |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=1-85856-329-1 |pages=98–99}}</ref>

*The ancient [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'' influenced the narratives of Indian cinema. Examples of this influence include the techniques of a [[side story]], [[back-story]] and [[story within a story]]. Indian popular films often have plots that branch into sub-plots; such narrative dispersals can be seen in the 1993 films ''[[Khalnayak]]'' and ''[[Gardish]]''.
*Ancient [[Sanskrit drama]], with its emphasis on spectacle, [[Classical Indian music|music]], [[Classical Indian dance|dance]] and gesture combined "to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience". Sanskrit dramas were known as ''[[Natya Shastra|natya]]'', derived from the root word {{transliteration|sa|nrit}} (dance), featuring spectacular dance-dramas.<ref name="Gokulsing-98" /> The ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]]'' method of performance, dating to ancient times, is one of the fundamental features that differentiate Indian from Western cinema. In the ''Rasa'' method, the performer conveys emotions to the audience through empathy, in contrast to the Western [[Stanislavski's system|Stanislavski method]] where the actor must become "a living, breathing embodiment of a character". The ''rasa'' method is apparent in the performances of Hindi actors such as Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan and in Hindi films such as ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006),<ref name="Jones">{{Cite journal |last=Matthew Jones |date=January 2010 |title=Bollywood, Rasa and Indian Cinema: Misconceptions, Meanings and Millionaire |journal=Visual Anthropology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1080/08949460903368895 |s2cid=144974842}}</ref> and Ray's works.<ref name="Cooper 2000 1-4">{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Darius |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop/page/1 |title=The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-62980-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cinemaofsatyajit00coop/page/1 1–4]}}</ref>
*Traditional folk [[theatre of India|theatre]], which became popular around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theatre. These regional traditions include the [[Yatra]] of [[West Bengal]], the [[Ramlila]] of Uttar Pradesh, [[Yakshagana]] of Karnataka, 'Chindu Natakam' of Andhra Pradesh and the [[Terukkuttu]] of Tamil Nadu.
*[[Parsi theatre]], which blends [[realism (arts)|realism]] and fantasy, containing crude humour, songs and music, sensationalism, and dazzling stagecraft.<ref name="Gokulsing-98">{{Cite book |last=K. Moti Gokulsing |first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |page=98}}</ref> These influences are clearly evident in ''[[Masala (film genre)|masala]]'' films such as ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' (1983), and to an extent in more recent critically acclaimed films such as ''Rang De Basanti''.<ref name=Jones/>
*Hollywood-made popular musicals from the 1920s through the 1960s, though Indian films used musical sequences as another fantasy element in the song-and-dance tradition of narration, undisguised and "intersect[ing] with people's day-to-day lives in compelex and interesting ways."<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Moti Gokulsing |first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |pages=98–99}}</ref>
*Western music videos, particularly [[MTV]], had an increasing influence in the 1990s, as can be seen in the pace, camera angles, dance sequences, and music of recent Indian films. An early example of this approach was ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995, Mani Ratnam).<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. Moti Gokulsing |first=K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |page=99}}</ref>

Sharmistha Gooptu and Bhaumik identify [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]]/[[Islamicate]] culture as another major influence. In the early 20th century, [[Urdu]] was the [[lingua franca]] of popular performances across northern India, established in [[performance art]] traditions such as [[nautch]] dancing, [[Urdu poetry]] and Parsi theatre. Urdu and related [[Hindi dialects]] were the most widely understood across northern India, thus [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] became the standardised language of early Indian [[talkies]]. ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' (''Arabian Nights'') had a strong influence on Parsi theatre, which adapted "[[Persianate]] adventure-romances" into films, and on early Bombay cinema where "''Arabian Nights'' cinema" became a popular genre.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gooptu |first=Sharmistha |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=DcUtCgAAQBAJ|page=38}} |title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation' |date=2010 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781136912177 |page=38 |language=en}}</ref>

Like mainstream Indian popular cinema, Indian [[parallel cinema]] was influenced by a combination of Indian theatre and [[Indian literature]] (such as [[Bengali literature]] and [[Urdu poetry]]), but differs when it comes to foreign influences, where it is influenced more by [[European cinema]] (particularly [[Italian neorealism]] and French [[poetic realism]]) than by Hollywood. Ray cited [[Vittorio De Sica]]'s ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) and [[Jean Renoir]]'s ''[[The River (1951 film)|The River]]'' (1951), on which he assisted, as influences on his debut film ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (1955).

== International influence ==
{{see also|Indianisation|Indosphere|Greater India}}
During colonial rule, Indians bought film equipment from Europe.<ref name="Burra&Rao252-253" /> The British funded wartime propaganda films during the [[Second World War]], some of which showed the [[Indian Army (1895–1947)|Indian army]] pitted against the [[Axis powers]], specifically the [[Empire of Japan]], which had managed to infiltrate India.<ref name="Velayutham174">Velayutham, 174</ref> One such story was ''[[Burma Rani]]'', which depicted civilian resistance to [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese occupation]] by British and Indian forces in Myanmar.<ref name=Velayutham174/> Pre-independence businessmen such as J. F. Madan and Abdulally Esoofally traded in global cinema.<ref name="Burra&Rao253" />

Early Indian films made early inroads into the [[Soviet Union]], [[Middle East]], [[Southeast Asia]]<ref name="Desai38">Desai, 38</ref> and [[China]]. Mainstream Indian movie stars gained international fame across [[Asia]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudha Ramachandran |date=2 June 2015 |title=Budding romance: Bollywood in China |url=https://asiatimes.com/2015/06/budding-romance-bollywood-in-china/ |access-date=19 October 2015 |publisher=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anil K. Joseph |date=20 November 2002 |title=Lagaan revives memories of Raj Kapoor in China |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924055801/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983 |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=30 January 2009 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2004 |title=Rahman's 'Lagaan' cast a spell on me |url=http://sify.com/peopleandplaces/fullstory.php?id=13388284 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324022050/http://sify.com/peopleandplaces/fullstory.php?id=13388284 |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=24 February 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashreena |first=Tanya |title=Promoting Bollywood Abroad Will Help to Promote India |url=http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/Indian-films.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003948/http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles/Indian-films.asp |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> For example, Indian films were more [[List of highest-grossing films in the Soviet Union|popular in the Soviet Union]] than [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]]<ref name="Rajagopalan2005">{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Sudha |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=cpoLAQAAMAAJ}} |title=Indian Films in Soviet Cinemas: The Culture of Movie-going After Stalin |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-253-22099-8}}</ref><ref name="moscow">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=5 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 44], [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref> and occasionally domestic [[Soviet films]].<ref name="ManschotVos2005">{{Cite book |last1=Manschot |first1=J. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=laoaAQAAIAAJ|page=138}} |title=Behind The Scenes Of Hindi Cinema: A Visual Journey Through The Heart Of Bollywood |last2=Vos |first2=Marijke De |publisher=Royal Tropical Institute Press KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen) |year=2005}}</ref> From 1954 to 1991, 206 Indian films were sent to the Soviet Union, drawing higher average audience figures than domestic Soviet productions,<ref name="moscow" /><ref name="KalinovskyDaigle2014">{{Cite book |last1=Kalinovsky |first1=Artemy M. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=bJnAAwAAQBAJ|page=357}} |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Cold War |last2=Daigle |first2=Craig |date=5 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-70065-3 |pages=357–}}</ref> Films such as ''Awaara'' and ''Disco Dancer'' drew more than 60 million viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sergey Kudryavtsev |author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic) |title=Зарубежные фильмы в советском кинопрокате |url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/13882.html}}</ref><ref name="hindu_russia">{{Cite news |date=27 September 2007 |title=Bollywood re-enters Russian homes via cable TV |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200709270360.htm |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109235938/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200709270360.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> Films such as ''Awaara'', ''[[3 Idiots]]'' and ''Dangal'',<ref name="aamir">[https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/11/how-to-become-a-foreign-movie-star-in-china-aamir-khans-5-point-formula-for-success/ How To Become A Foreign Movie Star In China: Aamir Khan's 5-Point Formula For Success], ''[[Forbes]]'', 11 June 2017</ref><ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2017 |title=Dangal in China: How Aamir Khan became India's most popular export to the land of the dragon |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dangal-in-china-how-aamir-khan-became-indias-most-popular-export-across-the-great-wall-3460692.html}}</ref> were among the 20 [[List of highest-grossing films in China|highest-grossing films in China]].<ref name="forbes9">[https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/09/dangal-makes-history-in-china-by-joining-list-of-all-time-20-biggest-box-office-hits/ 'Dangal' Makes More History In China, Joins List Of All-Time 20 Biggest Box Office Hits], ''[[Forbes]]'', 9 June 2017</ref>

Many Asian and [[South Asian]] countries increasingly found Indian cinema more suited to their sensibilities than Western cinema.<ref name=Desai38/> [[Jigna Desai]] holds that by the 21st century, Indian cinema had become 'deterritorialised', spreading to parts of the world where [[Indian diaspora|Indian expatriates]] were present in significant numbers and had become an alternative to other international cinema.<ref name="Desai37">Desai, 37</ref>

Indian films frequently appeared in international fora and film festivals.<ref name=Desai38/> This allowed parallel Bengali filmmakers to achieve worldwide fame.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur J Pais |date=14 April 2009 |title=Why we admire Satyajit Ray so much |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/apr/14/why-we-admire-satyajit-ray-so-much.htm |access-date=17 April 2009 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Indian cinema more recently began influencing Western musical films, and played a particularly instrumental role in the revival of the genre in the Western world. Ray's work had a worldwide impact, with filmmakers such as [[Martin Scorsese]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Ingui |title=Martin Scorsese hits DC, hangs with the Hachet |url=http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214118/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2002/03/04/Arts/Martin.Scorsese.Hits.Dc.Hangs.With.The.Hachet-195598.shtml |archive-date=26 August 2009 |access-date=6 June 2009 |publisher=Hatchet}}</ref> [[James Ivory]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheldon Hall |title=Ivory, James (1928–) |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/532213/index.html |access-date=12 February 2007 |publisher=Screen Online}}</ref> [[Abbas Kiarostami]], [[François Truffaut]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dave Kehr |date=5 May 1995 |title=The 'world' of Satyajit Ray: Legacy of India's Premier Film Maker On Display |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1995/05/05/1995-05-05_the__world__of_satyajit_ray_.html |url-status=dead |access-date=6 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915204359/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1995/05/05/1995-05-05_the__world__of_satyajit_ray_.html |archive-date=15 September 2009}}</ref> [[Carlos Saura]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suchetana Ray |date=11 March 2008 |title=Satyajit Ray is this Spanish director's inspiration |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915212023/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/satyajit-ray-is-this-spanish-directors-inspiration/60900-8.html |archive-date=15 September 2009 |access-date=6 June 2009 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> [[Isao Takahata]] and [[Gregory Nava]]<ref name="The Statesman">{{Cite web |title=On Ray's Trail |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103071501/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=30&id=172929&usrsess=1 |archive-date=3 January 2008 |access-date=19 October 2007 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> citing his influence, and others such as [[Akira Kurosawa]] praising his work.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=A |title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: the Biography of a Master Film-maker |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-86064-965-3 |page=96}}</ref> The "youthful coming-of-age dramas that flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the [[The Apu Trilogy|Apu trilogy]]", according to the film critic [[Michael Sragow]].<ref name="Sragow" /> Since the 1980s, overlooked Indian filmmakers such as Ghatak<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carrigy |first=Megan |date=October 2003 |title=Ritwik Ghatak |url=http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/ghatak.html |url-status=dead |journal=[[Senses of Cinema]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430123322/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/03/ghatak.html |archive-date=30 April 2009 |access-date=3 May 2009}}</ref> and Dutt<ref>{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Asian Film Series No. 9 GURU DUTT Retorospective |url=http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/culture/new/old/0101/01_03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620144748/http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/culture/new/old/0101/01_03.html |archive-date=20 June 2009 |access-date=13 May 2009 |publisher=[[Japan Foundation]]}}</ref> posthumously gained international acclaim. [[Baz Luhrmann]] stated that his successful musical film ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' (2001) was directly inspired by [[Bollywood]] musicals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baz Luhrmann Talks Awards and 'Moulin Rouge' |url=http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa030902a.htm |access-date=15 May 2009 |publisher=[[About.com]] |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502074825/http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa030902a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> That film's success renewed interest in the then-moribund Western musical genre, subsequently fuelling a renaissance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide Picks – Top Movie Musicals on Video/DVD |url=http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aatpmusicals.htm |access-date=15 May 2009 |publisher=[[About.com]] |archive-date=24 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124220433/http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aatpmusicals.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008) was directly inspired by Indian films,<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite web |last=Amitava Kumar |date=23 December 2008 |title=Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html |access-date=4 January 2008 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |archive-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225193313/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Age">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2009 |title=Slumdog draws crowds, but not all like what they see |work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/slumdog-draws-crowds-but-not-all-like-what-they-see-20090124-7p33.html |access-date=24 January 2008}}</ref> and is considered to be an "homage to Hindi commercial cinema".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2009 |title='Slumdog Millionaire' has an Indian co-director |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325234357/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm |archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref>

Indian cinema has been recognised repeatedly at the US-based Academy Awards. Indian films ''Mother India'' (1957), ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988) and ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001), were nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]. Indian Oscar winners include [[Bhanu Athaiya]] (costume designer), Ray (filmmaker), [[A. R. Rahman]] (music composer), [[Resul Pookutty]] (sound editor) and [[Gulzar]] (lyricist), [[M. M. Keeravani]] (music composer), [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] (lyricist) [[Cottalango Leon]] and [[Rahul Thakkar]] Sci-Tech Award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=True colours: On the significance of India's Oscar wins |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/true-colours-on-the-significance-of-indias-oscar-wins/article66614964.ece |access-date=18 May 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Slumdog gets 10 Oscar noms |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/jan/22three-oscar-noms-for-slumdog.htm |access-date=23 January 2009 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref>

== Genres and styles ==
=== Masala film ===
{{Main|Masala film}}
Masala is a style of Indian cinema that mixes multiple [[Film genre|genres]] in one work, pioneered in the early 1970s [[Bollywood]] by filmmaker [[Nasir Hussain]],<ref>{{Cite news |first=Poorva |last=Joshi |date=30 March 2017 |title=How film-maker Nasir Husain started the trend for Bollywood masala films |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-film-maker-nasir-husain-created-the-prototype-for-bollywood-masala-films/story-ckL6zPLHJFDYoupjFBtbfN.html}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ}} |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin UK]] |isbn=9789352140084}}</ref><ref name="bhaumik"/> For example, one film can portray [[Action film|action]], [[Comedy film|comedy]], [[Drama film|drama]], [[Romance film|romance]] and [[melodrama]]. These films tend to be musicals with songs filmed in picturesque locations. Plots for such movies may seem illogical and improbable to unfamiliar viewers. The genre is named after [[Spice mix|masala]], a mixture of spices in [[Indian cuisine]].

=== Parallel cinema ===
{{Main|Parallel cinema}}
Parallel cinema, also known as [[Art film|art cinema]] or the Indian New Wave, is known for its realism and naturalism, addressing the sociopolitical climate. This movement is distinct from mainstream Bollywood cinema and began around the same time as the [[French New Wave|French]] and [[Japanese New Wave]]s. The movement began in Bengal (led by Ray, Sen and Ghatak) and then gained prominence in other regions. The movement was launched by Bimal Roy's ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (1953), which was both a commercial and critical success, winning the International Prize at [[1954 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]].<ref name="filmreference" /><ref name="Srikanth Srinivasan">{{Cite web |last=Srikanth Srinivasan |date=4 August 2008 |title=Do Bigha Zamin: Seeds of the Indian New Wave |url=http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115204002/http://dearcinema.com/review-do-bigha-zamin-bimal-roy |archive-date=15 January 2010 |access-date=13 April 2009 |publisher=Dear Cinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends and genres |url=http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/India-TRENDS-AND-GENRES.html |access-date=12 November 2010 |publisher=Film Reference}}</ref> Ray's films include the three instalments of ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' which won major prizes at the [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]], [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]] and [[Venice Film Festival]]s, and are frequently listed among the greatest films of all time.<ref name="villagevoice">{{Cite news |year=1999 |title=Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics' Poll |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |access-date=27 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826201343/http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/take/one/full_list.php3?category=10 |archive-date=26 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine |date=12 February 2005 |title=All-Time 100 Best Movies |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html |url-status=dead |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523235033/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html |archive-date=23 May 2005}}</ref><ref name="bfipoll">{{Cite web |title=The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll: 1992 |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/1992.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309164155/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/history/1992.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |access-date=20 May 2008 |website=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">[https://www.nytimes.com/ref/movies/1000best.html "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made"]. by the Film Critics of ''The New York Times'', 2002.</ref>

Other [[Neorealism (art)|neo-realist]] [[filmmakers]] were [[Shyam Benegal]], Karun, Gopalakrishnan<ref name="Gokulsing-18" /> and Kasaravalli.<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake132">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 132</ref>

=== Multilingual ===
{{Main|List of multilingual Indian films}}
Some Indian films are known as "multilinguals", filmed in similar but non-identical versions, in different languages. [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]], was one of the first multilingual filmmakers in India.<ref name="hindu.com">{{Cite news |date=8 April 2005 |title=Nagaiah – noble, humble and kind-hearted |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125162147/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> ''[[Alam Ara]]'' and ''[[Kalidas (film)|Kalidas]]'' are earliest examples of bilingual filmmaking in India''.'' According to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen in the ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'' (1994), in its most precise form, a multilingual is

{{blockquote|a bilingual or a trilingual [that] was the kind of film made in the 1930s in the studio era, when different but identical takes were made of every shot in different languages, often with different leading stars but identical technical crew and music.<ref name="eic1994">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |last3=Paul Willemen |publisher=Oxford University Press; British Film Institute (London) |year=1994 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>{{rp|15}}}}

Rajadhyaksha and Willemen note that in seeking to construct their ''Encyclopedia'', they often found it "extremely difficult to distinguish multilinguals in this original sense from dubbed versions, remakes, reissues or, in some cases, the same film listed with different titles, presented as separate versions in different languages ... it will take years of scholarly work to establish definitive data in this respect".<ref name=eic1994/>{{rp|15}}

=== Pan-India film ===
{{Main|Pan-Indian film}}
[[Pan-Indian film|Pan-India]] is a term related to Indian cinema that originated with [[Telugu cinema]] as a mainstream commercial cinema appealing to audiences across the country with a spread to world markets. [[S. S. Rajamouli]] pioneered the Pan-Indian films movement with his duology of epic action films ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2022 |title=Cinema's Biggest Mythmaker |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2022 |title="The original Pan India filmmaker"" |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-original-pan-india-filmmaker.html}}</ref> "Pan-India film" is both a style of cinema and a distribution strategy, designed to universally appeal to audiences across the country and simultaneously released in multiple languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2021 |title='Pan-India' films make a comeback |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pan-india-films-make-a-comeback |website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{See also|Filmi}}

[[Music]] and [[song]]s are a big part of Indian cinema and it's not just for entertainment but they play a crucial role in storytelling. Music and dance are a core part of Indian culture, and films weave them in to tell the story. Songs are used to express emotions that spoken dialogue might struggle to convey. Songs often used to move the plot forward. Lyrics might reveal a character's inner thoughts, motivations, or foreshadow future events. Sometimes the song itself can become a turning point in the story. While some may find them disruptive, songs remain a deeply rooted tradition in Indian cinema, reflecting both its culture and what audiences love.

Music is a substantial revenue generator for the Indian film industry, with music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of net revenues.<ref name="Potts75">Potts, 75</ref> The major film music companies are [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] at [[Delhi]], [[Sony Music India]] at [[Chennai]] and [[Zee Music Company]] at [[Mumbai]], [[Aditya Music]] at [[Hyderabad]] and [[Saregama]] at [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Potts75" /> Film music accounts for 48% of net music sales in the country.<ref name="Potts75" /> A typical film may feature 5–6 choreographed songs.<ref name="Thompson">Thompson, 74</ref>

The demands of a multicultural, increasingly globalised Indian audience led to a mixing of local and international musical traditions.<ref name="Thompson" /> Local dance and music remain a recurring theme in India and followed the [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|Indian diaspora]].<ref name="Thompson" /> [[Playback singer]]s such as [[Mohammed Rafi|Mohammad Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Susheela]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti|Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal ]],[[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]] and [[Sonu Nigam]] drew crowds to presentations of film music.<ref name="Thompson" /> In the 21st century interaction increased between Indian artists and others.{{specify|date=October 2022}}<ref name="Zumkhawala-Cook312">Zumkhawala-Cook, 312</ref>

In 2023, the song "[[Naatu Naatu]]" composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] for the movie ''[[RRR]]'' won the Oscar for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[95th Academy Awards]], making it the first song from an Indian film, as well as the first from an [[Cinema of Asia|Asian film]], to win in this category. This made it the first Indian film by an Indian production to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=9 January 2023 |title='RRR' Composer and Director on How the Song 'Naatu Naatu' Became Such a Rip-Roaring Rouser |url=https://variety.com/2023/artisans/news/rrr-song-naatu-musical-number-composer-director-1235483148/}}</ref>

== Filming locations ==
A [[filming location]] is any place where acting and dialogue are recorded. Sites where filming without dialogue takes place are termed a [[second unit]] photography site. Filmmakers often choose to shoot on location because they believe that greater [[Realism (arts)|realism]] can be achieved in a "real" place. Location shooting is often motivated by budget considerations.{{Citation needed span|text=|date=March 2022}}

The most popular locations for filming in India are the main cities of their state for regional industry. Other locations include [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and [[Shimla]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]; [[Srinagar]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; [[Ladakh]]; [[Darjeeling]] in [[West Bengal]]; [[Ooty]] and [[Kodaikanal]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]; [[Amritsar]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]; [[Udaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Jaipur]] in [[Rajasthan]]; [[Delhi]]; [[Ottapalam]] in [[Kerala]]; [[Goa]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ScoopWhoop |date=16 May 2015 |title=13 Locations In India Made Famous By Bollywood Movies |url=http://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/locations-made-famous-bollywood-movies/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2015 |title=Top filming locations in India |url=https://www.wiwigo.com/blog/top-10-filming-locations-in-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426155717/https://www.wiwigo.com/blog/top-10-filming-locations-in-india/ |archive-date=26 April 2016 |access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref>

== Production companies ==
{{main|List of film production companies in India}}
More than 1000 production organisations operate in the Indian film industry, but few are successful. [[AVM Productions]] is the oldest surviving studio in India. Other major production houses include [[Yash Raj Films]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], [[Aamir Khan Productions]], [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], [[Dharma Productions]], [[Eros International]], [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]], [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], [[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Cape of Good Films]], [[Maddock Films]], [[K Sera Sera Limited|K Sera Sera Virtual Productions]], [[Vyjayanthi Movies]], [[Lyca Productions]], [[Madras Talkies]], [[AGS Entertainment]], [[Arka Media Works]], [[Hombale Films]], [[Mythri Movie Makers]], [[Geetha Arts]], [[Sun Pictures]], [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]], [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], and [[Wunderbar Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The myth of the overseas market |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/the-myth-of-the-overseas-market-113091901218_1.html |date=19 September 2013 |access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref>

== Cinema by language ==

Films are made in many cities and regions in India including [[Telugu cinema|Andhra Pradesh and Telangana]], [[Assamese cinema|Assam]], [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengal]], [[Cinema of Bihar|Bihar]], [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarat]], [[Haryanvi cinema|Haryana]], [[Dogri cinema|Jammu]], [[Kashmiri cinema|Kashmir]], [[Cinema of Jharkhand|Jharkhand]], [[Kannada cinema|Karnataka]], [[Konkani cinema|Goa]], [[Malayalam cinema|Kerala]], [[Marathi cinema|Maharashtra]], [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipur]], [[Cinema of Odisha|Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarhi cinema|Chhattisgarh]], [[Punjabi cinema|Punjab]], [[Cinema of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil Nadu]], [[Kokborok cinema|Tripura]] and [[Chakma cinema|Mizoram]].
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Percent of share of each language by number of films produced in India in April 2021{{ndash}}February 2022.
| label1 = [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]
| value1 = 16.21
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
| value2 = 15.17
| color2 = skyblue
| label3 = [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]
| value3 = 13.20
| color3 = red
| label4 = [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
| value4 = 13.06
| color4 = yellow
| label5 = [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
| value5 = 12.30
| color5 = pink
| label6 = [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]]
| value6 = 7.69
| color6 = green
| label7 = [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]
| value7 = 4.71
| color7 = purple
| label8 = [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]
| value8 = 3.84
| color8 = brown
| label9 = Others
| value9 = 13.82
| color9 = grey
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:33em; text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|+Breakdown by languages
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;" |April 2021{{En dash}}February 2022 Indian feature films certified by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] by languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Federation Of India |url=https://www.filmfederation.in/files/iff2022.pdf |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> Note: This table indicates the number of films certified by the CBFC's regional offices in nine cities. The actual number of films produced may be less.
|-
!Language!!No. of films
|-
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]
| 468
|-
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
| 438
|-
| [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]
| 381
|-
| [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
| 377
|-
| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
| 355
|-
| [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]]
| 222
|-
| [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]
| 136
|-
| [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]
| 111
|-
| [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]
| 82
|-
| [[Odia cinema|Odia]]
| 74
|-
| [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]]
| 53
|-
|[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
|33
|-
|[[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri]]
| 27
|-
|[[Urdu]]
|27
|-
| [[Assamese cinema|Assamese]]
| 24
|-
| [[Indian English|English]]
| 13
|-
|[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
|12
|-
|[[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
|8
|-
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| 6
|-
|[[Lambadi|Banjara]]
|5
|-
|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|4
|-
|[[Cinema of Rajasthan|Rajasthani]]
|4
|-
|[[Sanskrit cinema|Sanskrit]]
|4
|-
|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]
|3
|-
|[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]
|2
|-
|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|2
|-
|[[Kodava language|Kodava]]
|2
|-
|[[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
|2
|-
|[[Byari dialect|Beary]]
|1
|-
|[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
|1
|-
|[[Western Pahari|Himachali]]
|1
|-
|[[Kurumba languages|Kurumba]]
|1
|-
|[[Hajong language|Hajong]]
|1
|-
|[[Irula language|Irula]]
|1
|-
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| 1
|-
| [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
| 1
|-
| [[Mising language|Mising]]
| 1
|-
| [[Rabha language|Rabha]]
| 1
|-
| [[Silent film|Silent]]
| 1
|-
| '''Total'''
| 2886
|}

=== Assamese ===
{{Main|Assamese cinema}}

[[File:A scene from Joymoti (1935 film).jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Joymoti (1935 film)|Joymati]]'', 1935]]

The [[Assamese-language]] film industry is based in [[Assam]] in northeastern India. It is sometimes called Jollywood, for the [[Jyoti Chitraban Film Studio]]. Some films have been well received by critics but they have not yet captured national audiences. The 21st century has produced [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] and [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]-style Assamese movies which have set new box office records for the small industry.<ref>Lakshmi B. Ghosh, ''A rare peep into the world of Assamese cinema'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20060110195304/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/05/stories/2006010504870200.htm The Hindu: New Delhi News: A rare peep into the world of Assamese cinema], The Hindu, 2006</ref>

=== Bengali ===
[[File:Dena paona 1931.jpg|thumb|A scene from ''[[Dena Paona (film)|Dena Paona]]'' (1931), the first Bengali talkie]]

{{Main|Cinema of West Bengal}}

The [[Bengali-language]] cinematic tradition of [[Tollygunge]], [[West Bengal]], is also known as Tollywood.<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake138">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 138</ref> When the term was coined in the 1930s, it was the centre of the Indian film industry.<ref name="Sarkar">{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Bhaskar |year=2008 |title=The Melodramas of Globalization |journal=Cultural Dynamics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=31–51 [34] |doi=10.1177/0921374007088054 |s2cid=143977618}}</ref> West Bengal cinema is historically known for the [[parallel cinema]] movement and [[art films]].

=== Braj Bhasha ===
[[Braj-language]] films present [[Braj|Brij]] culture mainly to rural people, predominantly in the nebulous Braj region centred around [[Mathura]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]] and [[Hathras]] in [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] and [[Dholpur]] in [[Rajasthan]] ([[northern India]]). It is the predominant language in the central stretch of the [[Ganges-Yamuna Doab]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The first Brij Bhasha movie was ''[[Brij Bhoomi (film)|Brij Bhoomi]]'' (1982, Shiv Kumar), which was a success throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2013 |title=Encyclopedia of India's Art, Culture, Movies and People |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/cinema/regional_cinema.html&sa=U&ei=EoW-T5r-NsTmrAeBs9CwDQ&sig2=eOFVgd-2cU5tUzVx2s1AKw&usg=AFQjCNFm8h-8ddY-qQO2KRICQ9K6DYkPug |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121053926/http://www.culturopedia.com/cinema/regional_cinema.html&sa=U&ei=EoW-T5r-NsTmrAeBs9CwDQ&ved=0CCEQFjAE&sig2=eOFVgd-2cU5tUzVx2s1AKw&usg=AFQjCNFm8h-8ddY-qQO2KRICQ9K6DYkPug |archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2010 |title=First Film Produced In Different Languages |url=http://uiff.merapahad.in/first-film-produced-in-different-languages/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430235911/http://uiff.merapahad.in/first-film-produced-in-different-languages/ |archive-date=30 April 2010 |website=merapahad.in}}</ref> Later Brij Bhasha cinema saw the production of films like ''[[Jamuna Kinare]]'' and ''Brij Kau Birju''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Board of Film Certification |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/html/uniquepage.aspx?lang=BRIJBASI&va=&Type=search |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106080735/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/html/uniquepage.aspx?lang=BRIJBASI&va=&Type=search |archive-date=6 January 2016 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Braj Bhasha: Braj Bhasha language - Audio Bible stories and lessons. Evangelism tools, church planting resources, Christian songs and audio bible study materials |url=http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/18753 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027124523/http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/18753 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Bhojpuri ===
{{Main|Bhojpuri cinema}}
[[Bhojpuri-language]] films predominantly cater to residents of western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh and also have a large audience in [[Delhi]] and Mumbai due to the migration of Bhojpuri speakers to these cities. International markets for these films developed in other Bhojpuri-speaking countries of the [[West Indies]], Oceania and South America.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mesthrie |first=Rajend |title=Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa |publisher=Routledge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-415-06404-0 |location=London |pages=19–32}}</ref>

Bhojpuri film history begins with ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' (''Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari'', 1962, Kundan Kumar).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gokulsing |first1=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA155 |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=155 |language=en}}</ref> Throughout the following decades, few films were produced. The industry experienced a revival beginning with the hit ''Saiyyan Hamar'' (''My Sweetheart'', 2001, Mohan Prasad).<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2006 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta: etc |work=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918023650/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2006 |access-date=12 November 2010}}</ref> Although smaller than other Indian film industries, these successes increased Bhojpuri cinema's visibility, leading to an awards show<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/ |access-date=12 November 2010 |publisher=Bhojpuri Film Award}}</ref> and a trade magazine, ''Bhojpuri City''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=bhojpuricity.com |url=http://www.bhojpuricity.com/ |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=bhojpuricity.com}}</ref>

=== Chakma ===
{{main|Chakma cinema}}
The [[Chakma language]] is spoken in [[Tripura]] and [[Mizoram]] ([[Northeast India]]), as well as in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] region of Bangladesh. Films in Chakma include ''Tanyabi Firti'' (''Tanyabi's Lake'', 2005, [[Satarupa Sanyal]]).<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Rare language films enthral film buffs at KIFF |date=15 November 2017 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rare-language-films-enthral-film-buffs-at-kiff-117111500585_1.html |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

=== Chhattisgarhi ===
{{Main|Chhattisgarhi cinema}}
The [[Chhattisgarhi-language]] film industry of [[Chhattisgarhi]] state, central India, is known as Chhollywood. Its beginnings are with ''Kahi Debe Sandesh'' (''In Black and White'', 1965, Manu Nayak)<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2010 |title=Chhollywood Films |work=CGFilm Chhollywood Industry |publisher=CGFilm |url=https://www.cgfilm.in/movie/ |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=2NYDAAAAMAAJ|page=37}} |title=A film entitled "Kahi Debe Sandesh" the first film to be produced in Chhattisgarh dialect was released for commercial exhibition at Durg' |access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=P.E.N. All-India Centre, Bombay |year=1969 |title=The Indian P.E.N., Volume 35 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=RL1jAAAAMAAJ|page=362}} |journal=The Indian P.E.N. |volume=35 |page=362 |access-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> No Chhattisgarhi films were released from 1971<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |date=16 May 2010 |title=Chhollywood calling |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Chhollywood-calling/articleshow/5936093.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-16/special-report/28314831_1_film-industry-silver-jubilee-raipur |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> until ''[[Mor Chhainha Bhuinya]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=Benjamin Elisha |date=8 August 2025 |title=Bollywood, Pollywood, Tollywood, And More Film Industry Nicknames Around The World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/society/bollywood-pollywood-tollywood-and-more-film-industry-nicknames-around-the-world.html |website=WorldAtlas |access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>

=== English ===
{{main|English-language Indian films}}
Indian filmmakers also produce English language films. [[Deepa Mehta]], [[Anant Balani]], [[Homi Adajania]], Vijay Singh, [[Vierendrra Lalit]] and [[Sooni Taraporevala]] have garnered recognition in [[Indian English]] cinema.

=== Gujarati ===
{{Main|Gujarati cinema}}
The [[Gujarati-language]] film industry, also known as Gollywood or Dhollywood, is currently centered in the state of [[Gujarat]]. During the silent era, many filmmakers and actors were Gujarati and Parsi, and their films were closely related to [[Culture of Gujarat|Gujarati culture]]. Twenty film companies and studios, mostly located in Bombay, were owned by Gujaratis and at least 44 major Gujarati directors worked during this era.<ref name="Ro2013">{{Cite book |last1=K. Moti Gokulsing |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=djUFmlFbzFkC|page=99}} |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Wimal Dissanayake |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=88–99}}</ref> The first film released in Gujarati was ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' (1932).<ref name="Ro2013" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 May 2007 |title=News: Limping at 75 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2007 |title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/}}</ref> More than one thousand Gujarati films have been released.<ref name="Thou2011">{{Cite news |date=29 July 2011 |title=Golly! Gujarati films cross 1k mark |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms |access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

Gujarati cinema ranges from mythology to history and from social to political. Gujarati films originally targeted a rural audience, but after its revival ({{circa|2005}}) catered to an urban audience.<ref name="Ro2013" />

=== Hindi ===
{{Main|Hindi cinema}}
[[File:BACHCHAN Amitabh 03-24x30-2009b.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Amitabh Bachchan]] has been a popular [[Bollywood]] actor for over 45 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2009 |title=Bachchan Receives Lifetime Achievement Award at DIFF |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/newsmakers/2009/November/newsmakers_November64.xml&section=newsmakers&col= |url-status=dead |access-date=24 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602182846/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data%2Fnewsmakers%2F2009%2FNovember%2Fnewsmakers_November64.xml&section=newsmakers&col= |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref>]]

The [[Hindi language]] film industry of [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay), also known as Bollywood,<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Bollywood's ex-lovers reunited to work together |work=[[Mid-Day]] |issue=Mid-Day |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/when-bollywoods-ex-lovers-reunited-to-work-together/16044179 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> is the largest and most powerful branch of [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Pippa de Bruyn |author2=Niloufer Venkatraman |author3=Keith Bain |url=https://archive.org/details/frommersindia0000debr/page/579 |title=Frommer's India |publisher=Frommer's |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-471-79434-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frommersindia0000debr/page/579 579]}}{{cite book| last1 = Crusie| first1 = Jennifer| last2 = Yeffeth| first2 = Glenn| title = Flirting with Pride & Prejudice| url = https://archive.org/details/flirtingwithprid00jenn| url-access = registration| year = 2005| publisher = BenBella Books, Inc.| isbn = 978-1-932100-72-3| page = [https://archive.org/details/flirtingwithprid00jenn/page/92 92] }}</ref> Hindi cinema explores issues of caste and culture in films such as ''[[Achhut Kanya]]'' (1936) and ''[[Sujata (1959 film)|Sujata]]'' (1959).<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake10-11">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 10–11</ref> International visibility came to the industry with [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Awaara|Awara]]'' and later in [[Shakti Samanta|Shakti Samantha's]] ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]''.<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake10">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 10</ref> Art film directors include Kaul, [[Kumar Shahani]], [[Ketan Mehta]], [[Govind Nihalani]], [[Shyam Benegal]],<ref name="Gokulsing-18" /> [[Mira Nair]], [[Nagesh Kukunoor]], [[Sudhir Mishra]] and [[Nandita Das]].
Hindi cinema grew during the 1990s with the release of as many as 215 films annually. Magazines such as ''[[Filmfare]]'', ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' and ''[[Cine Blitz]]'' popularly cover the industry.<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake11">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 11</ref>

=== Kannada ===
{{Main|Kannada cinema}}
Kannada cinema, also known as Sandalwood or Chandanavana,<ref>{{Cite web |title=From The Golden Era Of 70s To Now: A Brief History Of The Birth & Rise Of Kannada Cinema – ZEE5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/from-the-golden-era-of-70s-to-now-a-brief-history-of-the-birth-rise-of-kannada-cinema/ |website=www.zee5.com|date=24 August 2019 }}</ref> is the segment of Indian cinema<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{Cite web |last=Manohar |first=R. |date=11 March 2011 |title=Sandalwood rechristened {{pipe}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow-sandalwood-rechristened-1518654 |website=DNA India}}</ref> dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the [[Kannada language]], which is widely spoken in [[Karnataka]] state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shampa Banerjee, Anil Srivastava |title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1988 |isbn=0-8240-9483-2 |orig-date=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Megha |date=27 December 2010 |title=When it rained films |work=Deccan Herald |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/124106/when-rained-films.html |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 1913 |title=Statewise number of single screens |url=http://www.filmfed.org/singlescreen.html |access-date=29 July 2013 |website=chitraloka.com}}</ref> ''[[Sati Sulochana]]'' (1934, [[Yaragudipati Varada Rao|Y. V. Rao]]) was the first talkie film in the Kannada language.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite news |last=Dhaan |first=M S |date=13 April 2006 |title=Dr.Raj's impact on Kannada cinema |work=Rediff.com |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/13ms.htm |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2004 |title=First film to talk in Kannada |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102420300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410165948/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102420300.htm |archive-date=10 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2003 |title=A revolutionary filmmaker |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117021114/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |archive-date=17 January 2004}}</ref> Kannada films include adaptations of major literary works<ref name="1nellore.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=TS Nagabharana movies list |url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/ts-nagabharana-movies.htm |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=www.bharatmovies.com}}</ref> and [[experimental films]].<ref name="auto"/>
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Rajkumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 =[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] on a 2009 postage stamp
| image2 =The Director Girish Kasaravalli and the National Award Winner Actress of film ‘Hasina’, Tara at a Press Conference during the ongoing 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa on December 3, 2005.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =Director [[Girish Kasaravalli]] (right)
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}}

=== Kokborok ===
{{Main|Kokborok Cinema}}
[[Kokborok|Kokborok-language]] films are mainly produced in [[Tripura]] and parts of [[Bangladesh]]. These films are also clubbed as 'Tripuri cinema' as a blanket term that alludes to the film industry of Tripura, encompassing films made by and for the people of Tripura and Kokborok speaking people in Bangladesh, regardless of the multitude of languages in which cinema is produced in the region'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barma |first=Aloy Deb |date=2024 |title=Talking Back through Peripheral Visions and Negotiating Identity: Kokborok and Bengali Films and Music Videos in Tripura |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/34/article/931184 |journal=Journal of Film and Video |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |issn=1934-6018|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Konkani ===
{{Main|Konkani cinema}}
[[Konkani-language]] films are mainly produced in [[Goa]], one of India's smallest film regions which produced four films in 2009.<ref name="CBFC-ANR2009">{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2009 |url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANR2009-ch6-SI.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504130152/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANR2009-ch6-SI.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2011}}</ref> The first full-length Konkani film was ''[[Mogacho Anvddo]]'' (1950, Jerry Braganza).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panaji Konkani Cinema – A Long Way to Go |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=59256&n_tit=Panaji:+Konkani+Cinema+-+A+Long+Way+to+Go |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013180946/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=59256&n_tit=Panaji:+Konkani+Cinema+-+A+Long+Way+to+Go |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=6 February 2012 |publisher=Daijiworld.com}}</ref> The film's release date, 24 April, is celebrated as Konkani Film Day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2011 |title=Konkani Cinema Day – Some Reflections {{pipe}} iGoa |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/konkani-cinema-day-some-reflections |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610122109/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/konkani-cinema-day-some-reflections |archive-date=10 June 2012 |access-date=6 February 2012 |website=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref> An immense body of Konkani literature and art is a resource for filmmakers. ''Kazar'' (''Marriage'', 2009, Richard Castelino) and ''Ujvaadu'' (''Shedding New Light on Old Age Issues'', Kasaragod Chinna) are major releases. The pioneering Mangalorean Konkani film is ''Mog Ani Maipas''.

===Maithili===
{{category see also|Maithili-language films}}
[[Maithili Cinema|Maithili cinema]] is made in the [[Maithili language]]. The first full-length film was ''[[Kanyadan (film)|Kanyadan]]'' (1965).<ref>{{Cite news |title=First Maithili movie? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/did-you-know/first-maithili-movie/articleshow/14174788.cms |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> There are numerous films made in the Maithili over the years<ref>{{Cite web |title='प्यारी बहनिया बनेगी दुल्हनिया मैथिली फिल्म का मुहुर्त |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/darbhanga/article1-Beloved-bride-will-Bhnia-Maithili-auspicious-film-609500.html |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> The film ''[[Mithila Makhaan]]'' (2019) won a National Award in the regional films category.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Neetu Chandra's 'Mithila Makhaan' wins 'Best Maithili Film' National Award! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/neetu-chandras-mithila-makhaan-wins-best-maithili-film-national-award/articleshow/51614931.cms |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Dedhia |first1=Sonil }}</ref>

=== Malayalam ===
{{Main|Malayalam cinema}}
[[File:ActorMammootty.jpg|thumb|173x173px|[[Mammootty|Mammooty]] has won the most number of National Awards in the Best Actor category in the Malayalam industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty: Lesser known facts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/mammootty-lesser-known-facts/photostory/48651374.cms |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>]]

The [[Malayalam-language]] film industry, also known as Mollywood, is India's fourth-largest film industry. It is mainly based at [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]] state. ''[[Neelakkuyil]]'' (1954) was one of the first Malayalam films to get national recognition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B. Vijayakumar |date=1 November 2008 |title=Neelakuyil 1954 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110150781100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052729/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110150781100.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> ''[[Newspaper Boy (1955 film)|Newspaper Boy]] (1955)'', made by a group of students, was the first [[Neorealism (art)|neo-realistic]] Malayalam film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B. Vijayakumar |date=20 May 2005 |title=Newspaper Boy: a flashback to the Fifties |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052003150200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523225206/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052003150200.htm |archive-date=23 May 2005}}</ref> ''[[Chemmeen]]'' (1965, Ramu Kariat), based on a story by [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], became the first South Indian film to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=B. Vijayakumar |date=22 November 2010 |title=Chemmeen 1965 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/11/22/stories/2010112250310400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109070813/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/11/22/stories/2010112250310400.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

Malayalam cinema has been in the forefront of technological innovation in Indian filmmaking. The first [[Neorealism (art)|neorealistic]] film (''[[Newspaper Boy (1955 film)|Newspaper Boy]]''),<ref name="malayalamcinema1"/> the first [[CinemaScope]] film (''[[Thacholi Ambu]]''),<ref name="Archives.chennaionline.com">{{Cite web |title=An interview with 'Navodaya' Appachan |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/appachan.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326065737/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/appachan.asp |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=30 December 2008 |publisher=Archives.chennaionline.com}}</ref> the first [[70 mm film]] (''[[Padayottam (1982 film)|Padayottam]]''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff Movies: Team of 48 |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/sep/01hari1.htm |access-date=30 December 2008 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> the first [[3D film]] (''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]''),<ref name="thssk">{{Cite web |last=thssk |title=Casting a magic spell |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/15/stories/2003051500260100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110090204/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/15/stories/2003051500260100.htm |archive-date=10 January 2009 |access-date=30 December 2008 |publisher=Hinduonnet.com}}</ref> the first [[Panavision]] film (''[[Vanaprastham]]''), the first [[digital cinema|digital film]] (''[[Moonnamathoral]]''),<ref name="cinemaofmalayalam.net">[http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/malayalam_his_5.html History of Malayalam Cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623132249/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/malayalam_his_5.html |date=23 June 2010 }}. Cinemaofmalayalam.net. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref> the first [[Camera phone|Smartphone]] film (''Jalachhayam''),<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2010 |title=Film shot with cell phone camera premiered |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Film-shot-with-cell-phone-camera-premiered/article16253812.ece |access-date=7 June 2010}}</ref> and the first [[8K resolution|8K]] film (''[[Villain (2017 film)|Villain]]''){{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} in India were made in Malayalam.

The period from 1986 to 1990 is regarded as the Golden Age of Malayalam cinema,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare for Malayalam Film Industry – Filmfare Awards for Malayalam Films |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-for-malayalam-films-81.html |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref> with four Malayalam films recognised by selection at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]—Shaji N. Karun-directed ''[[Piravi]]'' (1989), ''[[Swaham]]'' (1994) and ''[[Vanaprastham]]'' (1999), and [[Murali Nair]]-directed ''[[Marana Simhasanam]]'' (1999). ''Piravi'' (1989) won the [[Caméra d'Or|Caméra d'Or — Mention Spéciale]] and ''Marana Simhasanam'' has won the [[Caméra d'Or]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The [[Kerala State Film Awards]] established by the [[Government of Kerala]] recognises the best works in Malayalam cinema every year, along with [[J. C. Daniel Award]] for lifetime achievement in Malayalam cinema. [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]] (KRNNIVSA) is a training and research centre for film and video technology.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Special Correspondent |date=12 January 2016 |title=Cinema an integral part of our cultural identity |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cinema-an-integral-part-of-our-cultural-identity/article8093634.ece |access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Manipuri ===
{{Main|Cinema of Manipur}}
Manipuri cinema is a small film industry of [[Manipur]], encompassing [[Meitei language]] and other languages of the state. It began in the 1970s and gained momentum following a 2002 state ban on Hindi films. 80–100 movies are made each year. Among the notable Manipuri films are ''[[Imagi Ningthem]]'' (1982, [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]), ''[[Ishanou]]'', ''[[Yenning Amadi Likla]]'', ''[[Phijigee Mani]]'', ''[[Leipaklei]]'', ''[[Loktak Lairembee]]'', ''[[Eikhoishibu Kanano]]'', ''[[Eikhoigi Yum]]'' and ''[[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]''.

=== Marathi ===
{{Main|Marathi cinema}}
Marathi films are produced in the [[Marathi language]] in Maharashtra state. It the oldest of India's film industries, which began in [[Kolhapur]], moved to [[Pune]] and is now based in old [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Goldsmith">{{Cite book |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Melissa U. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TP3DAAAQBAJ&q=Marathi%20film%20%22oldest%22&pg=PR26 |title=The Encyclopedia of Musicians and Bands on Film |last2=Willson |first2=Paige A. |last3=Fonseca |first3=Anthony J. |date=7 October 2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-6987-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Some of the more notable films are ''[[Sangtye Aika]]'', ''Ek Gaon Bara Bhangadi'', ''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]'', ''[[Sinhasan]]'', ''[[Pathlaag]]'', ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'', ''[[Saamana]]'', ''Santh Wahate Krishnamai'', ''[[Sant Tukaram]]'' and ''[[Shyamchi Aai]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Nagpuri ===
{{Main|Nagpuri cinema}}

Nagpuri films are produced in the [[Nagpuri language]] in [[Jharkhand]] state. The first Nagpuri feature film was ''Sona Kar Nagpur'' (1992).<ref name="Hindustan times.com">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=Balan may act in Nagpuri film if script is appealing |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/balan-may-act-in-nagpuri-film-if-script-is-appealing/story-ShAa4tTNaCLecD0tAnwWkI.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=नागपुरी फिल्‍म के 'दादा साहेब' धनंजय नाथ तिवारी ! | language=hi |url=http://www.panchayatnama.com/news/aamukh-katha/story/12.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324100842/http://www.panchayatnama.com/news/aamukh-katha/story/12.html |archive-date=24 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=www.panchayatnama.com}}</ref> With a mainly rural population and cinema halls closing, non-traditional distribution models may be used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355999172|title=Journey of Jhollywood: A Study in the Context of Nagpuri Cinema|website=researchgate|date=November 2021|access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Gorkha ===
[[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] cinema consists of films produced by [[Nepali language|Nepali]]-speaking Indians.

=== Odia ===
{{Main|Cinema of Odisha}}
The [[Odia-language]] film industry of [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]] state, is also known as Ollywood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Oriya Film Industry |url=http://www.izeans.com/ollywoodhistory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920045053/http://www.izeans.com/ollywoodhistory |archive-date=20 September 2011 |access-date=23 October 2008 |publisher=izeans.com }}</ref> The first Odia-language film was ''[[Sita Bibaha]]'' (1936).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Cinema:: History of Orissa Cinema, Chronology of Orissa Films |url=http://orissacinema.com/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705050243/http://www.orissacinema.com/history.html |archive-date=5 July 2008 |access-date=23 October 2008 |publisher=orissacinema.com }}</ref> The best year for Odia cinema was 1984 when ''Maya Miriga'' ([[Nirad Mohapatra]]) and ''Dhare Alua'' were showcased in Indian Panorama and ''Maya Miriga'' was invited to Critics Week at Cannes. The film received the Best Third World Film award at Mannheim Film Festival, Jury Award in Hawaii and was shown at the London Film Festival.

=== Punjabi ===
{{Main|Punjabi cinema}}
The [[Punjabi-language]] film industry, based in [[Amritsar]] and [[Mohali]], Punjab, is also known as Pollywood. K. D. Mehra made the first Punjabi film, ''[[Sheela (film)|Sheela]]'' (1935). As of 2009, Punjabi cinema had produced between 900 and 1,000 movies.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jatt, Juliet and jameen |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/blink/watch/jatt-juliet-and-jameen/article6062038.ece |access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Rajasthani ===
{{Main|Cinema of Rajasthan}}
The cinema of Rajasthan (Rajjywood) refers to films produced in Rajasthan in north-western India. These films are produced in various regional and tribal languages including Rajasthani varieties such as Mewari, Marwari, Hadoti etc.

=== Sindhi ===
{{Main|Sindhi cinema}}
The [[Sindhi-language]] film industry is largely based in [[Sindh]], Pakistan, and with Sindhi speakers in North Gujarat and Southwestern Rajasthan, India, and elsewhere among the [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] diaspora. The first Indian-made Sindhi film was ''Ekta'' (1940).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1203472 |title=Book launched to preserve half a century of Sindhi films |last=Salman |first=Peerzada |date=29 August 2015 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> while the first Sindhi film produced in Pakistan was ''[[Umar Marvi (film)|Umar Marvi]]'' (1956).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Levesque |first1=Julien |last2=Bui |first2=Camille |date=5 January 2015 |title=Umar Marvi and the Representation of Sindh: Cinema and Modernity in the Margins |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273163188 |journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=119–128 |doi=10.1177/0974927614547990 |s2cid=147363789}}</ref> The industry has produced some Bollywood-style films.

The Sindhi film industry produces movies at intervals. The first was ''Abana'' (1958), which was a success throughout the country. Sindhi cinema then produced some Bollywood-style films such as ''Hal Ta Bhaji Haloon'', ''Parewari'', ''Dil Dije Dil Waran Khe'', ''[[Ho Jamalo]]'', ''[[Pyar Kare Dis: Feel the Power of Love]]'' and ''The Awakening''. Numerous Sindhi have contributed in Bollywood, including [[G P Sippy]], [[Ramesh Sippy]], [[Nikkhil Advani]], [[Tarun Mansukhani]], [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] and [[Asrani]].

=== Sherdukpen ===
Director Songe Dorjee Thongdok introduced the first [[Sherdukpen language|Sherdukpen]]-language film ''[[Crossing Bridges (film)|Crossing Bridges]]'' (2014). Sherdukpen is native to the north-eastern state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Sange Dorjee |url=http://dearcinema.com/interview/interview-sange-dorjee-director-crossing-bridges/4652 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708060642/http://dearcinema.com/interview/interview-sange-dorjee-director-crossing-bridges/4652 |archive-date=8 July 2014 |access-date=22 July 2014 |publisher=DearCinema}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=October 2022|Is this important to the Cinema of India? Perhaps this section should be removed.}}

=== Tamil ===
{{Main|Tamil cinema}}
The Tamil-language film industry based in Chennai, also known as Kollywood, once served as a hub for all [[South India]]n film industries.<ref name="Kasbekar2006">{{Cite book |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C|page=213}} |title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |page=213}}</ref>
The first South Indian talkie film ''Kalidas'' (1931, [[H. M. Reddy]]) was shot in Tamil. [[Sivaji Ganesan]] became India's first actor to receive an international award when he won Best Actor at the Afro-Asian film festival in 1960 and the title of ''Chevalier'' in the [[Legion of Honour]] by the [[French Government]] in 1995.<ref name="Sivaji Ganesan's birth anniversary">{{Cite news |date=1 October 2013 |title=Sivaji Ganesan's birth anniversary |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Sivaji-Ganesans-birth-anniversary/articleshow/23338524.cms |access-date=29 April 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Tamil cinema is [[Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics|influenced by Dravidian politics]]<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake132-33">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 132–133</ref> and has a tradition of addressing social issues. Many of Tamil Nadu's prominent Chief Ministers previously worked in cinema: Dravidian stalwarts [[C N Annadurai]] and [[M Karunanidhi]] were scriptwriters and [[M G Ramachandran]] and [[Jayalalithaa]] gained a political base through their fan followings.<ref name="Kasbekar 2006 215">{{Cite book |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C|page=215}} |title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |page=215}}</ref>

Tamil films are distributed to [[Tamil diaspora]] populations in various parts of Asia, Southern Africa, Northern America, Europe, and Oceania.<ref name="Gokulsing&Dissanayake133">Gokulsing & Dissanayake, 133</ref> The industry-inspired Tamil film-making in [[Sri Lankan Tamil cinema|Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysian Tamil cinema|Malaysia]], Singapore and Canada.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Main|Telugu cinema}}
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| footer = ''From left to right:'' [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu|Raghupati Venkayya]] (father of Telugu cinema), [[Y. V. Rao]] (pioneer of cinema during crown rule)<ref name="filmmaker">{{cite web|last1=Guy|first1=Randor|title=A revolutionary filmmaker| url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |access-date=19 November 2016|date=22 August 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161119045811/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=19 November 2016}}</ref> and stalwart [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]] known for his [[method acting]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bharatjanani.com/paul-muni-of-india-chittoor-v-nagayya/ |title=Paul Muni of India – Chittoor V.Nagayya |publisher=Bharatjanani.com |date=6 May 2011 |access-date=21 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326135647/http://bharatjanani.com/paul-muni-of-india-chittoor-v-nagayya/ |archive-date=26 March 2012 }}</ref>}}

The Film and Television Institute of Telangana, Film and Television Institute of Andhra Pradesh, Ramanaidu Film School and [[Annapurna International School of Film and Media]] are among the largest film schools in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2012 |title=Annapurna Studios' film, media school to offer course on iPhone, iPad apps |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/annapurna-studios-film-media-school-to-offer-course-on-iphone-ipad-apps-111070200073_1.html |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2012 |title=FTIA |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/21/stories/2004072100070302.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917154445/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/21/stories/2004072100070302.htm |archive-date=17 September 2004}}</ref> The [[Telugu states]] are home to approximately 2800 theatres, more than any single state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2013 |title=Economic times indiatimes.com |work=The Times of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-09/news/41240683_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-seemandhra-chiranjeevi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812024736/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-09/news/41240683_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-seemandhra-chiranjeevi |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2013 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> Being commercially consistent, Telugu cinema had its influence over commercial cinema in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2006 |title=Tamil, Telugu film industries outshine Bollywood |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/ |access-date=19 February 2012}}</ref>

The industry holds the [[Guinness World Record]] for the largest film production facility in the world, Ramoji Film City.<ref name="ramoji">{{Cite web |title=Official Site of Guinnessworldrecords.com Largest Film studio in the world |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119000128/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/largest-film-studio |archive-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens, and is the most attended cinema screen in the world.<ref name="CNN Travel"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2011 |title=Thehindu.com King of Good times Prasad's Imax |publisher=The Hindu Newspaper |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2332172.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan Nosowitz |date=30 May 2009 |title=The Seven IMAX Wonders of the World |url=https://gizmodo.com/5273201/the-seven-imax-wonders-of-the-world |access-date=10 February 2013 |publisher=Gizmodo.com}}</ref> As per the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] report of 2014, the industry is placed first in India, in terms of films produced yearly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf|title=Annual report 2011|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124081428/http://cbfcindia.gov.in/CbfcWeb/fckeditor/editor/images/Uploadedfiles/file/Publications/ANNUAL_2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2014 the industry has produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2010 |title=Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/-Tollywood-loses-to-Bollywood-on-numbers-/articleshow/6661950.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029033400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-02/hyderabad/28254733_1_film-industry-telugu-tollywood-and-bollywood |archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Blonnet.com">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2007 |title=Telugu film industry enters new era |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110650842300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811085956/http://www.blonnet.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110650842300.htm |archive-date=11 August 2009 |access-date=12 November 2010 |publisher=Blonnet.com}}</ref>

=== Tulu ===
{{Main|Tulu cinema}}
The [[Tulu-language]] film industry based in the port city of [[Mangalore]], Karnataka, is also known as Coastalwood. A small industry, its origins trace to the release of ''Enna Thangadi'' (1971) with about one release per year until growth was spurred by the commercial success of ''[[Oriyardori Asal]]'' (2011). Films are released across the [[Tulu Nadu]] cultural region, with some recent films having a simultaneous release in Mumbai, Bangalore, and Arabian Gulf countries.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

== Exhibition and distribution ==
{{Further|Category:Film distributors of India|label1=Film distributors of India}}
[[PVR INOX]], [[Cinépolis|Cinepolis India]] etc. are some of the top multiplexes chains in [[India]], which have cinemas across the nation. [[Book My Show]] and [[Zomato|District]] are the leading online booking platforms in India. They have tie-ups with multiplexes and other cinemas. However, [[PVR INOX]] and [[Cinépolis|Cinepolis India]] also sell tickets through their applications and websites. Due to the convenience in booking tickets, online most of the viewers pre-book tickets through mobile application. Since the advancement of internet service in [[India]], online ticket selling business have had robust growth in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online movie ticket business on robust growth path in India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/Sep/30/online-movie-ticket-business-on-robust-growth-path-in-india-1664776.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 September 2017 |first=J Deepthi Nandan |last=Reddy }}</ref> Since 2010, [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platforms]] have gained popularity in India, thus some film-makers prefer to release their films online through [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platforms]] like [[Netflix]], WFCN, [[Amazon Prime]], [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]], [[SonyLIV]], [[ZEE5]], etc. and avoid a theatrical release.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Deeksha |title=Here's How Big Banner Films Releasing on OTT Platforms Make Money |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/is-releasing-films-online-a-sustainable-model-for-film-business |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=TheQuint |date=5 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], named for "father of Indian cinema" [[Dadasaheb Phalke]],<ref name="thecolorsofindia1">{{Cite news |title=Dadasaheb Phalke Father of Indian Cinema |publisher=Thecolorsofindia.com |url=http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/dadasaheb-phalke/father-indian-cinema.html |access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{Cite book |last1=Bāpū Vāṭave |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=zTZnAAAAMAAJ}} |title=Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of Indian cinema |last2=National Book Trust |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-237-4319-6 |access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite news |last=Sachin Sharma |date=28 June 2012 |title=Godhra forgets its days spent with Dadasaheb Phalke |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Godhra-forgets-its-days-spent-with-Dadasaheb-Phalke/articleshow/14444404.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419032237/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/vadodara/32456429_1_godhra-dadasaheb-phalke-father-of-indian-cinema |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="vilanilam128">{{Cite book |last=Vilanilam |first=J. V. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=nADAQgAACAAJ|page=128}} |title=Mass Communication in India: A Sociological Perspective |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2005 |isbn=81-7829-515-6 |location=New Delhi |page=128}}</ref> is given in recognition of lifetime contribution to cinema. It was established by the government of India in 1969, and is the country's most prestigious film award.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2012 |title=Directorate of Film Festivals |publisher=Dff.nic.in |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427193700/http://dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp |archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Prominent government-sponsored film awards
|-
! Award !! Year of inception !! Awarded by
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] || 1937 || [[Government of West Bengal]]
|-
| [[National Film Awards]] || 1954 || [[Government of India]]
|-
| [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] || 1963 || [[Government of Maharashtra]]
|-
| [[Nandi Awards]] || 1964 || [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] || 1967 || [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] || 1967 || [[Government of Karnataka]]
|-
| [[Odisha State Film Awards]]|| 1968 || [[Government of Odisha]]
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || 1969 || [[Government of Kerala]]
|-
|Gaddar Telangana Film Awards
|2025
|[[Government of Telangana]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Prominent non-governmental awards
|-
! Award !! Year of inception !! Awarded by
|-
|[[Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
|2001
|AB5 Multimedia
|-
|[[Sabrang Film Awards]]
|2014
|[[Godrej Consumer Products]]
|-
|[[International Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
|2015
|Yashi Films International
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards]]|| rowspan="2" | 1954 || rowspan="2" | Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd.
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|| 2012 || Vibri Media Group
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]|| 2000 || rowspan="2" | Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt Ltd
|-
|[[IIFA Utsavam]]
|2016
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
|2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]|| rowspan="2" | 1998
|-
| Sansui Viewer's Choice Movie Awards ||[[Pritish Nandy|Pritish Nandy Communications]]{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|-
|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''Santosham'' film magazine
|-
|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|Tollywood Movie Artistes Association
|-
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]|| 1998 ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
| [[Screen Awards]] || 1994 || Screen Weekly
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]] || rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]''
|-
| [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar]] || Zee Entertainment Enterprises
|-
|TSR TV9 National Awards Telugu
|2007–2008
|Associated Broadcasting Company Private Limited
[[T. Subbarami Reddy]]{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|-
| [[Apsara Awards]] || 2004 || Apsara Producers Guild Awards
|-
|[[Vijay Awards]] ||2007|| STAR Vijay

|-
| [[MICTA|Marathi International Film and Theatre Awards]] || 2010 || Marathi Film Industry
|-
| [[Punjabi International Film Academy Awards]] || 2012 || Parvasi Media Inc.
|-
| [[Prag Cine Awards]] || 2013 || Prag AM Television
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards East]] || 2014 || Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd.
|}

== Film education ==
Government-run and private institutes provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking. Some of the prominent ones include:
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* [[State Institute of Film and Television]]
* AJK Mass Communication Research Centre, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
*Cultural Education Centre, University Film Club, [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh
* [[Annapurna International School of Film and Media]], Hyderabad
* Asian Academy of Film and Television
* [[Biju Pattnaik Film and Television Institute of Odisha]]
* BOFTA – Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy, Kodambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Chennai Film Institute / Film School – BOFTA – Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy |url=http://bofta.in |website=Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy}}</ref>
* Centre for advanced media studies, Patiala
* [[Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film and Television Institute]], Guwahati{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Mass Communication and the New Media Central University of Jammu{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Department of Culture and Media studies, Central University of Rajasthan{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), Pune
* [[Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication]] (MCNUJC), Bhopal
* Film-Theater Studies, SOH, Tamil Nadu Open University, Saidapet, Chennai{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* [[Government Film and Television Institute]], Bangalore<ref>{{Cite web |title=GFTI |url=http://www.filminstitutebangalore.com/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |website=www.filminstitutebangalore.com}}</ref>
* [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]] (KRNNIVSA), Kottayam, Kerala<ref>{{Cite web |last=KRNNIVSA |title=Govt Film Institute in Kerala |url=http://www.krnnivsa.edu.in/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |website=www.krnnivsa.edu.in}}</ref>
* [[L. V. Prasad]] Film and TV Academy, [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=L.V.Prasad Film & TV Academy |title=prasadacademy.com |url=http://www.prasadacademy.com |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=prasadacademy.com}}</ref>
* [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute, Chennai]]
* Matrikas Film School<ref>{{Cite web |title=matrikasfilmschool.com |url=http://www.matrikasfilmschool.com |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=matrikasfilmschool.com}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Design]], Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Institute of Design – Film and Video Communication |url=http://www.nid.edu/education/postgraduate-diploma-programme-in-design/film-video-communication/p-overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118144536/http://www.nid.edu/education/postgraduate-diploma-programme-in-design/film-video-communication/p-overview |archive-date=18 November 2012 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Nid.edu}}</ref>
* Palme Deor Media College, Tambaram west, Chennai and Arulananda Nagar, Thanjavur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Palmedeor Film & Media College |url=http://www.palmedeor.in |website=www.palmedeor.in}}</ref>
{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]], Calcutta
* School of Media and Cultural Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |title=School of Media and Cultural Studies – TISS |url=http://smcs.tiss.edu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218200049/http://www.smcs.tiss.edu/ |archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref>
* Srishti School of Art, Design, and Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* [[Whistling Woods International]]
* [[National School of Drama|National School of Drama, Delhi]]
* School art and aesthetic, JNU Delhi
{{colend}}

== See also ==

* [[:Category:Indian films by language|List of Indian movies by language]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival]]
* [[International Film Festival of India]]
* [[Indian animation industry#List of Indian Animated Movies|List of Indian animated movies]]
* [[Lists of Indian actors]]
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Reflist|group=details}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Celli, Carlo. (2013) "The Promises of India" ''National Identity in Global Cinema: How Movies Explain the World''. Palgrave MacMillan, 61–70. {{ISBN|978-1137379023}}.
* {{Cite book |last1=Suresh Chabria |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=CORkAAAAMAAJ}} |title=Light of Asia: Indian Silent Cinema, 1912–1934 |last2=Paolo Cherchi Usai |publisher=Wiley Eastern |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-224-0680-1}}

* {{Cite book |last=Stanley A. Wolpert |title=Encyclopedia of India |year=2006 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-684-31350-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Jigna |title=Beyond Bollywood: The Cultural Politics of South Asian Diasporic Film |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-96684-9}}
* {{Cite book |last1=K. Moti Gokulsing |title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change |last2=Wimal Dissanyake |publisher=Trentham Books Limited |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85856-329-9}}
* Gulzar, Govin Nihalanni, & Saibel Chatterjee. ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'' New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2003. {{ISBN|81-7991-066-0}}.
* Khanna, Amit (2003), "The Business of Hindi Films", ''Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema: historical record, the business and its future, narrative forms, analysis of the medium, milestones, biographies'', Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Private Limited, {{ISBN|978-81-7991-066-5}}.

* {{Cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=Sangita |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |last2=Moorti |first2=Sujata |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-4578-7}}
* Narweker, Sanjit, ed. ''Directory of Indian Film-Makers and Films''. Flicks Books, 1994. {{ISBN|0-948911-40-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stanley A. Wolpert |title=Encyclopedia of India |year=2006 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-684-31351-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nowell-Smith |first=Geoffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof |title=The Oxford History of World Cinema |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-811257-0}}
* {{Cite book |title=Le cinéma indien |date=1983 |publisher=Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou |isbn=9782864250371 |editor-last=Passek |editor-first=Jean-Loup |editor-link=Jean-Loup Passek |location=Paris |oclc=10696565}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-57958-146-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stanley A. Wolpert |title=Encyclopedia of India |year=2006 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=978-0-684-31351-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-39680-6}}
* Watson, James L. (2009), ''Globalization'', ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportoftheindia030105mbp#page/n5/mode/2up |title=Report of the Indian Cinematograph Committee 1927–1928 |publisher=Superintendent, The Government Press, Madras |year=1928}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dwyer |first1=Rachel |title=Cinema India: The Visual Culture of Hindi Film |last2=Patel |first2=Divia |year=2002 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3175-5}}
* Culture and Representation: The Emerging Field of Media Semiotics/J A H Khatri/[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131146/http://www.rubypressco.com/ Ruby Press & Co.]/{{ISBN|978-93-82395-12-6}}/ 2013.
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Portal bar|India|Films}}
{{Cinema of India}}
{{Media of India}}
{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Life in India}}
{{World cinema}}
{{Asia topic|Cinema of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India (cinema)}}
[[Category:Cinema of India| ]]
[[Category:Arts in India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Entertainment in India]]

J. R. Jayewardene

2026-03-27T10:12:29Z

Vilianajgd: added lead further and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 1989}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| order = 2nd
| office = President of Sri Lanka
| primeminister = [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]]
| honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| image = J. R. Jayawardene, President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka on June 20, 1984.jpg
| imagesize = 210px
| caption = Jayewardene in 1984
| term_start = 4 February 1978
| term_end = 2 January 1989
| predecessor = [[William Gopallawa]]
| successor = Ranasinghe Premadasa
| office2 = 7th [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]]
| president2 = William Gopallawa
| deputy2 =
| term_start2 = 23 July 1977
| term_end2 = 4 February 1978
| predecessor2 = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]
| successor2 = Ranasinghe Premadasa
| office3 = 6th [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| primeminister3 = Sirimavo Bandaranaike
| predecessor3 = Sirimavo Bandaranaike
| successor3 = [[A. Amirthalingam]]
| term_start3 = 7 June 1970
| term_end3 = 18 May 1977
| office4 = [[Non-Aligned Movement#Chair|6th Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement]]
| term_start4 = 4 February 1978
| term_end4 = 9 September 1979
| predecessor4 = William Gopallawa
| successor4 = [[Fidel Castro]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Finance (Sri Lanka)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start5 = 24 April 1960
| term_end5 = 20 July 1960
| predecessor5 = [[Oliver Goonetilleke]]
| successor5 = [[Stanley de Zoysa]]
| primeminister5 = [[Dudley Senanayake]]
| term_start6 = 26 September 1947
| term_end6 = 13 October 1953
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 = Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke
| primeminister6 = {{unbulleted list|[[D. S. Senanayake]]|Dudley Senanayake}}
| constituency_MP7 = [[Colombo West Electoral District|Colombo West]]
| parliament7 = Sri Lanka
| term_start7 = 4 August 1977
| term_end7 = 4 February 1978
| predecessor7 = ''Constituency created''
| successor7 = [[Anura Bastian]]
| constituency_MP8 = [[Colombo South Electoral District|Colombo South]]
| parliament8 = Sri Lanka
| term_start8 = 5 August 1960
| term_end8 = 18 May 1977
| predecessor8 = [[Edmund Samarawickrema]]
| successor8 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency_MP9 = [[Kelaniya Electoral District|Kelaniya]]
| parliament9 = Ceylonese
| term_start9 = 30 March 1960
| term_end9 = 23 April 1960
| predecessor9 = [[R. G. Senanayake]]
| successor9 = [[R. S. Perera]]
| term_start10 = 14 October 1947
| term_end10 = 18 February 1956
| predecessor10 = ''Constituency created''
| successor10 = R. G. Senanayake
| birth_name = Junius Richard Jayewardene
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|9|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Colombo]], [[British Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|11|1|1906|9|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| nationality =
| father = [[Eugene Wilfred Jayewardene]]
| mother = Agnes Helen Wijewardene
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Elina Jayewardene]]|1935}}
| children = [[Ravi Jayewardene]] (Son)
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Colombo Law College]],|[[University College, Colombo]],|[[Royal College, Colombo]]}}
| party = [[United National Party]]
| profession = [[Advocate]]
| residence = [[Braemar, Colombo|Braemar]]
| signature = Signature of J. R. Jayewardene.svg
}}
'''Junius Richard Jayewardene''' ({{langx|si|ජුනියස් රිචඩ් ජයවර්ධන}}; {{langx|ta|ஜூனியஸ் ரிச்சட் ஜயவர்தனா}}; 17 September 1906 – 1 November 1996), commonly referred to by his initials '''JR''', was a [[Sri Lanka]]n lawyer, public official and statesman who served as [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]] of Sri Lanka from 1977 to 1978 and as the second [[President of Sri Lanka]] from 1978 to 1989. He was a leader of the nationalist movement in [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (now Sri Lanka) and served in a variety of cabinet positions in the decades following [[Sri Lankan independence movement|independence]]. A longtime member of the [[United National Party]], he led the party to a landslide victory in the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary elections]] and served as prime minister for half a year before becoming the country's first executive president under an [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|amended constitution]].<ref name="JRJ-britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043459/JR-Jayewardene|title=J.R. Jayewardene|date=28 October 2023 |publisher=BRITANNICA-Online}}</ref>

Jayawardena remains a divisive figure in [[history of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan history]]. While the [[Open economy|open economic system]] he introduced in 1978 brought the country out of the economic turmoil it was facing as the result of the [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike|preceding government's]] [[Closed economies|closed economic]] policies,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last1=Stevens|first1=William K.|date=1982-10-20|title=ELECTION IN SRI LANKA CAPITALISM VERSUS SOCIALISM|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/20/world/election-in-sri-lanka-capitalism-versus-socialism.html|access-date=2021-08-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Jayawardene's social policies, including his response to the [[Black July]] riots of 1983, have been accused of heightening ethnic tensions in the country and contributing to the beginnings of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2011-09-18|title=Obituary : J. R. Jayawardene|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/obituary-j-r-jayawardene-5593575.html|access-date=2021-08-07|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and marriage==
[[File:J. R. Jayewardene with his Parents and Siblings.jpg|left|upright|thumb|270px|J. R. with his parents and siblings.]]

===Childhood===
Born in [[Colombo]] to the prominent [[Jayewardene family]] with a strong association with the legal profession, Jayewardene was the eldest of twelve children, of Hon. Justice [[Eugene Wilfred Jayewardene]] [[King's Counsel|KC]], a prominent lawyer and Agnes Helen Don Philip Wijewardena daughter of [[Muhandiram]] [[Wijewardene family|Tudugalage Don Philip Wijewardena]] a wealthy timber merchant. He was known as Dickie within his family. His younger brothers included [[Hector Wilfred Jayewardene]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] and [[Rolly Jayewardene]], [[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]]. His uncles were the Colonel [[Theodore Godfrey Wijesinghe Jayewardene|Theodore Jayewardene]], Justice [[John Adrian St. Valentine Jayewardene|Valentine Jayewardene]] and the media baron [[D. R. Wijewardena]]. Raised by an English nanny,<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/02/world/j-r-jayewardene-of-sri-lanka-dies-at-90-modernized-nation-he-led-for-11-years.html|title=J. R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka Dies at 90; Modernized Nation He Led for 11 Years|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1996-11-02|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-14|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Education and early career===
Jayewardene gained admission to [[Royal College, Colombo]] for his secondary education. There he excelled in sports, played for the college [[cricket]] team, debuting in the [[Royal–Thomian]] series in 1925; captained the [[Rugby football|rugby]] team in 1924 at the annual "Royal–Trinity Encounter" (which later became known as the [[Bradby Shield Encounter]]); he was the vice-captain of the football team in 1924; and was a member of the boxing team winning sports colours. He was a [[National Cadet Corps (Sri Lanka)|Senior Cadet]]; Captain, Debating Team; editor of the college magazine; first Secretary of the Royal College Social Services League in 1921 and the [[Head Prefect|head prefect]] in 1925. In later life, he served as president, [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka]]; President, [[Singhalese Sports Club]]; and Secretary, Royal College Union.<ref name="JR1">[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/15/fea22.html Remembering the most dominant Lankan political figure]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130703021141/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/11/01/news28.asp JR's 10th death anniversary today]</ref>

Following the family tradition, Jayewardene entered the [[University College, Colombo]] in 1926, pursuing the Advocate's course, reading English, Latin, Logic and Economics for two years, after which he entered [[Ceylon Law College]] in 1928. He formed the College Union based on that of the [[Oxford Union]] with the assistance of [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] who had recently returned to Ceylon. At the Ceylon Law College, he won the Hector Jayewardene Gold Medal and the Walter Pereira Prize in 1929. During this time he worked as his father's [[private secretary]], while later served as a [[List of justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka|Puisne Justice of Supreme Court of Ceylon]] and in July 1929, he joined three others in forming a [[dining club]] they called ''The Honorable Society of Pushcannons'', which was later renamed as the ''Priya Sangamaya''. In 1931, he passed his [[advocate]]s exams, starting his legal practice in the [[Unofficial Bar|unofficial bar]].

===Marriage===
On 28 February 1935, Jayewardene married the heiress [[Elina Jayewardene|Elina Bandara Rupasinghe]], only daughter of Nancy Margaret Suriyabandara and Gilbert Leonard Rupasinghe, a [[notary public]] turned successful businessman. Their only child [[Ravi Jayewardene|Ravindra "Ravi" Vimal Jayewardene]] was born the year after.<ref>[http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/04/03/features/147321/tribute-my-father-had-many-facets-not-many-faces Tribute: My father had many facets, not many faces]. Daily News (Sri Lanka), Retrieved on 3 April 2018.</ref> Having originally settled at Jayewardene's parents house, [[Vaijantha]], the Jayewardenes moved to their own house [[Braemar, Colombo|Braemar]] in 1938, where they remained the rest of their lives, when not holidaying at their [[Jayewardene House, Mirissa|holiday home]] in [[Mirissa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/06/17/stories/2002061704170100.htm |title=India may train Sri Lankan troops |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726012049/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/06/17/stories/2002061704170100.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=2015/12/14/features/humble-son-humble-president Humble son of a humble President]</ref>

==Early political career==
[[File:First Cabinet of Ceylon.jpg|left|thumb|280px|The first Cabinet of Ministers of Ceylon]]
Jayewardene was attracted to national politics in his student years and developed strong nationalist views. He converted from [[Anglicanism]] to [[Buddhism]] and adopted the national dress as his formal attire.<ref>{{cite book |title=J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka |last=de Silva |first=K. M. |author2=William Howard Wriggins |year=1988 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, HI |isbn=0-8248-1183-6 |pages=133 }}</ref><ref name="JR1"/><ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/09/14/new24.asp "JRJ's 102nd birth anniversary on Sept. 17"]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=De Silva |first1=K. M. |last2=Wriggins |first2=William Howard |title=J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: 1906-1956 |date=1988 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824811839 |access-date=29 June 2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6orPBJCSPhIC&q=Justin+Kotalawela&pg=PA65}}</ref>

Jayewardene did not practice law for long. In 1943 he gave up his full-time legal practice to become an activist in the [[Ceylon National Congress]] (CNC), which provided the organizational platform for Ceylon's nationalist movement (the island was officially renamed Sri Lanka in 1972).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-R-Jayewardene|title=J.R. Jayewardene {{!}} president of Sri Lanka|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref> He became its Joint Secretary with [[Dudley Senanayake]] in 1939 and 1940 he was elected to the [[Colombo Municipal Council]] from the New Bazaar Ward.

===State Council===
He was elected to the colonial legislature, the [[State Council of Ceylon|State Council]] in 1943 by winning the [[Kelaniya Electoral District|Kelaniya by-election]] following the resignation of incumbent [[D. B. Jayatilaka]]. His victory is credited to his use of an anti-Christian campaign against his opponent the nationalist [[E. W. Perera]].<ref name="JRJ: Farsighted statesman">{{Cite web |title=JRJ: Farsighted statesman? |url=https://island.lk/2009/05/09/opinion1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929080212/https://island.lk/2009/05/09/opinion1.html |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During World War II, Jayewardene, along with other nationalists, contacted the Japanese and discussed a rebellion to drive the British from the island. In 1944, Jayewardene moved a motion in the State Council that [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] alone should replace English as the official language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr.J.R.Jayawardene on 'Sinhala Only and Tamil Also' in the Ceylon State Council|url=http://www.tamilnation.co/indictment/indict004.htm#Mr.J.R.Jayawardene}}</ref>

==First finance minister of Ceylon==
After joining the [[United National Party]] on its formation in 1946 as a founder member, he was reelected from the [[Kelaniya Electoral District|Kelaniya electorate]] in the [[1947 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1st parliamentary election]] and was appointed by [[D. S. Senanayake]] as the [[Minister of Finance]] in the island's first Cabinet in 1947. Initiating post-independence reforms, he was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Central Bank of Sri Lanka|Central Bank of Ceylon]] under the guidance of the American economist [[John Exter]]. In 1951 Jayewardene was a member of the committee to select a National Anthem for Sri Lanka headed by Sir [[Edwin Wijeyeratne]]. The following year he was elected as the President of the [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Board of Control for Cricket]] in Ceylon. He [[Treaty of San Francisco#Sri Lanka's defence of Japan|played a major role in re-admitting]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/sri-lankas-role-in-japanese-peace-treaty-1952-in-retrospect/|title = Sri Lanka's Role in Japanese Peace Treaty 1952: In Retrospect|date = 27 April 2015}}</ref> Japan to the world community at the [[San Francisco Conference]]. Jayewardene struggled to balance the budget, faced with mounting government expenditures, particularly for rice subsidies. He was re-elected in [[1952 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1952 parliamentary election]] and remained as finance minister.

==Minister of agriculture and food==
His 1953 proposal to cut the subsidies on which many poor people depended for survival provoked fierce opposition and the [[Hartal 1953|1953 Hartal]] campaign and had to be called off. Following the resignation of Prime Minister [[Dudley Senanayake]] after the 1953 Hartal, the new Prime Minister [[John Kotelawala|Sir John Kotelawala]] appointed Jayewardene as [[Ministry of Agriculture (Sri Lanka)|minister of agriculture and food]] and [[Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)|leader of the house]].

==Defeat and opposition==
Prime Minister Sir John Kotelawala called for early elections in 1956 with confidence that the United National Party would win the election. The [[1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1956 parliamentary election]] saw the United National Party suffering a crushing defeat at the hands of the socialist and nationalist coalition led by the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] headed by [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]]. Jayewardene himself lost his parliamentary seat in Kelaniya to [[R. G. Senanayake]], who had contested both his constituency Dambadeniya and Jayewardene's constituency of Kelaniya to defeat the latter after he had forced Senanayake out of the party.

Having lost his seat in parliament, Jayewardene pushed the party to accommodate nationalism and endorse the [[Sinhala Only Act]], which was bitterly opposed by the island's minorities. When Bandaranaike agreed with [[S. J. V. Chelvanayakam]] in 1957, to solve the outstanding problems of the minorities, Jayawardene led a "March on Kandy" against it, but was stopped at Imbulgoda [[S. D. Bandaranayake]].<ref name="JRJ: Farsighted statesman"/> The U.N.P.'s official organ the ''Siyarata'' subsequently ran several anti-Tamil articles, including a poem, containing an exhortation to kill Tamils in almost every line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Emergency|url=http://www.swrdbandaranaike.lk/files/speeches/language_issues/emergency.pdf|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305172602/http://www.swrdbandaranaike.lk/files/speeches/language_issues/emergency.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Throughout the 1960s Jayewardene clashed over this issue with party leader [[Dudley Senanayake]]. Jayewardene felt the UNP should be willing to play the ethnic card, even if it meant losing the support of ethnic minorities.

==Minister of finance==
Jayewardene became the vice-president and chief organizer of the United National Party, which achieved a narrow win in the [[March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|March 1960 parliamentary election]], forming a government under Dudley Senanayake. Jayewardene having been elected to parliament once again from the Kelaniya electorate was appointed once again as minister of finance. The government lasted only three months and lost the [[July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election|July 1960 parliamentary election]] to a new coalition led by Bandaranayake's widow. Jayewardene remained in parliament in the opposition having been elected from the [[Colombo South Electoral District|Colombo South electorate]].<ref>{{cite book |title=1960-61 Ferguson's Ceylon Directory |date=1961 |publisher=Ferguson's Directory |url=https://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/fergusons-directory/1960-61-fergusons-ceylon-directory/pdf/viewer.php |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

==Minister of state==
[[File:J. R. Jayewardene.jpg|left|thumb|150px|J. R. Jayewardene in the 1970s]]

The United National Party won the [[1965 Ceylonese parliamentary election|next election in 1965]] and formed a [[Coalition government|national government]] with the [[Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party]] led by [[C. P. de Silva]]. Jayewardene was reelected from the Colombo South electorate uncontested and was appointed [[Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)|Chief Government Whip]]. Senanayake appointed Jayewardene to his cabinet as Minister of State and [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the Minister of Defence and External Affairs thereby becoming the ''[[de facto]]'' [[deputy prime minister]]. No government had given serious thought to the development of the tourism industry as an economically viable venture until the United National Party came to power in 1965 and the subject came under the purview of J. R. Jayewardene. Jayewardene saw tourism as a great industry capable of earning foreign exchange, providing avenues of mass employment, and creating a workforce which commanded high employment potential globally. He was determined to place this industry on a solid foundation, providing it a 'conceptional base and institutional support.' This was necessary to bring dynamism and cohesiveness into an industry, shunned by leaders in the past, and ignored by investors who were inhibited by the lack of incentive to invest in projects which were uncertain of a satisfactory return. Jayewardene considered it essential for the government to give that assurance and with this objective in view, he tabled the Ceylon Tourist Board Act No 10 of 1966 followed by [[Ceylon Hotels Corporation|Ceylon Hotels Corporation Act No 14 of 1966]]. At present the [[Tourism in Sri Lanka|tourism industry in Sri Lanka]] is a major foreign exchange earner with tourist resorts in almost all cities and an annual turnover of over 500,000 tourists enjoying the tropical climes and beaches.<ref name="JR-death-AsiaWeek">{{cite news|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/96/1115/feat7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510072137/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/96/1115/feat7.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2009|title=DIED JUNIUS RICHARD JAYEWARDENE|publisher=Asia Week|date=15 November 1996}}</ref><ref name="JR-Economist">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/countries/SriLanka/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Political+Forces|title=Political forces – The constitution remains controversial|newspaper=The Economist|date=16 August 2006}}</ref>

==Leader of the opposition==
In the general election of 1970, the UNP suffered a major defeat, when the SLFP and its newly formed coalition of leftist parties won almost 2/3 of the parliamentary seats. Once again elected to parliament J. R. Jayewardene took over as opposition leader and de facto leader of the UNP due to the ill health of Dudley Senanayake. After Senanayake died in 1973, Jayewardene succeeded him as UNP leader. He gave the SLFP government his fullest support during the [[1971 JVP Insurrection (Sri Lanka)|1971 JVP Insurrection]] (even though his son was arrested by the police without charges) and in 1972 when the new constitution was enacted proclaiming Ceylon a republic. However, he opposed the government in many moves, which he saw as short-sighted and damaging to the country's economy in the long run. These included the adaptation of the closed economy and nationalization of many private businesses and lands. In 1976 he resigned from his seat in parliament in protest, when the government used its large majority in parliament to extend the duration of the government by two more years at the end of its six-year term without holding a general election or a referendum requesting public approval.

==Prime minister==
[[File:Sri Lanka 1977 Cabinet Ministers.jpg|250px|thumb|right|President [[William Gopallawa]] and Prime Minister J.R. Jayewardene with the cabinet of ministers in 1977 after being sworn in.]]
Tapping into growing anger with the SLFP government, Jayewardene led the UNP to a crushing victory in the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 election]]. The UNP won a staggering five-sixths of the seats in parliament—a total that was magnified by the first-past-the-post system, and one of the most lopsided victories ever recorded for a democratic election. Having been elected to parliament from the [[Colombo West Electoral District]], Jayewardene became Prime Minister and [[Jayewardene cabinet|formed a new government]].

==Presidency==
[[File:Presidential Standard of Sri Lanka (1978-1989).svg|thumb|left|200px|Presidential Standard of Junius Richard Jayewardene]]

Shortly thereafter, he amended the [[Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972|constitution of 1972]] to make the presidency an executive post. The provisions of the amendment automatically made the incumbent prime minister—himself—president, and he was sworn in as president on 4 February 1978. He passed a [[Constitution of Sri Lanka|new constitution]] on 31 August 1978 which came into operation on 7 September of the same year, which granted the president sweeping—and according to some critics, almost dictatorial—powers. He moved the legislative capital from Colombo to [[Sri Jayawardanapura Kotte]]. He had likely SLFP presidential nominee [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] stripped of her civic rights and barred from running for office for six years, based on her decision in 1976 to extend the term of parliament. This ensured that the SLFP would be unable to field a strong candidate against him in the [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|1982 election]], leaving his path to victory clear. This election was held under the 3rd amendment to the constitution which empowered the president to hold a Presidential Election anytime after the expiration of four years of his first term. He held a referendum to cancel the 1983 parliamentary elections, and allow the 1977 parliament to continue until 1989. He also passed a constitutional amendment barring from Parliament any MP who supported [[separatism]]; this effectively eliminated the main opposition party, the [[Tamil United Liberation Front]].

===Economy===
There was a complete turnaround in economic policy under him as the previous policies had led to economic stagnation. He opened the heavily state-controlled economy to market forces, which many credit with subsequent economic growth. He opened up the economy and introduced more [[Economic liberalism|liberal economic]] policies emphasizing private sector-led development. Policies were changed to create an environment conducive to foreign and local investment, to promote export-led growth shifting from previous policies of import substitution. To facilitate export-oriented enterprises and to administer Export Processing Zones the Greater Colombo Economic Commission was established. Food subsidies were curtailed and targeted through a Food Stamps Scheme extended to the poor. The system of rice rationing was abolished. The Floor Price Scheme and the Fertilizer Subsidy Scheme were withdrawn. New welfare schemes, such as free school books and the [[Mahapola Higher Education Scholarship Trust Fund|Mahapola Scholarship Programme]], were introduced. The rural credit programme expanded with the introduction of the New Comprehensive Rural Credit Scheme and several other medium and long-term credit schemes aimed at small farmers and the [[Self-employment|self-employed]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = President Junius R. Jayawardena (1978-1988)|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/sri-lanka/jayewardene.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|access-date = 2015-10-25}}</ref>

He also launched large-scale infrastructure development projects. He launched an extensive housing development program to meet housing shortages in urban and rural areas. The [[Mahaweli Development programme|Accelerated Mahaweli Programme]] built new reservoirs and large [[hydropower]] projects such as the [[Kotmale Dam|Kotmale]], [[Victoria Dam (Sri Lanka)|Victoria]], [[Randenigala Dam|Randenigala]], [[Rantembe Dam|Rantembe]] and [[Ulhitiya]]. Several Trans Basin Canals were also built to divert water to the Dry Zone.<ref name=":0" />

===Conservation===
His administration launched several wildlife conservation initiatives. This included stopping commercial logging in [[rain forest]]s such as [[Sinharaja Forest Reserve]] which was designated a [[World Biosphere Reserve]] in 1978 and a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1988.

===Tamil militancy and civil war===
Jayewardene moved to crack down on the growing activity of [[List of Tamil militant groups|Tamil militant groups]] active since the mid-1970s. He passed the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] in 1979, giving police sweeping powers to arrest and detain. This only escalated the ethnic tensions. Jayewardene claimed he needed overwhelming power to deal with the militants. After the [[Sri Lankan riots of 1977|1977 riots]], the government made one concession to the Tamils; it lifted the [[policy of standardization]] for university admission that had driven many Tamil youths into militancy. The concession was regarded by the militants as too little and too late, and violent attacks continued, culminating in the ambush of [[Four Four Bravo]] which led to the [[Black July|Black July riots]]. Black July riots transformed the militancy into a civil war, with the swelling ranks of the militant groups. By 1987, the [[LTTE]] had emerged as the dominant of the Tamil militant groups and had a free hand over the [[Jaffna Peninsula]], limiting government activities in that region. Jayewardene's administration responded with a massive military operation codenamed [[Vadamarachchi Operation|Operation Liberation]] to eliminate the LTTE leadership. Jayewardene had to halt the offensive after pressure from India pushed for a negotiated solution to the conflict after executing [[Operation Poomalai]]. Jayewardene and Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] finally concluded the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]], which provided for [[devolution]] of powers to Tamil-dominated regions, an [[IPKF|Indian peacekeeping force]] in the north, and the demobilization of the LTTE.

The LTTE rejected the accord, as it fell short of even an autonomous state. The provincial councils suggested by India did not have powers to control revenue, policing, or government-sponsored [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] settlements in Tamil provinces. Sinhala nationalists were outraged by both the devolution and the presence of foreign troops on Sri Lankan soil. An [[1987 grenade attack in the Sri Lankan Parliament|attempt]] was made on Jayewardene's life in 1987 as a result of his signing of the accord. Young, deprived Sinhalese soon rose in a [[Insurrection 1987–89|revolt]], organized by the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) which was eventually put down by the government by 1989.

===Foreign policy===
{{Seealso|List of international presidential trips made by J. R. Jayewardene}}

[[File:Jayewardene presents elephant to Reagan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jayewardene presenting a baby elephant to US President [[Ronald Reagan]] and the American people, 1984]]In contrast with his predecessor, [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], Jayewardena's foreign policy was aligned with American policies (earning him the nickname 'Yankie Dickie') much to the chagrin of India. Before Jayewardena's ascendency into the presidency, Sri Lanka had doors widely open to neighboring India. Jayewardena's tenure in the office restricted the doors to India several times; once an American company tender was granted over an Indian company tender.

Jayewardene hosted Queen [[Elizabeth II]] on a visit to Sri Lanka in October 1981.

In 1984, Jayewardene made an official [[State visit]] the United States; first Sri Lankan President to do so, upon the invitation of then US President [[Ronald Reagan]].

==Post-presidency==
Jayewardene left office and retired from politics in 1989 after the conclusion of his second term as president at the age of 82;<ref>[http://www.ft.lk/article/450847/Election-heat-and-%E2%80%98Yahapalana%E2%80%99-antics Election heat and ‘Yahapalana’ antics]</ref> after his successor [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] was formally inaugurated on 2 January 1989. He did not re-enter politics during his retirement even after the assassination of Premadasa in 1993.
[[File:Jr and elina.jpg|thumb|President Jayawardene with his wife and first lady, [[Elina Jayewardene|Elina]], on their 50th Wedding Anniversary in 1985.]]

==Death==
Jayewardene died of colon cancer, on 1 November 1996, aged 90, at a hospital in Colombo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Junius Jayewardene Dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/11/02/junius-jayewardene-dies/8d6ab60c-9c72-444b-a299-1448cb4f0aaf/|access-date=4 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, [[Elina Jayewardene|Elina]], and his son, [[Ravi Jayewardene|Ravi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Crossette|first=Barbara|date=1996-11-02|title=J. R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka Dies at 90; Modernized Nation He Led for 11 Years|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/02/world/j-r-jayewardene-of-sri-lanka-dies-at-90-modernized-nation-he-led-for-11-years.html|access-date=2020-05-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The government had announced that the state funeral would be held at Independence Square, a site of national significance where many of Sri Lanka's greatest leaders have been cremated. United National Party (UNP) leader Ranil Wickremesinghe also expressed his support for this location, honoring the late President's stature and legacy.

However, a compelling personal request emerged from the late President's only son, Ravi Jayewardene. He revealed a diary entry written by his father in 1991, in which the former president had clearly expressed his final wish. The note read:

"Please cremate my body within 24 hours of my death on the Kelaniya river bank."

This request reflected the President's deep connection to Kelaniya, his original political electorate, and highlighted his desire for a more personal and symbolic farewell.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Sunday Times on the Web - Front Page | url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/961103/frontm.html }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
On the economic front, Jayewardene's legacy is decisively a positive one.<ref name=":0" /> His economic policies are often credited with saving the Sri Lankan economy from ruin.<ref name=":6" /> For thirty years after independence, Sri Lanka had struggled in vain with slow growth and high unemployment. By opening up the country for extensive foreign investments, lifting price controls and promoting private enterprise (which had taken a heavy hit because of the policies of the preceding administration), Jayewardene ensured that the island maintained healthy growth despite the civil war. William K. Steven of [[The New York Times]] observes, "President Jayawardene's economic policies were credited with transforming the economy from one of scarcity to one of abundance."<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Stevens|first=William K.|date=1984-04-22|title=RECENT FIGHTING IN SRI LANKA DIMS HOPES FOR ETHNIC PEACE|language=en-US|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/22/world/recent-fighting-in-sri-lanka-dims-hopes-for-ethnic-peace.html|access-date=2021-08-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>[[File:Photograph of Raja (elephant) with Hon J.R Jayewardene & Dr. Nissanka Wijeyeratne.jpg|thumb|right|200px|President J. R. Jayewardene and Diyawadana Nilame [[Nissanka Wijeyeratne|Dr. Nissanka Wijeyeratne]] with [[Raja (elephant)]]]]

On the ethnic question, Jayewardene's legacy is bitterly divisive. When he took office, ethnic tensions were present in the country but were not overtly volatile. But relations between the two ethnicities heavily deteriorated during his administration and his response to these tensions and the signs of conflict has been heavily criticized.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> President Jayewardene saw these differences between the Sinhalese and Tamils as being <nowiki>''an unbridgeable gap''</nowiki>.<ref name=":5" /> Jayewardene said in an interview with the Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1983, "Really, if I starve the [[Tamils]] out, the Sinhala people will be happy"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fernando|first1=Jude Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhv5BgAAQBAJ|title=Loss and Hope: Global, Interreligious and Interdisciplinary Perspectives|date=2014|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4725-2907-7|editor1-last=Admirand|editor1-first=Peter|location=London, U.K.|page=30|chapter=The Politics of Represenatations of Mass Atrocity in Sri Lanka and Human Rights Discourse: Challenge to Justice and Recovery}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oBmDwAAQBAJ|title=Genocide & Persecution: Sri Lanka|date=2014|publisher=[[Greenhaven Press]]|isbn=9780737770162|editor1-last=Berlatsky|editor1-first=Noah|location=Farmington Hills, U.S.|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Short|first1=Damien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vudiDgAAQBAJ|title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide|date=2016|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|isbn=9781783601707|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sriskanda Rajah|first1=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDAlDwAAQBAJ|title=Government and Politics in Sri Lanka: Biopolitics and Security|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-26571-1|location=London, U.K.|page=62}}</ref> about the widespread anti-Tamil sentiments among the Sinhalese at that time.<ref name=":5" />

Highly respected in Japan for his call for peace and reconciliation with post-war Japan at the [[Treaty of San Francisco|Peace Conference in San Francisco]] in 1951, a statue of Jayewardene was erected at [[Kōtoku-in|the Kamakura Temple]] in the [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] in Japan in his honor.<ref>[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070916/Plus/plus00018.html A visionary strategist]</ref>

===J. R. Jayewardene Centre===
In 1988, the [[J. R. Jayewardene Centre]] was established by the J.R. Jayewardene Centre Act No. 77 of 1988 by Parliament at the childhood home of J. R. Jayewardene Dharmapala Mawatha, Colombo. It serves as an archive for J. R. Jayewardene's library and papers as well as papers, records from the [[Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)|Presidential Secretariat]] and gifts he received in his tenure as president.

==Further reading==
* De Silva, K. M., & Wriggins, W. H. (1988), ''J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: a political biography'', University of Hawaii Press {{ISBN|0-8248-1183-6}}
* Jayewardene, J. R. (1988), ''My quest for peace: a collection of speeches on international affairs'', {{OCLC|20515117}}
* Dissanayaka, T. D. S. A. (1977), ''J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: the inside story of how the Prime Minister led the UNP to victory in 1977'', Swastika Press {{OCLC|4497112}}
*{{cite web|title=We can look after ourselves: Sri Lankan President Jayewardene|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19840430-we-can-look-after-ourselves-sri-lankan-president-jayewardene-802985-1984-04-30|date=1984-04-30|magazine=[[India Today]]|author=S. Venkatnarayan}}
*{{cite web|title=India cannot support violence whatever the cause may be: J.R. Jayewardene|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19851215-india-cannot-support-violence-whatever-the-cause-may-be-j-r-jayewardene-802266-2014-01-22|date=1985-12-15|author1=S.H. Venkatramani|author2=Prabhu Chawla|authorlink2=Prabhu Chawla|magazine=[[India Today]]}}

==See also==
* [[Jayewardene cabinet]]
* [[Braemar, Colombo]]
* [[Vaijantha]]
* [[List of political families in Sri Lanka]]
* [[1987 grenade attack in the Sri Lankan Parliament]]

==References==
{{reflist}}



==External links==
* [http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3002.htm The JAYEWARDENE Ancestry]
* [http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3062.htm The WIJEWARDENA Ancestry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108033328/http://epaper.dailynews.lk/art.asp?id=2015%2F12%2F07%2Fpg06_0&pt=p&h= The Statesman Misunderstood]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108033329/http://epaper.dailynews.lk/art.asp?id=2015%2F12%2F14%2Fpg05_1&pt=p&h= Humble son of a humble President]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080325034304/http://www.parliament.lk/handbook_of_parliament/prime_ministers.jsp Website of the Parliament of Sri Lanka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080418182701/http://www.unp.lk/portal/ Official Website of United National Party (UNP)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060820212011/http://www.jic.net/ J.R. Jayewardene Centre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604161706/http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/09/17/fea05.html 95th Birth Anniversary]
* [https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/15/fea22.html Remembering the most dominant Lankan political figure] by Padma Edirisinghe
* [https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/09/14/new24.asp J.R. Jayewardene by Ananda Kannangara]
* [http://www.island.lk/2008/09/21/features6.html President JRJ and the Export Processing Zone] by K. Godage
* [http://www.divaina.com/2008/09/15/mano04.html Methek Kathawa '''Divaina'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515021314/http://www.divaina.com/2008/09/15/mano04.html |date=15 May 2013 }}
* [http://www.divaina.com/2008/09/22/mano04.html Methek Kathawa '''Divaina'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515002833/http://www.divaina.com/2008/09/22/mano04.html |date=15 May 2013 }}

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Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016

2026-03-26T12:14:53Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
|short_title = Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
|legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
|imagesize = 105
|long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to reorganisation and insolvency resolution of corporate persons, partnership firms and individuals in a time bound manner for maximisation of value of assets of such persons, to promote entrepreneurship, availability of
credit and balance the interests of all the stakeholders including alteration in the order of priority of payment of Government dues and to establish an Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
|citation = [http://mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Insolvency&BankruptcyCode2016_12042019.pdf Act No. 31 of 2016]
|territorial_extent = [[India]]
|enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
|date_passed = 5 May 2016
|enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
|date_passed2 = 11 May 2016
|date_assented = 28 May 2016
|date_commenced = 28 May 2016
|bill = The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
|bill_citation = [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Bankruptcy/Insolvency%20and%20Bankruptcy%20code,%202015.pdf Bill No. 349 of 2015]
|bill_date = 21 December 2015
|introduced_by = [[Arun Jaitley]]
|committee_report = [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Bankruptcy/JC%20Report%20on%20Insolvency%20and%20Bankruptcy%20Code.pdf Report of the Joint Committee]
|date_conf_committee = 28 April 2016
|status = in force
}}

{{Insolvency|By Country=India}}
The '''Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016''' ('''IBC''') is an [[Law of India|Indian law]] which creates a consolidated framework that governs insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings for companies, partnership firms, and individuals.

== Background ==
Prior to the IBC, the legislative framework for insolvency and restructuring was fragmented across multiple legislations, such as the [[Companies Act 2013]], the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, [[Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002|Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002]], the Recovery of Debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act (RDDBFI Act), 1993, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Journey of Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code |url=https://www.mondaq.com/advicecentre/content/3750/The-Journey-of-Insolvency-Bankruptcy-Code |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.mondaq.com}}</ref>

==History==
On 22 August 2014, the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] created the Bankruptcy Legislative Reforms Committee (BLRC). The committee was headed by [[T. K. Viswanathan]], and tasked with drafting a new bankruptcy law. The Committee submitted its [https://ibbi.gov.in/uploads/resources/BLRCReportVol1_04112015.pdf report], which included a draft bill, on 4 November 2015. A modified version of the draft bill, after the incorporation of public comments, was introduced in the Sixteenth Lok Sabha by Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] as the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=PRS {{!}} Bill Track {{!}} The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015|url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-bill-2015-4100/|website=www.prsindia.org|access-date=20 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> The bill was tabled on 23 December 2015. A Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2015 (JPC) was set up and the bill was referred to it for detailed analysis. The JPC submitted its [https://ibbi.gov.in/uploads/resources/16_Joint_Committee_on_Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code_2015_1.pdf report], which included a new draft of the Bill, 28 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Committee Report Summary|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Bankruptcy/JCR%20Summary-%20Insolvency%20and%20Bankruptcy%20code.pdf|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128144928/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Bankruptcy/JCR%20Summary-%20Insolvency%20and%20Bankruptcy%20code.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was passed by the Lok Sabha on 5 May 2016, and by the Rajya Sabha on 11 May 2016. Subsequently, it received assent from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] and was notified in ''[[The Gazette of India]]'' on 28 May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The insolvency and bankruptcy code, 2016 | url=http://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/2016/201631.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803114703/http://www.indiacode.nic.in:80/acts-in-pdf/2016/201631.pdf | archive-date=2016-08-03}}</ref>

== Early cases ==
The first insolvency resolution order under this code was passed by [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT) in the case of ''Synergies-Dooray Automotive Ltd.'' in CP(IB)No. 01/HDB/2017 on 14 August 2017, reported in [2017] ibclaw.in 23 NCLT. The plea for insolvency was submitted by company on 23 January 2017. The resolution plan was submitted to NCLT within a period of 180 days as required by the code, and the approval for the same was received on 2 August 2017 from the tribunal. The final order was uploaded on 14 August 2017 on the NCLT website.<ref name="lm0817">{{citation |title=NCLT okays first insolvency resolution scheme under IBC |date=16 August 2017 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/qHRj0OlhehKDXFXFlckkoJ/NCLT-okays-first-insolvency-resolution-scheme-underIBC.html |work=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref>

The First case under Indian Insolvency law before Supreme Court was in ''[https://ibclaw.in/summary-of-innoventive-industries-ltd-vs-icici-bank-anr-judgment-of-supreme-court/ Innoventive Industries Ltd. v. ICICI Bank and Anr].''

==Key Provisions==
'''Insolvency Resolution''' : The Code outlines separate insolvency resolution processes for individuals, companies and partnership firms. The process may be initiated by either the debtor or the creditors. A maximum time limit, for completion of the insolvency resolution process, has been set for corporates and individuals. For companies, the process will have to be completed in 180 days, which may be extended by 90 days, if a majority of the creditors agree. For start ups (other than partnership firms), small companies and other companies (with asset less than Rs. 1 crore), resolution process would be completed within 90 days of initiation of request which may be extended by 45 days.<ref>{{citation |title=India Overhauls Century-Old Bankruptcy Laws in Win for Modi |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-11/india-overhauls-century-old-bankruptcy-laws-in-key-win-for-modi |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |date=11 May 2016 }}</ref>

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2019 has increased the mandatory upper Time limit of 330 days including time spent in legal process to complete resolution process.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ibc-resolutions-exceed-new-time-limit-of-330-days-prescribed-by-govt-119102800661_1.html|title = IBC resolutions exceed new time limit of 330 days prescribed by govt|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 28 October 2019|last1 = Dutt|first1 = Ishita Ayan}}</ref>

'''Insolvency regulator''': The Code establishes the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India]], to oversee the insolvency proceedings in the country and regulate the entities registered under it. The Board will have 10 members, including representatives from the Ministries of Finance and Law, and the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Legislative Brief of the Code |url=http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/media/Bankruptcy/Legislative%20Brief-%20Bankruptcy%20code.pdf |access-date=18 August 2016 |website=PRS India |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910032816/http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/media/Bankruptcy/Legislative%20Brief-%20Bankruptcy%20code.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Insolvency professionals''': The insolvency process will be managed by licensed professionals. These professionals will also control the assets of the debtor during the insolvency process.<ref name=":0" />

'''Bankruptcy and Insolvency Adjudicator''': The Code proposes two separate tribunals to oversee the process of insolvency resolution, for individuals and companies: (i) the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] for [[Company|Companies]] and [[Limited liability partnership|Limited Liability Partnership firms]]; and (ii) the Debt Recovery Tribunal for individuals and partnerships.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

==Procedure==

=== Time Limit ===
The IBC envisions that the entire Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) must take place within 180 days of the admission of the application. A CIRP must be mandatorily completed within 330 days, including any extension or litigation period.<ref>S. 12, IBC</ref>

The Hon'ble Supreme Court in ''Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Ltd.'' ''v. Satish Kumar Gupta & Ors.,'' reported at ''(2019) ibclaw.in 07 SC,'' has struck down the upper limit of 330 days holding that it may be open in some cases for the Adjudicating Authority and/or Appellate Tribunal to extend time beyond 330 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary of landmark judgment of Supreme Court in Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Limited vs Satish Kumar Gupta & Ors., in Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 – IBC Laws |url=https://ibclaw.in/summary-of-landmark-judgment-of-supreme-court-in-committee-of-creditors-of-essar-steel-india-limited-vs-satish-kumar-gupta-ors-under-ibc/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Initiating the CIRP ===
In the case of a corporate debtor, an application for insolvency proceedings must be submitted to the Adjudicating Authority (AA), which is the NCLT. The application may be filed by a financial creditor (Section 7), an operational creditor (Section 9), or the corporate debtor (Section 10) itself. Section 11 enumerates the persons ''not entitled'' to make an application, such as corporate debtor who was in a CIRP at the time of the application, or had been in one recently.

The maximum time allowed to consider the application is 14 days. If the application is allowed, the Adjudicating Authority: (i) declares a moratorium; (ii) causes a public announcement of the CIRP process and calls for the submission of claims; and (iii) appoints an Interim Resolution Professional (IRP).

=== Moratorium ===
On the date on which the insolvency commences, a ''moratorium'' is declared, and it remains in force until the end of the CIRP. The CIRP ends, either when the AA approves a resolution plan under Section 31(1), or when it passes a liquidation order under Section 33. The moratorium ensures that the CIRP has a free-rein and is the only mechanism through which claims are settled. It bars the institution of litigation against the corporate debtor, while at the same time suspending the corporate debtor's ability to move, sell, or transfer any of its assets. It bars actions both ''by'' and ''against'' the corporate debtor. However, the moratorium has certain exceptions, such as Section 14(2A), which allows the IRP to continue to supply of such goods and services as it considers necessary to preserve the value of the corporate debtor.

For the said period, the board of directors of the company stands suspended, and the promoters do not have a say in the management of the company. The IRP, if required, can seek the support of the company's management for day-to-day operations. If the CIRP fails in reviving the company, the liquidation process is initiated.

==Amendments==
* 2017 Amendment prohibits certain persons from submitting a resolution plan in case of defaults. These include: (i) wilful defaulters, (ii) promoters or management of the company if it has an outstanding non-performing debt for over a year, and (iii) disqualified directors, among others. Further, it bars the sale of property of a defaulter to such persons during liquidation.<ref>{{cite web|title=PRS {{!}} Bill Track {{!}} The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Bill, 2017|url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-amendment-bill-2017-5017/|website=www.prsindia.org|access-date=20 February 2018|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152427/http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code-amendment-bill-2017-5017/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==High-value cases==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Company !! Debt !! Date of referral to NCLT
!Date of Resolution
!Recovery Amount
!Notes!! Reference
|-
| [[Essar Steel]] || {{INRConvert|490|b}} || June 2017
|Dec 2019
|{{INRConvert|42000|c|lk=|year=2019}}
|SC delivered its final verdict and cleared way for Arcelor Mittal India and Nippon Steel Japan to form a joint venture to complete the takeover by end of Dec 2019. ||<ref name=et0318>{{citation |title=Why resolution of these 10 NPA accounts will be a crucial test for IBC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/why-resolution-of-these-10-npa-accounts-will-be-a-crucial-test-for-ibc/articleshow/63294120.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 March 2018 |last1=Rebello |first1=Joel }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/essar-steel-finally-bankers-expect-money-next-month/1778565/|title=Essar Steel: Finally bankers expect money next month|date=2019-11-28|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhushan Steel]] || {{INRConvert|440|b}} || 26 July 2017
|May 2018
|{{INRConvert|36400|c|lk=|year=2018}}
|Tata Steel, through its wholly owned subsidiary Bamnipal Steel Ltd (BNPL), has acquired 72.65 per cent controlling stake in Bhushan Steel Ltd (BSL) for around Rs 36,400 crore. The company was selected as the highest bidder in March 2018 to buy a controlling stake in Bhushan Steel, as part of bankruptcy proceedings.||<ref name="et0318" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/tata-steel-subsidiary-acquires-72-stake-in-bhushan-steel-1526718638-1|title=Tata Steel subsidiary acquires 72% stake in Bhushan Steel|date=2018-05-19|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/bhushan-steel-acquisition-by-tata-steel-fm-piyush-goyal-calls-it-historic-breakthrough-1854197|title=Bhushan Steel Acquisition By Tata Steel: Piyush Goyal Calls It Historic Breakthrough|website=NDTV.com|date=18 May 2018 |access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhushan Power & Steel]] || {{INRConvert|492|b}} || June 2017
|March 2021
|{{INRConvert|19350|c|lk=|year=2021}}
|After four years of litigation involving ED & previous owners, CoC has voted in favor of JSW Steel. The deal will be completed by end of March 2021.||<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lele|first=Ishita Ayan Dutt & Abhijit|date=2021-03-05|title=Lenders with majority vote for closing Bhushan Power deal with JSW Steel|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/lenders-with-majority-vote-for-closing-bhushan-power-deal-with-jsw-steel-121030500653_1.html|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alok Industries]] || {{INRConvert|290|b}} || June 2017
|March 2019
|{{INRConvert|5050|c|lk=|year=2019}}
| Joint bid by Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and [[JM Financial]] Asset Reconstruction Co was approved by NCLT Ahmedabad last year. ||<ref name=et0318/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ril-gets-nclt-approval-for-alok-industries/articleshow/68328289.cms|title=Reliance Industries gets NCLT approval for Alok Industries - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 March 2019 |access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jet Airways]]||{{INRConvert|146|b|lk=|year=2019}}
| June 2019
|
|
|CoC has accepted a ₹1,000-crore bid by a consortium of UK-based Kalrock Capital and UAE-based entrepreneur Murari Lal Jalan on Oct 17, 2020. ||<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kundu|first=Shayan Ghosh, Rhik|date=2020-10-19|title=Jet will need more capital post-rescue|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/jet-will-need-more-capital-post-rescue-11603125918651.html|access-date=2020-10-19|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Reliance Communications]]||{{INRConvert|33000|c|lk=|year=2019}}
| June 2019
| Jan 2020
| {{INRConvert|23000|c|lk=|year=2020}}
| [[Jio|Reliance Jio]] will get the tower and fiber assets of Reliance Infratel Ltd for Rs 4,700 crore, UV Asset Reconstruction Co Ltd (UVARC) will get assets of RCom and Reliance Telecom (spectrum) for Rs 14,000 crore.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/mar/05/lenders-approve-rs-23000-crore-resolution-plan-for-reliance-communications-2112686.html|title=Lenders approve Rs 23,000 crore resolution plan for Reliance Communications|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dewan Housing Finance Corporation|Dewan Housing Finance Ltd]]
|{{INRConvert|1000|b|lk=|year=2019}}
|Nov 29, 2019
|Jan 2021
|{{INRConvert|38000|c|lk=|year=2021}}
|First financial company to be referred to NCLT under IBC by RBI. It was acquired by Piramal Group, and, according to the resolution plan, Piramal Capital and Housing Finance Ltd. (PCHFL) will merge with DHFL.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/india-cenbank-moves-to-begin-bankruptcy-proceedings-against-dhfl-2019-11-29|title=India cenbank moves to begin bankruptcy proceedings against DHFL|last=Thomas|first=Chris|website=www.nasdaq.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Dev|date=2021-01-17|title=Banks to get 33% of dues spread over five years from DHFL resolution|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/banks-to-get-33-of-dues-spread-over-five-years-from-dhfl-resolution-121011700582_1.html|access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Panda|first=Subrata|date=2021-09-29|title=Piramal Group acquires DHFL for total consideration of Rs 34,250 cr|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/piramal-group-acquires-dhfl-for-total-consideration-of-rs-34-250-cr-121092900395_1.html|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Reliance Capital]]
|
|{{Date|Dec 6, 2021}}
|
|
|
* RBI superseded the board on Nov 29, 2021 with the intention of starting insolvency proceedings. The central bank appointed Nageswara Rao Y., a former executive director of Bank of Maharashtra, as the company's administrator.
* The Committee of Creditors (COC) has decided to reject all the binding bids. The COC is now considering sending Reliance Capital to liquidation, under the newly introduced regulation 6(A) of the IBC, whereby each individual business can be sold separately.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-11-30 |title=Reliance Capital COC rejects all bids, decides liquidation: Sources |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-capital-coc-rejects-all-bids-decides-liquidation-sources-122113000894_1.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Future Group|Future Retail]]
|
|Pending Admission to NCLT
|
|
|Lenders have picked a Resolution Professional and are preparing to get the company admitted NCLT proceedings after the company defaulted on Rs 3,495 crore of loans in January as per the terms of a one-time restructuring deal.
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Sangita |title=Future Retail lenders select Deloitte backed interim resolution professional to take the company to bankruptcy court |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/future-retail-lenders-pick-resolution-professional-to-take-company-to-bankruptcy-court/articleshow/90735705.cms |access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/169882.pdf Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016]
* [http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/insolvency+and+bankruptcy+code.html Rules and Regulations]
* [http://ibbi.gov.in/ Official website of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519213853/http://ibbi.gov.in/ |date=19 May 2017 }}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2016]]
[[Category:Insolvency law by country]]
[[Category:Financial regulation in India]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Bankruptcy]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]

Zainabad

2026-03-25T21:50:42Z

Vilianajgd: Starting a stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Zainabad
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt = Zainabad on map of Haryana
| map_caption = Zainabad Village in Rewari
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Map of Haryana showing the location of Dahina
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.285798|76.380615|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| governing_body = Village panchayat
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,205 (Male - 2,734, Female - 2,471 )
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 123411
| postal2_code_type =
| postal2_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type = 01281
| registration_plate = HR 36
| website = {{URL|www.Rewari.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Zainabad satellite.jpg|thumb|]]
'''Zainabad'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6,+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE+123411/@28.285156,76.3711738,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a1422c5dd3c1:0x5d602d2c6a143019!8m2!3d28.2858434!4d76.3805553|title=map of google|website=Zainabad|language=en|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> is a village located in DAHINA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Block Dahina {{!}} District Rewari, Government of Haryana {{!}} Veer Bhoomi {{!}} India |url=https://rewari.gov.in/block-dahina/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Block of [[Rewari district]] in [[Haryana]]. Positioned in rural area of Rewari district of Haryana, it is one of the 39 villages of Dahina<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of villages of Dahina block in Rewari district |url=https://www.viewvillage.in/villages-of-block/dahina-7104 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.viewvillage.in}}</ref> Block of Rewari district. As per the government records, the village code of Zainabad is 62460. The village has 1072 families.

== Population ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/62460-zainabad-haryana.html|title=Zainabad Village Population - Rewari - Rewari, Haryana|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2018-07-11}}</ref> Zainabad's population is 5205. Out of this, 2734 are males whereas the females count 2471 here. This village has 540 kids in the age group of 0–6 years. Among them 313 are boys and 227 are girls.

== Literacy rate ==
Literacy rate in Zainabad village is 86%. 4685 out of total 5205 population is educated here. Among males the [[literacy]] rate is 92% as 2515 males out of total 2734 are educated while female literacy ratio is 73% as 1803 out of total 2471 females are educated in this Village.

== Agriculture ==
The number of working person of Zainabad village is 1908 whereas 3297 are [[Unemployment|un-employed]]. And out of 1908 employed people 638 individuals are totally reliant on [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rewari.gov.in/|title=Please wait, while your site is being deployed.. {{!}} S3WaaS|website=www.rewari.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-11|archive-date=18 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818185225/https://rewari.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Village Panchayat ==
<ref>{{Cite news |title=baskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/rewari/news/22-year-old-bhavna-sarpanch-of-jainabad-won-soma-by-3-votes-in-rajpura-chaudhar-to-fourth-generation-in-mirpur-130555988.html}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!Name
!Term
|-
|1
|Ramnarayan
|1952-57
|-
|2
|Ramnarayan
|1957-62
|-
|3
|Ramnarayan
|1962-66
|-
|4
|Khobram patwari
|1966-71
|-
|5
|Punamchand
|1971-76
|-
|6
|Hardawari
|1976-81
|-
|7
|Laldas
|1981-86
|-
|8
|Rawat
|1986-91
|-
|9
|Parmanand+nandh
|1991-94
|-
|10
|Laldas
|1994-99
|-
|11
|Kaushalya devi
|2000-05
|-
|12
|Dayanand+Sarbati devi
|2005-10
|-
|13
|Laldas
|2010-16
|-
|14
|Gopichand
|2016-21
|-
|15
|style="color:green"|Bhavna
|style="color:green"|2022-till
|}

== Transport ==

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] at [[Palam]], New Delhi, 107 km away, for all domestic and international flights.

=== Railway ===
[[File:Dahina Zainabad Railway Station.jpg|thumb|<ref name="Dahina Zainabad">{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Dahina+Zainabad/@28.285156,76.3711738,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a1154841e5a7:0xacb4d6427d883e14!8m2!3d28.2907869!4d76.3917053|title=Dahina Zainabad|website=Dahina Zainabad|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref> Dahina Zainabad Railway Station]]
[[File:Dahina zainabad.jpg|thumb|<ref name="Dahina Zainabad"/> Railway station]]

The nearest railway station is [[Dahina]] Zainabad.<ref name="Dahina Zainabad"/> On the route of Rewari - Mahendergarh

=== Road ===
Zainabad is connected by SH-24 Rewari-Dahina-Kanina-Mahendragarh road<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Rewari-Kanina-Mahendragarh+Rd,+Dahina,+Haryana+123411/@28.2933904,76.3848359,19z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a16b159688c9:0xb94df4ae0164bbb6!8m2!3d28.2933892!4d76.3853831|title=Rewari-Kanina-Mahendragarh Rd|website=Rewari-Kanina-Mahendragarh Rd|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref> and Dahina to Kund road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Dahina+-+Mandola+-+Kund+Road,+Dahina,+Haryana+123411/@28.2933718,76.3831399,19z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a16ba1963847:0x502e393e3e4c2888!8m2!3d28.2933706!4d76.3836871|title=Dahina - Mandola - Kund Road|website=Dahina - Mandola - Kund Road|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref> Rewari is 25 km, Mahendergarh is 29 km and Kund is 19 km away from Zainabad.

Nearest Bus Stand is Zainabad Dahina <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Dahina+Bus+Stop/@28.2939139,76.3829291,18z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a16b760531ab:0xaa5c4a9b181848a9!8m2!3d28.2939139!4d76.3840234|title=Dahina Bus Stop|website=Dahina Bus Stop|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>

== Education ==
Zainabad has one engineering college, one degree collage, one senior secondary school, two primary schools and two secondary schools

*The Rao Birender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://rbssietrewari.ac.in/|title=RBS|work=Rao Birender Singh State Institute of engineering and technology|access-date=2018-07-10|language=en-US|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809013939/http://rbssietrewari.ac.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (RBSSIETR) is a public Engineering institution established by the Government of Haryana to promote [[Technical school|technical education]] in the state.
*Shaheed Capt. D.K Khola Public School<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Shaheed+Capt.+D.K+Khola+Public+School/@28.2766171,76.3718108,15.15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a1427cef5b87:0x5fecfa0bdb7d1c02!8m2!3d28.27927!4d76.3753599|title=Shaheed Capt. D.K Khola Public School|website=Shaheed Capt. D.K Khola Public School|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Shaheed Capt. D.K Kh ola degree college<ref name=":3" />
* Govt Girls Sr. Sec. School <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/GGSS+School/@28.2827874,76.3843132,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a14747a5561f:0x683a2863bc0ea6f7!8m2!3d28.2827847!4d76.3855684|title=GGSS School|website=GGSS School|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
* Govt Girls primary school<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/GOVT.GIRL+PRIMARY+SCHOOL/@28.2840544,76.3817354,18z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a1413788659f:0xdc8f618db029558d!8m2!3d28.2840524!4d76.3826712|title=GOVT.GIRL PRIMARY SCHOOL|website=GOVT.GIRL PRIMARY SCHOOL|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
* Modern Public School Zainabad <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Modern+Public+School+Zainabad/@28.2832388,76.372335,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a15ca54cb79d:0xf39b92232e9da166!8m2!3d28.2832341!4d76.3745183|title=Modern Public School Zainabad|website=Modern Public School Zainabad|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>

== Temples ==
*Baba Udhodas Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Baba+Udhodas+Temple/@28.2851749,76.3711952,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a1c308598a35:0x7906237d1e3bed53!8m2!3d28.2875393!4d76.3826045|title=Baba Udhodas Temple|website=Baba Udhodas Temple|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Hanuman Mandir <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Hanuman+Mandir/@28.2872435,76.3810852,17.83z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a141f359a1f5:0xe1698ef14b6ab795!8m2!3d28.2875771!4d76.3814706|title=Hanuman Mandir|website=Hanuman Mandir|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Shivji Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Shivji+Temple/@28.2876401,76.3822863,20.09z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a141eac2c1d7:0xcd06feea425afdea!8m2!3d28.2877005!4d76.3824094|title=Shivji Temple|website=Shivji Temple|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Sedh Mata Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sedh+Mata+Temple/@28.2886296,76.3822516,18.01z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a1e4a4d3f889:0x32f0ffe0d1b9a254!8m2!3d28.2890934!4d76.3837592|title=Sedh Mata Temple|website=Sedh Mata Temple|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Holika Temple <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Holika+Tample/@28.2884726,76.3812672,16.21z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a141828130eb:0x2d4b50be577a814!8m2!3d28.2861269!4d76.3816497|title=Holika Tample|website=Holika Tample|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Santoshi mata Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0/@28.2847825,76.3827859,18.67z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a187bdaf3003:0x7eb9aac70cff4658!8m2!3d28.2850675!4d76.383255|title=माता संतोषी मंदिर|website=माता संतोषी मंदिर|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Baba Jharveer Goga Tample<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Baba+Jharveer+Goga+Tample/@28.2824915,76.3800313,16.77z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3912a1469a137c4d:0x79f4f14e801a2729!8m2!3d28.2813793!4d76.3817489|title=Baba Jharveer Goga Tample|website=Baba Jharveer Goga Tample|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>
*Baba Bhaiya Temple

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikivillage.in/village/haryana/rewari/khol/zainabad|title=Village Website In India, Explore Villages of India, Best Village Sites In India, Wikivillage|website=www.wikivillage.in|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820174536/https://www.wikivillage.in/village/haryana/rewari/khol/zainabad|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/haryana/rewari/rewari/zainabad.html|title=Zainabad Village in Rewari (Rewari) Haryana {{!}} villageinfo.in|website=villageinfo.in|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/HARYANA/REWARI/Z/ZAINABAD|title=Pin Code: ZAINABAD, REWARI, HARYANA, India, Pincode.net.in|website=pincode.net.in|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref>

[[Category:Villages in Rewari district]]

Odisha Lokayukta

2026-03-25T17:08:57Z

Vilianajgd: put up new stub...

{{Short description|Parliamentary Ombudsman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Odisha
| nativename =
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| formed = 2014
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| country = India
| federal = No
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| headquarters = Odisha Lokayukta, OFFICE OF THE LOKAYUKTA, ODISHA, B-2, Ground Floor, Toshali Bhawan, Satyanagar, Bhubaneswar-751007
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| chief1name = Hon’ble Shri Justice Ajit Singh.<ref name="OdisLok Ref1">{{cite web |title=Lokayukta Odisha |url=https://lokayukta.odisha.gov.in/ |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
| chief1position = Chairperson
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'''Odisha Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Odisha]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Odisha Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act, and approved by the [[president of India]]. [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India|Parliamentof India]] had come into force as a law from 16 January 2014 and required each state in India to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The law demanded that a bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to the Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant prematurely.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Odisha Lokayukta Act-2014 was passed in February 2014 making it the first state to pass the law after Central Government passed the Bill, and got President's approval in January 2015.<ref name="Odis LokRef2">{{cite news |title=Odisha passes Lokayukta Bill, becomes first state to enact the law |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-passes-lokayukta-bill-becomes-first-state-to-enact-the-l-33616.html |access-date=13 September 2021 |publisher=indiatvnews.com |date=15 February 2014 |language=en}}</ref> The Act was passed for the formation of a 6-member anti-corruption panel to look into allegation of corruption and other abuse of power by Chief Minister, ex-Chief Ministers, other ministers under him and public functionaries and influential officials<ref name="Odis LokRef3" /> as per the Act. The act replaces the Odisha Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 1995. As per the Indian Penal code all the proceedings before Lokayukta are considered as judicial proceedings.<ref name="Odis LokRef5">{{cite news |title=To Improve Functioning, Odisha Lokayukta Wants Vigilance Department Under Its Control |url=https://thewire.in/government/odisha-lokayukta-vigilance-department-improve-functioning-naveen-patnaik |access-date=13 September 2021 |publisher=The Wire |date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

Odisha Lokayukta Act prohibits disclosure of the identity of the complainant and the functionary against whom the complaint is filed during proceedings before it.<ref name="Odis LokRef6">{{cite news |last1=Barik |first1=Satyasundar |title=Lokayukta: Odisha government issues norms on how to file a complaint |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lokayukta-odisha-government-issues-norms-on-how-to-file-a-complaint/article32845380.ece |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=13 October 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The Act lays down for the electronically filed complaint to be filed in hard copy within 15 days of the date of complaint filed by the complainant.<ref name="Odis LokRef6" /> As per the Act protection is given for the integrity of the investigation process and to the complainant but not be liable in case the person discloses himself. According to the Act the complaint will be made void in case it is not related to public functionary or the content has ambiguity or fraud or is not related to the purpose mentioned therein. However the Lokayukta can continue with enquiry or investigation if he finds purpose in the complaint and the same is mentioned in the Act. Additionally if after commencement of investigation he finds the grounds are insufficient, he can discontinue the investigation. The office of Lokayukta has the facility of filing complaints online.<ref name="Odis LokRef7">{{cite news |title=Only Odisha, TN, Bihar, Manipur have appointed judicial and non-judicial members of Lokayukta, finds report |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/only-odisha-tamil-nadu-bihar-manipur-have-appointed-judicial-and-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-finds-report-9093431.html |access-date=19 September 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=9 December 2020}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Odisha Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2013}}

== Powers ==

Odisha Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials.<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /><ref name="Odis LokRef2" />

== Appointment and tenure ==

First Lokayukta of Odisha is Justice Ajit Singh, a former Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court.<ref name="Odis LokRef4">{{cite news |title=Ajit Singh becomes Odisha's first Lokayukta |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ajit-singh-becomes-odishas-721302.html |access-date=13 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=3 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Odis LokRef3" />

== Notable cases ==

Orissa Lokayukta in the year 2020 got total registered cases of 272 and out of it resolved 56 of them.<ref name="Odis LokRef3">{{cite news |title=Odisha Lokayukta has registered 272 cases in 2020: Chairman |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/odisha-lokayukta-has-registered-272-cases-in-2020-chairman/1736176 |access-date=13 September 2021 |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=17 February 2020}}</ref> 29 cumulative complaints of earlier Lokpals are pending to resolve and around 1223 personal issues are transferred to State Government under the Act.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

Orissa Lokayukta in the year 2019 got total registered cases of 1418 and out of it resolved 166 of them.<ref name="od ref10">{{cite news |title=Odisha Lokayukta has registered 272 cases in 2020: Chairman |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/odisha-lokayukta-has-registered-272-cases-in-2020-chairman-120021700199_1.html |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=17 February 2020}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In the year 2020, Orissa Lokayukta conducted investigations on a complaint relating to corruption in the purchase of masks and PPE ([[personal protective equipment]]) for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.<ref name="Odis LokRef5" />

== See also ==

*[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013]]
*[[West Bengal Lokayukta]]
*[[Tamilnadu Lokayukta]]
*[[Jharkhand Lokayukta]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Lokayog]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://lokayukta.odisha.gov.in// official website]


[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Lokayuktas]]

Kathikappal

2026-03-21T05:18:39Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kathikappal
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dinesh Selvaraj
| producer = V. Bhakta
| writer = Dinesh Selvaraj
| starring = {{ubl|[[V. N. Anoop Kumar]]|[[Meera Vasudevan]]|[[Poornitha]]}}
| music = Sree Sai
| cinematography = Abdul Kalam
| editing = K. M. K. Palanivel
| distributor =
| studio = Gajanana Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|07|25}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kathikappal''''' ({{translation|Paper Boat}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by Dinesh Selvaraj in his debut. The film stars [[V. N. Anoop Kumar]], [[Meera Vasudevan]] and [[Poornitha]], with [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Prem (actor)|Prem]], [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]], Jayaprakasam, Sakthivel and Vinoth Kumar playing supporting roles. It was released on 25 July 2008.

== Plot ==

Set in 1988, the notorious forest brigand Veeraiyyan abducted a former minister and held him captive in the forest of [[Kodaikanal]]. To release him, Veeraiyyan demanded a ransom of 3 crores. Police Commissioner Chandrabose and his squad – Thennavan, Jayaprakash, Sakthivel, and Vinoth Kumar – killed Veeraiyyan, but they could not save the minister, and in the process, the respected doctor Pari Vallal was shot dead. Pari Vallal worked in a remote village to exercise his profession. He met the orphan Sara, who grew up in a church and decided to assist him. They fell in love with each other and got married.

In 2008, during the annual death ceremony of Pari Vallal in Kodaikanal, an injured Joshua Prakash appears and proclaims to be the Pari Vallal in his previous birth. Sara, Pari Vallal's widow who now lives with her adopted daughter Kabini, is astonished and could not believe it. The inhabitants, who think it was a practical joke, beat Joshua Prakash up and tie him with a rope to control him. The next day, Mallika comes to the village and claims to be Joshua Prakash's wife. After their marriage, Joshua Prakash claimed to be Pari Vallal and told that his parents locked him in a room for 12 years. The villagers first cannot believe him, but his perfect recollections of Kodaikanal and its inhabitants baffle many. The psychiatrist Elangovan, Pari Vallal's brother, interviews Joshua Prakash and confirms that he is Pari Vallal. Annoyed by her husband's eccentric behavior, Mallika decides to leave the place, but Joshua Prakash confesses that he loves her and wants to get ahold of the money hidden by Veeraiyyan. Chandrabose and his team track Joshua Prakash and abduct him in a cabin in the woods. They force him to show the place and then find Thennavan's corpse. Sara, armed with a rifle, threatens to kill them.

In 1988, Chandrabose, his squad, and Veeraiyyan were actually partners in crime. Chandrabose and his squad then double-crossed Veeraiyan and killed the minister. Veeraiyyan, who tried to escape, was shot in the back. An injured Veeraiyyan begged Pari Vallal to save him and told him the place where he had hidden the money, but Thennavan killed Pari Vallal and Veeraiyyan died from his injuries.

In 2008, Joshua Prakash reveals that he is not Pari Vallal's rebirth but the son of the minister who was killed by them. With Sara, he has planned to take revenge on Chandrabose and his squad. Joshua Prakash and Sara eventually kill them, and he then tells her to keep the money. The film ends with Joshua Prakash and Mallika adopting Kabini and leaving the village.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[V. N. Anoop Kumar]] as Joshua Prakash
*[[Meera Vasudevan]] as Sara
*[[Poornitha]] as Mallika
*[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]] as Chandrabose
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Elangovan
*[[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Pari Vallal
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] as Thennavan
*Jayaprakasam as Jayaprakash
*Sakthivel as Sakthivel
*Vinoth Kumar as Vinoth Kumar
*W. Afsar Babu as Police Commissioner
*Baby Prahasitha as Kabini
*Kottai Perumal as Chinnadurai
*Ayyappan Gopi as Church Father
*R. Karthikeyan
*Sathyandra
*Rail Vijayakumar
*Rathnaraj
*Apeksha
}}

== Production ==
Dinesh Selvaraj, erstwhile assistant to [[Mani Ratnam]], made his directorial debut with ''Kathikappal''.<ref name=":0" /> [[V. N. Anoop Kumar]], who did a small role in ''[[Vattaram]]'' and was a dancer, played the lead role in the film in addition to producing it.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 December 2010 |title=Anup is aiming for the stars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anup-is-aiming-for-the-stars/articleshow/7087715.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/bOrc1 |archive-date=21 March 2026 |accessdate=21 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 January 2011 |title=On a high |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/01/02/stories/2011010250100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426042247/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/01/02/stories/2011010250100400.htm |archive-date=26 April 2011 |accessdate=5 September 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Sree Sai, with lyrics written by N. Annamalai.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Aal Illa Kaatukulla Vettaiaadava" || Abhilash, Karthika, Kalyani || 5:15
|-
| "Aiya Vandharu Ithu Nalla Neramthan" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || 5:15
|-
| "Idhayame En Idhayame" || Prasanna || 4:38
|-
| "Swasame Ennthan" || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || 5:22
|-
| "Theme Music" || - || 3:26
|}

== Reception ==
Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|1|1|2}} out of 5 and said, "It's a pretty short movie but the predominant feeling you get when everything's over is that it could all have gone much better".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=10 October 2008 |title=Kathikappal disappoints |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/10ssk1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305182008/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/10ssk1.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2008 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1988]]
[[Category:Films set in 2008]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Bhaderwah–Chamba Road

2026-03-15T18:05:43Z

Vilianajgd: Adding some data initial version - done

{{Short description|Highway in North India}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = H
| name = Bhaderwah–Chamba Road
| map = Bhaderwah-Chamba_Road_Route.svg
| map_custom =
| length_km = 90
| direction =
| direction_a =
| terminus_a = [[Bhaderwah]]
| destinations = [[Bhaderwah]] - [[Padri Pass]] - [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]]
| junction =
| states = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Himachal Pradesh]]
}}
The '''Bhaderwah–Chamba Road''' is an interstate link road that connects the Indian states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The road runs through the valleys and mountains of the western Himalayas, providing a transportation link between the two states.<ref>{{google maps |title=Bhaderwah–Chamba Road · India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhaderwah+-+Chamba+Rd/@32.8195991,75.9328222,14.5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x391cffbd58c7d8c9:0x5195e32854d41058!8m2!3d32.8135402!4d75.9149855?coh=164777&entry=tt |access-date=13 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Serendipity and Adventures on the Chamba–Bhaderwah Road |url=https://travelshoebum.com/2018/04/21/serendipity-and-adventures-on-the-chamba-bhaderwah-road/ |website=The Bum who Travels |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=21 April 2018}}</ref>

The Bhaderwah–Chamba Road begins in the town of Bhaderwah in the [[Doda district]] of Jammu and Kashmir and runs for approximately {{convert|90|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Directorate of Tourism Jammu, J&K |url=http://jammutourism.gov.in/exploreJammu-Bhaderwah.html |website=jammutourism.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref> through the rugged terrain of the western Himalayas before ending in the town of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] in Himachal Pradesh. Along the way, the road passes through several small villages and towns, providing access to essential services and amenities for the local population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadeem |first1=Tahir |title=Bhaderwah-Chamba road to be cleared for tourism revival: Admin |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/chenab-valley/bhaderwah-chamba-road-to-be-cleared-for-tourism-revival-admin |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The Bhaderwah–Chamba Road is an important transportation link for the people of both Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, as it connects several remote and isolated areas to the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily |title=Chief Engineer SAMPARK inspects bridge on Bhaderwah, Bani, Basholi, Pathankot NH |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/chief-engineer-sampark-inspects-bridge-on-bhaderwah-bani-basholi-pathankot-nh/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=[[Daily Excelsior]] |date=1 October 2022}}</ref> The road is also a popular destination for tourists, and various tourist destinations fall near this road, including [[Padri Pass]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Traffic suspended on Bhaderwah-Chamba, Bhaderwah-Pathankot roads after snowfall |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2020/11/25/traffic-suspended-on-bhaderwah-chamba-bhaderwah-pathankot-roads-after-snowfall/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=Kashmir Reader |date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Highways in India]]
[[Category:Roads in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Roads in Himachal Pradesh]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaderwah-Chamba Road}}

Bankchain

2026-03-11T20:32:16Z

Vilianajgd: Adding new entry and citations

{{Orphan|date=February 2018}}
{{undisclosed paid|date=January 2019}}
'''BankChain''' was an Indian platform and initiative for [[banks]] to implement [[blockchain]] software that was launched in 2017. A majority of the major banks in India were members and the platform was designed for systems that shared data between its members.

== History ==
BankChain was announced on 8 February 2017 by [[State Bank of India]] (SBI), [[India|India's]] largest bank.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://computer.expressbpd.com/news/bank-chain-indias-first-blockchain-exploration-consortium-launched-for-banks/20453/|title=Bank-Chain: India's first Blockchain exploration consortium launched for banks|work=Express Computer|access-date=24 Oct 2018|language=en-US|author=Srikanth RP|date=25 Jul 2018|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502195304/http://computer.expressbpd.com/news/bank-chain-indias-first-blockchain-exploration-consortium-launched-for-banks/20453/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/57178212.cms|title=SBI takes lead in blockchain, to use it to prevent fraud - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=24 Oct 2018|author=Sangita Mehta|date=16 Feb 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> BankChain members included the [[State Bank of India]], [[ICICI Bank]], [[DCB Bank]], [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]], [[Federal Bank]], [[Deutsche Bank]] and [[UAE Exchange]].<ref name=ext>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bankchaintech.com/members.php|title=BankChain members and partners|website=Bankchain|access-date=24 Oct 2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071126/http://www.bankchaintech.com/members.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> BankChain was formed in collaboration with Primechain Technologies, a [[Pune]]-based startup.<ref name="indianweb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianweb2.com/2017/02/14/introducing-bank-chain-indias-first-blockchain-exploration-consortium-banks/|title=Introducing Bank-Chain, India's First Blockchain Exploration Consortium For Banks|date=2017-02-14|website=IndianWeb2|access-date=24 Oct 2018|author=Vardaan|archive-date=2017-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220405/http://www.indianweb2.com/2017/02/14/introducing-bank-chain-indias-first-blockchain-exploration-consortium-banks/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Projects ==
{{As of |2017}}, the active projects included shared [[know your customer|KYC]] / [[anti–money laundering|AML]], syndication of loans / consortium lending, trade finance, asset registry & asset [[Hypothecation|re-hypothecation]], secure documents, cross border payments, [[peer-to-peer]] payments, and blockchain security controls.<ref name=ext /><ref name="adarsh">{{cite web |author1=Ani |title=Adarsh Credit partners with BankChain to Deploy blockchain solutions |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/adarsh-credit-partners-with-bankchain-to-deploy-blockchain-solutions-118012300712_1.html |website=Business Standard |accessdate=25 October 2018 |date=23 Jan 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bankchain.org.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220110/http://www.bankchain.org.in/ |date=2017-04-04 }}

[[Category:Blockchains]]

Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava!

2026-03-11T17:24:43Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Short description|2021 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tuzya Mazya Sansarala Ani Kay Hava ZM.jpg
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camera]]
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|08|06|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|08|30|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 306
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| company = Zankar Films
| editor =
| theme_music_composer = Samir Saptiskar
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer = Adwait Dadarkar Pralhad Kudtarkar
| producer =
| country = India
| director = Sanjay Zankar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
}}

'''''Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava!''''' ({{translation|What more could yours and my world want!}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hardeek Joshi and Amruta Pawar starrer Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava's first teaser is out; watch video - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hardeek-joshi-and-amruta-pawar-starrer-tuzhya-mazhya-sansarala-aani-kay-havas-first-teaser-is-out-watch-video/articleshow/85172824.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 30 August 2021 by replacing ''[[Majha Hoshil Na]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अदिती-सिद्धार्थच्या साखरपुड्यात मिठाचा खडा; महालक्ष्मीचा डाव होणार का यशस्वी?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/salt-stone-aditi-siddharthas-sugarplum-will-mahalakshmis-innings-be-successful-a734/|access-date=2023-06-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=25 November 2021 |language=mr}}</ref> It is directed by Sanjay Zankar under the banner of Zankar Films.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अदिती नव्याने पडणार सिद्धार्थच्या प्रेमात; 'तुझ्या माझ्या संसाराला..'मध्ये नाती होणार घट्ट|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/in-show-tuza-maza-sansarala-ani-kay-hava-aditi-again-fawll-in-love-with-sidharth-see-video-mhad-602634.html|access-date=2023-06-25|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|date=9 September 2021 |language=mr|archive-date=2023-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112052240/https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/in-show-tuza-maza-sansarala-ani-kay-hava-aditi-again-fawll-in-love-with-sidharth-see-video-mhad-602634.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It starred [[Hardeek Joshi]] and Amruta Pawar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अदिती आणि तुझ्यात काय साम्य आहे? अमृता पवार म्हणते, आम्ही दोघीही...|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/tujhya-majhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava-actress-amruta-pawar-talks-abour-her-role-of-aditi/articleshow/85760249.cms|access-date=2023-06-25|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Siddharth Deshmukh comes from a middle class large joint family from Gulpoli, a small town near Nashik. Aditi Karmarkar comes from a distorted nuclear family whose parents are divorced. Siddharth is ambitious and can adjust with many situations but Aditi is scared of crowd and relationships which she yearned for all these years. Siddharth's grandparents hold their family members together with the rooted values whereas Aditi's parents Milind and Mahalaxmi have clashes of their egos and hence are separated.

Siddharth works in Aditi's company and they fall in love. They confess their love and decide to get married. Siddharth is afraid Aditi's disturbing nature towards large families. Upon Aditi's insistence, they visit Gulpoli. Aditi gets ecstatic upon seeing Siddharth large family and falls unconscious when she saw the family in a collusum. Siddharth and family get her rested and brings her back to normal. He introduces Aditi as his good-friend. Deshmukh family starts for Sid's alliance. On his engagement day, Sid reveals his and Aditi's relationship to the family to which they accept. Aditi slowly starts getting acclimatized with crowded family and gets love from everyone. The Deshmukh's ask Aditi to get her parents to Gulpoli. Aditi gets scared due to the difference in the families. Milind and Mahalaxmi visit Deshmukh's and they accept their divorce. Milind and Mahalaxmi get annoyed by their large family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘कुटुंब कितीही मोठं असलं तरी चूल एक असली ना की घर बांधलेलं राहतं!’, ‘राणा दा’च्या मालिकेचा नवा प्रोमो पाहिलात का?|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/hardeek-joshi-and-amruta-pawar-starrer-zee-marathi-serial-tujhya-majhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava-new-promo-519624.html|access-date=2021-08-21|website=[[TV9 Marathi]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Hardeek Joshi]] as Siddharth Appa Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Hardeek Joshi to make his TV comeback with Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-hardeek-joshi-to-make-his-tv-comeback-with-tuzhya-mazhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava/articleshow/85061015.cms|access-date=2021-02-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Amruta Pawar as Aditi Milind Karmarkar / Aditi Siddharth Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amruta Pawar on being a part of Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava: Glad to be playing the role of my age this time - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/amruta-pawar-on-being-a-part-of-tuzhya-mazhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava-glad-to-be-playing-the-role-of-my-age-this-time/articleshow/84999364.cms|access-date=2021-11-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 August 2021 }}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
;Siddharth's family
* Charudatta Kulkarni as Tatya
* Surekha Lahamage-Sharma as Bayobai
* Prashant Garud / Raja Rana as Appa
* Anjali Joshi / Manjusha Joshi as Sumitra Appa Deshmukh (Mothyabai)
* Hemant Deshpande as Bapu Kaka
* Chitra Kulkarni / Shubhada Naik as Tai Kaki
* Aparna Kshemkalyani as Ratna Jadhav
* Yogesh Bagul as Ratna's husband
* Niwas More / Sanjay Gangavane as Nana Kaka
* Poonam Chavan-Deshmukh as Nani Kaki
* Salman Tamboli as Bala Kaka
* Rekha Kamble-Sagwekar / Jyoti Raul as Pallavi Bala Deshmukh (Pallu Kaki)
* Prateek Patil as Suhas Bapu Deshmukh
* Komal Shete as Archana Suhas Deshmukh
* Meera Deshmukh as Meera Suhas Deshmukh
* Radhika Zankar as Namita Bapu Deshmukh (Nama)
* Suhani Naik as Aarya Nana Deshmukh
* Arjun Kumthekar as Dhrishtadyumna Nana Deshmukh (Dumnya)
* Ajay Tarage as Sakha

;Aditi's family
* Priya Kamble-Tuljapurkar as Mahalaxmi Milind Karmarkar
* Dhananjay Wable as Milind Karmarkar
* Saurabh Kale as Raghav
* Rupali Kadam as Alvira
* Laxmi Pimpale as Surekha

=== Others ===
* Veena Jagtap as Reva Dixit<ref>{{Cite news|title=Veena Jagtap is excited to be a part of Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/veena-jagtap-is-excited-to-be-a-part-of-tujhya-majhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava/articleshow/90797464.cms|access-date=2023-06-25|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 April 2022 }}</ref>
* Shubham Patil as Yuvraj; Aditi's friend
* Ganesh Jadhav as Chandrakant Bhingarde (Chandler); Photographer
* Nikhil Rahane as Amit; Siddharth's friend
* Akshay Dhond as Sachin; Siddharth's friend

== Reception ==
=== Special episode ===
==== 1 hour ====
* 31 October 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=मराठी मालिकांचे महाएपिसोड: इंद्राच्या प्रेमाच्या कबुलीवर काय असेल दिपूचं उत्तर, अदिती आणि सिद्धार्थच्या साखरपुड्याची तयारी, यशचा लग्नासाठी होकार?, मालिकांमध्ये येणार नवीन वळण|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/man-udu-udu-zala-tuzya-mazya-sansarala-ani-kai-hava-mazi-tuzi-reshimgath-mahaepisode-on-31st-oct-129074794.html|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Divya Marathi|date=30 October 2021 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 21 November 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=मालिकांचा एक तासाचा विशेष भाग: 'मन झालं बाजिंद', 'मन उडू उडू झालं' आणि 'तुझ्या माझ्या संसाराला आणि काय हवं!' मालिकांमध्ये येणार नवीन वळण|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/a-new-twist-in-man-zala-bajind-man-udu-udu-zala-and-tuzya-mazya-sansarala-ani-kay-hava-129133812.html|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Divya Marathi|date=19 November 2021 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 9 January 2022<ref>{{Cite news|title=Man Udu Udu Jhala, Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava, Devmanus 2 and Kitchen Kallakar to entertain the audience with special episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/man-udu-udu-jhala-devmanus-and-kitchen-kallkar-to-entertain-the-audience-with-special-episodes/articleshow/88757788.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 January 2022 }}</ref>
* 6 February 2022<ref>{{Cite news|title=Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath and Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava to air special episodes on Sunday - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-and-tujhya-majhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava-to-air-special-episodes-on-sunday/articleshow/89344395.cms|access-date=2022-02-05|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>
* 13 February 2022<ref>{{Cite news|title=New show Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava to premiere soon; watch promo featuring Amruta Pawar in a lead role - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-show-tuzhya-mazhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava-to-premiere-soon-watch-promo-featuring-amruta-pawar-in-a-lead-role/articleshow/84966671.cms|access-date=2023-06-25|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 August 2021 }}</ref>
* 20 February 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man Jhala Bajind, Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava and Devmanus 2 set to air on weekends now - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mann-jhala-bajind-tujhya-mazhya-sansarala-aani-kay-hava-and-devmanus-2-set-to-air-on-weekends-now/articleshow/89821211.cms|access-date=2022-02-20|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* 6 March 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=रेवाच्या येण्यामुळे सिद्-आदितीच्या नात्यावर परिणाम; 'बिग बॉस' फेम वीणा जगतापची 'तुझ्या माझ्या संसाराला...'मध्ये एन्ट्री|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/marathi-actress-veena-jagtap-entered-in-tuzya-mazya-sansarala-ani-kay-hava-a734/|access-date=2026-03-11|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=3 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
* 17 April 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=अमेरिकेला जाण्यासाठी सिद्धार्थ नवी खेळी खेळणार! मिलिंदही डावात सामील होणार!|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/tujhya-majhya-sansarala-ani-kay-hava-latest-update-siddharth-and-milind-plot-a-new-plan-1040838|access-date=2023-01-07|website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=12 March 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>

==== 2 hours ====
* 26 December 2021 (Sid-Aditi's marriage)<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुझ्या माझ्या संसाराला आणि काय हवं!'मधील अदिती आणि सिद्धार्थचा विवाह होणार गुळपोळी स्टाईलने|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/aditi-and-siddharth-will-be-getting-married-tujha-majha-sansarala-aani-kay-hav-serial-a592/|access-date=2023-06-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=23 December 2021 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2021
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Mother
|Anjali Joshi
|Mothyabai
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/amphtml/marathi-movies/news/zee-marathi-awards-2021-winners-list-out-mazhi-tuzhi-reshimgaath-yeu-kashi-tashi-me-nandayla-win-big-323765.html|title=Zee Marathi Awards 2021 Winners List Out! Mazhi Tuzhi Reshimgath & Yeu Kashi Tashi Me Nandayla Win Big|website=Filmibeat|date=31 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref>
|-
|Best Grandmother
|Surekha Lahamage-Sharma
|Bayobai
|-
|Best Family
|
|Deshmukh Family
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt18272856}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/tujhya-majhya-sansarala-ani-kaay-hawa/0-6-3526 ''Tujhya Majhya Sansarala Aani Kay Hava!''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Ragasiya Police

2026-03-08T18:23:38Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ragasiya Police
| image = Ragasiya Police.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = R. S. Elavarasan
| producer = A. N. Sundaresan
| writer = R. S. Elavarasan [[Balakumaran]] (dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Nagma]]}}
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = G. Jayachandran
| studio = A. N. S. Film International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|10|23}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ragasiya Police''''' ({{translation|Secret Police}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by R. S. Elavarasan. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Nagma]], with [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Goundamani]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], and [[Senthil]]. It was released on 23 October 1995, where it ran for 50 days in theatres and became flop at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=1996-01-09 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230212044913/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
[[Tamil Nadu]] [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] Ponnurangam, one of the four founders of the ruling party, wants to become the state's [[Chief minister|CM]], but is unsuccessful in his attempt whereas his co-founders and juniors have become the CM for many years. Due to this, Ponnurangam calls Azhagam Perumal, a domestic terrorist, and orders him to create chaos in the city. Azhagam Perumal sets off a bomb in the head office of the state's major opposition party, where 22 people died during the bomb blast.

Consequently, the incumbent Chief Minister charges the new [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|ATS]]'s [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Suriya to track down the terrorist group. Suriya's girlfriend Raji's brother Dinesh is the one, who has been tracking Azhagam Perumal for the last six months, before the blast. Two of Azhagam Perumal's attempts to kill the CM goes in vain due to Suriya, where he gets injured in the second attempt. Azhagam Perumal tells Ponnurangam to either remove Suriya from his path or find another guy to finish the CM. Using his influence, Ponnurangam gets Suriya transferred to the Anti-Prostitution Department, and Dinesh is given the responsibility of the case.

Meanwhile, Suriya arrests Ponnurangam's illegal concubine Ezhilarasi, who is the head of a huge brothel. He accidentally comes across Dinesh, trying to capture a terrorist in the central station, and the police attempt goes awry. Suriya is later framed for going to a brothel when he was on an [[Covert operation|undercover attempt]], and gets suspended. An attempt is made on Suriya's life, which he escapes, but Dinesh is killed in his house, and Suriya's mother is also killed in a blast at his home. Suriya and Raji heads to complain about Ponnurangam to the CM, but she is unable to do anything immediately as she is going on a state visit to [[Seychelles]]. Suriya accompanies the CM as her chief bodyguard.

Meanwhile, Ponnurangam is watching the TV show of the CM's visit, waiting for her death, as he would immediately become the acting CM. However, Raji arrives there and holds Ponnurangam at gunpoint, but he snatches her gun and holds her at bay. An attempt is made on the CM's life, but Suriya still saves her and captures the disguised Azhagam Perumal. Hearing about Azhagam Perumal's arrest, Ponnurangam commits suicide.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as ACP Suriya IPS
*[[Nagma]] as Raji, Suriya's love interest
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
*[[Anandaraj]] as Azhagam Perumal, a domestic terrorist
*[[Goundamani]] as Ponnurangam, Home Minister of Tamil Nadu
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as ACP Dinesh, Raji's brother
*[[Senthil]] as Harichandran, Ponnurangam's personal assistant
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Dharmaraj, Chennai Police Commissioner
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Suriya's mother
*[[Vichithra]] as Ezhilarasi, Ponnurangam's concubine and leader of a big brothel
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]]
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]]
*[[R. N. K. Prasad]]
*[[Jyothi Meena]] as item number
*Kavithasri
*Bindiya
*Muthukumar
*Krishnamoorthy
*Raviraj
*[[O. A. K. Sundar]]
}}

== Production ==
''Ragasiya Police'' marked the directorial debut of Ilavarasan, a film institute student. The filming of songs were held at France and Switzerland and also at Amsterdam, Mauritius and the climax was shot at Seychelles island.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=15 October 1995 |title=ஓவர் டு கோடம்பாக்கம்... |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-10-15/kalki1995-10-15.pdf |access-date=7 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=40–42 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 1995 |title=Big screen bonanza |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222033105/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=8 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragasiya Police (1995) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/ragasiya-police-songs-T0003857 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230706132413/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/ragasiya-police-songs-T0003857 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Yen Yen" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] || 6:03
|-
| "Maiyil Thogai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:17
|-
| "Manmathan" ||[[K. S. Chithra]], Kavita Krishnamurthy || 5:22
|-
| "Kann Imaikkamal" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 3:59
|-
| "Kann Imaikkamal" (repeat) || Mano, Swarnalatha || 3:59
|-
| "Echangatru" || Kavita Krishnamurthy || 6:17
|}

== Reception ==
Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote it is a film that does not disappoint the fans who are expecting 100% entertainment.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=12 November 1995 |title=ரகசிய போலீஸ் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-11-12/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230706132324/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-11-12/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=6 July 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director R. S. Elavarasan, has written a story suitable to the palate of the present day viewers, where well-built and handsome hero, Sarathkumar goes full blast in action scenes and completes the drama aspects with controlled acting. Goundamani playing the villain after a long time, does it with a measure of conviction".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=27 October 1995 |title=Cinema: Makkal Aatchi/Rakasia Police/Kuruthi Punal/Neela Kuyil |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951028/03/2727a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222023659/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951028/03/2727a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt23785584}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police procedural films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films set in Seychelles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Seychelles]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Asha Sharath

2026-03-06T14:12:44Z

Vilianajgd: Adding basic info v1 - done

{{short description|Indian actress and classical dancer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Asha Sharath
| image = Asha Sharath 2015.jpg
| caption = Asha Sharath in 2015
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Perumbavoor]], [[Kerala]], India
| othername =
| education = Sree Sankara College, [[Kalady]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|classical dancer}}
| yearsactive = 1996–present
| spouse = T. V. Sharath
| children = 2
| homepage = {{URL|http://ashasharath.com}}
}}

'''Asha Sharath''' is an Indian actress and [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]], who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films and television, in addition to a few [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jayaram |first=Deepika |date=30 March 2017 |title=Juggling dance, films and a family is not easy; I might have lost a few good films: Asha Sharath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/juggling-dance-films-and-a-family-is-not-easy-i-might-have-lost-a-few-good-films-asha-sharath/articleshow/57893968.cms |access-date=29 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She is best known for her role as a police officer in the ''[[Drishyam (film series)|Drishyam]]'' film series.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-28 |title=Asha Sharath is 'super excited' to reprise Geetha Prabhakar in 'Drishyam 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asha-sharath-is-super-excited-to-reprise-geetha-prabhakar-in-drishyam-2/articleshow/79994364.cms |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2013 |title=Asha Sharath afraid of policemen ! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Asha-Sarath-afraid-of-policemen-/articleshow/28004846.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103205359/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-27/news-and-interviews/45625719_1_asha-sarath-drishyam-policemen |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Asha Sharath appeared in many television serials including ''Jathaka Kathakal'' and ''Mikhayelinte Santhathikal'', her most notable being the soap opera ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''. Her first feature film was the ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'' (2012). Her role as Geetha Prabhakar in ''[[Drishyam]]'' (2013) was her breakthrough performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2013 |title=Asha Sarath to play a cop |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Asha-Sarath-to-play-a-cop/articleshow/24855461.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009042057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Asha-Sarath-to-play-a-cop/articleshow/24855461.cms |archive-date=9 October 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 |2012 || ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'' || Parvathy ||
|-
| ''[[Karmayodha]]'' || Deepa ||
|-
| ''[[Ardhanaari]]'' || Balu Menan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Buddy (2013 film)|Buddy]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' || Susan ||
|-
| ''[[Drishyam]]'' || Geetha Prabhakar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' || Nandini ||<ref name="varsham">{{Cite web |title=Asha Sarath to play the female lead in CBI 5 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/may/27/asha-sarath-to-play-the-female-lead-in-cbi-5-24709.html |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=26 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Angels (2014 film)|Angels]]'' || Haritha Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2016 || ''[[Pavada (film)|Pavada]]'' || Sicily Varghese ||
|-
| ''[[King Liar]]'' || Devika Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || Suma ||
|-
| ''[[Aanandam]]'' || Dia's Mother || Photo presence only
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2017 || ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || Indulekha ||
|-
| ''[[1971: Beyond Borders]]''|| Parvathy Sahadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Viswasapoorvam Mansoor]]'' || Fathibi ||
|-
| ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' || Dr. Sreedhanya ||
|-
| ''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' || Manjari Anthony ||<ref name="varsham"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| ''[[Bhayanakam]]'' || Gowri Kunjamma ||
|-
| ''[[Drama]]'' || Rekha ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mohanlal-asha-sharath-play-husband-and-wife-drama-85577 |title=Mohanlal-Asha Sharath play husband and wife in 'Drama'}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Evidey]]'' || Jessy ||
|-
| ''[[Subharathri]]'' || Suhara ||
|-
| ''Thelivu'' || Gowri ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Janaki'' || Janki/Herself || Short film
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' || Geetha Prabhakar ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=Asha Sarath begins shooting for Drishyam 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Oct/29/asha-sarath-begins-shooting-for-drishyam-2-2216269.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
| ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Prathibha Satyadas ||<ref name="varsham" />
|-
| ''[[Paappan]]'' || Dr. Sherly/Bennitta Issac ||
|-
| ''[[Peace (2022 film)|Peace]]'' || Jalaja ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |title=Asha Sharath plays a free-spirited entrepreneur in 'Peace' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asha-sharath-plays-a-free-spirited-entrepreneur-in-peace/articleshow/82495678.cms |access-date=30 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khedda (film)|Khedda]]'' || Savitha ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' || Jessy || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony teaser has both Joju George and Kalyani Priyadarshan flexing muscles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/18/antony-teaser-has-both-joju-george-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-flexing-muscles-48739.html |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=18 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025||''[[Mehfil (film)|Mehfil]]'' ||Lakshmi Rajagopal||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-07-20 |title=ജയരാജിന്‍റെ നായകനായി മുകേഷ്; 'മെഹ്‍ഫിലി'ലെ ഗാനമെത്തി|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/music/mehfil-malayalam-movie-video-song-jayaraj-mukesh-asha-sharath-manoj-k-jayan-unni-articleshow-l85e3am |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=Asianet News|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026 || ''[[Ashakal Aayiram]]'' || Asha ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-08-18 |title=Jayaram and Kalidas Jayaram's Ashakal Aayiram begins|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/18/malayalamnews2025aug18jayaram-and-kalidas-jayarams-ashakal-aayiram-begins |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|[[Drishyam 3]]}} || Geetha Prabhakar ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-08-18 |title=Jayaram and Kalidas Jayaram's Ashakal Aayiram begins|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/20/esa-kaaththa-from-sasikumar-chaithra-achars-my-lord-is-a-heartwarming-number-in-sean-roldans-music |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Other language films ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Language!! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Drishya]]''|| IG Roopa Chandrasekhar
|[[Kannada]] || rowspan="2" | Remake of ''Drishyam''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''|| IG Geetha Prabhakar
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''|| rowspan="2" | Dr. Sujatha || rowspan="2" |Bilingual film<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2015 |title=Thoongaavanam review: A better Kamal film, pacy and slick |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/thoongaavanam-review-a-better-kamal-film-pacy-and-slick/story-rrbDsdxAIsN6fIF8PjNohI.html |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cheekati Rajyam]]''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''|| rowspan="2" | Vaishnavi Natarajan
|Telugu|| rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
|-
|Tamil
|-
|2021
| ''[[Drishya 2]]'' || Roopa Chandrasekhar
|Kannada|| Remake of ''Drishyam 2''
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Anbarivu]]''|| Lakshmi
| rowspan="2" |Tamil||
|-
|2026|| ''[[My Lord (film)|My Lord]]''|| Central Minister Sujatha Mohan || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-08-18 |title=Jayaram and Kalidas Jayaram's Ashakal Aayiram begins|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/20/esa-kaaththa-from-sasikumar-chaithra-achars-my-lord-is-a-heartwarming-number-in-sean-roldans-music |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language!! Platform !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2025|| ''[[Nadu Center]]'' ||Parvathi "VP"||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[JioHotstar]]||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-11-20 |title=Nadu Center out on OTT: Stream basketball-themed sports drama here; three episodes out|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nadu-center-out-on-ott-stream-basketball-themed-sports-drama-here-three-episodes-out/e27f34d7e744 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
! Title !! Role !!Channel
|-
|2011-2014
|''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|Jayanthi Prabhakaran
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2015
|[[Sell Me the Answer (Indian game show)|''Sell Me the Answer'']]
|Contestant
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top Singer]]''
|Judge
|[[Flowers TV]]
|-
|2020-2021
|''[[Super 4 (Indian TV series)|Super 4]]''
|Judge
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|2020
|''[[Ammayariyathe]]''
|Herself
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2022-2023
|''[[List of programs broadcast by Asianet|Dancing Stars]]'' || Judge||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2023||''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music season 5]]''||Guest||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<ref>{{cite web|title=New Season of the Musical Game Show “Start Music” Premiering on Asianet|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/new-season-of-the-musical-game-show-start-music-premiering-on-asianet/#|date=8 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023-2024||''Musical Wife''||Judge||[[Flowers TV]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ഞാൻ ഇന്ന് ആകെ ഒറ്റപ്പെട്ട പോലെ, എന്റെ കൂടെപ്പിറപ്പുകൾ രണ്ടാളും പോയി; ആകെയുള്ളത് മക്കളും അമ്മയും ശരത്തേട്ടനും മാത്രം!|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/asha-sharath-s-birhday-musical-wife-grand-finale-crew-set-a-surprise-birthday-party-to-her/articleshow/111970397.cms|date=24 July 2024|website=[[Samayam]]}}</ref>
|-
|2025||''Enkile Ennodu Para''||Guest||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിലെ ജനപ്രിയ ഗെയിം ഷോ 'എങ്കിലേ എന്നോട് പറ' 25 ന്‍റെ നിറവിൽ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/enkile-ennodu-para-game-shows-25th-episode-on-asianet-sq6y09|date=16 January 2025|website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==

=== [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] ===
* 2014: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Critics award for Ottaal, Iyyobinte Pusthakam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-award-for-ottaal-iyyobinte-pusthakam/article7072399.ece |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 April 2015}}</ref>

=== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ===
* 2014: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Drishyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html |title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South)}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|ashasharath.com}}
* {{IMDb name|5242011}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharath, Asha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Artists from Kochi]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Loudspeaker (2018 film)

2026-03-04T04:39:10Z

Vilianajgd: put up new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loudspeaker
| image = Loudspeaker (2018 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shiva Tejass
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Dr Raju K.
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Abhishek Jain
*Anusha Rodrigues
*Kaavya Sha
*Sumanth Bhat
*Bhaskar Ninasam
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = KM Prakash
| music = '''Songs:''' Harshavardhan Raj '''Score:''' Suddho Roy
| studio = Raj Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|8|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Loudspeaker ''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by Shiva Tejass and starring Abhishek Jain, Anusha Rodrigues, Kaavya Sha, Sumanth Bhat and Bhaskar Ninasam. The film is an unofficial remake of the Italian film ''[[Perfect Strangers (2016 film)|Perfect Strangers]]'' (2016). The film was released to predominately positive reviews for its intent to differ from mainstream films.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Abhishek Jain
*Anusha Rodrigues
*Kaavya Sha as Kavya
*Sumanth Bhat
*Bhaskar Ninasam
*Karthik Rao
*Vijay Eshwar
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Prakash Thuminad]]
*[[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by Harshavardhan Raj.
*"Chaddi Olage" - [[Chandan Shetty]] (lyrics by Abhishek Jain)

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote that "this film does seem to offer a novel experience in terms of story and intent, which is different from the run-of-the-mill commercial dramas. You could give this a watch"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/loudspeaker/movie-review/65349190.cms|title=Loudspeaker Movie Review|work=The Times of India|date=10 August 2018|last=Suresh|first=Sunayana|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-date=15 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115223326/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/loudspeaker/movie-review/65349190.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Shiva Tejas drives the film with the tech tool, at the same time giving it a realistic touch. The director, without getting preachy, actually throws light on how social media has changed the nature of human networking".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/Aug/10/loudspeaker-movie-review-simple-game-leads-to-complicated-situation-1856078.html|title='Loudspeaker' movie review: 'Simple' game leads to complicated situation|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=11 August 2018|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Director Shiva Tejas has managed an engaging narration without a dull moment. Considering that most of the film takes place in a single location and the narrative itself is dialogue-heavy, Loudspeaker could have stumbled into boring territory with a single bad scene".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/loudspeaker-movie-review-how-smartphones-have-enslaved-our-lives/articleshow/65354973.cms|title=Loudspeaker movie review: Smarting with the phone|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=2025-01-15|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204194457/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/loudspeaker-movie-review-how-smartphones-have-enslaved-our-lives/articleshow/65354973.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the contrary, a critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "Loudspeaker is a movie I want to forget as soon as possible".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/loudspeaker-review-cheesy-forgettable-film-86349|title='Loudspeaker' review: A cheesy, forgettable film|first=Karthik|last=Keramalu|date=10 August 2018|website=The News Minute|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430123755/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/loudspeaker-review-cheesy-forgettable-film-86349|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt8852326}}

[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Italian films]]

Ramu (1987 film)

2026-03-03T20:15:51Z

Vilianajgd: slightly adjust references per standard format for accuracy

{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramu
| image = Ramu (1987 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Jandhyala]]{{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[V. C. Guhanathan]]
| based_on = ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]'' (Tamil)
| screenplay = Y. Nageswara Rao
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| director = Y. Nageswara Rao
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]
| music = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = K. A. Marthand
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|7|31}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Ramu''''' is a 1987 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner and directed by Y. Nageswara Rao. It stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]], with music composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Per Sollum Pillai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=Balakrishna Remakes: నందమూరి బాలకృష్ణ తన ఫిల్మీ కెరీర్‌లో ఇన్ని రీమేక్ సినిమాల్లో నటించారా.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/nbk-akhanda-fame-balayya-remakes-nandamuri-balakrishna-done-many-remakes-many-movies-here-are-the-list-ta-1107188.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221014041817/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/nbk-akhanda-fame-balayya-remakes-nandamuri-balakrishna-done-many-remakes-many-movies-here-are-the-list-ta-1107188.html |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with an ideal couple, Advocate Ramesam and Gayatri Devi, chief editor of a newspaper, living festively with their four children, Girija, Satish, Ramesh, and Jalaja. Once, an orphan boy, Ramu, comes to their aid by endangering his life. So, they adopt him as their elder son. Years roll by, and Ramu becomes the pulse of the family who adores his fosters, dotes on his siblings, and falls for maid Ganga. Girija marries a wily Gopalam, who intrudes into the house and tries to set a rift—moreover, Satish & Ramesh envy Ramu's dominance. Besides, Bhupathi, a satanic smuggler, Gayatri Devi continually exposes his felonies, which begrudge him. Hence, he proceeds to knit his rough-skinned son Pradeep with Jalaja. Just then, Bhupathi spells filthy about Gayatri, and she smacks him. Inflamed Bhupathi in cahoots with Gopalam, instigates the labor and locks out the press when Gayatri collapses with a heart attack.

However, Ramu extricates her. Then, Gopalam provokes Ramesh & Satish to grab the power, and a clash arises, which makes Ramu quit the house. Looking at the bizarre occurrences, Ramesam decides to testament the property in the name of Ramu. Being conscious of it, Bhupathi kills Ramesam, which follows the bankruptcy of his depraved sons. During that plight, Ramu shields his mother and challenges her to restart the press. Accordingly, he catches hold of the smuggling racket of Bhupathi, and with the reward amount, he compasses purpose. The first edition comes out against Bhupathi, so he abducts the entire family when Ramesh & Satish also reform. At last, Ramu rescues them by eliminating Bhupathi, and the court sentenced him to a short-term penalty. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with Ramu's acquitting and reunion of the family.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Ramu
*[[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]] as Seeta
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Bhupathi
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Gayatri Devi
*[[Jaggayya]] as Lawyer Raghava Rao
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Gopalam
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Umapathi
*Balaji as Pradeep
*Hari Prasad as Satish
*Bhaskar as Ramesh
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Amarasilpi Suthi Velu Swamy
*[[P. L. Narayana]]
*[[Babu Mohan]]
*K. K. Sarma
*Chidatala Appa Rao as Gudla Seenaiah
*Dham
*Gowtham Raju as Bus Conductor
*[[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Girja
*[[Malashri]] as Jalaja
*[[Jaya Malini]] as Guydela Gowramma
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Naadi Nurasamma
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Bodi Ramamma
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
*Krishnaveni as Kothimera Kondamma
*Mamatha as Pidakala Peramma
*Anitha as Lakshmi
*Master Rajesh as Dumbu
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramu (1987) |url=https://mio.to/album/Ramu+%281987%29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014044744/https://mio.to/album/Ramu+(1987) |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2022 |website=Music India Online |access-date=14 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Anuragala"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|5:19
|-
|"Vaanemi Chestundi"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:49
|-
|"Kaani Kaani Mundu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|4:40
|-
|"Onti Ghanta Kottu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:41
|-
|"Dandalamma Dandalamma"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Ramana
|5:06
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0362071}}
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:1987 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Loins of Punjab Presents

2026-02-19T02:17:03Z

Vilianajgd: brief corrected article as per guidelines also and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loins of Punjab Presents
| image = Lions of Punjab presents-poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster for ''Loins of Punjab Presents''
| director = [[Manish Acharya]]
| producer = Manish Acharya
| writer = Manish Acharya [[Anuvab Pal (comedian)|Anuvab Pal]]
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Ayesha Dharker]] [[Ajay Naidu]]
| music = Michael Cohen
| country = India United States
| cinematography = Arvind Kannabiran
| editing = [[Chris Dillon]]
| distributor = Horn OK Please Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2007|09|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = English
| budget =
}}

'''''Loins of Punjab Presents''''' is a 2007 Indian film directed by [[Manish Acharya]]. It stars [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Ayesha Dharker]] and [[Ajay Naidu]]. The film marked Acharya's feature directorial debut.<ref name=NDTV>{{cite news
|title=Manish Acharya dies after falling off a horse
|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100162222&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA
|work=[[Press Trust of India]]
|publisher=[[NDTV]]
|date=2010-12-05
|accessdate=2010-12-26
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208060821/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20100162222&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA
|archivedate=8 December 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/movies/12loin.html | title=Sociocultural Commentary...and Singing! | newspaper=The New York Times | date=11 September 2008 | last1=Lee | first1=Nathan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/loins-punjab-159375/ | title=Loins of Punjab | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=26 November 2007 }}</ref>

==Plot==
A New Jersey town catches [[Bollywood]] fever when five Indian-Americans and one Jewish Indophile compete in an amateur ''[[Indian Idol]]''-style singing contest. ''Loins of Punjab Presents'' satirizes non-resident Indians and Bollywood fans as they vie for the title of "[[Desi]] Idol."

==Cast==
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Rrita Kapoor
*[[Ayesha Dharker]] as Opama Menon
*[[Ajay Naidu]] .as .. Turbanotorious B.D.G.
*[[Manish Acharya]] as Vikram Jaiswal
*[[Jameel Khan]] as Mr. Amit Bokade
*[[Darshan Jariwala]] as Sanjeev Patel
*Loveleen Mishra as Alpa Patel
*[[Ishita Sharma]] as Preeti Patel
*[[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] as Raghav White
*Michael Raimondi as Josh Cohen
*[[Samrat Chakrabarti]] as Trance Sen
*[[Alexx ONell]] as Wesminton
*[[Seema Rahmani]] as Sanya Rehman
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Mr. Faiz Rehman

==Music==
#"Dhol Beat" - Ajay Naidu, [[Samrat Chakrabarti]]
#"Dhol Beat (DJ Suketu feat. Aks remix)" - Ajay Naidu, [[Samrat Chakrabarti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.loinsofpunjabpresents.com/ Loins of Punjab Presents] - Official Website of the film
*{{IMDb title|id=1012757|title=Loins of Punjab Presents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loins Of Punjab Presents}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2007 English-language films]]

{{India-film-stub}}

Koch Hajo

2026-02-17T13:30:08Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Short description|Indian kingdom (1581–1613)}}
{{One source|date=February 2026}}{{Infobox former subdivision
| name = Koch Hajo
| nation =
| subdivision =
| era =
| year_start = 1581
| date_start =
| event_start = Established by Raghudev
| year_end = 1613
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Mughal conquest of Kamrup]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| government_type =
| leader1 = Raghudev
| year_leader1 = 1581–1603
| leader2 = Parikshit Narayan
| year_leader2 = 1603–1613
| title_leader = Maharaja
| legislature =
| today = [[India]]
| footnotes =
| demonym =
| capital = [[Hajo]] [[Bijni]] [[Dumuria]] [[Jogighopa]] [[Abhayapuri]]
| common_name =
}}
{{Assam History}}
'''Koch Hajo'''<ref>Called ''Koch Hajo'' in Persian chronicles, ''Kamrup'' in local sources {{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=86}}.</ref> (1581–1613) was the kingdom under Raghudev and his son Parikshit Narayan of the [[Koch dynasty]] that stretched from [[Sankosh River]] in the west to the [[Bhareli River]] in the east on the north bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]]. It was created by dividing the [[Kamata kingdom]]<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=85}}</ref> then under [[Nara Narayan]] in medieval [[Assam]]. The Sankosh River divided the two new kingdoms, and it is roughly the boundary between the present-day Indian states of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]]. The western half of the [[Kamata kingdom]] emerged as [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] whereas the eastern half emerged as Koch Hajo. The name Hajo comes from the legendary king Hajo, a [[Koch people|Koch]] tribal chief and an ancestor of the Koch dynasty, who ruled over the [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur division]] in present-day [[Bangladesh]] and some regions of present-day [[Assam]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=171}}</ref>

==Division of Kamata kingdom==
After the [[Koch–Ahom conflicts]] that saw [[Chilarai]] briefly occupy [[Garhgaon]], the capital of the [[Ahom kingdom]], Koch rule was consolidated between the Sankosh River in the west and the [[Subansiri River]]<ref>The Ahoms pushed back the Koch control from the Subansiri to the [[Bhareli River]] within a few years.</ref> on the east under the governorship of Chilarai. Chilarai's son, Raghudev, was the heir apparent to the childless Nara Narayan. A son (Lakshmi Narayan) born late to Nara Narayan dashed Raghudev's hopes of becoming the king. Raghudev, accompanied by some trusted state officers, traveled east on a purported hunting trip and declared himself king of the eastern portion at a place called Barnagar near the [[Manas River]]. Nara Narayana did not react aggressively, and the kingdom was divided amicably with Raghudev promising to pay an annual tribute. This division occurred in 1581.<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|pp=83–85}}</ref> When Nara Narayan died in 1587, Raghudev stopped paying tribute and declared himself independent.<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=92}}</ref>

===Koch Hajo territory===
The kingdom under Raghudev included the region between [[Sankosh River|Sankosh]] and [[Bhareli River|Bhareli]] rivers on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River, and on the south the region west of the [[Kolong River|Kallang River]]<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=87}}</ref> that followed the course of the Brahmaputra as it bends south and right up to the forests of [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]] region, now in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=93">{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=93}}</ref>

==Raghudev Narayan==
Raghudev's declaration of independence established a Koch Bihar-Koch Hajo conflict that was to result in Koch Bihar losing its independence to the Mughal Empire and Koch Hajo losing its very existence both within three decades. Lakshmi Narayan tried to instigate Parikshit, a son of Raghudev, against his father.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=92}}</ref> The plot was detected and Parikshit managed to escape to Koch Bihar. This led to an armed conflict between the two kingdoms, but which maintained the status quo.<ref name="Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=93"/>

The first major defeat for Raghudev was at the hands of [[Isa Khan]], an Afghan chief from Mymensingh. Raghudev fortified [[Jangalbari Fort|Jangalbari]] in Mymensingh, but ultimately lost the region south of Rangamati sometime before 1594.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=93}}</ref> After [[Man Singh I of Amber|Man Singh]] became the [[Subahdar]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] for [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] in 1594 he led a campaign against Isa Khan and took possession of his territories; and when [[Isa Khan]] and others rallied the next year in 1596 they were effectively by Himmat Singh the son of Man Singh, forcing Isa Khan to ally with Raghudev.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|pp=93-94}}</ref> Raghudev, with the help of Isa Khan, attacked Bahirbandh in Koch Bihar, and Lakshmi Narayan submitted on his own accord to vassalage of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|pp=92–94}}</ref> Under these circumstances, Raghudev transferred his capital from Barnagar to [[North Guwahati]].<ref name="Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=97">{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=97}}</ref>

The Koch Bihar-Mughal alliance defeated Raghudev in May 1597, but in the same year Raghudev was able to recoup his losses with the help of Isa Khan. Isa Khan, who was able to rout the Mughal army and kill its commander Durjan Singh, a son of [[Man Singh I]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]], released the war prisoners and himself submitted himself to Akbar.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=94}}</ref>

Having lost the alliance of Isa Khan, Raghudev was then forced to forge an alliance with the [[Ahom kingdom]]. Raghudev offered his daughter Mangaldoi to [[Prataap Singha]] in 1603, and the Ahom king accepted on the possibility of using Raghudev as a buffer against the Mughals.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=95}}</ref> But this did not happen because Raghudev died within the same year after the marriage between Pratap Singha and Mangaldoi.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|pp=95–96}}</ref>

==Parikshit Narayan==
Parikshit the eldest son of Raghudev returned to the capital in 1603 to stake his claim to the kingdom. In the war of succession that followed, Man Singha, a son of Raghudev was offered refuge in [[Namrup]] by the Ahom king.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=97}}</ref> Though Parikshit had earlier taken shelter with Lakshminarayan against his father Raghudev, he invaded Bahirbandh, a region under Koch Bihar and occupied it sometime between 1603 and 1608; and in the ensuing negotiations, won back the royal insignia that Raghudev had earlier lost to Lakhsminarayan. Lakshmi Narayan saw no recourse but to submit in person to [[Islam Khan I|Islam Khan]] in 1609.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=98}}</ref> Parikshit could ward off the first Mughal expedition under Abdul Wahid.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=99}}</ref>

The second expedition under [[Mukarram Khan]] was massive. He tried to enlist the Ahoms into the war but was unsuccessful.

===Mughal—Koch Hajo War===
{{Main|Mughal conquest of Kamrup}}
The Mughal army and navy began its expedition from near [[Dhaka]] in the July 1612.<ref>{{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=100}}</ref>

==Mughal rule==
Since the declaration of independence, the rulers of Koch Hajo and the rulers of [[Cooch Behar|Koch Bihar]] have maintained hostilities against each other. The [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal]], [[Islam Khan I]], led an expedition into Hajo alongside the Amil of [[Sylhet]], Muhammad Zaman Karori of [[Tehran]] in the early 17th century.<ref>Inayat Khan, Shah Jahan Nama, trans. A. R. Fuller, ed. W. E. Begley and Z. A. Desai (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990), 235.</ref> In 1602 the [[Nawab of Dhaka]] (governor for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]) moved by Lakshmi Narayan (ruler of Koch Bihar) and others attacked Parikshit Narayan, the ruler of Koch Hajo. Parikshit, defeated at [[Dhubri]], sued for peace. But he soon continued with the hostilities and in 1614 was driven up to [[Pandu, Guwahati|Pandu]], now in [[Guwahati]]. Here, Parikshit surrendered and agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal Empire. But before he could take up this assignment he died. The Mughals then appointed Kabisekhar as the Qanungoh and instructed Sheikh Ibrahim Karori to set up a Mughal system of administration. The Mughals appointed Bijit Narayan, son of Parikshit Narayan, as the ''[[zamindar]]'' of the region between river Sankosh and Manas, and he became the founder of the [[Bijni]] branch of the Koch royal family which finally settled in [[Abhayapuri]]. In 1657, [[Lutfullah Shirazi]], the [[faujdar]] of Shujabad, built the hilltop [[mosque]] in [[Hajo]] known as Powa-Makkah Barmaqam.<ref name=proceed>{{cite book|title=The Proceedings Of The All Pakistan History Conference|volume=1|chapter=A chronology of Muslim faujdars of Sylhet|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|location=[[Karachi]]|author=Syed Mohammad Ali|author-link=Syed Mohammad Ali|pages=275–284}}</ref>

===Mughal divisions===
The Mughal divided the kingdom of Koch Hajo into four ''sarkars''. They were:
# Uttarkol or Dhekeri, north of the [[Brahmaputra]].
# Dakhinkol, south of Brahmaputra.
# Kamrup (or Shujabad), containing [[Guwahati]] and Hajo.
# Bangalahbhumi, containing Bahirbund and Bhitarbund.

The four sarkars were further divided into [[pargana]]s, and traces of this revenue system exists till today.

The Mughal influence in Kamrup ended in 1682. The Mughal political influence on Koch Hajo lasted for eighty years.

==Darrang==
{{see also||Balinarayan}}
With the Mughals reaching the doorsteps of the Ahoms, hostilities ensued. These finally led to a large Mughal army attacking the Ahom kingdom from 1615 to 1616. On January 27, 1616, the Ahoms, under the king [[Susenghphaa|Pratap Singha]], attacked the Mughals before dawn and massacred a major portion of the Mughal army. The Ahoms defeated the Mughals in the Bharali war and re-occupied Darrang from the Mughals. After the region was cleared of the Mughals, [[Pratap Singha]] established [[Balinarayan]], the brother of Parikshit Narayan, as the Raja of Darrang. The intention of [[Pratap Singha]] in installing [[Balinarayan]] as a tributary king of Darrang was to create a buffer state between [[Ahom kingdom]] and [[Mughal Empire]]. Pratap Singha sent many gifts to the newly installed Koch prince Bali Narayan as well as a new wife and even a new name (Dharmanarayan), implying that the Darrangi King was to remain subservient to the Ahom king.<ref>{{Harvcol|Chaudhury|1997|p=213}}</ref>

This [[Balinarayan]] had nothing to do with Raghudeva brother of Lakhsminarayan of Koch Bihar. The Ahoms, with the help of Bali Narayan, then moved against the remnant of the Mughals ruling in Hajo. After many battles the Ahoms and Bali Narayan's army finally conquered Hajo and removed their influence from [[Goalpara]]. Bali Narayan began his rule from Hajo.

This did not last for long and the Mughals maintained their attack on Koch Hajo. Beginning with 1637 the Ahoms faced a number of reverses, including the death of [[Balinarayan]] in Singari battle in 1638. His son ascended the throne and became the king of [[Darrang]] (excluding [[Tezpur]]). On the other hand, the Ahoms ruled the eastern part of Darrang (the present [[Sonitpur]]) through Kalia Bhomora Borphukan, stationed at [[Kaliabor]]. In 1639 by the [[Treaty of Asurar Ali]] between the Ahom general [[Momai Tamuli Borbarua]] and the Mughal commander Allahyar Khan the river Barnadi was fixed as the boundary between the Mughal empire and the Ahom kingdom. Darrang remained with the Ahoms ruled by Mahendra Narayan, son of Bali Narayan. Mahendra Narayan was succeeded by Chandra Narayan and then by Surya Narayan.

==Kamrup==
Following the war of succession after [[Shah Jahan]] in 1657, the Ahoms reoccupied Kamrup. Again, this possession did not last long. In 1662 the Mughal general [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] marched up to [[Garhgaon|Gargaon]], the Ahom capital, and set up camp. But he could not consolidate Mughal rule in the region. Nevertheless, he struck an [[Treaty of Ghilajharighat|agreement]] with the Ahom king that included war indemnities; but he died on his journey back to Dhaka. The Ahoms again captured Kamrup in 1667, and fended off an entrenched Mughal attack led by [[Ramsingh I|Ram Singh]] in 1671 in the celebrated [[Battle of Saraighat]]. In March 1679, the Ahom viceroy in Guwahati, Laluksola Borphukan, handed over Kamrup to Nawab Mansur Khan, the deputy of [[Azam Shah]], the son of [[Aurangzeb]] and the then governor of Bengal.

Mansur Khan attacked Darrang in 1682, captured Surya Narayan and installed his 5-year-old brother as the ruler of Darrang. But that influence did not last for long. In that year itself, the Ahoms, under the kingship of [[Gadadhar Singha]], attacked Kamrup and removed the Mughals for good. In the meantime, the influence of the Raja of Darrang decreased, and the Ahoms took possession of Kamrup till the end of their rule.

==Bijni==
The Bijni branch of the Koch dynasty controlled its feudatory from the present-day Bijni town from 1671 till 1864 when it was attacked by Jhawlia [[Mech people|Mech]], a chieftain from [[Bhutan]]. This resulted in the capital moving to [[Dumuria]]. The [[1897 Assam earthquake|earthquake of 1897]] destroyed the royal palaces and the capital moved again, first to [[Jogighopa]] and then finally to [[Abhayapuri]] in 1901. The control of the Bijni branch ended after the Indian government took direct control of the region in 1956.

==See also==
* [[Koch Rajbongshi people]]
* [[Kamrup region]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation
| last = Bhuyan
| first = Surya K
| title = Anglo-Assamese Relations: 1771-1826
| publisher = Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in Assam
| place = Gauhati
| year = 1949
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Nath
| first = D
| title = History of the Koch Kingdom: 1515-1615
| publisher=Mittal Publications
| place=Delhi
| year=1989
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Sircar
| first =D C
| publication-date = 1990
| contribution = Political History
| contribution-url =
| editor-last = Barpujari
| editor-first = H K
| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam
| edition =
| series =
| place =
| publication-place =
| publisher =
| volume = 1
| pages =
}}
* {{Citation
|last=
|first=
|author=
|author-link=
|title=History of Bongaigaon
|url=http://bongaigaon.nic.in/HIST.HTM
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124308/http://bongaigaon.nic.in/HIST.HTM
|archivedate=2007-09-29
|accessdate=2010-10-25
}}
*{{cite book |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Sarojini |title=Historical geography of Darrangi kingdom in the medieval period 1600–1826 |date=1997 |location=Gauhati University}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]
[[Category:History of Cooch Behar]]

Dalit Panthers

2026-02-12T17:54:11Z

Vilianajgd: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian social organization}}
{{about|the social movement in Indian state of Maharashtra|the social movement in Indian state of Tamil Nadu|Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}{{use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox Indian political party
|colorcode = RED
|logo =
|ppchairman =
|foundation = 9 July 1972{{efn|There are different recordings on the day of the foundation. Mamta Rajawat in ''Encyclopedia of Dalits in India'' states it was established in April 1972,{{sfn|Rajawat|2004|p=325}} while ''[[Mid-Day]]''{{'s}} Prutha Bhosle affirms it was on 29 May 1972,<ref name=md/> and Sebastian Maria Michael, author of ''Dalits in Modern India: Vision and Values'', states it occurred on 9 July 1972.{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}} |name=foundation}}
|founder = {{unbulleted list|[[Namdeo Dhasal]]|[[J. V. Pawar]]}}
|headquarters =
|eci =
|ideology = [[Dalit#Political involvement|Dalit socialism]] [[Caste system in India#Criticism|Anti-casteism]] [[Buddhism]] [[Marxism]]
|flag =
|party_name = Dalit Panthers
|predecessor =
|successor =
|colours =
|dissolution = 1988
}}

The '''Dalit Panthers''' was a revolutionary<ref>—

* {{cite book |last= Mitra |first=Subrata K. |author-link= Subrata K. Mitra|title=The Puzzle of India's Governance : Culture, Context and Comparative Theory |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7Dh-AgAAQBAJ|publisher= [[Routledge]]|page= 131 |isbn= 9781134274925|year= 2007|quote=The Dalit Panthers are a militant political organisation committed to total revolutionary struggle for the destruction of the established socio-political and economic order.}}
* {{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail|author-link=Gail Omvedt|title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y3AMAQAAMAAJ|year=1995 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |page= 73 |isbn=9788125006367|quote=...Dalit Panthers, a militant organization of dalit youth. Born in Bombay in 1972, with its leadership drawn from a new generation of young poets and writers, and founded against the backdrop of in-creasing rural and urban tensions-it was a period in which atrocities against dalits in the villages, often of brutal and horrifying forms, seemed on the increase the Dalit Panthers proved to be the spark that set off a wave of organizing efforts throughout the country.}}
* {{cite book |last=Kunnath |first=George J. |title=Rebels From the Mud Houses: Dalits and the Making of the Maoist Revolution in Bihar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkcrDwAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=16 |isbn=9781351418744 |quote= The Dalit Panthers was a militant organization formed by Dalit activists in Maharashtra in the 1970s. The name, with its insurrectionist symbolism, was borrowed from the Black Panthers of the United States.}}
* {{cite web |last=D'Mello |first=Bernard |date=20 August 2018|title=How the Dalit Panthers Attempted to Break Free of Shackles |url=https://thewire.in/books/india-after-naxalbari-review-bernard-dmello |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |location=India |access-date=5 June 2025|quote=Earlier that year, in May, the militant Dalit protest organisation and movement, Dalit Panthers, was founded by Namdeo Dhasal and the poet/writer J.V. Pawar. Dhasal’s defense of Dhale led the latter to join the Panthers. The Dalit Panthers were inspired by the African-American Black Panther Party.}}
</ref> organisation in India that sought to combat [[Caste system in India|caste]] discrimination. It was led by a group of [[Mahar]] writers and poets, including [[Raja Dhale]], [[Namdeo Dhasal]], and [[J. V. Pawar]] in some time in early 1972.{{efn|name=foundation}} It was founded as a response to the growing discontent among the Dalit youth during the 25th Independence Day celebrations. Inspired by the [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther movement]] in the United States, poet-writers J V Pawar and Namdeo Dhasal founded the Dalit Panthers, urging a boycott of the Independence Day revelry, terming it a 'Black Independence Day'. The movement's heyday lasted from the 1970s through the 1980s, and it was later joined by many Dalit-[[Buddhist]] activists.

==Formation and influence==
[[File:Raja dhale.jpg|thumb|[[Raja Dhale]], one of the first members of the Dalit Panther Party]]

The backdrop for the formation of the Dalit Panthers was set by various socio-political developments in [[Maharashtra]]. The first non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] state governments were established in 1967, and global youth political movements gained momentum. The ''Yuvak Kranti Dal'' had been formed in [[Maharashtra]], and a mass conversion of [[Dalit|Dalits]] to [[Buddhism]] occurred in 1956. The period also witnessed a significant land rights movement led by [[Bhaurao Gaikwad|Dadasaheb Gaikwad]] and an extension of reservation benefits to converted Buddhists in the late 1960s.<ref name=":0" />

Litterateur [[J. V. Pawar]] first became interested in the activism against Dalits discrimination by the time of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s death on 6 December 1956.<ref name="md">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-last-panther/21386193|title=The last Panther|date=21 July 2019|first=Prutha|last=Bhosle|website=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> "Stunned" by Ambedkar's work, he was inspired to write critical pieces in collaboration with poet [[Namdeo Dhasal]]. Pawar and Dhasal's attention to the Dalit question was further increased by 1971, when a special committee by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] reported on atrocities against Dalit and two Dalit women were forced to walk naked in a [[Maharashtra]] village.<ref name="md" /> By mid-1972, there was a vacuum created in Dalit politics resulting from [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarite]] [[Republican Party of India]] (RPI) splitting into factions.<ref name="md" />{{sfn|Satyanarayana|Tharu|2013|p=55}} Motivated by the [[Little magazine movement|Little Magazine movement]] and the blossoming Dalit literature, Pawar and Dhasal started the Dalit Panthers{{efn|Several sources state that Raja Dhale was among its founders,{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}}<ref name=times/> but Pawar himself have told that Dhale was invited to him some time after the establishment.<ref name=md/> }} – also as a response to what was perceived as a factionist, corrupt and ageing politics of the RPI.{{sfn|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974|page=716}} Hoping to break with all established parties, the Dalit Panthers originated with the [[Scheduled Caste]] community of the [[Mahars]] as its social base.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}}

The Dalit Panthers were largely inspired by the Black Panther Party, a socialist political party that sought to combat racial and economic discrimination against [[African-American]]s, during the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States, which occurred in the mid-20th century.<ref name="md" />{{sfn|Satyanarayana|Tharu|2013|p=55}} Because of this, they adopted Black Panther's organisational structure and strategies, as well as were influenced by [[African-American literature]].{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}} During the first public meeting of Dalit Panthers', Pawar invited writer [[Raja Dhale]] to give a speech after being impressed by an opinion piece of Dhale ("Black Independence Day") about unfair laws towards Dalits. Dhale's speech was lauded, and Pawar invited him to join the Panthers, which he immediately agreed.<ref name="md" /> After that, Dhale, Dhasal, and Pawar took the role of organisation's president, defence minister and general secretary respectively.{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}}

== Worli riots ==
Prior to the foundation of the Dalit Panthers, [[Shiv Sena]], a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] political party, was the most influential organisation among the Maharashtrian youth.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=86}} Especially in the [[Worli]] neighbourhood of Mumbai, Sena influenced both Dalit and non-Dalit youngsters who formed gangs united by their lower-class status that were mobilised by Sena for support in elections.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=86}} However, the formation of the Panthers led to a declining support for Sena among Dalits and eventually culminated into conflict between the two groups.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=86}} Sena's partisans said the Dalit Panthers were undermining Maharashtrian unity by raising issues of [[Caste system in India|caste]], while the Panthers's counterargument was that the Sena only represented upper-caste individuals.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=86}} In January 1974, in opposition to both Shiv Sena and RPI leaders who were backing Congress candidate [[Ramrao Adik]],<ref name="times" /> they called for an [[election boycott]] of the [[by-election]] to the [[Lok Sabha]] from the South-Central Bombay constituency and for the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="md" />{{sfn|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974|page=716}} This happened in the context of a "Maharashtra Bandh Day" ("Shut Down Maharashtra"), called 2 January, led by [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and supported by some opposition parties, including the Panthers.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=87}} They previously backed a CPI-led mill workers' strike,{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=87}} and, according to Pawar, they wished the win of [[Roza Deshpande]] of the CPI.<ref name="md" />

In the same year, the organisation was attacked by civilians, mostly Shiv Sena's supporters,<ref name=times/> and by police at least in two occasions in January. On the fifth day of that month, a Dalit Panther's meeting in Worli was attacked with stones, and police made a [[lathi charge]] and arrested 19 persons.{{sfn|Mody|1974}} Five days later, police arrested four important leaders of the Dalit Panthers during a march against police brutality and partisan attitude against Scheduled Caste persons on a [[Maratha (caste)#Worli BDD Chawl violence|BDD Chawl violence]] case.{{sfn|Mody|1974}} During what become known as the [[Worli riots]], Bhagwat Jadhav, a member of the Dalit Panthers, was killed by a grinding stone thrown from an apartment at the rally.<ref name=times>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Dalit-Panther-founder-launches-new-body/articleshow/12642868.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130820024728/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-13/nashik/31336719_1_dalit-leaders-jogendra-kawade-rpi|url-status=live|archive-date=20 August 2013|title=Dalit Panther founder launches new body|date=13 April 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>

The organisation's heyday lasted until 1977.<ref name=md/>

==Ideology==
The Dalit Panthers advocated for and practised radical politics, fusing the ideology of [[Karl Marx]] to Indian authors like Ambedkar and [[Jyotirao Phule]]{{sfn|Satyanarayana|Tharu|2013|p=55}}—the latter two being the only authors they recognised being influenced by.{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}} Thus, they adopted the idea of [[class conflict]], directing their criticism towards upper-caste capitalists and those who oppressed the Dalits.{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}} They openly defended the use of violent strategies, if necessary, and affirmed a complete revolution was needed to fulfill Dalits' emancipation.{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}} Accordingly, their manifesto, published in 1973,{{sfn|Satyanarayana|Tharu|2013|p=55}} read as the following: "We do not want a little place in the ''Brahmin Alley''. We want the rule of the whole land, we are not looking at persons but at systems and change of heart ... liberal education will not end our state of exploitation. When we gather a revolutionary mass, rouse the people, out of the struggle, the giant mass will become tidal wave of revolution".{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=173}} According to [[K. Satyanarayana (academic)|Satyanarayana]] and [[Susie Tharu|Tharu]], their manifesto fit the Ambedkarite spirit into a broader Marxist framework and heralded the rise of an autonomous Dalit perspective in post-Independence India.{{sfn|Satyanarayana|Tharu|2013|p=55}} Divergent ideological perspectives emerged within the Dalit Panthers' founding members, particularly between Namdeo Dhasal, Baburao Bagul, and Raja Dhale. The release of the manifesto '[[Zahirnama]]' in 1972 by Dhasal sparked disagreements, with Dhale accusing it of having a purely Communist agenda. However, the Panthers continued to expand their influence in Mumbai, challenging the Shiv Sena and Bal Thackeray. Although they indirectly supported Deshpande of the CPI in 1974, Pawar noted Dhasal was the only Marxist, while he and Dhale were [[Buddhist]]s, which caused divergences that led to the dissolution of the organisation.<ref name=md/>

Despite its name and of being generally accepted as a party of the Scheduled Castes of Maharashtra, the organisation did not seek to be an only-Dalit movement; instead, they used of the term "Dalit" to refer to all lower-caste communities and poor among the caste Hindus.{{sfn|Satyanarayana|Tharu|2013|p=55}}{{sfn|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974|page=715}} In their manifesto, the Dalit Panthers proclaimed themselves defenders of all exploited people in spite of caste or community, namely citing agricultural workers, small peasants, industrial workers, the unemployed and women.{{sfn|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974|page=715}} It was a characteristic of its distinctive trait: a radicalism that seemed to indicate they were a political force committed to the overthrow of social and political system.{{efn|A commentator on ''Economic and Political Weekly'' in 1974 analysed that their radicalism was more formal than real as their political influence was limited to Mahars, which made them a "fourth faction of the RPI".{{sfn|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974|page=716}} }} This feature was seen by a commentator on ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'' as derivative of its contact of other [[Left politics|Left]] groups in Bombay and Poona and their disgust of the RPI.{{sfn|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974|page=716}} As part of this radicalism, they attacked Hindu deities and popular heroes like [[Shivaji]] and campaigned for election boycott.<ref name=md/>{{sfn|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974|page=716}} Instead of focusing on the traditional parliamentary arena, they aimed to create an independent mass-based political movement through demonstrations, [[sit-in]]s, and strikes.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}}

Comprising working-class individuals, the Panthers garnered support by addressing popular unrest through literature, such as Daya Pawar's '[[Kondwada]]' and J V Pawar's '[[Nakebandi]].'<ref name=":0" />

=== Martyrdom and Dissolution ===
In 1974, the Worli riots erupted following an event featuring Dhasal and Dhale as speakers. Police repression and attacks by Shiv Sainiks led to the first Dalit Panther martyrs, Bhagwat Jadhav and Ramesh Deorukhkar's death. The movement faced internal challenges during the Emergency when Dhasal expressed support for Indira Gandhi, leading to a crisis within the Panthers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Excerpt: Dalit Panthers; An Authoritative History by JV Pawar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/excerpt-dalit-panthers-an-authoritative-history-by-jv-pawar/story-llJqyQ3CVRrMrJ3byvbBBP.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

After the 1976 Nagpur conference, Raja Dhale and J V Pawar departed to form the 'Mass Movement,' marking the second stage of the Panthers.

Post-1976, a new generation of leaders, including [[Arun Krushnaji Kamble|Arun Kamble]] and [[Ramdas Athawale]], took charge, renaming the movement the '[[Bharatiya Dalit Panthers]].' They played a crucial role in expanding the Panthers' influence to every village, supporting movements like [[Namantar Andolan|Naamantar]] for renaming [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University|Marathwada University]] after Ambedkar.

In 1988, Athawale became a minister, and the Panthers were officially dissolved. Subsequent attempts to form a united Republican Party were short-lived.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2019 |title=History headline: The rise, dissolution of Panthers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dalit-panthers-raja-dhale-maharashtra-history-headline-5839690/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The Dalit Panthers prompted a debate on what should be the ideological focus of the struggle of the down-trodden of Indian society: Buddhism or Marxism and caste or class.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}}

Although their political impact is source of controversy, the Dalit Panthers' impact in the literary and cultural area is more clear.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}} They led a renaissance in [[Marathi people|Marathi]] literature and art,{{sfn|Satyanarayana|Tharu|2013|p=55}} and created a new [[Dalit literature]] of protest that expanded the frontiers of traditional Marathi works.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}} Their works introduced a multi-caste perspective that seek to depict the fears and hopes of all Indian exploited segments, conceiving the idea of an Indian "proletariat".{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}} Opposing what was perceived as "bourgeois" literature, the Panthers used the ''[[patois]]'' of the Dalit suburban people to represent those who lived in the ghetto.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}} Ultimately, literary critics recognised their innovative and independent style of expressing the hitherto mute masses.{{sfn|Gokhale-Turner|1979|p=77}}

The Black Panther Party acknowledged and supported the Dalit Panthers through the ''[[The Black Panther (newspaper)|Black Panther]]'' newspaper, which circulated worldwide on a weekly basis from 1967 to 1980.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}

Pawar commented that no organisation fully continued their legacy or replaced the Dalit Panthers' spot as a radical group. He said, "I cannot think of anyone who could replace us, as many end up compromising on their idealism in quest for power in politics. But, the movement for a new radicalism is waiting to be born".<ref name=md/>

==See also==
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
*[[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]]
*[[Namantar Andolan]]
*[[Anuradha Ghandy]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite journal|date=1974|title=Dalit Panthers: Another View|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=18|pages=715–716|issn=0012-9976|jstor=41497050|ref={{sfnref|''Economic and Political Weekly'' 1974}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gokhale-Turner|first1=Jayashree B.|title=The Dalit Panthers and the Radicalisation of the Untouchables|journal=The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|date=1979|volume=17|issue=1|pages=77–93 |doi=10.1080/14662047908447324}}
* {{cite book|last=Michael|first=S. M.|title=Dalits in Modern India: Vision and Values|publisher=Sage|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7619-3571-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnyo1xPNwxwC}}
* {{cite journal| last=Mody| first=Navroz | date=19 January 1974 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4363353 | title=Atrocities on Dalit Panthers | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=9 | issue=3 | page=44| jstor=4363353 }}
* {{cite book|last=Rajawat |first=Mamta |title=Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXNQvgAACAAJ&q=Encyclopaedia+of+Dalits+in+In+mamta |year=2004|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-2084-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Satyanarayana|first1=K.|last2=Tharu|first2=Susie|title=The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dalit Writing |year=2013|publisher=Navayana|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-18905-961-3}}

==Further reading==
* Contursi, Janet A. (1993). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059650 "Political Theology: Text and Practice in a Dalit Panther Community"], ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 52 (2), 320–339 {{JSTOR|2059650}}
* Murugkar, Lata (1991). ''Dalit Panther Movement in Maharashtra: A Sociological Appraisal'', South Asia Books. {{ISBN|0-86132-246-0}}.
* Sebastian, M. (1994). ''Liberating the Caged Dalit Panther'', Emerald Publishers {{ISBN?}}
* Pawar, J. V. (2017). ''Dalit Panthers: An Authoritative History'', Forward Press. {{ISBN|978-9387441040}}
* Bargi, D. (2023). “Why Should My Life Be a Sacrifice to One Man?”: The Paradoxes of Dalit Militancy in Malika Amar Shaikh’s Memoir I Want to Destroy Myself. Journal of Narrative Theory 53(3), 297-326. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jnt.2023.a914977.

{{Black Panther Party}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]
[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Ambedkarite organisations]]
[[Category:Marxist organizations]]

Yash A Patnaik

2026-02-12T06:20:51Z

Vilianajgd: Starting info

{{short description|Indian television producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yash A Patnaik
| image = Yash Patnaik.jpg
| caption = Yash Patnaik
| birth_name = Yash A Patnaik
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|03|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]<ref name=daring>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article454721.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815031411/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article454721.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2016|title=Daring to be different|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Mamta Patnaik|2002}}
| occupation = [[Television producer|Producer]], [[Journalist]], [[Screenwriter]]
| children = 1
| years_active = 2005–present
}}

'''Yash A Patnaik''' (born 12 March 1974) is an Indian television and film producer and [[screenwriter]].

He founded Indian media company Beyond Dreams Entertainment in 2007 along with his writer wife Mamta Yash A Patnaik.

Under the banner of Beyond Dreams Entertainment he has produced many television shows and films. Among the TV shows produced by him are ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'', ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'', [[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]], ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' to name a few.

==Early life and career==
Yash A Patnaik was born on 12 March 1974 in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref name="daring"/> Patnaik did political science from [[Ravenshaw University]] and did his graduation from Symbiosis Institute of Journalism and Communications, [[Pune]].<ref name="daring"/> He started his career as a journalist for print as well as electronic media and then went on to work with leading production houses and television channels.<ref name="daring"/> He then moved to Mumbai and worked as a journalist for quite some time before joining TV software production company Fireworks Productions.<ref name="daring"/> With Fireworks he worked as an executive producer for ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' and ''Achanak 37 Saal Baad''.<ref name="daring"/> After working with Fireworks for a period of seven years, Patnaik moved out in 2006.<ref name="daring"/>

In 2007 Patnaik started his own production house Beyond Dreams Entertainment, with his wife Mamta Patnaik.<ref name="daring"/> Under Beyond Dreams Patnaik produced shows for almost all Hindi GEC's and also for the regional television channel [[Star Pravah]] and [[Pogo TV]], the entertainment channel for kids.<ref name="daring"/> The shows produced by Patnaik under Beyond Dreams Entertainment and [[Inspire Films]] are ''[[Cambala Investigation Agency]]'' (2008),<ref name="daring"/> ''[[Chehra (TV series)]]'' (2009),<ref name="daring"/> ''[[Monica Mogre]]'' (2009),<ref name="daring"/> ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]'' (2010-2011),<ref name=rangbadalti>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/160101/entertainment-tollywood/article/new-ywar-new-tollywood-%E2%80%98-changes-we-want%E2%80%99|title=New Year, New Tollywood - 'The Changes we want'|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> ''Jamunia'' (2010),<ref name=jamui>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/-jamunia-is-straight-from-village-palace_55320.html|title='Jamunia' is straight from village palace|date=4 March 2010|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]'' (2012-2013),<ref name=junoon>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Soaps-tune-into-original-notes/articleshow/20028933.cms|title=Soaps tune into original notes - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' (2012-2015),<ref name=veera>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/a-day-out-with-yash-patnaik-9825|title=A day- out with Yash Patnaik !|date=27 August 2014|access-date=27 June 2016|archive-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002001115/http://www.abplive.in/television/a-day-out-with-yash-patnaik-9825|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Main Naa Bhoolungi]]'' (2014),<ref name=main>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Prime-Time-TVs-men-get-complicated/articleshow/31284034.cms|title=Prime Time TV's men get complicated - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]'' (2013-2016),<ref name=youth>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/We-are-ready-for-the-next-big-revolution-in-content-Yash-Patnaik/articleshow/49215881.cms|title=We are ready for the next big revolution in content: Yash Patnaik - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Channel V|Twistwala Love]]'' (2015),<ref name="youth"/> ''[[Channel V|Million Dollar Girl]]'' (2014),<ref name="youth"/> ''[[Channel V|Secret Diaries]]'' (2015),<ref name="youth"/> ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]'' (2016–present),<ref name=rangpyar>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Yash-Patnaiks-Kuch-Rang-Pyar-Ke-Aise-Bhi-is-gearing-up-for-twist/articleshow/52571546.cms|title=Yash Patnaik's Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi is gearing up for twist - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]'' (2016–present)<ref name=door>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jaana-Na-Dil-Se-Door-to-replace-Dahleez/articleshow/52672838.cms|title='Jaana Na Dil Se Door' to replace 'Dahleez' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> and ''[[Naagarjuna – Ek Yoddha]]'' (2016-2017).<ref name=thriller>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Life-OK-brings-past-and-present-together-with-the-launch-of-NagarjunEk-Yoddha/articleshow/52427312.cms|title=Life OK brings past and present together with the launch of Nagarjun…Ek Yoddha - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Patnaik has also produced regional shows like ''Vachana Dile Tu Mala'' (2009) on [[Star Pravah]] and ''Neijare Megha Mote'' (2008) on [[Tarang TV]] .In 2017 he also produced a show [[Ishq Mein Marjawan]] whose story is developed by his wife Mamta Yash Patnaik and show airs on colors TV and gained popularity with a small time of its release.

Patnaik produced a day horror film ''[[Kaalo]]'', in 2010 based on centuries-old folktale about a desert witch.<ref name=kaalo>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506884|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317035848/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506884|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2012|title=Kaalo 2010 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Kaalo is the only Indian horror film which has received Best Film in an [[International Film Festival|international film festival]] (Best Film and Best Cinematography awards at South Africa Horrorfest 2010, Cape Town).<ref name="daring"/> Patnaik has worked as a screenwriter in the 2011 Indian film, ''[[Ra.One]]''.<ref name=ra.one>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ra-One-gets-a-breather-but-at-considerable-cost/articleshow/10446460.cms|title=Ra.One gets a breather, but at considerable cost - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
====As a producer====
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Show
!Notes
!class="unsortable"|Ref (s)
|-
|2007–2009
|''[[Cambala Investigation Agency]]''
|
|<ref name="daring"/>
|-
|2008
|''Neijare Megha Mote''
|[[Odia language|Odia]] show
|<ref name="daring"/>
|-
|2009
|''[[Chehra (TV series)|Chehra]]''
|
|<ref name="daring"/>
|-
|2009
|''Vachana Dile Tu Mala''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] show
|<ref name="daring"/>
|-
|2009
|''[[Monica Mogre]]''
|Crime drama
|<ref name="daring"/>
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
|Love drama
|<ref name="rangbadalti"/>
|-
|2010
|''Jamunia''
|Rural life drama
|<ref name="jamui"/>
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''
|
|<ref name="junoon"/>
|-
|2012–2015
|''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]''
|
|<ref name="veera"/>
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Beintehaa]]''
|
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Main Naa Bhoolungi]]''
|
|<ref name="main"/>
|-
|2013–2016
|''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
|Youth show
|<ref name="youth"/>
|-
|2014
|''Million Dollar Girl''
|Youth show
|<ref name="youth"/>
|-
|2015
|''Twistwala Love''
|Youth show
|<ref name="youth"/>
|-
|2015
|''Secret Diaries''
|Youth show
|<ref name="youth"/>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]''
|
|<ref name="rangpyar"/>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''
|
|<ref name="door"/>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Naagarjuna – Ek Yoddha]]''
|
|<ref name="thriller"/>
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi: Nayi Kahaani]]''
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''
|Love drama
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Channa Mereya, a show set in Punjab, will soon air on Star Bharat |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/food-of-love-398907 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Dear Ishq]]''
|Romance drama
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sehban-azim-niyati-fitnani-come-together-new-show-titled-dear-ishq/ | title=Sehban Azim and Niyati Fitnani come together for a new show titled Dear Ishq : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=25 January 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baazi Ishq Ki]]''
|Romance drama suspense
|
|-
|2023
|[[Gauna – Ek Pratha|''Gauna Ek Pratha'']]
|Drama
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Dhaakad Beera]]''
|Drama
|
|}

===Films===
* ''[[Kaalo]]'' (2010) as Producer<ref name="kaalo"/>
* ''[[Ra.One]]'' (2011) as Screenwriter<ref name="ra.one"/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|4250085}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patnaik, Yash A.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Film producers from Odisha]]

Pachore tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:26Z

Vilianajgd: put up new info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pachore tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23.42|N|76.43|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raisen district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
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|population_as_of =
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| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
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|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code = 465683
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
|registration_plate =

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
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| blank_name_sec2 =
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| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pachore tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Rajgarh district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2022-08-10|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=502908|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518132943/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=502908|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2015|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Vadhuvu

2026-02-05T22:28:46Z

Vilianajgd: Starting article...

{{Short description|Indian drama thriller television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vadhuvu poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Thriller drama]]
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| writer = Sahana Dutta
| screenplay =
| director = Poluri Krishna
| starring = {{ubl|[[Avika Gor]]|[[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]]|[[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]]}}
| music = Sriram Maddury
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| executive_producer =
| producer = Srikanth Mohta Mahendra Soni
| editor = Anil Kumar P
| cinematography = Ram K Mahesh
| runtime = 17-23 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|12|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}
'''''Vadhuvu''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|thriller drama]] television series written by Sahana Dutta and directed by Poluri Krishna.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadhuvu-is-a-dark-family-drama-with-unique-twists-says-poluri-krishna/d70d8225ce265 | title=Vadhuvu is a dark family drama with unique twists, says Poluri Krishna }}</ref> Produced by Srikanth Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], it stars [[Avika Gor]], [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] and [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]].<ref name=":1" >{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadhuvu-on-ott-all-you-need-to-know-about-avika-gor-ali-reza-and-nandus-drama/dbaa0d38f1602 | title=Vadhuvu on OTT - All you need to know about Avika Gor, Ali Reza and Nandu's drama }}</ref> It premiered 8 December 2023 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. This series is an official remake of Bengali Hoichoi series ''Indu''.

==Plot==
Indu is about to get married into a mysterious family. She initially was supposed to be married to Sanjay but her sister Bhanu runs away with him. On the night before marriage, her family receives gifts from the groom's family. That includes a jackfruit that seems to have been stitched. Family opens it up to find a leaf in it.

Indu goes to her granny with the leaf and asks what it is, which turns out to be extremely poisonous devil's trumpet. On the other hand, Anand's family is also tense as he also had three failed attempts of getting married and both families want to get done with the wedding without any hiccups.

After marriage and between the ceremonies, Indu encounters many suspicious incidents which lead her to suspect on all her in-laws. Amidst this, news of her sister-in-law committing suicide takes family into storm and Indu comes to a conclusion that it is Arya, who is behind all this fassade.

== Cast ==
* [[Avika Gor]] as Anjuri Indu
* [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]] as Anand, Indu's husband
* [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] as Arya
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]]
* Soujas Renukuntla as Sanjay

== Production ==
The series is the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake of the 2021 Bengali Hoichoi web series ''[[Indu (TV series)|Indu]]'', directed by [[Sayantan Ghosal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994652056/Chinnari-Pelli-Koothuru-turns-Vadhuvu| title=Chinnari Pelli Koothuru turns 'Vadhuvu'}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced with [[Avika Gor]], [[Ali Reza (actor)|Ali Reza]] and [[Nandu (actor)|Nandu]] joining the cast.<ref name=":1" /> The series was announced by [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/nov/24/trailer-of-avika-gors-vadhuvu-out-49857.html | title=Trailer of Avika Gor's Vadhuvu out | website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The series was reviewed by ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-vadhuvu-telugu-web-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar.html | title=OTT Review : Vadhuvu - Telugu web series on Disney Plus Hotstar | date=8 December 2023 }}</ref> and ''[[ABP Group|ABP Desam]]'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/vadhuvu-web-series-review-in-telugu-avika-gor-nandu-hotstar-original-series-rating-132205 | title=Vadhuvu Web Series Review - వధువు వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ: అవికా గోర్‌కి పెళ్లి - ఎందుకు మళ్ళీ మళ్ళీ? | date=7 December 2023 }}</ref> who rated it 2.75 stars out of 5, while ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/vadhuvu-web-series-review-avika-gor-new-suspense-series-in-disney-plus-hotstar-is-engaging-121702023660145.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210054519/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/vadhuvu-web-series-review-avika-gor-new-suspense-series-in-disney-plus-hotstar-is-engaging-121702023660145.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 December 2023 | title=Vadhuvu Web Series Review: అవికా గోర్ ఫ్యామిలీ మిస్టరీ సిరీస్ 'వధువు' ఎలా ఉందంటే!: రివ్యూ }}</ref> and ''[[OTTPlay]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/vadhu-review-the-avika-gor-starrer-has-decent-thrills-that-keep-you-hooked/dcd3f46724624 | title=Vadhuvu Web Series Review: A neatly packaged suspense-filled family drama }}</ref> rated the series 3 out of 5 stars in their reviews.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/vadhuvu/1260156983 ''Vadhuvu'']{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 web series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 web series endings]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Sir Henry Strachey, 2nd Baronet

2026-01-21T14:12:28Z

Vilianajgd: Starting a data...

{{Infobox person
| name = Henry Strachey
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1772|12|06}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1858|04|11|1772|12|06}}
| death_place = Sutton Court, Stowey, Somerset, England
}}

'''Sir Henry Strachey, 2nd Baronet''' (December 6, 1772 – April 11, 1858) was a British civil servant in India.

== Life ==
Henry Strachey was born on December 6, 1772, to [[Sir Henry Strachey, 1st Baronet|Henry Strachey]] (later 1st Baronet) and his wife Jane Kelsall Latham Strachey. As a youth, he attended [[Westminster School]] and then [[Edinburgh University]]. In 1790, he joined the [[East India Company]] and arrived in India a couple of years later.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=Charles Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/stracheyfamily150000char/page/94/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Strachey Family, 1588-1932: Their Writings and Literary Associations |publisher=Greenwood Press, Publishers |year=1968 |location=New York |publication-date=1968 |pages=95}}</ref> After several years in India, Henry Strachey was appointed Third Judge of the Court of Appeal and Circuit in the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces|Ceded Provinces]] in 1803.<ref name=":0" /> In 1805, he resigned from the service and sailed back to England. In 1810, Strachey's father Sir Henry Strachey, 1st Baronet, died, and Henry Strachey succeeded his father to the baronetcy and inherited [[Sutton Court]], the family home. The 2nd Baronet became High Sheriff of Somerset in 1832. Like other members of the Strachey family, he befriended literary friends, including [[Walter Savage Landor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Strachey |first=Barbara |title=The Strachey Line: An English Family in America, in India and at home 1570 to 1902 |publisher=Victor Gollancz, Ltd |year=1985 |location=London |publication-date=1985 |pages=78}}</ref> Strachey died at Sutton Court on April 11, 1858.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:1772 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:Strachey family|Henry]]

Narayanpur, Manjhi block

2026-01-21T13:20:09Z

Vilianajgd: put up a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

'''Narayanpur''' is a village in Manjhi block, [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]], India. {{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 586 across 79 households.<ref>{{Cite 2011 census of India|264373|Narayanpur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Saran district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Saran district]]

{{Saran-geo-stub}}

Ishaan Shishodia

2026-01-18T06:11:37Z

Vilianajgd: adding a pg!

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ishaan Shishodia
| image = Ishaanshishodiavsnepal.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shishodia with India U19 at the 2023 SAFF U19 Championship
| fullname = Ishaan Shishodia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|08|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[India]]
| height =
| currentclub = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2015–2024
| youthclubs1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| youthyears2 = 2024–
| youthclubs2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| years1 = 2024–
| clubs1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 11:24, 27 January, 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 11:24, 13 January, 2024 (UTC)
| alt =
}}

'''Ishaan Shishodia''' (born 31 August 2005) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai City FC Complete Signing Of 18-Year-Old Talent Ishaan Shishodia|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-complete-signing-of-18-year-old-talent-ishaan-shishodia|access-date=2024-01-13 |website=mumbaicityfc.com|language=English}}</ref> and the [[India national under-20 football team|India under-19 national team]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title=India blank Bangladesh 3-0 in SAFF U-19 Championship |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-blank-bangladesh-3-0-in-saff-u-19-championship/articleshow/103841493.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-14 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125181620/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-blank-bangladesh-3-0-in-saff-u-19-championship/articleshow/103841493.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=India announces 23-member squad for SAFF U-19 Championship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/india-announces-23-member-squad-for-saff-u-19-championship-2678335 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023161805/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/india-announces-23-member-squad-for-saff-u-19-championship-2678335 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SAFF U-19 Championship Final: Kipgen supremacy dismantles Pakistan |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-09-indian-football-saff-u-19-championship-pakistan-vs-india-ratings |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Khel Now |language=English |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023161943/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-09-indian-football-saff-u-19-championship-pakistan-vs-india-ratings |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Club career==
===Mumbai City===
On 13 January 2024, Ishaan signed for retaining [[Indian Super League|ISL]] shield winners [[Mumbai City FC]] on a three-and-a-half-year deal, until the end of the 2026–27 season.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-complete-signing-of-18-year-old-talent-ishaan-shishodia |title=Mumbai City FC complete signing of 18-year-old talent Ishaan Shishodia |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113112840/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-complete-signing-of-18-year-old-talent-ishaan-shishodia |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International career==
===India under-19===
Ishaan Shishodia made his national debut for the Indian U19 football team on 21 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Mens Football Team Has Won SAFF Under-19 Championship |url=https://www.notopedia.com/board-details/27814/1/Indian-Mens-Football-Team-Has-Won-SAFF-Under-19-Championship |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=notopedia.com |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023160712/https://www.notopedia.com/board-details/27814/1/Indian-Mens-Football-Team-Has-Won-SAFF-Under-19-Championship |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India U19s all set for international debut at SAFF U19 Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u19s-all-set-for-international-debut-at-saff-u19-championship |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=the-aiff.com |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024061738/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u19s-all-set-for-international-debut-at-saff-u19-championship |url-status=live }}</ref> This debut occurred during a match against the Bangladesh U19 football team in the SAFF U-19 Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-09-08 |title=India announces 23-member squad for SAFF U-19 Championship |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-football-team-saff-under-19-championship-players-squad-schedule-fixtures-group-stage/article67284847.ece |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107114419/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-football-team-saff-under-19-championship-players-squad-schedule-fixtures-group-stage/article67284847.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> SAFF (South Asian Football Federation) Cup is a prestigious regional tournament in South Asia that provides a platform for emerging talent to showcase their skills on the international stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2023-09-27 |title=SAFF U19 Championship: India overcome Nepal in penalties to set up summit clash against Pakistan |url=https://pragativadi.com/saff-u19-championship-india-overcome-nepal-in-penalties-to-set-up-summit-clash-against-pakistan/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005211501/https://pragativadi.com/saff-u19-championship-india-overcome-nepal-in-penalties-to-set-up-summit-clash-against-pakistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=SAFF U-19 Meet: Odisha's Shuvendu Panda Is India Head Coach, 2 State Boys In Squad |url=https://odishabytes.com/saff-u-19-meet-odishas-shuvendu-panda-is-india-head-coach-2-state-boys-in-squad/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024061746/https://odishabytes.com/saff-u-19-meet-odishas-shuvendu-panda-is-india-head-coach-2-state-boys-in-squad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also was the member of India U-15 team back in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=उभरती प्रतिभा को लगे पंख, नन्हें कदमों के दृढ विश्वास के आगे मुश्किलें हुईं बौनी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/bashindey/ishan-sisodiya-selected-in-under-15-national-football-team |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216195616/https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/bashindey/ishan-sisodiya-selected-in-under-15-national-football-team |url-status=live }}</ref> India emerged victorious in the [[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U19 Championship]], with Ishaan serving as the team's [[Captain (association football)|captain]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हापुड़ के युवा फुटबॉल खिलाड़ी ने रचा इतिहास: ईशान के नेतृत्व में पाकिस्तान को 3-0 से हराया, जीती फाइनल ट्रॉफी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/under-the-leadership-of-ishan-sisodia-indian-football-team-under-19-won-the-final-trophy-by-defeating-pakistan-2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006170447/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur/under-the-leadership-of-ishan-sisodia-indian-football-team-under-19-won-the-final-trophy-by-defeating-pakistan-2023-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{Updated|30 September 2023}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|National team
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U19]]
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Tournament!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[India national under-20 football team]]
|[[SAFF U-20 Championship|2022–213]]
|[[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U19]]||—||—||3||0||0||0||—||—||3||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!0!!0!!3!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!3!!0
|}

==Honours==
'''India U19'''
*[[SAFF U-20 Championship]]: [[2023 SAFF U-19 Championship|2023]]<ref>{{cite web |last=TEAM SPORTSTAR |first=21:39 IST |date=30 September 2023 |title=India beats Pakistan 3-0 to win SAFF U19 title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ind-vs-pak-saff-u19-title-champions-india-beat-pakistan-football-score-highlights-result-report-aiff-news-updates/article67366851.ece |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |location=Kathmandu, Nepal |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003090210/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ind-vs-pak-saff-u19-title-champions-india-beat-pakistan-football-score-highlights-result-report-aiff-news-updates/article67366851.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/71868 Ishaan Shishodia] at the AIFF.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shishodia, Ishaan}}

[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]

Battle of Muar

2026-01-09T08:11:30Z

Vilianajgd: Adding some data from scratch

{{short description|Battle of the Malayan Campaign in World War II}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Muar
| image = Australian 2-pdr anti-tank gun in action at Bakri on the Muar-Parit Sulong Road.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Australian [[Ordnance QF 2-pounder|2 pounder]] gun of 13th Battery, [[2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)|2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment]], firing on Japanese [[Type 95 Ha-Go light tank]]s of the 14th Tank Regiment on the Muar-Parit Sulong road on 18 January 1942.<ref name=Horner>{{cite web |first=David |last=Horner |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/TheGunners13.html |title=The Gunners: A History of Australian Artillery |year=1995 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date=2021-03-30 |archive-date=2022-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716122642/http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/TheGunners13.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sergeant Charles Parsons and his crew were credited with destroying six of the nine tanks in this engagement.<ref name=C276771>{{citation|title = C276771|url = https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C276771|publisher = The Australian War Memorial|author = British Ministry of Information}}</ref>
| partof = the [[Malayan Campaign]] of the [[Pacific War]]
| date = 14–22 January 1942
| place = [[Muar (district)|Muar]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]]
| result = Japanese victory
*[[Parit Sulong massacre]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|Australia}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|British India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Gordon Bennett (general)|Gordon Bennett]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Herbert Cecil Duncan|Herbert Duncan]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Charles Groves Wright Anderson|Charles Anderson]] {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Frederick Galleghan]]
| commander2 = [[Takuma Nishimura]] [[Masakazu Ogaki]] [[Shiegeo Gotanda]]{{KIA}}
| units1 = '''Westforce''': {{flagicon|Australia}} [[8th Division (Australia)|8th Division]] {{flagicon|India|British}} [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th Infantry Division]] {{flagicon|India|British}} [[45th Indian Infantry Brigade|45th Infantry Brigade]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[53rd Brigade (United Kingdom)|53rd Infantry Brigade]]
| units2 = '''[[Twenty-Fifth Army (Japan)|Twenty-Fifth Army]]''': [[Imperial Guards Division|Imperial Guards]] [[5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|5th Division]] [[Twenty-Fifth Army (Japan)|3rd Air Division]]
| strength1 = 4,000 infantry 60 aircraft
| strength2 = 8,000 infantry 400 aircraft
| casualties1 = 3,100 killed and wounded(including 150 [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]){{#tag:ref|See [[Parit Sulong massacre]]|group=info}}
| casualties2 = 700+ killed and 800+ wounded
Total casualties: 1,500+ killed and wounded 15+ tanks destroyed{{#tag:ref|"The enemy losses in the Muar area were a company of tanks and the equivalent of a battalion of men."<ref name="Wigmore 1957, p. 249">Wigmore 1957, p. 249.</ref>|group=Note}}
| notes = {{Reflist|group=info}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Malaya}}
{{Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre}}
}}

The '''Battle of Muar''' was the last major battle of the [[Malayan Campaign]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. It took place from 14–22 January 1942 around [[Gemensah Bridge]] and on the [[Muar River]]. After the British [[Battle of Slim River|defeat at Slim River]], General [[Archibald Wavell]], commander of [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command|ABDA]], decided that [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant General]] [[Lewis Heath]]'s [[III Corps (India)|III Indian Corps]] should withdraw {{convert|150|mi|km|order=flip}} south into the [[Johor|State of Johore]] to rest and regroup, while the [[8th Division (Australia)|8th Australian Division]] would attempt to stop the Japanese advance.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PFJe2rRXwM|title=YouTube|work=youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>

[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] soldiers, under the command of [[Major general (Australia)|Major General]] [[Gordon Bennett (general)|Gordon Bennett]], inflicted severe losses on [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] forces at the Gemensah Bridge ambush and in a second battle a few kilometres north of the town of Gemas. Members of the Australian 8th Division killed an estimated 600 personnel from the Japanese [[5th division]], in the ambush at the bridge itself, whilst Australian anti-tank guns destroyed several Japanese tanks in the battle north of Gemas. The battle saw the heaviest Japanese losses of any battle the Japanese had fought in the Malayan campaign and saw the death of one of their commanders Shiegeo Gotanda who was killed by Australian fire while directing his troops, temporarily shattering the morale of many Japanese soldiers.

Although the ambush was successful for the Allies, the defence of Muar and Bakri on the west coast was a complete failure which resulted in the near-annihilation of the [[45th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and heavy casualties for its two attached Australian infantry battalions.<ref name="The Battle of Muar"/> This was the first engagement between units of the [[18th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 18th Division]] and Japanese forces in Malaya.

==Prelude==
The ambush was ordered by the head of [[Malaya Command]], Lieutenant General [[Arthur Ernest Percival|Arthur Percival]]'s own instructions; he strongly felt that ambush was the way to fight the Japanese.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> A multinational force under Bennett, codenamed Westforce, was assigned to defend the [[Muar (district)|Muar]] area.<ref>Morgan 2013, p. 7.</ref> Westforce took up positions covering the front from the mountains to the shore of the [[Malacca Straits]]. There were two main areas, and both of these were sub-divided into sectors, which were themselves widely separated and linked with each other chiefly by rather tenuous signal communications.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

===Gemas positions===
The first area was around the central trunk road and the railway beyond [[Segamat]]. The three subordinate sectors were:
*(a) Astride both road and railway near [[Gemas]]. Here, the [[8th Indian Infantry Brigade]] made up the holding force.<ref name="Owen 2001, p. 118."/>
*(b) Further forward along the same road lay the [[27th Brigade (Australia)|27th Australian Brigade]]. They were charged with a counter-offensive role, and had already prepared an advanced ambush, from the 2/29th Australian Infantry Battalion, for the Japanese several kilometres ahead at the Gemensah Bridge.<ref name="Owen 2001, p. 118."/>
*(c) Leftwards was the [[22nd Indian Infantry Brigade]] tasked with guarding the approaches to [[Segamat]] from [[Malacca]], which skirt either side of [[Mount Ophir]].<ref name="Owen 2001, p. 118.">Owen 2001, p. 118.</ref>

===Gemensah Bridge positions===
[[File:Battle of Muar map.jpg|thumb|Allied dispositions and Japanese routes of attack during the battle]]
B Company of the 2/30th Australian Battalion, under Captain Desmond J. Duffy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemas/gemasmain.htm|access-date=2009-03-30|title=2/30 Battalion History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025651/http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemas/gemasmain.htm|archive-date=2018-12-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> entrenched and concealed themselves on one side of the [[Gemensah Bridge]], spanning a stream, as part of the ambush. The bridge itself had been mined with explosives, and a battery of field artillery sited on higher ground behind the infantry whence it could command the Japanese approach to the bridge. The 2/30th Australian Battalion was under the command of [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Frederick Galleghan, nicknamed "Black Jack".<ref name="Smith">Smith 2006.</ref>

For the Japanese side, the Mukaide Force (commanded by Colonel Mukaida) was created to take the lead from the tired [[5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|Japanese 5th Division]] and was approaching Gemas and the Australian ambush at Gemensah Bridge.<ref name="Extracts of Singapore Burning">{{cite news| title = Extracts of Singapore Burning| url = http://www.colin-smith.info/pages/books/extracts/singapore_burning/extract_05.htm| publisher = Colin Smith| date = May 2006| access-date = 2009-03-25}}</ref> Mukaide Force consisted initially of the 1st Tank Regiment with an infantry battalion and artillery for support under the command of the 9th Brigade. It was reinforced by the 11th Infantry Regiment on 15 January.<ref>Wigmore 1957, p. 220.</ref> [[Colonel]] Mukaida was the commander of the 1st Tank Regiment, which at the beginning of the Malayan Campaign, consisted of 31 [[Type 97 Chi-Ha]] and 17 [[Type 95 Ha-Gō]] tanks.<ref name="Japanese Tanks">{{cite web|url=https://takihomepage.web.fc2.com/history.htm|title=History of Imperial Japanese Tanks|last=Taki|publisher=Taki|access-date=2009-05-11}}</ref>

===Muar positions===
The second area was that which covered the West Coast and the roads which run along it to the Johore Strait. This had two sectors, actually more in line with one another than those of the first area, but even less effectively in touch. The defence of this area was assigned to the 45th Indian Brigade, reinforced by a single battery of field artillery.<ref name="Owen 2001, p. 118."/> It included the seaport of Muar, and stretched some {{convert|30|mi|km|order=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} up into the jungle towards Segamat, along the winding course of the [[Muar River]], with its deep-wooded, creeper-covered banks. Under orders from General Bennett, two of the battalions were disposed along the river line, which they thus divided between them, while the third went into active reserve near the coast.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

The [[Imperial Guard of Japan|Imperial Guards Division]] was moving down the west coast of Malaya, with a battalion sized force under the command of Col Masakazu Ogaki approaching the Muar river area from the sea,<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> while the 4th and 5th Guards Regiments approached Muar from the north under General Nishimura.<ref>Wigmore 1957, p. 224.</ref>

The newly arrived 53rd Infantry Brigade of the British [[18th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|18th Division]] formed part of Westforce. The brigade included the [[Cambridgeshire Regiment|2nd Cambridgeshire Regiment]], [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|5th Norfolk]] and 6th Norfolk Battalions. Although Percival gave the order to deploy them, they were unfit for immediate employment, having been at sea for 11 weeks.<ref>Wigmore 1957, p. 221.</ref>

==Battle==

===Gemencheh Bridge and Gemas===
{{Main|Battle of Gemas}}
[[File:GemenchehBridge.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gemencheh Bridge]] in 1945.]]
The ambush occurred at about 16:00 on 14 January, when Japanese troops from the 5th Division approached, mounted on bicycles, and crossed the bridge unharassed.<ref name="2/30 Battalion History">{{cite web|url=http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemas/gemasmain.htm|access-date=2009-03-26|title=2/30 Battalion History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025651/http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemas/gemasmain.htm|archive-date=2018-12-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then came the main column, several hundred strong, also cycling, which was followed by tanks and engineer trucks. At this point, the bridge was detonated, sending timber, bicycles and bodies hurtling through the air. B Company, [[2/30th Battalion (Australia)|2/30th Australian Battalion]] spread out along either side of the road, concealed in well-protected firing positions, then opened fire and the Japanese column took devastating blows as row upon row of men and equipment were mowed down by machine gun and rifle fire. Most of the Japanese troops tied their rifles to the handlebars of their bicycles making the ambush even more successful for the Australians.<ref name="Smith" />

Heavy casualties continued to mount for the ambushed column. However, the [[bicycle infantry]] who had passed through the ambush area discovered the field telephone cable hidden in a patchy undergrowth which linked back to the gun positions, and promptly cut it. As a result, the Allied artillery received no signal, and were not able to support the ambush party.<ref name="Smith" />

[[File:Japanese troops near Gemas, Malaya.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese troops near [[Gemas]].]]

The Australians nonetheless did receive artillery support, from their counterparts. Most of the Japanese shells rained down on the main column at the bridge, adding to the rising death toll.<ref name="2/30 Battalion History" /> The ambush party, having done a substantial slaughter, duly fell back in several groups that same evening and by next day most of B Company had rejoined their battalion in a position near [[Gemas]]. B Company lost one man [[killed in action]] and six men missing in the fighting at the bridge.<ref name="Smith" /> The six missing men were later learned to have been shot after being captured by the Japanese.<ref name="History of the 2/30th Battalion">{{cite web|url=http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemencheh/awm67_3_111.htm#Appendix3|title=B Company official report|access-date=2009-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027053705/http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemencheh/AWM67_3_111.htm#Appendix3|archive-date=2009-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Japanese 9th Brigade war diary puts the casualties of the Mukaide Detachment at seventy dead and fifty-seven wounded but this does not include the other attached units.<ref name="Smith" />

On the morning of 15 January, Japanese aircraft arrived and began dive-bombing the town of Gemas.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Six hours after the ambush the Japanese had repaired the bridge and were moving on their way towards Galleghan's main position at the {{convert|61|mi|km|adj=on}} peg on the Gemas-Tampin road. The surviving members of Mukaide Force were now reinforced by the Japanese 11th Regiment.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> The 2/30th Battalion were positioned astride the road and railway line with two [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder|2-Pounder Anti-Tank Guns]] facing the road.<ref name="230battalion.org.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemas/gemasmain.htm|access-date=2009-03-24|title=2/30 Battalion History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025651/http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/war/malaya/gemas/gemasmain.htm|archive-date=2018-12-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 10:00 on 15 January, Japanese infantry clashed with the Allied defence lines, and as the day wore on they were supported by an increasing number of tanks. In a short but violent battle the Australian anti-tank guns, from the [[2/4th Anti-Tank Regiment (Australia)|2/4th Australian Anti-Tank Regiment]], destroyed six of eight Japanese tanks and their supporting infantry inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese infantry following the tanks.<ref name="230battalion.org.au" />

After twenty-four hours of fighting Galleghan withdrew his battalion from the area.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> The 2/30th Battalion had inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese with minimal loss to themselves, suffering in all seventeen killed, nine missing and fifty-five wounded.<ref name="Smith" /> In the two days of fighting, at the bridge and on the Gemas road, Australian historians estimate that the Japanese 5th Division had suffered an estimated 1,000 casualties.<ref>Couthard-Clark 2001, p. 197.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The number of Japanese killed and wounded is disputed. According historian Dr Peter Stanley "Researchers looking at the campaign say there could not possibly have been 1000 Japanese casualties."<ref>{{cite news|last=Murdoch|first=Lindsay|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/the-day-the-empire-died-in-shame-20120214-1t462.html|title=The Day The Empire Died in Shame|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=15 February 2012|issn=0312-6315}}</ref>|group=Note}}

The withdrawal went unharassed, and for the next day or so quiet settled over the Segamat area. Bennett, boosted by the initial success, was quoted in the ''Singapore Times'' as saying that his troops were confident that they would not only halt the Japanese advance, but compel them to be on the defensive.<ref name="The Battle of Muar">Wigmore 1957, pp. 222–249.</ref>

===Muar===
[[File:Muar Ferry Crossing Malaya 1945 AWM 076897.jpg|thumb|left|The Muar Ferry Crossing, where the 45th Indian Brigade was disposed along {{convert|24|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of river front with four companies of infantry north of the river and the remainder positioned south of the river,<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> to cover the main coast road at Muar against the advance of the Imperial Guards Division.]]
On the night of 15 January, the Japanese captured a number of [[barge]]s moored on the southern bank of the Muar river and towed them overstream to flank both the town of Muar and the Indian garrison's only reserve battalion.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Packed barges and [[Junk (ship)|junk]]s were making their way across the river mouth, meeting no resistance except a subsequent brush with an Indian patrol, which retired after a brief exchange of shots.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> The patrol never alerted headquarters that the Japanese were on the south bank. As day broke, the outflanking force surprised a company of the 7/6th [[Rajputana Rifles]], and routed them. The remaining three Indian companies (two from the [[18th Royal Garhwal Rifles]] and another from the Rajputana Rifles) on the north bank were cut off and captured soon after,<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> without the main garrison at Muar even realising that an entire Japanese division was on the other side of the river.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> By noon, they were attacking from upstream both Muar Town and the garrison's line of communications with its only reserve battalion, [[Jat Regiment|4/9th Jat Regiment]], which was located near [[Bukit Bakri|Bakri]], on the main road south from Muar.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

At Muar itself, a Japanese attempt to land and seize the harbour was repulsed by Australian artillery, firing at packed barges and junks as they tried to make their way across the river mouth. By late afternoon though the Japanese, who had already made another crossing further up river, were in the town of Muar itself. The commanders of the Rajputana Rifles and the Royal Garhwal Rifles were killed along with most of their officers during the fighting around the town, leaving the mostly teenaged [[sepoy]]s leaderless.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> To add to the mounting disasters for 45th Brigade it was at this point in the battle, that an air raid by Japanese aircraft destroyed 45th Brigade Headquarters, killing all the staff officers and concussing Brigadier Duncan (one of only two survivors of the raid).<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Due to Brigadier Duncan's concussion and the deaths of two of his battalion commanders and most of the HQ staff, command of the 45th Brigade was temporarily handed over to Anderson of the [[2/19th Battalion (Australia)|2/19th Australian Battalion]].<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

By nightfall of 16 January, Muar Town and the harbour had fallen into Japanese hands. The remnants of the 45th Brigade retreated down the coast several kilometres as far as [[Parit Jawa]]. Japanese ambushes were soon deployed to repel any Allied counter-attack, while at the same time they continued their relentless charge towards Bakri, [[Parit Sulong]] and [[Batu Pahat]].<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

===Siege of Bakri===
[[File:25 pounder Bakri.jpg|thumb|Australian [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25 pounder]] gun crew preparing to open fire on approaching Japanese at Bakri.]]
[[File:Bukit Pelandok defile.jpg|thumb|The road and open area in front of the high ground at the Bukit Pelandok defile which was held by the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|6th Norfolk Battalion]].]]
On 17 January, the surviving units of 45th Indian Brigade, with the Australian 2/19th and [[2/29th Battalion (Australia)|2/29th Battalions]] serving as reinforcements, were dispatched to re-capture [[Muar (district)|Muar]].<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> They rallied around [[Bukit Bakri|Bakri]] and organised a rough perimeter defence of it. The 2/29th, led by Lieutenant Colonel John Robertson MC VD, dug in around Bakri-Muar Road with anti-tank, anti-aircraft and mortar emplacements. The commander of the 45th Indian Brigade, Brigadier [[H. C. Duncan|Herbert Duncan]], planned a three-pronged advance from [[Bukit Bakri|Bakri]] to [[Muar (district)|Muar]]; up the main road between the towns, from the jungle island, and along the coast road. The attack went wrong before it could be launched. The 45th brigade ran into one of the Japanese ambushes, and the counter-offensive was cancelled.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

The next day at 0645, General Nishimura ordered his own three-pronged attack on [[Bukit Bakri|Bakri]]. It was spearheaded by nine Type 95 Ha-Gō light tanks under Captain Shiegeo Gotanda. However, Captain Gotanda, inspired by the Japanese tank's success at [[Battle of Slim River|Slim River]], advanced without infantry against the 2/29th Battalion, and was wiped out.<ref name="Smith" /> In a repeat performance of the Australian gunners at Gemas, Lieutenant Bill McClure's two anti-tank guns (also from the 2/4th Australian Anti-Tank Regiment) destroyed all nine of Gotanda's tanks. Sergeant Clarrie Thornton, commanding the first gun received a [[Mentioned in Dispatches|Mention in Dispatches]], and Sergeant Charles Parsons, commanding the second gun was awarded the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal|DCM]].<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Thornton's gun fired over seventy rounds during the engagement.<ref name="4th Anti-Tank Regiment History">{{cite web|url=http://home.vicnet.net.au/~antitank/Publications/It_Happened/Chapters/Clarri_Thorton/thorton.htm|title=It Happened to us|last=Finkemeyer|first=Colin|access-date=2009-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921045355/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~antitank/Publications/It_Happened/Chapters/Clarri_Thorton/thorton.htm|archive-date=2007-09-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lieutenant Colonel John Robertson, commander of the 2/29th Battalion, was killed soon after, shot while retreating from an attack on a Japanese roadblock. Major Olliff detailed Sergeant Mick Gibbins and a party of three men to bury the battalion commander. Deprived of tank support, the Japanese infantry were unable to break through, an engagement Nishimura later described as "severe and sanguinary".<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> By dawn on the 19th the Japanese were in action on the main road, nearly surrounding the 45th Brigade.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|6th Norfolk Battalion]] of the [[18th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|53rd British Brigade]] was defending a ridge about {{convert|5|mi|km|order=flip|0|abbr=on}} west of [[Yong Peng]], covering the line of retreat for the 45th Brigade, which was already a practically encircled area.<ref name="Owen 2001, p. 128."/> Early in the afternoon of 19 January, two battalions of the Japanese [[Imperial Guard (Japan)|4th Guards Regiment]] attacked and drove them off the ridge. The British retired up through the thick jungle to the summit of the northern ridge. The Norfolks were unable to inform headquarters of their position as they had no [[wireless]].<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

At dawn of 20 January, the 3/[[16th Punjab Regiment]], commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Moorhead (who took part in [[Operation Krohcol]]), was ordered to recapture the ridge. By the time they reached it, they came under [[friendly fire]] from the Norfolks, who had mistaken them for the Japanese, causing several casualties.<ref name="Owen 2001, p. 128.">Owen 2001, p. 128.</ref> After losses on both sides, it was later sorted out. But before a proper defence could be organised, the Japanese attacked, killing Moorhead and driving both the Norfolks and Indian troops off the hill.<ref name="Smith" /> The 45th Brigade and the two Australian battalions at Bakri were now in danger of being cut off.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

That same day, Brigadier Duncan, who had recovered from his concussion and was commanding the rear guard,<ref name="Smith" /> was killed when he led a successful [[bayonet]] charge to recover lost vehicles. With Duncan and Robertson dead, Lieutenant Colonel [[Charles Groves Wright Anderson|Charles Anderson]] assumed full command of the 45th Brigade and all other units around [[Bukit Bakri|Bakri]].<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Early in the morning of 20 January, Anderson was ordered to pull out from Bakri and attempt to break through to [[Yong Peng]]. Anderson decided to delay until the 4/[[9th Jat Regiment]] could reach the column.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> During this delay most of the 2/29th Battalion were cut off from Anderson's position. Only an estimated 200 men from 2/29th Battalion and 1,000 Indian troops from the 45th Brigade were able to join up with Anderson's column.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Other survivors from the 2/29th would make it back in small fugitive parties.<ref name="Smith" /> Within {{convert|1|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} or so of Bakri, Anderson's column was held up by a Japanese [[roadblock]] made out of captured British trucks, moved there by the Japanese from a nearby [[motorpool]] which they had captured not long ago. Several efforts to break through failed, until a bayonet charge led by Anderson himself was successful.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />
{{Quote box
| quote = The young Indian recruits were helpless. They did not even know how to take cover, and there were not enough officers to control them. I say this in no spirit of disparagement. It was the penalty of years of unpreparedness for war coming out in all its stark nakedness.
| source = Lieutenant General Arthur Percival<ref>See his book.</ref>
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}
More roadblocks lay ahead for the brigade. The column fought hard, desperately trying to break through the numerous roadblocks. The Australian [[Bren carrier]]s destroyed Japanese machine gun posts by getting close to the enemy machine guns and unleashing a hail of Bren gun fire on them. Australian engineers discarded their shovels and picked up rifles in order to fight with the infantry. The 25 pounders were moved close enough to fire on the Japanese roadblock, blowing it to bits. By sunset, after a struggle which had raged on throughout all the hours of daylight, the column had covered a distance of {{convert|3|mi|km|order=flip|0|abbr=on}}. Anderson warned that there was to be no rest that night and ordered the march to go on. The brigade had now reached the edge of some more open country and passage was easier, though the column was laden with wounded.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

The young and inexperienced 45th Indian Brigade had ceased to exist as a formation. Most of its officers were killed or wounded, including Brigadier Duncan and all three battalion commanders.<ref name="Smith" /> In the space of a few days Percival had lost an entire Indian brigade and the best part of two of his Australian battalions as well as one brigadier, three [[Indian Army]] battalion commanders and an Australian battalion commander.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

<gallery>
Image:Three japanese Type 95 Ha-Go light tanks destroyed.jpg|[[Type 95 Ha-Gō]] tanks belonging to the 3rd Company of the 14th Tank Regiment destroyed by Australian gunfire near [[Bakri, Johor|Bakri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://takihomepage.web.fc2.com/TK14.htm|title=TK14|work=Taki's Japanese Imperial Army website}}</ref>
File:Type 95 Ha-Go tank Malaya AWM 011298.jpg|Disabled Type 95 Ha-Gō light tank from the 14th Tank Regiment.
File:Type 95 Ha-Go.jpg|Disabled Type 95 Ha-Gō light tank with its crew lying dead.
File:Anderson bayonet charge.jpg|The approximate position where Lieutenant Colonel Charles Anderson led the bayonet charge against a Japanese roadblock on the Muar road.
</gallery>

===Parit Sulong Bridge===
[[File:UmpCA81B4YM.jpg|right|thumb|[[Parit Sulong Bridge]] in 1963. A memorial plaque commemorating fallen Allies was erected there that same year. The bridge was demolished in 1994 and replaced with a new one.]]
[[File:Australian convoy wreckage.jpg|thumb|Wreckage from the [[45th Indian Infantry Brigade|45th Brigade]] still littered on both sides of the road at [[Parit Sulong]] on 26 September 1945. The area in which the column was forced into measured a distance of only {{convert|1.2|to|1.5|km|yd|sigfig=2|abbr=off}}.<ref>Owen 2001, p. 130.</ref>]]
It took Anderson's column two days to fight their way {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} to get near the bridge.<ref name="Smith" /> Scouts from the column reported at 07:15 that the bridge at Parit Sulong was in Japanese hands. The guards which were placed there by the 6th Norfolks, cut off from all contact and without rations since the Japanese raiding force drove the battalion from the [[defile (geography)|defile]] a few kilometres further on, had left their post and set off along the river bank to Batu Pahat.<ref name="Warren 2006, p. 174">Warren 2006, p. 174.</ref>

The night before, Anderson sent out a scout to reconnoitre the town of Parit Sulong, and the Parit Sulong Bridge. Upon reaching the town, the scout was approached in the distance by a group of men shouting out to him in English. The scout initially thought that the men in the distance were coolies from the nearby rubber plantations, however upon closer inspection, the men were carrying bandoliers. Upon realizing that these men were in fact Japanese soldiers, the scout quickly darted out of the town back to the column.

As the column arrived at the town in the early morning, they found that both the Parit Sulong Bridge, and the town of Parit Sulong were in Japanese hands. The Japanese, having fortified and entrenched themselves within the buildings of the town, put up heavy resistance against the advancing column. Yet again the Australian Bren carriers proved themselves well, wiping out Japanese machine guns entrenched within the foundations of the buildings, with their Bren gun fire, and then letting the infantry mop up the remaining Japanese. They made progress, soon managing to recapture the majority of the town.

Anderson found a series of barricades at the Parit Sulong Bridge, covered by multiple Japanese machine gun positions on the other side of the bridge. His brigade made an attempt to dislodge the Japanese from the bridge at dawn on 21 January, but were repulsed by tanks, aircraft and artillery. They were then forced into an area measuring only about {{convert|400|m|yd|abbr=off}} of roadway. Fighting raged all day, and by 17:00 casualties were getting severe.<ref name="Smith" /> A wireless message was then received during the morning that a relieving force from Yong Peng was on its way. The sound of distant gunfire between Parit Sulong and Yong Peng gave the column hope.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The rear of the column was repeatedly assailed by tanks and infantry. During the late afternoon and until after dark, two soldiers successfully disabled the leading tank using grenades. Directing an anti-tank gun, the tank burst into flames, forming a temporary roadblock. This gave the rearward defenders an opportunity to disable the other tanks, using grenades and [[Boys anti-tank rifle]]s with grim resolve.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

With ammunition for the mortars and [[Ordnance QF 25 pounder|25 pounder]]s nearly exhausted, Anderson sent a message to General Bennett requesting an [[airstrike]] at dawn on Japanese forces holding the far end of the bridge, and for food and [[morphine]] be [[airdrop]]ped on the column. He received a reply, "Look up at {{Linktext|sparrowfart}}".<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

At dusk, with the dead and wounded piling up, Anderson sent two [[ambulance]]s filled with critically wounded men to the bridge under a flag of truce, requesting that they be allowed to pass through to the Allied lines beyond.<ref name="Warren 2006, p. 175">Warren 2006, p. 175.</ref> The Japanese refused, and instead demanded that the Indian brigade surrender, offering to care for the wounded. Still hopeful of relief, Anderson refused to consider surrendering. The Japanese then ordered that the ambulances were to remain on the bridge to act as a roadblock, and they would be shot if they attempted to move.<ref>Owen 2001, p. 131.</ref> After dark, Lieutenant Austin<ref>Lieutenant R. W. L. Austin, NX70159; 2/19 B. Law student; of Woollahra, NSW; b. Sydney, 16 Mar 1919</ref> and a driver, both of whom were themselves wounded, slipped the brakes of the ambulances, and let them run quietly backwards down the slope from the bridge. Amid the roar of gunfire, they started the engines and drove back to the brigade.<ref name="Smith" />

Next morning, two [[RAF]] [[Fairey Albacore]]s arrived from [[Singapore]] and dropped supplies on the 45th Brigade.<ref name="Warren 2006, p. 175"/> Escorted by three [[RAAF]] [[Brewster Buffalo]]s, they then turned their attention on the Japanese holding the far end of the bridge, and bombed them.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Soon after, enemy tanks were again active, and made a flank attack supported by troops on the shrinking Allied foothold.<ref>Warren 2006, p. 176.</ref>

Anderson later received another message from Bennett, "Sorry unable help after your heroic effort. Good luck", stating that there was no hope of relief reaching the column on time, leaving it to his discretion to withdraw. As a last resort, he sent a company to test the resistance at the bridge again that same morning, in the hope that the airstrike had weakened it enough for the column to break through. But the response convinced him there was no chance of success.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

At 9 am, after destroying guns, vehicles and other equipment, he ordered a retreat. The wounded who could not walk were left to the care of voluntary attendants. Anderson and the remnants of the brigade then dispersed eastward through jungle and [[swamp]]s to Yong Peng, leaving behind 150 wounded men.<ref name="The Battle of Muar"/> Eventually, about 500 Australians and 400 Indians survived to reach British lines, out of more than 4,000 men from the 45th Brigade and two Australian battalions. Stragglers would keep coming in from the units cut off at Bakri.<ref name="Smith" />

===Parit Sulong Massacre===
{{Main|Parit Sulong Massacre}}
{{Quote box
| quote = Some of the prisoners were let out of the bungalow to find their captors waiting for them with water and cigarettes which they held just out of reach while a party of Japanese war correspondents took pictures of the captives, about to receive them. When the correspondents had gone, the water was poured away, the cigarettes pocketed and the men bundled back inside.
| source = Colin Smith <ref name="Smith" />
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}
{{Quote box
| quote = While most of the Australians, the majority roped together like a chain gang, were first shot, some of the Japanese officer decided it was time the samurai swords they carried – often family heirlooms – tasted blood, and practiced their skills on the Indians, perhaps because the average Asian's collar size tends to be smaller than a Caucasian's.
| source = Colin Smith <ref name="Smith" />
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}
For the wounded who were left behind, the Japanese, after mistreating them, massacred all except a handful who escaped.<ref name="Smith" /> The killed included members of an Australian ambulance column. With kicks, clouts and curses, blows from rifle butts and bayonet jabs, their captors crammed them all into a couple of small rooms in a coolie hutment at Parit Sulong village on the Muar highway. The wounded lay piled upon one another's bodies on the floor. They were denied drinking water by the Japanese, who mocked them by bringing bucketfuls of it as far as the doorway-and then pouring it out upon the ground.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /><ref name="Smith" />

The prisoners were soon tied into small groups with rope or wire, pushed into roadside scrub at the point of a bayonet, and machine-gunned. Petrol was poured on the bodies of the shot prisoners, some of whom were still alive, and then set alight, apparently to remove war-crime evidence.<ref>Wigmore 1957, pp. 247–248.</ref>

One of the survivors, Lieutenant Ben Hackney of the 2/29th Australian Battalion, crawled away from the area. He found two surviving members of his battalion, one of them Sergeant Ron Croft. Both were soaked in petrol and were among a few who were not tied when the prisoners were shot.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> They were joined by an English soldier. The man who was with Croft died of his wounds the next day. The remaining three were given shelter in a Malay house for a while. Hackney, unable to stand, persuaded the others to leave him while he remained hidden. Croft is thought to have died on 15 April 1942.<ref>Sergeant R. F. T. Croft, VX39208; 2/29 Battalion. Salesman; of Richmond, Victoria ; born Richmond, 14 July 1914. Missing presumed died 15 April 1942</ref>

Hackney was soon carried off by the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and left some distance from the house. He was often refused help by Malays, who feared reprisals, but was aided by local Chinese. He was caught by a party of Malays, one of them a [[Royal Malaysian Police|policeman]] on 27 February, 36 days after he had begun his attempt to escape. They turned Hackney over to the Japanese at Parit Sulong, and he was beaten up. He survived the war and provided information about the massacre. He and Private Reginald Wharton are the only two Europeans who survived the massacre.<ref>Wigmore 1957, p. 248.</ref> Altogether, 145 prisoners lost their lives. Many of the Indian prisoners were beheaded.<ref name="Smith" />

General Takuma Nishimura was believed to have ordered the massacre, despite Lieutenant Fujita Seizaburo admitting to have carried it out. The sworn evidence of two [[sepoy]] survivors (Lance-Havildar John Benedict and Sapper Periasamy) were confirmed by the post-war discovery of the remains. The War Crimes Court, in 1950, sentenced Nishimura to death for it.<ref name="Smith" />

===Retreat===
On 23 January in the final act of the battle, the [[Loyal Regiment|2nd Loyals]], covering the last men of Anderson's column to make it into British lines, had two companies positioned as rear guard facing the defile on the road to Yong Peng. At 14:00, as they were about to withdraw, seven Japanese tanks supported by an estimated two battalions of infantry emerged rapidly from the defile and attempted to dismantle the Loyal's road block.<ref>Warren 2006, pp. 178–179.</ref> In the short battle that followed the 2nd Loyals inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese infantry attempting to dismantle the road block but ultimately the Loyals, without any anti-tank weapons, were driven off by the tanks and outnumbered by the Japanese infantry. During the Battle of Muar and as the rear guard the 2nd Loyals suffered an estimated 200 casualties before withdrawing to Singapore.<ref name="2nd Loyals in Malaya">{{cite web|url=http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/armedforces_loyal_regiment.htm|title=History of the 2nd Loyals|publisher=COFEPOW Web Site|access-date=2009-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/memorials/muar.jpg|title=Rectangular aluminium plaque commemorating the names of soldiers from 'A' company 2/29 Battalion, killed at the Battle of Muar in Malaya, 18–22 January 1942|publisher=Digger History|access-date=2010-04-10}}</ref>

==Losses==
45th Brigade's losses were devastating, especially in officers, and the brigade was not able to rebuild in the last few weeks of the Malayan campaign. Only 400 Indian soldiers from the 45th Brigade and 500 soldiers from the two Australian battalions escaped with Anderson's force.<ref name="Warren p.177"/> The brigade was soon disbanded, and the remaining troops were transferred to other Indian brigades. The two Australian battalions fared little better. 271 men from the 2/19th Battalion made it to British lines, but only 130 from the 2/29th Battalion would make it back to British lines before Singapore surrendered.<ref name="Wigmore 1957, p. 249"/> Many men of both battalions were still in the jungle when the campaign ended.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> According to Peter Graeme Hobbins; in 22 days of fighting (including on Singapore itself) the 2/19th Battalion suffered "more dead, missing and wounded than any other Australian Infantry Force unit in the Second World War", with 335 killed and 97 wounded.<ref name="Hobbins">{{cite journal|last=Hobbins|first=Peter Graeme|year=2007|title='Living in Hell But Still Smiling': Australian Psychiatric Casualties of War During the Malaya-Singapore Campaign, 1941–42|journal=NA Health and History |volume=9|publisher=History Cooperative|issue=1|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/hah/9.1/hobbins.html|access-date=11 May 2009}}</ref>

More than 400 Japanese troops were killed in the ambush at Gemas, making it the biggest loss suffered in any single action at the time. Japan's losses at Muar were a company of tanks and the equivalent of a battalion of men.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

==Aftermath==
[[File:Ben Hackney.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant Ben Hackney of the 2/29th Australian Battalion, one of only two men to survive the massacre.]]
[[File:Martin 166 bombers ML-KNIL over Malaya 1942.jpg|thumb|ML-KNIL [[Martin B-10]] bombers over Malaya, January 1942. [[2-VLG-V (ML-KNIL)|2-VLG-V]] squadron performed their last sorties in the battle of Muar before their withdrawal from Singapore.<ref name="Brewster Buffalo: in Dutch service">{{cite web|url=http://www.warbirdforum.com/dutch.htm|title=Brewster Buffalo: in Dutch service|work=warbirdforum.com}}</ref>]]
{{cquote|This Brigade had never been fit for employment in a theatre of war. It was not that there was anything wrong with the raw material, but simply it was raw. – Lieutenant General Arthur Percival<ref>In his ''Despatches''</ref>}}
Shortage of signal equipment and transport were the cause of the Allies' slow response. During the week, the Japanese were able to operate 250 bombers and 150 fighters from airfields in Malaya and Southern [[Siam|Thailand]].<ref>Owen 2001, p. 133.</ref> Operational Allied aircraft available were probably two or three dozen bombers and about as many fighters by this stage of the campaign.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" /> Arthur Percival blamed the 45th Indian Brigade, who were handed the most important tasks despite their lack of training and experience prior to the war, for the failure of the defence of Muar.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

{{cquote|To put Duncan's novices in the same ring with Nishimura's Guards, who already had the advantage of aerial superiority and tanks, was ludicrous. – [[Colin Smith (journalist)|Colin Smith]]<ref name="Smith" />}}

Despite this, the brigade did achieve a vitally important task in nearly a week of night-and-day fighting. While they fought on from Muar Harbour to Parit Sulong Bridge, stalling the Imperial Guards Division, strongly backed by air and tank support, the three brigades of Westforce in the Segamat area were able to withdraw safely down the central trunk road to [[Labis]], and thence towards the key crossroads at Yong Peng.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

Nevertheless, even though they suffered such heavy casualties, Anderson's force had kept the Imperial Guards occupied for four days. Percival recorded in his official record, "The Battle of Muar was one of the epics of the Malayan campaign. Our little force by dogged resistance had held up a division of the Japanese Imperial Guards attacking with all the advantages of air and tank support for nearly a week, and in doing so had saved the Segamat force from encirclement and probable annihilation. The award of the [[Victoria Cross]] to Anderson was a fitting tribute both to his own prowess and to the valour of his men."<ref>Wigmore 1957, p. 246.</ref>

One criticism aimed at Percival was his decision to deploy the British [[53rd Brigade (United Kingdom)|53rd Infantry Brigade]] to the front line. The brigade had disembarked at Singapore on 13 January, just three days earlier before being sent to the front, after nearly three months at sea in crowded troopships, travelling from England to the east coast of Africa, where they had no exercise whatsoever.<ref>Owen 2001, p. 117.</ref> The brigade, part of the 18th Division, was originally assigned to take part in the [[North African Campaign]], but the troopships were redirected to Singapore when the Japanese invaded Malaya.<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

News of the ambush at Gemensah Bridge were well received in Singapore. Despite the defeat at Muar, Bakri and Parit Sulong, many Singaporeans thought the action at Gemensah was the long-awaited turning point and that the rout of the Japanese invasion force was not long in coming. A commentator over a Singapore radio, announced flamboyantly that the news gave good reason to believe that the tide of battle was on the turn, "with the [[Second Australian Imperial Force|AIF]] as our seawall against the vicious flood".<ref name="The Battle of Muar" />

Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Galleghan, who commanded the Australians at Gemas, was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 15 March 1942, while a [[prisoner of war]] at [[Changi Prison]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/people/timeLine_180.asp|title=Major General Frederick Gallagher 'Black Jack' Galleghan, DSO, OBE, ISO|work=Australian Military Units|publisher=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> and Captain Desmond Duffy, commanding B Company at the bridge ambush, was awarded the [[Military Cross]].<ref>Thompson 2005, p. 218.</ref>

According to Alan Warren in his book ''Britain's Greatest Defeat''; [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] described the battle at Muar as the most "savage encounter" of the campaign. Warren states that, "Between 16 and 22 January the Imperial Guards lost a company of tanks and a battalion's worth of infantry casualties... The significance of the fighting between Bakri and Parit Sulong is that it was one of the few occasions where the Japanese received as good as they gave."<ref name="Warren p.177">Warren 2006, p. 177.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gemensah Bridge]]
*[[Parit Sulong Bridge]]
*[[Malaya Command|Malaya Command – Order of Battle]]
*[[Japanese Order of Battle, Malayan Campaign]]
*''[[We're Going Through]]'' - radio play about the battle

==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Coulthard-Clark|first=Chris|title=The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=Crows Nest, New South Wales|year=2001|isbn=1-86508-634-7}}
* {{cite journal |last= Morgan |first= Joseph |date=September 2013 |title=A Burning Legacy: The Broken 8th Division |journal= Sabretache |publisher=[[Military Historical Society of Australia]] |volume= LIV |issue=3 |pages= 4–14 |issn=0048-8933 }}
*{{cite book|last=Owen|first=Frank|title=The Fall of Singapore|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|year=2001|isbn=0-14-139133-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Colin|title=Singapore Burning|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-101036-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Peter |title=The Battle of Singapore: The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II |year=2005| publisher=Portrait |location=London |isbn=0-7499-5085-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Warren|first=Alan|title=Britain's Greatest Defeat: Singapore 1942|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2006|edition=Illustrated|location=London|isbn=1-85285-597-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Wigmore|first=Lionel|title=The Japanese Thrust |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203/|edition=First |series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army|volume=4|year=1957|publisher=Australian War Memorial|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|oclc=3134219}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Battle of Muar}}
*{{cite web| title =2/30 Battalion History| url =http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/introduction.htm| access-date =2009-03-24| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090301013720/http://www.230battalion.org.au/history/introduction.htm| archive-date =2009-03-01| url-status =dead}}

{{coord missing|Malaysia}}

[[Category:January 1942 in Asia]]
[[Category:1942 in British Malaya]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1942|Muar]]
[[Category:Military history of Malaya during World War II]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the South-East Asian theatre of World War II|Muar]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Australia|Muar]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan|Muar]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Muar]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II|Muar]]
[[Category:History of Muar]]
[[Category:Muar District]]

Lalji Moreshwar Pendse

2026-01-05T13:57:43Z

Vilianajgd: put up article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''Lalji Moreshwar Pendse''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bombay]] and a leader of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/browse?type=author&sort_by=1&order=ASC&rpp=20&etal=-1&value=LALJI+MORESHWAR+PENDSE&offset=20|title=Browsing by Members Participated LALJI MORESHWAR PENDSE}}</ref>

He lost the 1962 Bombay City South Lok Sabha election to Sadashiv Kanoji Patil of the Indian National Congress party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1962 |title=Statistical report on General Elections, 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgInSyPC%2FmhOzrKVEE08XTKdHa0gw068e9xwJaWiRnPmZknCDB%2BXbTUuSpFrCsKQ9P9okUoJWy%2BaIrAK1YRBEcNJf5z%2Bq0uVb53tFvbLeIHH5S |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=ECI |page=Page 119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Bombay City South 1962 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=3&pcname=BOMBAY+CITY+SOUTH&submit= |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/constituencies/bombay-city-south-mh_1_1962</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian communists]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Shafna Nizam

2026-01-01T14:42:03Z

Vilianajgd:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shafna Nizam
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sajin TP|2013}}
| children =
| parents = Nizam Shahida
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 1998 – 2001 2007 – present
}}

'''Shafna Nizam''' is an Indian actress who is active in [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] films and television serials. She made her acting debut as a child artist in Malayalam with ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]'' (1998).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Actress-Shafna-married/articleshow/28507507.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110114752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-07/news-and-interviews/45954013_1_sreenivasan-child-actress-oru-indian-pranayakadha |url-status=live |archive-date=10 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Actress Shafna married}}</ref> She played the lead role in television series “Sundari”, marking her TV debut.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/female-leads-enjoy-more-stardom-on-tv-shafna-nizam/articleshow/52985987.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Female leads enjoy more stardom on TV- Shafna Nizam}}</ref> She received a [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]] in 2016 for ''Sahayathrika'' establishing herself as a lead actress in Malayalam television industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sharing-the-joy-of-winning-their-first-state-award/articleshow/61321464.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Sharing the joy of winning their first state award}}</ref>

== Acting career ==

Shafna was well recognized by the Malayalam audience from the films ''[[Katha Parayumbol]]'' and ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakatha]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/films-has-always-been-my-priority-shafna/articleshow/48235753.cms |title=Films has always been my priority |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She was also well appreciated for her role in the film ''[[Athmakadha]]'', where she acted as a school-going youth who turns blind like her father.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-malayalam-review-aathmakatha/20100823.htm |title=Aathmakatha is worth a watch |website=rediff}}</ref> Her dialogue "Ayyo acha pokalle" in the film ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]'' is extremely popular among Malayali audience.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestylestyle/spotglitz-lightn-glamour/20182017/1012/2402/shafnamalayalam-homeserial-fame-shafna-memoriesnizam.html |work=manoramaonline |title=ഷഫ്‌നയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ}}</ref> Post-marriage she made her debut into Malayalam television with the serial ''Sundari'' which rose her into fame and is currently active on Malayalam serial industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-shafna-makes-her-mini-screen-debut/articleshow/47862539.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Actress Shafna makes her mini-screen debut}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Shafna was born as the second daughter of Nizam and Shahida. She has an elder sister Shabna and younger sister Shaina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2018/10/24/shafna-home-memories.html |work=manoramaonline |title=ഷഫ്‌നയുടെ വീട്ടുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ}}</ref> Shafna married her longtime boyfriend Sajin TP; her co-actor in the Malayalam film Plus two, on 11 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 January 2014 |title=Shafna Nazim's Love Marriage |website=Nth Wall |url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/news/2014-01-06/Shafna-Nazim-s-Love-Marriage.php |accessdate=10 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112130107/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/news/2014-01-06/Shafna-Nazim-s-Love-Marriage.php |archivedate=12 January 2014 }}</ref> Sajin later rose to fame essaying the role of Shivaramakrishnan in the TV series ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/tv-couple-sajin-and-shafna-share-a-throwback-video-from-their-wedding-on-7th-anniversary/articleshow/79705359.cms |title=TV couple Sajin and Shafna share a throwback video from their wedding on 7th anniversary |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/did-you-know-santhwanams-shivan-aka-sajin-is-actress-shafnas-spouse/articleshow/78951281.cms |title=Did you know Santhwanam's Shivan a.k.a. Sajin is actress Shafna's spouse |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]'' || Kavya || rowspan="4" | [[Malayalam]] || rowspan="3" | Child Artist
|-
| ''[[Pranayavarnangal]]'' ||Aarathi's relative
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2001|| ''Pularvettam'' || Priya
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2007 || ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' || Sona ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Kuselan]]'' || Balakrishnan's Elder Daughter || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="2" |Remake of [[Katha Parayumpol]]
|-
| ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || Balakrishna's Elder Daughter || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]'' ||Drama actress || rowspan="14" |Malayalam||Cameo
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Bhagavan (2009 film)|Bhagavaan]]'' ||Lady at hospital ||
|-
| ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe'' || Rosemary||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Aagathan]]'' || Gautham's Sister ||
|-
| ''[[Plus Two (film)|Plus Two]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Athmakadha]]'' || Lillykutty ||
|-
|Rowspan=3| 2012 || ''[[Navagatharkku Swagatham]]'' || Veena ||
|-
| ''[[Naughty Professor]]'' ||Herself ||Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' || Merrin ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2013 || ''[[Lokpal (film)|Lokpal]]'' || Neethu ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Indian Pranayakatha]]'' || Divya ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' ||Bride ||Guest Appearance
|-
|2022||''Soulmate''||Gayathri||Short film
|-
|2025||''Prayam Premam Prakshobham''||Thara||Webseries
|-
|}

==Television==

===Serials===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2015-2016|| ''Sundari'' || Gadha/Annie/Karthumbi ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || Television debut ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/malayalam/new-serial-sundari-on-mazhavil-manorama/articleshow/47767482.cms |work=The Times of India |title=New serial Sundari on Mazhavil Manorama}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2016|| ''Sahayathrika'' || Madhumita || [[Surya TV]] ||[[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]]||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sahayatrika-on-surya-tv/articleshow/55070850.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Sahayathrika on Surya TV}}</ref>
|-
|''Jagratha''|| Deepika || [[Amrita TV]] || ||
|-
|2017–2018 || ''Nokketha Doorath'' || Aswathy/Suhara || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/alencier-ley-debuts-in-tv-through-nokathadoorath/articleshow/59002043.cms |title=Alencier Ley debuts in TV through Nokathadoorath |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2018||''Priyankari''||Female lead ||European online TV series || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-true-success-of-an-actor-is-that-people-recognise-him-for-his-roles-tony-antony/articleshow/62410694.cms |work=The Times of India |title=The true success of an actor is that people recognise him for his roles- Tony Antony}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2020 || ''[[Bhagyajathakam (TV series)|Bhagyajathakam]]'' ||Indulekha||[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhagya-jathakam-and-dr-ram-say-get-set-go/articleshow/64919244.cms |title='Bhagya Jathakam' say get set go |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021–2022|| ''Srimanthudu'' ||Kaveri||[[ETV Telugu|E TV]] ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] debut serial||
|-
|''Priyankari''||Daisy||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-true-success-of-an-actor-is-that-people-recognise-him-for-his-roles-tony-antony/articleshow/62410694.cms |work=The Times of India |title=The true success of an actor is that people recognise him for his roles- Tony Antony}}</ref>
|-
|2023- 2024||''[[Manimuthu]]''|| Radhika ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/manimuthu-new-show-to-narrate-the-story-of-a-young-girl-searching-for-her-father/articleshow/101021031.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Manimuthu: New show to narrate the story of a young girl searching for her father}}</ref>
|}

===TV shows===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2012 || ''Ini Samvritha Ottaikkalla''|| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| Host
|-
|2012 || ''Varthaprabhatham''|| [[Asianet News]]|| rowspan=8|Guest
|-
|rowspan=2| 2015|| ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu|Onnum Onnum Moonu Season:1 ]]'' || [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
| ''Comedy Super Night'' || [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]
|-
|2016 || ''Annies Kitchen''||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2017 || ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu|Onnum Onnum Moonu Season:2]]''|| rowspan=2|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2018 || ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu|Onnum Onnum Moonu Season:3]]''
|-
|''Tharapakittu''|| rowspan="2" | [[Kaumudy TV]]
|-
|''Day with a Star ''
|-
|}

==Awards==
*2016 – [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]] (''Sahayathrika''){{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2935321}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shafna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]

Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1952 film)

2025-12-31T10:21:57Z

Vilianajgd: Starting data...

{{No plot|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Srinivasa Kalyana
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[D. Shankar Singh]] [[B. Vittalacharya]]
| writer = Hunsur Krishnamurthy (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = D. Shankar Singh B. Vittalacharya
| starring = Vimalananda Das Prathima Devi
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = P. Shyamanna
| studio = Mahathma Pictures<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Rajendra Singh |author-link=Rajendra Singh Babu |date=13 August 2022 |title=Shankar Singh: A pioneer of Kannada cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shankar-singh-a-pioneer-of-kannada-cinema-1019522.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109171233/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shankar-singh-a-pioneer-of-kannada-cinema-1019522.html |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1952}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sri Srinivasa Kalyana''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀನಿವಾಸ ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1952 Indian Kannada-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[D. Shankar Singh]] and [[B. Vittalacharya]]. [[Dr. Rajkumar]] played [[Agastya]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shreya Lenka |first=Senorita |date=24 April 2023 |title=Dr. Rajkumar’s 94th Birth Anniversary: 10 lesser-known Facts to Remember the Legendary Actor of Sandalwood Photos |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/photos/feature/dr-rajkumar-s-94th-birth-anniversary-10-lesser-known-facts-to-remember-legendary-actor-of-sandalwood-88605.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110052300/https://www.filmibeat.com/photos/feature/dr-rajkumar-s-94th-birth-anniversary-10-lesser-known-facts-to-remember-legendary-actor-of-sandalwood-88605.html#photos-8 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}</ref> one of the seven [[Saptarshi]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar's First Film |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3762-rajkumar-s-first-film.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824212610/https://www.chitraloka.com/history/3762-rajkumar-s-first-film.html |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> It was the only Kannada film to be released in 1952.

== Cast ==
*Vimalananda Das as [[Lord Srinivasa|Srinivasa]]
*[[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Prathima Devi]] as [[Goddess Padmavati|Padmavati]]
*[[Dr. Rajkumar]] as [[Agastya]] (Credited as S. P. Mutthuraj)
*[[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
*[[Amirbai Karnataki]]
*M. N. Veerabhadrappa
*U. Mahabalarao
*[[Jayashree (Kannada actress)|Jayashri]]
*[[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]]
*Radhabai

== Production ==
[[Dr. Rajkumar]] was reportedly paid ₹30 for his role that "he remembered [...] was over before he recognized himself in the scene".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinod |first=Nibandh |date=24 April 2023 |title=Dr Rajkumar Birth Anniversary: 10 Lesser-known Facts About the Legendary 'Annavaru' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dr-rajkumar-birth-anniversary-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legendary-annavaru-5036485.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109171233/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dr-rajkumar-birth-anniversary-10-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legendary-annavaru-5036485.html |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> He bought a shawl for his mother using the money.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chishti |first=Seema |date=15 August 2021 |title=Mysore Star |url=https://fiftytwo.in/story/mysore-star/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050323/https://fiftytwo.in/story/mysore-star/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Fifty Two}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1505916}}

[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1952 Indian films]]
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]

Lambs and tigers

2025-12-21T15:38:09Z

Vilianajgd: put up info

{{Short description|South Indian leopard hunt game}}
{{redirect|Aadu Puli Attam|the films|Aadu Puli Attam (1977 film)|and|Aadu Puli Aattam (2006 film)|the 2016 film|Aadupuliyattam}}
{{Infobox game
| name = Lambs and tigers game
| image = Lambs and Tigers.svg{{!}}350px
| caption = Three variations of empty grids on which this game can be played
| years =
| genre = [[Board game]] [[Leopard hunt game]]
| players = 2
| ages =
| AKA = Pulijudam or Puli meka aata ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), Aadu puli aatam ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]), Huli Katti or Aadu Huli Aata ([[Kannada]])
| setup_time = < 1 min
| playing_time = < 1 hour
| random_chance = None
| skills = Strategy
}}

The '''lambs and tigers game''', locally referred as the '''game of goats and tigers''' ({{langx|te|Puli-mē̃ka āṭa}}, {{langx|ta|Āḍu-puli āṭṭam}}, {{langx|kn|Āḍu-huli āṭa}}), is a strategic, two-player (or 2 teams) [[leopard hunt game]] that is played in [[south India]]. The game is asymmetric in that one player controls three tigers and the other player controls up to 15 lambs/goats. The tigers 'hunt' the goats while the goats attempt to block the tigers' movements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Aadu Puli Aatam: The 'tiger and goat' game in Tamil Nadu's temples |url=https://thebridge.in/straight-out-of-pages/tiger-goat-game-tamil-nadu-temples-33661 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=The Bridge |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012135153/https://thebridge.in/straight-out-of-pages/tiger-goat-game-tamil-nadu-temples-33661 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
* This is the ancient game played in the southern part of India, especially in [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Telugu states]].
* The board is drawn on the parapet inside the mahadwara of the [[Chamundeshwari Temple|Chamundeshwari temple]] atop Chamundi Betta (hill) in [[Mysore]], Karnataka
* This game helps people to develop strategy and the concept of teamwork by teaching that even though weak, if united, one can vanquish the stronger enemy as a team.
* This game is very similar to the Nepali game of [[bagh-chal]].

== Names ==
* ''పులిమేఁకాట [pulimē̃kāṭa]'' (the tiger and goat game) / ''పులిజూదము [pulijūdamu]'' (tiger gambling) – Telugu
* '' ஆடு புலி ஆட்டம் [āḍu puli āṭṭam]'' (the goat and tiger game) – Tamil
* ''ಹುಲಿಘಟ್ಟ [hulighaṭṭa]'' (tiger game) / ''ಆಡು-ಹುಲಿ [āḍu-huli]'' (goat-tiger) / ''ಹುಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟಿ [huli kaṭṭi]'' (encage the tiger) – Kannada

==See also==
* ''[[Bagh-chal]]''

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Pulijudam type -1.jpg|Game type -1
File:Pulijudam type-2.jpg|Game type -2
File:Pulijudam type-3.jpg|Game type -3
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://lamb-tiger-game.azurewebsites.net/ Aadu puli aattam online game]
*[https://github.com/manoj-makkuboy/Aadu-Puli-Aatam Desktop version of aadu puli aatam game]
*[http://gamepandit.com/games/tiger_goat.html At Game Pundit]
*[http://dev.neechalkaran.com/p/aadu-puli.html Aadu puli attam online game in tamil]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080218131303/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2010/stories/20030523000106500.htm Dutch in India around 1600CE playing aadu puli aatam]}}
*[http://plus.maths.org.uk/issue2/games/index.html Maths.org.uk Game description]

[[Category:Traditional board games]]
[[Category:Abstract strategy games]]

Buddhism in the Czech Republic

2025-12-21T04:21:58Z

Vilianajgd: general fix content to improve readability

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Bon shim.jpg|thumb|200px|Czech Buddhists]]
With a rough estimate of 6100 Buddhists, '''[[Buddhism]]''' is practiced by around 0.05% of the [[Czech Republic|'''Czech''']] population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhismus Diamantové cesty [Hospodářská a kulturní studia] |url=https://www.hks.re/wiki/doku.php?id=buddhismus2014 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.hks.re}}</ref> The World Buddhist Directory lists 70 Buddhist places in the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/wbd/country.php?country_id%3D58 |title=World Buddhist Directory, Czech Republic (Archived copy) |accessdate=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014214240/http://buddhanet.net/wbd/country.php?country_id=58 |archivedate=2007-10-14 }}</ref>

The [[Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic|Vietnamese-speaking]] communities form the mainstay of the Buddhist population in the Czech Republic. The Vietnamese practice mainly [[Mahayana Buddhism]] with some syncretism of [[ancestor worship]], [[Confucianism]] and [[Taoism]]. They represent roughly from two thirds to three quarters of the Buddhist community alongside being the largest Asian community in the Czech Republic, numbering over 60,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/t/45002E12A0/$File/c01t01.pdf |title=Cizinci podle typu pobytu, pohlaví a státního občanství - k 31. 5. 2010 |trans-title=Foreigners: by type of residence, sex and citizenship; 31 May 2010 |access-date=2010-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514143408/https://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/t/45002E12A0/$File/c01t01.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-14 |url-status=dead |website=Český statistický úřad}}</ref> The remainder consists of a significant number of [[Czechs]] who have converted (mainly to [[Theravada]] or [[Vajrayana Buddhism]]) and the smaller communities of [[Chinese people in the Czech Republic|overseas Chinese]] and [[Koreans in the Czech Republic|Koreans]].

Buddhism is found mainly where the Vietnamese-speaking people reside, notably in the cities of [[Prague]] and [[Cheb]]. ''Thien An'' Buddhist Pagoda in the northern province of [[Varnsdorf]] was the first Vietnamese style temple to be consecrated in the Czech Republic, in January 2008. The pagoda was completed in September 2007 and now serves as a center of Vietnamese culture and teaching Vietnamese language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-31 |title=Vietnam latest news - Thanh Nien Daily |url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/overseas/?catid=12&newsid=35384 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=archive.ph |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080131024208/http://www.thanhniennews.com/overseas/?catid=12&newsid=35384 |archive-date=2008-01-31}}</ref> There are also ten Korean Buddhist temples in the Czech Republic, with three each in Prague and [[Brno]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.buddhanet.info/wbd/search.php?keyword=+korean+&prev_keyword%5B%5D=+korean+&newsearch=new&search=Begin+Search&country_id=58&province_id=0|title=Korean Buddhist congregations in the Czech Republic|publisher=Buddha Dharma Education Association|year=2006|accessdate=2010-05-01}}</ref>

The Vajrayana practitioners are mainly centered on the [[Nyingma]] and [[Kagyu]] schools. The [[Karma Kagyu]] tradition has established about 50 centers and meditation groups. The [[Diamond Way]] tradition of Vajrayana Buddhism, founded and directed by [[Ole Nydahl]] is active in both the Czech Republic and [[Slovakia]].

== History ==
[[File:Sčítání_obyvatelstva_2011,_Buddhismus_Diamantové_cesty_linie_Karma_Kagjü,_věková_struktura.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|2011 Population Census, Karma Kagyu Lineage Diamond Way Buddhism, Age Structure]]
Buddhism came to the [[Czech Republic]] around 1920. At this time, the West Mongolian nation of the [[Kalmyks]] arrived in [[Czechoslovakia]] . They were soon forced to leave the republic, because the government was not inclined to such religious practices. With this act, Czechoslovakia delayed the spread of the Buddhist faith by 40 years compared to Western countries.[[Leopold Prowe|Leopold Procházka]], Fráňa Drtikol, Eduard and Míla Tomášová, and Květoslav Minařík can be considered the leading popularizers of Buddhism in [[Czechoslovakia]] in the 20th century . After the fall of communism in 1989, people felt the loss of spiritual values, because until then they lived mainly in a materialistic way. This too could have been the reason for the increased interest in Buddhism after the [[Velvet Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Láskyplný svět - Buddhismus v Česku teorií i praxí |url=https://laskyplnysvet.cz/blog/55-buddhismus-v-cesku-teorii-i-praxi |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=laskyplnysvet.cz}}</ref>

== Culture ==
In mid-January 2022, the Buddha close-up exhibition was opened in the National Gallery in [[Prague]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rufr |first=Martin |date=2022-01-18 |title=Expozice Buddha zblízka |url=https://info.dingir.cz/2022/01/expozice-buddha-zblizka/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Náboženský infoservis |language=cs}}</ref> Using medallions of individual practitioners in the form of videos, individual schools operating in the [[Czech Republic]] are presented.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vojtíšek |first=Zdeněk |date=2022-05-02 |title="Souhvězdí Buddhy" poskytuje dobrý obrázek o buddhismu v české společnosti |url=https://info.dingir.cz/2022/05/souhvezdi-buddhy/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Náboženský infoservis |language=cs}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic]]
*[[Demographics of the Czech Republic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Rozehnalová, Jana (2008). Czech Perspectives on Buddhism, 1860–1989, Journal of Religion in Europe 1, 156–181
* Cirklová, Jitka (2009). [http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/110/118 Development of Interest in Buddhism in the Czech Republic], Journal of Global Buddhism 10, 5-16

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
# https://www.denik.cz/z_domova/v-praze-vzniklo-nejvetsi-buddhisticke-centrum-v-cesku-20140520.html
# http://www.buddhismusvcesku.cz/clanky/korespondence-kvetoslava-minarika.html
# http://www.tibinfo.cz/clanek.php?id=221
* [http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=3,5874,0,0,1,0 Czech Republic first Buddhist temple opens]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Buddhism in Europe}}

[[Category:Religion in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Buddhism by country|Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Europe|Cze]]

Arbab Ghulam Rahim

2025-11-27T06:33:30Z

Vilianajgd: refined content to improve readability and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arbab Ghulam Rahim
| native_name = ارباب غلام رحیم
| native_name_lang = ur
| order = 27th
| office = Chief Minister of Sindh
| term_start = 9 June 2004
| term_end = 19 November 2007
| governor = [[Ishratul Ibad]]
| predecessor = [[Ali Mohammad Mahar]]
| successor = [[Abdul Qadir Halepota]] (caretaker)
| constituency = [[Constituency PS-60 (Tharparkar-I)|PS-60 (Tharparkar-I)]]
| office1 = [[Cabinet of Pakistan|Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Sindh Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 28 July 2021
| term_end1 = 10 April 2022
| president1 = [[Arif Alvi]]
| primeminister1 = [[Imran Khan]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tharparkar District|Diplo]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| nationality = [[Pakistani]]
| party = [[Grand Democratic Alliance|GDA]] (2023-present)
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (2021-2023) [[Grand Democratic Alliance|GDA]] (2018-2021) [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2013-2018) [[Pakistan Peoples Muslim League|PML]] (2009-2013) [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2002-2008)
| alma_mater = [[Cadet College Petaro]] [[Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences]] [[Jinnah Sindh Medical University]]
| occupation =
[[Politician]], [[Land Lord]]

}}
'''[[Arbab Ghulam Rahim|Arbab]] Ghulam Rahim''' ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|ارباب غلام رحیم}}}}; born 1 January 1957) is a senior [[Pakistani]] politician who served as the [[Chief Minister of Sindh|Chief Minister]] of the [[Government of Sindh]] from 2004 until 2007.

After that he also served as a special minister to [[Imran Khan]]<ref name="elected1">{{cite news|date=9 June 2004|url=http://www.oxan.com/display.aspx?g=gp&ItemID=DB110253|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130224723/http://www.oxan.com/display.aspx?g=gp&ItemID=DB110253|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2013|title=Pakistan: Musharraf reconsiders army pledge|work=[[Oxford Analytica]] ("Arbab Ghulam Rahim was today elected as the new chief minister of Sindh province. Rahim's election follows the resignation of his predecessor, [[Ali Mohammad Mahar|Sardar Ali Mohammed Mahar]], over his failure to quell recent violence between Sunni and Shia Muslims in Karachi.")}}</ref> on matters of Sindh from 2021 to the dismissal of Khan's Government.

== Early life ==
{{BLP sources section|date=September 2021}}
Arbab Ghulam Rahim was born in the [[Diplo Tehsil]] of [[Tharparkar District]] in the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]. Arbab Ghulam Rahim is the youngest of 5 sıblıngs. He was born in a very conservative environment and received his early education ın his village. Then up to 7 grade he studied ın [[Mirpurkhas]], from 8th class he joined the [[Cadet College Petaro]], one of the few reputed ınstıtutıons of the province at that time. After passing out as a House Captain from Cadet College Petaro, he joined [[Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences]] at [[Jamshoro]] to study medicine, but later transferred to [[Jinnah Sindh Medical University]], Karachi. After passing out from Sindh Medıcal College with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree, Arbab contested in the local government election and was elected as Nazim ın the [[Mirpur Khas District]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arynews.tv/dr-arbab-ghulam-rahim/|title=Dr Arbab Ghulam Rahim|date=15 June 2018|access-date=26 September 2021|work=ARY News}}</ref>

==Political career==
He won elections as a Member of [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] (MNA) four times, and a number of times as Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Provincial Assembly]] (MPA) from the constituency [[Constituency PS-60 (Tharparkar-I)|PS-60 (Tharparkar-I)]] in [[Tharparkar District]].<ref name="pas">{{cite web|url=http://www.pas.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/9/139|title=Arbab Ghulam Rahim-Provincial Assembly of Sindh|access-date=23 September 2021|website=pas.gov.pk}}</ref>

Belonging to the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (Q), Arbab was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Sindh|Sindh Provincial Assembly]] during the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 general elections]] from PS-60 constituency defeating Engineer Gianchand Meghwar, and was initially inducted as a provincial minister of Sindh for communication.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/79360/larkana-na-leaders-to-meet-tomorrow|date=26 January 2003|access-date=23 September 2021|title=Larkana: NA leaders to meet tomorrow|work=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> Subsequently, he was elected as the [[Chief Minister of Sindh]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/394692/rahim-takes-over-as-sindh-cm|title=Rahim takes over as Sindh CM|date=10 June 2002|access-date=23 September 2021|work=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref>

After the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] was defeated in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 general elections]] Arbab Rahim left [[Pakistan]] to live in [[United Arab Emirates]] in self-imposed exile.<ref name="thenation"/>

On 27 December 2011, Arbab Ghulam Rahim was first appointed as president of the [[Pakistan Peoples Muslim League]] party which was later renamed to [[Pakistan Peoples Muslim League]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/694736/arbab-ghulam-rahim-elected-as-pml-q-likeminded-chief|date=11 February 2012|access-date=26 September 2021|work=Dawn (newspaper)|title=Arbab Ghulam Rahim elected as PML-Q likeminded chief}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/arbab-renames-his-party-as-peoples-muslim-league/|title = Arbab renames his party as Peoples Muslim League|date = 28 March 2013|work=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref>

Arbab Ghulam Rahim returned to Pakistan on 13 March 2013.<ref name="thenation">{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/13-Mar-2013/arbab-rahim-returns-today|title=Arbab Rahim returns today|date=13 March 2013|access-date=26 September 2021|work=The Nation (newspaper)}}</ref> He merged his [[Pakistan Peoples Muslim League]] in [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] in 2013.<ref name="merger">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/554612/arbab-ghulam-rahims-ppml-merges-with-pml-n/|title=Arbab Ghulam Rahim's PPML merges with PMLN|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 May 2013|accessdate=26 May 2013}}</ref>

In October 2018, he quit [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] and joined [[Grand Democratic Alliance]] (GDA).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1365553|title=GDA to get registered with ECP, contest general election with full force|date=23 October 2013|access-date=15 September 2021|work=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref>

He announced to join [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] on 2 July 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/358039-former-sindh-cm-arbab-ghulam-rahim-joins-pti|date=2 July 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|work=Geo News|title=Former Sindh CM Arbab Ghulam Rahim joins PTI}}</ref>

On 28 July 2021, he was [[Imran Khan ministry#Special Assistants|Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Sindh Affairs]] by [[Imran Khan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/07/28/arbab-rahim-appointed-as-sapm-on-sindh-affairs/|date=28 July 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|title=Arbab Rahim appointed as SAPM on Sindh Affairs|work=Pakistan Today (newspaper)}}</ref>

On 30 November 2023, he announced to quit [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Arbab Ghulam Rahim Announces to leave PTI |url=https://dailyausaf.com/en/latest-news/arbab-ghulam-rahim-announces-to-leave-pti.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=[[Daily Ausaf]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 14 December 2023, he rejoined [[Grand Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Tahir |date=2023-12-14 |title=Former CM Arbab Rahim, PMLN's Rahila Magsi join GDA |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1797617 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=dawn.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2008, he was hit in the head with a shoe thrown by [[Agha Javed Pathan]], a supporter of [[Benazir Bhutto]].<ref name=tft-suchgup>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20111209&page=32|title=Such Gup|work=[[The Friday Times]] (newspaper)|date=9–15 December 2011|accessdate=2011-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001705/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20111209&page=32|archive-date=2012-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arbab rarely goes to the Provincial Assembly, because he accuses the ruling party of trying to disgrace him in the assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-04-08 |title=Karachi: Arbab attacked by party activists |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/297126/karachi-arbab-attacked-by-party-activists |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=dawn.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Sindh]]|
years=2004–2007|
before=[[Ali Mohammad Mahar]]|
after=[[Abdul Qadir Halepoto]]}}
{{end}}

{{Chief Minister of Sindh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahim, Arbab Ghulam}}
[[Category:Chief ministers of Sindh]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Cadet College Petaro alumni]]
[[Category:Sindhi politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistan Peoples Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tharparkar District]]
[[Category:Government of Shaukat Aziz]]
[[Category:Jinnah Sindh Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:Sindh MPAs 2002–2007]]

2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement

2025-11-02T00:26:21Z

Vilianajgd: Adding initial article initial version

{{Short description|International agreement}}

'''2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement''' was reached between [[India]] and [[China]] for easing the [[Hostility|hostilities]] resulting from skirmishes between two countries in [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley]]. Both the countries suffered casualties of defence personnel during confrontation.

== Background ==

2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement was an understanding reached between two countries to de-escalate tensions<ref name="ic7">{{cite news |title=India and China agree to de-escalate border tensions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg0gwy0nlyo |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=bbc.com |date=21 October 2024}}</ref> after the differences arose due to clash between two countries in Galwan Valley on 15 June 2020.<ref name="ic6">{{cite news |title=India says it has reached a deal with China to patrol disputed border |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/21/india-china-border-deal-patrol/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |work=washingtonpost.com |date=22 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="ic4">{{cite news |title=India says it reached deal with China on army patrols along disputed border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/21/india-says-it-reached-deal-with-china-on-army-patrols-along-disputed-border |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=21 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ic1">{{cite news |title=India-China Border Patrol Agreement: What It Means, Why It Is Important |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/explained-india-china-border-patrol-agreement-and-why-it-is-important-6844560 |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=22 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The agreement is believed to ease the hostilities between the two countries.<ref name="ic2">{{cite news |title=India and China Reach Border Deal That Could Ease Hostilities |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/22/world/asia/india-china-border.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=nytimes.com/ |date=22 October 2024}}</ref>

The agreement has enabled both countries to take their patrolling as it was before year 2020.<ref name="ic9">{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Simone McCarthy, Aishwarya S. |title=India and China have struck a deal that could ease border tensions ahead of expected leader meeting |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/22/asia/india-china-border-agreement-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=CNN |date=22 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ic11">{{cite news |title='Back to 2020 situation': Why China border deal is huge victory for India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-china-border-agreement-lac-diplomatic-military-victory-modi-xi-jinping-meet-2621678-2024-10-23 |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=India Today |date=23 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Buffer Zone ==

2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement resulted in the creation of buffer zone between countries.<ref name="ic12">{{cite news |title=Video Explainer: Understanding The LAC And The Stand-Off With China |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/video-explainer-understanding-the-lac-and-the-stand-off-with-china-6858970#pfrom=home-ndtv_topscroll |access-date=24 October 2024 |publisher=ndtv.com |date=24 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Goals ==

The 2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement was signed with the following objectives.<ref name="ic3">{{cite news |title=India, China reach pact to resolve border conflict, Indian foreign minister says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-china-have-arrived-border-patrolling-pact-indias-top-diplomat-says-2024-10-21/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=reuters.com |date=22 October 2024}}</ref>

* Defusing four year differences over the border.
* Business interaction normalisation.<ref name="ic14">{{cite news |last1=Kugelman |first1=Michael |title=India and China Reach Border Breakthrough |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/10/23/india-china-border-agreement-ladakh-trade/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=23 October 2024}}</ref>
* Reducing confrontation at critical friction points.<ref name="ic10">{{cite news |title=India-China border patrol agreement explained: Why it matters - Overview of the agreement |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-china-border-patrol-agreement-explained-why-it-matters/stabilization/slideshow/114451231.cms |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=22 October 2024}}</ref>

== Patrolling restoration ==

2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement restored the patrolling rights in [[Depsang Plains]] and Demchok region between mutual countries.<ref name="ic5">{{cite news |title=India China border agreement: Patrol rights in Depsang Plains, Demchok to be restored, will be closely coordinated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-border-agreement-patrol-rights-in-depsang-plains-demchok-to-be-restored-will-be-closely-coordinated-9632146/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=22 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The deal ensures each side is following the agreement for resuming the patrolling operations in the [[Ladakh]] region and underscores the respective territory claims of both countries.<ref name="ic8">{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |title=How India and China pulled back from a border war — and why now |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/22/how-india-and-china-pulled-back-from-a-border-war-and-why |access-date=23 October 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=22 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Challenges ==

2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement faces challenges from both countries due to infrastructure and militarisation established by both countries.<ref name="ic13">{{cite news |title=India-China LAC agreement is welcome – but is it a breakthrough? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-china-lac-agreement-9634649/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=23 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2017 China–India border standoff]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}


[[Category:China–India relations]]
[[Category:China–India border]]

Abhijit Mondal

2025-10-29T15:31:18Z

Vilianajgd:

{{short description|Indian footballer and coach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Abhijit Mondal
| image = Abijit mondal.jpg
| caption = Mondal in 2011
| fullname = Abhijit Mondal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|02|1}}
| birth_place = [[Balurghat]], West Bengal, India
| currentclub = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] (Goalkeeper Coach)
| clubnumber =
| height = {{height|m=1.76}}
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| years1 = 2003–2010
| years2 = 2010–2012
| years3 = 2012–2015
| clubs1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| clubs2 = [[United S.C.]]
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| caps1 =
| caps2 =
| caps3 = 37
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2014
| clubs4 = → [[Chennaiyin FC]] (loan)
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2015
| clubs5 = [[United S.C.|United]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2016
| clubs6 = [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| manageryears1 = 2016–2017
| managerclubs1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] (goalkeeper coach)
| manageryears2 = 2017–2020
| managerclubs2 = [[ATK Reserves And Academy|ATK Reserves]] (goalkeeper coach)
| manageryears3 = 2019–2020
| managerclubs3 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U20]] (goalkeeper coach)
| club-update = 17:47 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]); 26 October 2025
| nationalteam-update = 17:47 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]); 26 October 2025
| manageryears4 = 2021–2022
| managerclubs4 = [[Indian Arrows]] (goalkeeper coach)
| manageryears5 = 2022–2024
| managerclubs5 = [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohan Bagan SG Reserves]] (goalkeeper coach)
| managerclubs6 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] (goalkeeper coach)
| manageryears6 = 2024–
}}

'''Abhijit Mondal''' (born 1 February 1978) is a former Indian [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] currently acting as the goalkeeping coach and head coach in [[AIFF Super Cup]] for an [[Indian Super League]] team, [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=It’s going to be a tough season in I League, says Trevor James Morgan|url=http://xtratime.in/football/indian-football-news/its-going-to-be-a-tough-season-in-i-league-says-trevor-james-morgan/|accessdate=19 December 2016|work=Xtra Time|date=19 December 2016}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Managerial career==
Mondal worked as the goalkeeping coach of [[India national under-20 football team|India U-20]] team at the [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship]] in Bhubaneswar,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/young-indian-goalkeepers-look-to-make-a-mark-in-saff-u20-championship-5591173.html|title=Young Indian Goalkeepers Look to Make a Mark in SAFF U20 Championship|publisher=CNN News18|date=20 July 2022|access-date=16 August 2022|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724042605/https://www.news18.com/news/football/young-indian-goalkeepers-look-to-make-a-mark-in-saff-u20-championship-5591173.html|archive-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> and won the tournament with a 5–2 win against Bangladesh.

==Honours==
===Player===
'''[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]'''
*[[I-League]]: [[2007–08 I-League|2007–08]], [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]]
*[[Durand Cup]]: 2006
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: 2004
;[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
*[[IFA Shield]]: [[2012 IFA Shield|2012]]
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]]

===Manager===
'''[[India national under-20 football team|India U-20]]'''
*[[SAFF U-20 Championship]]: [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|title=India beats Bangladesh to clinch U20 SAFF Championship|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=5 August 2022|access-date=5 August 2022|first=21:34 IST|last=TEAM SPORTSTAR|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163036/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-bangladesh-5-1-to-lift-saff-u20-championship-title-gurkirat-singh-football/article65732385.ece|archive-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
[[Inter Kashi FC|'''Inter Kashi''']]

* [[I-League]]: [[2024–25 I-League|2024-25]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|abhijit-mondal/72780}}
* [https://archive.today/20130912015408/http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/player-details.php?playerID=1098&contentID=480 eastbengaltherealpower.com] [Abhijit Mondal Profile]
* [http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/21145/abhijit-mondal?ICID=MP_PLA_1 Abhijit Mondal] Goal.com profile

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Abhijit}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dempo SC players]]
[[Category:United SC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Chennaiyin FC players]]
[[Category:People from Balurghat]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]

{{India-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

Arjun Kanungo

2025-10-17T04:03:20Z

Vilianajgd: Adding some pg w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Indian singer, actor, composer and entrepreneur (born 1990)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Arjun Kanungo
| image = Kanungo performing at Delhi University.jpg
| caption = Kanungo performing at Delhi University.
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|9|6}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| instrument = {{Hlist | Vocals | guitar | piano}}
| genre = {{hlist|Pop|rock|dance}}
| occupation = {{Hlist | Singer | actor | composer | entrepreneur}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = Carla Dennis
| label = [[Sony Music India]], VYRL Originals, [[Universal Music India]], Desi Music Factory
}}

'''Arjun Kanungo''' (born 6 September 1990) is an Indian singer and music composer, recording artist, music producer, and entrepreneur from [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-19 |title=I had no music scene till I was 18: Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/zero-music-sense-till-18-arjun-kanungo-1502663030.html |access-date=2020-07-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun Kanungo | Bollywood Music Project |url=https://bollywoodmusicproject.com/new/blog/2017/11/13/arjun-kanungo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051919/https://bollywoodmusicproject.com/new/blog/2017/11/13/arjun-kanungo/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |website=The Bollywood Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-19 |title=I am a singer today only because of Asha Bhosle ji: Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-am-a-singer-today-only-because-of-asha-bhosle-ji-arjun-kanungo/story-wKhPykjhusw5Wq253gGsdM.html |access-date=2020-07-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=9 May 2024 |title=Cover Story: Arjun Kanungo Has a Grand Plan |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/arjun-kanungo-grand-plan-cover-story-may-2024/ |work=[[Rolling Stones India]]}}</ref>

Kanungo began his career at the age of 17, initially working on building recording studios<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Krupa |title=11 Jam Rooms In Mumbai Providing Space For Musicians To Practice |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/12-jam-rooms-in-mumbai-providing-space-for-musicians-to-practice |website=Homegrown.co.in|date=8 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and developing his skills as a recording engineer and music producer. He later performed as a touring singer and guitarist for [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=26 Jul 2017 |title=I am a singer today only because of Asha Bhosle ji: Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/i-am-a-singer-today-only-because-of-asha-bhosle-ji-arjun-kanungo/story-wKhPykjhusw5Wq253gGsdM.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Singer Arjun Kanungo Is Excited To Collaborate With Mentor Asha Bhosle! |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/singer-arjun-kanungo-is-excited-to-collaborate-with-mentor-asha-bhosle/ |website=Koi Moi|date=16 July 2019 }}</ref> His breakthrough came in 2015 with the release of "Baaki Baatein Peene Baad," with rapper [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], which gained popularity and marked a turning point in his career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Venus |date=5 November 2022 |title='Baaki Baatein Peene Baad is the one song that changed me,' says Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/interviews/baaki-baatein-peene-baad-is-the-one-song-that-changed-me-says-arjun-kanungo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2015 |title=Badshah, Arjun Kanungo join hands for new party song |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/badshah-arjun-kanungo-join-hands-for-new-party-song/story-BCk06UetuAAshuQip8kjQL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Following his breakout success, Kanungo released several successful tracks, including "Fursat,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Watch: Arjun Kanungo's new love song 'Fursat' will leave you mesmerised |url=https://www.news18.com/news/music/watch-arjun-kanungos-new-love-song-fursat-will-leave-you-mesmerised-1225259.html}}</ref> "Aaya Na Tu",<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2021 |title=Arjun Kanungo's 2018 song Aaya Na Tu clocks 100 million on YouTube: 'Glad people are still enjoying it' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-s-2018-song-aaya-na-tu-clocks-100-million-on-youtube-glad-people-are-still-enjoying-it-101624976084006.html}}</ref> "La La La," with [[Neha Kakkar]], "Sirrikadhey,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title=I don't understand Tamil, Anirudh was patient enough with me: Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160726-i-dont-understand-tamil-anirudh-was-patient}}</ref> with [[Anirudh Ravichander]] and "Ilzaam"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Ilzaam' Sung By Arjun Kanungo, King |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=arjun+kanungo+king+ilzaam&tbm=nws&fbs=AEQNm0CFDpRHaDHkXm_YXueHTfHtrgIXUKlluACpCix4T5ZoUSz6e3GWv4zN_09JkP2cR-DwqD-ER1CSuTjXzdXNKT0Wma9mNyum3oWLzhs1xt8u5N_8f3uUgStDs9UpKFAFlFGSOMoqQM9HMiNsP9mioHh2RXyquw6CV17dtB6pod7Wqwuaoj8KLwF-5ybcxBC-9vVePghwqzsfsWfHCa5dRS4yxLs8KA |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with rapper King. "Ek Dafaa (Chinamma)" peaked at number 33 on the [[UK Album Downloads Chart|UK Album Download Chart]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Dafaa (Chinamma) |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/arjun-kanungo-ek-dafaa-chinnamma/ |website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> "La La La" with Neha Kakkar also peaked at 33 on the UK Album Download Chart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La La La - Officialcharts.com |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/neha-kakkar-arjun-kanungo-la-la-la/ |website=officialcharts.com}}</ref>

Kanungo's music has accumulated 100s of millions of streams on digital platforms, and has had a notable impact on pop culture through his blend of urban production, contemporary melodies and emotive lyrics.<ref name=":4" />

In addition to his music career, Kanungo founded ''One Mind Music'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Masumi |date=17 July 2024 |title=The want to stay original is missing in the current music scene: Arjun Kanungo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/the-want-to-stay-original-is-missing-in-the-current-music-scene-arjun-kanungo/articleshow/111664318.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> an independent music label in India. In 2024, he expanded the label to Japan with ''One Mind Music Japan'', focusing on producing music for the Japanese and South-Asian markets. The label launched its operations with a collaboration between Kanungo and Japanese pop vocalist ''Ren,'' on the single "Tell Me",<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2024 |title=アルジュン・カヌンゴｘれん、ポップ・バラード「Tell Me」でインド＆日本のコラボが実現 |url=https://www.billboard-japan.com/d_news/detail/136353 |website=Billboard Japan}}</ref> a J-pop ballad sung in Japanese and English. Kanungo continues to create and perform music in multiple languages and is currently learning Japanese.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ferreira |first=Venus |date=5 August 2024 |title=Arjun Kanungo On Music Ventures And International Collaborations At All About Music Conference |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/arjun-kanungo-on-music-ventures-and-international-collaborations-at-all-about-music-conference |work=[[Free press journal]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kanungo was born and raised in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Arjun-Kanungo-Umeedien-is-about-hope-and-ambition/articleshow/46865038.cms |title=Arjun Kanungo: 'Umeedien' is about hope and ambition - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-04-10 |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref> His mother, a pistol shooter by profession,{{cn|date=March 2025}} trained Kanungo in the sport where he won multiple medals at the national level. He also played Basketball for his college and his state team of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2019 |title=Arjun Kanungo believes shooting as a sport helps him stay focused and honest in life! |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/190122-arjun-kanungo-believes-shooting-sport-helps |website=Radio and Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kurian |first=Anila |date=17 January 2017 |title=Music has always been my passion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/music-has-always-been-my-passion-571367.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

He went on to major in Journalism and Mass communication at R.D. National College, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2016 |title=Deja vu college moment for Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.bollycurry.com/news/hot-n-happening/61610-deja-vu-college-moment-for-arjun-kanungo.htm |website=Bollywood Curry}}</ref>

He is a trained Indian classical singer and plays the piano and guitar. <ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite web |date=2017-05-26 |title=Arjun Kanungo makes his home environment-friendly |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/arjun-kanungo-makes-his-home-environment-friendly/articleshow/58839292.cms |accessdate=2017-05-26 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |title=Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4899111/bio |website=IMDb}}</ref>

He is a qualified trained [[Method acting|method actor]] from [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]] in [[New York City]].<ref name="radioandmusic1">{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/artiste/arjun-kanungo-release-26-videos-through-one-year-deal-sony-music-india-150504 |title=Arjun Kanungo to release 26 videos through one-year deal with Sony Music India |publisher=Radioandmusic.com |date=2015-05-04 |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref>

==Career==
At the age of 18, Kanungo opened a recording studio in [[Mumbai]] called Promethean Audio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Krupa |title=11 Jam Rooms In Mumbai Providing Space For Musicians To Practice |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/12-jam-rooms-in-mumbai-providing-space-for-musicians-to-practice |website=Homegrown.co.in|date=8 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=24 July 2024 |title=Los Angeles-based Indian composer worked his way from the rock scene to assisting pop artist Arjun Kanungo at the latter's Promethean Studio in Mumbai |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/ameya-saraf-music-score-composer-interview/ |work=[[Rolling Stones]]}}</ref>

Kanungo's first commercial success came with "Khoon Choos Le" in the 2013 film [[Go Goa Gone]], starring Saif Ali Khan.<ref name="myswar1">{{cite web|url=http://myswar.com/song_details/go-goa-gone-2013-khoon-choos-le-2 |title=Hindi Film Song - Khoon Choos Le (Go Goa Gone, 2013) |publisher=MySwar |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Telegraph India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150529/jsp/t2/story_22611.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529174153/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150529/jsp/t2/story_22611.jsp |archive-date=29 May 2015 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>

His debut single 'Baaki Baatein Peene Baad' was released on 25 September 2015 by Sony Music India. The song was written by [[Mayur Puri]] and was composed, written, recorded and produced in Sweden. The song also features [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]].<ref name="Mid-Day">{{cite news |last1=Banan |first1=Aastha |title=YouTube sensation Arjun Kanungo, speaks about busking in New York |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/youtube-sensation-arjun-kanungo-speaks-about-busking-in-new-york/16600161 |accessdate=21 October 2015 |publisher=Mid-Day}}</ref>

Since then he has had Several hit songs - Fursat, Ek Dafaa (Chinnama), La La la with [[Neha Kakkar]], Tang Mujhko, Zara Zara, Sirrikadhey and Ilzaam, to name a few. Arjun has lent his voice to several Bollywood films. His Tamil Debut came with 'Sirrikadhey', composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], from the film '[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anirudh patiently taught me: Arjun Kanungo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-patiently-taught-me-Arjun-Kanungo/articleshow/54831074.cms|access-date=2020-07-26|website=The Times of India|date=14 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Kanungo released his first studio album titled 'Industry' on June 16, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2022 |title=Arjun Kanungo drops 3 tracks from his debut album 'Industry' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/debut-album-industry-1503081583.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kurian |first=Anila |date=3 July 2022 |title=Can't Separate Art from the Artist, says Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/Jul/02/interview--cant-separate-art-from-the-artistsaysarjun-kanungo-2471567.html |work=[[New India Express]]}}</ref> The album currently has over 250 millions streams across platforms. The album also featured rapper King, American singer songwriter Vaultboy, [[Rashmeet Kaur]] and Yash Vaid. Kanungo promoted the album via an India tour labelled the 'We are Industry' tour which went to 11 cities in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2022 |title=Have incorporated life learning of 6 years in 'Industry': Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/have-incorporated-life-learning-of-6-years-in-industry-arjun-kanungo-10899341.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kurian |first=Anila |date=July 3, 2022 |title='Can't separate art from the artiste,' says singer Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2022/Jul/03/cant-separate-art-from-the-artist-says-arjun-kanungo-42008.html |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>

In 2023, Kanungo released a follow up album titled 'Industry 2'. The first single from the album released on 5 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2023 |title=Arjun Kanungo unveils first single 'Danger' from his highly anticipated album 'Industry 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/arjun-kanungo-unveils-first-single-danger-from-his-highly-anticipated-album-industry-2/articleshow/101510184.cms }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Chokita |date=10 August 2023 |title=Independent musician Arjun Kanungo breaks down his latest album, Industry 2 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Aug/10/independent-musician-arjun-kanungo-breaks-down-his-latest-album-industry-2-51907.html |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Kanungo attributed not doing a tour for the album to a hip fracture which he experienced on a trip the Maldives with his wife.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debarati |date=19 October 2024 |title=I went into a shell, but now I'm better than ever before - Arjun Kanungo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/arjun-kanungo-i-went-into-a-shell-but-now-im-better-than-ever-before/articleshow/114352624.cms|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

He made his debut in Bollywood alongside [[Salman Khan]] in [[Radhe (2021 film)]] where he played the role of 'Mansoor', a drug dealer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arjun Kanungo - Asian Network Live 2017 Highlights|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04xwtvc|publisher=BBC}}</ref> He also played an extended cameo role in [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s [[Jalebi (film)|'Jalebi']] where he played himself.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Acting Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|
|2018
|''[[Jalebi (film)|Jalebi]] (film)''
|Himself
|Extended Cameo Appearance
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-13|title=Jalebi movie review: Mahesh Bhatt's new-age romance|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jalebi-movie-review-rhea-chakraborty-varun-mitra-fail-to-make-an-impression-in-mahesh-bhatts-new-age-romance-5371321.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Firstpost|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128071335/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jalebi-movie-review-rhea-chakraborty-varun-mitra-fail-to-make-an-impression-in-mahesh-bhatts-new-age-romance-5371321.html |archive-date=28 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Non-film music is reaching more people than film songs: Arjun Kanungo|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/nonfilm-music-is-reaching-more-people-than-film-songs-arjun-kanungo/1475507|access-date=2021-11-02|website=outlookindia.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603195853/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/nonfilm-music-is-reaching-more-people-than-film-songs-arjun-kanungo/1475507 |archive-date=3 June 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|
|2018
|''Side-hero (OTT)''
|Ranjit
|Lead
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidehero |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9031094/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunaal Roy Kapur: 'Side Hero' is the perfect spoof on the film industry |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kunaal-roy-kapur-side-hero-is-the-perfect-spoof-on-the-film-industry-2667338 |work=[[DNA India]]}}</ref>
|-
|
|2021
|''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]] (film)''
|Mansoor
|Film Acting debut
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-27|title=Arjun Kanungo on working with Salman Khan in Radhe: He is very inspiring|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arjun-kanungo-salman-khan-film-radhe-6428491/|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Discography==

=== As a Playback Singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Song
!Also featuring!! Movie !! Music
!Writer
!Label
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || Khoon Choos Le<ref name="myswar1" />
|[[Suraj Jagan]], [[Priya Saraiya]]|| ''[[Go Goa Gone]]'' ||[[Sachin–Jigar]]<ref name="myswar1" />
|Priya Saraiya
|Sony Music
|-
| Learn To Adjust
| Asha Bhosle|| [[Mai (2013 film)|''Mai'']]<ref name="indiatimes1" /> ||Nitin Shankar
|
|
|-
| 2014 || Tum Chal Diye<ref name="myswar2">{{cite web |title=Hindi Film Song - Tum Chal Diye - Reprise (Pizza, 2014) |url=http://myswar.com/song_details/pizza-2014-tum-chal-diye-reprise-5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821031008/http://myswar.com/song_details/pizza-2014-tum-chal-diye-reprise-5 |archive-date=21 August 2015 |accessdate=2015-05-29 |publisher=MySwar}}</ref>
| || [[Pizza (2014 film)|Pizza]] ||Saurabh Kalsi<ref name="myswar2" />
|
|Times Music
|-
| 2015 || Jahan Tum Ho<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi Film Song - Jahan Tum Ho (Coffee Bloom, 2015) |url=http://myswar.com/song_details/coffee-bloom-2015-jahan-tum-ho-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322185203/http://myswar.com/song_details/coffee-bloom-2015-jahan-tum-ho-2 |archive-date=22 March 2015 |accessdate=2015-05-29 |publisher=MySwar}}</ref>
|[[Shalmali Kholgade]]|| Prasad Ruparel ||Prasad Ruparel
|
|
|-
|2016
|Sirikkadhey
|Srinidhi Venkatesh
|''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]''
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|Sony Music
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|House Party Song
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], Parry G
|''[[Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga]]''
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|Gurpreet Saini
|Zee Music
|-
| Nadaaniyaan
|[[Lisa Mishra]]|| ''[[The Sky Is Pink]]'' ||[[Pritam]]
|Pritam
|Zee Music
|-
|2022
|Joshuga Hasharuga
|
|Joshuga Hasharuga (film)
|Praneeth Music
|
|Aditya Music
|}

=== Singles and Albums - As lead artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Also featuring
!Movie
!Music
!Writer
!Label
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|Saibo (Rendition)
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|Rendition
|Arjun Kanungo, [[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin-Jigar]]
|Sachin-Jigar
|Sony Music
|-
|Hasi (Rendition)
|Sanah Moidutty
|Rendition
|[[Ami Mishra]]
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|Sony Music
|-
| Baaki Baatein Peene Baad<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=Baaki+Baatein+Peene+Baad&oq=Baaki+Baatein+Peene+Baad&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60j69i61&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 |title=Hindi Film Song - Baaki Baatein peene baad |publisher=MySwar |accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref>
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]|| ''Single''|| Arjun Kanungo, Ludwig Lindell, Ylva Dimberg ||[[Mayur Puri]]
|Sony Music
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016 || [[Fursat (song)|Fursat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arjun-kanungo-launches-new-single-fursat/ |title=Hindi Film Song - Fursat |work=The Indian Express|date=13 March 2016 |accessdate=2016-04-06}}</ref>
|[[Sonal Chauhan]]|| ''Single'' || Arjun Kanungo, Ludwig Lindell, Ylva Dimberg ||[[Mayur Puri]]
|Sony Music
|-
| Sanam Mere sanam
| || ''Jammin Season 1''|| [[Mithoon]]||Sayyed Quadri
|Independent
|-
| Yaara
|[[Sanam (band)]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Sanah Moidutty]]|| Jammin' Season 1|| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|[[A.R. Rahman]]
|Independent
|-
| Saturday Saturday (Khul Jaaye Masti)
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Aastha Gill]]|| ''Single'' ||[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]||Badshah
|Sony Music
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Ek Dafaa
|
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rehman]]
|[[Mayur Puri]], A.R.Rehman
|Sony Music
|-
|Gallan Tipsiyaan
|
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, LH4L
|Vayu
|Sony Music
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|La La La
|[[Neha Kakkar]]
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, [[Bilal Saeed]]
|Bilal Saeed, Arjun Kanungo
|Desi Music Factory
|-
|La La La (Reprise)
|
|Reprise version
|Arjun Kanungo, Bilal Saeed
|Arjun Kanungo, Bilal Saeed
|Desi Music Factory
|-
|Aaya Na Tu
|Momina Mustahsen
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, Momina Mustehsan
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Aaya Na Tu Reprise
|
|Reprise version
|Arjun Kanungo
|| [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Sar Utha Ke Jiyo
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|Promotional
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo, Kunaal Vermaa
|Universal Music
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|Tu Na Mera
|
|''Single''|| Arjun Kanungo
|| [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Woh Baarishein
|[[Shriya Pilgaonkar|Shriya Pilgaokar]]
|Single
|Arjun Kanungo
|| [[Manoj Muntashir]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Hona Chaida
|
|Single
|Arjun Kanungo, Nisha Asnani & Leny Magoufakis
|[[Mayur Puri]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
| rowspan="8" |2020
|Dil Kho Ke
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|Promotional
|Arjun Kanungo
|Abhishek Arora, Anvita Dutt, Arjun Kanungo, Razik Mujawar
|Universal Music
|-
|Woh Baarishein Reprise
|
|Reprise Version
|Arjun Kanungo
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Tum Na Ho
|[[Prakriti Kakar|Prakriti Kakkar]], Awez Darbar, Nagma Mirajkar
|''Single''
|Ajay Vyaas
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|[[Fursat (song)|Fursat Hai Aaj Bhi]]
|[[Sonal Chauhan]]
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|[[Mayur Puri]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Yeh Chahatein
|
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo
|One Mind Music
|-
|Waada Hai
|[[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|Single with [[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|Arjun Kanungo & Shehnaaz Gill
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Waada Hai Reprise
|
|Reprise Version
|Arjun Kanungo
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|VYRL/ Universal Music
|-
|Statue
|Fotty Seven
|Promotional
|Arjun Kanungo
|Fotty Seven
|Universal Music
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|Mere Dil Vich
|Tanzeel Khan
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Tanzeel Khan
|One Mind Music
|-
|Famous
|
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo
|One Mind Music
|-
|Famous ft. Fotty Seven
|Fotty Seven
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo, Fotty Seven
|One Mind Music
|-
|Famous ft. King
|King
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo, King
|One Mind Music
|-
|Dil Kisi Se
|[[Nikki Tamboli]]
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|Saregama
|-
| colspan="7" |
|-
| rowspan="17" |2022
|Baha Le Ja
|
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|Saregama
|-
|Tera Tha Tera Hoon
|Iulia Vântur
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|Zee Music
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
|Ilzaam
|King, Carla Dennis
| rowspan="7" |'''INDUSTRY (Album)'''
|Arjun Kanungo, King
|Arjun Kanungo, King
| rowspan="7" |One Mind Music
|-
|Bura Sapna
|Sana Sultan
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo
|-
|Barsaat
|
|Arjun Kanungo
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|-
|Waapas Aa Jao
|Yash Vaid
|Arjun Kanungo, Yash Vaid
|Arjun Kanungo, Yash Vaid
|-
|Foto
|[[Rashmeet Kaur]]
|Arjun Kanungo
|IP Singh
|-
|Ishq Samundar
|King
|Arjun Kanungo, King
|Arjun Kanungo, King
|-
|Everything sucks (India Remix)
|Vaultboy
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo, Vaultboy, Dhruv Yogii
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
|Zara Zara (MTV Unwind)
|
|MTV unwind (TV show)
|Harris Jayaraj, Arjun Kanungo
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|Saregama Music
|-
|Chura Liya (MTV Unwind)
|
|MTV unwind (TV show)
|Arjun Kanungo, RD Burman
|
|Saregama Music
|-
|Rangrez
|[[Aisha Sharma]]
|''Single''
|Anurag Saikia
|Shakeel Azmi
|Sony Music
|-
|Tang Mujhko
|
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo
|One Mind Music
|-
|Killer Haseena
|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Vayu, Diksha C
|T-series
|-
|Gedi
|Channa Jandali
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|IP Singh
|Universal Music
|-
| colspan="7" |
|-
| rowspan="10" |2023
|Teri Aadat
|[[Sandro Silva (DJ)|Sandro Silva]], DJ Shadow
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo, Dhruv Yogii
|Spinnin Records
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
|India to Japan
|Cyber Rui, [[Shirley Setia]]
| rowspan="8" |'''INDUSTRY 2 (Album)'''
| rowspan="8" |Arjun Kanungo
| rowspan="8" |Arjun Kanungo
| rowspan="8" |One Mind Music
|-
|Kismat
|
|-
|Kehne ko kya raha
|Nemo
|-
|Danger
|Ju!ie
|-
|Sach Bata Mujhe
|Shirley Setia
|-
|Kismat (extended)
|
|-
|Tu Hain
|[[Zaeden]]
|-
|Destiny
|
|-
| colspan="7" |
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
|Tell Me
|Ren
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, Kanata Okajima, Ren
|Arjun Kanungo, Ren
|One Mind Music
|-
|Lobby Talk
|Ocean Sharma, Nesz
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo
|One Mind Music
|-
|Suno Na
|Chamath Sangeeth
|''Single''
|Chamath Sangeeth
|Murtuza Gadiwala
|One Mind Music
|-
|Mahi Ve
|Shivvyy
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, Shivvyy
|Shivvyy
|One Mind Music
|-
|Sajna
|
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo
|Arjun Kanungo
|One Mind Music
|-
|Inni Soni
|Prince Sharma
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, Prince Sharma
|Prince Sharma
|T-Series
|-
|Make up your mind
|Fotty Seven, Edwin Honoret, Nemo
|''Single''
|Arjun Kanungo, Fotty Seven, Edwin Honoret, Nemo
|Arjun Kanungo, Fotty Seven, Edwin Honoret
|One Mind Music
|}

== Awards and honors ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Award'''
!Year
!Song/Film
!Category
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
|2015
|[[Baaki Baatein Peene Baad]]
|Jagjit Singh Award for Best Music Debut - Non Film
|Won
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=GiMA :: Non Film Music Winners 2016 |url=http://www.gima.co.in/non-film-award.php |access-date=2016-04-25 |website=www.gima.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|IWMBuzz Awards
|2019
|
|Most popular music single artist
|Won
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Kanungo - Awards - IMDB |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm4899111/awards/ |website=Imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer and music composer Arjun Kanungo wins big at a prestigious event; bags the best singer award |date=10 September 2022 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/music/news-music/singer-and-music-composer-arjun-kanungo-wins-big-at-a-prestigious-event-bags-the-best-singer-award/2022/09/10 }}</ref>
|-
|[[12th Mirchi Music Awards]]
|2020
|Woh Baarishein
|Independent Song of the Year
|Nominated
|
|}

== Personal life ==
As a nature enthusiast, Kanungo promotes green energy and other alternative energy sources. He has also planted over 800 trees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music and acting will have equal importance: Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2020/02/03/music-and-acting-will-have-equal-importance-arjun-kanungo.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

He is also a three-time national gold medalist in center fire pistol shooting and a national-level basketball player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This is what I call stuff of legends: Singer Arjun Kanungo |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2020/01/31/this-is-what-i-call-stuff-of-legends-singer-arjun-kanungo.html |access-date=2020-07-26 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Kanungo's father, Rajendra Mehta, died from liver cancer in April, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2022 |title=Arjun Kanungo's father dies of liver cancer, singer says 'until we meet again' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/arjun-kanungo-s-father-dies-of-liver-cancer-singer-says-until-we-meet-again/story-sVLbl9zjGh2HNoRc8WFZVN.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2022 |title=Singer Arjun Kanungo shares a throwback picture with father after he loses him to cancer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-arjun-kanungo-shares-a-throwback-picture-with-father-after-he-loses-him-to-cancer/articleshow/75489016.cms |work=[[The times of India]]}}</ref>

In February 2023, Kanungo suffered a hip fracture after an accident, while on vacation with his wife in the Maldives which forced him to take a break from public life for over a year.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Kanungo's Dramatic 27 Kg Weight Loss in 18 Months; Here's How He Did It |url=https://www.onlymyhealth.com/arjun-kanungo-27-kg-weight-loss-secrets-revealed-1726818520 |website=Only my health|date=20 September 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=4899111}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanungo, Arjun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male pop singers]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Roshini Devi Okram

2025-09-30T14:58:58Z

Vilianajgd:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Western name order|Okram Roshni Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Roshini Devi
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname = Roshini Devi Okram
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|2|8}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| height =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Manipur Police Sports Club|Manipur Police]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2010–2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}
{{Meitei name|Okram|Roshni|Devi}}
'''Roshini Devi Okram''' ({{langx|mni|Okram Roshini Devi}}, born 8 February 1994 in [[Manipur]]) is an Indian women [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] for the [[Manipur Police Sports Club|Manipur Police]]. She also played internationally for the [[India women's national football team|India national football team]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Women's football team promises SAG glory|work=The Shillong Times |url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2016/02/02/womens-football-team-promises-sag-glory/|accessdate=27 February 2017|date=2 February 2016}}</ref>

==Playing career==
Devi represented India at the [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], and [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=22-member Squad announced for SAFF Women's Championship|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6028|publisher=All India Football Federation|accessdate=27 February 2017|date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228091533/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6028|archive-date=28 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/11/10/indian-womens-squad-announced-for-saff-championship/ |title=Indian women's squad announced for SAFF Championship |website=India Footy |last=Shukla |first=Abhishek |accessdate=19 February 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2016]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/20-selected-in-indian-squad-for-12th-south-asian-games|title=20 selected in Indian squad for 12th South Asian Games|website=AIFF|date=1 February 2016|access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2019–20 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2019–20]], [[2021–22 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2021–22]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/45422?type=club AIFF profile]
* [http://www.eurosport.com/football/roshini-devi-okram_prs403708/person.shtml Eurosport profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Okram Roshini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:KRYPHSA FC players]]
[[Category:Women's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-goalkeeper-stub}}

Radhika Menon (merchant navy officer)

2025-07-21T17:49:33Z

Vilianajgd: put up post...

{{short description|Indian Navy officer}}
{{for|the Indian publisher|Radhika Menon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radhika Menon
| image = Radhika Menon getting Nari Shakti Puraskar.jpg
| caption = getting the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] in 2022
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kodungallur]], Kerala
| education =
| alma_mater = All India Marine College, [[Kochi]]
| occupation = [[naval officer]]
| known_for = First female captain of the [[Indian Merchant Navy]]
| relatives =
}}

'''Radhika Menon''' is an Indian female [[Merchant navy|Merchant Navy officer]] currently serving as the captain of the Indian Merchant Navy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/udaipur/women-should-raise-voice-when-faced-with-restrictions-nations-1st-female-merchant-navy-officer/articleshow/57471351.cms|title=Raise voice if faced with restrictions: Country's first woman merchant navy officer|date=5 March 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> She is also the first female captain of the Indian Merchant Navy who also led the oil products tanker Suvarna Swarajya. In 2016, Radhika also became the first woman to receive the IMO Award for Exceptional Bravery at Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://safetyatsea.net/news/2018/women-in-shipping-radhika-menon-radio-officer-shipping-corporation-of-india/|title=Women in shipping – Radhika Menon, radio officer, Shipping Corporation of India – IHS Markit Safety at Sea|website=safetyatsea.net|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> She is well known for her rescue operation which she conducted successfully in June 2015 saving seven fishermen who were trapped for a week in a boat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38063326|title=Indian woman wins sea bravery award|date=2016-11-22|access-date=2019-11-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born and raised in [[Kodungallur]] of Kerala. She completed a radio course at the All India Marine College in [[Kochi]] and initially began her career as a radio officer at the [[Shipping Corporation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/the-life-of-radhika-menon-india-s-first-female-merchant-navy-captain-to-win-top-bravery-award-266004.html|title=Meet Radhika Menon - India's First Female Merchant Navy Captain To Win A Top Bravery Award|date=2016-11-23|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

== Career ==
After a brief stint with Shipping Corporation of India, she became a prominent cadet of the Indian merchant Navy. In 2012, she was appointed as the captain of SCI ship in Indian Merchant Navy and became the first ever female captain of the Indian Merchant Navy. In the same year, she took charge as the captain of the oil tanker ''Suvarna Swarajya'', measuring 21,827 [[Gross tonnage|gross tons]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/61249/captain-radhika-menon-merchant-navy-award-for-bravery/|title=Know Captain Radhika Menon, the First Woman in the World to Win Bravery at Sea Award|date=2016-07-11|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fleet |url=https://www.shipindia.com/fleet/present_fleet/present_fleet_product |publisher=Shipping Corporation of India |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003083336/https://www.shipindia.com/fleet/present_fleet/present_fleet_product |archive-date=3 October 2023 |location=Mumbai |url-status=live}}</ref>

She was awarded the [[International Maritime Organization]] Award in November 2016 for her successful courageous rescue operation which she led from the front in June 2015 rescuing seven fishermen who were trapped at the [[Bay of Bengal]] in a sinking boat which capsized due to engine failure and breakdown of the boat's anchor as a result of a sea storm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.abb.com/news/detail/16987/at-the-helm-captain-radhika-menon|title=At the helm: Captain Radhika Menon|website=new.abb.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/bravery-award-for-indias-first-female-merchant-navy-captain/article9374744.ece|title=Bravery award for India's first female Merchant Navy captain|agency=Press Trust of India|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/09/25/features/197916/women-fore-seafaring|title=Women to the fore in seafaring|last=Silva|first=Pramod De|website=Daily News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] nominated her for the relevant award recognising her national duty and also notably became the first woman to receive the IMO Bravery award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/captain-radhika-menon-to-receive-bravery-award-1429763|title=Indian Captain Radhika Menon Is First Woman To Get Bravery At Sea Award|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

Radhika also co-founded the International Women Seafarer's Foundation (IWSF) on 3 November 2017 along with fellow naval officers [[Suneeti Bala]] and [[Sharvani Mishra]] in [[Mumbai]] with the objective of motivating young women seafarers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marineinsight.com/marine/international-women-seafarers%E2%80%8B-foundation-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Blaunched-smooth-sailing-women-seafarers/|title=International Women Seafarer's Foundation established in Mumbai|website=www.marineinsight.com|access-date=2019-11-01|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926081909/https://www.marineinsight.com/marine/international-women-seafarers%E2%80%8B-foundation-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Blaunched-smooth-sailing-women-seafarers/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/news/europe/imo-pushes-for-gender-equality-with-iamonboard-day-of-the-seafarer-theme/|title=IMO pushes for gender equality with #IAmOnBoard Day of the Seafarer theme|date=2019-06-25|website=Seatrade Maritime - Shipping, Maritime and Offshore Marine News|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/international-women-seafarers-foundation-launched-in-mumbai-4921804/|title=International Women Seafarers Foundation launched in Mumbai|date=2017-11-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref>

On 29 September 2019, she was honored by the Indian government as she featured in Bharat Ki Laxmi hashtag campaign which was introduced by the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to celebrate the achievements of the Indian women as a part of the [[Mann Ki Baat]] series.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

== See also ==

* [[List of firsts in India]]
* [[List of people from Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Radhika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Kadavergu

2025-07-19T03:10:05Z

Vilianajgd: General improvements to article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadavergu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.909722|N|78.941389|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Warangal district|Warangal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 302
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =TS
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kadavergu''' is a village located in the [[Cheriyal]] [[Tehsil|mandal]] of the [[Siddipet district]] of [[Telangana]] state, [[India]].<ref>[http://projectcare.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewpansum.asp?selstate=5661&parenttype=B&ptype=V&button1=Submit "Village Panchayats of CHERIYAL, WARANGAL, ANDHRA PRADESH"]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} NIC. Retrieved 24 December 2008</ref> According to the 2001 census, the village had a population of 5,435.<ref>[http://www.ap.bsnl.co.in/uso/uso/wgl.xls "Warangal District census detail"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719210341/http://www.ap.bsnl.co.in/uso/uso/wgl.xls |date=19 July 2011 }} BSNL.</ref>

The village was known as early as 1200 AD. The people in those days used to believe the Lord [[Shiva]]. During fighting between Shiva devotees and [[Vishnu]] devotees, gradually people were destroyed by the King Anantha Varma, a devotee of Lord Vishnu.

Kadavergu has become a surname for people who lived in the area in those days. Later they formed into a society called Neelakanta (the worshippers of God Shiva).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Siddipet district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Shekhawati painting

2025-06-17T09:01:10Z

Vilianajgd: update references for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Style of wall-painting in the region of Shekhawati in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Shekhawati painted houses.jpg|thumb|Painted houses]]
The region of [[Shekhawati]] in [[Rajasthan]] is remarkable for its wealth of mural paintings which adorn the walls of many buildings, including [[havelis]].

==History==
[[File:Painted Havelis 05 HDR (2267644040).jpg|thumb|Courtyard]]

===Shekhawati region===
Shekhawati describes a district, or nizamat, of the pre-Independence kingdom of Dhundar or [[Jaipur]]. This region was ruled by descendants of the 15th century Rajput baron, Rao Shekha, who were known as Shekhawats. It is covered by the two modern districts of [[Jhunjhunu]] and [[Sikar]]. Churu district lay in the neighbouring kingdom of [[Bikaner]], but its nearest towns to the north and west, although never part of Shekhawati, contain similar painted buildings.

===17th century===
Traces of wall paintings are found on Shekhawati structures erected by Muslim nawabs, Rajputs and Banias dating back to the 17th century. A local style was influenced by 16th/17th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] work in [[Agra]] and [[Fatehpur Sikri]] via painted monuments in [[Amer, India|Amer]]. The earliest dated Shekhawati work includes the ‘Jaipur fresco’ work, which was employed before Jaipur’s foundation by craftsmen employed by Mughal rulers and in Amer. This involves thick layers of pigment being applied and worked onto a wet plaster surface. The pigment is often incised [[scraperboard]]-like with geometric and floral designs. The interior work is usually painted [[fresco-secco|secco]], using [[tempera]], onto dry plaster.

In the few surviving 17th century painted buildings some popular [[Jahangir]] period (1605–27) subjects such as winged-head cherubs (from Baroque Europe via Goa), hatted Persian angels, the pheasant-like [[simurgh]], cypress trees, lotus bud decoration and the Sufi tale of the lovers [[Layla and Majnun|Laila and Majnu]] may be integrated with popular Hindu religious and folk themes. Early 18th century structures in Udaipurwati, Jhunjhunu district, such as Jokhi Das ki Chhatri, dated 1702, and the c1700 Chaturbhuj Temple at Nathusar, Sikar district, even include portraits of the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] (1658-1707). Most of these early murals are painted in red, yellow and green ochres but green copper carbonate and both white and red lead also feature in the palette.

===18th century===
In the 18th century, under the patronage of [[Rajput]] rulers and [[Vaishya]] merchants, a number of temples and chhatris were richly decorated with figurative paintings. Some forts also contained painted rooms. Again, ochres formed the general palette and the figures were largely drawn from the Hindu pantheon. Amongst other subjects chosen are stylised portraits, hunting scenes, folk tales and historic battles, particularly the Battle of Maonda 1767, in temples, or in chhatris which commemorated those who fought or died. Good examples are in small c1700 temples east of Sri Madhopur at Bagriawas, Nathusar and Lisaria, both Sikar district, in the chhatri (1750) and temple (1742) at Parasrampura, Jhunjhunu district, the 8-pillar chhatri (1776) in Churu and, perhaps by the same hand, the Bihari Temple in Jhunjhunu (1777).<ref>Cooper, Ilay and Sharma, Ravindra. ''Survey of the Monuments of Churu, Jhunjhunu and Sikar Districts of Rajasthan 1985-87'' New Delhi: INTACH. Unpublished.</ref> Such painting continued into the 19th century in forts, like those at Mandawa, [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]] and Mahansar, all in Jhunjhunu district, as well as temples and [[chhatris]], often using a richer palette.

Apart from a few temples and chhatris, merchant monuments predating an 1818 treaty between Jaipur and the new British regime were lightly painted externally with floral motifs and arabesques.

===19th and early 20th centuries===
[[File:Le Prince Haveli courtyard.JPG|thumb|Courtyard of 19th century Nadine Le Prince Haveli]]
The great merchant era of patronage began around 1830 when Shekhawati merchants, settled in Calcutta and elsewhere, began to pour money back to their hometowns, much of which was turned to conspicuous building.<ref>Timberg, T.A. 1978. ''The Marwaris: From Traders to Industrialists.'' New Delhi: Vikas.</ref> By then, under British protection, they were no longer shy of drawing attention to their wealth. The most obvious blossoming of wall-paintings in Shekhawati is on late 19th and early 20th century havelis. They aimed to construct five buildings: a [[haveli]], a temple, a memorial [[chhatri]], a well and a [[caravansarai]].<ref>Cooper, Ilay. 2009. ''The Painted Towns of Shekhawati.'' New Delhi: Prakash Books.
</ref> Most were painted. The havelis offer the most variable subject matter, but temples, memorial chhatris and [[cupolas]] decorating wells are often richly decorated.

==Painters and their methods==

===Painters===
The building boom attracted many Muslim chejaras, masons, and Hindu kumhars, members of the potter caste who became masons, to Shekhawati. The painters were mostly gifted, self-taught men drawn from amongst them. For the finest work, teams of professional painters were called in from the Jaipur direction. Where painters have signed, they are from Jaipur or its vicinity. Masons whose ancestors painted often talk of their family migrating from the southeast.

===Techniques===

The walls themselves are the richest source of information on techniques and scientific studies<ref>Hauff. Gottfried. 1991 ''The Techniques of the Wall Paintings of Rajasthan, India.'' Worms am Rhein. in Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung.</ref> confirm their account. Half-finished work is always informative. Murals on the unfinished ceiling of Gopinath Temple, Parasrampura (1742) show that the pictures, though continuous, were drawn and coloured piecemeal on the dry plaster surface. Lines in charcoal and red ochre were corrected. Outlines of groups of figures were drawn, then corrected and reach their final form when the artist paints them in, colour by colour. There is no trace of drawing away from the tracts of plaster the painter was decorating. Most was done freehand, but on other buildings there are clear signs of dotted stencilled outlines; arcs and straight lines were aided by string. Townscapes were constructed with a straight-edge. Unfinished examples depicting Jaipur survive in a Nawalgarh chhatri and in Khetri’s Bakhtawar Mahal. The pigments were mixed with an adhesive, often gum from the common plant, akra but also egg or saresh, gum made from camel bone.
‘Jaipur Fresco’ work on the outer walls of havelis shows construction lines created by a taut string covered with ochre or charcoal dust flicked against the wet plaster, leaving an imprint and colour. Rapid freehand sketches with a sharp stylus, often corrected, have left their mark in the plaster surface. The paint was applied in blocks of thick pigment massaged against the wet lime surface to be partially integrated with calcium carbonate as it forms. The surface was burnished with agate and polished with coconut flesh. Some fine details such as jewellery were added in tempera and stand proud of the surface.

===Pigments===
Until the mid 19th century the paints were mineral or vegetable pigments. Ochres dominated but in finer interior work red and white lead, cinnabar, indigo, [[lapis lazuli]], copper carbonate, vivid Indian yellow. The lead pigments were prone to oxidisation, blackening. From the mid 19th century, Germany’s industrial revolution created chemically synthesised pigments which were soon cheaply available. Ultramarine blue (from artificial lapis) and chrome red dominated external paintings after 1860. By the close of the 19th century many more colours were available, sometimes in jarring combinations.

==Subjects==

===Religious themes===
These dominate all the pictures. Most relate to the ten or twenty-four most common incarnations of [[Vishnu]]. Of these Rama and Krishna are by far the most popular. Shaivite subjects, particularly Shiva, Ganesh and Durga are commonplace. Ganesh presides over every doorway. Brahma occurs but his consort, Saraswati, is more frequent. Local deities such as Gugaji, Ramdevji and Pabuji appear infrequently.

===Folk mythology===
Folk tales are generally depicted by a single image, the most striking event in the story. In Dhola-Maru, the popular Rajasthani story, Dhola and his wife Maru are shown on a camel fleeing from the wicked bandit, Umra-Sumra. Maru turns to let fly a stream of arrows at him. Punjabi tales such as Heer-Ranjha, Sohni-Mehwal, Sassi-Punu and Binjo-Sorath all feature but the Middle Eastern Sufi tale, Laila-Majnu, is one of the earliest to be depicted. Many other less familiar stories appear, the significance of some now forgotten.

===Historical themes===
Recognisable, or labelled, portraits of historical figures, both Indian and British, feature. These range from Mughal rulers and heroes who opposed them, local princes, British monarchs down to Freedom Fighters including [[Gandhi]]. Historical events occur, too, one being the Battle of Maonda, 1767. European figures are often used to accompany technical innovations including pumps, cars, ships, planes and bicycles.

===Everyday environment===
The painters often draw from their surroundings, depicting farmers at work, folk drawing water from a well, potters, goldsmiths, swordsmiths, carpenters and, occasionally, masons building and painting walls. Domestic and wild animals, birds and plants are commonly depicted.

===Erotica===
Pictures of couples making love are usually cheekily hidden amongst murals on external walls. Sometimes there are depictions of bestiality; men with donkeys or dogs, women with dogs. Homosexuality is very rarely depicted; self-conscious householders sometimes obliterate erotic paintings.

===Map pictures===
Occasionally a team of painters has been commissioned to paint Jaipur or the local town. An excellent example is in the palace sheesh
mahal at Sikar, where the walled town, complete with people and traffic, is neatly depicted as it was in 1864. The most accessible is in a bastion of the main fort in [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]], where both Jaipur and [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]] were painted c1850 on the domed ceiling. Other pictures show recognisable local or distant buildings, the Taj Mahal being popular.

===Decorative designs===
Stylised plants or plant-like arabesques, architectural features and geometric patterns are common, chosen for subjects in panels, friezes dividing walls or in spandrels of arches.

==Decline and destruction==
Towards the mid 20th century successful merchants committed themselves to a new urban existence, rarely visiting the homeland save for ritual or charity purposes. Investing in industry, some of these families have become amongst the richest in India. Rented out, locked or neglected, havelis and chhatris are suffering. Wells have been superseded by hand-pumps then by tapped water. Buildings collapse, are whitewashed or are demolished to make way for some new structure. Old paintings are replaced by inferior new work. There is currently no legislation to protect such buildings. Interest inspired by the publication of Wacziarg and Nath's book on the paintings in 1982 led to [[INTACH]] commissioning a documentation of the buildings; many of those surveyed in 1985-87 have since disappeared. Attempts are being made by some groups, such as the Morarka family of [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh]], to create an interest in preserving some of the buildings.

In recent years, the Government has undertaken some efforts towards spreading awareness about this unique art heritage. Both the [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]] in Jaipur and the [[National Crafts Museum]] in Delhi have specially commissioned works of Shekhawati frescoes on their walls.<ref name="bare_url_a">{{cite book|last=Chaitanya|first=Krishna|title=A History of Indian Painting: The Modern Period|year=1994|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&dq=shekhavati&pg=PA330|isbn=9788170173106}}</ref> Sustainable heritage tourism is being seen as one way of both ensuring the protection and conservation of this art. The hoteliers and heritage conservationists Francis Wacziarg and Aman Nath's ''Rajasthan: The Painted Walls of Shekhavati'' and Ilay Cooper's ''The Painted Towns of Shekhawati'' are important works on these murals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Painted town|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/03/stories/2005040300110100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050406004714/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/04/03/stories/2005040300110100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-04-03|accessdate=3 April 2005}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[India Post|Department of Posts]] issued a stamp commemorating the Shekhawati paintings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheet Let – Shekhawati and Warli Paintings – By India Post|url=http://www.indianstampghar.com/2012/06/sheet-let-shekhawati-and-warli-paintings-by-india-post/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019154557/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2012/06/sheet-let-shekhawati-and-warli-paintings-by-india-post/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rajput painting]]
* [[Ramgarh Shekhawati]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p. 148-152)

[[Category:Rajasthani arts]]
[[Category:Shekhawati]]
[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]

Berandari Bagaria

2025-06-08T01:40:38Z

Vilianajgd: basic rework article for consistency additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Berandari Bagaria
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
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| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1585|N|88.2499|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
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| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.12
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 10748
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743332
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3174
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Berandari Bagaria''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Kulpi]] police station in the [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|12|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Diamond Harbour subdivision (including Falta, Diamond Harbour I & II, Kulpi CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|14|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Hasimnagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Hasimnagar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|18|50|N|88|15|50|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Baneshwarpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneshwarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|17|10|N|88|9|30|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Chandpala |labela3 = Anantapathpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chandpala Anantapathpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|17|8|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Fatepur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Fatepur, Falta]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|18|35|N|88|7|42|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Falta| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Falta, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|17|58|N|88|11|3|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Harindanga| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Harindanga, Falta]] (R)|shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|8|23|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Punya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Punya, Falta]] (R)|shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|15|27|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Patdaha| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patdaha]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|13|07|N|88|7|18|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Raichak| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Raichak]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|15|30|N|88|11|24|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10= Sarisha| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Sarisha]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|5|28|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Ramnagar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ramnagar, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|12|15|N|88|8|15|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Parulia| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Parulia, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color12=#0048BA
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|14|35|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bhushna| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhushna]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|20|N|88|12|8|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Diamond Harbour| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Diamond Harbour]] (M) |shape-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|15|41|N|88|14|43|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Masat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Masat, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|14|51|N|88|15|10|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Sangrampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Sangrampur, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|13|42|N|88|10|45|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mohanpur| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Mohanpur, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|12|0|N|88|12|50|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Durganagar| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Durganagar, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|46|N|88|15|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Netra| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Netra, Diamond Harbour]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|4|53|N|88|14|41|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Kulpi| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Kulpi]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|9|30|N|88|14|59|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Berandari |labela21= Bagaria| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= Berandari Bagaria (CT)|shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|2|18|N|88|17|52|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Dhola| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Dhola, Diamond Harbour]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|11|55|N|88|9|40|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23=Deulpota| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Deulpota]] (H)| shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|8|22|N|88|13|51|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Harinarayanpur| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|2|0|N|88|12|0|E}} |label25=Hooghly | label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=-75| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|5|0|N|88|12|25|E}} |label26= River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=-90| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none}}

===Area overview===
Diamond Harbour subdivision is a rural subdivision with patches of urbanization. Only 14.61% of the population lives in the urban areas and an overwhelming 85.39% lives in the rural areas. In the western portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 11 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the western part, located on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is covered by the Kulpi Diamond Harbour Plain, which is 5–6 metres above sea level. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Deulpota]] and [[Harinarayanpur, Kulpi|Harinarayanpur]], on the bank of the Hooghly River indicate the existence of human habitation more than 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas|work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b|publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal|access-date = 5 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date = 2019-01-21|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Berandari Bagaria is located at {{coord|22.1585|N|88.2499|E|display=inline}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Berandari Bagaria had a total population of 10,748 of which 5,462 (51%) were males and 5,286 (49%) were females. There were 1,747 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Berandari Bagaria was 6,570 (72.99% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 24 November 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Berandari Bagaria covered an area of 4.1202 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved over head tank. It had 834 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had a hospital 1.5 km away and 5 medicine shops in the town. Among the educational facilities it had was 5 primary schools. The nearest middle school was at Bagaria 0.5 km away, the nearest secondary school Chandipur 0.5 km away, the nearest senior secondary school at Hatuganj 2.5 km away, the nearest general degree college at [[Diamond Harbour]] 9 km away. It had a polytechnic. Three important commodities it produced were paddy, vegetables and fish.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 25 November 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Berandari Bagaria is on the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Kulpi railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Healthcare==
Kulpi Block Primary Health Centre at [[Kulpi]], with 15 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Kulpi CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 December 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]

Royapuram Fishing Harbour

2025-05-19T20:08:32Z

Vilianajgd:

{{Short description|Major fishing ground in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Royapuram Fishing Harbour.jpg|thumb|Royapuram Fishing Harbour]]

'''Royapuram Fishing Harbour''', also known as '''Chennai Fishing Harbour''' or '''Kasimedu Fishing Harbour''', is one of the major fishing grounds for catching [[fishes]] and [[crustaceans]] located at Kasimedu in the [[Royapuram]] area of [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The harbour is located north of the [[Chennai Port]] and is under the administrative control of the Chennai Port Trust. The harbour is also a shipbuilding facility, chiefly building fishing boats. The nearest railway station is the [[Royapuram Railway Station]].

The harbour can accommodate 575 fishing boats, and by 2013 the number of boats has gone up to 1,395.<ref name="NIE_HarbourToGetRs75CrMakeover"/>

==History==
The harbour area is primarily a fisherman community area migrated from [[Chepauk]] village in 1799 during the rule of the [[English East India Company|East India Company]]. The harbour was constructed in 1975.<ref name="ObservingOurEnviron">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&q=Chennai+World's+second+largest+beach&pg=PA81|title=Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium ...|author=EARSeL|year=2002|isbn=90-5809-254-2|publisher=A. A. Balakema|access-date = 23 Oct 2011}}</ref> The fishing harbour is functioning from 1984. It suffered an extensive damage during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.<ref name="NIE_HarbourToGetRs75CrMakeover"/>

==The harbour and the market==
The breakwater inside the harbour leads up to 300 m into the sea. The draft alongside the [[wharf]] is 2 m. The harbour has a capacity to handle about 575 fishing craft but over 1,395 boats use the space.<ref name="BL_SportFishingBoatingInChetputLake"/> Over 600 45-ft boats (each operated by 11 people), 200 30-ft boats (each operated by 4 people) and 300 fibre boats with outboard motors (each operated by 3 to 4 people), in addition to hundreds of [[catamarans]], use the harbour.<ref name="SalvageWorkBegins">{{cite news
| title = Salvage work begins at fishing harbour
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 3 January 2005
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/01/03/stories/2005010301601300.htm
| access-date = 26 Oct 2011}}</ref>

Nearly 30,000 people visit the auction hall situated near the harbour every day. Of the daily sales amounting to 200 tonnes, nearly 30 per cent is sent to other States such as [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] and the remaining is provided for local markets.<ref name="HarbourRenovation"/>

A retail fish market known as the Kasimedu fishing harbour market with 90 stalls is located within the Chennai fishing harbour complex adjacent to the auction shed of the fishing harbour and behind the Office of the Fishing Harbour Management Committee. The market sells a variety of fishes including [[Seer fish|seer]], [[pomfret]], [[prawn]], [[shark]], [[sardine]], [[crab]], [[silverbellies]], [[Carangidae|carangids]] and [[mackerel]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Kasimedu Fishing Harbour
| url = http://www.bobpigo.org/fishmarket/xml/chennaimarket.xml
| format = xml
| access-date = 26 Oct 2011
| archive-date = 15 March 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315182953/http://www.bobpigo.org/fishmarket/xml/chennaimarket.xml
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Expenditure==
As of 2018, there are an estimated 1,000 mechanised boats at the fishing harbour. It costs {{INR}} 115,000 for a small 98 to 110 horsepower, 50-feet-long mechanised boat to spend three days at sea. The sum needed for a large boat to stay out for a week at a time is around {{INR}} 300,000.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Deepa H.
| title = Funds-starved Kasimedu fishermen all at sea
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 15 June 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/funds-starved-kasimedu-fishermen-all-at-sea/article24167336.ece
| access-date = 17 October 2018}}</ref>

==Damage by tsunami==
The harbour was extensively damaged by the [[2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]],<ref>{{cite web
| last = Yadava
| first = Y. S.
| title = The Impact of Tsunami on the Livelihoods of Coastal Fisher Communities in Tamil Nadu, India – A Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment
| url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/7C028BE51D24F2CC49256F82002660D2-bobp-sasia-07jan.pdf
| access-date = 26 Oct 2011}}</ref> especially the 500-m trawler wharf, which can berth nearly 500 mechanised boats. The [[tsunami]] resulted in the destruction of about 61 trawlers in the harbour, in addition to partly damaging 43 trawlers and causing minor damage to nearly 400 trawlers. The total loss is estimated at {{INR}} 160-200 million.<ref name="SalvageWorkBegins"/>

==Developments==
Among its various activities along the coast of India, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands (OSTI) of the [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] (NIOT) undertakes biofouling studies at the harbour.<ref>{{cite web
| title = OSTI Newsletter (Issue 11)
| publisher = National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai
| date = January–March 2006
| url = http://www.niot.res.in/m5/mbic/gen/newsletter/jan2006.pdf
| access-date = 26 Oct 2011}}</ref>

In December 2011, the Fisheries Department issued work order for a project to improve the facilities at the fishing harbour at a cost of {{INR}} 170 million. The renovation also includes demolition and rebuilding of the auction hall. The work is expected to be completed by 2012.<ref name="HarbourRenovation">{{cite news
| title = Fishing harbour to be refurbished
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 8 December 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2697455.ece
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130204043117/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2697455.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 February 2013
| access-date = 10 Dec 2011}}</ref>

A 2.5-acre land in Kasimedu has been shortlisted along with a 7-acre land in Vaniyanchavadi on [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] for a modern fish processing park. The park would initially focus mainly on fish catch by 600 mechanised boats in Chennai. The park is likely to attract large fishing vessels to Chennai to facilitate value addition to their catch. Now Chennai receives fish arrivals through just five or six large fishing vessels.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
|author2=Deepa H. Ramakrishnan
| title = Fish processing park planned
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 December 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2700700.ece
| access-date = 10 Dec 2011}}</ref>

In April 2013, the then Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] announced that the harbour will be upgraded, including creating additional mooring space, at a cost of {{INR}} 750 million.<ref name="BL_SportFishingBoatingInChetputLake">{{cite news
| title = Tamil Nadu plans to introduce sport-fishing, boating on Chennai's Chetpet lake
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 5 April 2013
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/jayalalithaa-announces-water-sports-eco-park-at-chetput/article4584919.ece
| access-date = 6 Apr 2013}}</ref> The development project includes a 300-metre-long wharf along the northern breakwater; a 200-metre-long wharf for fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) boats; extending the northern wharf (existing boat yard) by 140 metres; two 150-metre-long finger jetties; two 200-metre-long finger jetties; new repairing centre; deepening the harbour; and a sanitary complex. The project is intended to benefit 12,000 fishermen directly and 15,000 fishermen and workers indirectly.<ref name="NIE_HarbourToGetRs75CrMakeover">{{cite news
| title = Kasimedu Harbour Set to Get Rs 75 Crore Makeover
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 16 January 2014
| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Kasimedu-Harbour-Set-to-Get-Rs-75-Crore-Makeover/2014/01/16/article2001739.ece
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140220221643/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Kasimedu-Harbour-Set-to-Get-Rs-75-Crore-Makeover/2014/01/16/article2001739.ece
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 20 February 2014
| access-date = 18 Jan 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Two major projects in fisheries sanctioned in Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 15 January 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/two-major-projects-in-fisheries-sanctioned-in-chennai/article5578664.ece
| access-date = 18 Jan 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Port]]
* [[Ennore Port]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics|left}}
{{coord|13.12555|80.297645|display=title}}

[[Category:Economy of Chennai]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fishing in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]

2019 Delhi fire

2025-01-14T19:14:55Z

Vilianajgd:

'''2019 Delhi fire''' may refer to:

*[[2019 Delhi hotel fire]], in February
*[[2019 Delhi factory fire]], in December

{{disambig}}

List of villages in Rajapakar block

2024-04-20T15:00:40Z

Vilianajgd: fixed intro for consistency after review

{{short description|None}}

As per the Census Department (Govt.of India), [[Rajapakar]] is a community block (sub-district code-10) of [[Vaishali district]] (Code-18) in the Indian State of [[Bihar]] (State Code-10). Following is the list of villages in [[Rajapakar]] block and their population as per 2011 census of India.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_10.pdf census data official, Raja Pakar starting page number 495 ]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/bdo.htm |title=Vaishali district official website block development officer |access-date=2014-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928004700/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/bdo.htm |archive-date=2014-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-

!Vill.Code
!Village Name
!Population
!Vill.Code
!Village Name
!Population
|-
| 0001||Chak Dumri|||| 0037||Madhopur Basu Urf Alipur||
|-
| 0002||Mirpur Patanrh|||| 0038||Chak Dumri||
|-
| 0003||Makundpur Sisai|||| 0039||Chak Dumri Khurd||
|-
| 0004||Rampur Ratnagar|||| 0040||Pokhrair Chausajh||
|-
| 0005||Damodarpur|||| 0041||Pachain Mahesh||
|-
| 0006||Chak Ewaz|||| 0042||Pachain Mobark||
|-
| 0007||Bishunpur Ghanu|||| 0043||[[Bhalui]]||
|-
| 0008||Matiara|||| 0044||Chak Rajo||
|-
| 0009||Kalyanpur|||| 0045||Baikunthpur||
|-
| 0010||Fatehpur Phulwaria|||| 0046||Rampur Dilawar||
|-
| 0011||Bhojpatti Urf Bhedpatti|||| 0047||Bishunpur Balbhadar||
|-
| 0012||Rajepur Berai|||| 0048||Rahim Alipur Urf Ehiapur||
|-
| 0013||Tal Garha|||| 0049||Pokhraira Khas||
|-
| 0014||Madanpur|||| 0050||Rasulpur Wali Urf Faridpur||
|-
| 0015||Belkunda|||| 0051||Chak Kalyanpur||
|-
| 0016||Baijnathpur|||| 0052||Bakhri Barahi||
|-
| 0017||Birna Lakhansen|||| 0053||Bakhri Mohanpur Urf Majhaul||
|-
| 0018||Rampur Ram Khemkaran|||| 0054||Chak Bakhri Barai Urf Chak D.||
|-
| 0019||Karanpura|||| 0055||Jafarpatti||
|-
| 0020||Lachhmipur Bakhri|||| 0056||Hasanpur Bakhri||
|-
| 0021||Bishunpur Udho Urf Dumri|||| 0057||Rasulpur Bakhri||
|-
| 0022||Kutubpur|||| 0058||Bakhri Subain||
|-
| 0023||Lagurown|||| 0059||Bariarpur Buzurg||
|-
| 0024||Chainpur Mutaluke Makundpur|||| 0060||Harpur Makund||
|-
| 0025||Bhatha Dasi|||| 0061||Bishunpur Sad Urf Bakarpur||
|-
| 0026||Mohammad Saidpur|||| 0062||Saikhpura||
|-
| 0027||Bilandpur|||| 0063||[[Govindpur Jhakhraha]]||1753
|-
| 0028||Bakarpur|||| 0064||Bishunpur Sad Urf Dabarkothi||
|-
| 0029||Narayanpur Buzurg|||| 0065||Gangajal||
|-
| 0030||Suratpur Bidaya|||| 0066||Bishunpur Bishunath Urf Telia||
|-
| 0031||[[Rajapakar]]|||| 0067||Sarmastpur||
|-
| 0032||Basarha|||| 0068||Harpur Hardas||
|-
| 0033||Pachain Jagdish|||| 0069||Rampur Barhamdas Mataluke Bis.||
|-
| 0034||Kalyanpur Chausiwan|||| 0070||Majhepur Alipur||
|-
| 0035||Zahid Chak|||| 0071||Rajepur Berai Sukhdal||
|-
| 0036||Makhdumpur Banbira|||| 0072||Berai||
|}

==See also==
{{Block wise village list of vaishali district}}
*[[List of villages in Vaishali district]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of villages in Vaishali district|Rajapakar]]