https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Vikv10Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-04T08:21:42ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kesariyaji&diff=509360Kesariyaji2026-05-05T06:58:09Z<p>Vikv10: new</p>
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<div>{{short description|Śvētāmbara Jain temple in the state of Rajasthan}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]] <br />
| sect = [[Digambara]] and [[Śvētāmbara]]<br />
| image = File:Rishabhdeo Jain temple (9710280717).jpg<br />
| alt = Shree Kesariyaji Tirth<br />
| caption = Shree Kesariyaji Tirth<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| map_type = Rajasthan<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_size = 200<br />
| map_caption = Location within Rajasthan<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24|04|35|N|73|41|22|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}} <br />
| location = [[Rishabhdeo]], [[Udaipur District]], [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| festivals = [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]<br />
| deity = [[Rishabhanatha]] <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| materials = Marble, limestone<br />
| temple_quantity = 5<br />
| architecture_style = <br />
| creator = Rawal Khuyan<br />
| established = 874 CE<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.rishabhdeo.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Kesariyaji Tirth''' or '''Rishabhdeo Jain temple''' is a [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temple]] located in [[Rishabhdeo]] town of [[Udaipur District]] of Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The temple is considered an important pilgrimage center by both [[Digambara]] and [[Śvētāmbara]] sect of Jainism.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=115}}{{sfn|Crooke|1896|pp=104-105}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=233}} Further, [[Rajasthan High Court]], in its judgment dated 30th March 1966, stated that it was, indisputably, a Śvētāmbara Jain temple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan High Court. Deewan Singh And Ors., Etc. vs State Of Rajasthan And Ors. on 5 February, 1997 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1130269/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Kesariya Adinath.jpg|thumb|The idol of Kesariya Adinath at Kesariyaji Rishabhdeo Śvetāmbara Jain Tirth at Dhuleva, Rajasthan]]<br />
The temple was constructed in 874 CE ([[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 931) during the reign of Rawal Khuyan, the ruler of [[Mewar]].{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}} The temple received patronage from rich merchants since its situated on an important trade route from the coast to the state of [[Mewar]]. An inscription dated back to 1422 CE, indicates repairs and renovations were made to the temple during the 14th to 15th centuries.{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=158}} It is also believed to have been worshipped by [[Ravana]] in Nandan Vana and having been installed at [[Ujjain]] by King Śrīpāla.{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=158}} Since 14th century, there has been a history of conflict over control of this temple between members of Digambara, Śvētāmbara and Hindus community based on relation with rulers of Mewar.{{sfn|Cort|2000|p=336}}{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|p=215}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=233}} However, on 30th March 1966, [[Rajasthan High Court]] declared that it was a [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain temple.{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=158}}<ref name=":0" /> The [[Supreme Court of India]] has conclusively declared that the Rishabhdev/Keshariya Nathji Temple is a [[Jain temple]] and not a Hindu temple.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Sheth Anandji Kalyanji (Religious ... vs State Of Rajasthan on 19 August, 2019 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/86104045/ |url-status=}}</ref><br />
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== Discovery of idol ==<br />
The main idol of the temple, popularly known as ''Kesariyaji'', is a {{convert|1.05|m}} black stone idol of Adinatha or [[Rishabhanatha]] in [[lotus position]]. {{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}<br />
[[File:Kesariya_Adinath_2.jpg|thumb|The idol of Kesariya Adinath decorated as per Śvetāmbara Jain customs and rituals at Dhuleva, Rajasthan]]<br />
The iconic idol of Lord Rishabhanatha, the principal deity of the pilgrimage temple, was found during an excavation. A [[Bhil people|Bhil]] dairy farmer noticed that one of his cows was always dry of milk. When cow belonging used to pour out its milk every day upon a mound near Chandanpur village. It was surprising for the owner of that cow and the villagers. They excavated the mound. The villagers dedicated themselves to building a small hut over the idol where the idol was found. The place is now known as ''paglia-ji'' or ''chharan chatri''.{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|p=207}}<br />
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== Architecture ==<br />
The temple has an ornate architecture.{{sfn|IGNCA|p=1}} The temple has a large domical structure as the principal shrine with domical 52 sub-shrine along the axis of principal shrine.{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=158}} In the [[parikrama]] path there are idols of Charbhuja (four armed) Vishnu, [[Parshvanatha]], [[Somnath temple|Somnath]] [[Shiva]]. The pillared porch features Nava chowki (nine seats) with idols of [[Ajitnatha]], [[Sambhavanatha]], [[Sumatinatha]] and [[Neminatha]].{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}} The shafts of the pillars are richly carved. The [[Shikara]] of the temple is crowned by [[amalaka]].{{sfn|IGNCA|pp=1-2}} The temple also features a richly carved [[torana]].{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}<br />
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== About the temple ==<br />
[[File:Jain God Idol.JPG|thumb|Kesariyaji idol replica inside Gaj Mandir situated near the main temple]]<br />
The temple is considered an important pilgrimage center by both [[Digambara]] and [[Śvētāmbara]] sect of Jainism and [[Hindu]]s.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=115}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=233}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=159}} The mulnayak of the temple is a {{convert|1.05|m}} black stone idol of [[Rishabhanatha]], revered by both [[Vaishnava]]s and [[Jain]]s.{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}{{sfn|Crooke|1896|pp=104-105}} Kesariyaji is the name of Rishabhanatha idol inside the temple. The name is derived from the instance of a man of offering kesar ({{translation|saffron}}{{sfn|Kumar|1984|p=81}}) equal to his son's weight when his wish of having a child is fulfilled.{{sfn|Kelting|2001|p=230}} According to another legend, a Brahmin once threw a coin at idol saying "if you have any strength you will show it me", the coin flew back hit Brahmin head.{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|p=210}}<br />
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The idol is considered miraculous and according Jain belief praying to the idol fulfills the wishes of devotees.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=233}}{{sfn|Weisgrau|Henderson|2016|p=178}} The saffron and garland is profusely applied to the idol for worship.{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|p=210}}{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=157}}{{sfn|Kumar|1984|p=19}} The replicas of Kesariyaji Rishabhanatha is popular among [[Śvētāmbara]] [[murtipujaka]]. According to Jain belief, worshipping these local replication idols allow them to directly worship to the original idol.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=186}}[[File:Marudevi at Kesariyaji.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Marudevi's omniscience and liberation as per the Śvētāmbara belief at Kesariyaji Śvētāmbara Jain Tirth, Dhuleva]] In front the principal shrine there is an idol of [[Marudevi]], mother of Rishabhanatha, seated on an elephant corroborating the belief of Marudevi attaining [[omniscience]] and [[moksha]] while seated on an elephant as per the [[Śvetāmbara]] tradition.{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=158}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-09-21 |title=Part 12: Marudevī's omniscience and death |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212460.html |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> However, the statue of [[Marudevi]], seated on an elephant, was added much later, around VS 1711, which corresponds to 1654 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jain Inscriptions of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001596/137}}</ref><br />
[[File:Kesariyaji_Anga_Puja.jpg|thumb|A [[Śvetāmbara]] lay follower performing 'Anga Puja' of the idol of Kesariyaji by anointing the idol with saffron and sandalwood mixture as per ancient rituals of Kesariyaji temple and of the Śvetāmbara sect]]<br />
The temple also has a ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]'' equipped with all modern facilities, including [[bhojanalaya]] (a restaurant). There is a temple known as Pagliyaji, housing footprints of Rishabhanatha inside a [[chhatri]].{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=158}}<br />
[[File:KesariyaJi at Shahpur.jpg|thumb|A [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Śrāvaka]] performing pooja of replica of Kesariyaji at Manas Mandir - Bhuvanbhanu Jain Temple Shatrunjay Tirtha, Shahpur, Karade, [[Maharashtra]]]]<br />
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== Conflicts ==<br />
The nature of the temple has been an issue between Digambara, Śvētāmbara and Hindus.{{sfn|Cort|2000|p=336}} The Śvētāmbara murtipujaka [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] Tirthavijaya endeavoured to free Kesariyaji from the control of [[Brahmin]] community and returned to Jain.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=233}}{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|p=223}} The temple also houses images of Hindu deities. The temple is also visited by members of the Bhil community. They only worship Hindu idols except for the Rishabhanatha idol. However, Rishabhanatha is worshipped as a ''Kala-ji'' or ''Bhomia'', a protective deity of land and soil.{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|p=224}}{{sfn|Panikar|2010|p=316}}{{sfn|Shrimali|2017|p=14}}<br />
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== Fair ==<br />
A fair is organised here on the birth anniversary of Rishabhanatha and draws a huge number of devotees.{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|p=213}} A [[rath yatra]] is organised from the main temple to Pagliyaji temple.{{sfn|Mehta|1970|p=158}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Nakodaji]]<br />
* [[Shri Mahaveer Ji temple|Shri Mahavirji]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist|23em}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
==== Books ====<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Carrithers | first1=Michael | author-link1=Michael Carrithers | last2=Humphrey | first2=Caroline | author-link2=Caroline Humphrey | title=The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date=4 April 1991 |isbn=9780521365055 | url={{Google books|LW8czr_HzzwC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url={{Google books|MDBpq23-0QoC|page=186|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|page=233|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803037-9 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |author-link=William Crooke |title=The Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh | volume=4 |url={{Google books|GJQn7XA6Cz4C|page=104|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1896 |publisher=Office of the superintendent of government printing }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Kelting | first=Mary Whitney | author-link=Mary Whitney Kelting | title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2001 | isbn=9780195140118 | url={{Google books|EqXmCwAAQBAJ|page=230|plainurl=yes}} }}<br />
* {{cite book | last=Kuiper | first=Kathleen | title=The Culture of India | publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] | date=1 April 2010 | isbn=9781615302031 | url={{Google books|6cabAAAAQBAJ|page=159|plainurl=yes}} }} <br />
* {{cite book | last=Kumar | first=Pramod | title=Folk Icons and Rituals in Tribal Life | publisher=Abhinav Publications | year=1984 | isbn=9788170171850 | url={{Google books|dF-Iu2Pt3KQC|page=81|plainurl=yes}} }} <br />
* {{cite book | last=Mehta | first=Jodh Sinha | url={{Google books|Q6FpVLjVzU8C|page=157|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Abu to Udapiur|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | date=1970 | isbn=9788120829848 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Panikar|first=Agustin|url={{Google books|oCPtDwAAQBAJ|page=316|plainurl=yes}} |title=Jainism: History, Society, Philosophy and Practice | volume=24 | series=Lala Sunder Lal Jain research series |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[Delhi]] |year=2010|isbn=978-81-208-3460-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Shah | first=Umakant Premanand | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography | url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=115|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | date=1987 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | location=[[Delhi]] | isbn=81-7017-208-X }}<br />
* {{cite book | last1=Weisgrau | first1=Maxine | last2=Henderson | first2=Carol | title=Raj rhapsodies: tourism, heritage and the seduction of history | series=New Directions in Tourism Analysis | url={{Google books|pAnPCwAAQBAJ|page=178|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Routledge]] | date=23 March 2016|isbn=978-1-3170-7161-7 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|page=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 | volume=38 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==== Web ====<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Cort |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Cort |title='Intellectual Ahiṃsā' Revisited: Jain Tolerance and Intolerance of Others |journal=[[Philosophy East and West]] |volume=50 |issue=3 |year=2000 |pages=324–347 |jstor=1400177 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1400177 |access-date=15 May 2022}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Shrimali |first=Krishna Mohan |title=The Formation of Religious Identities in India |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=45 |issue=5 |year=2017 |pages=3–27 |jstor=26380477 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26380477 |access-date=15 May 2022}} <br />
* {{Cite web |publisher=Department of Devasthan, [[Government of Rajasthan]] |title=Mandir Shri Rishabhdev Ji |url=https://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/udaipur/rishabhdevji.htm |ref={{SfnRef|Department of Devasthan}}}}<br />
* {{cite web |author=IGNCA |url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/rjudp180.pdf |title=Digmber Jain Mandir |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{commons category-inline|Rishabhdeo Jain temples}}<br />
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{{Jain temples}}<br />
{{Jainism Topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Jain temples in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Jain temples]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madgaon%E2%80%93Ernakulam_Superfast_Express&diff=514343Madgaon–Ernakulam Superfast Express2026-05-03T15:24:26Z<p>Vikv10: made new entry added tags</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Superfast Express train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Madgaon - Ernakulam Superfast Express<br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]<br />
| locale = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|12|28}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Konkan Railway]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{rws|Madgaon Junction}} ('''MAO''')<br />
| stops = 9<br />
| end = {{rws|Ernakulam Junction}} ('''ERS''')<br />
| distance = {{convert|729|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 14 hours 20 minutes<br />
| frequency = O Weekly<br />
| class = Second Class sitting, AC 3 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC 1st class, Sleeper, <br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = No<br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = <br />
| otherfacilities=<br />
| stock = 2<br />
<br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}<br />
| el =<br />
| trainnumber = 10215/10216<br />
| speed = {{cvt|53|km/h}}<br />
| map =<br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Madgaon - Ernakulam Superfast Express''' is a Superfast train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Madgaon Junction]] in [[Goa]] and [[Madgaon Junction railway station|Ernakulam junction]] of [[Kerala]]. It is currently being operated with 10215/10216 train numbers on once a week basis.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/extra-coaches-on-trains/article8522022.ece |title = Extra coaches on trains|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 26 April 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://konkanrailway.com/press/details/86 "Monsoon Time Table on Konkan Rly from 10th June 2016"]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Jat-agitation-Railways-cancels-trains/articleshow/51069899.cms Jat agitation: Railways cancels trains - Times of India ]</ref><br />
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== Service==<br />
<br />
The 10215/Madgaon - Ernakulam Weekly SF Express has an average speed of 51&nbsp;km/h and covers 729&nbsp;km in 14 hrs 20 mins. 10216/Ernakulam - Madgaon Weekly SF Express has an average speed of 53&nbsp;km/h and covers 729&nbsp;km in 13 hrs 20 mins.<br />
<br />
== Route and halts ==<br />
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* {{rws|Madgaon Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Karwar}}<br />
* {{rws|Bhatkal}}<br />
* {{rws|Udupi}}<br />
* {{rws|Mangaluru Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Kasaragod}}<br />
* {{rws|Kannur}}<br />
* {{rws|Kozhikode}}<br />
* {{rws|Tirur}}<br />
* {{rws|Shoranur Junction}}<br />
* {{rws|Thrissur}}<br />
* {{rws|Aluva}}<br />
* {{rws|Ernakulam Junction}}<br />
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== Traction==<br />
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Both trains are hauled by a Vadodara Electric Loco Shed or Ludhiana Diesel Loco Shed based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7]] electric locomotive.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Konkan Railway]]<br />
* [[Goa Sampark Kranti Express]]<br />
* [[Madgaon railway station]]<br />
* [[Ernakulam railway station]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/10215-mao-ers 10215 Madgaon Ernakulam Superfast Express]<br />
* [https://www.trainspnrstatus.com/runningstatus/10216-ers-mao-spl 10216 Ernakulam Madgaon Superfast Express]<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/2249 10215/Madgaon - Ernakulam (Weekly) SF Express]<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ernakulam-madgaon-weekly-sf-express-10216/2250/52/511 10216/Ernakulam - Madgaon Weekly SF Express]<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Southern India}}<br />
{{Railways in Western India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Madgaon - Ernakulam Superfast Express}}<br />
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Margao]]<br />
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{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_Oriental_Manuscripts_Library_and_Research_Centre&diff=501073Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre2026-05-03T14:33:08Z<p>Vikv10: created new stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Library of palm-leaf manuscripts in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{Infobox library<br />
| name = The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre<br />
| library_logo = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
| type = Repository of Palm-leaf manuscripts<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| established = 1867<br />
| num_branches = N/A<br />
| collection_size = More than 49,000<br />
| items_collected = Books and Manuscripts<br />
| annual_circulation = Open to public<br />
| pop_served = <br />
| budget =<br />
| director = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| website = [https://www.tnarch.gov.in/goverment-oriental-manuscripts-library-and-research-centre Official website]<br />
}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}<br />
'''The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre''' is a library of palm-leaf manuscripts in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Established in 1867 with a palm-leaf collection from the estate of army officer and Indologist [[Colin Mackenzie]], the library occupies a building within the [[University of Madras]] campus. It is one of the largest repositories of palm-leaf manuscripts in [[South India]]. The library is maintained by the Tourism, Culture and Hindu Religious Endowment Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="tnarch">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=About Us |url=https://tnarch.gov.in/goml/ |website=Government of Tamil Nadu – Government Oriental Manuscripts Library}}</ref> It is one of the largest manuscript libraries in the world and among the first to share its collections online.<ref name="tnarch"/><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The nucleus of the manuscripts preserved in the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library originated from the collections of [[Colin Mackenzie|Colonel Colin Mackenzie]], India's first Surveyor-General.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp157">{{cite book|title=[[Madras Rediscovered]]|last=Muthiah|first=S.|authorlink=S. Muthiah|year=2004|pages=157-158}}</ref> On his death in 1821, the bulk of Mackenzie's Collection was shipped to England. The remainder were moved from Mackenzie's house in [[Kilpauk]] to the [[Madras Literary Society]] premises from where they were transferred to their neighbour, the Fort St George College in 1828.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp157" /> The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library was set up in 1867 and the '''Mackenzie Collection''', along with those of Telugu scholar [[C. P. Brown]] and the East India House (Dr. Leyden) were made over to them.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp157" />Among its early curators was the German Sanskritist [[Gustav Solomon Oppert]].<br />
<br />
In 1913, an [[Indo-Saracenic]] building was constructed within the [[University of Madras]] campus to house the university's library and the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre was moved to the second floor of the building.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp157" /> In 1997, the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre was air-conditioned.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp157" /><br />
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== Collection ==<br />
<br />
The library comprises the entirety of Mackenzie's collection that hadn't been shipped to England. This included over 8000 items, mainly manuscripts, coins and antiquities, drawings, maps and printed books. The library has a total of 50000 palm-leaf manuscripts and over 40000 books and paper manuscripts.<ref name="madrasrediscoveredp157" /><br />
<br />
== Activities ==<br />
<br />
* Identifying, acquiring, classifying, and cataloguing manuscripts<br />
* Preserving palm-leaf and paper manuscripts<br />
* Publishing rare manuscripts in book form<br />
* Converting manuscript images into microfilm and digital formats<br />
* Disseminating information about manuscripts<br />
* Publishing multilingual bulletins<br />
* Creating awareness of manuscriptology<br />
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The administration of the library was in charge of a curator. Among the prominent curators that the library had was Sanskrit scholar and manuscriptologist [[S. Kuppuswami Sastri]] from 1914 to 1936.<br />
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== Publications ==<br />
<br />
The library has published catalogues of Sanskrit, Tamil, and Telugu manuscripts in its collection. It also publishes an annual ''Bulletin of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library''.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu Archives and Historical Research]]<br />
* [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
* {{cite book|title=The Madras Tercentenary Commemoration Volume|year=1939|pages=410-415|chapter=Sanskrit Study in Madras|first=C.|last=Kunhan Raja|publisher=Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.tnarch.gov.in/goverment-oriental-manuscripts-library-and-research-centre Official website]<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Libraries in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Government buildings in India]]<br />
[[Category:1867 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:University of Madras]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biriyani_(film)&diff=491864Biriyani (film)2026-05-03T14:07:07Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Venkat Prabhu}}<br />
{{About|the 2013 film|the 2020 film|Biriyaani}}<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Biriyani<br />
| image = Biriyani (film) poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]<br />
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]<br />
| writer = Venkat Prabhu<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Karthi]]<br/>[[Hansika Motwani]]<br/>[[Premgi Amaren|Premji]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Sakthi Saravanan]]<br />
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]<br />[[N. B. Srikanth]]<br />
| studio = [[Studio Green]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|12|20}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!-- Must be attributed to a reliable published source --><br />
| gross = <!-- Must be attributed to a reliable published source --><br />
}}<br />
'''''Biriyani''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[black comedy]] [[action thriller film]] directed and written by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and produced by [[Studio Green]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2013 |title=December 'Biryani' for Karthi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131205/entertainment-tollywood/article/december-biryani-karthi |access-date=5 December 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |quote=It’s an action-comedy-thriller. For Karthi, too, it’s completely different from his earlier films, and he’s done a good job with the comic scenes.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biriyani (2013) – Venkat Prabhu |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/biriyani-v592531 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=Biriyani Directed by Venkat Prabhu |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil/biriyani/news/biriyani-served-by-karthi-venkat-prabhu.htm |access-date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Suleka Movies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biriyani Directed by Venkat Prabhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Ive-not-got-any-offers-from-Sandalwood-Karthi/articleshow/13686680.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-01/news-interviews/31958330_1_telugu-film-tamil-film-industry-karthi |archive-date=2013-12-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Karthi]] and [[Hansika Motwani]] alongside an ensemble cast including [[Premgi Amaren|Premji]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Madhumitha]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Prem (actor)|Prem]], and [[Mandy Takhar]] (in her Tamil debut). [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composed the score and soundtrack of ''Biriyani'', which marks his 100th film, while [[Sakthi Saravanan]] and [[Praveen K. L.|Praveen]]-[[N. B. Srikanth|Srikanth]] handled cinematography and editing, respectively.<br />
<br />
Filming started in November 2012, lasted for over nine months and took place primarily at [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Ambur]].<br />
<br />
''Biriyani'' was released on 20 December 2013 to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. The film was reported to be inspired by the 2004 American film ''[[Harold & Kumar Go To White Castle]]'', though Prabhu was lauded for making creative changes to the story.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2014 |title=Southern cinema's uncredited film adaptations |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/news-ians/southern-cinema-s-uncredited-film-adaptations-114111200512_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The film became a commercial success and recovered its budget at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2017 |title=Karthi Hits, Flops, Blockbusters : Box Office Analysis |url=https://www.scooptimes.com/hit-flop/karthi-hits-flops-blockbusters-box-office-analysis/2140}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The movie starts with Sugan and his friend Parasuram being chased by cops. The flashback shows Sugan as a womanizer who has a weakness for [[biryani]]. Parasuram is his childhood friend. Sugan's womanizing always gets him into fights with his girlfriend Priyanka. Sugan and Parasuram attend a function for a branch opening of one of their offices, where they meet Varadharajan, the chief guest for the ceremony. In the meantime, it is shown that CBI officer Riyaz Ahmed has been deputed to track Varadharajan's illegal activities. Varadharajan is impressed with Sugan and later decides to make him his son-in-law; this decision gets him into an argument with his elder son-in-law Vijaykrishna.<br />
<br />
Varadharajan later hosts a cocktail party and invites Sugan and Parasuram, where they get drunk. After getting drunk, Sugan, who craves biryani, searches for a biryani shop. There, they both come across Maya, a prostitute. The very next day, they find police cars searching for Varadharajan, who is missing. Meanwhile, Sugan and Parasuram find Varadharajan's corpse in their car trunk. They are blamed for Varadharajan's death and are chased by the police, which is the starting scene of the movie.<br />
<br />
Sugan and Parasu go to their friend's house, and Parasu sends a picture of Maya to his friends. The next day, one of their friends finds Maya at Egmore Railway Station. Sugan arrives, and Maya confesses that she [[wikt:spiked|spiked]] their drinks upon a police officer's orders. As Sugan tries to get more information, a female cop stops Maya from telling the truth and later kills her. Back at home, Sugan gets a message from the female cop, which makes him realize that she is not a police officer but an assassin. Her next victim is none other than Sugan's sister Varalakshmi. At the temple, Sugan's friend Hari, brother-in-law Subbu, and Varalakshmi get into a car accident orchestrated by Vijaykrishna, and the female assassin captures Varalakshmi. Sugan gets a call from Vijaykrishna that he needs Varadharajan alive so that he can give Varalakshmi back to Sugan.<br />
<br />
Sugan decides that Parasu should impersonate Varadharajan alive since the real Varadharajan is dead. He comes there with Parasu but finds the assassin trying to kill Sugan. Vijaykrishna wants Varadharajan back, but it was not he who called Sugan. Sugan and Vijaykrishna get into a fight along with Sampath, who gets into a fight with the hitwoman. Another police officer, ACP Vikram, kills the female assassin and returns Varalakshmi safely. A few days later, at Varadharajan's funeral, Sugan learns the truth about Varadharajan's death. A man named Avinash was in love with Varadharajan's daughter only for money, but Sugan and Parasu inadvertently stopped their love on the way to the new branch opening.<br />
<br />
Avinash uses his brother to get his love back by bringing Sugan and Parasu using Maya, and Maya used drugs to make Sugan and Parasu very drunk. Then the assassin arrives and kills Maya, so she does not tell Sugan the truth. Sugan figures out that Avinash's brother, who is none other than Vikram, was behind everything. Soon, Riyaz and Vijaykrishna also find out the truth. Riyaz tells Sugan to kill Vikram, Sugan fights with Vikram, and they both fall from the office into the swimming pool below. What happens to either of them is unknown.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Karthi]] as Sugan<br />
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Priyanka<br />
* [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]] as Vijay Krishna<br />
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Varadharajan Mudaliar<br />
* [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as ACP Vikram<br />
* [[Sampath Raj]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer Riyaz Ahmed<br />
* [[Premgi Amaren|Premji]] as Parasuram<br />
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Subbu<br />
* [[Madhumitha]] as Varalakshmi<br />
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as AC Sampath<br />
* [[Mandy Takhar]] as Maya<br />
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Hari<br />
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as Hitwoman<br />
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] as Kasi Vishwanathan<br />
* [[J. Livingston]] as Thomas<br />
* [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]] as Rohini<br />
* [[Tharika]] as Kalpana<br />
* [[Rethika Srinivas]] as Revathi<br />
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Gopi<br />
* [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]] as Sam<br />
* [[Haanii Shivraj]] as Shwetha<br />
* [[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]] as Chandrasekhar<br />
* Leena Maria Paul as Sree Devi<br />
* Sangeetha Gopal as Shanthi<br />
* Mithun Maheswaran as Kiran<br />
* Rajkumar Pitchumani as Avinash’s friend <br />
{{colend}}<br />
; Special appearances by:<br />
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Jai Kanth<br />
* [[Aravind Akash]] as himself<br />
* [[Ashwin Kakumanu]] as himself<br />
* [[Mahat Raghavendra]] as himself<br />
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as himself<br />
* [[Vijay Vasanth]] as himself<br />
* [[Sakthi Saravanan]] as doctor<br />
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] as himself<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development===<br />
Following the release of ''[[Mankatha]]'', Venkat Prabhu was reported to be writing a script for [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-23 |title=Venkat Prabhu meets Kamal Haasan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-meets-kamal-haasan-news-tamil-lkwqlecbeba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024192625/http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-meets-kamal-haasan-news-tamil-lkwqlecbeba.html |archive-date=2011-10-24 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In December 2011, he was signed up by Studio Green, the production company owned by Suriya's cousin K. E. Gnanavelraja, while later the month the director informed that Suriya had agreed to be part of his next film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-15 |title=Suriya to start a new genre in Kollywood |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30520216_1_suriya-script-ravi-teja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122940/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/news-interviews/30520216_1_suriya-script-ravi-teja |archive-date=2013-12-24 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which he was planning to shoot in [[3D film|3D]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-09 |title=Venkat Prabhu's next film with Suriya to be shot in 3D style |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/venkat-prabhus-next-film-suriya-be-shot-3d-style-432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109064856/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/venkat-prabhus-next-film-suriya-be-shot-3d-style-432 |archive-date=2012-01-09 |access-date=2013-08-16}}</ref> Further more, the media carried reports that it would be a [[bilingual]], made simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu, and feature Telugu actor [[Ravi Teja]], [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]] in other lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-23 |title=Suriya, Teja to sizzle together |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20120223201202232042228925c1e80a7/Suriya-Teja-to-sizzle-together.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103070307/http://bangaloremirror.com/article/25/20120223201202232042228925c1e80a7/Suriya-Teja-to-sizzle-together.html |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2012, while Venkat Prabhu was still working on the script, giving it the final touch,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-24 |title=Venkat Prabhu holidays in Dubai! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-holidays-in-dubai-news-tamil-meyleCbbaci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426003148/http://www.sify.com/movies/Venkat-Prabhu-holidays-in-Dubai-news-tamil-meyleCbbaci.html |archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Suriya chose to work with director [[Hari (director)|Hari]] on [[Singam II|the sequel]] to his ''[[Singam]]'' first after completing ''[[Maattrraan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-25 |title=Suriya to roar once again with Singam 2 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-to-roar-once-again-with-singam-2-news-tamil-meznPDfejcb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011903/http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-to-roar-once-again-with-singam-2-news-tamil-meznPDfejcb.html |archive-date=2012-04-26 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-25 |title='Singam 2' to roll after 'Maatraan' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81381.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426233323/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/81381.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> which prompted Venkat Prabhu to make another film for Studio Green instead with Suriya's brother Karthi in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-28 |title=Venkat Chooses Karthi Over Suriya |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-12-04/karthi-suriya-28-04-12.html |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was named ''Biriyani'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-28 |title='Biriyani': Venkat Prabhu&nbsp;— Karthi's next! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82511.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529205543/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82511.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> and the director stated that the same team of his previous four films, comprising music composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, cinematographer Sakthi Saravanan, editors Praveen K. L. and N. B. Srikanth and costume designer [[Vasuki Bhaskar]], would work on ''Biriyani''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-05 |title=Venkat Prabhu starts cooking Biriyani! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-starts-cooking-biriyani-news-tamil-mhfkaubdebe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705184521/http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-prabhu-starts-cooking-biriyani-news-tamil-mhfkaubdebe.html |archive-date=2012-07-05 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was launched on 16 July 2012 after a small [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-19 |title=Biriyani kicks off in style |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/120719/entertainment-kollywood/article/biriyani-kicks-style |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224115424/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/120719/entertainment-kollywood/article/biriyani-kicks-style |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |df=dmy-all}}</ref> but filming did not start until November 2012, since Venkat Prabhu was reworking his script and the casting was not finished yet.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-18 |title=Venkat Prabhu reworks Biryani script |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/news-interviews/32729594_1_venkat-prabhu-studio-green-biryani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130113757/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/news-interviews/32729594_1_venkat-prabhu-studio-green-biryani |archive-date=2014-01-30 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He made it clear that the film planned with Suriya earlier was an "entirely different script",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-19 |title=Venkat Prabhu's Suriya film is still on |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/120719/entertainment-kollywood/article/venkat-prabhus-suriya-film-still |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112306/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/120719/entertainment-kollywood/article/venkat-prabhus-suriya-film-still |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and that he would work on that project later,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title='it's a school reunion': Venkat Prabhu |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130715/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98it%E2%80%99s-school-reunion%E2%80%99-venkat-prabhu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718111131/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130715/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98it%E2%80%99s-school-reunion%E2%80%99-venkat-prabhu |archive-date=18 July 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |df=dmy-all}}</ref> while revealing that ''Biriyani'''s script was initially intended for actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-26 |title=Ajith and Vijay have a Biryani connection |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-26/news-interviews/39537714_1_biriyani-ajith-and-vijay-venkat-prabhu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207100954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-26/news-interviews/39537714_1_biriyani-ajith-and-vijay-venkat-prabhu |archive-date=2013-12-07 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
Venkat Prabhu's brother Premgi Amaren, who had been part of all his brother's ventures, was given an "almost parallel role" as the lead character's best friend in ''Biriyani''.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2012-06-06 |title=Samantha to share Biriyani with Karthi ? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-to-share-biriyani-with-karthi-news-tamil-mggivkaebfj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607044619/http://www.sify.com/movies/Samantha-to-share-Biriyani-with-Karthi-news-tamil-mggivkaebfj.html |archive-date=2012-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> For the lead female role, the production team first approached [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]].<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Bollywood actresses [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] were also considered for the role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-10 |title=Parineeti Chopra opposite Karthi |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/parineeti-chopra-opposite-karthi-217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610042048/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/parineeti-chopra-opposite-karthi-217 |archive-date=2012-06-10 |access-date=2013-08-16}}</ref> but in early July 2012, Bengali actress [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] was selected for the role, who said that she played "a typical girl in it; someone who's mischievous and not-so innocent".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-06 |title=Richa in Venkat Prabhu's Biriyani! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-06/news-interviews/32552478_1_richa-gangopadhyay-mankatha-parineeti-chopra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207040840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-06/news-interviews/32552478_1_richa-gangopadhyay-mankatha-parineeti-chopra |archive-date=2013-12-07 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, she left the project by mid-October 2012 due to "changes in the role and script".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-29 |title=Richa out of Venkat Prabhu's 'Biriyani'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/richa-out-of-venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani-news-tamil-mk3msCabggf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030213418/http://www.sify.com/movies/richa-out-of-venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani-news-tamil-mk3msCabggf.html |archive-date=2012-10-30 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After Gangopadhyay's exit, Venkat Prabhu expressed interest in casting [[Nayantara]] for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2012 |title=Will Ileana or Nayanthara share 'Biriyani' with Karthi ? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/will-ileana-or-nayanthara-share-biriyani-with-karthi-news-tamil-mkljcSiehec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012232043/http://www.sify.com/movies/will-ileana-or-nayanthara-share-biriyani-with-karthi-news-tamil-mkljcSiehec.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while later the month Hansika Motwani was finalized to play the leading lady of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2012 |title=Venkat Prabhu finally chooses his Biriyani girl |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-12-04/venkat-prabhu-biriyani-28-10-12.html |access-date=28 October 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Motwani told that she played a journalist named Priyanka, while classifying the film as a "black comedy thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-24 |title=Marriage, not in near future: Hansika |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/marriage-not-in-near-future-hansika-news-tamil-nhykV0ifidg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726184939/http://www.sify.com/movies/marriage-not-in-near-future-hansika-news-tamil-nhykV0ifidg.html |archive-date=2013-07-26 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sources reported that the film had two female leads and that [[Neetu Chandra]] had been approached to play the other lead.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite web |date=2012-10-30 |title=Richa opts out; Neetu in Biryani? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/news-interviews/34816578_1_richa-gangopadhyay-neetu-chandra-hansika |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-30/news-interviews/34816578_1_richa-gangopadhyay-neetu-chandra-hansika |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Venkat Prabhu was also keen on casting Bollywood actress [[Diana Penty]] for the role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-19 |title=Diana Penty in Biriyani? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/news-interviews/32731357_1_venkat-prabhu-diana-penty-biriyani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130806234523/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/news-interviews/32731357_1_venkat-prabhu-diana-penty-biriyani |archive-date=2013-08-06 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which finally went to British Indian model and actress in Punjabi films, Mandy Takhar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandy Takhar joins 'Biriyani' gang! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mandy-takhar-joins-biriyani-gang-news-tamil-mlfknIbeeba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108022233/http://www.sify.com/movies/mandy-takhar-joins-biriyani-gang-news-tamil-mlfknIbeeba.html |archive-date=8 November 2012 |access-date=7 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> who said that she played a "strong, modern girl", describing her character as "sexy and sensuous", that she said was "not what I am".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-18 |title=I'm sexy and sensuous: Mandy Thakar |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/news-interviews/36414434_1_venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani-karthi-punjabi-films |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521055109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/news-interviews/36414434_1_venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani-karthi-punjabi-films |archive-date=2013-05-21 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Takhar, who Venkat Prabhu zeroed in after seeing her photos from her Hindi film ''[[Bumboo]]'', added that she had allotted 20 days of shooting for the film, had to put on weight for the role and had done a [[pole dance]] in the song "Mississippi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=2013-01-29 |title=I put on weight for Biriyani |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1439766.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203075349/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1439766.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Further more, sources indicated that the newly married couple [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] had been roped in for the film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2012 |title=Sneha and Prasanna for Venkat Prabhu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-12-02/venkat-prabhu-sneha-09-07-12.html |access-date=8 July 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> although Venkat Prabhu refused to comment about this.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-14 |title=Sneha and Prasanna in Venkat Prabhu's Biryani |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/sneha-and-prasanna-venkat-prabhus-biryani-757 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714044052/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/sneha-and-prasanna-venkat-prabhus-biryani-757 |archive-date=2012-07-14 |access-date=2013-08-16}}</ref> Later, in an interview to ''[[The Hindu]]'', Prasanna stated that he played an important role in it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. R. Manigandan |date=2012-09-29 |title=A day to remember |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-day-to-remember/article3948820.ece |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Ramki was recruited in November 2012 for an important role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2012 |title=Ramki, Venkat Prabhu's new ingredient |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news-interviews/35317897_1_venkat-prabhu-biriyani-sakthi-saravanan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331004123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news-interviews/35317897_1_venkat-prabhu-biriyani-sakthi-saravanan |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=23 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] was also approached by the director to play a pivotal role, but she declined the offer.<ref name="indiatimes2" /> Nithin Sathya and Sampath Raj, two regulars in Venkat Prabhu's films, joined the cast in December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-12 |title=Nithin Sathya and Sampath join Biriyani team |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/89094.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216064438/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/89094.html |archive-date=16 December 2012 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Later additions to the cast included Prem, television actor and mimic Badava Gopi, playing the role of a cameraman,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikhil Raghavan |date=2013-05-13 |title=Shotcuts: The South connect |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/shotcuts-the-south-connect/article4711425.ece |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Uma Riyaz Khan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-30 |title=This mommy rocks! |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130530/entertainment-kollywood/article/mommy-rocks |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003214701/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130530/entertainment-kollywood/article/mommy-rocks |archive-date=3 October 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Madhumitha,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-22 |title=Madhumitha wishes Nandha |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-22/news-interviews/40726562_1_wedding-reception-nandha-biriyani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-22/news-interviews/40726562_1_wedding-reception-nandha-biriyani |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Bangalore]] socialite Sangeetha Gopal,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-02 |title=Sangeetha gets busy in Kollywood |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-02/news-interviews/35530258_1_sangeetha-second-film-tamil-film-industry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930175208/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-02/news-interviews/35530258_1_sangeetha-second-film-tamil-film-industry |archive-date=2013-09-30 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Sam Anderson (Tamil actor)|Sam Anderson]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Sam Anderson joins 'Biriyani' team |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sam-anderson-joins-biriyani-team/301237-71.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208232208/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sam-anderson-joins-biriyani-team/301237-71.html |archive-date=2013-12-08 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> Reports suggested that Canadian film critic [[Review Raja]] had done a dance number choreographed by Shobhi during his visit in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja shakes a leg at DC |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130216/entertainment-kollywood/article/raja-shakes-leg-dc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220094422/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130216/entertainment-kollywood/article/raja-shakes-leg-dc |archive-date=20 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
The film's [[principal photography]] was to start in August 2012,<ref name="indiatimes1" /> but was delayed because of changes in the script and the cast. It was then supposed to begin by early October 2012 in Ambur,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-30 |title=Biriyani to kickstart in Ambur |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/news-interviews/34164412_1_biriyani-100th-film-director-venkat-prabhu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/news-interviews/34164412_1_biriyani-100th-film-director-venkat-prabhu |archive-date=2013-12-24 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but was officially commenced on 5 November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-07 |title=Karthi shoots 'Biriyani' with Premgi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-shoots-biriyani-with-premgi-news-tamil-mlhnxRdfcdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109125906/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-shoots-biriyani-with-premgi-news-tamil-mlhnxRdfcdc.html |archive-date=2012-11-09 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> following a test shoot on 1 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Hansika confirmed for Biriyani, test shoot begins |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87804.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102130023/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/87804.html |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The first day of shoot involved scenes between Karthi and Premji, which was carried out on a set inside a house near the [[Kodambakkam]] railway station in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karthi and Permgi start cooking 'Biriyani' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/news-interviews/34971877_1_studio-green-karthi-venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019113026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/news-interviews/34971877_1_studio-green-karthi-venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=7 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The short Chennai schedule was followed by schedules in [[Gingee Fort|Senji]], Ambur and Pondicherry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Biriyani unit off to Ambur |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/biriyani-unit-off-to-ambur-news-tamil-mlpjUOfjiac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116142357/http://www.sify.com/movies/Biriyani-unit-off-to-Ambur-news-tamil-mlpjUOfjiac.html |archive-date=2012-11-16 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A set of a hotel worth {{INR}} 1 crore was erected in Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-08 |title=1 crore hotel to serve Biriyani ! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/1-crore-hotel-to-serve-biriyani-news-tamil-mmil8cigcgi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209185722/http://www.sify.com/movies/1-crore-hotel-to-serve-Biriyani-news-tamil-mmil8cigcgi.html |archive-date=2012-12-09 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> where action scenes and songs were shot for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-08 |title='Biriyani' in a costly hotel |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-08/news-interviews/35688297_1_venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani-hansika-and-premji-100th-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207083804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-08/news-interviews/35688297_1_venkat-prabhu-s-biriyani-hansika-and-premji-100th-film |archive-date=2013-12-07 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Motion capture]] technology was used to film a fight sequence involving Karthi, Nitin Sathya, Murugadas and [[Panchu Subbu]] which was shot with a multiple camera setup at [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-02 |title='Biriyani' uses motion capture |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90572.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204001843/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/90572.html |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date=2013-02-08 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> The unit then took a break as Karthi moved on to shoot his other film ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' simultaneously,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-03 |title=Karthi to simultaneously shoot two films |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/news-interviews/37409380_1_biriyani-karthi-sivakumar-venkat-prabhu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/news-interviews/37409380_1_biriyani-karthi-sivakumar-venkat-prabhu |archive-date=2013-06-29 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and filming was continued on 30 March 2013 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Karthi's Biriyani to be re-heated from March 31 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-biriyani-to-be-re-heated-from-march-31-news-tamil-nd2whqgddea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330080459/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthis-biriyani-to-be-re-heated-from-march-31-news-tamil-nd2whqgddea.html |archive-date=2013-03-30 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> 60% of the film had been completed at that time, according to the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-01 |title=Karthi Busy with 'Biriyani' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92357.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403093252/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/92357.html |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vijay Vasanth, Vaibhav Reddy, Ashwin Kakumanu, Aravind Akash and Mahat Raghavendra, who had all been part of Venkat Prabhu's ''Mankatha'', dropped by Hyderabad for a day to take part in the shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-09 |title=Cameos continue for Venkat Prabhu, Venkat Prabhu, Biryani |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/cameos-continue-for-venkat-prabhu-venkat-prabhu-biryani-09-04-13.html |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Although a 14-day schedule was planned in Hyderabad, the unit returned within three days to Chennai, after facing with opposition from the stunt union of Andhra Pradesh. The crew was allowed to shoot a fight sequence on a train, for which {{INR}} 40 lakh had been paid in advance, after which they returned to Chennai and resume the shoot there, where new sets had been created at the AVM studios, the [[Buckingham and Carnatic Mills|Binny Mills]] and the [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]] (OMR).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=2013-04-20 |title=Biriyani climax fight caught in stuntmen row |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Biriyani-climax-fight-caught-in-stuntmen-row/2013/04/20/article1552549.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222071804/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Biriyani-climax-fight-caught-in-stuntmen-row/2013/04/20/article1552549.ece |archive-date=22 December 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Venkat Prabhu further said that the crew would be heading to [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] in May to shoot two songs involving Karthi and Hansika.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=2013-03-27 |title=Biriyani heads to Spain and Portugal |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1518349.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330074831/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1518349.ece |archive-date=30 March 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> By mid-June, the entire talkie portion had been canned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-21 |title=Biriyani ready, hot and piping |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-21/news-interviews/40708097_1_biriyani-venkat-prabhu-laugh-riot |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220005338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-21/news-interviews/40708097_1_biriyani-venkat-prabhu-laugh-riot |archive-date=2013-12-20 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The final song, choreographed by Kalyan, was shot in July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-21 |title=Biriyani, Venkat Prabhu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/biriyani-venkat-prabhu-21-07-13.html |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Although the team had planned to shoot the song in a foreign country,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-11 |title=Venkat Prabhu decides on Chennai 600027, Venkat Prabhu, Biriyani |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/venkat-prabhu-decides-on-chennai-600027-venkat-prabhu-biriyani-11-07-13.html |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> it was eventually filmed in [[Meenambakkam]], Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-12 |title=Venkat Prabhu to shoot in Chennai 600027 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/news-interviews/40535698_1_venkat-prabhu-biriyani-pin-code |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220005442/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/news-interviews/40535698_1_venkat-prabhu-biriyani-pin-code |archive-date=2013-12-20 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> where two sets had been created,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-18 |title=Karthi & Hansika song picturisation in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-hansika-song-picturisation-in-chennai-news-tamil-nhsjBkbjhfb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721215830/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-hansika-song-picturisation-in-chennai-news-tamil-nhsjBkbjhfb.html |archive-date=2013-07-21 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> with Venkat Prabhu intending to shoot the song in the style of a [[Broadway musical]], who went on to add that "the backgrounds in the song will keep changing throughout".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-18 |title=It's Broadway style for Karthi and Hansika |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Its-Broadway-style-for-Karthi-and-Hansika/articleshow/21121491.cms |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Main|Biriyani (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
Yuvan Shankar Raja composed the soundtrack and film score for ''Biriyani'', continuing his association with Venkat Prabhu, which will be his 100th film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-13 |title=Yuvan to hit century with Biriyani |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/news-interviews/32663199_1_venkat-prabhu-yuvan-shankar-raja-biriyani |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/news-interviews/32663199_1_venkat-prabhu-yuvan-shankar-raja-biriyani |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-14 |title=Yuvan hits century with 'Biriyani' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-hits-century-with-biriyani-news-tamil-mhooqPgahcb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716124552/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-hits-century-with-biriyani-news-tamil-mhooqPgahcb.html |archive-date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Prabhu has stated that the soundtrack album will have "at least 8 to 9 songs".<ref name="issuu1">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=Southscope march2013 by Southscope and Ritz Magazine |url=http://issuu.com/ssritzweb/docs/march_2013_issue_check_6 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=ISSUU}}</ref> Besides poet [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and the director's father [[Gangai Amaren]], who regularly work in Prabhu's films, Niranjan Bharathi, who penned the song "Nee Naan" in the director's previous venture ''[[Mankatha (soundtrack)|Mankatha]]'', and [[Madhan Karky]] were brought on board to write the lyrics, the latter collaborating the first time with Yuvan Shankar Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-27 |title=One More Ingredient to Karthi's Biriyani |url=http://www.top10cinema.com/article/20817/one-more-ingredient-to-karthis-biriyani |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609154341/http://www.top10cinema.com/article/20817/one-more-ingredient-to-karthis-biriyani |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=Top10 Cinema}}</ref> After being convinced by the director, film's lead actor Karthi agreed to sing a song titled "Mississippi" for the soundtrack, making his debut in [[playback singing]],<ref name="issuu1" /> which was recorded in December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-04 |title=Karthi croons for 'Biriyani' under Yuvan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-croons-for-biriyani-under-yuvan-news-tamil-mmekG6fejga.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205105205/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthi-croons-for-biriyani-under-yuvan-news-tamil-mmekG6fejga.html |archive-date=2012-12-05 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In late July 2013, four leading contemporary music directors, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[S. Thaman]], [[Vijay Antony]] and [[D. Imman]], were roped in to sing the number "Thirumbi Vaa", which was termed as a "motivational song" by the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-31 |title=GV, Thaman, Imman and Vijay Antony sing for Yuvan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-31/news-interviews/40914125_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-imman-vijay-antony |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803112133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-31/news-interviews/40914125_1_yuvan-shankar-raja-imman-vijay-antony |archive-date=2013-08-03 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Two remixes were produced by Yuvan Shankar Raja himself, for the first time remixing his own composition, and Premgi Amaren, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-01 |title=Yuvan's first remix effort for Biriyani |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/yuvans-debut-in-his-100th-yuvan-shankar-raja-biriyani-01-08-13.html |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The audio rights of the soundtrack were acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] in May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-21 |title=Sony Music to celebrate Yuvan's record! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sony-Music-to-celebrate-Yuvans-record/articleshow/20167981.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921223556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-21/news-interviews/39417543_1_sony-music-biriyani-starring-karthi-uk-beauty-mandy-tahkar |archive-date=2013-09-21 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 16 August, the audio tracks were leaked online causing an uproar from the team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-17 |title=Yuvan's Biriyani audio leaked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Yuvans-Biriyani-audio-leaked/articleshow/21875717.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820203150/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/news-interviews/41420314_1_biriyani-audio-piracy-leak |archive-date=2013-08-20 |access-date=2013-08-18 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> It was later announced that, due to the leak, the planned audio launch was subsequently cancelled and that the album would be directly released to stores on 21 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am not on any social media: Karthi |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130821/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-am-not-any-social-media-karthi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130821085508/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130821/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-am-not-any-social-media-karthi |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> But the audio launch eventually happened at an undisclosed [[FM station]] on 21 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-21 |title='Biriyani': Yuvan's 100th Music Album Officially Launched&nbsp;– International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/500537/20130821/biriyani-yuvan-audio-launch-music-karthi-venkatprabhu.htm |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> The audio received positive response from critics as well as audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biriyani Songs Review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/biriyani/biriyani-songs-review.html |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biriyani&nbsp;– is served...! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/17353.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320131625/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/17353.html |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biriyani Music Review |url=http://www.musicperk.com/biriyani/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165420/http://www.musicperk.com/biriyani/ |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=28 August 2013 |website=Musicperk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biriyani Music Review |url=http://tamil.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_tamil/Biriyani-Music-Review-16279-247098.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204213749/http://tamil.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_tamil/Biriyani-Music-Review-16279-247098.html |archive-date=4 December 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013 |website=way2movies.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biriyani (Music review), Tamil&nbsp;– Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2013/08/21/biriyani-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |access-date=21 August 2013 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Marketing==<br />
Although costume designer Vasuki Baskar wrote on her social media account that the first look of the film would be released on 13 November, during the [[Diwali]] festival,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-11 |title='Biriyani's first look on Deepavali |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1331979.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122114057/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1331979.ece |archive-date=22 November 2012 |access-date=2013-08-16 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> it was unveiled on 15 December 2012 at Yuvan Shankar Raja's concert in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-28 |title=Biriyani first look at Yuvan's concert |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/news-interviews/35410527_1_venkat-prabhu-s-briyani-yuvan-shankar-raja-100th-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/news-interviews/35410527_1_venkat-prabhu-s-briyani-yuvan-shankar-raja-100th-film |archive-date=2013-12-24 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A 75-second teaser of the film was released on 25 May 2013, on the occasion of Karthi's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-25 |title=Check out 'Biriyani' teaser |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news-interviews/39520832_1_biriyani-sakthi-saravanan-much-awaited-teaser |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019112450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news-interviews/39520832_1_biriyani-sakthi-saravanan-much-awaited-teaser |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. [[Studio Green]] initially finalised 6 September 2013 as the release date, to be coinciding with the 2013 [[Vinayagar Chaturthi]] festival. The makers then planned to release the film on 11 October 2013 coinciding with [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] festival<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-23 |title='Biriyani' is Vinayaga Chathurthi Special |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95744.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725072944/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/95744.html |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=2013-08-16 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> But the date was changed to January 2014, and later to 20 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchander |date=2013-11-14 |title=Karthi's Biriyani In December |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2013/karthi-biriyani-december-124805.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024308/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2013/karthi-biriyani-december-124805.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> In early August 2013, ATMUS Entertainment announced that it had acquired the US theatrical screening rights for the film. The film was given [[U/A certificate]] by the [[Censor Board]]. The film's producer initially went to the revision committee to get a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] to enjoy the benefit of entertainment tax exemption, but the committee rejected the appeal and awarded the film with a U/A certificate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2013 |title=Christmas 2013 Releases: 'Dhoom 3', 'Biriyani', 'D for Dopidi', 'Oru Indian Pranayakatha' and Other Films – International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/530226/20131215/dhoom-3-biriyani-d-dopidi-christmas2013-releases.htm |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title='Biriyani' vs 'Endrendrum Punnagai' vs 'Dhoom 3': Big Box Office Battle from 20 December [WATCH TRAILERS&#93; – International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/531097/20131219/biriyani-endrendrum-punnagai-dhoom3-box-office-trailer.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225060819/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/531097/20131219/biriyani-endrendrum-punnagai-dhoom3-box-office-trailer.htm |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Biriyani'' released in 1050 screens worldwide on 20 December 2013 with tough competition from ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' and ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''.<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
''Biriyani'' received positive reviews from critics. Among the positive reviews were from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Venkat Prabhu definitely knows how to have a cake and eat it too. Fun is certainly the core of all his movies, even when the genres are varied. That is the case with ''Biriyani'' as well. It is essentially a murder mystery but Venkat seasons it with his brand of wink wink nudge nudge filmmaking, and turns it into an engaging entertainer".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Biriyani movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/biriyani/movie-review/27708728.cms |access-date=2013-12-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Behindwoods gave 3.25 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Venkat Prabhu's ''Biriyani'' while adhering to the director's recipe, has humor, suspense, music, action and glamour in delectable portions resulting in a delicious product".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=Biriyani (aka) Biriyani review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/biriyani/biriyani-review.html |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Though the film takes its own sweet time to get a move on, once it gathers momentum, there is no stopping till the end, where there is an exciting climax, as well as an anticlimax, in typical Venkat Prabhu style", calling it "a fun-filled thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=Review: This Biriyani is well-made |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-this-biriyani-is-well-made/20131220.htm |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Indiaglitz gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Through the first half the ingredients make up a commercial pot boiler and the build up to the story is slow and steady. The last 20 minutes serves the twist in the tale, and a round of applause to the director to have correlated the events of 2 hours in the final climax".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-20 |title=Biriyani Tamil Movie Review |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/17353.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320132910/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/17353.html |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Intelligent line, sensible humour, particularly at the most unexpected moments, Sakthi Saravanan's contribution with the lens, Silva's noteworthy action choreography and Karthi's energy are scoring points of this Venkat Prabhu offering. Youth should find the ''Biriyani'' quite tasty".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=2013-12-21 |title=Biriyani: Tasty fare |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/biriyani-tasty-fare/article5486864.ece |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[hindustantimes]] wrote, "this Biriyani is hard to digest."<br />
<br />
[[Sify]] wrote, "''Biriyani'' is the blandest one you must have had in recent times. The larger problem here is that this film doesn't have the crackle and pop of a rom-com, a thriller or even cleverly written comic lines".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Biriyani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/biriyani-review-tamil-15045656.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221011234/http://www.sify.com/movies/biriyani-review-tamil-15045656.html |archive-date=2013-12-21 |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Venkat Prabhu's ''Biriyani'' despite being fairly satisfying is not excellent because it gets too starchy due to unwanted ingredients. While the use of situational comedy works to some extent but what we see in some scenes is not humorous but downright awful and the double entendres directed at women are uncalled for".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-21 |title=Movie review: this Biriyani is hard to digest |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-review-this-biriyani-looks-sumptuous-but-is-starchy/article1-1164970.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225162846/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Movie-review-this-Biriyani-looks-sumptuous-but-is-starchy/Article1-1164970.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Hindustan Times |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another reviewer from The Hindu wrote, "It's (the) irreverent fun that makes this film different from regular thrillers. Despite some good ingredients and reasonably good cooking methods, there's something that doesn’t come together and stops this from being a delectable meal".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |date=2013-12-20 |title=Biriyani: Almost delectable |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/biriyani-almost-delectable/article5482837.ece?homepage=true |access-date=2013-12-28 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Venkat Prabhu's ''Biriyani'' falls flat and struggles to make an impact with the audience with a nonsensical love story and even worse thriller plot. The director's attempt at infusing some comedy as well, fails, with crass jokes on women that are almost nauseating to watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yellapantula |first=Suhas |title=Karthi's 'Biriyani' Served Cold to the Audience |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Karthis-Biriyani-Served-Cold-to-the-Audience/2013/12/21/article1956361.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110312/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Karthis-Biriyani-Served-Cold-to-the-Audience/2013/12/21/article1956361.ece |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt2638104}}<br />
<br />
{{Venkat Prabhu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Prabhu]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 black comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]<br />
[[Category:Studio Green films]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lokmanya_Tilak_Terminus%E2%80%93Manmad_Godavari_Express&diff=513520Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Manmad Godavari Express2026-05-02T22:27:21Z<p>Vikv10: made first stub w/ infobox - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{distinguish|Hyderabad–Visakhapatnam Godavari Express}}<br />
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Mumbai LTT-Manmad Godavari Express<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br />
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| first = <br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Manmad}} (MMR)<br />
| stops = 8<br />
| end = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] (LTT)<br />
| distance = {{convert|240|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 4 hours 25 minutes <br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class Seating]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = No <br />
| autorack = Overhead racks <br />
| catering = On-board catering<br />
| observation = Large windows <br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = Available <br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats <br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br />
| el = <br />
| trainnumber = 12117 / 12118<br />
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
| map =<br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 12117 / 12118 '''Mumbai LTT-Manmad Godavari Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] in India.<br />
<br />
==Coaches==<br />
<br />
Godavari Superfast Express presently has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], 3 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class]] seating & 14 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]] coaches.<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
<br />
The 12118/12117 Godavari Superfast Express covers the distance of 245 kilometres in 4 hours 25 mins (55.47&nbsp;km/h) in both directions. As the average speed of the train is above 55&nbsp;km/h, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
<br />
It is hauled from end to end by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan |Kalyan Loco Shed]] based [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2P]] electric locomotive.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:22102 Manmad Mumbai CST Rajya Rani Express - 2nd Class seating coach.jpg|12118 Manmad–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Godavari Superfast Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]] coach<br />
File:22102 Manmad Mumbai CST Rajya Rani Express - AC Chair Car coach.jpg|12118 Manmad–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Godavari Superfast Express – [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]] coach<br />
File:22102 Manmad Mumbai CST Rajya Rani Express with WCAM 3 locomotive.jpg|12118 Manmad–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Godavari Superfast Express with [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]] locomotive<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Timetable==<br />
<br />
*12118 Godavari Superfast Express leaves Manmad Junction every day at 08:35 hrs IST and reaches Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus at 13:28 hrs IST the same day.<br />
*12117 Godavari Superfast Express leaves Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus every day at 15:45 hrs IST and reaches Manmad Junction at 20:28 hrs IST the same day.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Panchvati Express]]<br />
* [[Manmad Mumbai CST Rajya Rani Express]]{{update inline|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Central Railway}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Manmad]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadapa_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=507304Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency2026-04-24T02:49:59Z<p>Vikv10: article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Kadapa<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Kadapa.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]]<br>[[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]<br>[[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]<br>[[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]<br>[[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]<br>[[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]<br>[[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]<br />
| electors = 16,06,127<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| mp = [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It comprises seven assembly segments and belongs to [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Assembly Segments==<br />
Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following Legislative Assembly segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan=2 |Leading<br/>{{small|(in 2024)}}<br />
|-<br />
|124<br />
|[[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel]] (SC)<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]<br />
|[[Dasari Sudha]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}} <br />
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}} <br />
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]<br />
|-<br />
|126<br />
|[[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]<br />
|[[Reddeppagari Madhavi Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}} <br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}} <br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|-<br />
|129<br />
|[[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]<br />
|[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}} <br />
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|YSR Congress Party}} <br />
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]<br />
|-<br />
|130<br />
|[[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]<br />
|[[Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}} <br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}} <br />
|rowspan="4"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|-<br />
|131<br />
|[[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]<br />
|[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
|132<br />
|[[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]]<br />
|[[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]<br />
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}} <br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|-<br />
|133<br />
|[[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]]<br />
|[[Putta Sudhakar Yadav]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
|[[Y. Eswara Reddy]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
|[[V. Rami Reddy]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Y. Eswara Reddy]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kandula Obul Reddy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |<br />
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|D. Narayana Reddy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=4<br />
}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|}<br />
^By Poll<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Kadapa]]<ref name="Y.S. Avinash Reddy retains Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Y.S. Avinash Reddy retains Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ys-avinash-reddy-retains-kadapa-lok-sabha-constituency/article68252004.ece |accessdate=21 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621182410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ys-avinash-reddy-retains-kadapa-lok-sabha-constituency/article68252004.ece |archivedate=21 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]|votes=6,05,143|percentage=45.78|change={{decrease}}18.01}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy|votes=5,42,448|percentage=41.03|change=+8.24}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Y. S. Sharmila]]|votes=1,41,039|percentage=10.67|change={{increase}}9.97}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 16,846<br />
|percentage = 1.27<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=62,695|percentage=4.75|change={{decrease}}26.25}}<br />
{{Election box total valid<br />
| votes = 13,21,975<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,27,619|percentage=80.89|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,41,349|change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==== Legislative Assembly Constituency-wise Results 2024 ====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! No.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election to the house of people/Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the 21-Kadapa Parliamentary Constituency|url=https://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/General%20Elections-2024/21-Kadapa%20PC_NEW%20(OK).pdf |website=CEO Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><br />
! Constituency<br />
! 1st Position<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! 2nd Position<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! 3rd Position<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
! Votes<br />
|-<br />
|124 <br />
| [[Badvel Assembly constituency|Badvel (SC)]] <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| '''91,211''' <br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 62,342<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 10,552<br />
|-<br />
|126 <br />
| [[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]<br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| '''66,090''' <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| 62,015<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 52,132<br />
|-<br />
|129<br />
| [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendula]] <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| '''1,08,134''' <br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| 47,757<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 25,956<br />
|-<br />
|130<br />
| [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]] <br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| '''79,750''' <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| 75,232<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 12,080<br />
|-<br />
|131 <br />
| [[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]] <br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| '''1,02,318''' <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| 96,996<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 6,079<br />
|-<br />
|132 <br />
| [[Proddatur Assembly constituency|Proddatur]] <br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| '''90,964''' <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| 83,233<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 19,964<br />
|-<br />
|133<br />
| [[Mydukur Assembly constituency|Mydukur]] <br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| '''83,137''' <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| 81,585<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 9,632<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2|Postal Ballot Papers<br />
| Ch. Bhupesh Subbarami Reddy<br />
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
| '''10,090''' <br />
| [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}<br />
| 6,737<br />
| [[Y. S. Sharmila]]<br />
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 4,644<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Kadapa<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 783,499<br />
|percentage = 63.79<br />
|change = +7.84<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 402,773 <br />
|percentage = 32.79<br />
|change = -7.31<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 14,692<br />
|percentage = 1.20<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 3,80,726<br />
|percentage = 31.00<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 12,28,242<br />
|percentage = 78.22<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,70,330 <br />
|ref= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = +8.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election, 2014]]: Kadapa<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Y. S. Avinash Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 671,983<br />
|percentage = 55.95<br />
|change = -4.20<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Reddeppagari Srinivasa Reddy<br />
|votes = 481,660<br />
|percentage = 40.10<br />
|change = +27.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Veena<br />
|votes = 14,319<br />
|percentage = 1.19<br />
|change = -13.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Malikireddy Hanumantha Reddy<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 5,515<br />
|percentage = 0.46<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Yellipalem Ramesh Reddy<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = 3,809<br />
|percentage = 0.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Attirala Narain Reddy<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|votes = 1,927<br />
|percentage = 0.16<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 6,058<br />
|percentage = 0.50<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 190,323<br />
|percentage = 15.85<br />
|change = -44.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 12,00,662<br />
|percentage = 77.45<br />
|change = -0.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|swing = -11.20<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Bye-Election 2011===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2011: Kadapa}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = YSR Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 6,92,251<br />
|percentage = 67.15<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = D. L. Ravindra Reddy<br />
|votes = 146,579<br />
|percentage = 14.22<br />
|change = -38.65<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[M. V. Mysura Reddy]]<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|votes = 129,565<br />
|percentage = 12.57<br />
|change = -22.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = V. P. Reddy<br />
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)<br />
|votes = 6,577<br />
|percentage = 0.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = J. M. R. Chinta<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 5,247<br />
|percentage = 0.51<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 5,45,672<br />
|percentage = 52.93<br />
|change = +35.5<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 10,30,978<br />
|percentage = 77.54<br />
|change = +1.39<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = YSR Congress Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = +58.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Kadapa<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 542,611<br />
|percentage = 52.87<br />
|change = -3.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Palem Srikanth Reddy<br />
|votes = 363,765<br />
|percentage = 35.44<br />
|change = -4.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = Dr. Khaleel Basha<br />
|votes = 63,309<br />
|percentage = 6.17<br />
|change = +6.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Jambapuram Muni Reddy<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 10,761<br />
|percentage = 1.05<br />
|change = +1.05<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Vangala Shashi Bhushan Reddy<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 7,171<br />
|percentage = 0.70<br />
|change = +0.70<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 178,846<br />
|percentage = 17.43<br />
|change = +1.35<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 10,26,285<br />
|percentage = 76.15<br />
|change = +4.51<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = -3.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Kadapa<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 461,431<br />
|percentage = 56.33<br />
|change = +5.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = [[M. V. Mysura Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 329,757<br />
|percentage = 40.25<br />
|change = -6.96<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = [[T Bhaskar Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 10,250<br />
|percentage = 1.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Indi reddy Thimma Reddy]]<br />
|votes = 5,242<br />
|percentage = 0.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Subba Rao Vitta<br />
|votes = 3,932<br />
|percentage = 0.48<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Pyramid Party of India<br />
|candidate = K Kondaboina Sreenivasulu<br />
|votes = 1,759<br />
|percentage = 0.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = C Balavarada Reddy<br />
|votes = 1,115<br />
|percentage = 0.14<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Republican Party of India<br />
|candidate = B Narayana Reddy<br />
|votes = 903<br />
|percentage = 0.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Ambedkar National Congress<br />
|candidate = Putha Ramaprasada Reddy<br />
|votes = 825<br />
|percentage = 0.10<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Party<br />
|candidate = G Ravindranatha Reddy<br />
|votes = 759<br />
|percentage = 0.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = C Gopi Narasimha Reddy<br />
|votes = 746<br />
|percentage = 0.09<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)<br />
|candidate = Chandipiralla Sivanatha Reddy<br />
|votes = 731<br />
|percentage = 0.09<br />
|change = -0.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh<br />
|candidate = O Subba Reddy<br />
|votes = 649<br />
|percentage = 0.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
|candidate = Pechara Venkateshwar Rao<br />
|votes = 617<br />
|percentage = 0.07<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Party<br />
|candidate = N Bhaskara Reddy<br />
|votes = 485<br />
|percentage = 0.06<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 130,674<br />
|percentage = 16.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 819,201<br />
|percentage = 71.65<br />
|change = +5.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===1999===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Cuddapah<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]<br />
| votes = 3,67,833<br />
| percentage = 50.89<br />
| change = +0.20<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| candidate = Kandula Rajamohan Reddy<br />
| votes = 3,41,236<br />
| percentage = 47.21<br />
| change = +2.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Siva Sankara Reddy Devireddy<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|votes = 5,177<br />
|percentage =0.72<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 26,597<br />
| percentage = 3.68<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 7,22,854<br />
| percentage = 66.28<br />
| change = -0.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = <br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===1998===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Cuddapah]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
| votes = 374,762<br />
| percentage = 50.69<br />
| change = +1.94<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kandula Rajamohan Reddy|votes=320,881|percentage=43.40|change=-4.63}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nagendra Prasad Kadiri|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=28,349|percentage=3.83|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Lakkireddy Sudhakara Reddy|party=Independent (politician)|votes=9,212|percentage=1.25|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gopal Reddy Gurijala|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,340|percentage=0.18|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=53,881|percentage=7.29|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=739,280|percentage=66.75|change=+1.16}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===1996===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: [[Cuddapah]]}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
| votes = 368,611<br />
| percentage = 48.75<br />
| change = -26.54<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| candidate = Kandula Rajamohan Reddy<br />
| votes = 363,166<br />
| percentage = 48.03<br />
| change = +26.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 5,435<br />
| percentage = 0.72<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 756,079<br />
| percentage = 65.59<br />
| change = -2.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = <br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===1991===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: [[Cuddapah]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]]<br />
| votes = 583,953<br />
| percentage = 75.29<br />
| change = +15.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| candidate = [[C. Ramachandraiah]]<br />
| votes = 165,028<br />
| percentage = 21.28<br />
| change = -17.90<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Gouru Pulla Reddy<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 16,785<br />
|percentage = 2.16<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 418,925<br />
| percentage = 54.01<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 775,576<br />
| percentage = 68.12<br />
| change = -2.23<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===1989===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: [[Cuddapah]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]<br />
| votes = 480,524<br />
| percentage = 60.16<br />
| change = +16.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| candidate = [[M. V. Ramana Reddy]]<br />
| votes = 313,772<br />
| percentage = 39.28<br />
| change = -12.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 166,752<br />
| percentage = 20.89<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 798,740<br />
| percentage = 70.35<br />
| change = -1.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/kadapa/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kadapa lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{coords|14.5|78.8|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Kadapa district]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adarsh_Nagar,_Delhi_Assembly_constituency&diff=484539Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency2026-04-18T23:43:29Z<p>Vikv10: Creating...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Adarsh Nagar<br />
| mla = [[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| state = [[Delhi]]<br />
| district = [[North Delhi]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no = 4<br />
}}<br />
'''Adarsh Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India. Adarsh Nagar is also one of the most posh and upscale colonies in Delhi with large markets, wide roads and big bungalows. It is easily accessible by [[Delhi Metro]], [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] or Metro Feeder Services. It is a crime free region.<br />
Adarsh Nagar Assembly constituency is a part of [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] Lok Sabha constituency.<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
| Jai Prakash Yadav<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[Mangat Ram Singhal]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
| [[Ram Kishan Singhal]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Pawan Kumar Sharma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Adarsh Nagar}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]<br />
|votes = 52,510<br />
|percentage = 52.27<br />
|change = +7.07<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Goel<br />
|votes = 41,028<br />
|percentage = 40.84<br />
|change = -4.36<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Shivank Singhal <br />
|votes = 5,460<br />
|percentage = 5.43<br />
|change = -4.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 377<br />
|percentage = 0.38<br />
|change = -0.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 11,482<br />
|percentage = 11.43<br />
|change = +10.89<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,00,460<br />
|percentage = 56.55<br />
|change = -3.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| loser =Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/><br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/><br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Adarsh Nagar <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/|title=General Legislative Election 2020|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Sharma|Pawan Sharma]]<br />
|votes = 46,892<br />
|percentage = 45.20<br />
|change = -6.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Raj Kumar Bhatia<br />
|votes = 45,303<br />
|percentage = 43.66<br />
|change = +12.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Goel<br />
|votes = 10,014<br />
|percentage = 9.65<br />
|change = -4.94<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Chander Pal<br />
|votes = 532<br />
|percentage = 0.51<br />
|change = -0.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 419<br />
|percentage = 0.40<br />
|change = -0.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,589<br />
|percentage = 1.54<br />
|change = -18.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,03,800<br />
|percentage = 59.86<br />
|change = -6.82<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|swing = -6.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/><br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Adarsh Nagar}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Pawan Kumar Sharma]]<br />
| votes = 54,026<br />
| percentage = 51.36<br />
| change = +23.63<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Ram Kishan Singhal]]<br />
| votes = 33,285<br />
| percentage = 31.64<br />
| change = -6.4<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = Mukesh Kumar Goel<br />
| votes = 15,341<br />
| percentage = 14.58<br />
| change = -11.73<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
| votes = 459<br />
| percentage = 0.43<br />
| change = -0.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 20,741<br />
| percentage = 19.72<br />
| change = +9.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 1,05,252<br />
| percentage = 66.72<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| loser =Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/><br />
<br />
=== 2013 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/> <br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Adarsh Nagar <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=4 |title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Ram Kishan Singhal]]<br />
| votes = 36,985<br />
| percentage = 38.08<br />
| change = -1.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Jagdeep Rana]]<br />
| votes = 26,929<br />
| percentage = 27.73<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Mangat Ram Singhal]]<br />
| votes = 25,554<br />
| percentage = 26.31<br />
| change = -18.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Ashwani Ahuja<br />
| votes = 5,645<br />
| percentage = 5.81<br />
| change = -6.48<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party<br />
| candidate = Archana Singh<br />
| votes = 284<br />
| percentage = 0.29<br />
| change = -0.35<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian Democratic Party<br />
| candidate = Balram Mandal<br />
| votes = 259<br />
| percentage = 0.27<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Anil Nagpal<br />
| votes = 252<br />
| percentage = 0.26<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Deepak Kumar<br />
| votes = 232<br />
| percentage = 0.24<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress<br />
| candidate = Kedar Prasad<br />
| votes = 197<br />
| percentage = 0.20<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
| votes = 777<br />
| percentage = 0.80<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 10,056<br />
| percentage = 10.35<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 96,769<br />
| percentage = 66.44<br />
| change = +7.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/><br />
<br />
===2008===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Adarsh Nagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf|title=2008 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Mangat Ram Singhal]]<br />
| votes = 36,445<br />
| percentage = 44.84<br />
| change = -2.28<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Ravinder Singh (politician)|Ravinder Singh]]<br />
| votes = 31,993<br />
| percentage = 39.29<br />
| change = +7.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Sanjay Nagpal<br />
| votes = 9,990<br />
| percentage = 12.29<br />
| change = -1.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Sudhir Pathak<br />
| votes = 753<br />
| percentage = 0.93<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| candidate = Ram Saran Ram<br />
| votes = 654<br />
| percentage = 0.80<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party<br />
| candidate = Vijay Singh Sisodia<br />
| votes = 520<br />
| percentage = 0.64<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Sheikh Zahid<br />
| votes = 259<br />
| percentage = 0.32<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Lal Singh<br />
| votes = 223<br />
| percentage = 0.27<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Vinod Kumar<br />
| votes = 118<br />
| percentage = 0.15<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Ajay Kumar<br />
| votes = 112<br />
| percentage = 0.14<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Vijender Kumar<br />
| votes = 96<br />
| percentage = 0.12<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Rajeev<br />
| votes = 93<br />
| percentage = 0.11<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
| party = [[Matra Bhakta Party|MBP]]<br />
| candidate = Sunil Kumar Gupta<br />
| votes = 79<br />
| percentage = 0.10<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 4,512<br />
| percentage = 5.55<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 81,275<br />
| percentage = 59.12<br />
| change = +10.31<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/><br />
<br />
=== 2003 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title = Delhi Legislative Assembly election, 2003: Adarsh Nagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf|title=2003 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Mangat Ram Singhal]]<br />
| votes = 29,290<br />
| percentage = 47.12<br />
| change = -14.63<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Ravinder Singh (politician)|Ravinder Singh]]<br />
| votes = 19,958<br />
| percentage = 32.11<br />
| change = +2.23<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Rajesh Chauhan<br />
| votes = 8,296<br />
| percentage = 13.35<br />
| change = +7.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
| candidate = Ajay Tyagi<br />
| votes = 2,677<br />
| percentage = 4.31<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Inderjeet<br />
| votes = 749<br />
| percentage = 1.20<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Sarla Devi<br />
| votes = 275<br />
| percentage = 0.44<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Samajwadi Party<br />
| candidate = Kripa Shanker<br />
| votes = 258<br />
| percentage = 0.42<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Shiv Sena<br />
| candidate = Suresh Tomar<br />
| votes = 173<br />
| percentage = 0.28<br />
| change = +0.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharat Kranti Rakshak Party<br />
| candidate = Sarla Singh Rajpasi<br />
| votes = 158<br />
| percentage = 0.25<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Jai Prakash Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Iqbal Qureshi<br />
| votes = 148<br />
| percentage = 0.24<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Abdul Rehman<br />
| votes = 108<br />
| percentage = 0.17<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtravadi Janata Party<br />
| candidate = Vishbhnath Mehto<br />
| votes = 69<br />
| percentage = 0.11<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 9,332<br />
| percentage = 15.01<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 62,159<br />
| percentage = 48.81<br />
| change = -1.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/><br />
<br />
=== 1998 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Adarsh Nagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf|title=1998 Election Commission of India|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713095940/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Mangat Ram Singhal]]<br />
| votes = 37,818<br />
| percentage = 61.75<br />
| change = +27.65<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (politician)|Jai Prakash Yadav]]<br />
| votes = 18,300<br />
| percentage = 29.88<br />
| change = -4.30<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Shiv Charan Bhaskar<br />
| votes = 3,620<br />
| percentage = 5.91<br />
| change = -2.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Pardip Skhokin<br />
| votes = 839<br />
| percentage = 1.37<br />
| change = -7.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Dr Kishan Kumar Goyal<br />
| votes = 223<br />
| percentage = 0.36<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Lok Dal<br />
| candidate = Rajni George<br />
| votes = 142<br />
| percentage = 0.23<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Shiv Kumar Bhardwaj<br />
| votes = 96<br />
| percentage = 0.16<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party<br />
| candidate = Virender Singh<br />
| votes = 96<br />
| percentage = 0.16<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Shiv Sena<br />
| candidate = Ajay Kumar<br />
| votes = 45<br />
| percentage = 0.07<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Vijay Gupta<br />
| votes = 44<br />
| percentage = 0.07<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Avdesh Mishra<br />
| votes = 25<br />
| percentage = 0.04<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 19,518<br />
| percentage = 31.87<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 61,248<br />
| percentage = 50.08<br />
| change = -14.76<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/><br />
<br />
=== 1993 ===<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Adarsh Nagar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf|title=1993 Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (politician)|Jai Prakash Yadav]]<br />
| votes = 17,020<br />
| percentage = 34.18<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Mangat Ram Singhal]]<br />
| votes = 16,980<br />
| percentage = 34.10<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Guru Surender Vig<br />
| votes = 5,930<br />
| percentage = 11.91<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Janata Dal<br />
| candidate = Lakshmi Chand Singhal<br />
| votes = 4,335<br />
| percentage = 8.71<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Shiv Charan<br />
| votes = 3,958<br />
| percentage = 7.95<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Communist Party of India<br />
| candidate = Ram Saran Ram<br />
| votes = 727<br />
| percentage = 1.46<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party<br />
| candidate = Virender Singh<br />
| votes = 162<br />
| percentage = 0.33<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Delhi Poorvanchal Party<br />
| candidate = Kunal<br />
| votes = 145<br />
| percentage = 0.29<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Karunesh<br />
| votes = 92<br />
| percentage = 0.18<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)<br />
| candidate = Sat Prakash Gupta<br />
| votes = 75<br />
| percentage = 0.15<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Ashok Khurana<br />
| votes = 63<br />
| percentage = 0.13<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Shiv Kumar<br />
| votes = 54<br />
| percentage = 0.11<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Om Prakash<br />
| votes = 50<br />
| percentage = 0.10<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Sushil Kr Goel<br />
| votes = 41<br />
| percentage = 0.08<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Dharam Pal<br />
| votes = 36<br />
| percentage = 0.07<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Surender Kumar<br />
| votes = 33<br />
| percentage = 0.07<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Rajiv Kumar<br />
| votes = 30<br />
| percentage = 0.06<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Ram Chander<br />
| votes = 22<br />
| percentage = 0.04<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = S P Gupta<br />
| votes = 21<br />
| percentage = 0.04<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Balraj Gulati<br />
| votes = 20<br />
| percentage = 0.04<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 40<br />
| percentage = 0.08<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 49,794<br />
| percentage = 64.84<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[First Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]<br />
* [[Second Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]<br />
* [[Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]<br />
* [[Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]<br />
* [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]<br />
* [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}<br />
{{coord|28.720|77.173|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:North Delhi district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]<br />
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyanktesh_Vishnu_Dravid&diff=545134Vyanktesh Vishnu Dravid2026-04-18T21:52:19Z<p>Vikv10: Made A Pg More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician and unionist (1913–1994)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
[[File:VV Dravid in 1965.png|thumb|Dravid in 1965]]'''Vyanktesh Vishnu Dravid''' (10 August 1913 – 1994) was an Indian politician and [[trade union]]ist. He was the Labour Minister in the state governments of [[Madhya Bharat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 1952 to 1964. Dravid was a key figure in the labour movement in [[Indore]] and Madhya Pradesh for many years, as an influential leader of the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC) and the Indore Mill Mazdoor Sangh.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Dravid was born on 10 August 1913, in [[Aligarh]], [[British Raj]].<ref name=glance>{{cite book | first1=T. V. | last1=Rama Rao | first2=G. D. | last2=Binani | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b9NOnb8WigC | title=India at a Glance: A Comprehensive Reference Book on India | publisher=Orient Longmans | date=1954 | page=554}}</ref><ref name=wholeg>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=uSLQa8Qxnq8C Who's who in Legislature, Vol. 1]''. Free India Publishing Syndicate, 1953. p. 190</ref> His parents were Vishnu and Lakshmibai.<ref name=infa>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=WIBmAAAAMAAJ India Who's who]''. INFA Publications, 1997. p. 47</ref> They came from a South Indian Brahman family, which had been assimilated into Marathi culture in Nagpur.<ref name=rwjo/> They had been traditionally orthodox but adapted to modernization.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
Dravid obtained a B.Sc. degree from Victoria College in [[Gwalior]] in 1934.<ref name=glance/><ref name=wholeg/> He worked at the Institute of Plant Industry in Indore.<ref name=wholeg/> Dravid was introduced to labour organising through his maternal uncle N.H. Dravid, who was the leader of the Textile Labour Association in Indore.<ref name=rwjo/> N.H. Dravid was a disciple of [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] and [[Khandubhai Kasanji Desai]].<ref name=rwjo/> N.H. Dravid recommended his nephew to go to Ahmedabad for a political apprenticeship there in the labour movement.<ref name=rwjo/> In 1937 V.V. Dravid went to Ahmedabad, where he worked for the Textile Labour Association under the tutelage of Gulzarilal Nanda.<ref name=rwjo/><ref name=wholeg/><ref name=infa/><ref name=hcr>[[Harold Crouch]]. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=YS1YAAAAYAAJIndian Working Class]''. Sachin Publications, 1979. pp. 101, 130, 143-144</ref> Dravid played a key role in the Indore Textile Inquiry Committee.<ref name=wholeg/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===Building the IMMS===<br />
In the period leading up to [[World War II]] the textile workers union movement in Indore had come under communist control. Maharaja [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]] requested support from pro-Congress trade unions.<ref name=rwjo/> In response [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] sent Dravid and [[Ramsingh Bhai Verma]] to Indore to build a pro-Congress textile workers trade union to compete with the communists.<ref name=rwjo/> They founded the Indore Mill Mazdoor Sangh in December 1941.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid and Verma emerged as popular leaders and came to constitute a faction in the [[Indian National Congress]] in Indore.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid and Verma were arrested during the 1942 [[Quit India movement]], and spent nearly a year and a half in detention.<ref name=glance/><ref name=rwjo/> In jail, they befriended Gangaram Tiwari, whom they recruited to IMMS.<ref name=rwjo/> They were released in late 1943, after which the IMMS was reactivated.<ref name=wholeg/><ref name=rwjo/><ref name=hcr/> By 1943 IMMS had some 1,760 members.<ref name=rwjo/> By 1945, the IMMS membership had grown to around 5,000.<ref name=rwjo/> Apart from regular trade union activities, IMMS also engaged in social welfare activities and setting up workers housing colonies.<ref name=hcr/><br />
<br />
Dravid was a founding member of the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] in 1947, and served as its organisational secretary for three years.<ref name=glance/> Dravid represented the IMMS in the Central Working Committee of INTUC.<ref name=hcr/> In 1951 he was elected as one of the vice presidents of INTUC.<ref name=hcr/> He was also a member of the Central Labour Committee of the Indian National Congress.<ref name=glance/><br />
<br />
He served as the Minister-in-Charge of Local Self-Government and Labour in the first popular government cabinets in [[Indore State]] in 1947, as Minister of Commerce, Industries and Labour in Madhya Bharat in 1948.<ref name=glance/><ref name=rwjo/><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=d4nEfos5RJAC The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report, Vol. 1,Part 1]''. Manager of Publications, 1949. p. 182</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=0eDgiGUGn2QC Indian Information, Vol. 24]''. 1949. p. 22</ref> Dravid supervised the Labour Commissioner A. S. Banawalikar, who drew up the ''Banawalikar Report'' which would become the prescriptive basis for labour legislations of Madhya Bharat and Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=rwjo/> When the state of Madhya Bharat was constituted Dravid did not join the cabinet himself, but the Labour portfolio was given to INTUC allies under Dravid's influence.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
===1952 elections===<br />
As of the 1952 elections there were three main factions in the party, the ''{{ill|Nai Duniya (Indore newspaper)|lt=Nai Duniya|hi|नईदुनिया}}'' faction (representing the former [[Praja Mandal]] movement), the Khadiwala faction (Hindi-speaking Brahmans) and the labour faction of Verma and Dravid. The labour faction and ''Nai Duniya'' faction got two seats each to contest in the [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election]] whilst the Khadiwala faction got the [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore Lok Sabha seat]]. The labour faction candidates were Verma and Dravid. Dravid contested the [[Indore City B Assembly constituency|Indore City B constituency]], which was located to the south of the city, was considered a [[safe seat]] for the Congress Party and which had a predominately rural electorate.<ref name=rwjo/> Verma, on the other hand, contested the constituency were most of the labourers lived.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
Dravid won the Indore City B seat by a wide margin, obtaining 13,596 votes (67.79%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424172230/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA BHARAT]''</ref><br />
<br />
===Madhya Bharat Labour Minister===<br />
Dravid became a cabinet minister in the Madhya Bharat state government after the 1952 election, holding the ministerial portfolios of Development, Labour and Local Self-Government.<ref name=rwjo/> The Chief Minister [[Mishrilal Gangwal]], [[Manohar Singh]] Mehta of the ''Nai Duniya'' faction and Dravid formed a trio of Indore-based leaders that dominated the Madhya Bharat cabinet until 1954. Dravid had close ties with the ''Nai Duniya'' faction and the former princely state bureaucracy. Jones (1974) writes that "[w]ith the exception of Chief Ministers, there does not seem to have been any other political leader in Madhya Bharat or Madhya Pradesh politics who successfully combined and utilized so large an array of interrelated and mutually supportive portfolios and strategically situated bureaucrats for the concentrated satisfaction of a large urban constituency as Dravid did for textile labor."<ref name=rwjo>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 81-83, 86-87, 91, 108-109, 112, 117, 123-124, 163-164, 168, 182, 253-254, 273-276, 279, 291-292, 321, 325-326, 360, 373</ref> <br />
<br />
Between 1953 and 1955, his ministerial portfolios were Development, Labour, Public Health (Engineering) including Town Improvement and Housing.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid played a key role in setting up workers housing estates in Indore through state funds.<ref name=mwe>Myron Weiner, Rajni Kothari. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=mMGJAAAAMAAJ Indian Voting Behaviour: Studies of the 1962 General Elections]''. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhayay, 1965. pp. 72-74, 82</ref> Per Jones (1974) Dravid successfully orchestrated "the regulatory and patronage powers of the line agencies under his command, together with those of the [Indore Improvement Trust] and municipality, Dravid was in a few short years able to produce an impressive set of concrete improvements on behalf of the textile laborers in the city".<ref name=rwjo/> For example, in 1954 Dravid managed to get budget approval for a 230,000 [[Indian rupee]] project for development of the textile labour area in Pardesipura and its immediate surroundings - setting up water wells, water storage tanks and building roads in the area.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
Dravid and Verma worked closely together during two decades, with Dravid representing the labour faction within the state government and Verma being the main organiser.<ref name=rwjo/> Per Jones (1974) there were "differences in their social origins, leadership styles, and personalities. Dravid fits the pundit (priestly) stereotype—a high-status Brahman, a bachelor, earned, intelligent, devotional and restrained in manner, simple in dress, and disciplined in his habits. He spends much of his leisure time reading, writing, and in meditation. He has little enthusiasm for barnstorming or public speaking campaigns, and apparently has a Gandhian aversion to open violence. His personal support among laborers derives to a considerable extent from his Gandhian style, his devotion to the laborers' welfare, and his personal austerity. Dravid's contribution to the partnership has been intellectual (that of a legal strategist), symbolic (high status and Gandhian style), and most important of all, his links with extra-local sources of power and authority: his regular position as Cabinet minister in the state government, and his ties with the Brahman leaders in the Congress high command and the national leadership of INTUC."<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
In 1956 Dravid became the Minister of Labour, Public Health (Engineering), Housing and Agriculture.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid was a member of the Social Welfare Branch of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]].<ref name=glance/><br />
<br />
===Municipal election and the Mohalla Sudhar Samiti movement===<br />
Dravid wished for the localities of Pardesipura and Nandanagar, the areas with the largest textile worker population, to be incorporated into Indore city. Whilst the Indore city council initially resisted this move, by late 1954 the merger occurred.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid built up a grassroots network of Mohalla Sudhar Samitis (neighbourhood improvement associations) under the supervision of Verma and with participation of Tiwari and Mathuralal Sharma. Effectively the Mohalla Sudhar Samitis came to function as a parallel Congress Party structure. The Mohalla Sudhar Samitis were organised in each neighbourhood by IMMS members and employees living in the local area. Through mobilisation of communities through the Mohalla Sudhar Samitis, whereby community members were enlisted as primary members of the Congress Party Dravid and Verma could take control over formal Congress Party structures. First they seized control over Congress Mandal Committees, eventually paving the way to become the majority block in the Indore City Congress Committee. In 1955 the labour faction managed to seize control over the Indore City Congress organisation, installing Tiwari as its new president.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
The majority of candidates for the 1955 Indore municipal election take from the labour faction.<ref name=rwjo/> The takeover of the Indore City branch of the party prompted the ''Nai Duniya'' and Khadiwala factions to bond together to counter Verma and Dravid's influence.<ref name=rwjo/> For the ''Nai Duniya'' and Khadiwala groups, Verma and Dravid continued to be viewed as 'outsiders' to the city.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
===Madhya Pradesh Labour Minister===<br />
Ahead of the [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] Dravid was nominated as the Congress Party candidate in the Indore constituency (also known as 'the [[tehsil]] constituency'), located east of the labour area.<ref name=rwjo/><ref name=mwe/><ref name=mp1957/> The constituency was largely rural, and included villages such as Khajrana, Khajrani, Piplia Hana, Musakhedi, Harsola and Kampel.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid won the seat, obtaining 11,439 votes (60.42%).<ref name=mp1957>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318023135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH]''</ref><br />
<br />
After the 1957 election, Dravid became the Minister of Labour, Rehabilitation, Housing, Chambal Project of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=rwjo/> In 1958 Dravid was one of ten Indore city aldermen nominated by the state government.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid attended the [[International Labour Organization]] conferences in [[Geneva]] thrice - the first time as a workers delegate, second time as the leader of the Indian delegation and the third time as the government delegate in 1959.<ref>Sir Stanley Reed. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=gAIfAQAAMAAJ The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who]''. Bennett, Coleman & Company, 1965. p. 1197</ref><br />
<br />
Relations between INTUC and the Madhya Pradesh state government deteriorated in 1959, and the Madhya Pradesh branch of INTUC adopted a resolution rejecting the 'conservative and reactionary outlook' of the state government.<ref name=hcr/> Nevertheless, Congress state government patronage of INTUC continued, and in September 1959, Dravid introduced the Industrial Relations and Trade Unions Amendment Bill - a piece of legislation that entailed that the state Labour Ministry would only entertain requests from officially recognised unions.<ref name=hcr/> The communist unions protested against the Bill, organizing rallies against it.<ref name=hcr/> The Verma-led INTUC organised a protest in favour of the Bill, but this rally was banned by the State government under [[Section 144]] (Unlawful Assembly).<ref name=hcr/> Verma and other INTUC organisers were arrested weeks later, accused of defying the Section 144 order of the state government.<ref name=hcr/> The arrest, and later conviction, of Verma marked a low point in INTUC-state government relations, in which the central INTUC machinery supported Verma.<ref name=hcr/><br />
<br />
===Dravid-Verma split===<br />
Dravid retained the Indore constituency seat in the [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 12,506 votes (47.48%). Verma stood as the Congress Party candidate in the Indore Lok Sabha seat in the [[1962 Indian general election]].<ref name=mp1962>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509125904/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_MP_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH]''</ref> Verma's parliamentary candidature became the move would break the dominance of the INTUC faction in Indore, and rupture the two decades of partnership of Verma and Dravid.<ref name=rwjo/> The scenario of the INTUC faction holding the parliamentary seat worried local Jain Congress supporters, fearing a total INTUC dominance over city politics.<ref name=rwjo/> Mill owners opposed Verma's candidature.<ref name=mwe/> Verma was defeated in the parliamentary election by the young communist labour leader [[Homi F. Daji]], finishing in second place with 89,389 votes (38.94%).<ref name=rwjo/><ref name=e1962>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1962 TO THE THIRD LOK SABHA]''</ref> In 1962 Dravid was sworn in as the Minister of Labour, Agriculture, Housing and Chambal Project in the Madhya Pradesh state cabinet.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
In the wake of Verma's loss in the 1962 election, tensions between Verma on one hand and Dravid and Tiwari soared.<ref name=rwjo/> By mid-1962 conflict broke out between Verma and Dravid factions of INTUC in Indore.<ref name=mwe/> The conflict escalated in 1963 as Dravid introduced an amendment to the 1959 Industrial Relations and Trade Unions Amendment Bill, which allowed workers to by-pass the officially recognised unions.<ref name=hcr/> Reportedly the Verma-led IMMS had not provided support to workers belonging to the Dravid faction.<ref name=hcr/><br />
<br />
Tensions increased in the latter part of 1963, with violent clashes taking place.<ref name=hcr/> Police was stationed at the local INTUC headquarters.<ref name=hcr/> Verma was detained under the [[Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962|Defence of India Rules]].<ref name=hcr/> As conflict between Verma and Dravid unfolded in Indore, the national INTUC leadership was divided over which local faction to support.<ref name=hcr/> In the end the local INTUC branch was dissolved.<ref name=hcr/> <br />
<br />
==Later years==<br />
Dravid resigned from his ministerial post in February 1964, having been asked to do so in order to rebuild the INTUC organisation in Indore.<ref name=hcr/><ref name=who69/> He returned to Indore to try to reorganise the trade union movement there. But politically the Chief Minister [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]] made Tiwari his protege in Indore INTUC, thus sidelining Dravid. This shift provoked a conflict between followers of Dravid and his former lieutenant Tiwari.<ref name=rwjo/> The INTUC faction in Indore Congress politics fizzled out.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
Dravid served as the president of INTUC 1965 to 1967.<ref name=nehru/><ref>K. Ramachandran Nair. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=jkHtAAAAMAAJ The History of Trade Union Movement in Kerala]''. Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment, 2006. p. 197</ref> Ahead of the [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] the INTUC faction in the Congress Party was divided into the Dravid, Tiwari and Verma factions.<ref name=rwjo/> The Congress Party nominated Tiwari as the candidate for the labour constituency, against the wishes of Dravid.<ref name=rwjo/> Dravid himself declined to contest the election, and his selected candidate Mathuralal Sharma did not get any ticket to stand as a Congress Party candidate.<ref name=rwjo/><br />
<br />
Dravid held the post of the IMMS president, and was the vice president of the Indian National Textile Workers Federation.<ref name=who69>Sir Stanley Reed. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=wmDVAAAAMAAJ Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who]''. Times of India Press, 1969. p. 884</ref> In 1971, Dravid became the founding president of the Indian National Rural Labour Federation.<ref name=infa/><ref>''[https://books.google.at//books?id=nlOP5tT2CPMC&pg=RA13-PA5 Rural Labour on The March]'', in ''Socialist India'', 8 February 1975</ref> Ahead of the [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] Dravid resigned from his post as Madhya Pradesh INTUC president in protest of the move by the Congress Party to allot six seats to the [[Communist Party of India]], albeit Dravid's resignation was later withdrawn.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=BylBAQAAIAAJ Cong-I is a House Divided in Madhya Pradesh]'', in ''Organiser'', 19 February 1972. p. 2</ref> Dravid died in 1994, aged 80 or 81.<ref name=nehru>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=vII7AQAAIAAJ Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 1 January 1953-31 March 1953]''. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, 1984. p. 125</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dravid, Vyanktesh, Vishnu}}<br />
[[Category:1913 births]]<br />
[[Category:1994 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Bharat politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Aligarh]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Indore]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Trade unionists from Madhya Pradesh]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doddajala_metro_station&diff=497493Doddajala metro station2026-04-14T14:33:31Z<p>Vikv10: created pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Doddajala<br />
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}<br />
| style = Namma Metro<br />
| image = Doddajala metro station (Oct '24).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Under construction of this metro station as of October 2024 under Phase 2B of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| address = Thabarahalli, Meenakunte Hosur, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562157<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.18860|77.64487|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]<br />
| platform = [[Island platform]] <small>''(TBC)''</small><br><br />
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} *<br>Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}<br><small>''Platform Numbers (TBC)''<br>* ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} ''' in the future)''</small><br />
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| connections = {{rint|rail|1}} Doddajala Halt railway station<br />
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = <br />
| opening = {{start date and age|June 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| status = Under Construction<br />
| code = DDJ '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)<br />
| architect = <br />
| architectural_style = <br />
| wifi = <br />
| zone = <br />
| smartcardname = <br />
| smartcardstatus = <br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_rank = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Bagalur Cross|to-left1=Hebbala|note-mid1=''(Operational around June 2027)''|right1=Airport City|to-right1=KIAL Terminals|line2=Blue|left2=Bagalur Cross|to-left2=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2027)''|right2=Airport City|to-right2=KIAL Terminals|note-row2=''Train services bound for '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}''' will skip '''Chikkajala, Bettahalasuru''' and proceed towards '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Bagalur Cross}}'''''}}<br />
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
'''Doddajala''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. This metro station will consist of the main [[ITC Limited]] office followed by the main '''Navayuga Devanahalli Tollway Pvt Ltd''' which will lead towards [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in the form of [[Interchange (road)#Trumpet interchange|Trumpet Interchange]] and towards [[Devanahalli]], [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], [[Chikkaballapur]], [[Penukonda]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) and capital city of [[Telangana]], [[Hyderabad]].<br />
<br />
This station will be considered as the depot station which will hold all Namma Metro's Blue Line trainsets for maintenance purposes. This metro station is slated to be operational around June 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau|first=The Hindu|date=2026-03-06|title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece|access-date=2026-04-14|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Doddajala metro station, part of the 15.011 km Reach 2B – Package 3 (Bagalur Cross - KIAL Terminals) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Station layout ==<br />
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Doddajala track layout<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}<br />
| title-color = white<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = HSTg\HSTf<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Airport City}}<br />
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Bagalur Cross}} **<br />
HSTg\HSTf<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform<br/>* '''Skipping ''Chikkajala & Bettahalasuru'''''<br/>** '''Under Construction'''</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''<br />
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level<br />
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br />'''Northbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Airport City metro station|Airport City]]</small><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |<small>[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}">'''Platform #'''<br />'''Southbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} **<br><small>'''Next Station:''' [[Bagalur Cross metro station|Bagalur Cross]] *</small><br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''<br />
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|<small>* ''Skipping '''Chikkajala''' & '''Bettahalasuru''' - Future Stations''<br>** '''''To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} in the future'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bangalore]]<br />
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]<br />
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]<br />
*[[List of metro systems]]<br />
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]<br />
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]<br />
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}<br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
<br />
[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaipur_Marathon&diff=505293Jaipur Marathon2026-04-13T09:12:24Z<p>Vikv10: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Annual international marathon}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox athletics race<br />
| bgcolour = #A61F03<br />
| colour = <br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = 300px<br />
| caption = AU Bank '''Jaipur Marathon'''.<br />
| date = 13 March 2022 (13th Edition)<br />
| location = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India<br />
| type = <br />
| distance = [[Marathon]]<br />
| sponsor = [[AU Small Finance Bank]]<br />
| est = {{Start date|df=yes|2010}}<br />
| record = <!-- '''Men''': 2:15:04<br>{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Abraham Kiprotich]] (2018)<br>'''Women''': 2:37:52<br>{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Rodah Jepkorir]] (2017) --><br />
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.marathonjaipur.com/|Jaipur Marathon}}<br />
| participants = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Jaipur Marathon''' is an annual international [[marathon]] held in [[Jaipur]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-02932/jaipur-marathon-to-see-partici-131896607334 Jaipur Marathon to see participation from over 15 countries]</ref> The event happens each year on a Sunday in February and is one of the largest marathons in Asia. It is also the largest mass participation sporting event on the continent. It started in 2010.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Mukesh Mishra, the director of the Indian Institute of Event Management Research and a fitness enthusiast, is the founder of Jaipur Marathon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: IIEMR :: Indian Institute of Event Management Research {{!}} Indian Institute of Event Management {{!}} Event Management Institutes {{!}} Event Management Courses {{!}} Best Event Management Institutes in Jaipur, Rajasthan|url=http://www.iiemr.com/our_team.asp|access-date=2021-02-05|website=www.iiemr.com}}</ref> The organisers of the event are Sanskriti Yuva Sanstha and [[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park]], believed that Jaipur would be able to support such a [[Road running|road race]] in India. The first event was held in 2010.<br />
<br />
Since it began, Jaipur Marathon has supported various events and marathon formats. It has been endorsed by socialites, international brand ambassadors, Bollywood celebrities, and athletes like [[Salman Khan]], [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Sonam K Ahuja]], [[Arbaaz Khan|Arbaz Khan]], [[Malaika Arora]], [[Milind Soman]], [[Sonika Kaliraman]], [[Dharmendra]], [[S. Sreesanth|Sreesanth]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Mugdha Godse]], and [[Shriya Saran]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newsdesk|first=Finisher|title=Launching the Au Bank Jaipur Marathon in London|url=https://finishermag.com/news/running/launching-the-au-bank-jaipur-marathon-in-london/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Finisher Magazine|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Jaipur Marathon route is among the world's ten fastest courses.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}<br />
<br />
Jaipur Marathon was recognized by the World Book of Records{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} as the ''Largest Running Event'' in India in 2018 with 80,000 participants in various race categories. The race was also recognized by the Global Conference London as the ''Best Marathon of India'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 January 2019|title=It's raining Records at AU Bank Jaipur Marathon, India's Largest Marathon Event|url=http://marathonsofindia.com/its-raining-records-at-au-bank-jaipur-marathon-indias-largest-marathon-event/#:~:text=Largest%20Running%20Event%20of%20India,by%20World%20Book%20of%20Records.|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Marathons of India}}</ref> It is the only marathon in India where more than 15 world records were made in various categories since its inception.<br />
<br />
== Marathon details ==<br />
=== Pre-race activity ===<br />
Two days before the race, a Bib Expo is organized where the runners can collect their running bibs and kit. The Expo carries a range of running-related products to assist runners.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Registrations: Jaipur Marathon, Marathon, Marathon in Jaipur, Half Marathon in Jaipur, Dream Run in Jaipur|url=http://www.marathonjaipur.com/registrations-Kit.asp|access-date=2021-02-05|website=www.marathonjaipur.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Categories ===<br />
The event seven different race categories: marathon (42.195&nbsp;km), half marathon (21.097&nbsp;km), IIEMR (10&nbsp;km), dream run (6&nbsp;km), youth run (6&nbsp;km), senior citizens' run (3&nbsp;km), ''beti bojh nahi hai'' run (2&nbsp;km), and wheel chair run (6&nbsp;km).<ref>{{cite web|title=AU JAIPUR MARATHON RACE PROFILE|url=http://www.marathonjaipur.com/race-profile.asp|website=www.marathonjaipur.com|access-date=13 January 2017|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116154306/http://www.marathonjaipur.com/race-profile.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The marathon starts from the South Gate of [[Ram Niwas Garden]], Jaipur. It passes many of the city's iconic locations such as [[Albert Hall Museum]], Kesargarh, Dolls Museum, Tri Murti Circle, Ravindra Manch, [[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Mandir]], [[University of Rajasthan]], Kulish Smriti Van, [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|MNIT]], [[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park]], and [[Jawahar Circle]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: IIEMR :: Indian Institute of Event Management Research {{!}} Indian Institute of Event Management {{!}} Event Management Institutes {{!}} Event Management Courses {{!}} Best Event Management Institutes in Jaipur, Rajasthan|url=http://www.iiemr.com/our_team.asp|access-date=2021-02-05|website=www.iiemr.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ambassadors ===<br />
The event ambassadors for the Jaipur Marathon have been:<br />
<br />
* 2010—[[Salman Khan]]<ref>{{cite news|author=IANS|date=24 January 2010|title=Salman fans create chaos in Jaipur Marathon|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/salman-fans-create-chaos-in-jaipur-marathon/story-eQQBl8On7OnebiyjR3OxRN.html|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref><br />
* 2011—[[Salman Khan]]<br />
* 2012—[[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Mugdha Godse]], [[Shriya Saran]] <br />
* 2013—[[Akshay Kumar]], [[Rahul Dravid]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rahul Dravid cheers runners at the Jaipur Marathon|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rahul-dravid-cheers-runners-at-the-jaipur-marathon/story-opSHUZzspBojqL6xqLyrKK.html|website=Hindustantimes.com|date=27 January 2013 }}</ref><br />
* 2014—[[Farhan Akhtar]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Farhan Akhtar will flag off the Jaipur Marathon on 2 nd February|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Farhan-Akhtar-will-flag-off-the-Jaipur-Marathon-on-2-nd-February/articleshow/29715893.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Farhan Akhtar to flag Jaipur Marathon|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-to-flag-jaipur-marathon/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 January 2014 }}</ref><br />
* 2015—[[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Malaika Arora Khan]], [[Sonam Kapoor]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sonam Kapoor, Malaika Arora Khan to attend Jaipur Marathon|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sonam-Kapoor-Malaika-Arora-Khan-to-attend-Jaipur-Marathon/articleshow/45732562.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=जयपुर मैराथन में सजेगी डॉली की डोली|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/india/dolly-ki-doli-stars-sonam-kapoor-arbaz-khan-malika-arora-in-jaipur-marathon-355901.htmls|website=Patrika.com}}</ref><br />
* 2016—[[Suniel Shetty]]<br />
* 2017—[[Kangana Ranaut]]<ref>{{cite web|title=कंगना रनोट AU जयपुर मैराथन को दिखाएंगी हरी झंडी, इस अंदाज में दिखेंगी वे|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-10-kangana-ranaut-will-flag-off-au-jaipur-marathon-jp0925-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128120754/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-10-kangana-ranaut-will-flag-off-au-jaipur-marathon-jp0925-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2017|website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref><br />
The Maharaja of Jaipur [[H H Maharaja Sawai Padmanabh Singh of Jaipur|H H Maharaja Sawai Padmanabh Singh]] is the Youth Ambassador of the Jaipur Marathon.<ref>{{cite web|title=H H Maharaja Sawai Padmanabh Singh is associated with AU Marathon|url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-10-members-of-royal-family-of-jaipur-padmanabh-singh-is-associated-with-au-marathon-jp0925-NOR.html?seq=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113155834/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-10-members-of-royal-family-of-jaipur-padmanabh-singh-is-associated-with-au-marathon-jp0925-NOR.html?seq=3|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2017|website=bhaskar.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Winners ===<br />
'''Key:'''<br />
{{legend2|#A9F5A9|'''Course record'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
{{legend2|#F7BE81|Half marathon|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!class=unsortable|Edition<br />
!Year<br />
!class=unsortable|Men's winner<br />
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])<br />
!class=unsortable|Women's winner<br />
!Time ([[hour|h]]:[[minute|m]]:[[second|s]])<br />
|-<br />
|1st<br />
|2010<br />
|rowspan=2|''Winner not available''<br />
|rowspan=2|''Time not available''<br />
|rowspan=2|''Winner not available''<br />
|rowspan=2|''Time not available''<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|2nd<br />
|2011<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|3rd<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|2012<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Charles Wachera]]|KEN}}<br />
|1:06:56<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Teresa Bayisa]]|ETH}}<br />
| style="background:#a9f5a9;"|'''1:13:39'''<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|4th<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|2013<br />
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagathlete|[[Charles Wachera]]|KEN}}<br />
|1:03:40<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Agnes Jepkosgei]]|KEN}}<br />
|1:11:12<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|5th<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|2014<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Charles Wachera]]|KEN}}<br />
|1:02:54<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Mesirak Bedilu]]|ETH}}<ref>[http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20140203/2332790.html 50000 run for awareness in Ambuja Jaipur Marathon]</ref><br />
|1:13:55<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|6th<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|2015<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Simon Kiprugut]]|KEN}}<br />
|style="background:#a9f5a9;"|'''1:02:28'''<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Pauline Mutwa]]|KEN}}<br />
|1:11:08<br />
|-<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|7th<br />
|bgcolor=#F7BE81|2016<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Worku Dires]]|ETH}}<ref>[https://more.arrs.run/runner/40582 ARRS-Runner:Worku Dires Chekol]</ref><br />
|1:03:57<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Meseret Gezahegn]]|ETH}}<br />
|1:15:20<br />
|-<br />
|8th<br />
|2017<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Ashish Kumar (runner)|Ashish Kumar]]|IND}}<br />
|2:27:37<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Shyamali Sing]]|IND}}<br />
|3:05:59<br />
|-<br />
|9th<br />
|2018<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Indrajeet Yadav]]|IND}}<br />
|2:36:03<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Shyamali Sing]]|IND}}<br />
|style="background:#a9f5a9;"|'''3:02:32'''<br />
|-<br />
|10th<br />
|2019<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Ashish Kumar (runner)|Ashish Kumar]]|IND}}<br />
|style="background:#a9f5a9;"|'''2:26:15'''<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Gunjan Khurana]]|IND}}<br />
|3:57:32<br />
|-<br />
|11th<br />
|2020<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Japhet Rono]]|KEN}}<br />
|2:34:29<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|Elizabeth|IND}}<br />
|3:20:06<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2022<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Pankaj Dhaka]]|IND}}<br />
|2:30:08<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Pooja Kumari]]|IND}}<br />
|3:21:47<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2023<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Sarvesh Kumar (runner)|Sarvesh Kumar]]|IND}}<br />
|2:28:11<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|Pooja|IND}}<br />
|3:08:13<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2024<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|[[Shrawan Kumar (runner)|Shrawan Kumar]]|IND}}<br />
|2:31:04<br />
|align=left|{{flagathlete|Chatru|IND}}<br />
|3:02:19<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Charity ==<br />
The Jaipur Marathon is one of India's largest charity platforms to raise funds for [[non-profit organization]]s. [[NGO]]s represent issues surrounding civic and community development, disability, education, environment and health, human rights, social services and women, children, and the aged. NGOs use this event as a platform to raise awareness for their work and to directly raise funds. Fundraising is facilitated by an easy-to-use model designed for all groups to raise funds.<ref>{{cite web|title=AU Jaipur Marathon:रन फोर रीजन के लिए कैंपेन करेंगे 50 से ज्यादा एनजीओ|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-10-2637450-jp0556-NOR.html|website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref> The Corporate Challenge is a category for companies who wish to sponsor employee teams to participate in events and raise funds. Fundraising is encouraged through donations and contributions received from friends, family, and colleagues in support of the charities and causes chosen by the participant.<br />
<br />
=== Sponsors/partners ===<br />
{{columns-list|<br />
* Title Sponsor: AU Bank Jaipur Marathon<br />
* Associate Sponsor: Rajasthan Tourism<br />
* Timing Partner: Timing Technologies<br />
* Hospitality Partner: [[Holiday Inn]]<br />
* Fitness Partner: [[Rajasthan Royals]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan Royals tie up with Ambuja Jaipur Marathon 2012<br />
|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/rajasthan-royals-tie-up-with-ambuja-jaipur-marathon-2012-5328652637_1.html|website=www.indiainfoline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan Royals lends helping hand to Jaipur Marathon | date=9 January 2012 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/rajasthan-royals-lends-helping-hand-to-jaipur-marathon_735364.html|publisher=Zee News | accessdate=6 February 2019 }}</ref><br />
* Medical Partner: EHCC Hospital<br />
* Print Partner: [[Dainik Bhaskar]]<br />
* Radio Partner: FM Tadka<br />
* Event by: IIEMR - INSTITUTE OF EVENT MANAGEMENT<br />
* Supported by: [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]] & [[Rajasthan Police]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.marathonjaipur.com}}<br />
* [https://www.nextlap.in/event/au-jaipur-marathon-jaipur-2027 Next Lap – Jaipur Marathon race listing]<br />
<br />
{{Road running competitions in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Marathons in India]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2010]]<br />
[[Category:Sport in Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Annual sporting events in India]]<br />
[[Category:2010 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._R._Saraswathy_Amma&diff=507003K. R. Saraswathy Amma2026-04-10T03:58:41Z<p>Vikv10: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{onesource|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = K. R. Saraswathy Amma<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = February 1923<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1999|7|20|1923|2|}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| constituency = [[Chengannur]]<br />
| office = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 1960<br />
| term_end1 = 1965<br />
| predecessor1 = R. Sankaran Thampi<br />
| successor1 = P. G. P. Pillai<br />
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''K. R. Saraswathy Amma''' (February 1923 - July 1999) was an Indian politician who served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (M.L.A.) of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Idukki]] from 1960 to 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m608.htm |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{India-poli-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1923 births]]<br />
[[Category:1999 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala Congress politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasudev_V._Shenoy&diff=543788Vasudev V. Shenoy2026-04-04T00:55:28Z<p>Vikv10: Made A Details From Scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vasudev Vaman Shenoy<br />
| image = Dad pic0001.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|02|15}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Borkatte]], [[Karkala taluk]], [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|03|09|1940|02|15}}<br />
| death_place = [[Belgaum]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Founder Director of [[Students' Information & Guidance Bureau]]<br /> [[Journalist]]<br /> [[Social Activist]]<br />
| spouse =Aruna V Shenoy<br />
| children = 3<br />
}}<br />
'''Vasudev Vaman Shenoy''' (15 February 1940 – 9 March 2015), better known as '''V. V. Shenoy''', was a notable [[educationist]], [[Educational Counsellor|educational counsellor]], [[journalist]] and a [[Social Activist|social activist]]. He was also a plants enthusiast and popular for developing the Panchavati Terrace Gardens on the terrace of his house frequented by several eminent personalities over time. He is the Founder Director of ''[[Students' Information & Guidance Bureau]]'', an institution recognised for educational counselling, solving unemployment problems and for supporting, and encouraging students to pursue their educational programs for further employment and choice of career. V.V.Shenoy died on 9 March 2015 due to medical complications.<ref>Shenoy, Vasudev. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/VV-Shenoy-is-no-more/articleshow/46515896.cms "V.V.Shenoy is no more"], ''[[Times Of India]]'', Belgaum, 10 March 2015.</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
V. V. Shenoy was born on 15 February 1940 in Borkatte, Karkala Taluk, Karnataka. He did his initial schooling in a small village elementary school in Borkatte. Due to poor financial conditions at home, he got out at the age of 14 and ventured out in search of work. He then pursued his high school education at S.V.T. Higher Elementary School, St. Thomas High School, [[Honnavar]] and then Janata Vidyalaya, [[Dandeli]], part by part, with the help of the finances he managed to earn through the chores he did at various places. He came to [[Belgaum]] around 1963 to pursue his higher education and did his Bachelor of Science at the [[KLE Society's Raja Lakhamagouda Science Institute|Raja Lakhamagouda Science Institute]]. He was known for his commanding, leadership qualities for holding a soft corner for his fellow students and other people. Be it academics, extracurricular activities, [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]], representing the college, or various other organizations and other social activities, he was known to excel in it all. While getting his Bachelor of Science, he had to support his family back home as well as look after his basic needs in Belgaum. This is when he saw and realized the amount of difficulties students faced at their peak age of career decision making and education attaining phase. He then pursued and successfully completed his Bachelor of Education in Belgaum as he believed that it would help him in understanding the students' issues and the situation of the educational system. In 1968, he started (invented) a unique organization called [[Students' Information & Guidance Bureau]]. This organization serves over 60 lac members/students by solving, guiding and helping them achieve their higher education and career choices. In the last ~40 years, he worked and served in innumerable organizations/fields, mainly including journalism, horticulture, Kannada & Konkani culture, literature, and traditions. He always believed that it was not necessary to be a politician, minister, or a celebrity to be a social worker and work for the welfare of the people.<br />
<br />
[[File:V.V. Shenoy with S.R.Nayak & Chidanand Rao.jpg|thumb|V.V.Shenoy with his classmate of his school days Mr. S.R.Nayak, Former High Court Justice and current Chief of Law Commission India and Sr. Judge Chidanand Rao]]<br />
<br />
==Students' Information & Guidance Bureau==<br />
<br />
[[File:Mr. V.V. Shenoy at SIGB.jpg|thumb|Mr. V.V. Shenoy at SIGB]]<br />
<br />
''[[Students' Information & Guidance Bureau]]'' or '''SIGB''' was founded by Vasudev V Shenoy in 1968. He was approximately 28 years old when he started the institution. Located at Shanivar Khoot, Kakatives in Belgaum City, the institution provides guidance, detailed information of various courses available at various universities, apprenticeship available at private industrial sectors, scholarships provided by various institutions, government job opportunities, detailed information of banking, LIC and other such examinations, competitive exams, engineering and medical education facilities, job opportunities available for the youth and many other such information in and around Belgaum city and North Karnataka. The institution also had a branch office at Tilakwadi, Belgaum for over 30 years which closed in 2006 as he preferred concentrating and personally attending to and devoting his time at one place at the head office. This Institution is not a government run office, Employment Exchange, University Branch office/Agency or any other Institute but a private run Institution for the well-being of the students.<br />
SIGB has further sub sections of functioning i.e. ''STUDENTS' HELPLINE'' through which candidates pursue their U.G and P.G correspondence courses for a couple of universities in Karnataka and ''STUDENTS' BOOK BUREAU'' where the latest and current job opportunities in various sectors are managed for the candidates.<br />
<br />
[[File:DG and IGP, Karnataka Mr. OmPrakash with Shenoy at his office Students' Information & Guidance Bureau.jpg|thumb|DG and IGP, Karnataka Mr. OmPrakash with Shenoy at his office Students' Information & Guidance Bureau]]<br />
<br />
A separate division was started for providing special guidance to the youth and the underprivileged in 1981.<br />
The then Education Minister ''G.B.Shankar Rao'' inaugurated this division and officially became the first member on that day.<br />
<br />
V. V. Shenoy personally attended to and guided most of the students to attain information and achieve education in their particular preferred field of interest. A lot of poor or underprivileged students seeking help guidance or information, have gained much so that they could complete their education. He had a wide range of sources from where he collected all the knowledge and information which he imparted onto the candidates. Important information/ news / ads reported in the various newspapers in various languages are compiled and made available on the notice board for the candidates' perusal on a daily basis. Job opportunities list is made available to all the candidates on the notice board.<br />
<br />
Guides, nooks, old/model question papers thousands of reference books and important education, commerce, science, current affairs etc. related documents, collected from over the last 30 years are made available for the candidates' reference. This institution has helped and has had above 60 lakh members over the time.<br />
<br />
Several personalities and notable persons have visited over the time and commended Shenoy's unique venture and his desire to work for the society and students in particular. Few of them namely ''G.B. Shankar Rao'', [[S. R. Nayak]], <small>Chairman of Law Commission of Karnataka</small>, ''OmPrakash'', <small>D.G. & I.G.P, Karnataka State</small>, ''P J Nayak'', <small>Deputy Commissioner</small>, ''PS Ramanujan'', ''S. V. JaishilRao'', ''H. M. Nagaraja Rao'', ''G. V. Naik'', <small>Collector Customs Central Excise</small>, ''H. M. Nayak'', ''R. Shankarappa'', <small>Divisional Commissioner</small>, ''I. M. Vithalmurthy'', [[Charuhasan]], <small>Advocate and Film artist</small> etc. Also eminent Kannada writers like [[Krishnamoorthy Puranik]], [[K. Shivaram Karanth]], [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]], [[Santosh Kumar Gulwadi]], ''Vyasrai Ballal'' and many more have visited '''SIGB'''.<br />
<br />
SIGB currently functions and looked after by '''Mrs. Aruna Vasudev Shenoy'''.<br />
<br />
==Panchavati Terrace Garden / Horticulture Department==<br />
<br />
[[File:Pineapple grown in a small pot atop the terrace garden.jpg|thumb|Pineapple grown in a small pot atop the terrace garden]]<br />
[[File:V.V.Shenoy with DG & IGP OmPrakash at Panchavati Terrace Garden.jpg|thumb|V.V.Shenoy with DG & IGP OmPrakash at Panchavati Terrace Garden.]]<br />
[[File:Member of Parliament Shri Suresh Angadi Mr. Shenoy and family at Panchavati Terrace garden.jpg|thumb|Member of Parliament Shri Suresh Angadi visiting Mr. Shenoy's home terrace garden.]]<br />
[[File:Mr. Veerkumar Patil, Minister for Power and Energy in Karnataka with V.V.Shenoy.jpg|thumb|Mr. Veerkumar Patil, Minister for Power and Energy in Karnataka with V.V.Shenoy.]]<br />
[[File:Mr. Shenoy addressing the audience at the Horticulture Show, Hume Park, Belgaum.jpg|thumb|Mr. Shenoy addressing the audience at the Horticulture Show, Hume Park, Belgaum.]]<br />
V.V. Shenoy has developed a terrace garden that is used as a learning space for local students and a social area for the visitors. The garden contains many types of vegetable and fruit trees, flowering plants, and herbs.<br />
<br />
Despite of their different sizes, all the plants grow in pots that are 22 inches tall or smaller. For example, large species like Banyan and Coconut trees grow alongside smaller plants like Roses and Tulsi. To use the space efficiently, herbs like Mint and Lemongrass are planted underneath the larger fruit trees. The garden produces various fruits like mangoes on three-foot-tall plants and pineapples in pots. It also includes functional plants like Stevia, which is used by some to manage blood sugar. The garden also have exotic plants like Strawberries, Annapurna (a long leafy plant which put in the cooker while making rice gives an aroma of Basmati rice), AloeVera, Wild Berries, White Jamun or the Jaam, Starfruit, Chayote, Stevia (a plant very famous for diabetes controlling and eradicating powers), Brahmakamal and many more<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Their-rooftop-is-a-garden-cum-forest/articleshow/9141315.cms |title=Their rooftop is a garden-cum-forest - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
The little green empire on the roof, making a mockery of the usual rough and rugged concrete terrace also mocks at the main misconception connected with gardening – that gardening is the monopoly of the aristocratic with sprawling acres, plenty of money to spend on manure, saplings and gardeners.<br />
This garden is looked after by the family themselves without any professional gardener on duty which is a matter of pride and pleasure for them. This also leads to another fascinating hobby of ornithology, because of the innumerable birds coming in, thanks to the flowers and fruits.<br />
<br />
Natural manure consisting of household waste, dried leaves and flowers from the garden etc. is used in place of chemical and artificial manures. This does away with the problem of garbage disposal and also ill effects of chemical fertilizers are avoided. V. V. Shenoy followed the phrase ''"kasa dinda rasa"'' (best out of waste) very practically. It is not the availability of the water alone that is important but correct management. All the waste water from the kitchen etc. is diverted to the garden for the plants.<br />
This terrace garden also serves as a natural air conditioner for the house controlling the temperature inside it. The natural conditions created within the pots are perhaps excellent guards against extremes of temperatures. Thus even seasonal fruits and vegetables are reaped almost throughout the year.<br />
<br />
The accolades of distinguished visitors like the then Union Agriculture Minister [[Balram Jakhar]], Mr. [[Suresh Angadi]], <small> M.P, Bharatiya Janata Party </small>. Dr. [[Vittal Rai]], Vice-Chancellor of the Agriculture University, Dharwad, Dr. Beer Singh Chowdary, <small> President of the Bharat Krishika Samaj </small>, U.T. Alwa, <small> Special Secretary to the Government of Karnataka, Forest Department Environment and Ecology </small> have added to the enthusiasm of the garden lover.<br />
The Shenoy family believes that if everybody follows this practice, of having at least a small group of plants, will keep the cities cool, green and above all healthy.<br />
<br />
V.V. Shenoy has also worked as one of the '''Directors of the Horticulture Department, Belgaum'''. Flower and Fruit shows and exhibitions and competitions have been organized every year in Hume Park, Club Road, Belgaum, under the able guidance and active participation of V. V. Shenoy. He organized, conducted and managed to dedicatedly work for the research and development of plants even amidst his busy schedule involving his activities of his office.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
V.V. Shenoy married ''Aruna'', daughter of ''Smt. Rukmini'' & ''Shri. Laxman Prabhu'', <small> Headmaster S.V.T. School </small>, Karkala, in the year 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/5602396/V-V-Shenoy-and-Family-anup-shenoy |title=V.V.Shenoy and Family (anup shenoy) |publisher=Wikimapia.org |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref> They have three children, ''Dr. Rashmi V. Shenoy'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eloisa_Martinez-Viviente |title=Eloísa Martínez-Viviente (University of Murcia, Murcia) on ResearchGate |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.linkedin.com/pub/rashmi-vasudev-shenoy/1a/53b/225 |title=Rashmi Vasudev Shenoy &#124; LinkedIn |publisher=In.linkedin.com |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref> ''Chetan V. Shenoy'' and ''Anupkumar V. Shenoy''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.linkedin.com/pub/anup-v-shenoy/39/56/2b |title=ANUP V SHENOY &#124; LinkedIn |publisher=In.linkedin.com |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4842464/|title=Anup Shenoy}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Institutions And Organisations ==<br />
To quote, a few institutions and organisations in which he has put his heart and soul and worked hard for the welfare of the society at large, are as follows:<br />
* Director, [[Students' Information & Guidance Bureau]]<br />
* Founder President, Belgaum District Konkani Parishad, [[Belgaum]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/feel-proud-of-your-language-konkanispeaking-people-told/article3618630.ece |title=Feel proud of your language, Konkani-speaking people told |work=The Hindu |date=2012-07-09 |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/konkani-literary-meet-in-kerala-from-feb-13/article6858823.ece |title=Konkani literary meet in Kerala from Feb. 13 |work=The Hindu |date=2015-02-05 |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref><br />
* Member, Text Book Committee for [[Konkani language|Konkani Language]] in [[Karnataka]] State.<ref>{{cite web|author=The world of Konkani |url=http://gsbkonkani.blogspot.in/2005/06/konkani-text-book-preparation.html |title=The world of GSB Konkani .: Konkani Text Book Preparation Committee Expanded |publisher=Gsbkonkani.blogspot.in |date=2005-06-25 |access-date=2015-05-31}}</ref><br />
* Director, '''Kalasangam'''.<br />
* Executive Member, [[All India Konkani Parishad]], [[Panaji]], [[Goa]].<br />
* Secretary, Belgaum Press Club, Belgaum.<br />
* Secretary, Kanara Cultural Association.<br />
* Vice-President, Consumer Organisation for Protection and Education (COPE), Belgaum.<br />
* Founder Director, '''NORMCO''', Belgaum.<br />
* Founder Director, '''SPOCO''', Sports School Chandargi, Belgaum.<br />
* President, '''Terrace and Kitchen Garden Owners Association''', Belgaum.<br />
* Director, '''Sahitya Sampada''', Belgaum.<br />
* Director, '''Students' Helpine''', Belgaum.<br />
* Ex General Secretary, Belgaum Dist. [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]], Belgaum.<br />
* Patron, [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]], Bangalore.<br />
* Life Member, [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Mumbai.<br />
* Ex General Secretary, [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Belgaum Kendra.<br />
* Executive Member, '''Alumni Association''', KLE Society's [[Raja Lakhamagouda Science Institute]], Belgaum.<br />
* Executive member, '''Ajanta Film Society''', Belgaum<br />
* Director, Board of Management, '''Belgaum Dist Horticulture Society''', Belgaum<br />
* Member, '''Belgaum District Postal Forum''', Belgaum.<br />
* Twice General Secretary, '''All India''' [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana]] held at Belgaum.<br />
* Worked as District Correspondent for [[Udayavani]] 'Daily', [[Manipal]]; 'Vishal Karnataka', [[Hubli]]; 'Navanadu Daily', [[Hubli]]; 'Gomantak Times', Goa; and Jwalamukhi Daily', [[Bangalore]].<br />
* Secretary, ''Regional Committee'', Belgaum; First World Konkani Sammelan held at [[Mangalore]] in 1995.<br />
and many more...<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<!--- After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. ---><br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenoy, Vasudev V}}<br />
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani people]]<br />
[[Category:1940 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanshvardhan_Singh&diff=543595Vanshvardhan Singh2026-04-02T09:30:46Z<p>Vikv10: Made The Bio More To Come.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Maharao Raja of Bundi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{infobox royalty<br />
| title = [[Maharao Raja]]<br />
| succession = [[Maharao Raja]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]<br />
| reign = 2 April 2022 – present<br />
| coronation = 2 April 2022<br />
| predecessor = [[Ranjit Singh of Bundi|Ranjit Singh]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|01|08|df=yes}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Mayurakshi Kumari|2016}}<br />
| issue = Vajrnabh Singh<br />
| house = {{flagicon image|Bundi_State_Coat_of_Arms.png}} [[Bundi State|Bundi]]<br />
| father = Balbhadra Singh<br />
| mother = Rohini Kumari<br />
| dynasty = [[Hada Chauhan|Hada]]<br />
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes<br />
| education = {{ubl|[[Daly College]]|[[De Montfort University]]}}<br />
<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Vanshvardhan Singh''' is the current head of the [[Hada Chauhan|Hada]] clan of the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] [[Rajput]]s and the [[pretender]] to the now defunct throne of the [[Bundi State|State of Bundi]].<br />
<br />
==Early life, family, and education==<br />
Vanshvardhan Singh was born on 8 January 1987 to Balbhadra Singh of Kapren and his wife, Rohini Kumari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=BUNDI |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703190306/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bundi.html |archive-date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Gajendra |title=Vanshvardhan Singh became the 26th Maharao Raja of Bundi princely state |url=https://www.zoomnews.in/en/news-detail/vanshvardhan-singh-became-the-26th-maharao-raja-of-bundi-princely-state.html |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Zoom News |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Daly College]], [[Indore]].<ref name=":0" /> He represented his school in [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], and [[rifle shooting]], won a gold medal at the state championship, and represented the [[Madhya Pradesh]] team at the Shooting Nationals three times.<ref name=":0" /> He later attended [[De Montfort University]] and represented the university in [[cricket]] in [[Leicester]].<ref name=":0" /> He later went to [[Canada]] to pursue his [[Master's degree|master's]] degree in [[business management]], and returned to [[Bundi]] in 2013.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
He married Mayurakshi Kumari, a daughter of Deep Singh, the Thakur of Dhanani, in 2016, and has a son, named Vajrnabh Singh, with her.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Gajendra |title=Vanshvardhan Singh will wear Paagh as the new Maharao Raja of Bundi Ex Royal Family |url=https://www.zoomnews.in/en/news-detail/vanshvardhan-singh-will-wear-paagh-as-the-new-maharao-raja-of-bundi-ex-royal-family.html |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Zoom News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He operates a heritage hotel by the name of Ishwari Niwas in [[Bundi district|Bundi]].<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
==Succession==<br />
In 2010, after the death of [[Ranjit Singh of Bundi|Ranjit Singh]], the throne of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] became vacant and no successor was installed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-03 |title=Rajasthan: 34-year-old Vanshvardhan Singh crowned the 26th Maharao Raja of Bundi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/34-yr-old-vanshvardhan-singh-crowned-the-26th-maharao-raja-of-bundi/articleshow/90616870.cms |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, in 2021, the local Rajputs of [[Bundi district|Bundi]], superseding the rules of succession and bypassing the members of the former royal family, installed Bhupesh Singh on the throne.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-13 |title=Rajasthan: Bundi Rajputs choose Brigadier Bhupesh Singh Hada as their 'king' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bundi-rajputs-choose-brigadier-as-their-king/articleshow/88215695.cms |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=Shaurya Chakra Brigadier chosen as 'king' by Bundi Rajputs in Rajasthan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/shaurya-chakra-brigadier-chosen-as-king-by-bundi-rajputs-in-rajasthan/839585 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> This decision was opposed by [[Brijraj Singh]], the [[Maharao]] of [[Kota state|Kotah]], and members of the extended family of the late [[Ranjit Singh of Bundi|Ranjit Singh]], including his nephew [[Bhanwar Jitendra Singh|Jitendra Singh]] and Balbhadra Singh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-04-10 |title=Bundi's royal tangle sorted out with new Maharaja's coronation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/states/1503059169-1503059169.html |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> They announced their support for Vanshvardhan's succession to the rank, title, and dignity of [[Maharao Raja]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]].<ref name=":2" /> On 2 April 2022, he was installed at the Moti Mahal in [[Bundi State|Bundi]].<ref name=":1" /> His coronation was attended by heads and members of various royal houses, including [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Raghogarh State|Raghogarh]], [[Kutch State|Kutch]], and [[Khilchipur State|Khilchipur]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Traditionally, the head of the royal house of [[Bundi State|Bundi]] is also acknowledged as the head of [[Hada Chauhan|Hadas]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Titles and styles ==<br />
Vanshvardhan was originally styled as "Rajkumar Vanshvardhan Singh of Kapren".<ref name=":0" /> Since his accession to the throne of [[Bundi State|Bundi]], like his predecessors, he has been titled ''Hadendra Shiromani Deo Sar Buland Rai [[Maharao Raja]] Vanshvardhan Singh Bahadur''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Indian Year Book 1937 Vol 23|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83745|date=1937|last=Sir Stanley Reed|pages=990}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=The Peoples Of India|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108641|date=1922|first=g h|last=Joshi|pages=1215}}</ref> He is styled as [[His Highness]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Maharajas of Bundi State]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bundi]]<br />
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of De Montfort University]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna_Paramhansa_University&diff=529101Ramakrishna Paramhansa University2026-03-24T16:49:36Z<p>Vikv10: New stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Proposed university in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}<br />
'''Ramakrishna Paramhansa University''' is a proposed private university set to be established in [[Agarpara]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], West Bengal, India. Approved by the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in December 2024, the university is part of the state's efforts to enhance higher education infrastructure and opportunities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=digitalLEARNING |date=2024-12-13 |title=West Bengal to Launch Rabindranath Tagore and Ramakrishna Paramhansa Universities - Elets Digital Learning |url=https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2024/12/west-bengal-to-establish-rabindranath-tagore-and-ramakrishna-paramhansa-universities-to-boost-higher-education/ |access-date=2024-12-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal to establish Rabindranath Tagore and Ramakrishna Paramhansa universities|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/west-bengal-private-universities-rabindranath-tagore-ramakrishna-paramhansa-2648991-2024-12-12|publisher=India Today|date=12 December 2024|access-date= 30 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
The university is named after [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramhansa]], the renowned 19th-century spiritual leader, and aims to integrate his principles of inclusivity and universal spirituality with modern education. It will offer programs across diverse disciplines, catering to the growing demand for quality higher education in the region. Alongside Rabindranath Tagore University in Hooghly, it is one of two private universities approved under the West Bengal Private University Act of 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Bengal Assembly approves two bills to establish private universities in Hooghly and North 24-Parganas|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/bengal-assembly-approves-two-bills-to-establish-private-universities-in-hooghly-and-north-24-parganas/cid/2069835|publisher=Telegraph India|date=11 December 2024|access-date= 30 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in West Bengal]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Malwa&diff=470208Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa2026-03-23T20:53:35Z<p>Vikv10: corrected intro for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1305 Dehli victory in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Delhi Sultanate annexation of Malwa<br />
| partof = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| date = 1305 – 23 November 1305<br />
| place = [[Malwa]]<br />
| result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory<br />
* End of [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] Dynasty<br />
| combatant1 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] [[Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Paramara dynasty]]<br />
| commander1 = [[Alauddin Khalji]]<br>[[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]]<br />
| commander2 = [[Mahalakadeva]]{{KIA}}<br>Gogadeva{{KIA}}<br />
| strength1 = 10,000{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}<br />
| strength2 = 40,000 Cavalry<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed nasr |url=http://archive.org/details/2015.98691.HistoryOfTheKhaljis12901320 |title=2015.98691. History Of The Khaljis 1290 1320 |pages=132-133 |language=English}}</ref><br>100,000 Infantry<ref>{{Cite book |last=K.S.Lal |url=http://archive.org/details/GrowthOfMuslimPopulationInMedievalIndiaAd10001800 |title=Growth Of Muslim Population In Medieval India Ad 1000 1800 |date=1973 |pages=41 |language=English}}</ref> <br />
| territory = Malwa annexed by [[Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
}}<br />
<mapframe text="Delhi and Mandu in present-day India" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="76.32" latitude="25.49"><br />
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"features": [<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]" },<br />
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.4053367, 22.327137] }<br />
},<br />
{<br />
"type": "Feature",<br />
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Delhi]]" },<br />
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In 1305, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to capture the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]] in central India. The Delhi army defeated and killed the powerful Paramara minister Goga, while the Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] took shelter in the [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] fort. Alauddin appointed [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]] as the governor of Malwa. After consolidating his power in Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk besieged Mandu and killed Mahalakadeva.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
The [[Paramara dynasty]] ruled the [[Malwa]] region in central India. By 1305, nearly all the Indian rulers to the north of Malwa had acknowledged Alauddin's suzerainty. The Paramara king [[Mahalakadeva]] was a weak ruler, and his prime minister (''pradhan'') Goga (called Koka in Muslim chronicles) was more powerful than him.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}}<br />
<br />
== Goga's death ==<br />
<br />
In 1305, Alauddin sent a cavalry to capture Malwa. It is not clear who commanded this army, but he might have been [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]], whom Alauddin later appointed as the governor of Malwa.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}} According to the Delhi chronicler [[Amir Khusrau]], the Delhi army comprised 10,000 soldiers, who had been selected specifically for the mission.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}<br />
<br />
According to Khusrau, the Malwa army commanded by Goga comprised a 30,000-40,000 strong [[cavalry]] and an "innumerable" [[infantry]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=132-133}} The later historians Yahya, Firishta, and Hajiuddabir state that the Malwa army comprised 40,000 cavalry and 100,000 infantry.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}<br />
<br />
In the ensuing battle, the Delhi army emerged victorious. Khusrau states that the battlefield was "bloody with mud" as far as the human eye could see.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}} Goga's horse was caught in a [[mire]], and he was killed by arrows.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}} His head was sent to Delhi, where it was trampled under the feet of horses at the palace gates.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}}<br />
<br />
Alauddin appointed Ayn al-Mulk as the governor of Malwa. Ayn al-Mulk raided the former Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]], where he broke the [[Dhar iron pillar]]. The former Paramara vassals were forced to recognize Alauddin's suzerainty. These included the chiefs of the [[Ujjain]], [[Dhar]], and [[Chanderi]] cities. Ayn al-Mulk sent a detailed record of his success to Delhi, where a week-long celebration was held and sweets were distributed among public for the entire week.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=134}}<br />
<br />
== Mahalakadeva's death ==<br />
<br />
After the establishment of peace in a large part of Malwa, Ayn al-Mulk marched to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], where the Paramara king Mahalakadeva stayed.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=133}} Mahalakadeva sent an army led by his son to fight the invaders. Mahalakadeva's army was defeated and his son killed on the battlefield. The Delhi army besieged Mandu, and managed to enter it, after one of Mahalakadeva's fort guards betrayed him. The guard told the invaders about a secret entrance to the fort. Using this passage, the Delhi army entered the Mandu fort at night, taking Mahalakadeva by surprise.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}}<br />
<br />
Mahalakadeva fled to a spring called Sar (''Chashm-i Sar'' in the Delhi chronicles), where he was killed.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}} The Delhi army captured the fort on 23 November 1305, and Alauddin assigned it to Ayn al-Mulk.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=198}}<!-- Banarsi Prasad Saksena dates this to December 1305, but most other authors date it to November 1305. --> An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived in the north-eastern part of Malwa in 1310. However, this area had also come under the Delhi Sultanate rule by the [[Tughluq dynasty|Tughluq]] period in 1338.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020%26ct%3D13 Description of conquest of Malwa] in ''Khazain ul-Futuh'' by Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau<br />
<br />
{{Alauddin Khalji}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]<br />
[[Category:Paramara dynasty]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Navy&diff=462678Russian Navy2026-03-20T18:11:26Z<p>Vikv10: minor reworked details per sources and added references</p>
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<div>{{About|the modern navy formed in 1992|the navy from 1917 to 1991|Soviet Navy|the navy prior to 1917|Imperial Russian Navy|a history of all Russian navies|History of the Russian Navy}}<br />
{{Short description|Naval arm of the Russian military}}<br />
{{pp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = Russian Navy<br />
| native_name = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{lang|ru|Военно-морской флот Российской Федерации}}<br />
* {{lang|ru-Latn|Voyenno-morskoy flot Rossiyskoy Federatsii}}<br />
}}<br />
| image = Middle Emblem of the Russian Navy.svg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = Emblem of the Russian Navy<br />
| dates = {{unbulletedlist|1696–1917|1992–present<ref name="Russian_Navy_birth_day">{{Cite web |title=History of the Russian Navy |url=http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/book-cont.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610083056/http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/book-cont.html |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |publisher=Russian Navy}}</ref>}}<br />
| country = Russia<br />
| branch = [[Navy]]<br />
| size = 160,000 active duty (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Armed Forces: Military Modernization and Reforms |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF11603.pdf |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804193945/http://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF11603.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />c. 295+ warships (surface combatants, amphibious ships & submarines) & numerous auxiliaries<ref name="IISS2014_p185">[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]: The Military Balance 2014, p.&nbsp;185.</ref><br />
| command_structure = [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]<br />
| garrison = [[Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg|Admiralty building]], [[Saint Petersburg]]<br />
| garrison_label = Headquarters<br />
| nickname = <br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = "{{lang|ru|С нами Бог и Андреевский флаг!}}" (God and St. Andrew's flag are with us!)<br />
| march = {{plainlist|<br />
* Quick – "{{lang|ru|Экипаж—одна семья}}" ({{langx|en|The Crew—One Family}})<br />
* Slow – "{{lang|ru|Гвардейский встречный марш Военно-морского флота}}" ({{Langx|en|Slow March of the Guards of the Navy}})<br />
}}<br />
| mascot = <br />
| equipment = c. 65 submarines; c. 230 surface warships; plus numerous auxiliaries See: [[List of active Russian Navy ships]]<br />
| equipment_label = [[List of active Russian Navy ships|Fleet]]<br />
| battles = {{tree list}}<br />
Since 1991: <br />
*[[Russo-Georgian War]]<br />
*[[Piracy off the coast of Somalia|Anti-piracy operation in Gulf of Aden]]<br />
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<br />
**[[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Annexation of Crimea]]<br />
**[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<br />
*[[Syrian Civil War]]<br />
{{Tree list/end}}<br />
| anniversaries = [[Navy Day (Russia)|Navy Day]] (last Sunday in July)<br />Submariner's Day (19 March)<br />Surface Sailor's Day (20 October)<br />
| decorations = <br />
| battle_honours = <br />
| website = {{official URL}}<!-- Senior Leaders --><br />
| commander1 = [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]]<br />
| commander1_label = Supreme Commander-in-Chief<br />
| commander2 = [[Andrey Belousov]]<br />
| commander2_label = [[Minister of Defense (Russia)|Minister of Defense]]<br />
| commander3 = [[Admiral (Russia)|Admiral]] [[Aleksandr Alekseyevich Moiseyev|Aleksandr Moiseyev]]<br />
| commander3_label = [[Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy|Commander-in-Chief]]<br />
| commander4 = Admiral [[Vladimir Lvovich Kasatonov|Vladimir Kasatonov]]<br />
| commander4_label = Chief of the Main Staff<br />
| commander5 = <br />
| commander5_label = Deputy Commander-in-Chief<br />
| notable_commanders = <!-- Insignia --><br />
| identification_symbol = [[File:Naval Ensign of Russia.svg|125px|border]]<br />
| identification_symbol_label = [[Ensign of the Russian Navy|Ensign]]<br />
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Naval Jack of Russia.svg|125px|border]]<br />
| identification_symbol_2_label = [[Naval jack|Jack]]<br />
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Russia, Pendant of Naval 2000 (ships).svg|125px]]<br />
| identification_symbol_3_label = [[Commissioning pennant|Pennant]]<br />
| identification_symbol_4 = [[File:Naval sleeve badge of the Russian Federation-1.svg|125px]]<br />
| identification_symbol_4_label = Patch<br />
| identification_symbol_5 = [[File:Great emblem of the Russian Navy.svg|125px]]<br />
| identification_symbol_5_label = Great Emblem<br />
| identification_symbol_6 = [[File:Small emblem of the Russian Navy.svg|125px]]<br />
| identification_symbol_6_label = Insignia<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Russian Navy'''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Военно-морской флот (ВМФ)|Voyenno-morskoi flot (VMF)|Military Maritime Fleet}}}} is the [[Navy|naval arm]] of the [[Russian Armed Forces]]. It has existed in various forms since 1696. Its present iteration was formed in January 1992 when it succeeded the Navy of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (which had itself succeeded the [[Soviet Navy]] following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in late December 1991).<br />
<br />
The [[Imperial Russian Navy]] was established by [[Peter the Great]] (Peter&nbsp;I) in October 1696. The symbols of the Russian Navy, the [[St. Andrew]]'s ensign, and most of its traditions were established personally by Peter&nbsp;I.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Widder |first=Arthur |date=April 1987 |title=Peter's Victory at Sea|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1987/april/peters-victory-sea |website=US Naval Institute, Naval History Magazine Vol. 1 No. 1 |access-date=19 November 2025 }}</ref><br />
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The Russian Navy possesses the vast majority of the former Soviet naval forces, and currently comprises the [[Northern Fleet]], the [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]], the [[Black Sea Fleet]], the [[Baltic Fleet]], the [[Caspian Flotilla]], the [[Permanent task force of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea|permanent task force in the Mediterranean]], [[Russian Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]], and the Coastal Troops (consisting of the [[Russian Naval Infantry|Naval Infantry]] and the Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops).<br />
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The Russian Navy suffered severely with the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] due to insufficient maintenance, lack of funding, and subsequent effects on the training of personnel and timely replacement of equipment. Another setback was attributed to Russia's domestic shipbuilding industry, which was in decline due to the absence of modern hardware and technology.<br />
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In 2013, a rise in gas and oil prices enabled a sort of renaissance of the Russian Navy due to increased available funds, which may have allowed Russia to begin "developing the capacity to modernize".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fedyszyn |first=Thomas R. |date=March 2012 |title=Renaissance of the Russian Navy? |url=http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-03/renaissance-russian-navy |url-status=live |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine) |Proceedings]] |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |volume=138 |issue=3/1,309 |issn=0041-798X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730175841/http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-03/renaissance-russian-navy |archive-date=30 July 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012 }}</ref> In August 2014, Defence Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]] said that Russian naval capabilities would be bolstered with new weapons and equipment within the next six years in response to the [[enlargement of NATO]] and the beginning of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref name="reuters.com">[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/20/russia-vows-naval-expansion-to-counter-nato-move-i/ "Russia vows naval expansion to counter NATO; move in response to Ukraine tensions"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821153357/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/20/russia-vows-naval-expansion-to-counter-nato-move-i/ |date=21 August 2014 }}, ''[[Washington Times]]'' (20 August 2014)</ref> Following the full-scale [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the Russian Navy has lost several ships, including the ''[[Russian cruiser Moskva|cruiser Moskva]]'', flagship of the Black Sea. <br />
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{{Asof|2024|09}} the Russia's only aircraft carrier, ''[[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|Admiral Kuznetsov]]'', is non-operational, with reports indicating that the carrier's crew of approximately 1,500 was reassigned to the [[Russian Army]] for [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|combat duty in Ukraine]]. This suggests that, for the moment, there is no plan to make the Russian Navy a carrier navy once again.<ref name=forbes-2024-09-22>{{cite news|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2024/09/22/the-kremlin-pulled-sailors-off-the-decrepit-aircraft-carrier-admiral-kuznetsov-and-sent-them-to-fight-and-die-in-ukraine/ |website= [[forbes.com]] |title= The Kremlin Pulled Sailors Off The Decrepit Aircraft Carrier 'Admiral Kuznetsov' And Sent Them To Fight, And Die, In Ukraine |first= David |last= Axe |author-link= David Axe |date= 22 September 2024 |access-date= 24 October 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Main|History of the Russian Navy}}<br />
{{seealso|Soviet Navy|Imperial Russian Navy}}<br />
{{Russian military}}<br />
[[File:Admiralty SPB.jpg|left|thumb|The Russian Admiralty in [[St. Petersburg]] is famed for its gilded steeple topped by a golden weather-vane in the shape of a sailing ship.]] The 1991 [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] led to a severe decline in the Russian Navy. [[Military budget of Russia|Defence expenditures]] were severely reduced. Many ships were scrapped or laid up as accommodation ships at naval bases, and the building program was essentially stopped. [[Sergey Gorshkov]]'s buildup during the Soviet period had emphasised ships over support facilities, but Gorshkov had also retained ships in service beyond their effective lifetimes, so a reduction had been inevitable in any event.<ref>CSRC B58</ref> The situation was exacerbated by the impractical range of vessel types which the Soviet [[Military–industrial complex|military-industrial complex]], with the support of the leadership, had forced on the navy—taking modifications into account, the Soviet Navy in the mid-1980s had nearly 250 different classes of ship.<ref>Captain First Rank S Topichev, 'What Fleet we had and how it should be reformed today', Morskoy sbornik (in Russian), No.12, 1996, p.13, cited in Greg Austin & Alexey Muraviev, ''The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia'', I.B. Tauris, London, 2000, p.209</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Kiev-class aircraft carrier|''Kiev-''class aircraft carrying cruisers]] and many other ships were prematurely retired, and the incomplete second [[Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier|''Admiral Kuznetsov''-class aircraft carrier]] ''[[Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning|Varyag]]'' was eventually sold to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] by Ukraine. Funds were only allocated for the completion of ships ordered prior to the collapse of the USSR, as well as for refits and repairs on fleet ships taken out of service since. However, the construction times for these ships tended to stretch out extensively: in 2003 it was reported that the [[Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)|''Akula''-class submarine ''Nerpa'']] had been under construction for fifteen years.<ref>Foreword to ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]] 2003–2004'', p.&nbsp;80.</ref><br />
<br />
Storage of decommissioned nuclear submarines in ports near [[Murmansk]] became a significant issue, with the [[Bellona Foundation]] reporting details of lowered readiness. Naval support bases outside Russia, such as [[Cam Ranh Bay]] in Vietnam, were gradually closed, with the exception of the modest technical support base in [[Tartus]], [[Syria]] to support ships deployed to the Mediterranean. Naval Aviation declined as well from its height as [[Soviet Naval Aviation]], dropping from an estimated 60,000 personnel with some 1,100 combat aircraft in 1992 to 35,000 personnel with around 270 combat aircraft in 2006.<ref>[[IISS]] Military Balance, 1992–93 and 2006 editions</ref> In 2002, out of 584 naval aviation crews only 156 were combat ready, and 77 ready for night flying. Average annual flying time was 21.7 hours, compared to 24 hours in 1999.<ref>Mikhail Khodarenok, 'Chernyy god Rossiyskogo Flota', NVO, 23 February 2001, cited in Mikhail Tsypkin, 'Rudderless in a Storm, CSRC B58, December 2002</ref><br />
<br />
Training and readiness also suffered severely. In 1995, only two missile submarines at a time were being maintained on station, from the Northern and Pacific Fleets.<ref>''[[IISS]] Military Balance 1997/98'', p.&nbsp;102.</ref> The decline culminated in the loss of the Oscar II-class submarine [[Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)|''Kursk'']] during the Northern Fleet summer exercise that was intended to back up the publication of a new naval doctrine.<ref>Foreword to ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]] 2001–02'', p.&nbsp;80.</ref> <br />
<br />
As of February 2008, the Russian Navy had 44 nuclear submarines with 24 operational; 19 diesel-electric submarines, 16 operational; and 56 first and second rank surface combatants, 37 operational.<ref name="ReferenceB">Kommersant VLAST No.7(760) 25 February 2008</ref> Despite this improvement, the November [[K-152 Nerpa accident|2008 accident]] on board the {{sclass|Akula|submarine}} attack boat ''Nerpa'' during sea trials before lease to India represented a concern for the future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Next Arms Race – APAC 2020, the decade ahead |url=http://apac2020.the-diplomat.com/feature/the-next-arms-race/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110818205032/http://apac2020.the-diplomat.com/feature/the-next-arms-race/ |archive-date=18 August 2011 |access-date=14 December 2014 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref><br />
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The strength and quality of the Russian Navy started to improve during the 2010s. From 2010-2014 Russian officials negotiated the purchase of four {{Sclass|Mistral|landing helicopter dock}}s. On 3 September 2014, French President announced that due to Russia's "[[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|recent actions in Ukraine]]", the two ships would not be delivered.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29052599|title=Ukraine crisis: France halts warship delivery to Russia|work=[[BBC News]]|date=3 September 2014|access-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> In November 2014, François Hollande placed a hold on the delivery of the first ''Mistral'' to Russia in view of the conflict in east Ukraine. Hollande set two conditions for delivery: the observation of a ceasefire in Ukraine and a political agreement between Moscow and Kiev.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ft.com/content/28ff1656-74a2-11e4-8321-00144feabdc0 | title=France Suspends Mistral Warship Delivery to Russia | publisher=The Financial Times | date=26 November 2014 | accessdate=28 November 2014 | author=Michael Stothard, Adam Thomson, Kathrin Hille}}</ref> On 5 August 2015 it was announced that France was to pay back Russia's partial payments and keep the two ships initially produced for Russia.<ref>elysee.fr: [http://www.elysee.fr/communiques-de-presse/article/entretien-telephonique-avec-m-vladimir-poutine-accords-sur-les-bpc/ Entretien téléphonique avec M. Vladimir Poutine - accords sur les BPC]</ref><ref>http://en.kremlin.ru: [http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50100 Telephone conversation with President of France Francois Hollande]</ref> The ships eventually were sold to Egypt.<br />
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In 2012, as part of an ambitious rebuilding effort, [[President of Russia|President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] announced a plan to build 51 modern ships and 24 submarines by 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/putin-pledges-billions-to-build-a-blue-water-navy/|title=Putin Pledges Billions to Build a Blue-Water Navy|website=Jamestown|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116172737/https://jamestown.org/program/putin-pledges-billions-to-build-a-blue-water-navy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Of the 24 submarines, 16 were to be nuclear-powered.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radyuhin |first=Vladimir |date=1 August 2012 |title=Russian Navy launches massive upgrade drive |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3707950.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928035907/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3707950.ece |archive-date=28 September 2012}}</ref> On 10 January 2013, the Russian Navy finally accepted its first new Borei-class SSBN ({{ship|Russian submarine|Yury Dolgorukiy|K-535|2}}) for service.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2013 |title=New Russian nuclear submarine goes into service |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-submarine-idUSBRE9090YR20130110 |access-date=1 January 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310142340/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/10/us-russia-submarine-idUSBRE9090YR20130110 |url-status=live }}</ref> A second Borei (''[[Russian submarine Alexander Nevsky (K-550)|Aleksandr Nevskiy]]'') was undergoing sea trials and entered service on 21 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://russianships.info/eng/submarines/project_955.htm|title=Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines - Project 955|website=russianships.info|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126151403/http://russianships.info/eng/submarines/project_955.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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A third ''Borei''-class boat ({{ship|Russian submarine|Vladimir Monomakh||2}}) was launched and began trials in early 2013, and was commissioned in late 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaGrone |first=Sam |date=11 December 2014 |title=Russia Accepts Third Borei-class Boomer |url=http://news.usni.org/2014/12/11/russia-accepts-third-borei-class-boomer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220090852/http://news.usni.org/2014/12/11/russia-accepts-third-borei-class-boomer/ |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014 |publisher=USNI News}}</ref> As of early 2025, eight Borei-class boats are in service, along with five {{sclass2|Yasen|submarine|0}} nuclear attack/cruise missile submarines. More vessels of these classes are building along with additional {{sclass2|Lada|submarine|5}} and [[Kilo-class submarine#Project 636.3 units|Improved-Kilo-class]] conventional attack submarines. The surface fleet is also being modernized, principally by introducing at least [[Future of the Russian Navy#Corvettes|six new classes of corvette/offshore patrol vessels]], a new class of frigate ([[Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate|the ''Admiral Gorshkov'' class]]), as well as new classes of amphibious ships and support vessels. In 2019, total tonnage of the Russian Navy stood at 1,216,547 tonnes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patton |first1=Keith |title=BATTLE FORCE MISSILES: THE MEASURE OF A FLEET |url=https://cimsec.org/battle-force-missiles-the-measure-of-a-fleet/ |website=CIMSEC |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408035951/https://cimsec.org/battle-force-missiles-the-measure-of-a-fleet/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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On 31 July 2022 during Russian Navy Day, Putin approved a new maritime doctrine for Russia. The new doctrine suggests an increased state focus on the Arctic and the [[Northern Sea Route]], as well as an increased naval presence in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, both using already-established bases and establishing new bases on other territories in the area. Plans for the development of shipbuilding industries in Crimea were also mentioned, as well as the development of new [[Liquefied natural gas terminal|LNG terminals]] and shipbuilding industries in the Far East. With the US and Allies identified as the major maritime threat, cooperation with India and Middle Eastern allies was also emphasised, as well as the necessity for increased foreign port visits by Russian Navy vessels.<ref name="newdoctrine2022">{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/politika/15353849|title=Деятельность в Арктике и создание СПГ-мощностей. Основные положения Морской доктрины РФ|date=31 July 2022|language=ru|website=TASS}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Source is Russian state media|date=November 2025}} In 2023, Russian state media claimed that the Russian Navy received 3 submarines, 7 surface ships (including a modernized one), 33 multipurpose, raid and support vessels, 11 aircraft and helicopters, and also over 7,700 cruise, anti-ship and anti-submarine missiles.<ref>{{cite web | title=ВМФ в 2023 году получил более 7,7 тысячи единиц средств поражения | website=РИА Новости | date=26 January 2024 | url=https://ria.ru/20240126/vmf-1923654510.html | language=ru | access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Source is Russian state media|date=November 2025}}<br />
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<br />
=== Invasion of Ukraine and losses ===<br />
[[File:Russian cruiser Moskva.jpg|thumb|left|[[Slava-class cruiser]] ''Moskva'', sunk in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]]]<br />
In 2022, the Russian Navy took part in the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], starting with the [[attack on Snake Island]] at the beginning of the war, at which the Ukrainian defenders told the {{ship|Russian cruiser|Moskva}}, flagship of the Black Sea; "[[Russian warship, go fuck yourself]]",<ref name="m792">{{cite web | last=Harding | first=Luke | title='Russian warship, go fuck yourself': what happened next to the Ukrainians defending Snake Island? | website=The Guardian | date=19 November 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/19/russian-warship-go-fuck-yourself-ukraine-snake-island | access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="n641">{{cite web | author=The Moscow Times | title=Ukraine Honors Soldier Who Cursed Out Russian Warship | website=The Moscow Times | date=20 September 2024 | url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/30/ukraine-honors-soldier-who-cursed-out-russian-warship-a77140 | access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> before subsequently being captured by Russian forces. ''Moskva'' sank on 14 April 2022 after a fire broke out and forced the crew to evacuate. The Ukrainian military reported that they hit the ship with [[R-360 Neptune|Neptune anti-ship missiles]], however the Russian military did not confirm this. The ship subsequently capsized and sank while the Russian Navy was attempting to tow her into port. The [[Sinking of the Moskva|sinking of ''Moskva'']] is the most significant Russian naval loss in action since World War II.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2022 |title=Russian warship: Moskva sinks in Black Sea |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61114843 |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415092906/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61114843 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2023, the [[Russian landing ship Novocherkassk]] was also destroyed after being hit by Ukrainian cruise missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=27 December 2023 |title=Full Devastation From Cruise Missile Attack On Russian Ship Comes Into View |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/full-devastation-from-cruise-missile-attack-on-russian-ship-coming-into-view |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=The Drive |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian [[Unmanned surface vehicle|sea drones]] struck the Russian [[Tarantul-class corvette]] [[Russian corvette Ivanovets|Ivanovets]] in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink.<ref name="The Telegraph 2024 e989">{{cite web | title=Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike | website=The Telegraph | date=1 February 2024 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/02/01/ukraine-sinks-russian-warship-black-sea-drone-strike/ | access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Greenall 2024 j308">{{cite web | last=Greenall | first=Robert | title=Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' | website=BBC Home | date=1 February 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68165523 | access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> Two weeks later on 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the [[Russian ship Tsezar Kunikov|Russian Landing ship Tsezar Kunikov]].<ref name="Goryashko 2024 x892">{{cite web | last=Goryashko | first=Sergey | title=Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast | website=POLITICO | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-sinks-russian-ship-off-crimean-coast/ | access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Tom Balmforth 2024 k016">{{cite web | author1=Tom Balmforth | author2=Pavel Polityuk | title=Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea | website=Reuters | date=14 February 2024 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-forces-destroy-large-russian-landing-ship-military-says-2024-02-14/ | access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> On 5 March, the patrol boat Sergei Kotov was also lost to sea drones.<ref name="Murphy 2024 l650">{{cite web | last=Murphy | first=Michael | title=Russian patrol boat sunk by Ukrainian sea drones off Crimea | website=Yahoo News | date=5 March 2024 | url=https://news.yahoo.com/russian-patrol-boat-sunk-ukrainian-113717584.html | access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> While precise information on Russian ship losses during the war are not available, the fleet has lost at least four major warships (with others damaged), three major amphibious ships (with others damaged) and one submarine ([[Russian submarine Rostov-na-Donu|''Rostov-na-Donu'']]), which was either seriously damaged or possibly destroyed while in dry dock.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Barkhush |first= Amira |date=29 July 2024 |title=Black Sea Fleet Vessels Russia Has Lost Since the Beginning of the Full-Scale Invasion |language=en |website=United 24 Media |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/all-the-black-sea-fleet-vessels-russia-has-lost-since-the-beginning-of-the-full-scale-invasion-1445 |access-date=6 October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/russian-submarine-and-corvette-sustain-major-damage-heres-what-we-know-12008 |title=Russian Submarine and Corvette Sustain Major Damage. Here's What We Know |website=United 24 Media |date=27 September 2025 |access-date=28 September 2025 |last= Khomenko |first=Ivan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New images show extent of damage endured by Russian submarine in Sevastopol|url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3762813-new-images-show-extent-of-damage-endured-by-russian-submarine-in-sevastopol.html|date=18 September 2023|access-date=18 September 2023|website=Ukrinform|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919085317/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3762813-new-images-show-extent-of-damage-endured-by-russian-submarine-in-sevastopol.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The fleet has continued to operate and attempted to adjust to Ukrainian tactics by integrating new defensive systems in ships and by redeploying vessels to the eastern Black Sea, or out of the region entirely, until sufficiently upgraded.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russia upgrades missile corvette Sovetsk with Tor-M2KM Air Defense System | website=Army Recognition | date=29 August 2024 | url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2024/russia-upgrades-missile-corvette-sovetsk-with-tor-m2km-air-defense-system | language=en | access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Espreso">{{cite web |url=https://global.espreso.tv/russia-brings-new-corvette-to-black-sea-to-replace-destroyed-askold-in-kerch-media |title=Russia deploys new corvettes to Black Sea, replacing destroyed Askold in Kerch - media |work=Espreso |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103215752/https://global.espreso.tv/russia-brings-new-corvette-to-black-sea-to-replace-destroyed-askold-in-kerch-media |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/05/04/russia-moved-karakurt-class-warship-to-caspian-via-inland-waterways/|title=Russia moved Karakurt-class warship to Caspian via inland waterways |website=Bulgarian Military.com |date=4 May 2024 |access-date=5 October 2025 |last= Nikolov |first=Boyko}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
[[File:FrogmenExercise2017-08.jpg|thumb|A Naval Spetsnaz frogman]]{{Navies of Russia}}<br />
<br />
Since 2012 the headquarters of the Russian Navy (Russian Navy Main Staff) is once again located in The Admiralty in [[Saint Petersburg]]. Russian naval manpower is a mixture of conscripts serving one-year terms and volunteers (Officers and Ratings). In 2006 the [[IISS]] assessed there were 142,000 personnel in the Russian Navy. This personnel number includes the Naval Infantry (Marines) and the Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops. As of 2008 the conscription term was reduced to one year and a major downsizing and reorganization were underway. In 2008, plans were announced to move the headquarters to the [[Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg|Admiralty building in St. Petersburg]], the historic location of the headquarters of the Imperial Russian Navy. The Navy Staff finally relocated there in November 2012.{{cn|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
The Russian Navy is organised into four combat services - the Surface Forces, the Submarine Forces, the Naval Aviation and the Coastal Troops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Структура : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации |url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/structure.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828001919/https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/structure.htm |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=structure.mil.ru}}</ref> Additionally the navy also includes support units afloat and ashore. It does not include special forces. The [[Russian commando frogmen|Naval Spetsnaz]] brigades are part of the [[GRU (Russian Federation)|Main Intelligence Directorate]] attached to the respective fleets and the Counter-Diversionary Forces and Assets (''ПДСС'') (which are units, protecting the Navy from incursions of enemy special forces) fall within the Coastal Forces.<br />
<br />
During the Cold War the Soviet Armed Forces made the distinction between the various naval commands. The main fleets were the [[Northern Fleet|Northern]] and the [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]]. They were tasked with independent operations on the high seas and for that reason included strategic surface, submarine and air forces, including the country's naval nuclear deterrent. Due to the limited geography of the Baltic and the Black Seas the respective [[Baltic Fleet|Baltic]] and [[Black Sea Fleet]]s were given a more circumscribed role in support of adjacent ground formation (the Main Command of the Troops of the Western Direction in [[Legnica]] ([[Poland]]) and the Main Command of the Troops of the South-Western Direction in [[Chișinău]]).<br />
<br />
These two fleets were armed with shorter-range weapon systems than the main fleets (diesel-electric submarines, [[Sukhoi Su-24]] fighter-bombers and a larger quantity of [[frigate]]s and [[corvette]]s). Due to the closed nature of the [[Caspian Sea]] (still connected to the Baltic and Black Seas through the [[Volga River]] and the system of rivers and canals and navigable for ships of corvette size) its [[Caspian Flotilla]] had an even more limited role than the Fleets and played a defensive role supporting the Main Command of the Troops of the Southern Direction in [[Baku]].<br />
<br />
With the end of the [[Cold War]] a significant reduction in forces followed. Before the [[2008 Russian military reform]], the four fleets were ranked as equal in status to the six Military Districts. With the reform measures going into force the number of Military Districts was reduced and became new Joint Strategic Commands and the four fleets and one flotilla were subordinated to them with status equal to the Ground Forces and the Air Forces armies. Due to Russia's increased interests in the Arctic region and the importance of Russia's western/northwestern maritime defence the Northern Fleet, originally part of the Joint Strategic Command West (Western Military District), on 12 December 2014 became the basis for the newly formed fifth [[Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command (Russia)|Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command]].<br />
<br />
In 2024, amid increasing tensions with NATO, and owing to a significantly weakened position for Russia in northern Europe, resulting from the [[Sweden–NATO relations|Swedish]] and [[Finland-NATO relations|Finnish entry into NATO]], both the [[Northern Fleet|Northern]] and [[Baltic Fleet]]s were subordinated to the command of the [[Leningrad Military District]]. The Military District was now responsible for the command of all Russian ground, sea and air forces stretching from [[Kaliningrad]] to the [[Arctic Ocean]]. The Russian Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Flotilla remained subordinate to the [[Southern Military District]] while the Pacific Fleet was subordinate to the [[Eastern Military District]].<ref>{{cite web|first=David |last= Batashvili |url=https://gfsis.org/en/russian-military-transformation-tracker-issue-9-from-16-december-2023-to-15-june-2024-2/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |title=Russian Military Transformation Tracker, Issue 9: From 16 December 2023 to 15 June 2024|website=Rondeli Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Putins signs northwestern regions into Leningrad military district | website=The Barents Observer | date=26 February 2024 | url=https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/security/putins-signs-northwestern-regions-into-leningrad-military-district/163619|last= Nilsen |first=Thomas| access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/bp_1812_black_sea_russia_0.pdf |title=Russia and black sea security |date=2018 |website=www.sipri.org |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728035711/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/bp_1812_black_sea_russia_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tochnyi.info/2025/11/ru-structure-ground-forces/|title =Russian Armed Forces Structure – Ground Forces |website=tochnyi.info |date=1 November 2025 |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-03/Battle%20Reading%20the%20Russian%20Pacific%20Fleet%202023-2030_0.pdf |title =Battle Reading the Russian Pacific Fleet 2023-2030 p. 2 |website=Sea Power Centre Australia |date=2023 |last= Muraviev |first=Alexey D. |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Submarine and surface forces ===<br />
[[File:Томск в Вилючинске.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oscar-class submarine|Oscar II class]] cruise missile submarine ''Tomsk'']]<br />
The submarine and surface forces form the backbone of the Navy. Submarines can form part of dedicated submarine squadrons and flotillas or, alternatively, they can operate as part of squadrons and flotillas of mixed composition together with major and/or minor surface combatants.<br />
<br />
Over the past two decades there has been an attempt to modernize and update the fleet by emphasizing the production and introduction of modern light units to begin to replace large numbers of obsolescent corvettes, missile boats and mine counter-measures ships from the Soviet-era. In addition, there has been significant emphasis on submarine production with the introduction of nuclear-powered ballistic missile, nuclear-powered cruise missile as well as new classes of conventionally-powered attack submarines. This trend is continuing through the 2020s, particularly in relation to the submarine component of [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Russia's nuclear deterrent forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russian-navy-evolving-right-our-very-eyes-74006 |title=The Russian Navy Is Evolving Right Before Our Very Eyes |first=David |last=Axe |date=15 August 2019 |website=[[The National Interest]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russia-submarine-capabilities/ |title=Russia Submarine Capabilities |website=NTI |date=28 August 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"<br />
|+ Russian Navy organisation<br />
! Part of<br />
! Fleet unit<br />
! Officer commanding<br />
! Ground and air forces equivalent<br />
! Officer commanding<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]<br />
|'''Commander-in-Chief of the Navy'''<br />
(''Главнокомандующий Военно-морским флотом Российской Федерации'')<br />
|[[Admiral]]<br />
|'''Commander-in-Chief of the Land Forces'''<br />
<br />
(''Главнокомандующий Сухопутными войсками Российской Федерации'')<br />
<br />
'''Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces'''<br />
<br />
(''Главнокомандующий Воздушно-космическими силами'' ''Российской Федерации'')<br />
<br />
|[[Colonel general]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Chief of Staff and First Deputy Commander of the Navy'''<br />
''(Начальник штаба — первый заместитель Главнокомандующего ВМФ'')<br />
|[[Vice admiral]]<br />
|'''Chief of the Main Staff and First Deputy Commander of the Land Forces'''<br />
<br />
(''Начальник Главного штаба Сухопутных войск — первый заместитель главнокомандующего Сухопутными войсками'')<br />
<br />
'''Chief of the Main Staff and First Deputy Commander of the Aerospace Forces'''<br />
<br />
(''Начальник Главного штаба — первый заместитель Главнокомандующего Воздушно-космическими силами'')<br />
|[[Lieutenant general]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Deputy Commander of the Navy'''<br />
(''Заместитель Главнокомандующего ВМФ'')<br />
|[[Vice admiral]] /<br />
<br />
[[Lieutenant general]] (Marines and Naval Aviation)<br />
|'''Deputy Commander of the Land Forces'''<br />
<br />
(''Заместитель Главнокомандующего СВ'')<br />
<br />
'''Deputy Commander of the Aerospace Forces'''<br />
<br />
(''Заместитель Главнокомандующего ВКС'')<br />
|[[Lieutenant general]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Leningrad Military District]]<br />
|'''Commander of the [[Northern Fleet]]'''<br />
(''Командующий Северным флотом'')<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Admiral]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* Military District<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Colonel general]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Eastern Military District]]<br />
|'''Commander of the [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]]'''<br />
<br />
(''Командующий Тихоокеанским флотом'')<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Leningrad Military District]]<br />
|'''Commander of the [[Baltic Fleet]]'''<br />
(''Командующий Балтийским флотом'')<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Vice admiral]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* Army<br />
* Air Army<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Lieutenant general]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Southern Military District]]<br />
|'''Commander of the [[Black Sea Fleet]]'''<br />
<br />
(''Командующий Черноморским флотом'')<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|'''Commander of the [[Caspian Flotilla]]'''<br />
(''Командующий Каспийской флотилией'')<br />
|[[Kontradmiral]]<br />
|<br />
* Army Corps<br />
|[[Major general]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Fleet<br />
(''Флот'')<br />
|'''Flotilla'''<br />
(''Флотилия'')<br />
|[[Kontradmiral]]<br />
|Used to correspond to a ground forces or air forces ''Army''.<br />
* Army Corps<br />
* Air Force of a (specific) Fleet<br />
|[[Major general]]<br />
|Could be separate ''Flotilla'' or one forming part of a ''Fleet''. For example, the modern day [[Primorsky Krai|''Primorskaya'']] Mixed Forces Formation (formerly Mixed Forces Flotilla) of the [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]].<br />
|-<br />
|Fleet<br />
(''Флот'')<br />
|'''Operational Squadron'''<br />
(''Оперативная эскадра'')<br />
|[[Kontradmiral]]<br />
|<br />
* Army Corps<br />
* Air Force of a (specific) Fleet<br />
|[[Major general]]<br />
|Naval Task Force. For example, the [[Permanent task force of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea]].<br />
|-<br />
|Fleet<br />
(''Флот'')<br />
|'''Squadron''' (ships)<br />
(''Эскадра'')<br />
|[[Kontradmiral]]<br />
|<br />
* Army Corps<br />
* Air Force of a (specific) Fleet<br />
|[[Major general]]<br />
|A permanent formation, combining several divisions and brigades. Equal to an Army Corps.<br />
|-<br />
|Squadron (ships)<br />
|'''Division''' of major ships<br />
(''Дивизия кораблей'')<br />
|[[Kontradmiral]]<br />
|[[Division (military)|Division]]<br />
|[[Major general]]<br />
|For example, the [[Black Sea Fleet|Black Sea Fleet's]] 30th Surface Ships Division or the [[Northern Fleet|Northern Fleet's]] 7th Submarine Division.<br />
|-<br />
|Fleet<br />
(''Флот'')<br />
|'''Naval Base'''<br />
(''Военно-морская база'')<br />
|[[Kontradmiral]]<br />
|[[Division (military)|Division]]<br />
|[[Major general]]<br />
|A Naval Base is a command of divisional level, which is subordinated to a Fleet or Flotilla. It provides berthing, supply and repair to the Fleet's main forces, as well as defence against conventional and asymmetric threats. For that reason it includes a Brigade of ships of at least one missile corvette division and one minesweeper division. The base also deploys counter-diversion combat divers and possibly a coastal defence ground formation of marines and coastal artillery. The Naval Base could include a main base location and one or more secondary locations, in which case the secondary locations would deploy a mixed division of corvettes/ fast attack craft and minesweepers.<br />
|-<br />
|Squadron (ships) /<br />
Naval Base<br />
|'''Brigade''' of ships<br />
<br />
(''Бригада кораблей'')<br />
|[[Kontradmiral]] /<br />
[[Captain 1st rank]]<br />
|[[Brigade]]<br />
|[[Major general]] /<br />
[[Colonel]]<br />
|<br />
* Submarine Boats Brigade (''Бригада'' ''подводных лодок'') includes diesel-electric submarines and is directly subordinated to a ''Fleet.''<br />
* Landing Ships Brigade (''Бригада десантных кораблей'') includes large landing ships and is directly subordinated to a ''Fleet.''<br />
* Waterborne Area Defence Ships Brigade (''Бригада кораблей охраны водного района'') normally includes an [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] corvette division and a minesweepers division and is subordinated to a ''Naval Base''.<br />
* Brigade of Ships in Construction or Repair (''Бригада строящихся и ремонтирующихся кораблей'') subordinated to a ''Naval Base''.<br />
|-<br />
|Division of major ships<br />
(''Дивизия кораблей'')<br />
|'''Division''' of warships of 2nd rank<br />
(''Дивизион кораблей 2-го ранга'')<br />
|[[Captain 1st Rank]]<br />
|Regiment /<br />
<br />
Air Regiment<br />
|[[Colonel]]<br />
|Increasingly out of use as in modern days warships 2nd class form ships brigades and ships divisions.<br />
|-<br />
|Division of major ships<br />
(''Дивизия кораблей'') /<br />
<br />
Brigade of ships<br />
<br />
(''Бригада кораблей'')<br />
|'''Division''' of warships of 3rd rank<br />
<br />
(''Дивизион кораблей 3-го ранга'')<br />
|[[Kapitan 2nd rank|Captain 2nd rank]]<br />
|Separate Battalion /<br />
<br />
Air Squadron<br />
|[[Lieutenant colonel]]<br />
|Division of corvettes.<br />
|-<br />
|Brigade of ships<br />
(''Бригада кораблей'') /<br />
<br />
Naval Base<br />
<br />
(''Военно-морская база'')<br />
|'''Division''' of warships of 4th rank<br />
(''Дивизион кораблей 4-го ранга'')<br />
|[[Lieutenant commander#Other countries|Captain 3rd rank]]<br />
|Separate Battalion /<br />
<br />
Air Squadron<br />
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]<br />
|Division fast craft or minesweepers.<br />
|-<br />
|Brigade of ships<br />
(''Бригада кораблей'') /<br />
<br />
Naval Base<br />
<br />
(''Военно-морская база'')<br />
|'''Division''' of warships of 4th rank<br />
<br />
(''Дивизион кораблей 4-го ранга'')<br />
|[[Lieutenant commander#Other countries|Captain 3rd rank]] /<br />
<br />
[[Captain lieutenant]]<br />
|Separate Company / Separate Battery /<br />
<br />
Air Flight<br />
|[[Captain (military rank)|Captain]]<br />
|In case of a division of small support craft of a naval base, such as tug boats, fire boats, courier launches etc.<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" |'''Individual ships'''<br />
|-<br />
|Division of major ships<br />
(''Дивизия кораблей'') /<br />
<br />
Brigade of ships<br />
<br />
(''Бригада кораблей'')<br />
|Warship 1st rank<br />
|[[Captain 1st Rank]]<br />
|Regiment /<br />
<br />
Air Regiment<br />
* The departments of the Ship's Company are called Combat Units (''Боевая часть'' (''БЧ'') and correspond to battalions)<br />
|[[Colonel]]<br />
|<br />
* [[ballistic missile submarine]] (submarine nuclear missile cruiser of strategic purpose (''РПКСН''))<br />
* [[attack submarine]] (nuclear submarine boat (''АПЛ''))<br />
* aircraft carrier (heavy aviation-carrying cruiser (''ТАВКР''))<br />
* nuclear battlecruiser (heavy nuclear missile cruiser (''ТАРКР'' - not operational as of 2025)<br />
* missile cruiser (''РК'')<br />
* large destroyer (guided missile destroyer 1st rank (''Эсм. УРО 1-го ранга''))<br />
* large [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] destroyer (''БПК'')<br />
|-<br />
|Brigade of ships<br />
(''Бригада кораблей'')<br />
<br />
/<br />
<br />
Division of small ships<br />
<br />
(''Дивизион кораблей'')<br />
|Warship 2nd rank<br />
|[[Kapitan 2nd rank|Captain 2nd rank]]<br />
|Separate Battalion /<br />
<br />
Air Squadron<br />
* The departments of the Ship's Company are called Combat Units (''Боевая часть'' (''БЧ'') and correspond to companies)<br />
|[[Lieutenant colonel]]<br />
|<br />
* diesel-electric submarine (''ДЭПЛ'')<br />
* small destroyer (guided missile destroyer 2nd rank (''Эсм. УРО 2-го ранга''))<br />
* missile frigate (guard ship (''СКР''))<br />
* [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] frigate (large [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] ship 2nd rank (''БПК 2-го ранга''))<br />
* offshore patrol vessel<br />
* large landing ship (''БДК'')<br />
|-<br />
|Division of ships 3rd rank<br />
<br />
(''Дивизион кораблей 3-го ранга'')<br />
|Warship 3rd rank<br />
|[[Lieutenant commander#Other countries|Captain 3rd rank]]<br />
|Separate Battalion /<br />
<br />
Air Squadron<br />
* The departments of the Ship's Company are called Combat Units (''Боевая часть'' (''БЧ'') and correspond to platoons)<br />
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]<br />
|<br />
* missile corvette (small missile ship (''МРК''))<br />
* [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] corvette (small [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] ship (''МПК''))<br />
* coastal patrol vessel (small artillery ship (''МАК''))<br />
* seagoing minesweeper (''МТ'')<br />
* medium landing ship (''СДК'')<br />
* small air cushion landing ship (''МДКВП'')<br />
|-<br />
|Division of ships 4th rank<br />
<br />
(''Дивизион кораблей 4-го ранга'')<br />
|Warship 4th rank<br />
|[[Captain lieutenant]] /<br />
[[Senior lieutenant]] /<br />
<br />
[[Mladshij lejtenant|Lieutenant]]<br />
|Platoon<br />
|[[Captain (military rank)|Captain]] /<br />
[[Senior lieutenant]] /<br />
<br />
[[Lieutenant]]<br />
|<br />
* missile fast attack craft (missile cutter (''РКА''))<br />
* gun fast attack craft (artillery cruiser (''АКА''))<br />
* torpedo fast attack craft (torpedo cutter (''ТКА''))<br />
* anti-submarine craft (guard cutter (''СКА''))<br />
* coastal minesweeper (base minesweeper (''БТ''))<br />
* minesweeping boat ([[Roadstead|roadstead minesweeper]] (''РТ''))<br />
* landing craft (landing cutter (''ДКА''))<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Coastal troops===<br />
{{Main|Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy|Russian Naval Infantry}}<br />
[[File:RIAN archive 711423 Vostok 2010 Strategic Exercise in Vladivostok.jpg|thumb|Russian Naval Infantry during the Vostok Strategic Exercise in the [[Vladivostok]] area, 2010]]<br />
[[File:Russie Brest 2012 (4).JPG|thumb|Russian Naval Infantrymen]]<br />
<br />
Coastal Troops include the Naval Infantry and the Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops.<br />
<br />
The Russian Naval Infantry are the [[amphibious warfare|amphibious]] force of the Russian Navy and can trace their origins back to 1705, when [[Peter the Great]] issued a decree for an infantry [[regiment]] "of naval equipage". Since its formation it has seen action in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Crimean War]], the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the First and Second World Wars, and the Chechen and Georgian conflicts. Under the leadership of [[Sergey Gorshkov|Admiral Gorshkov]] during the Cold War, the Soviet Navy expanded the reach of the Naval Infantry and deployed it worldwide on numerous occasions, but since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] its role has been greatly reduced.<br />
<br />
The Soviet Naval Infantry and their Russian successors have a reputation as elite shock troops. For their black uniforms and ferocious performance in combat in the Black Sea and Baltic Sea regions during [[World War II]] they received the nickname "The Black Death" ([[German language|German]]: ''der schwarze Tod''). The Russian Naval Infantry is a mechanised force, organised in brigades, independent regiments and independent battalions. The 55th Naval Infantry Division of the Pacific Fleet has been disbanded in 2009 and replaced by two separate brigades. Each brigade has a tank battalion, a self-propelled artillery battalion, a self-propelled air defence battalion, mechanised marine infantry battalions, other support units and one Airborne Assault Naval Infantry Battalion (''десантно-штурмовой батальон морской пехоты''), parachute and [[air assault]] qualified, with the mission to spearhead amphibious landings.<br />
<br />
The coastal defence troops of the Russian Navy are conventional mechanised brigades with the main task to prevent enemy amphibious landings. An example of coastal defence troops are those of the Baltic Fleet. With Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declaring independence at the end of the Soviet Union the [[Baltic Military District]] practically disintegrated. The massive ground forces formations left landlocked in the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] were transferred from the ground forces to naval command and control. The integration of naval infantry and coastal defence troops is a relatively new tendency from the 2010s in order to simplify the naval command structure and the new Arctic infantry brigades in formation under the [[Northern Fleet]] fall within that process. <br />
<br />
As of 2022, there appeared to be a longer-term intent to expand all Russian naval infantry brigades into division-sized formations, coupled with the planned acquisition of both the new [[Project 23900 amphibious assault ship|Ivan Rogov-class helicopter assault ships]] as well as upgraded [[Ivan Gren-class landing ship|Ivan Gren-class]] landing ships. However, full implementation of such a plan would likely have to await the conclusion of the Russo-Ukraine War.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://seapower.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/2025-03/Battle%20Reading%20the%20Russian%20Pacific%20Fleet%202023-2030_0.pdf |title =Battle Reading the Russian Pacific Fleet 2023-2030 p. 20-21 |website=Sea Power Centre Australia |date=2023 |last=Muraviev |first=Alexey D. |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The coastal artillery troops also play a very important role for the Navy. The geography of the [[Barents Sea]], the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] as well as the [[Caspian Sea]] makes the deployment of shore-based, anti-ship systems in an area-denying role very effective. They deploy [[K-300P Bastion-P]] supersonic [[Anti-ship cruise missile|ASCM]], [[3M-54 Kalibr]] cruise subsonic ASCM and [[A-222E Bereg-E 130mm coastal mobile artillery system]] as well as self-propelled [[surface-to-air missile]] systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2021/russian-navy-deploys-new-coastal-missile-brigade-equipped-with-bal-and-bastion-missile-systems|title=Russian Navy deploys new coastal missile brigade equipped with Bal and Bastion missile systems|website=www.navyrecognition.com|date=14 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2018/russian-navy-strengthens-its-coastal-missile-brigades-with-bal-and-bastion-systems|title = Russian Navy strengthens its coastal missile brigades with BAL and BASTION systems| date=16 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/04/russias-bastion-missile-systems-pass-winter-tests-in-the-arctic/|title=Russia's Bastion Missile Systems Pass Winter Tests in the Arctic|first=Xavier|last=Vavasseur|date=27 April 2020|access-date=1 October 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928092528/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/04/russias-bastion-missile-systems-pass-winter-tests-in-the-arctic/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/09/franz-josef-land-kola-northern-fleet-fights-simulated-enemy-parallel-zapad-2021|title=Northern Fleet exercises in parallel with Zapad-2021|date=15 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921122844/https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/09/franz-josef-land-kola-northern-fleet-fights-simulated-enemy-parallel-zapad-2021|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Naval Infantry and Coastal Troops are led by the Deputy Commander for Naval Infantry/Commandant of the Naval Infantry of the Russian Navy, [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] (NI) Aleksandr Kolpatsenko. Their motto is: "Where We Are, There is Victory!"<br />
<br />
===Naval aviation===<br />
{{Main|Russian Naval Aviation}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Su27K (Su33) DD-SD-99-06153.jpg|thumb|A [[Sukhoi Su-33]] from the 279th Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment on ''[[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|Admiral Kuznetsov]]'''s flight deck]]<br />
The first naval aviation units in Russia were formed from 1912 through 1914 as a part of the [[Baltic Fleet]] and the [[Black Sea Fleet]]. Since its formation, it has participated in the [[Russian Civil War]], [[World War II]] and in many other conflicts throughout Europe, the Middle East and Asia (''statement requires source citation''). During the Cold War the naval aviation pursued a policy of deploying large numbers of bombers in maritime strike roles to counter the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s extensive fleet of aircraft carriers, by 1989 it operated over 1,000 fixed-wing aircraft with the majority being bombers such as the [[Tupolev Tu-22M|Tu-22M "Backfire"]] and the [[Tupolev Tu-16|Tu-16 "Badger"]].{{cn|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
Since the fall of the Soviet Union Russia's naval aviation has been significantly reduced in size. The Tu-22Ms have been transferred to the Aerospace Forces and since then the combat arm of the Naval Aviation is built around [[Sukhoi Su-33]]s, [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]]s, with [[Sukhoi Su-30]]s and [[Sukhoi Su-34]]s replacing the obsolete [[Sukhoi Su-24]]s. Russia's sole aircraft carrier, [[Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov'' (063)]], has also been inactive since 2017 and, as of 2025, has been reported as unlikely to return to operational service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2025/september/russia-finally-giving-carrier-aviation |title=Is Russia Finally Giving Up on Carrier Aviation? |website=US Naval Institute |date=September 2025 |access-date=31 October 2025 |last1=Moss |first1=Richard |last2=Vest |first2=Ryan }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |url=https://x.com/NavyLookout/status/1944021445379555732 |title=🇷🇺Russia set to abandon refurbishment project and decommission their sole aircraft carrier, the world's largest mobile bonfire, RFS Admiral Kuznetsov which has not sailed since 2017. |user=NavyLookout |number=1944021445379555732 |date=12 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref> The carrier's fixed-wing aircraft were then re-deployed to a land-based role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2021/mig-29k-fighter-from-russian-navy-deployed-for-the-first-time-in-arctic|title=MiG-29K fighter from Russian Navy deployed for the first time in Arctic|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314081623/http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2021/march/9821-mig-29k-fighter-from-russian-navy-deployed-for-the-first-time-in-arctic.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1265271|title=MiG-29K fighters go on combat duty on Russian Arctic archipelago for first time|access-date=12 March 2021|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312105254/https://tass.com/defense/1265271|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2025, the Russian Naval Aviation consists of the following components:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/modern-airpower/aircraft-russian-naval-aviation.php |title=Active Russian Naval Aviation Aircraft 2025 |website=Military Factory|date= 2025 |access-date=31 October 2025 }}</ref><ref name="AFM65">Air Forces Monthly, p. 65</ref><br />
* Naval missile-carrying aviation<br />
* Shore-based [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] aviation<br />
* [[Attack aircraft|Attack]] (''Shturmovik'') aviation<br />
* Shore-based [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] aviation<br />
* [[Reconnaissance]] aviation<br />
* Shipborne aviation (principally ASW helicopters)<br />
* Auxiliary air units<br />
<br />
As of 2025, aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukraine War, for both the [[Russian Aerospace Force]]s and shore-based Russian naval aviation, have included at least seven [[Su-30|Sukhoi Su-30SMs]] and between 10 and 20 of the older [[Sukhoi Su-24|Su-24MRs]]. Russia's total inventory of approximately 110 Su-30s, and reserve stocks of at least 100 Su-24s, may allow for some of these losses to be absorbed but they have not been insignificant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://global.espreso.tv/russia-ukraine-war-russian-aviation-threat-to-nato-su-24-use-losses-capabilities |title=Russian aviation – threat to NATO: Su-24 fleet, capabilities, losses |website=Espresso |date=10 January 2025 |access-date=3 November 2025 |last= Boianivska |first=Nadia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2025/08/15/militarnyi-russian-black-sea-fleets-43rd-air-regiment-loses-over-half-its-su-30sm-fighters-since-2022/ |title = Militarnyi: Russian Black Sea Fleet's 43rd Air Regiment loses over half its Su-30SM fighters since 2022 |website=euromaidanpress.com |date=15 August 2025 |access-date=3 November 2025 |last=Zoria |first=Yuri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1276793|title = Russian Navy warships eliminate enemy aircraft over Black Sea in drills}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashgear.com/1901516/how-many-su-30-russia-have-fighter-jet-fleet-numbers/ |title =How many Su-27, Su-30 & Su-35 fighter jets does Russia have? |website=Slashgear |last=Kantor |first=Jonathan |date=5 July 2025 |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Ranks, rates and insignia ==<br />
{{Main|Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation}}<br />
<br />
=== Commissioned officer ranks ===<br />
The rank insignia of [[commissioned officer]]s.<br />
<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/Russia}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Other ranks ===<br />
The rank insignia of [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[Enlisted rank|enlisted personnel]].<br />
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Rank group !! colspan=6| Under-officers !! colspan=16| NCOs !! colspan=14| Enlisted<br />
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/Russia}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
=== Ships and submarines ===<br />
''See [[List of active Russian Navy ships]]''<br />
<br />
===Aircraft===<br />
{{Main list|List of active Russian military aircraft#Russian Naval Aviation<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Bastion concept, sensor and radar systems===<br />
<br />
Historically, the Russian navy has emphasized the creation of [[Bastion (naval)|submarine bastions]], both to protect the security of its submarine-based nuclear forces and to secure the Arctic and Pacific approaches to Russian territory. In order to strengthen its submarine bastion in the [[Barents Sea]], in 2025 it was reported that Russia has likely deployed a network of sonar systems in that region in order to detect submarines. The network, known as "Harmony", is reported to be composed of detection devices arrayed in an arc stretching from Murmansk, via [[Novaya Zemlja]] to [[Franz Josef Land]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia's Harmony Network – Operational Strength but Strategic Weakness |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/10/russias-harmony-network-operational-strength-but-strategic-weakness/|access-date=28 October 2025|website=Naval News |language=en-gb|date=28 October 2025 |last=Frederik |first= Van Lokeren}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Russian Navy uses Podsolnukh over-the-horizon surface wave radar for detection of ships. As of 2019, four radars have been delivered to the coasts of Caspian Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Sea of Japan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's upgraded radar adapted for operating in Arctic |url=https://tass.com/defense/954140 |website=TASS |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211220916/https://tass.com/defense/954140 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Baltic Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia deploys its modern over-the-horizon Podsolnukh radar systems to Far East, Baltic and Caspian Seas - News - Russian Aviation - RUAVIATION.COM |url=https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2019/10/31/14324/?h |website=www.ruaviation.com |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220164507/https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2019/10/31/14324/?h |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Military districts and fleets ==<br />
The Russian Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla with all of them subordinated to different Military Districts.<br />
<br />
===Leningrad Military District ===<br />
====Northern Fleet====<br />
{{Main|Northern Fleet}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Map of Northern Fleet bases.png|thumb|Major bases and headquarters of the Northern Fleet]]<br />
[[File:Joint exercises of Northern and Black Sea fleets (2020-01-09) 02.jpg|thumb|Russian Navy sailors onboard the cruiser [[Russian cruiser Marshal Ustinov|''Marshal Ustinov'']] in a joint exercise of the [[Northern Fleet|Northern]] and [[Black Sea Fleet|Black Sea fleets]]]]<br />
<br />
The Russian Northern Fleet, dating to 1733 but established as a modern formation in 1933, is headquartered at [[Severomorsk]] and spread around various bases in the greater [[Murmansk]] area. It is the main fleet of the Russian Navy.<ref name="warfare.ru" /> Since 2024, the fleet has been subordinate to the [[Leningrad Military District]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Putins signs northwestern regions into Leningrad military district | website=The Barents Observer | date=26 February 2024 | url=https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/security/putins-signs-northwestern-regions-into-leningrad-military-district/163619|last= Nilsen |first=Thomas| access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Baltic Fleet====<br />
[[File:Kaliningrad 05-2017 img50 Oberpostdirektion building.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the Baltic Fleet in Kaliningrad]]<br />
{{Main|Baltic Fleet}}<br />
<br />
The Baltic Fleet, established on 18 May 1703, is based in [[Baltiysk]] and [[Kronshtadt]], with its headquarters in the city of [[Kaliningrad]], [[Kaliningrad Oblast]].<ref name="warfare.ru">[http://www.warfare.ru/?lang=&linkid=1720&catid=243&type=ssk State of the Russian Navy |ssk|Russian Arms, Military Technology, Analysis of Russia's Military Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204052152/http://warfare.ru/?lang=&linkid=1720&catid=243&type=ssk |date=4 December 2010 }}. Warfare.ru. Retrieved on 9 September 2010.</ref> Since 2024, the fleet has been subordinate to the [[Leningrad Military District]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Putins signs northwestern regions into Leningrad military district | website=The Barents Observer | date=26 February 2024 | url=https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/security/putins-signs-northwestern-regions-into-leningrad-military-district/163619|last= Nilsen |first=Thomas| access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Southern Military District===<br />
====Black Sea Fleet====<br />
[[File:Soviet and Russian Black Sea Fleet.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Some major ships of the Black Sea Fleet, including the ''[[Russian cruiser Moskva|Moskva]]'' (far left) and the ''[[Russian landing ship Saratov|Saratov]]'' (second right), in [[Sevastopol]], August 2007]]<br />
<br />
The Black Sea Fleet, established on 2 May 1783, is based at the Sevastopol, Karantinnaya, and Streletskaya Bays in [[Sevastopol]] which is also the location of its headquarters, and at [[Novorossiysk]] in Krasnodar Kray. The fleet also has various other facilities on the [[Crimea|Crimean Peninsula]] and facilities in Krasnodar Kray. <br />
<br />
Since the start of the [[Russo-Ukraine War]], the Black Sea Fleet has experienced serious losses in ships and materiel. In the initial stages of the war, the fleet's flagship, the cruiser [[Russian cruiser Moskva|''Moskva'']], was [[Sinking of the Moskva|sunk]] on 14 April 2022 during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=Russia says Moskva cruiser has sunk after reported Ukrainian missile strike |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/14/russia-moskva-cruiser-sunk-stormy-seas-defense-ministry |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414202148/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/14/russia-moskva-cruiser-sunk-stormy-seas-defense-ministry |url-status=live }}</ref> Other losses, including the [[Tapir-class landing ship|Tapir-class]] landing ship ''[[Russian landing ship Saratov|Saratov]]'' followed.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Russian Landing Ship Destroyed In Massive Explosion In Captured Ukrainian Port City |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44904/russian-landing-ship-destroyed-in-massive-explosion-in-captured-ukrainian-port-city |work=The Drive |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141126/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44904/russian-landing-ship-destroyed-in-massive-explosion-in-captured-ukrainian-port-city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="warfare.ru" /> For a broader list of Russian and Ukrainian ship losses in the war see: <br />
<br />
{{Main|List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War}}<br />
<br />
However, the fleet has continued operations though information on its precise order of battle is necessarily imprecise. <br />
<br />
{{Main|Black Sea Fleet}}<br />
<br />
====Operational Command South - Tartus====<br />
{{main|Russian naval facility in Tartus}}<br />
<br />
{{main|Permanent task force of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea}}<br />
<br />
The Russian Navy has maintained a base under the command of the Southern Military District in [[Syria]] at [[Tartus]]. The Mediterranean squadron was disestablished soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but a small naval logistics support facility remained there. In January 2017 Russia and Syria signed an agreement, to be valid for 49 years, to expand the Tartus facility with a view to improving the support at Tartus.<ref name="rabs">{{cite news |last1=kuimova |first1=alexandra |last2=wezeman |first2=siemon t. |title=RUSSIA AND BLACK SEA SECURITY |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/bp_1812_black_sea_russia_0.pdf |publisher=SIPRI Background Paper |date=December 2018 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728035711/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/bp_1812_black_sea_russia_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 February 2022, naval detachments from the Northern Fleet and Baltic Fleet arrived at Tartus. Large amphibious assault ships [[Russian landing ship Pyotr Morgunov|''Pyotr Morgunov'']], [[Russian landing ship Georgy Pobedonosets|''Georgy Pobedonosets'']], ''[[Olenegorsky Gornyak]]'', [[Russian landing ship Korolyov|''Korolyov'']], [[Russian landing ship Minsk|''Minsk'']] and ''Kaliningrad'' were under the direction of Russian Navy Commander-in-Chief Admiral [[Nikolay Yevmenov]].<ref name="tass22">{{cite news |title=Russian naval ships arrive at Syria's Tartus in large-scale drills |url=https://tass.com/defense/1397811 |publisher=TASS |date=4 February 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415001019/https://tass.com/defense/1397811?utm_source=google.com&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=google.com&utm_referrer=google.com |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2022 there were around 20 Russian naval ships in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name="tarf24">{{cite news |title=NATO, Russia eye each other as both up forces in the Med |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220422-nato-russia-eye-each-other-as-both-up-forces-in-the-med |publisher=France24 |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614191653/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220422-nato-russia-eye-each-other-as-both-up-forces-in-the-med |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 May it was reported that the flotilla had remained without change since early February. There were 13 ships and 5 support vessels of the four Russian fleets, including 9 attack missile ships. The formation of a "Mediterranean Squadron" of the Russian Navy in February 2022, using the Northern, Baltic, and Pacific Fleets' ships allowed the Russian Black Sea Fleet to return a large number of ships to the Black Sea some time prior to Russia’s attack on Ukraine. On 27 February three days after the commencement of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] Turkey (who acts as guarantor of the [[Montreux Convention]]) decided to ban the passage through the straits of any warships whose homeport is not in the Black Sea.<ref name="bsn11.5">{{cite news |title=The Presence of Russian Warships in the Mediterranean Sea as of 10 May 2022 |url=https://www.blackseanews.net/en/read/189129 |publisher=Black Sea News |date=11 May 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707070359/https://www.blackseanews.net/en/read/189129 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of mid-2025, the loss of the [[Tartus naval base|Russian base at the port of Tartus in Syria]], as a result of the [[Fall of the Assad regime]] in late 2024, has significantly impacted the ability of the Russian navy to maintain an effective presence in the Mediterranean region. As of mid-2025, Russia and Syria were reportedly engaged in negotiations about the future of Russian naval and air facilities in the country though it remained unclear how extensive Russia's military presence in Syria would be going forward.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250731-russia-syria-deepen-ties-review-longstanding-assad-era-agreements-military-bases |title=Russia, Syria to deepen ties, review longstanding Assad-era agreements |website=France 24 |date=31 July 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref><br />
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====Caspian Flotilla====<br />
{{Main|Caspian Flotilla}}<br />
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The Caspian Flotilla, established on 4 November 1722, is based in [[Astrakhan]] and [[Mahachkala|Makhachkala]] with its headquarters in Astrakhan.<ref name="warfare.ru" /><br />
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===Eastern Military District===<br />
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====Pacific Fleet====<br />
{{Main|Pacific Fleet (Russia)}}<br />
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The Pacific Fleet, originally established as the Okhotsk Military Flotilla in 1731, is headquartered in Vladivostok, based around [[Vladivostok]] and [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy]] and is subordinate to the Russian military's [[Eastern Military District]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suciu |first=Peter |date=3 October 2025 |title=The Russian Pacific Fleet Is on the Move. Should the West Be Concerned?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russian-pacific-fleet-on-move-should-west-be-concerned-ps-100325 |website=The National Interest |access-date=19 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Military District|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/vo-eastern.htm |website=Global Security.org|access-date=19 November 2025 }}</ref><br />
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==Future and modernization==<br />
{{Further|Future of the Russian Navy}}<br />
[[File:International Maritime Defence Show 2011 (375-27).jpg|thumb|[[Lada-class submarine|Lada-class]] diesel-electric submarine [[Russian submarine Sankt Peterburg (B-585)|''Sankt Petersburg'']]]]<br />
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Russia's military budget expanded from 1998 until 2015, but economic problems including a sharp decline in oil prices led to budget cuts in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hille |first=Kathrin |date=15 October 2014 |title=Russia's defence budget hit by slowdown |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f6564f36-53a3-11e4-929b-00144feab7de |url-status=live |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020181046/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f6564f36-53a3-11e4-929b-00144feab7de.html |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> Higher expenditure led to an increase in numbers of ships under construction, initially focusing on submarines, such as the conventional [[Lada-class submarine|''Petersburg'' (''Lada'')-class]] and nuclear [[Yasen-class submarine|''Severodvinsk'' (''Yasen'')-class]]. Some older vessels have been refitted as well. ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]]'' commented in 2004 that the construction programme was too focused on Cold War scenarios, given the submarine emphasis.<ref>Foreword to ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]] 2004–2005'', p.30</ref><br />
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According to the Russian Defence Ministry, share of modern armament in the Navy has reached more than 50% in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Шойгу: оснащенность Российской армии современным оружием и техникой за год выросла на 7% |work=Тасс |url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1660936 |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190713/http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/1660936 |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> A report from December 2019 estimated the figure at 68%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=Восемь МБР приняты на вооружение в интересах РВСН во втором квартале |work=РИА Новости |url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150716/1132598887.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009215251/https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150716/1132598887.html |archive-date=9 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Выступление министра обороны РФ генерала армии Сергея Шойгу на расширенном заседании Коллегии Минобороны |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1222/161038788/detail.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009210744/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1222/161038788/detail.shtml |archive-date=9 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |website=www.armstrade.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks by Chief of General Staff of the Russian Federation General of the Army Valery Gerasimov at the Russian Defence Ministry's board session (November 7, 2017) : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12149743@egNews# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191754/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12149743@egNews |archive-date=9 November 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / ВМФ за год пополнился 19 боевыми кораблями и судами обеспечения |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/1227/171056062/detail.shtml |website=armstrade.org |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526194120/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/1227/171056062/detail.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in September 2020 it was reported that the defence budget was to be cut by 5% as part of a shift to social spending and in response the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="overtdefense.com">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2020 |title=Russian Defense Spending to Be Cut Due to Economic Woes and Upcoming Election |url=https://www.overtdefense.com/2020/09/22/russian-defense-spending-to-be-cut-due-to-economic-woes-and-upcoming-election/ |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006231448/https://www.overtdefense.com/2020/09/22/russian-defense-spending-to-be-cut-due-to-economic-woes-and-upcoming-election/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The resulting impact of such a cut on Russian Navy modernization plans was not immediately apparent. Likely more significant is the impact of sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation after 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In 2021, Russian Security Council Secretary [[Nikolai Patrushev]] reportedly acknowledged that the Russian defence industry “is still dependent on foreign technologies.” The impact of [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|international sanctions]] on naval procurement projects, given both reduced access to foreign technologies and significant pressure on the defence budget, had yet to be determined.<ref>{{Cite web | last1=V. | first1=Parachini | last2=Ryan | first2=Bauer | url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2021/05/sanctions-targeting-russias-defense-sector-will-they.html | title=Sanctions Targeting Russia's Defense Sector: Will They Influence Its Behavior? | date=20 May 2021 | access-date=2 April 2022 | archive-date=28 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428013807/https://www.rand.org/blog/2021/05/sanctions-targeting-russias-defense-sector-will-they.html | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Admiral Gorshkov frigate 02.jpg|thumb|[[Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate|Admiral Gorshkov-class]] guided missile frigate [[Russian frigate Admiral Gorshkov|''Admiral Gorshkov'']], commissioned in 2018]]<br />
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[[File:Schiff «Burya» 03.jpg|thumb|A [[Karakurt-class corvette|Karakurt-class]] guided-missile corvette, capable of launching [[Kalibr (missile family)|Kalibr]] or [[P-800 Oniks|Oniks]] supersonic cruise missiles]]<br />
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The [[Steregushchiy-class corvette|''Steregushchiy''-class corvettes]], the lead ship of which was laid down on 21 December 2001, is the first new surface construction since the collapse of the Soviet Union,<ref>Foreword to ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]], 2002–2003'', p.&nbsp;79.</ref> while the new [[Admiral Sergei Gorshkov class frigate]]s marks the first attempt of the Navy to return to the construction of large blue water capable vessels.{{cn|date=February 2023}} The Russian Navy had been planning to procure a new class of destroyer, the general-purpose [[Project 21956]]. The Lider-class has been envisaged as a "green water" vessel and was anticipated to be nuclear-powered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2014 |title=New-generation missile destroyer under development in Russia |url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/755539 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024041212/http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/755539 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |publisher=TASS}}</ref> As of mid-2025, the project remained under development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defence-blog.com/russia-plans-new-blue-water-warship/|title=Russia plans new blue-water warship |website=Defence Blog|date=15 August 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |last= Malyasov |first=Dylan}}</ref><br />
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The project was reportedly suspended in 2020, apparently in favour of the less expensive Project 22350 Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manaranche |first=Martin |date=27 April 2020 |title=Russia postpones Leader destroyer construction – Part 1 |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/04/russia-postpones-leader-destroyer-construction-part-1/ |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815132756/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/04/russia-postpones-leader-destroyer-construction-part-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gorshkov-class vessels have themselves experienced technical challenges and in 2020 it was initially suggested that the larger 22350M variant of that class would not be proceeding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership: The Cancel Culture |url=https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htlead/articles/20200523.aspx |website=www.strategypage.com |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204193740/https://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htlead/articles/20200523.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it was later reported that design work on both the Lider and the 22350M variant of the Gorshkov-class was in fact moving forward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Shipbuilding Officials Outlined Future for Project 22350/22350M Frigates |url=http://mil.today/2020/Industry4/ |website=Mil.Today |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526194153/http://mil.today/2020/Industry4/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File:«Александр Невский» в Вилючинске.jpg|thumb|[[Borei-class submarine|Borei-class]] nuclear ballistic missile submarine [[Russian submarine Alexander Nevsky (K-550)|''Alexander Nevsky'']]]]<br />
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In keeping with the emphasis on strategic forces, the Navy's submarine fleet is being modernized by the acquisition of several classes of strategic and tactical submarines. Up to 12 [[Borei-class submarine|Borei/Dolgorukiy-class SSBNs]] are planned to replace older classes in both the Northern and Pacific fleets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2021/two-project-955a-borei-a-class-ballistic-missile-submarines-will-be-laid-down-in-2023|title=Two Project 955A Borei-A class ballistic missile submarines will be laid down in 2023|website=Navy Recognition|date=28 December 2021 |access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228204016/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2021/december/11177-two-project-955a-borei-a-class-ballistic-missile-submarines-will-be-laid-down-in-2023.html|url-status=live}}</ref> These are being complemented by new [[Yasen-class|Yasen]] and [[Khabarovsk-class submarine|Khabarovsk-class SSGN]]s, as well as conventional submarines of the [[Kilo-class submarine|Improved Kilo]] and [[Lada-class submarine|Lada]] classes. However, in terms of the tactical nuclear submarine fleet, it is unclear whether the new Yasen-class, Khabarovsk-class, and potential follow-on models, can be produced in sufficient numbers, and on a timely basis, to replace aging older model nuclear submarines on a one-for-one basis. It has been reported that Russian third-generation nuclear submarines have not been modernized to a level to avoid block obsolescence before 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russian Navy postpones upgrade of third-generation nuclear submarines |url=https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/9055-russian-navy-postpones-upgrade-of-third-generation-nuclear-submarines.html |website=Navy Recognition |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225135949/https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/focus-analysis/9055-russian-navy-postpones-upgrade-of-third-generation-nuclear-submarines.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==Main Naval Parade in St. Petersburg==<br />
{{Main|Navy Day (Russia)|Culture of the Russian Armed Forces}}<br />
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[[File:NavalParade2017 01.jpg|thumb|Passage of warships to [[Kronstadt]]]]<br />
Since 2017, by the decree of the President of Russia dated 27 July 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Главный военно-морской парад в Санкт-Петербурге |date=30 July 2017 |url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/55192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728191442/http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/55192 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> the tradition of holding the "Main Naval Parade" in St. Petersburg on the Navy Day has been restored. Prior to 2017, in Soviet and Russian Federation times the previously held annual St. Petersburg Navy Day parade was not so specifically named. The parade is composed of ships and sailors representing the several fleets and the Caspian Flotilla with small ships and submarines in the Neva River and the larger ones arrayed off Kronshtadt in the Gulf of St. Petersburg. It is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of July during the [[Navy Day (Russia)|Navy Day]] holiday.<br />
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==Deployments from 2018==<br />
[[File:Tactical exercises of the Russian Navy.jpg|thumb|The nuclear-powered missile cruiser ''Peter the Great'' during a naval exercise]]<br />
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===Ocean Shield===<br />
In the years 2018–2021, the Russian Navy has been organizing central annual naval exercise called Ocean Shield.<br />
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Between 1–8 September 2018, Ocean Shield exercise was held for the first time. Unlike 2019 and 2020 exercises, conducted in the Baltic Sea, the first exercise took place in the Mediterranean Sea. 26 ships, 2 submarines and 34 aircraft were included.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2018 |title=Shoigu: "Ocean Shield" exercise in Mediterranean will become permanent/ |url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/26903.7/3948110/ |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=kp.ru |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712125856/https://www.kp.ru/daily/26903.7/3948110/ |url-status=live |last1=Бойко |first1=Александр }}</ref> Among participants were cruiser ''Marshal Ustinov'', destroyers ''Smetlivy'' and ''Severomorsk'', frigates ''Admiral Grigorovich'', ''Admiral Essen'', ''Admiral Makarov'', ''Pytlivy'' and ''Yaroslav Mudry'', corvettes ''Vishny Volochyok'', ''Grad Sviyazhsk'' and ''Veliky Ustyug'' and conventional submarines ''Kolpino'' and ''Velikiy Novgorod''.<ref name="rg.ru">{{Cite news |date=3 December 2018 |title=Черноморский флот получит 18 новых кораблей |url=https://rg.ru/2018/12/03/reg-ufo/chernomorskij-flot-poluchit-18-novyh-korablej.html |access-date=12 July 2021 |newspaper=Российская Газета |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712131730/https://rg.ru/2018/12/03/reg-ufo/chernomorskij-flot-poluchit-18-novyh-korablej.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The aircraft present included Tu-160 bombers, Tu-142 and Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft and Su-33 and MiG-29K maritime fighters. This was the largest Russian naval exercise in the Mediterranean Sea of the post-Cold War era and the largest Russian post-Cold War naval exercise in the far sea zone. In terms of distant location and number of capital ships participating it's comparable only to June 2021 exercises of the Pacific Fleet off the Hawaii islands.<ref name="rg.ru" /><br />
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Organized between 1–9 August 2019, the second Ocean Shield exercise was the exercise with the largest number of participating ships (69 ships, including 49 warships and 20 support ships) in the independent Russia and took place in the Baltic Sea. The 22 known ships of the exercise "Ocean Shield 2019" include cruiser ''Marshal Ustinov'', destroyer ''Severomorsk'' and frigate ''Admiral Gorshkov'' of the Northern Fleet, as well as Baltic Fleet's frigate ''Yaroslav Mudry'', corvettes ''Steregushchy'', ''Soobrazitelny'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2019 |title=Гвардейский почерк |language=en |url=http://redstar.ru/gvardejskij-pocherk/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613081844/http://redstar.ru/gvardejskij-pocherk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Stoykiy'', ''Boikiy'', ''Passat'', ''Geyzer'', ''Serpukhov'', ''Mitishchi'', ''Chuvashiya'', ''Morshansk'', ''Liven'', ''Urengoy'', R-257 and LSTs ''Aleksandr Shabalin'', ''Kaliningrad'', ''Minsk'' and ''Korolyov'',<ref>Strazh Baltiki, 9 August 2019, p. 4 https://sc.mil.ru/files/morf/military/archive/SB_09_08_19.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613075527/https://sc.mil.ru/files/morf/military/archive/SB_09_08_19.pdf |date=13 June 2021 }}</ref> as well as nuclear submarine ''Smolensk''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2019 |title=Russian navy group, nuclear sub, sail north along coast of Norway |language=en |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/08/russian-navy-group-nuclear-sub-sail-north-along-coast-norway |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806035333/https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/08/russian-navy-group-nuclear-sub-sail-north-along-coast-norway |url-status=live }}</ref> Other possible participants include ships, participating in the July Naval Parade in St. Petersburg, i.e. frigate ''Admiral Kasatonov'', corvettes ''Gremyashchy'' and ''Sovetsk'', submarine ''Kronshtadt'' and minesweepers ''Ivan Antonov'', ''Aleksandr Obukhov'' and ''Pavel Khenov''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GL_VMF_PARAD_190722_02.jpg |url=http://bastion-karpenko.ru/VVT/GL_VMF_PARAD_190722_02.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009192059/http://bastion-karpenko.ru/VVT/GL_VMF_PARAD_190722_02.jpg |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=bastion-karpenko.ru}}</ref><br />
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On 3 August 2020, third Ocean Shield exercise started in the Baltic Sea and included Northern Fleet's destroyer ''Vice-Admiral Kulakov'' and LST ''Pyotr Morgunov'' and Baltic Fleet's corvettes ''Steregushchy'', ''Boikiy'' and ''Stoikiy''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2020 |title=Ocean Shield 2020 - After action report |language=en |url=https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2020/08/ocean-shield-2020-after-action-report.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715141321/https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2020/08/ocean-shield-2020-after-action-report.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Combined-fleet exercises===<br />
====June 2021====<br />
In 2021, no usual Ocean Shield exercise was conducted in August or September in the Baltic Sea. However, in June, the Pacific, Northern and Black Sea fleets conducted large-scale exercises. In mid June, four Russian cruisers and four destroyers were simultaneously at sea, or all operational large surface combatants except destroyer ''Severomorsk'', which was probably the first time in the post-Cold war era. A complex large-scale exercise took place in the central Pacific Ocean, where the Russian Navy conducted possibly the strongest exercise of the post-Soviet era.<br />
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It took place prior to the 2021 Putin-Biden summit, similarly to Aport and Atrina exercises that were held in 1985 and 1987 prior to the Geneva and Washington summits of Gorbachev and Reagan to improve Soviet negotiation position. Officially, however, it was stated that the exercise is an answer to the exercise Agile Dagger 2021 of the US Pacific Fleet, employing one third of the operational submarines of the US Pacific Fleet.<br />
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In the Barents Sea, cruisers ''Marshal Ustinov'' and ''Pyotr Veliky'', destroyer ''Vice-admiral Kulakov'' and submarines ''Kaluga'', ''Gepard'' and ''Dmitry Donskoy'' were active.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2021 |title=Russian Navy guided missile ships deploy to Barents Sea for drills |language=en |url=https://tass.com/defense/1296671 |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601145224/https://tass.com/defense/1296671 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2021 |title=Russian Navy anti-submarine ship attacks enemy sub with torpedoes in Arctic drills |language=en |url=https://tass.com/defense/1302893 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617042627/https://tass.com/defense/1302893 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2021 |title=ДЭПЛ "Калуга" взяла на себя роль вражеской подлодки |language=ru |url=https://flot.com/2021/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8229/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625175922/https://flot.com/2021/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8229/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2021 |title=Подлодка "Гепард" выполнила стрельбы противолодочной ракетой на учениях в Баренцевом море |language=ru |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/11673441 |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619181121/https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/11673441 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2021 |title=Военные закрывали район Белого моря для маневров с участием самой большой в мире атомной подлодки |language=en |url=https://www.militarynews.ru/story.asp?rid=1&nid=551926&lang=RU |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101137/https://www.militarynews.ru/story.asp?rid=1&nid=551926&lang=RU |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
[[Image:North Pacific location map 2.svg|thumb|The location of the exercise in the Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of 23°, -170°]]<br />
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Between 7 and 24 June, a large-scale exercise was conducted by the Pacific Fleet in the central Pacific Ocean, being the first post-Cold war Russian naval exercise in that area (minor exceptions being destroyer ''Admiral Panteleev'' taking part in RIMPAC-2012 exercise and frigate ''Admiral Gorshkov'' sailing near Hawaii in 2019<ref name="TASS">{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Russia's Northern Fleet warships return home after round-the-globe deployment |url=https://tass.com/defense/1074054 |access-date=17 February 2020 |website=[[TASS]] |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202053924/https://tass.com/defense/1074054 |url-status=live }}</ref>). It included cruiser ''Varyag'', destroyers ''Marshal Shaposhnikov'' and ''Admiral Panteleyev'', corvettes ''Sovershenny'', ''Gromky'' and ''Aldar Tsydenzhapov'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2021 |title=RF Navy's Pacific Fleet conducts operational exercise in the central Pacific |language=en |url=https://en.portnews.ru/news/314103/ |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613072203/https://en.portnews.ru/news/314103/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (a) nuclear submarine(s) (likely ''Omsk''<ref>{{Cite web |title=На Камчатке торжественно встретили атомный подводный крейсер "Омск" после выполнения задач в море : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12375483@egNews |website=function.mil.ru}}</ref> and ''Kuzbass''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Подводная лодка К-419, "Морж", "Кузбасс". Проект 971 |url=http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/K-419/K-419.htm |publisher=Deepstorm.ru |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=30 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430024613/http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/45-92/nts/971/K-419/K-419.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>) and intelligence ship ''Kareliya''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2021 |title=Корабли ТОФ на учениях отработали уничтожение авианосной группы условного противника |language=en |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/11702139 |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101610/https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/11702139 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2021 |title=UPDATED: Russian Navy Surveillance Ship Quietly Operating Off Hawaii - USNI News |url=https://news.usni.org/2021/05/26/russian-navy-surveillance-ship-quietly-operating-off-hawaii |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101704/https://news.usni.org/2021/05/26/russian-navy-surveillance-ship-quietly-operating-off-hawaii |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The exercise started in the central Pacific Ocean on 10 June, and on 21 June the ships 2500 nautical miles southeast of the Kuril islands simulated an attack on the enemy carrier strike group. Prior to that, the ships operated in two groups, sailing at 300 nautical miles from each other, one of them playing the role of enemy. The largest auxiliary ship of the Russian Navy ''Marshal Krylov'' also took part in the exercise and acted as a command ship for the commander of the exercise, rear admiral Konstantin Kabantsev, commander of Primorskaya Flotilla, as well as hospital ship ''Irtysh''<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2021 |title=Крейсер, фрегат, корветы: кадры больших Тихоокеанских учений российского флота |language=en |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/20216101134-5PRPN.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101628/https://tvzvezda.ru/news/20216101134-5PRPN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and MiG-31 interceptors and Il-38 and Tu-142 anti-submarine aircraft.<br />
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On 24 June, the final day of the exercise, three Tu-95 bombers, several Tu-22M bombers, escorted by interceptors MiG-31BM and two Il-78 tankers flew to the central Pacific Ocean as well. The Tu-95s delivered conditional strikes against enemy's critical infrastructure and Tu-22M delivered strikes against enemy's conditional carrier strike group together with ''Varyag'' and ''Marshal Shaposhnikov''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2021 |title=Военные отработали нанесение удара по противнику в дальней зоне на учениях в Тихом океане |language=ru |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/11736499 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101635/https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/11736499 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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An additional destroyer ''Admiral Tributs'' was deployed to the South China Sea, accompanying nuclear submarine ''Nerpa''.<br />
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On 18 June 2021, the Black Sea Fleet deployed cruiser ''Moskva'' to the Mediterranean Sea,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2021 |title=Крейсер "Москва" и фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" направились в Средиземное море |language=ru |url=https://flot.com/2021/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8236/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203338/https://flot.com/2021/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8236/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which, amid deployment of [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)|''Queen Elizabeth'']] to the Eastern Mediterranean, took part in an unprecedented anti-ship exercise with bombers Tu-22M and interceptors MiG-31K both deployed to Syria for the first time in May and June. A MiG-31K reportedly fired a [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal|Kinzhal]] missile against a ground target in Syria,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Истребитель МиГ-31К нанёс удар гиперзвуковой ракетой "Кинжал" по неизвестной цели в Сирии |url=https://avia.pro/news/istrebitel-mig-31k-nanyos-udar-giperzvukovoy-raketoy-kinzhal-po-neizvestnoy-celi-v-sirii |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=avia.pro |language=ru |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182427/https://avia.pro/news/istrebitel-mig-31k-nanyos-udar-giperzvukovoy-raketoy-kinzhal-po-neizvestnoy-celi-v-sirii |url-status=live }}</ref> while a newest air defence system [[S-500 missile system|S-500]] was reportedly tested at Khmeymim airbase and obtained a lock on F-35 fighter from ''Queen Elizabeth''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2021 |title=Неизвестная система ПВО, размещённая на авиабазе "Хмеймим", перепугала НАТО |url=https://avia.pro/news/neizvestnaya-sistema-pvo-razmeshchyonnaya-na-aviabaze-hmeymim-perepugala-nato |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=avia.pro |language=ru |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702051845/https://avia.pro/news/neizvestnaya-sistema-pvo-razmeshchyonnaya-na-aviabaze-hmeymim-perepugala-nato |url-status=live }}</ref> The exercise included rocket fire 30&nbsp;km away from ''Queen Elizabeth''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2021 |title=Russia to conduct rocket fire 30 km away from the British aircraft carrier |url=https://frontierindia.com/russia-to-conduct-rocket-fire-30-km-away-from-the-british-aircraft-carrier/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=frontierindia.com |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626031346/https://frontierindia.com/russia-to-conduct-rocket-fire-30-km-away-from-the-british-aircraft-carrier/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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====January–February 2022====<br />
In January–February 2022 large-scale exercise of all Russian fleets took place with some 140 warships and support ships.<br />
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In the Northern Fleet it included two task groups. First, cruiser ''Marshal Ustinov'', destroyer ''Vice-Admiral Kulakov'' and frigate ''Admiral Kasatonov'', as well as tanker ''Vyazma'' and tug SB-406 were deployed to the southwest of Ireland, conducting first Russian post-Cold war naval exercise west of British isles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Northern Fleet's naval group deploys to Barents Sea for Arctic drills - Military & Defense |url=https://tass.com/defense/1393131 |publisher=TASS |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126111149/https://tass.com/defense/1393131 |url-status=live }}</ref> Second, destroyer ''Severomorsk'', frigate ''Admiral Gorshkov'', LST [[Russian landing ship Ivan Gren|''Ivan Gren'']], nuclear submarine ''Severodvinsk'', diesel-electric submarine ''Kaluga'', corvettes ''Snezhnogorsk'' and ''Brest'', as well as support ships operated in the Barents Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=В Арктике начались учения Северного флота и экспедиционной группировки |url=https://regnum.ru/news/polit/3487500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126111152/https://regnum.ru/news/polit/3487500.html |archive-date=26 January 2022 |accessdate=9 February 2022 |publisher=Regnum.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Малые противолодочные корабли Северного флота отработали поиск и атаку подводной лодки в Баренцевом море : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации |url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12405696@egNews |publisher=Structure.mil.ru |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128130020/https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12405696@egNews |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, three LSTs were deploying to the Black Sea (''Olenogorsky Gornyak'', ''Georgiy Pobedonosets'' and ''Pyotr Morgunov'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=19 January 2022 |title=Flotilla Of Russian Landing Ships Has Entered The English Channel |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43942/flotilla-of-russian-amphibious-warships-has-entered-the-english-channel |publisher=Thedrive.com |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126114245/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43942/flotilla-of-russian-amphibious-warships-has-entered-the-english-channel |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In the Pacific Fleet, cruiser ''Varyag'', destroyer ''Admiral Tributs'' and tanker ''Boris Butoma'' were deployed to the Indian Ocean, participating in the third Russo-Sino-Iranian naval exercise, first Russo-Chinese naval exercise away from Russian/Chinese coast that took place in the western Indian Ocean and will finally strengthen Mediterranean squadron. Additionally, submarine ''Volkhov'' fired a Kalibr missile in the Sea of Japan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian sub live-fires Kalibr cruise missile from submerged position in Sea of Japan - Military & Defense |url=https://tass.com/defense/1390859 |publisher=TASS |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101613/https://tass.com/defense/1390859 |url-status=live }}</ref> and two Tu-142 performed flight above the Okhotsk Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Crews of anti-submarine aircraft of the Pacific Fleet performed training flights over the Sea of Okhotsk - ВПК.name |url=https://vpk.name/en/575181_crews-of-anti-submarine-aircraft-of-the-pacific-fleet-performed-training-flights-over-the-sea-of-okhotsk.html |publisher=Vpk.name |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128165404/https://vpk.name/en/575181_crews-of-anti-submarine-aircraft-of-the-pacific-fleet-performed-training-flights-over-the-sea-of-okhotsk.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In the Baltic Fleet, corvettes ''Soobrazitelny'' and ''Stoykiy'' were deployed to the Northern Sea,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2022 |script-title=ru:Корабли Балтфлота вышли в море на крупные учения |lang=ru |trans-title=Baltic Fleet ships set out to sea for major exercises |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/818021 |agency=[[Interfax]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126111150/https://www.interfax.ru/russia/818021 |url-status=live }}</ref> while ''Zeleny Dol'', ''Mytishchi'', ''Odintsovo'', ''Aleksin'', ''Kabardino-Balkariya''<ref>{{Cite web |lang=ru |title=BASTION, MILITARY-TECHNICAL COLLECTION. MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX NEWS, HISTORY OF WEAPONS, MILITARY EQUIPMENT |url=http://bastion-karpenko.ru/ |website=Bastion-karpenko.ru |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622223103/http://bastion-karpenko.ru/ |url-status=live }}</ref> were active in the Baltic Sea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2022 |script-title=ru:Корабли Балтийского флота провели успешные артиллерийские стрельбы |lang=ru |trans-title=Baltic Fleet ships conducted successful artillery firing |url=https://regnum.ru/news/polit/3487551.html |agency=IA [[REGNUM News Agency]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126111150/https://regnum.ru/news/polit/3487551.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, three LSTs were deploying to the Black Sea: ''Korolyov'', ''Minsk'' and ''Kaliningrad'' and intelligence ship ''Vasily Tatishchev'' to the Mediterranean Sea, where it will monitor three-carrier exercise with CVN ''Harry Truman'', ''Cavour'' and ''Charles de Gaulle'' in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk03/2022 |url=https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2022/01/russian-forces-in-mediterranean-wk032022.html |publisher=Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128165359/https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2022/01/russian-forces-in-mediterranean-wk032022.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In the Black Sea Fleet, an exercise was conducted by frigates ''Admiral Essen'', ''Ladnyy'', corvettes ''Ingushetiya'', ''Grayvoron'', ''Naberezhnye Chelny'', R-60, ''Yeysk'', ''Suzdalets'' and other ships, totally around 20 ships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 20 Russian Black Sea Fleet's warships deploy to sea for drills - Military & Defense |url=https://tass.com/defense/1393273 |publisher=TASS |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126111151/https://tass.com/defense/1393273 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sea Fleet deployments-Wk04/2022 |url=https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2022/01/black-sea-fleet-deployments-wk042022.html |publisher=Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127090601/https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2022/01/black-sea-fleet-deployments-wk042022.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Annual exercise===<br />
Russia organises a central military exercise for September each year.<br />
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During Zapad 2021, in Northern Fleet two surface groups were active: ''Admiral Ushakov'' and ''Admiral Kasatonov'' in the Barents Sea (along with coastal systems Bal and Bastion-P) and ''Severomorsk'' in the Arctic (along with LST ''Georgiy Pobedonosets'', tug ''Pamir'' and tanker ''Sergey Osipov''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/12585823|title=Арктическая группировка Северного флота проведет учения на островах Земли Франца-Иосифа - ТАСС|website=TACC|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006081506/https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/12585823|url-status=live}}</ref>), as well as submarines ''Orel'' and ''Verkhoturye'' (along with minesweepers ''Yelnya'', ''Soloyevetskiy'', ''Yunga'', ''Yadrin'' and ''Kotelnich'' in two groups). In the Baltic Fleet, frigate ''Yaroslav Mudry'', corvettes ''Steregushchy'' and ''Stoykiy'' and submarine ''Dmitrov'' were active (along with coastal system Bal).<br />
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===Barents Sea===<br />
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On 22 February 2021, the Northern Fleet conducted an exercise in which cruiser ''Marshal Ustinov'' sailed in Varanger Fjord in the area of the Russia–Norway maritime border, becoming the first Russian warship to do so in the post-Cold War era.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2021 |title=Large Russian missile cruiser sails Varanger fjord close to Norway's border |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/02/large-russian-missile-cruiser-sails-varanger-fjord |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=thebarentsobserver.com |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226085447/https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/02/large-russian-missile-cruiser-sails-varanger-fjord |url-status=live }}</ref> Sailing was speculated to be response to the US bombers (B-1B) landing in Norway on the same day for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2021 |title=U.S. B-1 bomber makes first landing inside Norway's Arctic Circle &#124; The Independent Barents Observer |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/03/us-b-1-bomber-makes-first-landing-inside-norways-arctic-circle |publisher=Thebarentsobserver.com |accessdate=9 February 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127090610/https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2021/03/us-b-1-bomber-makes-first-landing-inside-norways-arctic-circle |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Other ships active in the area in January–February 2021 included destroyer ''Severomorsk'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2021 |title=Большой противолодочный корабль Северного флота "Североморск" вышел в Баренцево море для выполнения учебно-боевых задач |url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12339995@egNews |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=mil.ru |language=Russian |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206070250/https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12339995@egNews |url-status=live }}</ref> frigate {{ship|Russian frigate|Admiral Gorshkov||2}} with the tug ''Altay'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Фрегат "Адмирал Горшков" вышел в Баренцево море для выполнения учебно-боевых задач |url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12345054@egNews |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=mil.ru |language=Russian |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227012427/https://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy/news/more.htm?id=12345054@egNews |url-status=live }}</ref> nuclear submarine ''Severodvinsk (''that launched a [[3M-54 Klub|Kalibr missile)]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Подлодка "Северодвинск" поразила "Калибром" учебную береговую цель в Архангельской области |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10635379 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=tass.ru |language=Russian |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216101027/https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10635379 |url-status=live }}</ref> corvettes ''Aysberg'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=Малый ракетный корабль Северного флота "Айсберг" вышел в Баренцево море для отработки учебно-боевых задач |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12334199@egNews |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=mil.ru |language=Russian |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121736/https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12334199@egNews |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Snezhnogorsk'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2021 |title=Малый противолодочный корабль "Снежногорск" вышел в Баренцево море для выполнения артиллерийских стрельб |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12334882@egNews |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=mil.ru |language=Russian |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020235521/https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12334882@egNews |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Yunga'' and ''Brest,''<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2021 |title=Противолодочные корабли Северного флота отработают поиск подводных лодок в Баренцевом море |url=https://structure.mil.ru/structure/okruga/north/news/more.htm?id=12344088@egNews |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=mil.ru |language=Russian |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126082047/https://structure.mil.ru/structure/okruga/north/news/more.htm?id=12344088@egNews |url-status=live }}</ref> and salvage vessel ''Georgiy Titov'' with deep-submergence rescue vehicle ''[[Russian submarine AS-34|AS-34]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2021 |title=Спасатели Северного флота провели тренировку с экипажем глубоководного аппарата АС-34 |url=https://portnews.ru/news/309194/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=portnews.ru |language=Russian |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075030/https://portnews.ru/news/309194/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Atlantic===<br />
South of Gibraltar, in September–October 2021 Russian Navy deployed destroyer ''Vice-Admiral Kulakov'' (along tanker ''Akademik Pashin'' and tug ''Altai'') that visited Praia, Capo Verde and performed anti-piracy exercise in the Gulf of Guinea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=БПК Северного флота Вице-адмирал Кулаков совершил деловой заход в Кабо-Верде |url=https://www.korabel.ru/news/comments/bpk_severnogo_flota_vice-admiral_kulakov_sovershil_delovoy_zahod_v_kabo-verde.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929174335/https://www.korabel.ru/news/comments/bpk_severnogo_flota_vice-admiral_kulakov_sovershil_delovoy_zahod_v_kabo-verde.html |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1348815|title=Russian Navy warships hold anti-piracy drills in Gulf of Guinea in eastern Atlantic|website=TASS|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013100525/https://tass.com/defense/1348815|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first deployment of a Russian warship south of Gibraltar since ''Admiral Gorshkov'''s 2019 world circumnavigation.<br />
<br />
===North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea===<br />
In February 2008 a Russian Northern Fleet naval task force completed a two-month deployment in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the North Atlantic which started on 4 December 2007. The operation was the first large-scale Russian Navy deployment to the Atlantic and the Mediterranean in 15 years. The task force included the ''Admiral Kuznetsov''-class aircraft carrier ''Admiral Kuznetsov'', the ''Udaloy''-class destroyers {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Levchenko||2}} and {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Chabanenko||2}}, and the ''Slava''-class guided missile cruiser ''Moskva'', as well as auxiliary vessels. During the operation the navy practiced rescue and counter-terror operations, reconnaissance, and missile and bomb strikes on the (theoretical) enemy's naval task force. Over 40 [[Russian Air Force]] aircraft took part in joint exercises with the navy as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Mediterranean Naval Build-Up Challenges NATO Sixth Fleet Domination |url=http://www.defense-update.com/analysis/analysis_091207_navy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104101337/http://www.defense-update.com/analysis/analysis_091207_navy.htm |archive-date=4 November 2014 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Defense Update}}</ref><br />
<br />
* In October 2008, a naval task group from the [[Northern Fleet]], comprising the nuclear-powered missile cruiser ''Pyotr Velikiy'', the large ASW ship ''Admiral Chabanenko'', and support ships, left their homeport of Severomorsk in northern Russia on 22 September and sailed into the northern Atlantic, having covered a distance of {{convert|1000|nmi|km}} in a week. Russian warships were scheduled to participate in joint naval exercises with the Venezuelan Navy in the Caribbean on 10–14 November, in line with the 2008 training program, and in order to expand military cooperation with foreign navies.{{cn|date=February 2023}} These exercises actually took place on 1 December.<br />
* 11 October 2008, Russian warships bound for Venezuela, including the nuclear-powered cruiser ''Pyotr Velikiy'', put in at the Libyan port of Tripoli for resupply.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20081011/wl_mideast_afp/russialibyamilitaryvenezueladiplomacy_081011173147 Yahoo News]{{Dead link|date=September 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><br />
* From Venezuela ''Petr Velikiy'' proceeded alone to a port call in Cape Town, South Africa, then participated in the INDRA-2009 exercise off western India, briefly engaged in counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden, and returned to its homeport of Severomorsk in March 2009. The other ships in company returned to their home base in the Northern Fleet.<br />
* A group of [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]] ships arrived in the Mediterranean Sea on 15 May 2013 having sailed from [[Vladivostok]] on 19 March 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Pacific Fleet Warships Enter Mediterranean Waters for the 1st Time in Decades |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:null&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=146578920250F0F8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggdocs&req_dat=787B728BE4FF4EEE919E134595DD9ADE |access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> {{ship|Russian destroyer|Admiral Panteleyev||2}}, the ''Ropucha''-class landing ships [[Russian landing ship Peresvet|''Peresvet'']] and [[Russian landing ship Admiral Nevelskoy|''Admiral Nevelskoy'']], the [[tanker (ship)|tanker]] ''Pechenga'' and the rescue [[Tugboat|tug]] ''Fotiy Krylov'' augmented the Russian Navy's grouping there, and carried out tasks in the [[Black Sea]] and [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The Pacific Fleet ships practiced activities jointly with forces from other Russian navy fleets and made a number of business calls at ports in the region, including a call at [[Limassol]], Cyprus on 17 May 2013.<ref>Interfax, Moscow 1031 GMT 8 May 13</ref><br />
* The [[Baltic Fleet]] ''Ropucha''-class landing ships ''Kaliningrad'', ''Aleksandr Shabalin'' and ''Azov'' arrived at [[Novorossiysk]] naval base on 14 May 2013 having completed their duties in the Mediterranean. The Baltic Fleet ships spent several weeks at [[Novorossiysk]] undergoing checks and maintenance and replenishing supplies before resuming their duties in the Mediterranean.<ref>Interfax-AVN, Moscow 0905 GMT 14 May 13</ref><br />
* The Northern Fleet's ''Udaloy''-class destroyer {{ship|Russian destroyer|Vice-Admiral Kulakov||2}} was reported to be heading for the Atlantic on 20 May 2013 after completing a visit to Norway. The ship had been taking part in the Russian-Norwegian [[Pomor]]-2013 exercise and is expected to take on supplies from the tanker ''Vyazma'' while at anchor in the [[North Sea]] before undertaking a lengthy voyage in the north eastern regions of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian warship heading for Atlantic after exercise with Norway |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:BBAB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=146684337345CF08&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggdocs&req_dat=787B728BE4FF4EEE919E134595DD9ADE |access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><br />
* On 1 June 2013, Navy Commander Adm [[Viktor Chirkov]] said that the aircraft carrier ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' is "expected to put out and perform a number of missions in an offshore oceanic zone as part of a group. Northern Fleet naval pilots will perform a number of missions on board this cruiser during the long-range mission." He also stated that the ship's deployment might be as part of a permanent operational group in the Mediterranean. In preparing for the deployment the ships' airwing would not be using the NITKA pilot training facility located in Crimea, Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Servicing of Russian aircraft-carrying warship expected to be completed in 2013 |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:BBAB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=146B216AD9F9DB48&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggdocs&req_dat=787B728BE4FF4EEE919E134595DD9ADE |access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref><br />
* On 17 February 2017, the Russian Navy surveillance vessel SSV-175 ''Viktor Leonov'' was cruising international waters off the East Coast of the United States. ''Viktor Leonov'' is outfitted with a variety of high-tech spying equipment designed to intercept signals intelligence. It first appeared off Delaware and, then moved south of the US submarine base at Groton, Connecticut collecting electronic signals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian spy ship patrols 30 miles off the coast of Connecticut |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/02/15/russian-spy-ship-spotted-near-us/97939010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010114256/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/02/15/russian-spy-ship-spotted-near-us/97939010/ |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Syria===<br />
{{main|Russian naval base in Tartus}}<br />
<br />
* Sequentially having lost naval support facility access in Albania, Yugoslavia, and Egypt, in 1971 the Soviet Navy began operating from a leased facility in Tartus, Syria. <br />
* In September 2008, it was reported that Russia and Syria conducted talks about permitting Russia to develop and enlarge its [[Russian naval facility in Tartus|naval base in Syria]] in order to establish a stronger naval presence in the Mediterranean,<ref>David R. Sands, "Russia Expanding Navy into Mediterranean Sea", ''The Washington Times'', 7 August 2007.</ref> and amidst the deteriorating Russia relations with the west in conjunction with the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 South Ossetia war]] and the plans to deploy [[Poland–Russia relations|US missile defence shield in Poland]], it has even been asserted that [[Bashar al-Assad|President Assad]] has agreed to [[Tartus]] port's conversion into a permanent Middle East base for Russia's nuclear-armed warships.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2008 |title=Big Russian flotilla led by Admiral Kuznetsov carrier heads for Syrian port |publisher=[[DEBKAfile]] |url=http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5526 |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823171949/http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=5526 |archive-date=23 August 2008}}</ref> [[Moscow]] and [[Damascus]] additionally announced that it would be renovating the port, although there was no mention in the Syrian press.<ref name="Haa">[https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1020643.html "Syria and Russia strengthen naval cooperation"] [[Information Telegraph Agency of Russia|Itar-Tass]] news agency via ''[[Haaretz]]''. Retrieved 12 September 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915011328/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1020643.html |date=15 September 2008 }}</ref><br />
* On 22 September 2008, Russian Navy spokesman Igor Dygalo said the nuclear-powered ''Pyotr Velikiy'' cruiser, accompanied by three other ships, sailed from the Northern Fleet's base of [[Severomorsk]]. The ships will cover about {{convert|15000|nmi|km}} to conduct joint maneuvers with the Venezuelan navy. Dygalo refused to comment on Monday's report in the daily ''Izvestia ''claiming that the ships were to make a stopover in the Syrian port of Tartus on their way to [[Venezuela]]. Russian officials said the Soviet-era base there was being renovated to serve as a foothold for a permanent Russian navy presence in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russian navy ships head to Venezuela. |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/22/russia.venezuela.ap/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219031612/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/22/russia.venezuela.ap/index.html |archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref><br />
* In late November 2011, [[Pravda]] and [[Reuters]] wrote that a naval flotilla led by the aircraft carrier ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' would sail to its naval base in [[Tartus]] as a show of support for the [[Al-Assad family|al-Assad regime]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Russia sent military ships to base in Syria |url=http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/terror/30-11-2011/119791-Russia_sent_military_ships_to_Syria-0/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201161857/http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/terror/30-11-2011/119791-Russia_sent_military_ships_to_Syria-0/ |archive-date=1 December 2011 |access-date=1 December 2011 |website=[[Pravda]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Thomas Grove |date=28 November 2011 |title=Russia sending warships to its base in Syria |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL5E7MS1XT20111128?sp=true |url-status=dead |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129194721/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL5E7MS1XT20111128?sp=true |archive-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> Such a visit is not possible because the lengths of all of Russia's current modern warships exceed the size of the two 100 meter piers located at the Russian leasehold in Tartus. (see next paragraph)<br />
* On 29 November 2011, Army General [[Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov|Nikolay Makarov]], Chief of the Russian General Staff, said that sending ships of the Russian Navy to the Mediterranean Sea is linked to exercises and not to the situation in Syria. "In the event of necessity, namely to carry out repairs, to take water and food on board and to allow rest for the crews, Russian ships may visit Tartus but in this case this has not been included in the plan of the trip," the Interfax source said. He also noted that the size of ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' does not allow it to moor in Tartus because the port does not have suitable infrastructure, i.e., large enough mooring.<ref>Interfax, Moscow 29 Nov 11</ref><br />
<br />
===Sudan===<br />
* On 23 July 2019, Russia and [[Sudan]] signed an agreement on establishment of a Russian naval base in [[Port Sudan]] in [[Khartoum]] and, on 1 December 2020, in Moscow. On 25 June 2021, Russian prime minister [[Mikhail Mishustin|Mishustin]] submitted the agreement for ratification.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2021 |title=Мишустин подписал документ по ратификации соглашения о базе ВМФ в Судане |language=ru |url=https://ria.ru/20210625/soglashenie-1738585837.html |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625102618/https://ria.ru/20210625/soglashenie-1738585837.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 July, Sudan was preparing for ratification too.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2021 |title=Лавров: Судан готовится к ратификации соглашения о пункте обеспечения ВМФ РФ |language=ru |url=https://tass.ru/politika/11882579 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712105652/https://tass.ru/politika/11882579 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* Between 28 February and 2 May 2021, a number of Russian ships called at Port Sudan, beginning with frigate [[Russian frigate Admiral Grigorovich|''Admiral Grigorovich'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=US, Russian warships simultaneously visit Port Sudan |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-russian-warships-simultaneously-visit-port-sudan |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=janes.com |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625114711/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-russian-warships-simultaneously-visit-port-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> in what was the first visit of a Russian warship to Sudan in the modern history. This was followed by corvette [[Russian corvette Stoikiy|''Stoikiy'']] and tug ''Kola'' on 19 March,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=Отряд кораблей Балтийского флота завершил программу делового захода в порт Судана |url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12349761@egNews |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=mil.ru |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319165830/https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12349761@egNews |url-status=live }}</ref> signals intelligence ship ''[[Russian ship Ivan Khurs|Ivan Khurs]]'' on 10 April,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2021 |title=В порт Судана зашел российский разведывательный корабль |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/760621 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=interfax.ru |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625114711/https://www.interfax.ru/world/760621 |url-status=live }}</ref> signals intelligence ship ''Vasily Tatishchev''<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2021 |title=В порт Судана, где создается база ВМФ РФ, зашел российский разведкорабль |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/763841 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=interfax.ru |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625114714/https://www.interfax.ru/world/763841 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2021 |title=Russian Warships Visit Port Sudan amidst Reports of Khartoum Suspending Naval Base Deal |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29534/Russian_Warships_Visit_Port_Sudan_amidst_Reports_of_Khartoum_Suspending_Naval_Base_Deal#.YNW9U-gzYww |website=defenseworld.net |access-date=25 June 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625113425/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29534/Russian_Warships_Visit_Port_Sudan_amidst_Reports_of_Khartoum_Suspending_Naval_Base_Deal#.YNW9U-gzYww |url-status=live }}</ref> and its accompanying repair ship PM-138 on 2 May.<br />
<br />
===Algeria===<br />
Russia and Algeria hold annual naval exercise at the end of the year.<br />
* Between 16 and 17 November 2021, Russo-Algerian naval exercise was conducted. Russian Black Sea Fleet's frigate ''Admiral Grigorovich'', patrol ship ''[[Russian patrol boat Vasily Bykov|Vasily Bykov]]'' and seagoing tug SB-742 took part, as well as Algerian frigate ''Harrad'', training vessel ''La Sammam'' and rescue vessel ''El Munjid''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2021/11/russian-forces-in-mediterranean-wk462021.html|title=Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk46/2021|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120103805/https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2021/11/russian-forces-in-mediterranean-wk462021.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Egypt===<br />
Russia and Egypt have held an annual naval exercise at the end of the year since 2015. Usually, the exercise is conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, an exception being 2020, when the exercise took place in the Black Sea. From 3–10 December 2021, another Russo-Egyptian naval exercise, Bridge of Friendship, took place in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The Russian task force comprised frigate ''Admiral Grigorovich'', patrol ship ''Dmitry Rogachev'' and sea-going tug SB-742.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1369611|title=Russian naval ships to arrive in Egypt on Dec. 3 for joint drills|website=TASS|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202153523/https://tass.com/defense/1369611|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Caribbean Sea===<br />
On 8 September 2008, it was announced that the ''Pyotr Velikiy'' would sail to the [[Caribbean Sea]] in order to participate in naval exercises with the [[Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela|Venezuelan Navy]]. This represented the first major Russian show of force in that sea since the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia says to send battleship to Caribbean Sea - Yahoo! News |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s//nm/20080908/wl_nm/russia_venezuela_navy_dc |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080911011350/http://news.yahoo.com/s//nm/20080908/wl_nm/russia_venezuela_navy_dc}}</ref> On 22 September the ''Kirov-''class nuclear missile cruiser ''Pyotr Velikiy'' and the Udaloy class large anti-submarine ship ''Admiral Chabanenko'', accompanied by support vessels, left their home port of Severomorsk for naval exercises with Venezuela scheduled for early November 2008.<ref>[ITAR-TASS 22 September 2008]</ref> On 25 November 2008, a group of warships from Russia's [[Northern Fleet]] arrived at the [[Venezuela]]n port of [[La Guaira]].{{cn|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
=== East Africa: Somali Coast ===<br />
* On 24 September 2008, the Russian frigate ''[[Russian frigate Neustrashimy|Neustrashimy]]'' left its home base at Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, for counter-piracy operations near the Somali coast.<ref>Moscow Interfax-Agenstvo Voyennykh Novostey 24 September 2008</ref>{{refn|group=Note|The Ukrainian merchant vessel ''[[MV Faina|Faina]]'' was seized by Somali pirates on 25 September. The deployment of the ''Neustrashimy'' was not in response to the seizure of the ''Faina''.}}<br />
* From 11 January to 17 March 2009, the ''[[Russian destroyer Admiral Vinogradov|Admiral Vinogradov]]'' took up the counter-piracy mission from the ''Neustrashimy'' and upon completion took a course home to Vladivostok by way of a port visit to Jakarta, Indonesia 24–28 March 2009.<ref>Moscow ITAR-TASS 1754 GMT 11 January 2008, Moscow INTERFAX 11 January 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.morskayakollegiya.ru/news/obshchie_novosti/2009/03/30/394 Морская коллегия. – Новости. Отряд кораблей Тихоокеанского флота в составе большого противолодочного корабля «Адмирал Виноградов» и танкера «Борис Бутома» закончил патрулирование в районе Африканского рога] {{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Morskayakollegiya.ru (30 August 2010). Retrieved on 9 September 2010.</ref><br />
* From 26 April to 7 June 2009, the Pacific Fleet destroyer ''Admiral Panteleyev'' took up counter-piracy duties in the Gulf of Aden, having left Vladivostok at the end of March 2009 to relieve the ''Admiral Vinogradov''. It returned to Vladivostok on 1 July.<ref>{{Cite web |title=БПК "Адмирал Виноградов" возвращается во Владивосток |url=http://www.news.infobot.ru/detail/124000161100000325815.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190946/http://news.infobot.ru/detail/124000161100000325815.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=8 October 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.russkie.org/index.php?module=fullitem&id=15942 "Адмирал Пантелеев" вернулся во Владивосток после успешно выполненной миссии -Русское зарубежье, российские соотечественники, русские за границей, русские за рубежом, соотечественники, русскоязычное население, русские общины, диаспора, эмиграция] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010631/http://www.russkie.org/index.php?module=fullitem&id=15942 |date=20 July 2011 }}. Russkie.org. Retrieved on 9 September 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
===Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea===<br />
Main article: [[Cam Ranh Air Base]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Москва швартуется к Камрани |url=http://3mv.ru/publ/moskva_shvartuetsja_k_kamrani/3-1-0-34091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204203022/http://3mv.ru/publ/moskva_shvartuetsja_k_kamrani/3-1-0-34091 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref><br />
* On 11 January 2009, Army General [[Nikolay Yegorovich Makarov|Nikolai Makarov]], Chief of the Russian General Staff, announced that the ''Kirov-''class nuclear-powered cruiser ''Pyotr Velikiy'' and five other ships would take part in exercises with the Indian Navy in late January 2009.<ref>Moscow ITAR-TASS 1125 GMT 11 Jan 9</ref><br />
* In 2021, Black Sea Fleet's intelligence ship ''Kildin'' entered port Oman on 1 November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2021/11/russian-forces-in-mediterranean-wk472021.html|title=Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk47/2021|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123200916/https://russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com/2021/11/russian-forces-in-mediterranean-wk472021.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Besides, in summer, the newly built frigate ''Gremyashchy'' and Kilo (Varshavanka) class diesel-electric submarines ''Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky'' and ''Volkhov'' transited Indian Ocean on their way from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean.<br />
<br />
===East Asia===<br />
Since 2012, Russia and China have conducted an annual naval exercise.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/assessing-chinese-russian-military-exercises-past-progress-and-future-trends|title=Assessing Chinese-Russian Military Exercises: Past Progress and Future Trends|website=www.csis.org|date=9 July 2021|last1=Weitz|first1=Richard|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526043241/https://www.csis.org/analysis/assessing-chinese-russian-military-exercises-past-progress-and-future-trends|url-status=live}}</ref> In even years, they take place off Chinese coast (usually in the Yellow Sea), and in odd years off Russian coast (usually in the Sea of Japan). In 2015 and 2017, in addition to the exercises in the Sea of Japan, additional exercises in the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea, respectively, were held. In 2021, for the first time the exercise surpassed the defensive character as Russian and Chinese warships passed through the Tsugaru Strait between Japanese islands Hokkaido and Honshu.<br />
<br />
* On 23 October 2021, Russian and Chinese Navies conducted first ever joint patrol.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2021 |title=Russian, Chinese warships conduct first ever joint patrol in western Pacific |url=https://tass.com/defense/1353271 |access-date=23 October 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023113223/https://tass.com/defense/1353271 |url-status=live }}</ref> Five warships of each navy participated, including two destroyers, two corvettes and a command ship. Russian Navy was represented by destroyers ''Admiral Panteleyev'' and ''Admiral Tributs'', corvettes ''Gromky'' and ''Geroy Rossiyskoy federatsii Aldar Tsydenzhapov'' and tracking ship ''Marshal Krylov''. The patrol group passed through the Tsugaru Strait. Joint Russo-Chinese operations imply readiness of both superpowers to cooperate to limit the power of the American-led order in the Asia-Pacific region.<br />
* From 1–3 December 2021, the first naval exercise between Russia and ASEAN occurred in the Indonesian territorial waters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1364893|title=Russia, ASEAN to hold first ever joint naval drills in early December|website=TASS|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123160729/https://tass.com/defense/1364893|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia was represented by destroyer ''Admiral Panteleyev'', Vietnam by frigate ''Ly Thai To'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnamese warship participates in ASEAN - Russia naval drills - VnExpress International |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-warship-participates-in-asean-russia-naval-drills-4393967.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126162844/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-warship-participates-in-asean-russia-naval-drills-4393967.html |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref> Indonesia by frigate ''Raden Eddy Martadinata'', Malaysia by frigate ''Lekiu'', Singapore by corvette ''Vigour'', Brunei by off-shore patrol vessel ''Daruttaqwa'', Thailand by frigate ''Kraburi'' and Myanmar by frigate ''Kyansittha'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Ateet |title=Stage set for first-ever Russia-ASEAN navy exercise in Indonesian waters |url=https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/stage-set-for-first-ever-russia-asean-navy-exercise-in-indonesian-waters-131758.html |website=indianarrative.com |date=30 November 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201183505/https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/stage-set-for-first-ever-russia-asean-navy-exercise-in-indonesian-waters-131758.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while Philippines joined as an observer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Calunsod |first1=Ronron |title=PH virtually joins first ever ASEAN-Russia naval drills being held in Indonesia |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/12/01/21/ph-virtually-joins-asean-russia-naval-drills |website=ABS-CBN News |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201195016/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/01/21/ph-virtually-joins-asean-russia-naval-drills |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[History of the Russian Navy]]<br />
* [[Future of the Russian Navy]]<br />
* [[Kuznetsov Naval Academy|Russian Naval Academy]]<br />
* [[List of ships of the line of Russia]]<br />
* [[List of aircraft carriers of Russia and the Soviet Union]]<br />
* [[List of Russian Navy cruisers]]<br />
* [[List of Russian Navy equipment]]<br />
* [[List of ships of Russia by project number]]<br />
* [[List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes]]<br />
* [[List of active Russian Navy ships]] for current Order of Battle of the Russian Navy<br />
* [[Russian Hydrographic Service]]<br />
* [[Torpedo#Russian Navy|Russian torpedoes]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{NoteFoot}}<br />
{{reflist|group=Note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Lebedev A.A. ''To March and Battle Ready? The Combat Capabilities of Naval Squadrons Russian Sailing Fleet XVIII – mid XIX centuries. from the Point of View of the Status of Their Personnel''. SPb, 2015. {{ISBN|978-5-904180-94-2}}.<br />
* Reuben Johnson, "Russian Navy 'faces irreversible collapse,'" ''[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]'', 15 July 2009, and link to original Russian article at [http://nvo.ng.ru/realty/2009-07-03/1_vmf.html ВМФ умрет в ближайшие годы]. Nvo.ng.ru (2009-07-03). Retrieved on 2010-09-09.<br />
* "Russia Will Not Build Aircraft Carriers Till 2010." [[RIA Novosti]]. 16 May 2005. (Via Lexis-Nexis, 27 July 2005).<br />
* "The Russian Navy – A Historic Transition." U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence. December 2015 [https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/russia/Russia%202015print.pdf?ver=2015-12-14-082038-923]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Russian Navy}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{-}}<br />
{{Russian fleet}}<br />
{{Soviet and Russian ships after 1945}}<br />
{{Armed Forces of the Russian Federation}}<br />
{{Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group}}<br />
{{Navies of the Commonwealth of Independent States}}<br />
{{Navies in Europe}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Russian Navy| ]]<br />
[[Category:Military of Russia]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1992]]<br />
[[Category:1992 establishments in Russia]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oppanakara_Street&diff=448871Oppanakara Street2026-03-20T12:43:36Z<p>Vikv10: Updated entries and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox street<br />
| marker_image = <br />
| name = Oppanakara Street at [[Coimbatore]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| alternate_name = <br />
| maint = [[Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| image = Oppanakkara street coimbatore.jpg<br />
| caption = Oppanakara Street in November 2022<br />
| map_notes = <br />
| length_mi = <br />
| length_round = <br />
| length_ref = <br />
| length_notes = <br />
| established = <br />
| decommissioned = <br />
| direction_a = From<br />
| terminus_a = South [[Ukkadam]], [[Coimbatore]]<br />
| junction = &lt;br /&gt;Vysial street&lt;br /&gt;Raja Street&lt;br /&gt;Thomas Street&lt;br /&gt;Big Bazaar Street&lt;br /&gt;Edayar Street/Varity Hall Road<br />
| direction_b = To<br />
| terminus_b = Mill Road junction, [[Coimbatore]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| counties = <br />
| cities = <br />
| system = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Oppanakara Street''' is a major commercial street in [[Coimbatore]], [[India]]. It is located close to the Town Hall area and the [[Coimbatore Corporation]] building. Known for its dense concentration of textile and jewellery showrooms, the street is regarded as the busiest shopping district in the city and one of the most prominent retail stretches in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The buzz here has always been about business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/the-buzz-here-has-always-been-about-business/articleshow/22196371.cms |work=The Times of India |date=October 15, 2013 |access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== General ==<br />
The street extends between South [[Ukkadam]] and Mill Road, intersecting with several historic trade lanes such as Raja Street and Big Bazaar Street. Commercial activity ranges from street vendors selling household items to large format showrooms dealing in silk sarees, textiles, and gold jewellery. Coimbatore is often described as the textile hub of [[India]], and Oppanakara Street serves as the city's traditional focal point for fabric and garment retailing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The buzz here has always been about business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/the-buzz-here-has-always-been-about-business/articleshow/22196371.cms |work=The Times of India |date=October 15, 2013 |access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Often compared to T. Nagar in Chennai and Commercial Street in Bangalore, Oppanakara Street is Coimbatore's answer to high-density, high-volume retail corridors, renowned for its mix of affordability, variety, and tradition. The street experiences particularly heavy pedestrian activity during festival seasons such as Diwali, Pongal, and Ramzan, when textile and jewellery purchases peak. Reports note that lakhs of people visit Oppanakara Street and nearby Big Bazaar Street during weekends ahead of Diwali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Enhanced security measures in Coimbatore's shopping districts ahead of Diwali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/enhanced-security-measures-in-coimbatores-shopping-districts-ahead-of-diwali/articleshow/114326718.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2023 |access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Deepavali crowd: Shops in Coimbatore not to stay open late at night |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/oct/17/deepavali-crowd-shops-in-coimbatore-not-to-stay-open-late-at-night-2509185.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; To support this surge in visitors, authorities introduce seasonal arrangements such as extended shopping hours, festive lighting, and smart camera systems to monitor the flow of people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Coimbatore police monitor busy shopping streets with AI cameras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/coimbatore-police-monitor-busy-shopping-streets-with-ai-cameras/articleshow/104967806.cms |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== Infrastructure ==<br />
Oppanakara Street is easily accessible via multiple modes of transport. It is located within walking distance of Coimbatore Railway Junction and Ukkadam Bus Terminus, with several multilevel retail buildings equipped with escalators, CCTV surveillance, and ample parking for two-wheelers and cars.<br />
<br />
==Commercial shops==<br />
Oppanakara Street is anchored by several of Coimbatore's largest textile and jewellery retailers. Notable stores include [[Pothys]], [[The Chennai Silks]], SPP Silks, Saravana Selvarathnam Stores, and major jewellery chains such as Thangamayil, Kumaran Thangamaligai, Joy Alukkas, and Malabar Gold and Diamonds. Alongside these flagship outlets, numerous mid-sized textile shops and long-established local traders also operate on the street.<br />
<br />
Other commercial shops on Oppanakara Street include:<br />
# [[Pothys]]<br />
# [[The Chennai Silks]] (2 showrooms)<br />
# SPP Silks<br />
# Uday Textiles<br />
# Ramraj Cotton<br />
# Ganapathy Silks<br />
# Saravana Selvarathnam Stores<br />
# Thangamayil Jewellery <br />
# Kumaran Thangamaligai (2 showrooms)<br />
# Joy Alukkas Jewellery<br />
# Malabar Gold and Diamonds<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Streets in India]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in Coimbatore]]<br />
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodoland_Territorial_Region&diff=458904Bodoland Territorial Region2026-03-17T04:44:18Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the autonomous region|the council which controls the region|Bodoland Territorial Council}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bodoland Territorial Region<br />
| official_name = <br />
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous Administrative Region]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_flag = <br />
| flag_size = <br />
| image_seal = Emblem of Bodoland.png<br />
| seal_size = 82px<br />
| seal_alt = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| image_map = Bodoland Territorial Area Districts.svg<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Bodoland Territorial Region Within India<br />
| image_map1 = <br />
| map_caption1 = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26|42|N|91|05|E|region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}<br />
| motto = "[[Satyameva Jayate|Truth Alone Triumphs]]"<br/><br />
Slogan: "For Peace and Development"{{force singular}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = <br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = {{start date and age|2003|2|9}}<br />
| seat_type = Capital<br />
| seat = [[Kokrajhar]]<br />
| parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = [[Bodoland Territorial Region#Districts|5]]<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous Administrative Region]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]<br />
| leader_title = [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive]]<br />
| leader_name = [[Hagrama Mohilary]]<br />
| leader_title1 = Deputy Chief Executive<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Rihon Daimary]]<br />
| leader_title2 = Speaker<br />
| leader_name2 = Tridip Daimari<br />
| leader_title3 = Deputy Speaker<br />
| leader_name3 = Bijit Gwra Narzary<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 8970<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 3155359<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/07/assam-govt-to-bring-ordinance-to-accord-bodo-as-associate-official-language-2207247.html |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |title=Assam govt to bring ordinance to accord Bodo as associate official language}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]]<ref>{{cite news |title=As Assam grants Bodo language official status, here's all you need to know on Bodoland struggle |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-assam-grants-bodo-language-official-status-heres-all-you-need-to-know-on-bodoland-struggle/519610/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=8 October 2020}}</ref><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://bodoland.gov.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Bodoland Territorial Region''' ('''BTR''') is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous division]] in [[Assam]], [[India]], in [[Northeast India]]. It is made up of five districts on the north bank of the [[Brahmaputra River]] below the foothills of [[Bhutan]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is administered by an elected body known as the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] which came into existence under the terms of a peace agreement signed in February 2003 and its autonomy was further extended by an agreement signed in January 2020. The region covers an area of over nine thousand square kilometres and is predominantly inhabited by the [[Bodo people]] and other tribal communities of Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdpsindia.org/btc_accord.asp|title=Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) Accord|website=cdpsindia.org|access-date=15 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419131353/http://cdpsindia.org/btc_accord.asp|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE BODOLAND AUTONOMOUS COUNCIL ACT, 1993 |url=https://ucdpged.uu.se/peaceagreements/fulltext/India%2019930220.pdf |website=ucdpged.uu.se |access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology of ''Bodoland'' ==<br />
{{see also|Boro people#Etymology of Boro}}<br />
The [[Plain Tribals Council of Assam|Plains Tribes Council of Assam]] (PTCA) had demanded, since its inception in 1967, a separate union territory for the [[Boro people|Boro]] and other plain tribes, to be called ''Udayachal''.<ref>"(T)he Bodo leadership in 1967 formed a political party called the Plains Tribals Council of Assam (PTCA). Since its formation, the PTCA has categorically demanded a union territory for the Bodosand other Plains tribals of the region called Udayachal." {{harvcol|George|1994|p=879}}</ref> With the failure of PTCA, the All Bodo Students' Union launched the Bodo Movement in 1987 with the demand for a separate state to be called ''Bodoland'',<ref>"ABSU took over the leadership of the Bodos; it launched a movement for greater autonomy on March 2, 1987, with the demand for creation of a full-fledged state of Bodoland outside of Assam." {{harvcol|George|1994|p=880}}</ref> ending with the Bodo Accord of 1993 with the formation of Bodoland Autonomous Council.<ref>"These efforts ultimately resulted in the Bodo Accord, signed at Guwahati on February 20, formally ending the six-year Bodoland agitation...The Bodo Accord provides for a Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC)..." {{harvcol|George|1994|p=887}}</ref> Bodoland is named after ''Bodo'', an alternative spelling of the [[Boro people]] who live primarily in the [[Dooars]] regions of [[Undivided Goalpara district|Goalpara]] and [[Undivided Kamrup district|Kamrup]] districts.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{see also|Protected tribal belts and blocks in Assam|Dooars}}<br />
{{CSS image crop<br />
|Image = Map of the Languages and Dialects of the Bârâ or Bodo Group of the Tibeto-Burman Family (cropped).jpg<br />
|bSize = 937<br />
|cWidth = 400<br />
|cHeight = 200<br />
|oTop = 200<br />
|oLeft = 240<br />
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|Description = Bodoland is Mech or Bârâ region of North bank, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Album Pose.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Brahma temple at Kokrajhar]]<br />
Originally a part of [[Bhutan]], this region came under the control of [[Koch dynasty|Koch]] king [[Vishwa Singha]] in the early 16th century.<ref>"When Biswa Singha (1515-40) rose to power, the local chiefs, who ruled the country between the river Sonkosh and the Baradi were subdued and the Koch occupied the Duar areas." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=29}}</ref> Around 1562, the successor king [[Nara Narayan]] determined that the Meches and Koches peoples north of the newly constructed [[Gohain Kamal Ali]] road could follow their indigenous customs whereas peoples to its south had to follow Hindu Brahmanical rites.<ref>"[Nara Narayana] further instructed the Meches and Koches living to the north of the ''Gosain Kamal Ali'' to follow their tribal customs, but in the territory south of this road as far as the Brahmaputra Brahmanic rites were to be continued." {{harvcol|Nath|1989|p=55}}</ref><ref>Naranarayan placed an image of Goddess Durga and appointed a Kachari as its priest. He then collected all the Bhutias of Duars, the Kacharis and Meches living between the Bhutan hills and the Gohain Kamal Ali and ordered that the former could follow their tribal custom in the territory upto the Gohain Kamal Ali.{{harvcol|Das|1998|pp=31–32}}</ref> After the split of the Koch kingdom and subsequent collapse of the eastern [[Koch Hajo]] due to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and during the period of [[Ahom-Mughal conflicts]] in early 17th century the Bhutan kingdom pushed south and took control of the region down to the Gohain Kamal Ali.<ref>"Taking advantage of [the collapse of Koch Hajo], the Bhutias pushed their southern boundary towards the plains and occupied the land upto the Gohain Kamal Ali." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=13}}</ref><ref>"During the period of political uncertainty caused by the Ahom-Mughal conflict in the middle of seventeenth century, the Bhutias had taken possession of the whole of the fertile plain south of their hills as far as the Gohain Kamal Ali." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=59}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of Itakhuli]] in 1681 the [[Ahom kingdom]] consolidated their rule up to the [[Manas river]] in the west and the region north of the Gohain Kamal Ali road, divided into different ''[[Dooars|Duars]]'', fell into its possession.<ref>"These Duars play crucial role in the determination of the relations between Assam and Bhutan. The term ‘Duar’ literally meaning ‘door’ in English, is used to refer to the areas below the foothills is equivalent to Bhutanese ‘las-sgo’ (lit. work-door) which always carries the sense of a border mart at the foot of a pass and the area in its immediate vicinity." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref> The Ahoms soon faced trouble from the Bhutanese, in the form of incursions, raids,<ref>"As a result, they are said to have harassed the population along the Assam frontiers with persistent incursions and raids."{{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=394}}</ref> and violent opposition, beginning about 1688, to tax collection by the Ahoms.<ref name="auto">{{harvcol|Phukan|2014|p=65}}</ref> Eventually these clashes came to an end with a written agreement.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Southern border of Bhutan1985.jpg|thumb|280px|Most areas of BTR were under the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] till the [[Duar War]] of 1865]]<br />
<br />
Duars between [[Sankosh River]] and [[Manas River]] were collectively known as the [[Dooars#Eastern Dooars|Eastern Duars]], those between Manas River and [[Barnadi River]] were collectively known as [[Dooars#Kamrup Dooars|Kamrup Duars]],<ref>"The Kamrup duars were Bijni, Chapakhamar, Chapaguri, Baksa and Gharkola." {{harvcol|Phukan|2014|p=63}}</ref> and those between Barnadi River and [[Dhansiri River]] were collectively known as [[Dooars#Darrang Dooars|Darrang Duars]].<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref><ref>"The two Darrang duars were Bariguma and Killing." {{harvcol|Phukan|2014|p=63}}</ref> The ''Duars'' to the west of Goalpara were called [[Dooars#Western Dooars|Western Duars]].<br />
<br />
The ''Duars'' in the [[Goalpara]] region (which was outside the Ahom kingdom) were under Bhutan's control, but the administration of the Duars to east were shared between Bhutan or [[Ganden Phodrang|Tibet]] and the Ahom kingdom under different mechanisms.<ref>{{harvtxt|Das|1998|p=32}}</ref><ref>"While Bhutan generally enjoyed absolute possession of the eleven Bengal duars, its control over the seven Assam duars was not straightforward. Even during the Ahom rule, the Bhutanese did not gain full possession of the duar tracts. As a result, they are said to have harassed the population along the Assam frontiers with persistent incursions and raids." {{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=394}}</ref> The ''Duars'' in the Kamrup region followed the ''posa'' system in which the Bhutanese were given possession of the duars in lieu of an annual payment;<ref>"In order to avoid these violent attacks, the Ahom rulers gave possession of the five duar tracts along the Kamrup district to Bhutan in exchange for an annual payment. The payment included about thirty-seven tola of gold, thirty-seven bags of musk, thirty-seven yak tails, thirty-seven daggers, thirty-seven blankets, fifty-seven ponies and about 4785 Narrainee rupees in cash in total." {{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=394}}</ref> and those in the Darrang region were alternately controlled by the Bhutanese and the Ahoms in an annual cycle.<ref>"It was also provided that the Darrang Duars were to be annually surrendered to the Ahom government for four months from ''Ashar'' to ''Aswin''. (that is from the 15th of June to the 15th of October)." {{harvcol|Das|1998|p=30}}</ref> The Bhutanese control over these regions were via local authorities, not ethnic Bhutanese, who were appointed by Bhutanese provincial governors called ''[[Penlop|Ponlops]]''<ref>{{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=394}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the British took control of Ahom kingdom in 1826, they maintained the Ahom-Bhutan arrangement for a while but the payments made in kind and the shared administration were something the colonial administration was unwilling to maintain<ref>"This arrangement between Bhutan and Ahom rulers of control over the seven Assam duars continued with the British after their annexation of Assam in 1826." {{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=395}}</ref> and annexed the Kamrup and Darrang Duars in 1841 and the Kariapar Duar in 1844;<ref>{{harvtxt|Das|1998|p=31}}</ref> and following the [[Duar War]] in 1865 took complete possession of the Duars and removed Bhutanese interest from the Goalpara and Western Duars for good. The Duars associated with the historical regions of [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], and [[Darrang district|Darrang]] were then added to these districts.<br />
<br />
===Demand for statehood===<br />
Along with the other parts of [[Northeast India]], regional aspiration in the region reached a turning point in the 1980s. The isolation of the region, its complex social character, and its backwardness compared to other parts of the country have all resulted in the complicated set of demands ranging from demand for autonomy and opposition to migrants to movements for secession.<br />
<br />
The region is also the gateway to the [[Northeast India|North Eastern Region of India]], where one of the main students organisation, All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), allied with [[National Democratic Front of Boroland - Progressive|National Democratic Front of Boroland – Progressive (NDFB-P)]], [[National Democratic Front of Boroland (D.R. Nabla faction)|National Democratic Front of Boroland – D.R. Nabla faction]], People's Joint Action Committee for Boroland Movement (PJACBM) which is an amalgamation of over three dozen Bodo organisations<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bodo-groups-impose-12-hour-bandh-in-assam-over-statehood-demand/story-nGRNnkfVZaCV0IAqKBmPiI.html|title=Bodo groups impose 12-hour 'bandh' in Assam over statehood demand|date=11 September 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> and its supporters are demanding the [[Government of India]] create a separate state (within the Indian Union) comprising the seven Assam districts – [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] and [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]] – which have a significant Bodo population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/a-demand-for-bodoland-with-blood/cid/1423329|title=A demand for Bodoland, with blood|work=The Telegraph|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://teerinshillong.in/|title=Teer in Shillong: Teer Result Online &#124; F/R & S/R » [2020]|website=TeerinShillong}}</ref> On the other hand, it is also claimed as a sovereign state (complete independence from India) by the separatist insurgent group [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.time8.in/ndfbs-eyes-bodoland-sovereignty/|title=NDFB(S) eyes Bodoland sovereignty|last=T8N|date=14 September 2017|access-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316055853/https://www.time8.in/ndfbs-eyes-bodoland-sovereignty/|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
====1993 and 2003 peace agreements====<br />
Following an agreement in 1993, Bodoland became an [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous administrative unit]] constituted under the [[Scheduled Areas#Sixth Schedule|Sixth Schedule]] of the [[Constitution of India]] covering an area of 8,795&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> administered by the Bodoland Autonomous Council.<br />
<br />
Following a further peace agreement, the Bodoland Territorial Council was formed in 2003, with a mission to accomplish development in the area of economic, education, preservation of land right, linguistic aspiration, socio-culture and ethnic identity of Bodos and above all to speed up the infrastructure development of communities in the Bodoland area. The actual functioning of the council was started on 7 December 2003 by constituting the 12 members of the Council provisionally.<br />
<br />
After the Council Election on 13 May 2005 and subsequent bye-election in November 2005, the 40-member Legislative Council has been formed to look after the development works in the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts. The remaining six members are nominated by the Governor of Assam from the unrepresented Communities. Thus there are altogether 46 members of the council, representing all communities of the BTC Area known as Member of Council Legislative Assembly (MCLA).<br />
<br />
==== 2020 peace agreement and the formation of the Bodoland Territorial Region ====<br />
A new peace agreement was signed on 27 January 2020 between the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Assam]] on one side and the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB), the All Bodo Students’ Union and United Bodo People's Organisation on the other.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amit-shah-historic-bodo-peace-accord-sign-assam-1640584-2020-01-27|title=Govt signs historic Bodo peace accord, Amit Shah says golden future awaits Assam|date=27 January 2020|work=India Today|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> Under the terms of this agreement, a Bodoland Territorial Region was formed with enhanced executive and legislative powers. The Bodoland Territorial Council will have competency over almost all areas defined by the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India and its membership will be increased to 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/how-the-bodo-accord-was-accomplished-establishing-a-wider-template-for-peace-in-the-northeast/|title=How the Bodo Accord was accomplished, establishing a wider template for peace in the Northeast|date=6 February 2020|work=Times of India Blog|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The boundary of BTR will be redrawn to make Boro speakers majority within the region. This will be done by forming new districts and the boundary of the region will be adjusted to include contiguous Bodo inhabited areas from neighbouring districts and exclude the non-Bodo inhabited territories which are currently under the jurisdiction of the BTC.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/assam-sets-up-commission-to-redraw-btad-boundary-as-per-bodo-accord/story-IUFWbplwwEnuuQfPpvPAkM.html | title=Assam sets up commission to redraw BTAD boundary as per Bodo accord | date=25 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bodoland-area-is-set-to-be-redrawn/article61640183.ece | title=Bodoland Area is set to be redrawn | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.time8.in/assam-btr-boundary-commission-to-submit-report-within-august-15/ | title=Assam: BTR boundary commission to submit report within August 15 | date=February 2021 }}</ref> On 26 January 2023, Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] have decided to include 60 more villages which have at least 80% [[Bodo people|Bodo population]] in the Bodoland Territorial Region, in order to make Bodo-speakers a slight majority.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/60-more-villages-to-get-included-in-bodo-council-says-assam-cm-101674747248806.html | title=60 more villages to get included in Bodo council, says Assam CM | date=26 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/assam-to-include-60-new-villages-in-btr/cid/1912347 | title=Assam to include 60 new villages in BTR }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/process-to-include-98-villages-in-bodoland-territorial-region-underway-633631 | title=Process to include 98 villages in Bodoland Territorial Region underway - Sentinelassam | date=19 January 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Bodoland will also have the right to autonomously be represented at national level sports and cultural events such as the [[National Games of India]] and the [[Khelo India Youth Games]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indusscrolls.com/what-is-bodo-peace-accord-read-the-full-text-of-draft-bodo-treaty/|title=What is Bodo Peace Accord? Read the full text of Draft Bodo Treaty|first=Ananta Ram|last=Bharati|date=28 January 2020|work=Indus Scrolls|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The agreement also makes the Bodo language with Devnagri script an associate official language of Assam.<br />
<br />
==Government and politics==<br />
===Bodoland Territorial Council===<br />
{{main|Bodoland Territorial Council}}<br />
The region is administered by an elected body known as the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]] (BTC) which was established according to the Memorandum of Settlement of 10 February 2003. BTC came into existence immediately after the surrender of [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]] (BLTF). The BLTF laid down their weapons on 6 December 2003 under the leadership of [[Hagrama Mohilary]] and Shri Hagrama Mohilary was sworn in as the [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive Member]] (CEM) on 7 December 2003.<br />
<br />
The BTC has 46 members (30 seats reserved for scheduled Tribes, 5 seats for non-scheduled tribes and 5 open seats) and 6 seats of which are nominated by Governor of Assam from unrepresented communities. The council appoints a cabinet of 14 executive members each looking after a specific area of control.<br />
<br />
===Districts===<br />
The Bodoland region is made up of [[Bodoland Territorial Region#Districts|five districts]] which are further subdivided into 10 Civil Subdivisions and 40 Development Blocks.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://bodoland.in/index.php/2016-02-26-07-47-07/48-bodoland-at-a-glance|title=About Bodoland|date=2 December 2018|website=www.bodoland.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
The area and population of these districts has been estimated as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! No<br />
! Name<br />
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<br />
! Population (census 2011)<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;"|3,169<br />
| 887,142<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| [[Chirang district|Chirang]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;"|1,974<br />
| 482,162<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| [[Baksa district|Baksa]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;"|1,573<br />
| 560,925<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |884<br />
| 389,150<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]<br />
| style="text-align:right;" |2,012<br />
| 831,668<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| ''Total''<br />
| style="text-align:right;"|9,612<br />
| 3,151,047<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Under the terms of a peace agreement signed in January 2020, new districts will be created with the existing four districts reorganised into seven districts. The area of the region will be enlarged and will also include two new districts created from areas currently outside the region. The total number of districts within the Bodoland region will therefore be nine.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharati |first1=Ananta Ram |title=What is Bodo Peace Accord? Read the full text of Draft Bodo Treaty |url=https://indusscrolls.com/what-is-bodo-peace-accord-read-the-full-text-of-draft-bodo-treaty/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=Indus Scrolls |date=28 January 2020}}</ref> In January 2022, [[Tamulpur district]] was created by separating the Tamulpur sub-division from [[Baksa district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2021|title=Assam Govt Forms Tamulpur As New District In State|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-govt-forms-tamulpur-as-new-district-in-state-574587<br />
|access-date=24 January 2022|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
<br />
The geographical boundary of the BTR lies between 26° 7<nowiki>'12'' N to 26° 47' 50'' N Latitude and 89° 47' 40'' E to 92° 18' 30'' E Longitude and is in the Northwestern part of Assam. Kokrajhar town the Administrative Head Quarter lies roughly between 26° 25' N latitude and 90° 16' 38''</nowiki> E Longitude.<br />
<br />
Its strategic location is blessed with beautiful forests full of flora and fauna.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
[[File:A collage of vegetables spices puthimari growing in Kokrajhar.jpg|thumb|260px|Agriculture in Kokrajhar district]]<br />
The economy is largely agricultural based and is lagging behind in urbanisation and development. The region is industrially backward with most of its population depending on agriculture for livelihood. Most of the industries like oil, gas and major industries of the state are located in upper [[Assam]].<br />
<br />
===Tourism===<br />
Tourism in the region is regulated by the department of Bodoland Tourism. [[Manas National Park]] is the major tourist attraction of the region. It also has many wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, site seeings, picnic spots, and events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bodolandtourism.org|title=Bodoland Tourism|website=www.bodolandtourism.org|access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Manas National Park====<br />
{{main|Manas National Park}}<br />
[[File:Manas National Park.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of Manas National Park in Chirang]]<br />
Manas, the nature's abode is at the foothills of Bhutan with its unique biodiversity and landscape. The blending of the dense jungle and grassland at the confluence of Indian, Ethiopian and Indo Chinese realms enhances it as one of the richest region of wild animals. The Park harbours 60 species of mammals of which 23 has been listed in Schedule 1 under the [[Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972|Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972]]. The Park also has a recorded count of 36 species of reptiles and 476 species of birds. The Park is home for [[Asian elephant|Elephant]], [[Indian rhinoceros|Rhino]], [[Tiger]], [[Gaur]], [[Wild water buffalo|Wild Buffalo]], [[Deer]], [[Wild boar|Wild Hogs]], and many other Reptiles, Birds and Insects including some highly endangered species like [[Pygmy Hog]], [[Golden Langur]] & [[Bengal Florican]]. It is not only a significant National Park of India but also an important migratory corridor for the elephant population of the entire Indo-Bhutan region. Manas is also included in the much ambitious plan nomenclature as Indian Rhino Vision −2020 (IRV-2020) since 2006, with the support of Govt. of Assam in collaboration with [[Wildlife Trust of India|Wildlife Trust of India, (WTI)]], Bodoland Territorial Council, WWF-India, [[International Rhino Foundation]], and US Fish and Wildlife Service.<br />
<br />
====Gethsemane Man-made Forest====<br />
{{Main|Bhairabkunda}}<br />
Situated in [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]'s [[Bhairabkunda]], it is a forest-grown entirely by local [[Joint Forest Management|JFMC]] of 35 members with the help of Forest department of Assam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afforestation changes life and landscape: How a district in Assam lost a forest, gained a future|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/afforestation-changes-life-and-landscape-how-a-district-in-assam-lost-a-forest-gained-a-future-4997615/|date=25 December 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Spread across more than 6&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, the forest contains more than 1.4&nbsp;million plus trees of over 35 varieties. A number of animals, birds and reptiles<ref>{{cite news |title=Man-made forest houses rare flying snake |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=apr0616/state051 |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=The Assam Tribune Online}}</ref> can also be spotted in the area. Visitors can trek through the trail in the forest and stay the night in their guest house.<ref>{{cite news |title=New tourist guest house at Bhairabkunda |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/12351 |access-date=4 December 2020 |work=Assam Times |date=17 November 2014 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Trekking of Baukungri Hill====<br />
{{Main|Baukungri Hajw Gakhwnai}}<br />
Baukungri hill trekking is an adventurous event held annually in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]. It is organised every year on first day of the year according to the Bodo calendar which falls in mid April.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arunachal24.in/kokrajhar-three-day-baokhungri-festival-begins/|title=Kokrajhar- Three Day Baokhungri festival Begins|date=12 April 2017|work=Arunachal24.in|access-date=13 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Religions in Bodoland (2011)<ref name="Religion">Bodoland University<br />
http://buniv.edu.in › contentPDF<br />
Bodoland International Knowledge Festival and Religion, 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/assams-religious-demography-data-census-2011-may-come-shocker-1695169.html | title=Assam's religious demography data in census 2011 may come as a shocker | date=3 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bodoland-peoples-front-chief-raises-religious-conversion-issue-in-letter-to-pm/articleshow/95586467.cms | title=Bodoland People's Front chief raises religious conversion issue in letter to PM | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=17 November 2022 | last1=Singh | first1=Bikash }}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]<br />
|value1 = 71.25<br />
|color1 = Orange<br />
|label2 = [[Islam]]<br />
|value2 = 19.25<br />
|color2 = Green<br />
|label3 = [[Christianity]]<br />
|value3 = 9.25<br />
|color3 = Blue<br />
|label4 = Others<br />
|value4 = 0.25<br />
|color4 = Red<br />
}}<br />
Many [[Bodos]] follow [[Bathouism]] but are counted under [[Hindus]]. No official data provides the exact population of Bathouism followers. <br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Language in Bodoland (2011 Census)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ Census data] Census India</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Language<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Bodo language|Bodo]]|red|30.4}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]|pink|25.5}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|blue|20.4}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Santali language|Santali]]|yellow|5.3}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|grey|3.3}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]|black|1.4}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hindi]]|black|1.2}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Rabha language|Rabha]]|pink|1}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others|violet|7.3}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Population ===<br />
[[Bodo people|Bodos]] constitute the largest tribal group in the region numbering around 1.2 million (31.5%) followed by Bengali-speaking [[Miya people]], who form the largest minority group as per 2011 Census.<ref name="economictimes_assam">{{cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/assam-violence-chief-reasons-behind-the-rivalry/bodos-say-some-muslim-settlers-are-illegal-migrants/amp_slideshow/15570061.cms|title=Bodos say some Muslim settlers are illegal migrants – Assam violence: Chief reasons behind the rivalry |work=The Economic Times|access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> The population of the BTC area as per 2011 Census report is 3.2 million out which the ST{{clarify|date=August 2020}} population is around 38% of which only 3% of the total population live in urban areas. The average density of the population in BTC is 326 per sq.K.m. compared to 340 per sq.K.m. of Assam. Amongst the ST/SC population Bodos, and other Indigenous tribes like Rabha, Sarania-Kachari, Modahi-Kachari and less quantity of Assamese speaking SC caste Kaibarta, Hira, Bania are inhabiting in this area.<ref name="economictimes_assam"/> The other ethnic groups like [[Assamese language|Assamese]] speaking Koch-Rajbanshi, Nath-Jogi, Kalita, Sutradhar are inhabiting in large part of BTC. Adivasi communities including [[Santal people|Santhal]], Oraon etc. are also available in sizeable numbers. Moreover, other general communities like ethnic Assamese Muslims like Garia, Maria and [[Deshi people|Deshi]] (Uzani) and large number sof Bengali speaking Miya Muslim and Bengali Hindu people, [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] and few Hindi speaking people are also found in the Council area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bodoland.gov.in/btcataglance.html|title=Bodoland Territorial Council {{!}} Kokrajhar|website=bodoland.gov.in|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212204056/http://bodoland.gov.in/btcataglance.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
{{Main|Transport in Bodoland}}<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
{{Main|Bodo culture}}<br />
[[File:Aronai.jpg|thumb|A green coloured Aronai with white Agor (design)]]<br />
[[File:Bodo_dance.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Bodo girls dancing the Daosri-Delai dance]]<br />
The Bodos have a distinct culture from the rest of the world, ranging from dance and music to festivals and attires.<br />
<br />
==Sports==<br />
[[Association football|Football]] is popular in the region with clubs like [[Bodoland FC]], competing in [[Durand Cup]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodoland FC in Durand Cup|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/durand-cup-2023-mumbai-city-fc-take-on-indian-navy-ft-odisha-fc-face-bodoland-fc-test |website=indiansuperleague.com}}</ref> and [[United Chirang Duar FC]] playing in the fourth tier of Indian football, [[I-League 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirang Duar in I-League 3|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/united-chirang-duar-football-club-all-set-to-play-i-league-674556 |website=sentinelassam.com}}</ref> Many clubs from the region also participate in the state football league.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]]<br />
* [[Bodo people]]<br />
* [[Bodo culture]]<br />
* [[Bodo language]]<br />
* [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]]<br />
* [[2012 Assam violence]]<br />
* [[Hill tribes of Northeast India]]<br />
* [[North Eastern Council]]<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463813/page/n71/mode/2up|title=Assam District Gazetteers-kamrup Vol. 4|last=Allen|first=B.C|publisher=The Pioneer Press, Allahabad|year=1905}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Brahma|first=Nirjay Kumar|date=2008|title=Socio political institutions in Bodo society|type=PhD|chapter=Introduction: Interpretation of Bodo or Boro|publisher=Gauhati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/66535}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949|type=PhD|publisher=Guwahati University|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|hdl=10603/67909|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100526/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|url-status=dead}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Deka|first=Hira Moni|date=2009|title=Politics of identity and the bodo movement in Assam|type=PhD|chapter=The Historical Background of Bodo Movement|publisher=Gauhati University|degree=PhD|hdl=10603/67844}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=George |first=Sudhir Jacob |year=1994|title=The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to Accord |journal=Asian Survey |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=878–892 |doi=10.2307/2644967 |jstor=2644967}}<br />
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC|last=Nath|first=D.|title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1989|isbn=8170991099}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flRuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Bodo Imbroglio|last=Roy|first=Ajoy|publisher=Spectrum Publications|year=1995|isbn=8185319588}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=K. R. |last2=Dikshit |first2=Jutta K. |title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ |pages=375–376 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Phuntsho |first1=Karma |title=The History of Bhutan |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9781908323583}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Phukan |first1=J N |title=Ahom-Bhutan Relations with Specific Reference to Royal Bhutanese Embassy Visiting Ahom Capital in 1801 |journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies |year=2014 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/jbs/pdf/JBS_30_03.pdf |volume=30 |number=Summer 2014 }}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://bodoland.gov.in/ Bodoland Territorial Council]<br />
* [https://wptbc.assam.gov.in/portlet-innerpage/bodoland-territorial-council Profile from the Government of Assam]<br />
* [https://bodolandtourism.in/ Bodoland Tourism]<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes|list=<br />
{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}<br />
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}<br />
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}<br />
{{Assam}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bodoland| ]]<br />
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]<br />
[[Category:Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]<br />
[[Category:2003 establishments in Assam]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohan_Shah_(powerlifter)&diff=530733Rohan Shah (powerlifter)2026-03-15T15:21:19Z<p>Vikv10: New new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian powerlifter}}<br />
{{for|the Indian actor|Rohan Shah}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| name = Rohan Shah<br />
| image =<br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption =<br />
| fullname =<br />
| nicknames =<br />
| country = {{IND}}<br />
| sport = [[Powerlifting]], [[strength athletics]]<br />
| club =<br />
| collegeteam =<br />
| coach = Surisetti Kumar<ref name=dainikjagran/><br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|03|df=y}}<ref name=dainikjagran>{{cite news|last=Joshi |first=Abhishek |title=Chhattisgarh powerlifter Rohan Shah lifting India's pride |url=https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/sports/chhattisgarh-powerlifter-rohan-shah-lifting-india%E2%80%99s-pride/article-12713 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] MP-CG |date=February 8, 2026}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], India<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| height =<br />
| weight =<br />
| medaltemplates =<br />
{{MedalSport |[[Powerlifting]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br />
{{MedalCompetition |World Cup Powerlifting Championship}}<br />
{{MedalGold | 2020 Kyiv | 90&nbsp;kg – [[Deadlift]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold | 2020 Kyiv | 90&nbsp;kg – [[Bench press]]}}<br />
{{MedalSport |Strength athletics}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition |World Strength Lifting Championship}}<br />
{{MedalSilver | 2019 [[Thailand]] |}}<br />
{{MedalBronze | 2022 [[Kyrgyzstan]] |}}<br />
{{MedalSilver | 2024 [[Kazakhstan]] |}}<br />
{{MedalBronze | 2024 [[Kazakhstan]] |}}<br />
{{MedalGold | 2025 [[Thailand]] |}}<br />
{{MedalSilver | 2025 [[Thailand]] |}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition |International Strength Lifting Championship}}<br />
{{MedalGold | 2023 [[Kathmandu]] |}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rohan Shah''' (born 3 October 1991) is an Indian [[powerlifter]] and [[strength athlete]] from [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]].<ref name=IndiaNews>{{cite news |last1=Bansal |first1=Rachna |title=भारत की शान में आज Athlete Rohan Shah Exclusive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhwMbHsSyQs |publisher=[[India News]] |date=May 18, 2024}}</ref><ref name=bhaskarhindi/><br />
<br />
He represented India and won two gold medals at the World Cup Powerlifting Championship held in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]], in 2020,<ref name=Bhaskar/> and one gold medal at the International Strength Lifting Championship held in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]], in 2023. He also won four silver medals at the World Strength Lifting Championship held in [[Thailand]] in 2019, [[Kazakhstan]] in 2024 and [[Thailand]] in 2025, and three bronze medals at the same championship held in [[Kyrgyzstan]] in 2022 and [[Kazakhstan]] in 2024.<ref name=bhaskarhindi>{{cite news |title=“पावरलिफ्टिंग में रोज़ की तैयारी ही असली ताकत है”: रोहन शाह |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/sports/in-powerlifting-daily-preparation-is-the-key-rohan-shah-1237035 |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=January 9, 2026 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=IndiaNews/><ref name="news24"/><ref name=etv/><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
He hails from [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. His father, Rajesh Shah, represented the [[Indian Railways]] in [[badminton]]. He was coached by Surisetti Kumar.<ref name=dainikjagran/><ref name=naidunia/><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Powerlifting ===<br />
In 2019, Shah competed at the 8th World Strength Lifting Championship in [[Thailand]], where he won two silver medals.<ref name="news24">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Jyoti |title=दुनिया में भारत का परचम लहराया, Indian Athlete Rohan Shah |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88fy80JmuLs&t=252s |publisher=[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]] |date=September 8, 2024}}</ref> In 2020, he represented India at the World Cup Powerlifting Championship in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]], winning gold medals in the [[deadlift]] and [[bench press]] events in the 90&nbsp;kg weight category.<ref name=Bhaskar>{{cite news |title=रोहन शाह ने अंतरराष्ट्रीय वेटलिफ्टिंग में स्वर्ण पदक जीता |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/chhattisgarh/bilaspur/news/chhattisgarh-news-rohan-shah-won-gold-medal-in-international-weightlifting-064140-6834263.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=March 14, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2020, he earned a silver medal at the Chhattisgarh State Strength Lifting Championship in [[Balod]], where the [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] team placed first overall with 24 total medals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Namdev |first1=Kranti |title=राज्य स्तरीय स्ट्रेंथ लिफ्टिंग में 18 गोल्ड जीत बिलासपुर बनी ओवर ऑल चैम्पियन |url=https://www.patrika.com/bilaspur-news/bilaspur-wins-over-all-18-champions-in-state-level-stethlifting-5819602 |publisher=[[Patrika.com|Patrika]] |date=February 24, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2022, Shah competed at the 9th World Strength Lifting Championship in [[Kyrgyzstan]] in the senior 105&nbsp;kg weight category. He won two bronze medals, lifting a total of 407.5&nbsp;kg in the strength lifting event and 175&nbsp;kg in the incline bench press event.<ref name=etv>{{cite news |title=बिलासपुर के वेट लिफ्टर ने किर्गिस्तान में जीता कांस्य पदक |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/chhattisgarh/city/bilaspur/bilaspur-weight-lifter-rohan-shah-won-bronze-medal-in-kyrgyzstan/ct20220914224404719719676 |publisher=[[ETV Bharat News|ETV Bharat]] |date=September 14, 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=naidunia>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Yogeshwar |title=बिलासपुर के रोहन शाह ने पेस चैम्पियनशिप में कांस्य पदक जीता |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/bilaspur-rohan-shah-of-bilaspur-won-bronze-medal-in-pace-championship-7811354 |publisher=[[Jagran Prakashan|Nai Dunia]] |date=September 14, 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, Rohan Shah won a gold medal at an International Strength Lifting Championship held in [[Nepal]].<ref name=IndiaNews/> Later that year, in December 2023, he won two silver medals at the 10th World Strength Lifting and Incline Bench Press Championship, held at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Rohan Shah Wins Two Silver Medals At 10th World Strength Lifting And Incline Bench Press Championship 2023 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/indias-rohan-shah-wins-two-silver-medals-at-10th-world-strength-lifting-and-incline-bench-press-championship-2023-2704433.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=December 30, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, Shah competed in the 11th World Strength Lifting Championship in [[Kazakhstan]], where he won one silver medal and one bronze medal.<ref name=bhaskarhindi/> In 2025, he competed in the 12th World Strength Lifting Championship held in [[Thailand]], winning one gold medal and one silver medal.<ref name=bhaskarhindi/><br />
<br />
=== Athletics ===<br />
In 2021, Shah competed domestically at the 3rd National [[Masters athletics|Masters Athletics]] Championship in [[Varanasi]], India, where he won a bronze medal in the shot put event.<ref name=bhaskarhindi/><br />
<br />
== Other activities ==<br />
Shah delivered a [[TEDx talk]] in 2024 titled "Let Ambition to Way Yourself" at [[Lingaya's Lalita Devi Institute of Management & Sciences]], where he discussed career transitions and pursuing passion in sports.<ref>{{cite news |title=Let Ambition to Way Yourself |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cZ1MG6pnUk |publisher=[[TedX]] |date=April 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TedX Speakers |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/53762 |publisher=TEDxLLDIMS |date=November 22, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Sports|India}}<br />
* [[List of people from Chhattisgarh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Rohan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian powerlifters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes from Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:1991 births]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narasimhudu&diff=471268Narasimhudu2026-03-14T08:08:05Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2005 Indian film by B. Gopal}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Narasimhudu<br />
| image = Narasimhudu poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical poster<br />
| writer = [[P. Ravi Shankar]]<br />
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]<br>[[Ameesha Patel]]<br>[[Sameera Reddy]]<br />
| director = [[B. Gopal]]<br />
| producer = Chengala Venkat Rao<br />
| distributor = <br />
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2005|05|20|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 174 minutes<br />
| cinematography = K. Ravindra Babu<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = ₹20 [[crore]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
}}'''''Narasimhudu''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[B. Gopal]]. The film features [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] in the titular role, alongside [[Ameesha Patel]], and [[Sameera Reddy]] (in her Telugu debut). The supporting cast includes prominent actors such as [[Puneet Issar]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Rahul Dev]], and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]. The film is a remake of the 2004 Kannada film ''[[Durgi (film)|Durgi]]'' and holds the distinction of being the first and only remake N. T. Rama Rao Jr. has starred in during his career. <br />
<br />
Produced by Chengala Venkat Rao with a significant budget of approximately ₹20 crore, ''Narasimhudu'' was released amidst considerable hype. However, upon its theatrical release, the film was met with negative reviews from critics and the audience, who largely criticised its predictable plot, outdated direction, and excessive action. Its poor critical reception translated into a dismal commercial performance, leading the film to become a [[box-office bomb]].<ref name=":22">{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Junior N.T.R's two attempts (Naa Alludu and Narasimhudu) proved disasters.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Narasimhudu tragically loses his parents at a young age. He is subsequently adopted and lovingly raised by the entire community of Kondaveedu village, who collectively assume the responsibility of his upbringing. As he grows, Narasimhudu becomes the unofficial guardian and caretaker of the village, deeply revered and cherished by all. The tranquility of Kondaveedu is shattered by a horrific incident: an 11-year-old girl from the village is brutally raped and murdered by the sons of two powerful and influential figures, JD and Pothuraju. These men operate outside the village, leveraging their wealth and connections to shield their sons from legal repercussions.<br />
<br />
Enraged by this heinous crime and the blatant injustice, Narasimhudu vows to exact revenge not only on the immediate perpetrators but also on their fathers, who enable their sons' depravity and obstruct the path of justice. The remainder of the film meticulously details Narasimhudu's relentless and violent quest for retribution. He embarks on a mission to systematically dismantle the illicit empires of JD and Pothuraju, confronting their henchmen and allies.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as Kondaveedi Narasimhudu<br />
*[[Ameesha Patel]] as Subbalakshmi (Voice Dubbed by Sunitha)<br />
*[[Sameera Reddy]] as Parvathy (Voice Dubbed by Savitha Reddy)<br />
*[[Puneet Issar]] as JD aka Jayadev<br />
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Ambarpet Pothuraju<br />
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Pradeep, Pothuraju's henchman<br />
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Rudra Raju, Pothuraju's henchman<br />
*[[Rahul Dev]] as JD's son<br />
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Police Commissioner (Voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar|Pudipeddi Ravi Shankar]])<br />
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi, Narasimhdu's mother friend<br />
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Narasimhudu's friend <br />
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Narasimhudu's friend<br />
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Pothuraju's brother-in-law<br />
*[[Narsing Yadav]] as Narasimha, Pothuraju's henchman<br />
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Narasimhudu's friend<br />
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Doctor<br />
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as MLA<br />
*[[Krishna Bhagawan]] as Pothuraju's friend-in-law<br />
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Narasimhudu's friend aide (Master Ji)<br />
*[[Jayachitra]]<br />
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]<br />
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu<br />
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Kaali<br />
*[[Chitram Srinu]] as Sreenu<br />
*[[Aarthi Agarwal]] as an [[item number]] "Rajamandrike"<br />
*Harika<br />
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as a customer<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
''Narasimhudu'' encountered significant challenges from its inception. The film, made on a high budget of {{Indian rupee}}20 [[crore]], included major stars like Amisha Patel and Sameera Reddy, with significant expenses on publicity and overseas shooting locations. However, even before its release, ''Narasimhudu'' faced financial disputes with distributors, delaying its release and triggering street protests by disappointed fans.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=G. S. Radhakrishna |date=22 May 2005 |title=Flop film sparks suicide bid |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/flop-film-sparks-suicide-bid/cid/877373 |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2005 |title=నర్సింహుడు సినీ నిర్మాత ఆత్మహత్యాయత్నం |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/2005/05/22/chengala.html |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Oneindia |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
Once released, the film failed to meet audience expectations, leading to low attendance after the initial screenings.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Junior N.T.R's two attempts (Naa Alludu and Narasimhudu) proved disasters.}}</ref> The commercial failure led to severe repercussions for its producer, Chengala Venkat Rao, a [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. Faced with mounting financial pressure and criminal cases filed by distributors, Venkat Rao attempted suicide by jumping into the [[Hussain Sagar]] lake but was rescued by police.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=May 2005 |title=Suicide attempt by Chengala Venkata Rao - Producer of Narasimhudu |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/cvr.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Narasimhudu<br />
| tagline = <br />
| type = [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| released = 23 April 2005<br />
| recorded = 2005<br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length = 33:07<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Athadu]]<br />
| prev_year = 2005<br />
| next_title = [[Athanokkade]]<br />
| next_year = 2005<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]] and released on [[Aditya Music]] Company. Audio was launched on 23 April 2005 at a grand Function held at Taj Residency, [[Hyderabad]]. [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] [[V. V. Vinayak]] and many other celebrities attended the function.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-narasimhudu.html | title=Audio release - Narasimhudu}}</ref> <br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| all_lyrics = <br />
| all_music = <br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Singu Singu<br />
| length1 = 5:30<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]<br />
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| title2 = Yeluko Nayaka<br />
| length2 = 4:53<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]], [[Mallikarjun]]<br />
| title3 = Muddula Gopala<br />
| length3 = 6:11<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Vennelakanti]]<br />
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
| title4 = Muddoche Kopalu<br />
| length4 = 4:44<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi]]<br />
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer|Maha Lakshmi]]<br />
| title5 = Rajamandrike<br />
| length5 = 5:28<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Veturi]]<br />
| extra5 = [[Suchitra]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| title6 = Krishnamurariki<br />
| length6 = 5:16<br />
| lyrics6 = [[Veturi]]<br />
| extra6 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]<br />
| title7 = Slokam (bit Song)<br />
| length7 = 1:05<br />
| lyrics7 =<br />
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| total_length = 33:07<br />
| title8 = <br />
| length8 = <br />
| title9 = <br />
| length9 = <br />
| title10 = <br />
| length10 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
B. Anuradha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called the film a "huge disappointment" and added "Gopal [..] is fascinated with a formula of attractively picturised songs, big action scenes, punchlines and comedy, but fails to pick the right plot."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=B |first=Anuradha |date=23 May 2005 |title=Narasimhudu is a dud! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/23nar.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Sify]]'' gave the film 3/5 and wrote "''Narasimhudu'' is one of those insufferable movies, that is devoid of a basic story and there is nothing new in style or presentation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Narasimhudu|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/narasimhudu-review-telugu-pclvJLehegbhc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113192242/http://www.sify.com/movies/narasimhudu-review-telugu-pclvJLehegbhc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2018|access-date=2020-09-09|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Idlebrain.com]]''<nowiki/>'s Jeevi rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote "Movie starts off in an interesting style with a good introduction of the hero. But this graph slides down as the movie progresses."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Narasimhudu - Telugu cinema Review - NTR, Amisha Patel & Sameera Reddy |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-narasimhudu.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt0847889}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s masala films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by B. Gopal]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kikata&diff=509911Kikata2026-03-10T20:53:55Z<p>Vikv10: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ancient Indian kingdom}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{cleanup rewrite|reason= poorly written article|date=March 2016}}}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| native_name = Kīkaṭa<br />
| conventional_long_name = Kikata<br />
| common_name = Kikata<br />
| era = c. 3500–300 BCE<br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]<br />
| p1 = Copper Hoard culture<br />
| flag_p1 = <br />
| s1 = Brihadratha dynasty{{!}}Magadha<br />
| flag_s1 = <br />
| image_coat = <br />
| image_map = Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png<br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| image_map2 = <br />
| image_map2_caption = <br />
| capital = <br />
| common_languages = [[Vedic Sanskrit]]<br />
| religion = [[Historical Vedic Religion]]<br />
| currency = <br />
| leader1 =[[Nabanil]]<br />
| today = [[India]]<br />
| demonym = <br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| GDP_PPP = <br />
| GDP_PPP_year = <br />
| HDI = <br />
| HDI_year = <br />
}}<br />
{{History of Bihar}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kīkaṭa''' kingdom, mentioned in the [[Vedas]], is an ancient [[India]]n kingdom whose precise geographical location remains a subject of scholarly debate. While some scholars associate it with the [[Magadha (ancient kingdom)|Magadha]] region in present-day [[Bihar]], because Kikata is used as synonym for Magadha in the later texts;<ref>e.g. McDonell and Keith 1912, Vedic Index; Rahurkar, V.G. 1964. The Seers of the Rgveda. University of Poona. Poona; Talageri, Shrikant. (2000) [[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]]</ref> while others suggest a more western location, possibly in the vicinity of [[Kurukshetra]] (see [[#Location|below]]).<br />
<br />
The Rigveda references the Kīkaṭas as a non-Vedic people, descendants of ikshuvaku, and of non-Aryan origin, living on the eastern side to Vedic India, who did not practice Vedas, and worshipped rishabhadeva.<ref name="Witzel1995">M. Witzel. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ0gAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 Rigvedic history: poets, chieftains, and polities]," in ''The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity.'' ed. G. Erdosy (Walter de Gruyer, 1995), p. 333</ref> Scholars like Zimmer have argued in referring to [[ikshu]], that they were a non-Aryan people. According to Weber, they were a descendants of Pre-Vedic Aryan people and were sometimes in conflict with other Vedic people.<ref>[[R. C. Majumdar]] and [[A. D. Pusalker]] (editors): ''[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]]''. Volume I, The Vedic age. Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1951, p. 252</ref><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
While some scholars associate the Kīkaṭa kingdom with the Magadha region in Bihar, others propose alternative locations based on textual evidence and geographical analysis. Mithila Sharan Pandey suggests a location near [[Western Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>Mithila Sharan Pandey, [https://books.google.com/books?id=F80BAAAAMAAJ ''The Historical Geography and Topography of Bihar''] (Motilal Barnarsidass, 1963), p.101</ref> while O.P. Bharadwaj places them near the [[Sarasvati River]].<ref>O.P. Bharadwaj [https://books.google.com/books?id=_5MtAAAAMAAJ ''Studies in the Historical Geography of Ancient India''] (Sundeep Prakashan, 1986), p.210</ref> Historian Ram Sharan Sharma believes they were likely situated in Haryana,<ref>R.S. Sharma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ll3vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 ''Sudras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600''] (Motilal Banarsidass, 1990), p.12</ref> and [[Michael Witzel]] proposes a location south of Kurukshetra, possibly in Eastern Rajasthan or Western Madhya Pradesh. Witzel's argument is further supported by the observation that the Magadha region is not explicitly mentioned in the Rigveda.<ref name="Witzel1995" /><br />
<br />
== References in texts ==<br />
The names, Kitava and Kitika, closely resemble Kikata, and were found in the [[Mahabharata]].<br />
<br />
The Ajas, the Prishnis, the Sikatas, the Arunas, and the Kitavas, have all gone to heaven through the merit of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] study (12:26).<br />
<br />
The Abhishahas, the [[Surasena kingdom|Surasenas]], the [[Sivi kingdom|Sivis]], and the Vasatis, the [[Salwa kingdom|Ṡalvas]], the [[Matsya kingdom|Matsyas]], the Amvashtas, the [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigartas]], and the [[Kekaya kingdom|Kekayas]], the [[Sauvira kingdom|Sauviras]], the Kitavas, and the dwellers of the Eastern, Western, and the Northern countries,--these twelve brave races were resolved to fight reckless of the lives for [[Bhishma]](6:18). The Sauviras, the Kitavas, the Easterners, the Westerners, the Northerners, the Malavas, the Abhishahas, the Surasenas, the Sivis, and the Vasatis were mentioned as taking part in [[Kurukshetra War]] siding with the [[Kauravas]] (6:107). The Sauviras, the Kitavas, the Easterners, the Westerners, the Northerners, the Malavas, the Abhishahas, the Surasenas, the Sivis, the Vasatis, the Salwas, the Sayas, the Trigartas, the Amvashthas, and the Kaikeyas were again mentioned on the [[Kaurava]] side at (6:120).<br />
<br />
The tribes Vairamas, Paradas, Tungas, with the Kitavas who lived upon crops that depended on water from the sky or of the river and also they who were born in regions on the sea-shore, in woodlands, or countries on the other side of the ocean waited at the gate, being refused permission to enter, with goats and kine and asses and camels and vegetable, honey and blankets and jewels and gems of various kinds. -- bringing tribute to [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]] (2:50).<br />
<br />
Madraka, and Karnaveshta, Siddhartha, and also Kitaka; Suvira, and Suvahu, and Mahavira, and also Valhika, Kratha, Vichitra, Suratha, and the handsome king Nila were mentioned as kings at (1:67).<br />
<br />
Kikata (कीकट) is mentioned in [[Mahabharata]] (VIII.30.45).<ref>कारः करान महिषकान कलिङ्गान कीकटाटवीन, कर्कॊटकान वीरकांश च दुर्धर्मांश च विवर्जयेत [[Mahabharata]] (VIII.30.45)</ref>...."The [[Karasakara]]s, the [[Mahishaka]]s, the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]s, the Kikatas, the [[Atavi]]s, the [[Karkotaka]]s, the [[Viraka]]s, and other peoples of no religion, one should always avoid."<br />
<br />
Like Rigveda attributes of Kikatas, Atharvaveda also speaks about south eastern tribes like Magadhas and Angas as hostile tribe who lived on the borders of Brahmanical India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6inYJea_ggC&q=kikata&pg=PA350|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, Their Religion and Institutions: Inquiry whether the Hindus are of Trans-Himalayan origin, and akin to the western branches of the Indo-European race. 2d ed., rev. 1871|date=1871|publisher=Trübner|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Puranas|Puranic literature]] Kikata is placed near [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. It is described as extending from Caran-adri to Gridharakuta ([[Vulture Peak|vulture peak]]), [[Rajgir]].<br />
<br />
==List of rulers==<br />
''Known notable rulers were:''<br />
<br />
*King Kitaka<br />
*Pramangada<br />
*Suvira<br />
*Suvahu<br />
*Mahavira<br />
*Valhika<br />
*Kratha<br />
*Vichitra<br />
*Suratha<br />
*Nila<br />
*Madraka<br />
*Karnaveshta<br />
*Siddhartha<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Janapada]]<br />
*[[Mahajanapada]]<br />
*[[Rigveda]]<br />
*[[Mahabharata]] and [[Vyasa]]<br />
*[[Historical Vedic religion]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kacchi_Dargah%E2%80%93Bidupur_Bridge&diff=460856Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge2026-03-10T01:25:17Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bridge in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Promotional|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Bridge<br />
| bridge_name = Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge<br />
| image =[[File:kacchi.jpg|200px]]<br />
| caption = <br />
| official_name = <br />
| carries = 6 lanes of [[roadway]] and pedestrian pathways <br />
| crosses = [[Ganges|Ganga River]]<br />
| locale = [[Patna]]–[[Hajipur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br />
| maint = [[Bihar State Road Development Corporation]] (BSRDC)<br />
| builder = [[Larsen and Toubro|L&T Construction]]–[[Daewoo E&C]] ([[Joint Venture]])<br />
| id = <br />
| designer = <br />
| design = <br />
| material = <br />
| spans = <br />
| pierswater = <br />
| mainspan = <br />
| length = {{convert|9.76|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| width = <!--{{convert|?|m|abbr=on}}--><br />
| height = <br />
| load = <br />
| clearance = <br />
| below = <br />
| traffic = <br />
| begin = 31 June 2017<br />
| complete = August 2025 (expected)<br />
| open = 23 June 2025<br />
| closed = <br />
| toll = <br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_text = <br />
| map_width = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.596571|85.310469|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:5000|display=inline,title}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge''' ({{langx|hi|कच्ची दरगाह-बिदुपुर सेतु}}), span the river [[Ganges]], connecting Kacchi Dargah near Deedarganj in [[Patna]] with [[Bidupur]] near Hajipur in [[Vaishali district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120426/jsp/bihar/story_15420512.jsp#.VyiRTvl97IV|title=Ganga bridge bonanza New projects to ease travel hassle|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602132643/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120426/jsp/bihar/story_15420512.jsp#.VyiRTvl97IV|archivedate=2 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This bridge provides an easy roadway link between the northern and southern parts of Bihar and will connect two major national highways, linking [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]] to [[National Highway 122B (India)|NH 122B]]. It is presently the second [[List of longest bridges above water in India|longest bridge above water]] in India.<br />
<br />
==The project==<br />
Chief minister [[Nitish Kumar]] laid the foundation stone of the {{convert|9.76|km||abbr=on|adj=mid|-long}} bridge in August, 2015. Upon completion in July 2025, the bridge will reduce the load on [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]] and will also reduce the traffic in the capital city of [[Patna]]. The concrete-laying in a well foundation starting on 19 July 2017 on the [[Raghopur, Vaishali|Raghopur]] side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170720/jsp/bihar/story_162805.jsp|title=Key bridge gets concrete shape|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314043047/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170720/jsp/bihar/story_162805.jsp|archivedate=14 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 67 well foundations would be constructed in Ganga while total 20 well foundations will be laid in 'Diyara' area of both sides of Ganga. A JV of Daewoo E&C from Korea with Indian homegrown major L&T Construction is executing the Rs 3,115 crore bridge project which will be the longest bridge in India.<br />
<br />
A bridge has been planned across the Ganges to connect [[Arrah]] and [[Chhapra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101230/jsp/bihar/story_13369018.jsp |title=Ganga link to connect Ara & Chhapra |publisher=The Telegraph, 30 December 2010 |accessdate=2011-07-06 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Rakesh K. |last=Singh |date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520070513/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101230/jsp/bihar/story_13369018.jsp |archivedate=20 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A road bridge parallel to the existing rail and road bridge, Rajendra Setu, has also been planned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110408/jsp/bihar/story_13823833.jsp|title=Four-lane connector over Sone, Ganga|publisher=The Telegraph, 8 April 2011|accessdate=2011-07-06|location=Calcutta, India|date=2011-04-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626045202/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110408/jsp/bihar/story_13823833.jsp|archivedate=26 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The bridge will also require construction of {{convert|13.24|km||abbr=on}} of approach roads on both ends of the bridge. <br />
<br />
==Construction==<br />
The construction work of Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge has been divided into 3 Phases.<br />
<br />
Phase-1 is Kacchi Dargah on [[National Highway 31 (India)|NH-31]] to [[Raghopur, Vaishali|Raghopur Diyara]], which was inaugurated by [[Nitish Kumar]] and traffic on bridge was opened to public on 23 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/patna-news/kacchi-dargah-bidupur-bridge-inaugurate-raghopur-to-patna-gandhi-setu-six-lane-bridge-19691386 |title=Kacchi Dargah-Bidupur Bridge: 6 लेन पुल का पहला फेज बनकर तैयार, 5 मिनट में पूरी होगी अब राघोपुर से पटना की दूरी |work=Rajasthan Patrika |date=23 June 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Phase-2 is Bidupur on [[Hajipur]]-[[Mahnar]] highway (NH-122B) to [[Chaksikandar]] on NH-322 is under construction.<br />
<br />
Phase-3 is [[Raghopur, Vaishali|Raghopur Diyara]] to Bidupur on [[Hajipur]]-[[Mahnar]] highway ([[National Highway 122B (India)|NH-122B]]) is under construction.<br />
<br />
==Structures==<br />
*6 Major junctions <br />
*1 Grade separator <br />
*4 Two lane loops<br />
*8 Ramps <br />
*2 Flyovers <br />
*6 Viaducts <br />
*2 Rotaries<br />
*3 Bus stops<br />
*1 Museum<br />
<br />
==Highlight==<br />
*First bridge of Bihar to be a 6 lane [[extradosed bridge]]<br />
*Longest bridge of India on river<br />
*Six lane highspeed corridor<br />
*All span navigational<br />
<br />
==Advantages==<br />
*The bridge will be a major connecting bridge between North and South Bihar<br />
*The work of external ring road of Patna<br />
*It will connect National Highway 31 and 322<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Raghopur, Vaishali]]<br />
* <br />
* [[Digha–Sonpur Bridge]]<br />
* [[Loknayak Ganga Path]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kacchi Dargah - Bidupur bridge}}<br />
[[Category:Extradosed bridges in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges over the Ganges]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Vaishali district]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Hajipur]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sairandhri_(1933_film)&diff=531957Sairandhri (1933 film)2026-03-07T07:06:03Z<p>Vikv10: Made A Data W/ Refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sairandhari <br />
| image = Sairandhri 1933 (14039818470).png<br />
<br />
| caption = Screen shot from ''Sairandhari''<br />
| director = [[V. Shantaram]]<br />
| producer = [[Prabhat Film Company]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Master Vinayak]]|Leela|Nimbalkar|G. R. Mane}}<br />
| music = [[Govindrao Tembe]]<br />
| cinematography = Keshavrao Dhaiber <br />
| editing = <br />
| distributor =<br />
| studio = [[Prabhat Film Company]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|1933}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = {{ubl|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]}}<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Sairandhari''''' (सैरंध्री) a 1933 Indian film based on an episode from the [[Mahabharata]] and directed by [[V. Shantaram]].<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=Wimal Dissanayake|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT123|accessdate=10 February 2015|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77291-7|pages=123–}}</ref> The film was a bilingual made as ''Sairandhari'' in both [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="Prabhatfilms">{{cite web|title=Films-Sairandhar (1933)|url=http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm|accessdate=11 February 2015|website=prabhatfilm.com|archive-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722170023/http://www.prabhatfilm.com/films.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Produced by [[Prabhat Film Company]], it has been cited as one of the 21 "most wanted missing Indian treasures" by P K. Nair, the [[National Film Archive of India]] founder.<ref name=Flickr>{{cite web|title=Sairandhari|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/123622359@N06/14039765250/in/photostream/|website=flickr.com|date=20 May 2014 |publisher=Flickr|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> The music composer was [[Govindrao Tembe]].<ref name=Muvyz>{{cite web|title=Sairandhari (1933)|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/zl635106/songs/#tabs|website=muvyz.com|publisher=Muvyz, Inc.|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> The cast included [[Master Vinayak]], Leela, Prabhavati, [[Shakuntala Paranjpye|Shakuntala]], G.R. Mane, Nimbalkar and Shankarrao Bhosle.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Sairandhari|url=http://www.citwf.com/film302958.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is the first Indian colour film. The film was shot on Agfa B&W 35-mm negative. The release prints were made in Germany by Bipack colour printing process.<ref name="imdb.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0332370/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv|title=Sairandhri (1933)|work=IMDb}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film revolved around an incident from the Mahabharata and told the story of [[Draupadi]] as Malini/Sairandhari (female servant), the thirteenth identity she took in order to remain safe and hidden from the [[Kaurava]]s.<ref name="Prabhatfilms"/><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story is about the twelfth of the thirteen years of the [[Pandava]]s exile. [[Draupadi]] in her identity as Sairandhari (female servant) is acting as the maid-in-waiting to Queen [[Sudeshna]]. They are in King [[Virata]]'s palace in Matsya. [[Kichaka]], King Virata's brother-in-law and Sudeshna's brother is an arrogant man who believes that King Virat rules his kingdom because of him. He sees Sairandhari and orders his sister to send Sairandhari to his palace. When she reaches Keechak's palace [[Bhima]] who is disguised as the palace cook, arrives to save her and slays Kichaka.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Master Vinayak]] as [[Virata|King Virat]]<br />
* Leela as [[Draupadi|Sairandhari]]<br />
* Mane<br />
* Nimbalkar as [[Kichaka|Keechak]]<br />
* [[Shakuntala Paranjpye|Shakuntala]]<br />
* Prabhavati<br />
* Kulkarni<br />
* Bhonsle<br />
* Salunke<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Shantaram had been impressed by the "technical virtuosity" in films of [[Georg Wilhelm Pabst|Pabst]], [[Fritz Lang|Lang]], and [[Max Ophuls]]. Sairandhari was made in colour but for processing Shantaram took it to the UFA studios in Germany.<ref name="Garga2005">{{cite book|author=B D Garga|title=Art Of Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITAnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|accessdate=11 February 2015|date=1 December 2005|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-431-5|pages=67–}}</ref><ref name=MahalMovies>{{cite web|title=Sairandhari (1933)|url=https://www.mahalmovies.com/film-hunt/sairandhri/|website=mahalmovies.com|publisher=Mahal Movies|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> However, the technique failed and the film was released as a [[Black-and-white]] production as the colours turned out to be too garish.<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21|accessdate=11 February 2015|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=21–}}</ref> The film was stated as the first Indian colour film, the processing was done in Germany. Even though a good reaction was expected for this colour film - the processing of the negatives was messed up by the lab in Germany causing the colours to be too garish. The audience rejected the film and it played for less than a week.<ref name="imdb.com"/><ref name="Tmh2007">{{cite book|author=Tmh|title=Tmh General Knowledge Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFqw4J3YzccC&pg=SA6-PA144|accessdate=11 February 2015|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-061999-9|pages=6–}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film is also credited as having the first original soundtrack disc.<ref name="ShantaramNarwekar2003">{{cite book|author1=Kiran Shantaram|author2=Sanjit Narwekar|title=V. Shantaram, the legacy of the Royal Lotus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfZkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 February 2015|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Rupa & Co.|isbn=9788129102188}}</ref> The Gramaphone Records were "pressed" from the original soundtrack in Germany.<ref name="Prabhatfilms"/><br />
<br />
==Remake==<br />
It was remade as Keechak Vadh in 1959, starring [[Shobhana Samarth]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Baburao Pendharkar]].<br />
<br />
==Draupadi in films==<br />
The film was a remake of the earlier silent film ''Sairandhari'' (1920) made by [[Baburao Painter]] and the remake of Prabhat's original ''Keechak Vadhan'' (1928).<ref name=Prabhatfilms /> Draupadi, a "mythological image" and an oppressed figure was used as a nationalistic representative for India under the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Chowdhry2000">{{cite book|author=Prem Chowdhry|title=Colonial India and the Making of Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnbnfVCHZYC&pg=PA143|accessdate=11 February 2015|year=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5725-0|pages=143–}}</ref> The several films made from 1916 to 1944 using Draupadi were:<br />
<br />
* [[Keechaka Vadham|Keechak Vadham]] (1916)<br />
* Draupadi Vastaharan (1920)<br />
* [[Sairandhri (1920 film)|Sairandhari]] (1920)<br />
* Draupadi Swayamvar (1922)<br />
* Draupadi's Fate (1924)<br />
* Draupadi Vastaharan (1927)<br />
* Draupadi Vastaharan (1928)<br />
* Keechakvadh (1928)<br />
* [[Draupadi (1931 film)|Draupadi]] (1931) Talkie<br />
* Sairandhari (1933)<br />
* Draupadi (1944)<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
;Hindi Soundtrack<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| Aaiye Bal Nirbalon Ke Din Ke Dhan Aaiye <br />
| Leela<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| Ghulami Ke Gham Ko Who Kya Jante Hain<br />
| Leela<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| Kusum Kumkum Amit Varsha<br />
| Leela<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| Man Harat Rang Phoolon Ke<br />
| Leela<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| Ruchir Rachi Mala hoolon Ki Sakhi<br />
| Leela, Prabhavati<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| Saran Gun Sharam Se Ho<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| Nisdin Soch Rahat Man Mora<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| Koi Dujo Nahin Hari Bin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| Ab Na Bulao Jamuna Ke Teer Par<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of early color feature films]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Sairandhari}}<br />
*{{IMDb title|id =0332370 |title =Sairandhari (1933) }}<br />
<br />
{{V. Shantaram}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1933 films]]<br />
[[Category:1930s color films]]<br />
[[Category:1930s Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1933 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Prabhat Film Company films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by V. Shantaram]]<br />
[[Category:1933 multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_All_Clear&diff=523042Operation All Clear2026-03-06T21:06:01Z<p>Vikv10: New a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2003–04 Bhutanese anti-separatist operation}}<br />
{{for|others things named All Clear|All Clear (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Operation All Clear<br />
| image = File:Choerten am Dochu-La-Pass in Bhutan.jpg<br />
| caption = A part of the 108 [[Stupa|chörten]] built on the [[Dochu-La]] pass, to commemorate the operation<br />
| partof = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]<br />
| date = 15 December 2003 – 3 January 2004<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=15|year1=2003|month2=01|day2=03|year2=2004}})<br />
| place = Southern [[Bhutan]] <br /><br />
*Samtse District<br />
*Samdrup Jongkhar District<br />
*Sarpang District<br />
*Zhemgang District<br />
| result = Bhutanese victory<br />
*Destruction of rebel encampments.<br />
*Expulsion of the remaining rebels.<br />
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}<br />
*{{flag|Bhutan}}<br />
** [[Royal Bhutan Army]]<br />
** [[Royal Bodyguard of Bhutan]]<br />
** [[Royal Bhutan Police]]<br />
** Bhutanese Militia<ref name=0vW/><br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
'''Supported by:'''<br/>{{flag icon|India}} [[India]]<br />
| combatant2 = {{tree list}}<br />
* [[File:Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|22px]] [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] <br /> <br />
* [[File:Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|22px]] [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland|NDFB]] <br/> <br />
* [[File:KLO-flag.jpg|22px]] [[Kamtapur Liberation Organization|KLO]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/bltf.htm|title=Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT) - Former Terrorist Group of Assam|work=SATP|access-date=24 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407071745/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/bltf.htm|archive-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bhutan/backgrounders/index.html|title=Bhutan Backgrounder|work=SATP|access-date=24 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117032109/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bhutan/backgrounders/index.html|archive-date=November 17, 2023}}</ref> <br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
| commander1 = {{flag icon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] <br /> {{flag icon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] <br/> {{flag icon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Thinley]] <br/> {{flag icon|Bhutan}} [[Lam Dorji]] <br/> {{flag icon|Bhutan}} [[Batoo Tshering]] <br> {{flag icon|India}} [[Nirmal Chander Vij]] <br/><ref name=CsV/><ref name=nIZ>{{cite web|url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv10n1/assam.htm|title=The military Offensive against ULFA|author=Anand Swaroop Verma|work=Revolutionary Democracy |date= April 2004|access-date=11 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406004245/http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv10n1/assam.htm|archive-date=April 6, 2023}}</ref><br />
| commander2 = [[File:Ulfa logo.svg|22px]] [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]] <br /> [[File:Ulfa logo.svg|22px]] [[Bhimkanta Buragohain]] {{POW}} <br /> [[File:Ulfa logo.svg|22px]] [[Mithinga Daimary]] {{POW}} <br /> [[File:Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|22px]] Ranjan Daimary <br /> [[File:KLO-flag.jpg|22px]] Milton Burman {{POW}} <br /> [[File:KLO-flag.jpg|22px]] Tom Adhikary {{POW}} <br/> [[File:KLO-flag.jpg|22px]] Harshabardhan Barman {{POW}}<br/>[[File:Ulfa logo.svg|22px]] [[Rahul Datta]]{{KIA}}<br />
| strength1 = 5,000 RBA <br /> 634 Bhutanese Militia<ref name=0vW/><ref name=XdF/><br />
| strength2 = 1,500–3,500 <ref name=XdF/><br />
| casualties1 = {{flag icon|Bhutan}} 16 killed <ref name=nCu>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/ExternalLinkagesandInternalSecurity_pkumar_0704.html|title=Assessing Bhutan's Operation All Clear|author=Praveen Kumar|work=IDSA|date=July 2004|access-date=11 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409060535/https://www.idsa.in/strategicanalysis/ExternalLinkagesandInternalSecurity_pkumar_0704|archive-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref><br>35–60 wounded<ref name=tribute>{{cite news|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394 |title=A Nation Pays Tribute |work=Kuensel |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=5 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231908/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394 |archive-date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref><br />
{{flag icon|India}} Disputed<ref>{{cite news | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30220789.ece | work=The Hindu | first=M.S. | last=Prabhakara | title=CRACKDOWN IN BHUTAN | date=16 Jan 2004 | access-date=6 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409021050/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30220789.ece|archive-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref><br />
| casualties2 = 160 killed<br>490 captured<ref name=XdF/><br />
<br />
Insurgents claim: 24 killed<br />
}}<br />
'''Operation All Clear''' was a military operation conducted by the [[Royal Bhutan Army]] against [[Assam separatist movements|Assam-based separatist]] insurgent groups in the southern regions of [[Bhutan]] between 15 December 2003 and 3 January 2004. It was the first ever operation conducted by the [[Royal Bhutan Army]].<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
In 1990 India launched Operations ''Rhino'' and ''Bajrang'' against Assam separatist groups. Facing continuous pressure, Assamese militants relocated their camps to Bhutan.<ref name=XdF/><br />
<br />
In 1996 the Bhutan government became aware of a large number of camps on its southern border with India. The camps were set up by four Assamese separatist movements: the ULFA, NDFB, [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]] (BLTF) and [[Kamtapur Liberation Organization]] (KLO). The camps also harbored separatists belonging to the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) and [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF).<ref name="CsV">{{cite web |author=Kumar |first=Anand |date=25 December 2003 |title=Operation All Clear: Bhutan's step for regional security |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/02/09/Nation/HSEB-to-appoint-new-teachers/4979/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907005528/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/02/09/Nation/HSEB-to-appoint-new-teachers/4979/ |archive-date=7 September 2014 |access-date=5 September 2014 |work=Kathmandu Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
The camps had been established with the goal of training cadres and storing equipment, while the thick jungles of the region also enabled the militants to easily launch attacks into Indian territory.<ref name=tpL/><br />
<br />
India then exerted diplomatic pressure on Bhutan, offering support in removing the rebel organisations from its soil. The government of Bhutan initially pursued a peaceful solution, opening dialogue with the militant groups on 1998. Five rounds of talks were held with ULFA, three rounds with NDFB, with KLO ignoring all invitations sent by the government. In June 2001 ULFA agreed to close down four of its camps; however, the Bhutanese government soon realized that the camps had simply been relocated.<ref name="XdF">{{cite web |author=Banerjee |first=Dipankar |date=January 2004 |title=Implications for insurgency and security cooperation |url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB18-OperationAllClear.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014 |work=IPCS}}</ref><br />
<br />
KLO had also been allegedly involved in creating the [[Bhutan Tiger Force]], the military wing of the [[Communist Party of Bhutan (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)]], together with [[Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)|Nepalese Maoists]]. Additionally, the KLO, along with ULFA and NDFB, were allegedly involved in forming another militant outfit, the [[Bhutan Gorkha Liberation Front]], made up of ethnic Nepalese immigrants and refugees from southern Bhutan. This strengthened the Bhutanese government's resolve to launch the operation.<ref name=nCu/><br />
<br />
On 19 July 2003, a group of Bhutanese parliamentarians proposed to raise the number of Bhutanese militia, by introducing a Swiss-style militia training for all citizens aged between 18 and 50. The motion was dismissed by foreign minister [[Jigme Thinley]] and [[Brigadier General]] [[Batoo Tshering]], who asserted that 5,000 [[Royal Bhutan Army]] soldiers have been deployed to the country's border with India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dema |first=Tashi |date=16 June 2007 |title=Militia Should Start in 2008 |url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8607 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231901/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8607 |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |access-date=17 October 2014 |work=Kuensel}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[August 2003 South Bhutan clashes|3 August 2003]], more than 15 gunmen attacked an ULFA base in Kinzo, 22 kilometers from Samdrup Jongkhar, leaving two ULFA members dead. The attackers fled after the rebels returned fire.<ref name=l8T /> The following day, a group of between 10 and 12 gunmen attacked ULFA members residing in an abandoned house in Babang. Four gunmen and one ULFA fighter perished in the encounter.<ref name=l8T /> In response, a ULFA spokeswoman blamed the attacks on mercenaries and [[SULFA]] fighters hired by the Indian government. Indian officials called the attacks rebel infighting.<ref name="l8T">{{cite web |author=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=4 August 2003 |title=Gunmen kill India rebels in Bhutan |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3122117.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407162513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3122117.stm |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=28 September 2014 |work=BBC}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the course of 2003, Bhutan reestablished its militia force.<ref name=0vW/> By 15 September 2003, the Bhutanese militia consisted of 634 volunteers. The militia volunteers were deployed in the southern regions of the country, after undergoing a two-month training. Bhutan's militia played a supporting role during the conflict.<ref name=0vW>{{cite web |url=http://www.raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html|title=Bhutan's Militia|work=Kuensel|date=15 September 2003|access-date=4 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924145603/https://www.raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html|archive-date=September 24, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
By 2003 the talks had failed to produce any significant result. On 14 July 2003, military intervention was approved by the National Assembly.<ref name=XdF/> On 13 December 2003, the Bhutanese government issued a two-day ultimatum to the rebels. On 15 December 2003, after the ultimatum had expired, Operation All Clear – the first operation ever conducted by the [[Royal Bhutan Army]] – was launched.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bhattacharjee |first=Arun |date=19 December 2003 |title=Bhutan army sees action at last |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EL19Df04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031221163631/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EL19Df04.html |archive-date=21 December 2003 |access-date=17 October 2014 |work=Asia Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Operation==<br />
[[File:Bhutan districts english.png|thumb|left|300px|A map of Bhutan.]]<br />
*14 December 2003: According to two separate testimonies made by ULFA commanders, a Royal Bhutan Army [[Major (rank)|major]] visited an ULFA encampment claiming that [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck|Bhutan's king]] was planning to make a friendly visit on the next day. Having received the king on numerous occasions previously, the operation that followed the next day came as a complete surprise to the militants.<ref name=RqP/><ref name="tpL">{{cite web |author=Rehman |first=Teresa |date=27 January 2007 |title=Seek Revenge! |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=Ne012707Seek_Revenge.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604202739/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=Ne012707Seek_Revenge.asp |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |access-date=11 September 2014 |work=Tehelka}}</ref><br />
*15 December 2003: The Royal Bhutan Army inflicted heavy casualties on the rebels; among the dead was ULFA commander Rahul Datta. A total of 90 rebels surrendered.<ref name=CsV/><ref name=XdF/> The army seized ULFA's central command headquarters located at Phukatong in Samdrup Jongkhar.<ref name=IhF>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031217/main3.htm|title=124 killed in Bhutan operation|work=Tribune India|date=17 December 2003|access-date=5 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406214411/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031217/main3.htm|archive-date=April 6, 2023}}</ref><br />
*16 December 2003: The [[Indian Army]] deployed 12 [[battalion]]s along the border with Bhutan to prevent rebel infiltration. India also provided helicopters in order to assist the Royal Bhutan Army troops with evacuating the injured. Clashes occurred in Kalikhola, Tintala and Bukka. Ten rebel camps were destroyed by the end of the day.<ref name=tribute/><ref name=IhF/><br />
*18 December 2003: A group of ULFA rebels surrendered themselves at Buddha Vihar, after hiding in the jungle for three days.<ref name=RqP>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101215/jsp/frontpage/story_13302722.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218190410/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101215/jsp/frontpage/story_13302722.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2010|title=Bhutan attack was betrayal, says Ulfa leader|work=Telegraph India|date=22 July 2004|access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref><br />
*20 December 2003: Five days after the launch of operations, militants were dislodged from all 30 camps, with the camps burned and razed to the ground. Meanwhile, the army troops continued their efforts to combat resistance pockets in the dense forests of the southern districts.<ref name=XdF/><br />
*25 December 2003: Five captured top ranking militants, including KLO vice-chairman Harshabardhan Barman, were transferred to [[Tezpur Airport|Tezpur]], [[India]] by an Indian Army helicopter.<ref name=RqP/><br />
*By 25 December 2003, the Royal Bhutan Army had killed about 120 militants. They managed to capture several senior ULFA commanders. Large numbers of rebels fled to [[Bangladesh]] and India.<ref name=CsV/><br />
*By 27 December 2003, RBA confiscated 500 [[Kalashnikov rifle|AK 47/56]] assault rifles and a huge quantity of other weapons, including [[rocket launcher]]s, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] and communication equipment, along with more than 100,000 rounds of ammunition. An anti-aircraft gun was also found inside the ULFA headquarters. The captured rebels and civilians along with seized weapons and ammunition were handed over to the government of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3588 |title=Protecting mutual concerns and interests |work=Kuensel |date=27 December 2003 |access-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610232332/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3588 |archive-date=June 10, 2011 }}</ref><br />
*30 December 2003: An ULFA camp in Goburkonda was captured, after previously being subjected to mortar fire. A generator, 20 tonnes of rice and television sets were among the confiscated items.<ref name=ulfaproblemflush>{{cite web|url=http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/btbodo12d.html|title=The Bodo & Ulfa Problem|work=Kuensel|date=3 January 2004|access-date=28 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119105526/https://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/btbodo12d.html|archive-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref><br />
*By 3 January 2004, RBA had destroyed 35 additional rebel observation posts.<ref name=ulfaproblemflush/><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
In a follow-up action to the operation, 22 Bhutanese civilians were found guilty of aiding the separatists with charges ranging from supplying the militants with food to providing services in exchange for money. Another 123 Bhutanese citizens were facing trial on similar charges as of July 2004.<ref name="YlX">{{cite web |author=G. |first=Vinayak |date=22 July 2004 |title=Bhutan books 22 abettors of Indian militants |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/bhutan/20040722.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406195613/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/bhutan/20040722.htm |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=11 September 2014 |work=Rediff News}}</ref><br />
<br />
Between 2008 and 2011, [[Royal Bhutan Police]] and [[Royal Bhutan Army]] personnel undertook numerous actions against unidentified militants. Several firefights occurred while Bhutan military personnel were required to dispose of several explosive devices and destroyed a number of guerrilla camps.<ref name=p6Q/><br />
<br />
The incidents that took place during the period include:<br />
<br />
*In 2010, a Royal Bhutan Army soldier was killed in the area of Gabrukanda. NDFB rebels allegedly were involved in the killing.<ref name="iOq">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/NDFB-militants-strike-in-Bhutan/articleshow/7535965.cms|work=Times of India|title=NDFB attacks|date=20 February 2011|access-date=12 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709193010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/NDFB-militants-strike-in-Bhutan/articleshow/7535965.cms|archive-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref><br />
*1 August 2010: Security forces uncovered five new NDFB camps within Bhutan.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
*12 October 2010: Two RBA soldiers were injured by bombs planted by NDFB.<ref name="p6Q">{{cite web |author=Tobgay |first=Tshering |date=16 December 2011 |title=Thanking our armed forces |url=http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141931/http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><br />
*20 February 2011: At least four [[Royal Bhutan Police]] personnel were injured after being ambushed by a group of 15 to 20 militants wearing [[camouflage]] in the [[Sarpang]] region of Bhutan. NDFB rebels were suspected of being behind the attack. A NDFB spokesman appealed for the release of information regarding the disappearance of several NDFB leaders during Operation All Clear, while denying any involvement in the attack.<ref name="xIj">{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutannewsservice.com/main-news/four-police-injured-in-ndfb-ambush-in-sarpang/|title=Four police injured in NDFB ambush in Sarpang|date=21 February 2011|work=Bhutan News Service|access-date=12 September 2014|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223174307/https://www.bhutannewsservice.org/four-police-injured-in-ndfb-ambush-in-sarpang/|archive-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref><ref name="tKj">{{cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=165094&dtP=2014-01-04&ppr=1|title=NDFB appeals Bhutan to disclose whereabouts of outfit's missing leaders|work=Assam Sentinel|date=21 February 2011|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604202740/http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&subsec=2&id=165094&dtP=2014-01-04&ppr=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2003 in Bhutan]]<br />
[[Category:2004 in Bhutan]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 2003]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 2004]]<br />
[[Category:December 2003 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:January 2004 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:2000s in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century military operations]]<br />
[[Category:Bhutan–India relations]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of Bhutan]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving Bhutan]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iddaru_Iddare&diff=472666Iddaru Iddare2026-03-06T06:11:48Z<p>Vikv10: minor adjusted intro for clarity and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Iddaru Iddare<br />
| image = Iddaru Iddare.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = [[Ganesh Patro]] {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| story = S. S. Creations Unit <br /> [[Bhamidipati Radhakrishna]]<br />
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy<br />
| producer = Akkineni Venkat<br />Yarllagada Surendra<br />
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]<br />
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]<br />[[Ramya Krishna]]<br />
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]<br />
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash<br />
| editing = D. Venkataratnam<br />
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]] <br /> S. S. Creations<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|9|5}}<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1169661462018543616 |user=baraju_SuperHit |title=Natasamrat #ANR Garu, King #Nagarjuna's Successful Family Film #IddaruIddare Directed by Kodandarami Reddy in Annap…<!-- full text of tweet that Twitter returned to the bot (excluding links) added by TweetCiteBot. This may be better truncated or may need expanding (TW limits responses to 140 characters) or case changes. --> |date=5 September 2019}}</ref><br />
| runtime = 141 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Iddaru Iddare''''' ({{translation|They are equals}}) is a 1990 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]], produced by Akkineni Venkat and Yarllagada Surendra under [[Annapurna Studios]] and S.S. Creations banner<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movies |url=http://annapurnastudios.com/movies/ |url-status=dead |website=[[Annapurna Studios]] |access-date=9 January 2016 |archive-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826102032/http://annapurnastudios.com/movies/ }}</ref> and directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Ramya Krishna]], with music composed by [[Raj–Koti]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Justice Madhusudhan Rao is a disciple of justice. Once, he is about to pass judgment against a malicious Ramadasu. So, his henchman Jayaram abducts Madhusudhan Rao's kid, Ravi. But he does not yield and gives a death sentence. So, Ramadasu mandates eliminating the child, but kind-hearted Jayaram entrusts the baby to a woman named Ramanamma. Years roll by, and Ravi grows up as a brawler; whenever the father & son meet, they dispute and stand like antagonists. Ravi loves Madhusudhan Rao's niece Aruna, which he opposes, but his wife Lakshmi requests to accept. Soon, Madhusudhan Rao reaches Ravi and asks to change his lifestyle, but he refuses. Parallelly, Ramadasu, who slipped away from punishment, becomes a gangster-like Thulasi Das, creating much trouble for Jayaram and his dealers. So, Jayaram hires Ravi, and he becomes a tough nut to Thulasi Das. So, he indicts Ravi and sends him to jail. Here, Jayaram recognizes Ravi as Madhusudhan Rao's son and reveals it to him. Yet, Madhusudhan Rao declares the execution to Ravi. Before leaving, Ravi challenges that he will eliminate his enemies. To protect his son, Madhusudhan Rao takes him away to a secret place on his assurance and tries to reform him with ruthless behavior. Meanwhile, Aruna reaches the forest, and both try to escape. At the same time, Thulasi Das's men attack Ravi when Madhusudhan Rao is wounded while guarding Ravi against harm. Now Ravi, too, learns the truth. Finally, both father & son unite and cease baddies.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Justice Madhusudhan Rao<br />
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Ravibabu<br />
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Lakshmi<br />
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Aruna<br />
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ramadasu / Thulasi Das<br />
* [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as Raghava Rao<br />
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Ramanamma<br />
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Jayaram<br />
* [[Babu Mohan]]<br />
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]<br />
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Ramireddy<br />
* [[Anand Raj]] as Teja<br />
* [[Keerikkadan Jose]] as Joseph<br />
* Husain as Husain<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Music released on LEO Audio Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddaru Iddare (1990) |url=https://mio.to/album/Iddaru+Iddare+%281990%29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106195334/http://mio.to/album/Iddaru+Iddare+(1990) |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 January 2015 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| collapsed =<br />
| headline =<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 27:18<br />
| all_writing =<br />
| all_lyrics =<br />
| all_music =<br />
| title1 = Onamalu Nerpalani<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| length1 = 5:05<br />
| title2 = Pitta Lotti<br />
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]<br />
| length2 = 6:39<br />
| title3 = Ori Devudo<br />
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br />
| length3 = 6:11<br />
| title4 = Abbaiyule Cheppana<br />
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br />
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chitra<br />
| length4 = 4:59<br />
| title5 = Paisalunna Papalendi<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Veturi]]<br />
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br />
| length5 = 4:24<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]<br />
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainforest&diff=456980Rainforest2026-03-06T00:39:36Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Type of forest with high rainfall}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{pp-semi-indef}}<br />
{{pp-move-indef}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| border = thumb<br />
| perrow = 1/2/2<br />
| total_width = 320<br />
| image1 = Chiapas Rainforest crop.jpg<br />
| alt1 =<br />
| image2 = Olympic Rainforest Hiker.jpg<br />
| alt2 =<br />
| image3 = Gunung Palung Jungle.jpg<br />
| alt3 =<br />
| image4 = Khao Sok primary tropical rainforest, southern Thailand.jpg<br />
| alt4 =<br />
| image5 = Lowland rainforest, Masoala National Park, Madagascar (4026784053).jpg<br />
| alt5 =<br />
| image6 = Palawan, Tropical jungle rainforest.jpg|alt6<br />
| image7 = Borneo rainforest.jpg<br />
| alt7 =<br />
| align = <center>'''Clockwise from top''':</center><br />
| direction =<br />
| caption1 = A thick rainforest in [[Chiapas]], [[Mexico]]<br />
| caption2 = [[Olympic rain forest|Olympic rainforest]] located at [[Olympic Peninsula]], [[Washington state]]<br />
| caption3 = Rainforest at [[Mount Palung National Park]], [[Borneo]]<br />
| caption4 = [[Canopy (biology)|Canopy]] of [[Khao Sok National Park|Khao Sok]] tropical rainforest<br />
| caption5 = [[Stream]] in rainforests at [[Masoala National Park]] in [[Madagascar]]<br />
| caption6 = [[Old growth]] tropical rainforest in [[Palawan]]<br />
| caption7 = Rainforests in [[Kinabalu Park]], [[Borneo]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rainforests''' are [[forest]]s characterized by a closed and continuous tree [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]], moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of [[epiphyte]]s and [[liana]]s and the absence of wildfire. Rainforests can generally be classified as [[tropical rainforest]]s or [[temperate rainforest]]s, but other types have been described.<br />
<br />
Estimates vary from 40% to 75% of all [[biotic community|biotic]] [[species]] being [[Indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] to the rainforests.<ref name=Variables>{{cite web|url=http://www.rainforests.net/variables.htm |title=Rainforests.net – Variables and Math |access-date=4 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205135329/http://www.rainforests.net/variables.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref> There may be many millions of species of plants, insects and [[microorganism]]s still undiscovered in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth" and the "[[medicine chest (idiom)|world's largest pharmacy]]", because over one quarter of natural [[medicine]]s have been discovered there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/rainforests.html |title=Rainforests at Animal Center |publisher=Animalcorner.co.uk |date=1 January 2004 |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708045901/http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/rainforests/rainforests.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Rainforests as well as endemic rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to [[#Deforestation|deforestation]], the resulting [[habitat loss]] and [[air pollution|pollution of the atmosphere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0908.htm |title=Impact of Deforestation – Extinction |publisher=Rainforests.mongabay.com |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Definition ==<br />
Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, high humidity, the presence of moisture-dependent vegetation, a moist layer of leaf litter, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. The largest areas of rainforest are tropical or temperate rainforests, but other vegetation associations including [[Laurel forest|subtropical rainforest]], [[Littoral Rainforests of New South Wales|littoral rainforest]], [[cloud forest]], vine thicket and even dry rainforest have been described.<ref name="WTMA">{{cite web |title=Rainforests |url=https://www.wettropics.gov.au/rainforest |publisher=Wet Tropics Management Authority |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Qld.">{{cite web |title=Rainforests |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/habitats/rainforests |publisher=The State of Queensland |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="OEH">{{cite web |title=Rainforests |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/VegFormation.aspx?formationName=Rainforests |publisher=New South Wales Government Office of Environment and heritage |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="dpipwe">{{cite web |title=Dry Rainforest |url=https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/conservation-on-private-land/bush-information-management/identify-your-bush-type/bush-with-a-tree-layer-made-up-of-trees-that-are-not-eucalypts/dry-rainforest |publisher=Tasmanian Government Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="NSW">{{cite web |title=Western Sydney Dry Rainforest |url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/EECinfoWesternSydneyDryRainforest.pdf |publisher=New South Wales Government Department of Planning, Industry and Environment |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Tropical rainforest ===<br />
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Af present.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Worldwide tropical rainforest climate zones.]]<br />
{{Main|Tropical rainforest}}<br />
Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10 degrees north and south of the [[equator]]. Mean monthly temperatures exceed {{convert|18|C|F}} during all months of the year.<ref>Susan Woodward. [http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/rainforest/rainfrst.html Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225054655/http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/rainforest/rainfrst.html |date=25 February 2008 }} Retrieved on 14 March 2008.</ref> Average annual [[rain]]fall is no less than {{convert|168|cm|in|abbr=on}} and can exceed {{convert|1000|cm|in|abbr=on}} although it typically lies between {{convert|175|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|200|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Newman, Arnold 2002">Newman, Arnold. The Tropical Rainforest : A World Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With a Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark, 2002. Print.</ref><br />
<br />
Many of the world's [[tropical forests]] are associated with the location of the [[monsoon trough]], also known as the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].<ref>Hobgood (2008). [http://geog-www.sbs.ohio-state.edu/courses/G230/hobgood/ASP230Lecture24.ppt Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and Wind.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318021749/http://geog-www.sbs.ohio-state.edu/courses/G230/hobgood/ASP230Lecture24.ppt |date=18 March 2009 }} [[Ohio State University]]. Retrieved on 8 March 2009.</ref> The broader category of [[tropical moist forests]] are located in the [[Equator|equatorial zone]] between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and [[Tropic of Capricorn]]. Tropical rainforests exist in [[Southeast Asia]] (from [[Burma|Myanmar (Burma)]]) to the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Sri Lanka]]; also in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] from the [[Cameroon]] to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] ([[Congolian rainforests|Congo Rainforest]]), [[South America]] (e.g. the [[Amazon rainforest]]), [[Central America]] (e.g. [[Bosawás Biosphere Reserve|Bosawás]], the southern [[Yucatán Peninsula]]-[[Petén Department|El Peten]]-[[Belize]]-[[Calakmul Biosphere Reserve|Calakmul]]), [[Australia]], and on [[Pacific Islands]] (such as [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests|Hawai{{okina}}i]]). Tropical forests have been called the "Earth's [[lung]]s", although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net [[oxygen]] addition to the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] through [[photosynthesis]].<ref>Broecker, Wallace S. (2006). "Breathing easy: Et tu, O<sub>2</sub>." Columbia University [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/21stC/issue-2.1/broecker.htm Columbia.edu]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF00890069|title = Deforestation and land use in the Brazilian Amazon| journal=Human Ecology| volume=21| pages=1–21|year = 1993|last1 = Moran|first1 = Emilio F.| issue=1 | bibcode=1993HumEc..21....1M |s2cid = 153481315}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Temperate rainforest ===<br />
[[File:Rain Forest Walk - Pacific Rim National Park - Vancouver Island BC - Canada - 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Temperate rainforest in [[Pacific Rim National Park Reserve]] in Canada]]<br />
{{Main|Temperate rainforest}}<br />
<br />
Tropical forests cover a large part of the globe, but temperate rainforests only occur in a few regions around the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Link |first1=Timothy E. |last2=Unsworth |first2=Mike |last3=Marks |first3=Danny |title=The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest |journal=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology |date=August 2004 |volume=124 |issue=3–4 |pages=171–191 |doi=10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.010 |bibcode=2004AgFM..124..171L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cunningham |first1=S. C. |last2=Read |first2=J. |title=Do temperate rainforest trees have a greater ability to acclimate to changing temperatures than tropical rainforest trees? |journal=New Phytologist |date=January 2003 |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00652.x |pmid=33873691 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2003NewPh.157...55C |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30080507 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Temperate rainforests are rainforests in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions. They occur in [[North America]] (in the [[Pacific Northwest]] in [[Alaska]], [[British Columbia]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]] as well as [[California]] and the [[Appalachian Mountains]]), in [[Europe]] (parts of the [[British Isles]] such as the coastal areas of [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]], [[southern Norway]], parts of the western [[Balkans]] along the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast, as well as in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and coastal areas of the eastern [[Black Sea]], including [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and coastal [[Turkey]]), in [[East Asia]] (in [[Northern and southern China|southern China]], Highlands of [[Taiwan]], much of [[Japan]] and [[Korea]], and on [[Sakhalin|Sakhalin Island]] and the adjacent [[Temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East|Russian Far East]] coast), in [[South America]] (southern [[Chile]]) and also in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/temprain.htm|title= The Temperate Rainforest}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Dry rainforest ===<br />
Dry rainforests have a more open canopy layer than other rainforests,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coleby-Williams |first1=Jerry |title=Kumbartcho Dry Rainforest |url=https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/kumbartcho-dry-rainforest/12828434 |website=Gardening Australia |publisher=ABC |access-date=6 May 2022| date=2020}}</ref> and are found in areas of lower rainfall ({{cvt|630–1100|mm|in|0}}.<ref name="HRLN">{{cite web |title=Scrub or Dry Rainforest |url=https://hunterlandcare.org.au/hrrp/what-are-dry-rainforests/ |publisher=Hunter Region Landcare Network |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref> Dry rainforests typically occur in the rain-shadow of mountainous areas. In Australia, dry rainforests have structurally complex species composition. These species can have various adaptations such as deciduousness or semi-deciduousness, reduced leaf size, thick leathery leaves (sclerophylly), sharp thorns or leaf margins and prickles. Dry rainforests containing a dense vine understory can be split up into different sub-types which include low microphyll vine forest, [[Araucaria|Araucarian]] vine forest, Semi-evergreen vine thicket, and deciduous vine thicket. These can further split up into either microphyll or notophyll depending on their leaf sizes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MacDonald |first1=William John Fancourt |last2=Johnson |first2=Bob |last3=Williams |first3=John |title=Spatial and Temporal Patterns in the Dry Seasonal Subtropical Rainforests of Eastern Australia, with Particular Reference to the Vine Thickets of Central and Southern Queensland |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/236489191 |website=Trove |publisher=ABINGDON: Taylor & Francis |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Layers ==<br />
{{main|Stratification (vegetation)}}<br />
A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers, each with different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular area. Examples include the emergent, [[canopy (biology)|canopy]], [[understory]] and [[forest floor]] layers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denslow |first1=J S |title=Tropical Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |date=November 1987 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=431–451 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243 |bibcode=1987AnRES..18..431D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests|first1=Len|last1=Webb|author-link=Leonard Webb (academic) | journal = Journal of Ecology| publisher=British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551–570|date=1 October 1959|volume = 47|issue = 3|pages = 551–570|doi = 10.2307/2257290|jstor = 2257290|bibcode=1959JEcol..47..551W }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Emergent layer ===<br />
The '''emergent layer''' contains a small number of very large [[tree]]s called '''emergents''', which grow above the general [[Canopy (forest)|canopy]], reaching heights of 45–55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall.<ref>{{cite book |last= Bourgeron |first= Patrick S.|editor= Frank B. Golley |title=Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Structure and Function |year= 1983 |edition= 14A|series= Ecosystems of the World |publisher= Elsevier Scientific |isbn= 0-444-41986-1 |pages= 29–47 |chapter= Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/malaysia/sabah2005.htm | title = Sabah | publisher = Eastern Native Tree Society | access-date = 14 November 2007 | archive-date = 28 February 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080228080143/http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/malaysia/sabah2005.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. [[Eagle]]s, [[Butterfly|butterflies]], [[bat]]s and certain [[monkey]]s inhabit this layer.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
<br />
=== Canopy layer ===<br />
{{Main|Canopy (biology)}}<br />
[[File:FRIM canopy.JPG|thumb|The canopy at the [[Forest Research Institute Malaysia]] showing [[crown shyness]]]]<br />
The '''canopy''' layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically {{convert|30|m}} to {{convert|45|m}} tall. The densest areas of [[biodiversity]] are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species. [[Epiphyte|Epiphytic plants]] attach to [[Trunk (botany)|trunks]] and [[branch]]es, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat, but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it. As long ago as 1917, [[Natural history|naturalist]] [[William Beebe]] declared that "another continent of life remains to be discovered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feet above it, extending over thousands of square miles."{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} A true exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when scientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such as firing ropes into the trees using [[crossbow]]s. [[Canopy research|Exploration of the canopy]] is still in its infancy, but other methods include the use of [[Balloon (aircraft)|balloons]] and [[airship]]s to float above the highest branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted on the forest floor. The science of accessing tropical forest canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is called [[dendronautics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dendronautics.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614070953/http://www.dendronautics.org/|url-status=usurped|title=dendronautics|archivedate=14 June 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Understory layer ===<br />
{{Main|Understory}}<br />
The '''understory''' or '''understorey''' layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. It is home to a number of [[bird]]s, [[snake]]s and [[lizard]]s, as well as [[predation|predators]] such as [[jaguar]]s, [[boa (genus)|boa constrictors]] and [[leopard]]s. The leaves are much larger at this level and insect life is abundant. Many [[seedling]]s that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understory. This layer can be called a ''[[shrub layer]]'', although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer.{{cn|date=March 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Forest floor ===<br />
{{main|Forest floor}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Forest in the bluemountains.jpg|thumb|Rainforest in the [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]], [[Australia]]]]<br />
The '''forest floor''', the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants [[Adaptation|adapted]] to low light can grow in this region. Away from [[river]]banks, [[swamp]]s and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} It also contains [[decomposition|decaying]] plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of [[Fungus|fungi]] growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.<br />
<br />
== Flora and fauna ==<br />
<br />
It is unknown how many species are found in the world's tropical rainforests, however a very large proportion of the vascular plants are native to them.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghazoul |first1=Jaboury |last2=Sheil |first2=Douglas |date=2010 |title=Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation |url=https://archive.org/details/tropicalrainfore0000ghaz_x2k5 |url-access=registration |language=en |edition= |location=Oxford ; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=5, 9 |isbn=978-0-19-928587-7 |oclc=456181268 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref> Rainforests support a very broad array of [[fauna]], including [[mammal]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[bird]]s and [[invertebrate]]s. Mammals may include [[primate]]s, [[felidae|felids]] and other families. Reptiles include [[snake]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[chameleon]]s and other families; while birds include such families as [[vanga|Vangidae]] and [[cuckoo|Cuculidae]]. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests. [[Fungus|Fungi]] are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals.<br />
<br />
The great diversity in rainforest species is in large part the result of diverse and numerous physical [[Refuge (ecology)|refuges]],<ref name="RitchieJohnson2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Euan G. |last2=Johnson |first2=Christopher N. |title=Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation |journal=[[Ecology Letters]] |date=September 2009 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=982–998 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x |pmid=19614756 |s2cid=11744558 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009EcolL..12..982R |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30039763 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> i.e. places in which plants are inaccessible to many herbivores, or in which animals can hide from predators. Having numerous refuges available also results in much higher total [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]] than would otherwise be possible.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0040-5809(87)90019-0 |title=Prey refuges and predator-prey stability |journal=Theoretical Population Biology |volume=31 |pages=1–12 |year=1987 |last1=Sih |first1=Andrew |issue=1 |bibcode=1987TPBio..31....1S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0040-5809(86)90004-3 |pmid=3961711 |title=The effects of refuges on predator-prey interactions: A reconsideration |journal=Theoretical Population Biology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=38–63 |year=1986 |last1=McNair |first1=James N.|bibcode=1986TPBio..29...38M }}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery class="center" widths="220" heights="160" mode="nolines"><br />
File:Ursus americanus kermodei, Great Bear Rainforest 1.jpg|A [[Kermode bear]] from the [[Great Bear Rainforest]], [[Canada]]<br />
File:Mudumalai by N A Nazeer (cropped).jpg|A [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Mudumalai National Park]], [[India]]<br />
File:Standing jaguar.jpg|A [[South American jaguar|jaguar]] in the [[Amazon rainforest]], [[South America]]<br />
File:MonkeyJungle 03.JPG|[[Western lowland gorilla]] in the [[African rainforest]]<br />
File:Pongo tapanuliensis.jpg|[[Orangutans]] in [[Tanjung Puting]], Indonesia<br />
File:Anaconda jaune 34.JPG|[[Yellow anaconda|Yellow anacondas]] reside in the [[Amazon basin]]<br />
File:Lion-tailed macaque by N A Naseer.jpg|[[Lion-tailed macaque]] in [[Silent Valley National Park]], India<br />
File:Amazon macaw.jpg|A [[macaw]] in the Amazon rainforest<br />
</gallery>Some species of fauna show a trend towards declining populations in rainforests, for example, reptiles that feed on amphibians and reptiles. This trend requires close monitoring.<ref>Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., & [[Julian Monge Najera|Monge-Nájera, J.]] (2020). Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment. ''[[Revista de Biología Tropical]]'', 68(1), 336–343.</ref> The seasonality of rainforests affects the reproductive patterns of amphibians, and this in turn can directly affect the species of reptiles that feed on these groups,<ref>Oliveira, M.E., & Martins, M. (2001). When and where to find a pitviper: activity patterns and habitat use of the lancehead, ''Bothrops atrox'', in central Amazonia, Brazil. ''Herpetological Natural History, 8''(2), 101'''''-'''''110. </ref> particularly species with specialized feeding, since these are less likely to use alternative resources.<ref>Terborgh, J., & Winter, B. (1980). Some causes of extinction. ''Conservation Biology, 2'', 119'''''-'''''133.</ref><br />
<br />
== Soils ==<br />
{{More citations needed section<br />
| date = February 2020<br />
}}<br />
Despite the growth of [[vegetation]] in a tropical rainforest, [[soil quality]] is often quite poor. Rapid [[bacteria]]l decay prevents the accumulation of [[humus]]. The concentration of [[iron]] and [[aluminium]] [[oxide]]s by the [[Laterite|laterization]] process gives the [[oxisol]]s a bright red colour and sometimes produces [[mineral]] [[deposition (geology)|deposits]] such as [[bauxite]]. Most trees have roots near the surface because there are insufficient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees' minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals. On younger substrates, especially of [[Volcano|volcanic]] origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. If rainforest trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soil surfaces, creating run-off, and beginning a process of soil [[erosion]]. Eventually, streams and rivers form and flooding becomes possible. There are several reasons for the poor soil quality. First is that the soil is highly acidic. The roots of plants rely on an acidity difference between the roots and the soil in order to absorb nutrients. When the soil is acidic, there is little difference, and therefore little absorption of nutrients from the soil. Second, the type of clay particles present in tropical rainforest soil has a poor ability to trap nutrients and stop them from washing away. Even if humans artificially add nutrients to the soil, the nutrients mostly wash away and are not absorbed by the plants. Finally, these soils are poor due to the high volume of rain in tropical rainforests washing nutrients out of the soil more quickly than in other climates.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baird |first1=Dr. Chris S. |title=What makes the soil in tropical rainforests so rich? |url=http://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/07/12/what-makes-the-soil-in-tropical-rainforests-so-rich/ |website=Science Questions with Surprising Answers |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Soils and Nutrient Cycling in the Rainforest|url=https://worldrainforests.com/0502.htm|website=Mongabay.com|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Effect on global climate ==<br />
A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of [[carbon dioxide]]. On a global scale, long-term fluxes are approximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grida.no/CLIMATE/IPCC_TAR/wg1/pdf/TAR-03.PDF |title=Grida.no |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804173907/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/pdf/TAR-03.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> though they may have other climatic effects (on [[cloud]] formation, for example, by recycling [[water vapour]]). No rainforest today can be considered to be undisturbed.<ref name = Lewis>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=S. L. |last2=Phillips |first2=O. L.|author2-link=Oliver Phillips (ecologist) |last3=Baker |first3=T. R. |last4=Lloyd |first4=J. |last5=Malhi |first5=Y. |last6=Almeida |first6=S. |last7=Higuchi |first7=N. |last8=Laurance |first8=W. F. |last9=Neill |first9=D. A. |last10=Silva |first10=J. N. M. |last11=Terborgh |first11=J. |last12=Torres Lezama |first12=A. |last13=Vásquez Martinez |first13=R. |last14=Brown |first14=S. |last15=Chave |first15=J. |last16=Kuebler |first16=C. |last17=Núñez Vargas |first17=P. |last18=Vinceti |first18=B. |title=Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and dynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-term plots |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |date=29 March 2004 |volume=359 |issue=1443 |pages=421–436 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1431 |pmid=15212094 |pmc=1693337 }}</ref> Human-induced [[deforestation]] plays a significant role in causing rainforests to release carbon dioxide,<ref name = Malhi>{{cite journal |last1=Malhi |first1=Yadvinder |last2=Grace |first2=John |title=Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |date=August 2000 |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=332–337 |doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01906-6 |pmid=10884705 }}</ref><ref name=trgac>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0002 |chapter=Twenty-first century atmospheric change and deforestation: Potential impacts on tropical forests |title=Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change |year=2005 |last1=Cramer |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Bondeau |first2=Alberte |last3=Schaphoff |first3=Sibyll |last4=Lucht |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Smith |first5=Ben |last6=Sitch |first6=Stephen |pages=17–30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-856706-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baccini |first1=A. |last2=Walker |first2=W. |last3=Carvalho |first3=L. |last4=Farina |first4=M. |last5=Sulla-Menashe |first5=D. |last6=Houghton |first6=R. A. |title=Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss |journal=Science |date=13 October 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6360 |pages=230–234 |doi=10.1126/science.aam5962 |pmid=28971966 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..230B }}</ref> as do other factors, whether human-induced or natural, which result in tree death, such as burning and drought.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/06/1078464675256.html?from=storyrhs | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | title=Drought may turn forests into carbon producers | date=6 March 2004}}</ref> Some climate models operating with interactive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian rainforest around 2050 due to [[drought]], [[forest dieback]] and the subsequent release of more carbon dioxide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=P. M. |last2=Betts |first2=R. A. |last3=Collins |first3=M. |last4=Harris |first4=P. P. |last5=Huntingford |first5=C. |last6=Jones |first6=C. D. |title=Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century |journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology |date=June 2004 |volume=78 |issue=1–3 |page=137 |doi=10.1007/s00704-004-0049-4 |bibcode=2004ThApC..78..137C |s2cid=5122043 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Human uses ==<br />
[[File:Campo12Foto 2.JPG|thumb|right|Aerial view of the [[Amazon rainforest]], taken from a plane.]]<br />
{{further|Tropical rainforest#Human dimensions}}<br />
Tropical rainforests provide [[timber]] as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Rainforests also have value as [[tourism]] destinations and for the [[ecosystem services]] provided. Many foods originally came from tropical forests, and are still mostly grown on [[plantation]]s in regions that were formerly primary forest.<ref>Myers, N. (1985). ''The primary source''. [[W. W. Norton & Company]], New York, pp. 189–193.</ref> Also, plant-derived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses03/PapersCostaRicaArticles/FinalPaper.TheMedicinalVa.html |title=Final Paper: The Medicinal Value of the Rainforest May 15, 2003. Amanda Haidet May 2003 |publisher=Jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> At the same time, rainforests are usually not used [[sustainably]] by non-native peoples but are being [[Exploitation of natural resources|exploited]] or removed for [[agricultural expansion|agricultural purposes]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
=== Native people ===<br />
On 18 January 2007, [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|FUNAI]] reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different [[uncontacted peoples|uncontacted tribes]] in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, [[Brazil]] has now overtaken the island of [[New Guinea]] as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN17285256 |title=Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes |publisher=Reuters.com |date=17 January 2007 |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> The province of Irian Jaya or [[West Papua (Indonesian province)|West Papua]] in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survival-international.org/news.php?id=2191|date=25 January 2007|title=BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?|url-status=dead|website=SurvivalInternational.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206061137/http://survival-international.org/news.php?id=2191|archive-date=6 February 2008|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> The tribes are in danger because of the deforestation, especially in Brazil.<br />
<br />
Central African rainforest is home of the [[Mbuti]] [[pygmies]], one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height (below one and a half metres, or 59{{nbs}}inches, on average). They were the subject of a study by [[Colin Turnbull]], ''The Forest People'', in 1962.<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/26252/explore/15.htm The Tribal Peoples] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020212056/http://library.thinkquest.org/26252/explore/15.htm |date=20 October 2012 }}, [[ThinkQuest]]</ref> Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as "[[Negrito]]".<br />
There are many tribes in the rainforests of the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Sarawak is part of Borneo, the third largest island in the world. Some of the other tribes in Sarawak are: the [[Kayan people (Borneo)|Kayan]], [[Kenyah people|Kenyah]], [[Kejaman]], [[Kelabit people|Kelabit]], [[Punan Bah]], Tanjong, Sekapan, and the Lahanan. Collectively, they are referred to as Dayaks or Orangulu which means "people of the interior".<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous People of the Rainforest |url=https://www.rainforestinfo.org.au/background/people.htm |website=Rainforest Information Centre Educational Supplement |access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
About half of Sarawak's 1.5 million people are Dayaks. Most Dayaks, it is believed by anthropologists, came originally from the South-East Asian mainland. Their mythologies support this.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Deforestation ==<br />
{{further|Deforestation in Southeast Asia|Deforestation in Madagascar|Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest}}<br />
[[File:Satellite image of 2015 Southeast Asian haze - 20150924.jpg|thumb|Satellite photograph of the [[2015 Southeast Asian haze|haze]] above [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]], 24{{nbs}}September 2015]]<br />
[[Tropical rainforest|Tropical]] and [[temperate rainforest]]s have been subjected to heavy [[logging|legal]] and [[illegal logging]] for their valuable [[hardwood]]s and [[agricultural expansion|agricultural]] clearance ([[slash-and-burn]], [[clearcutting]]) throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204095313/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/entire-rainforests-set-to-disappear-in-next-decade-585840.html Entire rainforests set to disappear in next decade], [[The Independent]] 5 July 2003</ref> Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to [[extinction]] (possibly more than 50,000 a year; at that rate, says [[E. O. Wilson]] of [[Harvard University]], a quarter or more of all species on Earth could be exterminated within 50 years)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stevens |first1=William K. |title=Talks Seek to Prevent Huge Loss of Species |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/03/news/talks-seek-to-prevent-huge-loss-of-species.html |work=The New York Times |date=3 March 1992 }}</ref> due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests.<br />
<br />
Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding [[urban area]]s. [[Littoral zone|Littoral]] rainforest growing along [[coast]]al areas of eastern [[Australia]] is now rare due to [[ribbon development]] to accommodate the demand for [[seachange (demography)|seachange]] lifestyles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pittwater.nsw.gov.au/environment/plants__and__animals/threatened_species/endangered_ecological_communities/littoral_rainforest |title=Littoral Rainforest-Why is it threatened? |publisher=Pittwater.nsw.gov.au |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=26 August 2012 |archive-date=21 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621043641/http://www.pittwater.nsw.gov.au/environment/plants__and__animals/threatened_species/endangered_ecological_communities/littoral_rainforest |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Yu |last2=Zeng |first2=Zhenzhong |last3=Searchinger |first3=Timothy D. |last4=Ziegler |first4=Alan D. |last5=Wu |first5=Jie |last6=Wang |first6=Dashan |last7=He |first7=Xinyue |last8=Elsen |first8=Paul R. |last9=Ciais |first9=Philippe |last10=Xu |first10=Rongrong |last11=Guo |first11=Zhilin |date=28 February 2022 |title=Doubling of annual forest carbon loss over the tropics during the early twenty-first century |journal=Nature Sustainability |volume=5 |issue=5 |language=en |pages=444–451 |doi=10.1038/s41893-022-00854-3 |s2cid=247160560 |issn=2398-9629|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022NatSu...5..444F |hdl=2346/92751 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/brazil-amazon-forest-destruction-rate-has-tripled Brazil: Amazon Forest Destruction Rate Has Tripled], [[Fox News Channel|FoxNews.com]], 29 September 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0602-png.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608214139/http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0602-png.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2008 |title=Papua New Guinea's rainforests disappearing faster than thought |publisher=News.mongabay.com |access-date=26 August 2012 }}</ref> Almost 90% of [[West Africa]]'s rainforest has been destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csupomona.edu/~admckettrick/projects/ag101_project/html/size.html |title=Rainforests & Agriculture |publisher=Csupomona.edu |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930064512/http://www.csupomona.edu/~admckettrick/projects/ag101_project/html/size.html |archive-date=30 September 2012 }}</ref> Since the arrival of humans, [[Madagascar]] has lost two thirds of its original rainforest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12617173.000-science-satellite-monitors-madagascars-shrinkingrainforest-.html |title=Science: Satellite monitors Madagascar's shrinking rainforest, 19 May 1990, New Scientist |publisher=Newscientist.com |date=19 May 1990 |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> At present rates, tropical rainforests in [[Indonesia]] would be logged out in 10 years and [[Papua New Guinea]] in 13 to 16 years.<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=5728 China is black hole of Asia's deforestation], AsiaNews.it, 24 March 2008</ref> According to [[Rettet den Regenwald|Rainforest Rescue]], an important reason for the increasing [[deforestation]] rate, especially in Indonesia, is the expansion of [[oil palm]] plantations to meet growing demand for cheap vegetable fats and [[biofuel]]s. In Indonesia, [[palm oil]] is already cultivated on nine million hectares and, together with [[Malaysia]], the island nation produces about 85 percent of the world's palm oil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rainforest-rescue.org/topics/palm-oil|title=Palm oil – deforestation for everyday products – Rainforest Rescue|website=www.rainforest-rescue.org}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2012}}<br />
<br />
Several countries,<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/environment/2008-01-24-brazil-amazon_N.htm Amazon deforestation rises sharply in 2007], [[Usatoday.com]], 24 January 2008</ref> notably [[Brazil]], have declared their deforestation a national emergency.<ref>{{cite news | first=John | last=Vidal | title=Rainforest loss shocks Brazil | newspaper=[[guardian.co.uk]] | date=20 May 2005 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/may/20/brazil.environment | access-date=7 July 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Amazon deforestation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007's twelve months, according to official government data.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil admits Amazon deforestation on the rise |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26472726 |work=NBC News |agency=The Associated Press |date=30 August 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
However, a 30 January 2009 ''[[New York Times]]'' article stated, "By one estimate, for every [[acre]] of rainforest cut down each year, more than 50 acres of new forest are growing in the tropics." The new forest includes secondary forest on former farmland and so-called [[degraded forest]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenthal |first1=Elisabeth |title=New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/science/earth/30forest.html |work=The New York Times |date=30 January 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Environment|Ecology}}<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [[Cloud forest]]<br />
* [[Ecology]]<br />
* [[Inland rainforest]]<br />
* [[Intact forest landscape]]<br />
* [[Jungle]]<br />
* [[Stratification (vegetation)]]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
[[File:Revelstoke from Mount Revelstoke.jpg|thumb|View of the temperate rain forest in [[Mount Revelstoke National Park]], British Columbia, [[Canada]]]]<br />
* Butler, R. A. (2005) ''A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face''. Published online: [http://rainforests.mongabay.com Rainforests.mongabay.com]<br />
* Richards, P. W. (1996). ''The tropical rain forest''. 2nd ed. [[Cambridge University Press]] {{ISBN|0-521-42194-2}}<br />
* Whitmore, T. C. (1998) ''An introduction to tropical rain forests''. 2nd ed. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-19-850147-1}}<br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons}}<br />
{{Wiktionary}}<br />
{{Div col}}<br />
* [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/rainforest/Animals.shtml Animals in a rainforest]<br />
* [http://www.ran.org Rainforest Action Network]<br />
* [http://www.eia-international.org/campaigns/forests/ EIA forest reports]: Investigations into illegal logging.<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160226181045/http://eia-global.org/forests_for_the_world/ EIA in the USA] Reports and info.<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101106114435/http://www.rainforestcoalition.org/eng/ The Coalition for Rainforest Nations]<br />
* [https://www.un.org/esa/forests United Nations Forum on Forests]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151218031752/http://www.davekimble.org.au/rainforest/catalog.htm Dave Kimble's Rainforest Photo Catalog (Wet Tropics, Australia)]<br />
* [http://wikis.wheatonma.edu/rainforest Rainforest Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907013035/http://wikis.wheatonma.edu/rainforest |date=7 September 2024 }}<br />
* [http://kids.mongabay.com/ Tropical rainforest for children]<br />
* [http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/what.html What is a rainforest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120011927/http://www.srl.caltech.edu/personnel/krubal/rainforest/Edit560s6/www/what.html |date=20 November 2016 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100115134618/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/rainforest-profile National Geographic: Rain forest]<br />
* [http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm Tropical rainforests]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
{{Forestry}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rainforests| ]]<br />
[[Category:Biodiversity]]<br />
[[Category:Forest ecology]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malappuram_District_Sports_Complex_Stadium&diff=446202Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium2026-02-27T12:21:18Z<p>Vikv10: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Football stadium in Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox venue<br />
| name = Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium, Payyanad<br />
| image = Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| caption = MDSC/Payyanad Stadium<br />
| owner = [[Department of Sports and Youth Affairs (Kerala)|Sports and Youth Affairs Department]],<br /><br />
[[Government of Kerala]]<br />
| operator = [[Department of Sports and Youth Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Sports and Youth Affairs]], [[Government of Kerala]]<br />
| broke_ground = <br />
| opened = 2013<br />
| location = [[Payyanad, Manjeri]], [[Malappuram]], Kerala<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| surface = [[Grass]]<br />
| architect = <br />
| structural_engineer = <br />
| services_engineer = <br />
| main_contractors = <br />
| capacity = 30,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5418|title='This is Out of the World'|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-date=15 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315091631/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5418|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| cost = <br />
| tenants = [[Kerala United FC]] <br/> [[Gokulam Kerala FC]] (sometimes) <br/> [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|GKFC (women)]] (sometimes) <br/> [[Kerala Premier League]] <br/> [[Malappuram FC]] <br/> [[Sports Academy Tirur]] (sometimes)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium''' (locally known as '''Payyanad Stadium''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aizawl-fc-overcome-trau-fc-to-make-hero-super-cup-group-stage|title=Aizawl FC overcome TRAU FC to make Hero Super Cup Group Stage|date=6 April 2023|access-date=9 April 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=Soumo|last=Ghosh|location=Manjeri|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407171452/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aizawl-fc-overcome-trau-fc-to-make-hero-super-cup-group-stage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/hyderabad-defeats-aizawl-fc-2-0-in-hero-super-cup-2023-1.8464932|title=Hyderabad defeats Aizawl FC 2–1 in Hero Super Cup 2023|date=9 April 2023|access-date=9 April 2023|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi Sports|location=Kozhikode|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141248/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/hyderabad-defeats-aizawl-fc-2-0-in-hero-super-cup-2023-1.8464932}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/football-hyderabad-fc-vs-aizawl-fc-live-streaming-nizams-look-to-open-super-cup-2023-campaign-on-high-against-aizawl-fc-check-preview-team-news-predicted-xi-follow-live/|title=Hyderabad FC vs Aizawl FC HIGHLIGHTS: Joel Chianese, Joao Victor on TARGET, Nizams kick off campaign with narow [sic] 2–1 win over Aizawl FC – Check Highlights|date=9 April 2023|access-date=9 April 2023|website=insidesport.com|publisher=Inside Sport India|first=Triyasha|last=Chatterjee|location=Kozhikode|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141720/https://www.insidesport.in/football-hyderabad-fc-vs-aizawl-fc-live-streaming-nizams-look-to-open-super-cup-2023-campaign-on-high-against-aizawl-fc-check-preview-team-news-predicted-xi-follow-live/}}</ref> is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]], located about 7&nbsp;km from [[Manjeri]] and 12&nbsp;km from [[Malappuram]]. The stadium has a capacity of 30,000 spectators. Opened in 2013, it is part of the Malappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy, under the management of Malappuram District Sports Council.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
The stadium was selected as one of two stadiums, along with the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]], to host the group stages of the [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup]].<ref name="Federation Cup 2014">{{cite web|title=Federation Cup 2013–14 to kickoff on January 14|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Federation-Cup-2013-14-to-kickoff-on-January-14/articleshow/27291593.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-13/top-stories/45161159_1_federation-cup-january-14-group-c|url-status=live|archive-date=13 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> The stadium hosted matches of group B and D<ref name="Federation Cup 2014" /> and hosted 12 matches in the 2013–14 Federation Cup.In 2017–18 season of [[Kerala Premier League]], the stadium was used as home ground by [[Gokulam Kerala FC]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Easwar |first=Nisanth V |date=12 August 2017 |title=Gokulam FC gets green light to play in Manjeri |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/gokulam-fc-gets-green-light-to-play-in-manjeri/ahyo46vpbp2z12wvkyyueivxc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625210559/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/gokulam-fc-gets-green-light-to-play-in-manjeri/ahyo46vpbp2z12wvkyyueivxc |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=www.goal.com |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gokulam Kerala FC]] will play their first six [[I-League|I league]] home matches in Manjeri, will be hoping to receive similar support as they begin their quest for an unprecedented third consecutive Hero I-League title.<br />
<br />
The '''[[2021–22 Santosh Trophy]]''' was the 75th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the premier competition in India for teams representing their regional and state football associations. The last season was cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India. The main round of the tournament was held in Malappuram, and was contested by 10 teams divided into two groups. Kerala and West Bengal from Group A and Manipur and Karnataka from Group B reached the semi-finals, and eventually Kerala and West Bengal faced in the final. Kerala won their seventh title after defeating West Bengal in the penalties.<br />
<br />
[[File:MDSC Stadium Manjeri.jpg|thumb|A view of the stadium]]<br />
[[File:Manjeri Stadium 2014.jpg|thumb|Stadium During Federation Cup 2014]]<br />
<br />
== 2013–14 Federation Cup ==<br />
Indian football's main domestic cup competition, the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], was held for the 35th time in 2013–14. There were 16 teams that participated in this edition of the tournament, all of which were placed into four groups of four teams each during the group stage. In the 2012 final, [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] defeated [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] 3–2. At the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Kochi, Kerala, [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] defeated Sporting [[Goa football team|Goa]] 3–1 in the final on 25 January 2014.<br />
<br />
There were two venues chosen to host matches for the Federation Cup in 2013, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and the Malappuram District Complex. Group A and C matches were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, while Group B and D matches were played at the Malappuram District Complex. The semi-finals and finals were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium.<br />
<br />
== 2021–22 Santosh Trophy ==<br />
Kerala emerged victorious in the 75th [[Santosh Trophy|Santosh Trophy 2022]], following a 5–4 penalty shootout defeat of West Bengal at the Manjeri Stadium in Malappuram, Kerala. The fiercely competitive match ended with a 1–1 draw after extra time, despite both teams creating numerous clear-cut chances. [[Jijo Joseph]], Kerala's captain, was rewarded with the accolade of player of the match for his commanding midfield displays – this triumph marks Kerala's third Santosh Trophy win on home soil, having previously triumphed in Kochi in 1973–74 and 1992–93.<br />
<br />
37 teams participated in the qualifiers, whereas, the final round is being competed by 10 teams. The venue for the main round Santosh Trophy is Malappuram in Kerala. The Kottappadi Stadium and the Payyanad Stadium are the two venues where the matches are being held.<br />
<br />
Player of the Tournament: [[Jijo Joseph]].<br />
<br />
Top scorer with nine goals: [[Jesin TK]].<br />
<br />
=== The following teams have qualified for the main round of the Santosh Trophy ===<br />
<br />
# Kerala<br />
# West Bengal<br />
# Meghalaya<br />
# Punjab<br />
# Rajasthan<br />
# Manipur<br />
# Karnataka<br />
# Odisha<br />
# Gujarat<br />
# Services<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Top Scorer of Santosh Trophy 2021–2022<br />
!Name<br />
!'''Team'''<br />
!Goals<br />
|-<br />
|Jesin TK<br />
|Kerala<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
|Sudheer Kotikela<br />
|Kerala<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|Md. Fardin Ali Molla<br />
|West Bengal<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Amanpreet Singh<br />
|Punjab<br />
|6<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Most Santosh Trophy titles won by team ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!'''Team'''<br />
!'''Titles'''<br />
|-<br />
|West Bengal<br />
|32<br />
|-<br />
|Punjab<br />
|8<br />
|-<br />
|Kerala<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|Services<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
|Goa<br />
|5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== I-League ==<br />
'''Payyanad Stadium''' will host the [[I-League]] season, which will kick off at a venue that is synonymous with the love of football. The town where fans throng to the stands whenever any football match takes place will witness the opening match of the I-League 2022–23 season as defending champions Gokulam Kerala FC and last season's runners-up Mohammedan Sporting Club play each other.<br />
<br />
The [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] team will play six of their home matches at the Payannad Stadium in Malappuram, while the remaining five will be played at the EMS Stadium in Kozhikode, where they have already played previously. [[Real Kashmir FC]] will move to the [[Bakshi Stadium]] in Srinagar from February onward, making its I-League debut.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of football stadiums in India]]<br />
* [[Lists of stadiums]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/stepmotherly-treatment-to-i-league-clubs-gokulam-kerala-fans-irate-over-no-super-cup-qualifiers-live-telecast/|title='Stepmotherly treatment to I-League clubs': Gokulam Kerala fans irate over no Super Cup qualifiers live telecast|date=7 April 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|website=thesouthfirst.com|publisher=The South First News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010135948/https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/stepmotherly-treatment-to-i-league-clubs-gokulam-kerala-fans-irate-over-no-super-cup-qualifiers-live-telecast/|archive-date=10 October 2023|location=Kochi|first1=Sreerag|last1=PS}}<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium}}<br />
{{Stadiums in Kerala |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
{{Federation Cup (India)}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football venues in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Malappuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_highways_in_Odisha&diff=469929List of state highways in Odisha2026-02-26T06:11:21Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Unreferenced|date=July 2012}}<br />
The following is a '''list of [[state highways]] in [[Odisha]]''', India. <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!State Highway No.<br />
!Route<br />
!Passes through - District(s)<br />
!Length (in km)<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 1 (Odisha)|Urvish rana Sex]]''' || [[Phulbani]]–[[Nayagarh]]-[[Khurdha]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 03''' || [[Nuapada]]–[[Padmapur]]-Sohela || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 4 (Odisha)|SH 04]]''' || [[Rayagada]]–[[Laxshmipur]]-[[Koraput]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 5 (Odisha)|SH 05]]''' || [[Jaykaypur]]–[[Muniguda]]-[[Tumudibandha]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 6 (Odisha)|SH 06]]''' || [[Muniguda]]-[[Bhawanipatna]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 6A '''|| [[Ramapur]]–[[SH06]] || || <br />
|-<br />
|'''[[State Highway 7 (Odisha)|SH Sex]]''' || || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 7A''' || [[National Highway 157 (India)|NH 157]]-Kalinga Ghati–[[G. Udayagiri]]-[[Raikia]]–[[Baliguda]]-[[National Highway 59 (India)|NH 59]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 9'''([[National Highway 316A (India)|NH-316A]]) || [[Jagatpur, India|Jagatpur]] - [[Salepur]] - [[Pattamundai]] - [[Chandabali]]- [[Bhadrak]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 10 A(Odisha)|SH 10A]]'''<br />
|[[Rourkela]]-[[Sundargarh]]–[[Jharsuguda]]-[[Sambalpur]]-[[Bargarh]]-[[Nuapada]]-[[Nabarangpur]]-[[Kotpad|Kotpad Koraput]] || Koraput Rourkela<br />
|650 Kilometer<br />
<br /><br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 12''' || [[Kandarpur]]-[[Paradeep]]|| [[Cuttack]]-[[Jagatsinghpur]]||<br />
72 Kilometre<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 14''' || [[Boudh]]–[[Banigucha]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 15''' || [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]]–[[Sambalpur]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 16''' || [[Bhawanipatna]]–[[Khariar]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 17''' || SH04–[[Padmapur]]-[[Berhampur]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 21 (Odisha)|SH 21]]''' || [[National Highway 157 (India)|NH 157]]-[[Bhanjanagar]]–Karsing-SH33 || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 24''' || [[Boudh]]–[[Redhakhol]]-[[Debagarh|Deogarh]]-[[Kochinda]]-[[Sundargarh]]-Talsara || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 25''' || [[National Highway 221 (India)|NH 201]]–Motu-[[Malkangiri]]-[[Jeypore]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 29 '''|| [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]]–[[Digapahandi]]-[[NH59]] || || <br />
|-<br />
|'''[[State Highway 30 (Odisha)|SH 30]]'''<br />
|[[Belaguntha|Bellaguntha]] – [[Kabisuryanagar]] – [[Khallikote|Khollikote]]<br />
|<br />
|79 Kilometer<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[State Highway 35|SH 35]]''' ||| [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]]-Bhadrak, Aradi || [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]||38 K.M.<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 36 (Odisha)|SH 36]]''' || [[National Highway 59 (India)|NH 59]]-[[Surada]]-[[Chhatrapur]]-[[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[State Highway 37 (Odisha)|SH 37]]''' || [[National Highway 157 (India)|NH 157]]-[[Bhanjanagar]]–[[Daspalla]]-[[National Highway 57 (India)|NH 57]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 39''' || [[National Highway 201 (India)|NH 201]]–Dabugaon-[[Umerkote]]-Kandagaon || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 40''' || [[Umerkote]]–Raighar-Kundei || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 41''' || Baligud–[[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 42''' || [[State Highway 16 (Odisha)|SH 16]]-[[Sindhekela]]–[[Kantabanji]]-[[Patnagarh]]-[[Bolangir]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 44''' || [[Bhawanipatna]]–[[Tikiri]] || || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 45 '''|| [[Jaykaypur]]–[[Lanjigarh]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''' SH 46''' || [[Bissam Cuttack]]–SH 04 || || <br />
|-<br />
|''' SH 47 '''|| Chitrakonda–[[Balimela]]-[[State Highway 25 (Odisha)|SH25]]|| ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 48''' || [[Koraput]]–[[Boriguma]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 49''' || [[Karanjia]]–[[Rairangpur]] || Rairangpur Jashipur Karanjia Dhenkikote Road.(Karanjia Bazar Portion Road) ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 50''' || [[Baripada]]–[[Rairangpur]] || Baripada Bisoi Rairangpur Bahalda || <br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 51''' || Lakshmipur–Odisha-Andhra Border || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 52''' || [[Dharamgarh]]–[[National Highway 201 (India)|NH 201]]-[[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]] || || <br />
|-<br />
|''' SH 53 '''|| [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] -[[Bhadrak]]- [[Bonth]]-[[Anandapur]]-[[Karanjia]]|| [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]], [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]], [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]<br />
|121 K.M.<br />
|-<br />
|''' SH 54 '''|| [[National Highway 49 (India)|NH 6]]–[[SH55]] || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 55''' || [[SH54]]–Barpali-Binka Road-Sonepur Road || ||<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 57''' || Anantapur-[[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]]–[[Soro, Balasore|Soro]]-Kupari-Agarpada.<br />
[[National Highway 16 (India)|NH-16]] - [[Jaleswar]]- [[Digha]] ([[National Highway 316A (India)|NH-316A]])<br />
| [[Balasore district|Balasore]][[Bhadrak district|,Bhadrak]][[Kendujhar district|,Kendujhar]]|| 40.1 K.M.<br />
40 K.M.<br />
|-<br />
| '''SH 60''' || [[Phulnakhara]] – [[Adaspur]] - [[Niali]] – [[Charichhak]] – [[Gop]] || [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Puri district|Puri]] || 54 K.M. <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Biju Expressway]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:State highways in Odisha}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:State highways in Odisha|*]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha-related lists|Highways]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relations&diff=446893India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations2026-02-24T02:44:59Z<p>Vikv10: content update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|India – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|India|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br />
<br />
'''India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations''' refers to the international relations that exist between [[India]] and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]. The Embassy of India in [[Paramaribo]], [[Suriname]] is concurrently accredited to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.<ref name="IndianEmbassy">{{cite web |title=Saint Vincent & Grenadines |url=http://www.indembassysuriname.com/relationpages.php?id=53 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629091105/http://www.indembassysuriname.com/relationpages.php?id=53 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017 |website=Embassy of India, Paramaribo}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Relations between India and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines date back to the mid-19th century when both countries were British colonies. The first Indians in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines arrived at the western end of the Kingstown in the suburb of Edinboro on 1 June 1861 on board the ''Travancore''. The ship had departed from Madras on 26 February 1861 with 258 Indians indentured workers on board. Two births occurred during the voyage. Eight ships transported indentured labourers from India to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines the next two decades.<ref name = "ArnoldThomas/><ref name = "LenroyThomas"/> The last ship carrying Indian indentured workers, the ''Lightning'', arrived on the island on 22 May 1880.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheddie|first1=Richard B. Shiva-Ram|title=Ships Transporting East Indians to St. Vincent|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/boards/thread.aspx?mv=flat&m=207&p=localities.caribbean.stvincent.general|website=Ancestry.co.uk|access-date=23 April 2017|date=1 August 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheddie|first1=Richard B.|title=CARIBBEAN-L Updated List of Ships that Transported East Indian Laborers to the Caribbean Basin 8-27-00|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CARIBBEAN/2000-08/0967401693|website=RootsWeb|access-date=23 April 2017|date=27 August 2000}}</ref> In total, nearly 2,500 Indians were brought to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, excluding those who died during the voyages. By 1884, around 1,100 returned to India after completing their indenture period. The Indians that remained in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are the origin of the [[Indo-Vincentian]] community.<ref name = "ArnoldThomas>{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Arnold|title=Left, or right of the hyphen?|url=http://newglobalindian.com/articles-and-views/culture/1832|website=New Global Indian|access-date=23 April 2017|date=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref name = "LenroyThomas">{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Lenroy|title=East Indians in SVG|url=http://searchlight.vc/east-indians-in-svg-p6739.htm|website=Searchlight|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174737/http://searchlight.vc/east-indians-in-svg-p6739.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs [[Vayalar Ravi]] visited Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to participate in the first ever [[Indian Arrival Day]] celebrations in the country on 1 June 2007. This was the first visit by an Indian minister to the country. Ravi also held bilateral talks with Prime Minister [[Ralph Gonsalves]]. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines voted for India's candidature for a Non-Permanent seat in the UN Security Council in 2011–12. The country also supported the G-4's resolution on reforms of the United Nations, and reacted positively to India's candidature for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council, although it has not formally declared its support.<ref name="MEA2016" /><br />
<br />
Prime Ministers [[Narendra Modi]] and Ralph Gonsalves held bilateral discussions on the sidelines of UN General Assembly in New York on 24 September 2015. Both leaders expressed satisfaction over bilateral relations and discussed steps to further develop ties.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2015-09-24 |title=PM Modi meets his counterpart from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pm-modi-meets-his-counterpart-from-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines-115092401382_1.html |access-date=2017-04-23 |work=Business Standard India |agency=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2015 |title=PM Modi Meets Leaders of Bangladesh, Guyana and Vincent and Grenadines |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-meets-leaders-of-bangladesh-guyana-and-vincent-and-grenadines-1222817 |access-date=2017-04-23 |work=NDTV.com |agency=IANS}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Economic relations ==<br />
<br />
=== Trade ===<br />
Bilateral trade between India and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines totaled US$1.84 million in 2013–14, $760,000 in 2014–15, and $550,000 in 2015–16. India does not make any imports from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the entire value of trade reflects Indian exports to the country. The main commodities exported from India to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are textiles, iron and steel, and paper.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=India - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saint_Vincent_Dec2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085412/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saint_Vincent_Dec2016.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs (India)}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Foreign aid ===<br />
India donated $50,000 worth of medicines to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in early 2006.<ref name="IndianEmbassy" /> India donated $500,000 for disaster relief in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Tomas]] in December 2010, and the same amount for disaster relief in the aftermath of flash floods in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in December 2013. Citizens of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]].<ref name="MEA2016" /><br />
<br />
== Cultural relations ==<br />
The Parliament of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines enacted an Act of Parliament on 26 March 2007 officially declaring 1 June as [[Indian Arrival Day]]. The first official commemoration of the event was held on 1 June that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcsvg.com/2016/06/06/indian-arrival-day-celebrated-today/|title=Indian Arrival Day Celebrated Today|last=Haynes|first=Abigail|date=2016-06-06|website=NBC SVG|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref> The day is marked annually by a re-enactment of the landing of Indians at Indian Bay, Kingstown, followed by a procession to Heritage Square. Several Indian cultural events are also held to mark the occasion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thevincentian.com/indian-arrival-day-to-be-significantly-different-p214-1.htm|title=Indian Arrival Day to be significantly different|website=thevincentian.com|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref> The first International Indian Diaspora Conference was held for the first time on 1-3 June 2012. It was organized by the St. Vincent and the Grenadines Chapter of the Global Organization of People of Indian Origin International (GOPIO-SVG), in partnership with the SVG Indian Heritage Foundation, and under the patronage of the SVG Ministry of Tourism and Culture. This was the first international conference for the Indian diaspora held in the country. Similar conferences had been held in other Caribbean nations since 1975.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://antiguaobserver.com/diaspora-conference-marks-st-vincents-indian-arrival-day/|title=Diaspora conference marks St Vincent's Indian Arrival Day|date=2012-06-03|work=Antigua Observer Newspaper|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en-GB|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234725/http://antiguaobserver.com/diaspora-conference-marks-st-vincents-indian-arrival-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=St Vincent celebrates Indian Arrival with cultural show |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2012-05-25/st-vincent-celebrates-indian-arrival-cultural-show |access-date=2017-04-23 |website=The Trinidad and Tobago Guardian}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Government of the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines officially designated 7 October as Indian Heritage Day.<ref name="MEA2016" /><br />
<br />
Most of the Indo-Vincentian community no longer speak Indian languages. However, some Indian words, particularly those relating to food such as roti (bread), channa (chick pea), and karela (bitter gourd) have influenced the Vincentian language and are still used today. The term ''douglaa'' used to refer to persons of mixed African and Asian race is of Hindi origin.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etRoBgAAQBAJ|title=Language Issues in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|date=10 November 2016|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=9789027269003|page=22|language=en|editor1-last=Prescod|editor1-first=Paula|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> Indian food such as curry, roti, rice and daal are a commonly consumed as part of Vincentian cuisine.<ref name = "LenroyThomas"/><br />
<br />
== Indo-Vincentians ==<br />
{{main|Indo-Vincentian}}<br />
Indo-Vincentians are Vincentian nationals of Indian descent. They are descended from the Indian indentured workers who first arrived in the country on 1 June 1861. The Indo-Vincentian population reached nearly 5,000-10,000 by the 1950s. However, a lack of economic opportunities in the country led to most of the community subsequently emigrating to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and other nations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shubha |date=2 June 2012 |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines celebrates its Indian heritage |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/st-vincent-grenadines-celebrates-indian-heritage-034612215.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424091612/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/st-vincent-grenadines-celebrates-indian-heritage-034612215.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-23 |work=Yahoo! News |language=en-GB |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref name="IndianEmbassy" /> According to a 2016 estimate, Indo-Vincentians made up 6% of the country's population and were the third largest ethnic group in country, after Africans (66%) and people of mixed race (19%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110074409/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |title=St Vincent and the Grenadines |author=Central Intelligence Agency |work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=27 February 2023 }}</ref> As a result of interracial marriages, it is estimated that around 15% of the total population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is at least partially of Indian descent.<ref name="MEA2016" /> The Saint Vincent and Grenadines Indian Heritage Foundation, established in October 2006, is the most prominent organization representing the Indo-Vincentian community.<ref name="MEA2016" /><br />
<br />
There is also a small community of Indian nationals residing in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and working as professionals such as doctors, engineers and software experts. Indian doctors have a well-established reputation in the country and many work at public hospitals or their own private practice.<ref name="ICWA">{{cite web|url=http://icwa.in/pdfs/vincent.pdf|title=India-St. Vincent and the Grenadines Relations|date=January 2012|website=ICWA|access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> At least two Sindhi businessmen are involved in importing, trading, and running duty-free shops in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines as of December 2016.<ref name="IndianEmbassy"/><ref name="ICWA"/> Additionally, most of the faculty and students at an offshore campus of a medical college in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are [[Indian Americans]].<ref name="ICWA"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Foreign relations of India}}<br />
{{Foreign relations of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations}}<br />
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<br />
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<br />
[[Category:India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations| ]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janagaraj&diff=452316Janagaraj2026-02-13T04:41:40Z<p>Vikv10: Enhanced content and organization</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor (born 1950)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Janagaraj<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = Janagaraj at an event<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|05|29}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| years_active = 1978–2008<br />2018-present<br />
| occupation = Actor, comedian<br />
| spouse = Malathi<br />
| children = 1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Janagaraj''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in over 240 films predominantly in [[Tamil cinema]] as a comedian or in supporting roles. He has also starred in a few [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] films. He was one of the top comedians in the Tamil industry during 1980s and 90s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/janagaraj-interview-96-dha-dha-87/|title='I'm In A Reckless Mood, I Want To Showcase Something Different': A Conversation With Actor Janagaraj|date=3 October 2018|access-date=9 June 2020|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520213255/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/janagaraj-interview-96-dha-dha-87/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Janagaraj was born to Vadivelu and Muthulakshmi in Chennai [[Tamil Nadu]]. He joined the Auditor General's Office as a Junior Division Clerk in 1976 and worked part-time as a theatre artist and a stage artist due to his desire to act and perform. He was friendly with [[Delhi Ganesh]], another AGS employee who remained his closest lifelong friend.<br />
<br />
Janagaraj joined Director Bharathiraja as his unofficial assistant. After seeing his talent during the shooting of ''[[Kizhake Pogum Rail]]'', Bharathiraja gave him the chance to act as a [[Brahmin]] in the same movie. Later in [[Puthiya Vaarpugal]], Bharathiraja gave Janagaraj another sensational character as a minor boy of the villain (G. Srinivasan). Janagaraj had acted with a trouser and baniyan for that movie.<br />
<br />
Janagaraj found his break in 1980 in [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' and was among the most wanted comedians, having shared roles with major film stars like [[Sivakumar]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and with major film directors like [[Mani Ratnam]], [[K. Balachander]] and [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]].<br />
<br />
== Film career ==<br />
<br />
=== Beginning ===<br />
In 1978, he was introduced by director [[Bharathiraja]] in ''[[Kizhake Pogum Rail]]'' and he continued to give chance to him in his films ''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]'' (1979), ''[[Kaadhal Oviyam]]'' (1982) and ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]'' (1985).<br />
<br />
Janagaraj's career however spun to silver in the 1980s. Starting with ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' (1980), continuing in ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985), ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]'' (1986), ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]'' (1986), ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' (1988), ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (1989) and ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989). Janagaraj became a popular comedian in Tamil films. He is known for his peculiar voice and face expression. He has also acted in supporting roles in films like ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), ''[[Kizhakku Vasal]]'' (1990), ''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992) and ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995). He was main sidekick for [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]] in 80s and early 90s films. [[Suruli Rajan]]'s untimely death pushed him to forefront for roles that demanded comedy as well as character support.<br />
<br />
=== Later years ===<br />
His latest roles were in ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' (2002), ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004) and ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004) as supporting roles. He acted a negative role in ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' (2005). After a hiatus, Janagaraj made his acting comeback with ''[[96 (film)|96]]'' (2018) and ''[[Dha Dha 87]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/janagaraj-back-to-tamil-cinema-with-vijay-sethupathi’s-’96’-news-tamil-rihkQBfeddbfh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808004714/http://www.sify.com/movies/janagaraj-back-to-tamil-cinema-with-vijay-sethupathi%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9996%E2%80%99-news-tamil-rihkQBfeddbfh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2017|title=Janagaraj back to Tamil cinema with Vijay Sethupathi's '96'|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Back-with-a-bang/article16937502.ece|title=Back with a bang|first=K. V.|last=Vasudevan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 December 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Award ==<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)]] for – ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' (2002)<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
===Tamil films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1978 || ''[[Kizhake Pogum Rail]]'' || Panchayat Member ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|1979 || ''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'' || Palanisamy ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Puthiya Vaarpugal]]'' || Periyavar's son ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1980 || ''[[Kallukkul Eeram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ilamai Kolam]]'' || Suresh's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' || Moneylender ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1981 || ''[[Enakkaga Kaathiru]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Palaivana Solai (1981 film)|Palaivana Solai]]'' || Senthil ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3"| 1982 ||''[[Kalyana Kalam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaadhal Oviyam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pakkathu Veetu Roja]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"| 1983 ||''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Chinnasamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mann Vasanai (film)|Mann Vasanai]]'' || School Teacher ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]'' || Fake doctor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhooram Adhighamillai]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11"| 1984 ||''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' || John ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' || Ramaiya ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pudhumai Penn (1984 film)|Pudhumai Penn]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shanthi Muhurtham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ingeyum Oru Gangai'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Unga Veetu Pillai'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Iru Medhaigal]]'' || Mahesh ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vai Sollil Veeranadi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[January 1 (1984 film)|January 1]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="17"| 1985 ||''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]'' || Velappan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]'' || Chinna Pannai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanni Rasi]]'' || Shivaraman ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Malarin Payanam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Anni'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Anbin Mugavari'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uyarndha Ullam]]'' || Mani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]'' || Rope-spinner ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Marudhani]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vetrikani'' || Paneer Selvam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sri Raghavendra]]'' || St. Sudeendrar's disciple ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthiya Theerpu]]'' || Constable ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thiramai'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' || Kabali ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' || Tambura Musician ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aan Paavam]]'' || Kanagaraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11"| 1986 ||''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' || Dubash Translator ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Selvakku'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Marakka Matten'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neethana Antha Kuyil]]'' ||||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anandha Kanneer]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Isai Paadum Thendral'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aayiram Pookkal Malarattum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaalamellam Unn Madiyil '' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]'' || Majunu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Iniya Udhayam]]'' || Thavudu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15"|1987 || ''[[Kadhal Parisu]]'' || Malini's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Mariyadhai]]'' || Hanumanthu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kudumbam Oru Koyil]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Valayal Satham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vilangu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ini Oru Sudhanthiram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vairagyam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]'' || Janagaraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaadhal Viduthalai'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theertha Karaiyinile]]'' || Panchayat ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nayakan]]'' || Selvam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pookkal Vidum Thudhu]]'' || Murugesan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Neram Nalla Irukku '' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' || Vaidehi's Suitor ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="20"|1988 || ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]'' || Madhavan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Paimara Kappal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Poovukkul Boogambam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urimai Geetham]]'' || Ezhumalai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ullathil Nalla Ullam]]'' || Michael Raj's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' || Lawyer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' || Lakshmipathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Therkathi Kallan]]'' || Pandian ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ganam Courtar Avargale]]'' || Baski's mentor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manasukkul Mathappu]]'' || Vasu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]'' || Dilli ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]'' || Jana ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]'' || Madhu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'' || Naidu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kodi Parakuthu]]'' || Chinna Dhadha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaliyugam (1988 film)|Kaliyugam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]'' || Shiva ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthiya Vaanam]]'' || Pattabi ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nethiyadi]]'' || Mysore Manikam ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="22" |1989 || ''[[Poo Manam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oru Thottil Sabatham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nalaya Manithan]]'' || Sergeant Shekar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan]]'' || Lawyer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thaai Naadu]]'' || Samuel ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaai Kozhuppu]]'' || Baskar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]'' || Rajamani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Moodu Manthiram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || Sethupathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paattukku Oru Thalaivan]]'' || Vicky ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' || Police Inspector ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kakka Kadi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Oru Thottil Sabadham'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Varusham 16]]'' || Rajamani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manidhan Marivittan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manandhal Mahadevan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vetri Vizha]]'' || Cameo appearance ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' || Jolly ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thiruppu Munai]]'' || Pichandi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ponnu Pakka Poren]]'' || Balu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="18"|1990 || ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]'' || Absence of mind man ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Panakkaran]]'' || Sabapathy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pachai Kodi]]'' || Kandasaamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arangetra Velai]]'' || Naidu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Seetha (1990 film)|Seetha]]'' || Boopathy's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nila Pennae]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aarathi Edungadi]]'' || Kaaliyapatti Ramasamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Seetha Geetha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sathan Sollai Thattathe]]'' || Gopinath ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kizhakku Vasal]]'' || Thayamma's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || Watchman ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]'' || Adaikkalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nee Sirithaal Deepavali]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]'' || Chinnarasu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urudhi Mozhi]]'' || Jagan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' || Raghu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pudhiya Sarithiram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="18" |1991 || ''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]'' || Pichayandi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vetri Padigal]]'' || Govind ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'' || Bank clerk Pethaperumal ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thanga Thamaraigal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nattai Thirudathey'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aatha Un Koyilile]]'' || Kaliappan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaaval Nilayam]]'' || Murali ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Archana IAS]]'' || Perumalswamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pondatti Pondattithan]]'' || Kathiresan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Veetla Ezhi Velila Puli'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]'' || Doctor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Manasaara Vaazhthungalean'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]]'' || Ramasamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nattukku Oru Nallavan]]'' || Subhash's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vaasalile Oru Vennila'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Guna (film)|Guna]]'' || Gunaa's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thoodhu Poo Chellakiliye'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kurumbukkaran'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15"|1992 || ''[[Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran]]'' || Muthusamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naangal]]'' || Sundaram ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || Nadaswara Vidwan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nadodi Thendral]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unakkaga Piranthen]]'' || Radha's grandfather ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Annaamalai]]'' || Panchachalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Vasantha Malargal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalikaalam (1992 film)|Kalikaalam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Endrum Anbudan]]'' || Venkatachalam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pattathu Raani]]'' || Viswanathan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' || Chajoo Maharaj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Brahmachari (1992 film)|Brahmachari]]'' || Ganesan's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pandiyan (film)|Pandiyan]]''|| Vinayaga ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Solaiyamma]]'' || Balraj's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' || Comic Inspector ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10"|1993 || ''[[Thangakkili]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prathap (1993 film)|Prathap]]'' || Rajappa ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vedan]]'' ||McDowell||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pass Mark]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Captain Magal]]'' || [[Inspector]] Paulraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]'' || Rami ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Parvathi Ennai Paradi]]'' || Venkatraman ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pathini Penn]]'' || Narayanan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kizhakke Varum Paattu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Idhaya Nayagan'' || Jana ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13"|1994 || ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]'' || Doctor Sree ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veettai Paaru Naattai Paaru]]'' || Politician ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Purushanai Kaikkulla Pottukkanum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]''|| Lakshmi Narayanan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pondattiye Deivam]]'' || Sundaram ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uzhiyan]]'' || Manickam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' || Rupa's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Vasantha Geetham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sevvanthi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thaatboot Thanjavur'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[May Madham]]'' || Captain ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karuththamma]]'' || Kaliamma's husband ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manju Virattu (film)|Manju Virattu]]'' || Gnanam ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13"|1995 || ''[[Engirundho Vandhan]]'' || Manikandan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (film)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]'' || Accountant Ekambaraeshwarar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Baashha]]'' || Gurumurthy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gangai Karai Paattu]]'' || Puncture shop owner ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paattu Padava]]'' || Rangarajan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thottil Kuzhandhai]]'' || Muthu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puthiya Aatchi]]'' || Rajarathnam ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indira (film)|Indira]]'' || Accountant ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirumoorthy]]'' || Uma's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nandhavana Theru]]'' || Albert ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]'' || Vishwanath ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rajavin Parvaiyile]]'' || Pannaiyar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|1996 || ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || Kuzhanthaivel ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"|1997 || ''[[Vaimaye Vellum]]'' || Michael ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' || Kathavarayan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Devathai]]'' || Keerthi's father || also singer for song "Kokkarakko Kozhi"<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Paththini (1997 film)|Paththini]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vidukathai (film)|Vidukathai]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vasuki (film)|Vasuki]]'' || Kabali ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|1998 || ''[[Ulavuthurai]]'' || Duraisamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Udhavikku Varalaamaa]]'' || Annamalai ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Harichandra (1998 film)|Harichandra]]'' || Doctor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' || Lingamurthy ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|1999 || ''[[Ullathai Killathe]]'' || Chakravarthy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Annan Thangachi]]'' || Kodeeswaran ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Mithrabuthan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || Nachimuthu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2000 || ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]'' || Mani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1"|2001 || ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]'' || Kannatha's neighbour ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2002 || ''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' || Selvaraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Raajjiyam]]'' || Governor's PA ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' || Shanmugam's father ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]'' || Mudhaliar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[I Love You Da]]'' || Sadasivam ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2004 || ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' || Doctor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[New (film)|New]]'' || Doctor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' || Police officer ||<br />
|-<br />
|2005 || ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Naga's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Kalinga (film)|Kalinga]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[47A Besant Nagar Varai]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Mudhal Kanave]]'' || Jennifer's grandfather ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thavam]]'' || Mani ||<br />
|-<br />
|2008 || ''[[Pattaya Kelappu]]'' || Arunachalam ||<br />
|-<br />
|2018 || ''[['96 (film)|'96]]'' || Watchman/Kaaval Theivam ||<br />
|-<br />
|2019 || ''[[Dha Dha 87]]'' || Nayudu ||<br />
|-<br />
|2021 ||''Obama Ungalukkaga'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2024 || ''Thatha'' || Thatha || Short film released on Shortflix<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shortflix-s-director-naresh-actor-janagaraj-s-thatha-shortfilm-review-tamil-news-354347 | title=Shortflix's | date=2 May 2024 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt34672632/?ref_=nm_knf_t_1 Coins]''<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|<nowiki>Music Video; Playback singer</nowiki><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Other language films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
|1980||''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose]]'' || Servant || [[Hindi]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1990||''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' || Murukesan || [[Malayalam]]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' || Police Inspector || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1993|| ''Sneha Sagaram'' || Pazhaniappan Gounder || [[Malayalam]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Dhadi'' || Police Inspector || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''[[Rishyasringan]]'' || || [[Malayalam]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''[[Dil Se..]]'' || Taxi Driver || [[Hindi]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Hats Off India]]'' || ||[[Kannada]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web| url-status = live | archive-date= 2021-12-05 | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/h9Lbjb6yr4A| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9Lbjb6yr4A| title = Hats Off India Kannada Movie Back To Back Comedy Scenes {{!}} BC Patil, Sadhu Shetty, Ganesh, Ashitha | website=[[YouTube]]| date= 8 August 2021 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=0417301|name=janagaraj}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashmi_Uday_Singh&diff=529761Rashmi Uday Singh2026-02-10T02:56:56Z<p>Vikv10: New a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian food expert, TV host and author (born 1955)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{Cleanup MOS|date=January 2026}} {{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rashmi Uday Singh<br />
| image = Rashmi Uday Singh graces the Moet N Chandon bash at F bar 15.jpg<br />
| image size = <br />
| caption = Rashmi Uday Singh in 2012<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|01|29}}<br />
| birth_place =India<br />
| alma_mater =[[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]]<br>[[Government Law College, Mumbai]]<br />
| occupation = Author, columnist, novelist <br> former [[indian revenue service]] officer 1977 batch<br />
| awards =[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]<br>{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Chevalier ribbon.svg|width=70}}<br />
| website = {{URL|rashmiudaysingh.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Rashmi Uday Singh''' is an Indian food expert TV host and author.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
As a food expert she focuses on vegetarianism and health. She has authored more than 40 books. She has won Gourmand World Cookbook award and ''[[Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]'' from the [[government of France]].<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
On national Television, Singh has produced, scripted, directed and hosted 52 episodes of "Health Today" on DD Metro. Her Food TV shows (hosted and filmed in India and internationally) include "Foodie Fundas with Rashmi" (Headlines Today) "Delicious Discoveries with Rashmi" (ET Now) and "The Foodie" (Times Now). Singh also did political and financial reporting for "Aaj tak" “Business Baatein" and "Newstrack".<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*''Around the World in 80 plates: The Gourmet's Guide to Vegetarian Cuisine <ref>{{cite book | title=Around the world in 80 plates | publisher=Bennett Coleman & Co | author=Rashmi Uday Singh | date=31 July 2005 | pages=160 | isbn=9788175083844| oclc=57638023 }}</ref>''<br />
*''A Vegetarian in Paris''<br />
*''Times Food Guide - Mumbai'' <br />
*''Mumbai by Night<ref>{{cite book|title=Mumbai by night|author=Rashmi Uday Singh|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179910009|oclc=871001916}}</ref>''<br />
*''Heinz Good Food Guide 2003''<br />
*''Lifegiver: the biography of the legendary obstetrician and gynaecologist<ref>{{cite book|title=Lifegiver : the biography of the legendary obstetrician and gynaecologist|author=Rashmi Uday Singh|date=20 August 2015 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=9789351363804|oclc=921141431}}</ref>''<br />
*''The Metro plus Food guide'' <br />
*''Midday Good food Guide 1997'' <br />
*''The Oberoi-Penguin Celebrity Cookbook''<br />
*''The Midday Good food Guide to Mumbai, 2000''<br />
*''The Midday Good food Guide to Pune, 2000 - 2001''<br />
*''Rashmi Uday Singh's Chicken Cookbook''<br />
*''The Penguin celebrity cookbook''<br />
*''Times Food & Nightlife Guide Mumbai 2013''<br />
*''Times Food & Nightlife Guide Mumbai 2014''<br />
*''Times Food & Nightlife Guide Mumbai 2015''<br />
*''Times Food & Nightlife Guide Mumbai 2016''<br />
*''Times Food & Nightlife Guide Mumbai 2017''<br />
*''Times Food & Nightlife Guide Mumbai 2018''<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
*Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Author-of-French-veg-food-guide-Rashmi-Uday-Singh-knighted-by-French-ambassador-in-Delhi/articleshow/51513281.cms | title=Author of French veg food guide, Rashmi Uday Singh, knighted by French ambassador in Delhi | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=23 March 2016 | accessdate=2016-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/food-writer-rashmi-uday-singh-conferred-with-french-honour/articleshow/51775358.cms | title=Food writer Rashmi Uday Singh conferred with French honour | work=economictimes.indiatimes.com | accessdate=2016-08-13}}</ref><br />
*[[Gourmand World Cookbook Awards]] Around the world in 80 plates (1995)<br />
*[[Gourmand World Cookbook Awards]] Times Food Guide (2008–2009)<br />
*[[Gourmand World Cookbook Awards]] Times Food Guide (2010–2011)<br />
*SINGAPORE EXPERIENCE AWARDS Singapore Surprise (2009)<br />
*ATOUT FRANCE Best Media Personality Award<br />
*GR8 WOMENS ACHIEVER'S AWARD 2011<br />
*INCOME TAX AWARD FOR THE HIGHEST TAX COLLECTION 1982/83<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rashmi Uday Singh}}<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]<br />
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore_Ranga_Pai&diff=515878Mangalore Ranga Pai2026-02-08T12:07:05Z<p>Vikv10: made some page added tags - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{story|date=September 2009}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=July 2010}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Mangalore Ranga Pai<br />
| image = File:M r pai 012542.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[Manjeshwar]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Consumer Activist<br>Author<br />
| title = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| parents =<br />
| children = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mangalore Ranga Pai''' (7 May 1931 – 3 July 2003), or '''M. R. Pai''', was an Indian journalist and business consultant. Pai was born in [[Manjeshwar]], [[Kerala]], a small village on the Karnataka-Kerala Border. He studied at [[Canara High School]], [[Mangalore]] and later at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], [[Madras]] where he obtained an MA in political science at the top of his class and received the Candeth Gold Medal from [[Madras University]].<br />
<br />
==Degree in journalism==<br />
After his studies he went to [[Bombay]], where he worked as an assistant editor with the ''[[Times of India]]''. Two years later he went to the [[United States]], where he obtained a master's degree in [[journalism]] from the [[University of California]], [[Los Angeles]]. During his stay in the US, he had the opportunity of editing a newspaper at the ''Carlsbad Journal'' in a small town [[Carlsbad, California|Carlsbad]], [[California]].<br />
<br />
==Joins Forum of Free Enterprise==<br />
He returned to India and joined the New India Assurance Company Limited for a short while until it was nationalised, and then joined the Forum of Free Enterprise, which was launched on 18 July 1956 by the late A D Shroff. In 1957, along with [[Nani Palkhivala]], the forum was developed into a national organisation which organised meetings on economic subjects across the country.<br />
<br />
Through the forum he was responsible in corresponding with members of the Parliament of India, and other opinion leaders.<br />
<br />
He left the forum in 1976 to become a business consultant. However, he continued to be its vice president till his death. In 2004, the All India Bank Depositors' Association, which he founded and headed, started the M. R. Pai Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/moneylife-foundation-selected-for-the-10th-mr-pai-award/38694.html |title=Moneylife Foundation selected for the 10th MR Pai Award |date=4 September 2014 |publisher=moneylife.in |accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Meeting with Milton Friedman==<br />
When [[Milton Friedman]] visited India in 1963, Pai was responsible for his meetings in India.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Fernandes<br />
| first = Allwyn<br />
| authorlink = <br />
| title = M. R. Pai - Citizen Extraordinary<br />
| publisher = M. R. Pai Foundation<br />
| date = October 2006<br />
| location = <br />
| url = <br />
| doi = <br />
| id =<br />
| page = 16 }}</ref> The friendship generated during this visit lasted till Pai's death. When the Friedmans published their book ''Free to Choose'' in 1982, an autographed copy was sent to Pai, with an offer to publish any portion as a booklet. The Forum obliged them by bringing a booklet ''Central Economic Planning'' in September 1982.<br />
<br />
A few years later in 1998 in their autobiography ''Two Lucky People'', the Friedmans made a mention of Pai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://forumindia.org/forum_journey.htm |title=Forum Journey |access-date=7 March 2007 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111062533/http://forumindia.org/forum_journey.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Friedman<br />
| first = Milton and Rose D<br />
| authorlink = Milton Friedman<br />
| title = Two Lucky People<br />
| publisher = University Of Chicago Press<br />
| date = 1 June 1999<br />
| location = <br />
| pages = <br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/twoluckypeopleme00frie<br />
| url-access = registration<br />
| doi = <br />
| isbn = 0-226-26415-7}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was the secretary of the forum till 1976, and its vice president till his death.<br />
<br />
==Consumer activist==<br />
During the years of the [[controlled economy]] India, when almost all services where provided by a Government owned [[monopoly]], the services that could be availed by a consumer was either appalling or even non existent.<br />
<br />
It was during this time when the term ''consumer rights'' was yet to gain popularity, that Pai was able to make a big impact. Services offered by the Indian Telephones, Indian nationalised banks and Indian Airlines among others began to face his ire. He started demanding good services for the customer at every available forum.<br />
<br />
He was an honorary secretary of the All-India Bank Depositors' Association, through which he published the book ''Depositors’ Rights and Customer Service in Banks'' which provided the customer of a bank with information required to deal with the various problems faced by them.<br />
<br />
The Indian edition of [[Reader's Digest]], featured him on the cover of their October 1995 issue under the title ''M. R. Pai - Champion of the Consumer''.<br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
He has written about five books<br />
* ''An Indian Economic Miracle and Other Essays'' (1970)<br />
* ''How to Arrange Programmes and Meetings''<br />
* ''How to Save and Invest''<br />
* ''Time Management''<br />
* ''The Legend of Nani Palkhivala'' (2002)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pai, M. R.}}<br />
[[Category:1931 births]]<br />
[[Category:2003 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mangalore]]<br />
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian self-help writers]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Vetrimalai_Murugan_Temple&diff=537123Sri Vetrimalai Murugan Temple2026-02-07T21:18:39Z<p>Vikv10: Made A Place Needs Work.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{orphan|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Hindu temple<br />
|name = Sri Vetrimalai Murugan Temple<br />
|image = Sri-vetrimalai-murugan-temple-port-blair-tourism-entry-fee-timings-holidays-reviews-header.jpg<br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = Inside the Sri Vetrimalai Murugan temple<br />
|map_type = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands<br />
|map_caption = Location in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|11.6631|N|92.7464|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
|country = {{IND}}<br />
|state = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
|district = [[South Andaman district]]<br />
|location = [[Port Blair]]<br />
|elevation_m = <br />
|deity = [[Murugan]]<br />
|festivals= <br />
|architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br />
|year_completed = 1926<br />
|creator = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sri Vetrimalai Murugan Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple located in [[Port Blair]], which is the capital of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. This temple, dedicated to the Hindu deity [[Murugan]], is an important Hindu pilgrimage site for the islands. It is a center of festivities during important Hindu festivals through the year.<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=7rAWdvwl_1IC Tourist Guide to Andaman & Nicobar Islands]," R. Padmanathan, Sura Books, 2002, ISBN 9788174784193.</ref><ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=qW4wAQAAIAAJ Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Past and Present]," S. Ram (Editor), Akansha Publishing House, 2001, ISBN 9788187606093</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Vetrimalai Murugan Temple initially had a temple of Lord Vinayaka to make sure so that the administrative staff who are primarily tamilians remain faithful to the Britishers, but later in the Year 1926 the surroundings for the temple got constructed when one of the staffs in the temple requested for the temple of Lord Murugan. The temple, set up in Ross Island had construction completed by year 1932 and was shifted to Port Blair post Independence of India, with the management in the hands of famous Tamil businessman. The structure of the temple was based on the idea of [[Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown|Kandakottam temple]] of Chennai. <ref>{{cite news |title=Shri Vetrimalai Murugan Temple of Port Blair, Temples in Port Blair |url=https://www.portblaironline.in/city-guide/shri-vetrimalai-murugan-temple |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=portblaironline.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Visit timings ==<br />
<br />
The temple is open from 5am to 12pm and 4pm to 9pm.<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular Temples in Port Blair, Hindu Temples in Port Blair City |url=https://www.portblaironline.in/city-guide/temples-in-port-blair |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=portblaironline.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Murugan]]<br />
* [[Port Blair]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Port Blair]]<br />
[[Category:Kartikeya temples]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu temples]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bathinda_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=490079Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency2026-01-31T23:04:36Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Punjab, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Bathinda <Br>{{Small|PB-11}}<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Bathinda.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}<br />
| mp = [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Lambi Assembly Constituency|Lambi]]<br>[[Bhucho Mandi Assembly Constituency|Bhucho Mandi]]<br>[[Bathinda Urban Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Urban]]<br>[[Bathinda Rural Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Rural]]<br>[[Talwandi Sabo Assembly Constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]<br>[[Maur Assembly Constituency|Maur]]<br>[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]<br>[[Sardulgarh Assembly Constituency|Sardulgarh]]<br>[[Budhalada Assembly Constituency|Budhlada]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = Harsimrat Kaur Badal.jpg<br />
}} <br />
<br />
'''Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]]. In 18th Lokh Sabha, it is represented by [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal|Harsimart Kaur Badal]]. She has been representing Bathinda Lok Sabha Constituency in Lok Sabha since 2009. In general election of 2009, Harsimrat Kaur defeated [[Raninder Singh|Yuvraj Raninder Singh]] (Son of Captain [[Amarinder Singh]]) with margin of 1,20,948 votes. In 2014`s general election she defeated [[Manpreet Singh Badal]] with margin of 19,395 votes and in 2019, [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring|Amarinder Singh Raja warring]] lost to Harsimart Kaur Badal with a margin of 21,722 votes. In 2024 Indian general election, Harsimrat Kaur Badal was elected with a margin of 49,656 votes.<br />
<br />
==Vidhan Sabha segments==<br />
Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency comprises 9 [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref> For 2012 assembly elections, some of the segments were redrawn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delimitation Order & Notification - 2006|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/Delimitation2006/Delimitation_eng2006.pdf|publisher=Electoral Office, Punjab|accessdate=9 May 2013}}</ref> Maur, Bhucho Mandi, Bathinda Rural, and Talwandi Sabo are the new constituencies.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
! #<br />
! Name<br />
! District<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2"|Leading<br />
{{small|(in 2024)}}<br />
|-<br />
|83<br />
|[[Lambi Assembly Constituency|Lambi]]<br />
|[[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]<br />
|[[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=9}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|91<br />
|[[Bhucho Mandi Assembly Constituency|Bhucho Mandi]] (SC)<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]<br />
|[[Master Jagsir Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|92<br />
|[[Bathinda Urban Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Urban]]<br />
|[[Jagroop Singh Gill]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|93<br />
|[[Bathinda Rural Assembly Constituency|Bathinda Rural]] (SC)<br />
|[[Amit Rattan Kotfatta]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|94<br />
|[[Talwandi Sabo Assembly Constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]<br />
|[[Baljinder Kaur]]<br />
|-<br />
|95<br />
|[[Maur Assembly Constituency|Maur]]<br />
|[[Sukhvir Maiser Khana]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|96<br />
|[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Mansa district, India|Mansa]]<br />
|[[Vijay Singla]]<br />
|-<br />
|97<br />
|[[Sardulgarh Assembly Constituency|Sardulgarh]]<br />
|[[Gurpreet Singh Banawali]]<br />
|-<br />
|98<br />
|[[Budhalada Assembly Constituency|Budhlada]] (SC)<br />
|[[Budhram Singh]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{{Pie chart|value1=57.894|value2=31.578|value3=5.263|label1=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD''' (11 Times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(6 Times)]]|label3=[[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Bathinda Lok Sabha|label4=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|'''SAD (A)''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}|value4=5.263}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Election!!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
| [[Sardar Hukam Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| Ajit Singh<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
| [[Sardar Hukam Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ajit Singh<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| [[Dhanna Singh Gulshan]]<br />
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Akali Dal|Shiromani Akali Dal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
| [[Kikar Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
| [[Bhan Singh Bhaura]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
| [[Dhanna Singh Gulshan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| Hakam Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
| [[Teja Singh Dardi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| [[Baba Sucha Singh]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
| Kewal Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| [[Harinder Singh Khalsa]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| [[Chatin Singh Samaon]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| [[Bhan Singh Bhaura]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| [[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bathinda]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bathinda">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bathinda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1911.htm |accessdate=2 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702081105/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1911.htm |archivedate=2 July 2024}}</ref> }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]|votes= {{formatnum:376558}}|percentage= 32.71|change= {{decrease}}8.81}} <br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Gurmeet Singh Khuddian]]|votes= {{formatnum:326902}}|percentage= 28.40|change= {{increase}}17.21}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jeet Mohinder Singh Sidhu|votes= {{formatnum:202011}}|percentage= 17.55|change= {{decrease}}21.75}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Parampal Kaur Sidhu|votes= {{formatnum:110762}}|percentage= 9.62|change= ''New''}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Lakha Sidhana|votes= {{formatnum:84684}}|percentage= 7.36|change= ''New''}} <br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes= {{formatnum:4933}}|percentage= 0.43|change= {{decrease}} 0.67}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:49656}}|percentage=4.31|change= {{increase}} 2.50}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes= {{formatnum:1151170}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =16,51,188 |ref = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|swing = {{decrease}} 8.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bathinda]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:490811}}<br />
|percentage = 41.52<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.69<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate =[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:469412}}<br />
|percentage = 39.30<br />
|change ={{decrease}}2.30<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Baljinder Kaur (Punjab politician)|Baljinder Kaur]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:134398}}<br />
|percentage = 11.19<br />
|change = {{increase}}3.30<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Punjab Ekta Party<br />
|candidate = [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:38199}}<br />
|percentage = 3.18<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13220}}<br />
|percentage = 1.10<br />
|change =''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:21772}}<br />
|percentage = 1.81<br />
|change ={{increase}}0.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1202593}}<br />
|percentage = 74.16<br />
|change ={{decrease}}3.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014 [[16th Lok Sabha]]===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bathinda]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:514727}}<br />
|percentage = 43.73<br />
|change = {{decrease}}6.78<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Manpreet Singh Badal]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:495332}}<br />
|percentage = 42.09<br />
|change = {{increase}}3.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| <br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party <br />
|candidate = Jasraj Singh Longia<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:87901}}<br />
|percentage = 7.47<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| <br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Kuldeep Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13732}}<br />
|percentage = 1.17<br />
|change = {{decrease}}2.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate |<br />
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|candidate = Ashish<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6626}}<br />
|percentage = 0.56<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:19395}}<br />
|percentage = 1.64<br />
|change ={{decrease}}9.90<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1176977}}<br />
|percentage = 77.16<br />
|change ={{decrease}}1.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bathinda]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]<br />
|votes = 529,472<br />
|percentage = 50.51<br />
|change = {{increase}}8.11<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Raninder Singh]]<br />
|votes = 408,524<br />
|percentage = 38.97<br />
|change = {{increase}}38.97<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Nem Chand<br />
|votes = 35,094<br />
|percentage = 3.34<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Hardev Singh Arshi<br />
|votes = 20,020<br />
|percentage = 1.91<br />
|change = {{decrease}}32.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate |<br />
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|candidate = Dyal Chand<br />
|votes = 8,379<br />
|percentage = 0.80<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 120,948<br />
|percentage = 11.54<br />
|change ={{increase}}3.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,049,412<br />
|percentage = 78.50<br />
|change ={{increase}}19.1<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1957===<br />
* Two candidates were elected from Bathinda, formerly spelt Bhatinda, in 1957. <br />
First Seat (Reserved for SC candidates) <br />
* Hukam Singh (INC) : 257,692 votes <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html | title=1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results }}</ref> <br />
* Teja Singh (CPI) : 185,496 (Lost by 72,000 votes)<br />
Second Seat (Reserved for SC candidates)<br />
* Ajit Singh (INC) : 218,742 votes<br />
* Ram Singh (CPI) : 145,310 (lost by 73,000 votes)<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bathinda district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
* [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/bathinda/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Bathinda lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|30.2|74.9|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Bathinda district]]<br />
[[Category:Mansa district, India]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deyal&diff=457372Deyal2026-01-29T03:04:43Z<p>Vikv10: quick expanded information to improve readability also and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2013 political novel by Humayun Ahmed}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
<!-- |italic title = (see above) -->| name = Deyal<br/>দেয়াল<br />
| image = Deyal_by_Humayun_Ahmed_book_cover.jpeg<br />
| caption = <br />
| alt = <br />
| author = [[Humayun Ahmed]] <br />
| title_orig = <br />
| orig_lang_code = <br />
| title_working = <br />
| translator = <br />
| illustrator = <br />
| cover_artist = Masum Rahman<br />
| country = Bangladesh<br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| series = <br />
| subject = [[Independence of Bangladesh|History after Bangladesh's war of independence]], the assassination of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s family, Coup and rule of [[Ziaur Rahman]]<br />
| genre = [[Novel]]<br />
| published = February 2013<br />
| publisher = Anyaprakash<br />
| media_type = Imprint<br />
| pages = 198 (1st edition)<br />
| awards = <br />
| isbn = 9789845021272<br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = <br />
| congress = <br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
| wikisource = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Deyal''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: দেয়াল, [[Translation]]: Wall) is a 2015 political/historical novel by Bangladeshi writer [[Humayun Ahmed]], based on the socio-political crisis in the aftermath of the war of [[independence of Bangladesh]]. It was the last novel of the writer and was published one year after his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/must-read-humayun-ahmed-novels-1772815|title=Must-Read Humayun Ahmed Novels|date=2019-07-18|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clickittefaq.com/deyal-by-humayun-ahmed-comes-out-tomorrow/|title='Deyal' by Humayun Ahmed comes out tomorrow|date=2013-02-19|work=The Daily Ittefaq|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> The publication of the book was delayed by a High Court verdict.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news/2012/05/120515_bd_humayun_book|title='দেয়াল' উপন্যাস নিয়ে আদালতের নির্দেশ|last=বাংলা|first=কাদির কল্লোল বিবিসি|last2=ঢাকা|work=BBC News বাংলা|language=bn|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F/a-15956753-0|script-title=bn:হুমায়ূন আহমেদের 'দেয়াল' 'রাজনৈতিক উপন্যাস নয়' |date=2012-07-20|work=Deutsche Welle|language=bn-BD|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
In the midst of 2011, Ahmed started writing the book and after writing the first five chapters, these parts were published in ''Anyadin'' magazine. After a long period, while he was in treatment of cancer in United States, he again started writing the novel, but he died before completing the last part of the work. The novel was written according to several well-known historical literatures following the events after the Liberation war, including ''[[Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood]]'' by [[Anthony Mascarenhas]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Characters ==<br />
<br />
* Obonti <br />
* Shafiq<br />
* Sarfaraz Khan<br />
* Isabella<br />
* [[Shamim Sikder]]<br />
* Radhanath<br />
* [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/408561|title=Remembering Humayun Ahmed on his 7th death anniversary|work=Daily Sun|language=en|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><br />
* [[Khaled Mosharraf]] <br />
* [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] <br />
* [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]<br />
* [[AHM Qamaruzzaman]]<br />
*[[Muhammad Mansur Ali|M Monsur Ali]]<br />
*[[Syed Faruque Rahman|Major Syed Faruque Rahman]]<br />
*[[Khandaker Abdur Rashid|Major Rashid]]<br />
*[[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]<br />
*[[Ziaur Rahman|Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman]]<br />
*[[Khaled Mosharraf|Major General Khaled Mosharraf]]<br />
*[[Mohammad Abdul Monjur|Major General Monjur]]<br />
* [[R. N. Kao|Indian spy Kao]]<br />
* [[Khandaker Abdur Rashid|Major Rashid]]<br />
* [[Shariful Haque Dalim|Major Dalim]]<br />
* Qader Bangladeshi-tea seller<br />
* [[Colonel Taher]]<br />
* Captain Ishtiaq<br />
* Captain Faruq<br />
* Chanu Bhai<br />
* Dora Rasna<br />
* Major Naser<br />
* [[Mozammel Haque (Bangladesh Awami League politician)|Awami Leaguer Mojammel]]<br />
* Pir Hamid Kutubi<br />
* Hafez Jahangir<br />
* Captain Shams<br />
* Andha Pir<br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
Before being published, there was controversy over the accuracy of a section of the book,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/banglanews-special/news/bd/129178.details|script-title=bn:'দেয়াল': আদালতের নির্দেশনা ও লেখকের প্রতিশ্রুতি উপেক্ষিত|work=banglanews24.com|language=bn|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> that related to the killing of [[Sheikh Russel]] in the [[15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état]], and a case was brought in the Bangladesh High Court by [[Attorney General of Bangladesh|Attorney General]] [[Mahbubey Alam]]. According to the high court's order, the first part of the book had to be changed and the Government was ordered to provide Humayun Ahmed with a copy of the verdict on the killing so that he might correct factual inaccuracies.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-235105|title=A novelist's dilemma|date=2012-05-22|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2012/05/15/deyal-publication-after-correction-hc-hopes|title='Deyal' publication after correction, HC hopes|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Deyal'' was a best seller in the 2013 [[Ekushey Book Fair]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/humayun-ahmeds-works-sell-big-at-ekushey-book-fair-12545|title=Humayun Ahmed's works sell big at Ekushey Book Fair|date=2014-02-23|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2019/02/11/amar-ekushey-book-fair-humayun-ahmed-still-main-attraction-for-book-lovers|title=Amar Ekushey Book Fair: Humayun Ahmed still main attraction for book lovers|date=2019-02-11|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref> In 2013, Justices [[AHM Shamsuddin Chowdhury Manik|AHM Shamsuddin Choudhury]] and [[Sheikh Md. Zakir Hossain|Sheikh Md Zakir Hossain]] of the [[High Court Division|Bangladesh High Court]] issued a verdict challenging the execution of Colonel [[Abu Taher]] in which they made references to ''Deyal''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/05/20/zia-staged-trial-to-kill-col-taher|title='Zia staged trial to kill Col Taher'|last=Niloy|first=Suliman|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jochona O Jononir Golpo]]<br />
* [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17412290 Deyal] on [[Goodreads]]<br />
<br />
{{Humayun Ahmed}}<br />
{{Sheikh Mujibur Rahman}}<br />
{{Ziaur Rahman}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 novels]]<br />
[[Category:Novels by Humayun Ahmed]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War books]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War fiction]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nedumpura&diff=464377Nedumpura2026-01-11T08:39:31Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nedumpura<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|10|23|25|N|76|9|5|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Panchayat<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 12399<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_est = <br />
| pop_est_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 679531<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''' Nedumpura ''' is a village in [[Thrissur district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Nedumpura had a population of 12399 with 5929 males and 6470 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nedumpura Census Town City Population Census 2011-2026 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627758-nedumpura-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Thrissur district}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santhal_State&diff=468740Santhal State2026-01-09T19:34:13Z<p>Vikv10: general update formatting to improve readability and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Town in Gujarat, western India}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{No footnotes|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{No significant coverage|date=October 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Princely states topics}}<br />
'''Santhal''' is a town and former Seventh Class [[princely state]] in [[Gujarat]], western India.<br />
<br />
== External links and Sources ==<br />
<br />
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_020.gif Imperial Gazetteer on dsal.uchicago.edu - Mahi Kantha]<br />
<br />
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]<br />
<br />
{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panagal_Park_metro_station&diff=524029Panagal Park metro station2026-01-02T13:00:14Z<p>Vikv10: New a details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Upcoming Chennai Metro's Yellow Line metro station}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]]<br />Panagal Park<br />
| style = Chennai Metro<br />
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 4}}<br />
| image = <br />
| address = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.04076|80.23336|display=inline,title}}<br />
| owned = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)<br />
| operator = [[Chennai Metro]]<br />
| lines = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}}<br />
| platforms = [[Island platform]]<br/>Platform-1 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}<br/>Platform-2 → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}}<br />
| tracks = 2<br />
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]<br />
| levels = 2<br />
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br />
| status = Under Construction<br />
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|March 2027}} '''''(TBC)'''''<br />
| electrified = Single phase 25 kV, 35 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]<br />
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Yellow|left1=Kodambakkam|to-left1=Poonamallee Bypass|right1=Nandanam|to-right1=Lighthouse|line2=Yellow|left2=Kodambakkam|to-left2=Parandur Airport|note-mid2=''(Future Service)''|right2=Nandanam|to-right2=Lighthouse}}<br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_dot_label = <br />
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Yellow Line Route}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-marker = rail<br />
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Panagal Park''' is an upcoming underground metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]] of [[Chennai Metro]] in [[Chennai]], India. This metro station will be among the 30 stations of Corridor IV and 12 underground stations along Corridor IV of the Chennai Metro, [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]]–[[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]] stretch. This metro station is slated to be commercialized on March 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Metro to T Nagar to be operational by March 2027 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/dt-exclusive-metro-to-t-nagar-to-be-operational-by-march-2027-820233 |date=2025-01-23|last=Sampath|first=Nirupa|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=DT Next |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/chennai-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In February 2021, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) invited bids for the construction of this Panagal Park metro station situated on the underground section stretching from Kodambakkam Flyover to [[Boat Club metro station|Boat Club]], which also forms a part of [[Line 4 (Chennai Metro)|Corridor 4]] under Phase 2 of the [[Chennai Metro]] network. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=6 Bidders for Chennai Metro Line-4's Underground Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/08/16/6-bidders-for-chennai-metro-line-4s-underground-work/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from this metro station, this package includes four other stations, namely Kodambakkam Flyover, [[Kodambakkam metro station|Kodambakkam]], [[Nandanam metro station|Nandanam]], and [[Boat Club metro station|Boat Club]]. The group of bidders participated in this package as well, namely ITD Cementation India Ltd., [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen & Toubro (L&T)]], [[Gülermak|Gulermak]], Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. Ltd. (STEC), and a [[joint venture]] of J Kumar Infraprojects–Patel Infrastructure.<br />
<br />
Upon evaluation, '''ITD Cementation India Ltd.''', submitted the most favorable bid in both technical and financial terms and was consequently awarded the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=ITD Cem Wins Chennai Metro Line-4’s Underground Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/11/25/itd-cem-wins-chennai-metro-line-4s-underground-work/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> They commenced underground construction in accordance with the approved execution framework, marking another milestone in the progress of Corridor 4.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=ITD Cem Awarded Chennai Metro Line-4’s Underground Contracts |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/01/13/itd-cem-awarded-chennai-metro-line-4s-underground-contracts/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Station layout==<br />
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''<br />
{{stack|{{Routemap<br />
| title = Panagal Park track layout ''(TBC)''<br />
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}<br />
| title-color = blue<br />
| legend = track<br />
| collapsible = no<br />
| map = HSTg\HSTf<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Nandanam}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}} **<br />
*'''P1'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P2'''<br />
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Kodambakkam}} **<br />
HSTg\HSTf<br />
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform<br/>** '''Under Construction'''</div><br />
}}}}<br />
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"<br />
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''<br />
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level<br />
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance<br />
|-<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" width="30" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L2'''<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}">'''Platform 1'''<br />'''Eastbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Nandanam}}<br>'''''Change at the next station for {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}}'''''</small><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |<small>[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}</small><br />
|-<br />
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |<span style="color:#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}">'''Platform 2'''<br />'''Westbound'''</span><br />
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards ← {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}} **<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Kodambakkam}}</small><br />
|-<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |'''''Note:'''''<br />
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |'''''<small>** (Further extension to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}} in the future)</small>'''''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Entry/Exit==<br />
Panagal Park metro station is set to be the largest metro station constructed in Phase 2 of [[Chennai Metro]]. It will have 5 Entry/Exit points to serve the crowd in commercial hub of T. Nagar.<ref name="Ent">{{Cite news |last=Sampath|first=Nirupa|date=2025-01-23 |title=CMRL plans 5 entry points at Panagal Park Metro station to serve T Nagar crowd |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/chennai-panagal-park-metro-station-construction-to-alter-landscape-nearly-40-over-820223 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=DT Next |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* The 5 entry points are planned at Sivagnanam Street, Pinjala Subramaniam Street, Prakasam Street, Bashyam Street and Nageswaran Road.<ref name="Ent"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]<br />
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]<br />
* [[Transport in Chennai]]<br />
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]<br />
* [[List of metro systems]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}<br />
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
{{Chennai topics}}<br />
{{Chennai Metro|line 4=yes}}<br />
{{Transport in Chennai}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnifera&diff=484854Agnifera2025-12-29T03:55:49Z<p>Vikv10: Done...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| alt_name = Agnifera<br />
| image = Agniphera.png<br />
| caption =<br />
| genre = [[Soap opera]]<br />
| creator = Taraknath Mourya <br />
| based_on = <br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = Tarak Nath Mourya <br /> Rajesh Singh <br /> Amit jha <br /> Agam Gaurav<br />
| director = Taraknath Mourya Vijay singh, Sagar<br />
| creative_director = Aakaash Berry<br />
| starring = <br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = Lalit Sen<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 483<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = Roshan Lal Kamboj <br /> [[Ravi Raj]]<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = Danny<br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 23 minutes<br />
| company = R & R Creation<br />
| network = [[&TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|1|14}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|3|5}} <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Agnifera''''' ({{Translation|''holy fire cicles''}}), also known as '''''Agniphera''''', is an Indian television series that premiered on [[&TV]] from 20 March 2017. In the beginning, the series starred [[Yukti Kapoor]], Simaran Kaur and [[Ankit Gera]] as the leads from 2017 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/ankit-gera-to-romance-two-brides-in-tv-show-agnifera-1942790/|title=Ankit Gera to romance two brides in &TV show Agnifera!|last=Shetty|first=Akshata|date=2017-03-20|work=India.com|access-date=2017-06-25|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Simiran Kaur excited about TV debut with 'Agnifera' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/simran-kaur-excited-about-tv-debut-with-agnifera/articleshow/57714724.cms|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref> Due to a generation leap in 2018, the series then starred Kapoor, Kaur, [[Karan Goddwani]] and [[Samridh Bawa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ankit-gera-to-play-nri-in-agnifera/articleshow/57541210.cms|title=Ankit Gera to play NRI in 'Agnifera' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yukti-kapoor-goes-bold-for-agnifera/articleshow/57638625.cms|title=Yukti Kapoor goes bold for 'Agnifera' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref> The series ended on 25 January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/agnifera-to-end-on-tv-this-month/|title='Agnifera' to end on &TV this month|last=|first=|date=2019-01-15|website=www.bizasialive.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
[[MBA]] graduate Anurag Singh returns to his hometown [[Bihar]] after completing his studies in [[London]]. His parents have different choices as to who would become his future wife. Vidvaan wants him to marry lawyer Purushottam Singh's daughter Srishti, but Revati wants him to marry the rich thug Vikraal Singh's spoiled daughter Ragini. However, Anurag decides to marry Srishti, and that enrages Ragini. On the wedding day, Vikraal holds Vidvaan at gunpoint and forcefully makes Anurag marry Ragini. To prevent insult, Srishti marries Anurag's mentally disabled younger brother Vishesh, and soon is taunted for being a middle-class girl by Revati and her niece Dulari, who try to sabotage her studies.<br />
<br />
Slowly, Anurag begins loving Ragini. Srishti's friend and obsessed lover, Shekhar Sharma, tries to ruin her marriage by misleading the family that they're having an affair. Shrishti and Ragini expose Shekhar, who gets arrested for attempting to kill Vishesh. Ragini and Anurag realise their love and remarry. Rajjo enters for revenge. She turns out to be Vishesh's first wife, who married him in childhood, but as he got mentally disabled due to a head injury, she was assumed to be bad luck for him and was thrown out. Due to this humiliation, Rajjo's father commits suicide and her mother loses her sanity. In present, Rajjo is arrested and Revati finally accepts Srishti and Ragini.<br />
<br />
Later, a hitman tries to kill Srishti. Vishu saves her and fights him, but dies in the process after falling off a cliff, and his body isn't found. Baiju Kanpuria, a goon troubles Srishti for slapping him publicly. Later, the family hires him as Srishti's bodyguard. They are assumed having affair and get married forcibly. Ragini is pregnant. Srishti and Baiju eventually fall in love. They meet a man who resembles Vishesh, and assume that he's an alive Vishesh. Revati vows to unite them but Srishti loves Baiju.<br />
<br />
Later it is revealed that Vishesh is dead, and the man with his face who wants to separate Baiju and Srishti is actually Shekhar, who escaped jail and went through plastic surgery on his face. He kills Baiju and sends Ragini to jail by falsely accusing her, who in prison later delivers and gives her daughter in adoption. After finding out the truth, Srishti kills Shekhar but also dies after delivering her and Baiju's daughter, who is taken to Anurag's family.<br />
<br />
===20 years later===<br />
Srishti's daughter Sakshi is grown-up as like as Ragini's daughter Agni, who lives with her foster mom and finally learns about a late Ragini being her mother. Both Sakshi and Agni fall in love with Kishan Thakur, who loves Agni but Sakshi forcefully weds him. Agni eventually moves on and falls in love with lawyer Sameer, Kishan's cousin, and they get married.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Yukti Kapoor]] as<br />
** Ragini Singh – Vikraal and Radha's daughter; Parag's sister; Abhimanyu's ex-fiancée; Anurag's wife; Agni's mother (2017–18) (Dead)<br />
** Agni Singh Thakur – Ragini and Anurag's daughter; Raksha's adopted daughter; Sakshi's adopted cousin; Kishan's ex-fiancée; Sameer's wife (2018–19)<br />
* Simaran Kaur as<br />
** Srishti Singh Kanpuria – Purushottam and Maithili's daughter; Anurag's ex-fiancée; Vishesh and Baiju's widow; Sakshi's mother (2017–18) (Dead)<br />
** Sakshi Kanpuria Thakur – Srishti and Baiju's daughter; Singhs' adopted daughter; Agni's adopted cousin; Kishan's wife (2018–19)<br />
* [[Ankit Gera]] as Anurag Singh – Vidvaan and Revati's elder son; Vishesh's brother; Dulari's maternal cousin brother; Srishti's ex-fiancé; Ragini's husband; Agni's father (2017–18) (Dead)<br />
* Mohak Khurana as <br />
** Vishesh "Vishu" Singh – Vidvaan and Revati's younger son; Anurag's brother; Dulari's maternal cousin brother; Rajjo's ex-husband; Srishti's first husband (2017–18) (Dead)<br />
** Shekhar Sharma (after plastic surgery) – Srishti's former friend and obsessed lover; Baiju and Srishti's murderer (2018)<br />
*** Divay Dhamja as Shekhar Sharma (before plastic surgery) (2017–18)<br />
* [[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Baiju Kanpuria – [[Crime boss|Don]]; Srishti's second husband; Sakshi's father (2017–18) (Dead)<br />
* [[Abeer Singh Godhwani|Karan Goddwani]] as Kishan Thakur – Darshan and Savitri's son; Sameer's cousin; Agni's ex-fiancé; Sakshi's husband (2018–19)<br />
* [[Samridh Bawa]] as Sameer Thakur – [[Lawyer]]; Danveer and Vaidehi's son; Kishan's cousin; Agni's husband (2018–19)<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* Amita Choksi as Revati Singh – Vidvaan's widow; Anurag and Vishesh's mother; Baiju's foster mother; Agni's grandmother; Sakshi's adoptive grandmother (2017–19)<br />
* Sunil Singh as Vidvaan Singh – Brijbhan's brother; Purushottam's best friend; Revati's husband; Anurag and Vishesh's father; Baiju's foster father; Agni's grandfather; Sakshi's adoptive grandfather (2017–18) (Dead)<br />
* Ibrar Yakub as Brijbhan Singh – Vidvaan's brother; Rajjo's lover (2017–18)<br />
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Purushottam Singh – Vidvaan's best friend; Maithili's husband; Srishti's father; Sakshi's grandfather (2017–18)<br />
* Deepali Kamath as Maithili Singh – Purushottam's wife; Srishti's mother; Sakshi's grandmother (2017–18)<br />
* Amit Kaushik as Vikraal Singh – Radha's husband; Parag and Ragini's father; Agni's grandfather (2017–18)<br />
* Alpana Buch as Radha Singh – Vikraal's wife; Parag and Ragini's mother; Agni's grandmother (2017–18)<br />
* Aamir Salim Khan as Parag Singh – Vikraal and Radha's son; Ragini's brother (2017)<br />
* Anuradha Singh as Dulari Singh – Revati's niece; Anurag and Vishesh's maternal cousin sister (2017–18)<br />
* Ankit Bhetiwal as Mahesh "Mac" Kapoor – Anurag's friend (2017)<br />
* [[Rehaan Roy]] as Abhimanyu Kapoor – Ragini's ex-fiancé (2018)<br />
* [[Jyotsna Chandola]] as Rajjo Kaur Sandhu – Vishesh's ex-wife; Brijbhan's lover (2017)<br />
* Prakash Pandit as Narad<br />
* Vishesh Sagar as Baijujjj<br />
* Rutpanna Aishwarya Sethi<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
[[Yukti Kapoor]] was roped in to play the lead Ragini, with [[Ankit Gera]] as the male lead Anurag Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/agnifera-yukti-kapoor-s-sari-caught-fire-during-a-romantic-scene/story-U5LJO9jAnsKG8jXDIJX2DO.html|title=Agnifera: Yukti Kapoor's sari caught fire during a romantic scene|date=2017-11-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/tv/140317/ankit-gera-to-play-the-lead-in-upcoming-show.html|title=Ankit Gera to play the lead in upcoming show|last=Razzaq|first=Sameena|date=2017-03-14|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> Simran Kaur and Mohak Khurrana were signed to play parallel leads Srishti and Vishesh Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://andtv.zee5.com/before-playing-vishu-in-agnifera-mohak-khurana-worked-with-this-bollywood-superstar/|title=Before Playing Vishu in Agnifera, Mohak Khurana Worked With This Bollywood Superstar|date=2019-04-12|website=&TV|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726225616/https://andtv.zee5.com/before-playing-vishu-in-agnifera-mohak-khurana-worked-with-this-bollywood-superstar/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Besides the lead cast, Amita Choksi, Sunil Singh, Deepali Kamath, [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] and Amit Koushik were roped in to play parents' roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/baalveer-fame-amita-choksi-tv-s-agnifera-170306|title=Baalveer fame Amita Choksi in &TV's Agnifera|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|work=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=2017-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/amit-koushik-to-play-the-antagonist-in-agniphera/articleshow/56050803.cms|title=Amit Koushik to play the antagonist in 'Agniphera' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> In June 2017, Divay Dhamja entered as the antagonist Shekhar Sharma though he quit two months later, with his character getting jailed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/agniferas-ayyaz-ahmed-domestic-violence-exists-in-society-a-lot-of-cases-dont-reach-the-police/articleshow/64719506.cms|title=Agnifera's Ayyaz Ahmed: Domestic violence exists in society, a lot of cases don't reach the police - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 June 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
In early 2018, Khurana's exit was planned, with his character's supposed death, and his parallel lead role was passed on to [[Ayaz Ahmed]], who was zeroed in opposite Kaur as the gangster Baiju Kanpuria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://andtv.zee5.com/agnifera-actor-ayyaz-ahmeds-style-is-as-perfect-as-him-heres-proof/|title=Agnifera Actor Ayyaz Ahmed's Style Is As Perfect As Him, Here's Proof!|date=2019-03-06|website=&TV|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726225614/https://andtv.zee5.com/agnifera-actor-ayyaz-ahmeds-style-is-as-perfect-as-him-heres-proof/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/agniferas-ayyaz-ahmed-domestic-violence-exists-in-society-a-lot-of-cases-dont-reach-the-police/articleshow/64719506.cms|title=Agnifera's Ayyaz Ahmed: Domestic violence exists in society, a lot of cases don't reach the police - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 June 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> In July 2018, Khurana rejoined the show by playing both his already alive character and Shekhar Sharma's returned changed face character, thus replacing Dhamja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/mohak-khurana-returns-tvs-agnifera/2018/07/03|title=Mohak Khurana returns to &TV's Agnifera|date=2018-07-03|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2018, the series was planned and finalized to take a 20 year leap with Kapoor and Kaur's previous roles of Ragini and Srishti getting killed, while they were cast to portray their daughters Agni and Sakshi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/male-stars-agnifera-exit-part-20-year-leap-story/|title=Male stars in 'Agnifera' to exit as a part of 20-year leap in story|last=|first=|date=2018-09-05|website=www.bizasialive.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaipress.com/actor-samridh-bawa-joins-tv-show-agnifera/|title=Actor Samridh Bawa joins TV show 'Agnifera'|last=Press|first=Mumbai|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-26|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726225623/https://mumbaipress.com/actor-samridh-bawa-joins-tv-show-agnifera/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gera, Ahmed and Khurana's lead characters also were shown dead, which made them to exit, and [[Karan Goddwani]] was introduced as the new male lead Kishan Thakur in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/karan-goddwani-lead-new-cast-agnifera-tv/|title=Karan Goddwani to lead new cast of 'Agnifera' on &TV|last=|first=|date=2018-09-27|website=www.bizasialive.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> In December 2018, [[Samridh Bawa]] also entered as Sameer Thakur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/samridh-bawa-joins-agnifera-tv-snippets-118121700484_1.html|title=Samridh Bawa joins 'Agnifera' (TV Snippets)|last=IANS|date=2018-12-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{&TV Programmes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:&TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prabodhanand_Giri&diff=526161Prabodhanand Giri2025-12-10T20:39:21Z<p>Vikv10: New info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian religious leader associated with Hindutva ideology}}<br />
{{orphan|date=November 2024}}<br />
'''Prabodhanand Giri''' is a controversial Indian religious leader associated with far-right [[Hindutva]] ideology. He is the head of the Hindu Raksha Sena, an organization that advocates for [[Hindu nationalism]] and has been linked to calls for violence against Muslims in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-17 |title=Swami Prabodhanand Giri – Spotlight Hate |url=https://spotlighthate.com/individual/swami-prabodhanand-giri/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Haridwar: Police case after outrage in India over anti-Muslim hate speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59778426.amp |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-12-24 |title=As Hindu Extremists Call for Killing of Muslims, India's Leaders Keep Silent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/24/world/asia/hindu-extremists-india-muslims.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref> He gained notoriety for his role in the [[Haridwar hate speech controversy|Haridwar Dharma Sansad hate speech controversy]] in December 2021, where he allegedly incited violence and called for the ethnic cleansing of Muslims, drawing comparisons to the genocide in Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.siasat.com |title=Prabodhanand Giri slams Uttarakhand CM as 'jihadi agent' |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk |title=Shock after leaders of several far-right Hindu groups allegedly call for genocide of minorities in India |access-date=2024-11-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversial role in the Haridwar Dharam Sansad (2021) ==<br />
{{Main article| Haridwar hate speeches}}<br />
During the Haridwar Dharam Sansad (religious conclave) in December 2021, Giri allegedly incited violence and urged Hindus to take up arms against Muslims. He described them as a threat to the nation, echoing the sentiments of other far-right leaders present at the event. His inflammatory remarks, which have been widely condemned, included claims that Muslims pose a serious threat to Hinduism and India’s social fabric.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hate Speech-Givers In Haridwar Tell NDTV "Neither Regrets Nor Fear" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/viral-hate-speech-videos-haridwar-meet-spark-outrage-2667081 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk Independent.co.uk] (2021). *Prabodhanand Giri's inflammatory remarks spark outrage*</ref> This rhetoric has been linked to a broader agenda of extremist Hindu groups that promote violence against religious minorities, particularly Muslims.<ref>[https://www.siasat.com Siasat.com] (2021). *Hindu leaders call for ethnic cleansing in Haridwar*</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Saffron terrorism]]<br />
* [[Rohingya genocide]]<br />
* [[Religious violence in India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Giri, Prabodhanand}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu terrorism]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhalak_Dikhhla_Jaa_season_9&diff=506140Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 92025-11-25T06:20:39Z<p>Vikv10: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox television season<br />
| season_number =<br />
| image = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| bgcolour = black<br />
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br />
| host = [[Manish Paul]]<br />
| judges = [[Karan Johar]]<br />[[Jacqueline Fernandez]]<br/>[[Ganesh Hegde]]<br />[[Farah Khan]]<br />
| num_contestants = 18<br />
| celebrity_winner = [[Teriya Magar]]<br />
| professional_winner = Aryan Patra<br />
| winner_mentor = Rishikayash Jogdaand<br />
}}<br />
| num_episodes = 26<br />
| network = [[Colors TV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|7|30}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|1|21}}<br />
| episode_list = <br />
}}<br />
'''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9''' is the '''ninth season''' of the dance reality show, '''''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'''''. It premiered on 30 July 2016 on Colors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-list-of-contestants-337744 |title=List of confirmed celebrity contestants of Jhalak 9 |access-date=2016-07-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706090325/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-list-of-contestants-337744 |archive-date=2016-07-06 }}</ref> The season was hosted by [[Manish Paul]] and judged by [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Ganesh Hegde]] and [[Farah Khan]]. The season ran from 30 July 2016 to 21 January 2017. This season's winner was [[Teriya Magar]].<br />
<br />
==Format==<br />
''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'' has no audience voting in this season. Eviction is based on two specific criteria: judges' scores and the live studio audience scores. In semi finale, it was announced that audience can vote for the winner. Voting lines were open only for five days. Thus, now the elimination is done right in the end of the episode, unlike the previous seasons where elimination would be done in the beginning of next week's episode.<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
<br />
| header = Judges for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Series 9<br />
<br />
| image1 = KJo, jcki, ganesh shoot for the first episode of JDJ 09.jpg<br />
| alt1 =<br />
| size1 = 10<br />
| caption1 = [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Karan Johar]] and [[Ganesh Hegde]]<br />
<br />
| image2 = Farah Bachchan’s diwali bash.jpg<br />
| alt2 =<br />
| caption2 = [[Farah Khan]] replaced Hegde<br />
<br />
}}<br />
The series was announced in March 2016. In May 2016, [[Manish Paul]] was confirmed to return as the presenter of the series. In June 2016, [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Karan Johar]] and [[Ganesh Hegde]] were confirmed as the judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/jacqueline-fernandez-to-judge-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-9-1236960/|title=Jacqueline Fernandez To Judge Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 9!|date=5 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2016, [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] replaced Johar for one episode. [[Farah Khan]] replaced Hegde in November 2016<br />
<br />
The channel released its first promo in June 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/jhalak-dikhla-jaa-9-first-promo-starring-jacqueline-fernandes-is-out-and-we-just-cannot-wait-for-the-madness-to-begin-1275389/|title=Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 9: First Promo Starring Jacqueline Fernandez Is Out And We Just Cannot Wait For The Madness To Begin!|date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Later the series released another promo introducing its first to contestants [[Karishma Tanna]] and [[Surveen Chawla]].<br />
<br />
==Professional dancers==<br />
In June 2016, announced that Bhavna Khanduja, Rajit Dev, Cornel Rodrigues, Jai Kumar Nair, Sanam Johar, Alisha Singh,, Diwakar Nayal and would be returning to the series. Pranalini Atul and Bhavna Purohit were also announced to be making their debut as professionals in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-9-list-of-celeb-contestants-with-their-choreographers/photostory/52881595.cms|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9 contestants and dancers|date=23 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid July 2016, Aishwarya Radhakrishnan was added to the list and would be making her debut as a professional where she was paired opposite participant [[Salman Yusuff Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aishwarya-radhakrishnan-turns-choreographer-for-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-2913775/|title=Aishwarya Radhakrishnan turns choreographer for Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 9|date=15 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2016, [[Sidhant Gupta]]'s choreographer Pranalini injured herself and quit the series while she got replaced by Sneha Singh.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
The series features twelve celebrity contestants. On 2 June 2016, the first two celebrities were announced as participants that were [[Karishma Tanna]] and [[Surveen Chawla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/jhalak-dikhla-jaa-9-karishma-tanna-and-surveen-chawlas-fiery-performance-steals-the-show-in-this-new-promo-1306720/|title=Karishma Tanna and Surveen Chawla confirmed for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9|date=3 July 2016}}</ref> The final line up was revealed on 23 June 2016.<br />
<br />
In October 2016, five new entries were announced including [[Gracy Goswami]], [[Siddharth Nigam]] and [[Teriya Magar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/these-contestants-will-soon-enter-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-as-wild-card-contestants-lifetv-341939-2016-09-19|title=These contestants will soon enter Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa as wild card entries|date=19 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!Celebrity <br />
!Notability <br />
!Professional Partner<br />
!Status<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
! [[Gaurav Gera]]<br />
| Comedian<br />
| Diwakar Nayal<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 1st<br />{{small|on 13 August 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-9-Gaurav-Gera-is-the-first-elimination/articleshow/53689904.cms|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9: Gaurav Gera is the first elimination|work=timesofindia|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Priyanka Shah<br />
| Dancer<br />
| Poonam Shah<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 2nd<br />{{small|on 22 August 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-twin-sisters-poonam-and-priyanka-eliminated/articleshow/53790394.cms|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9: Twin sisters Poonam and Priyanka eliminated|work=timesofindia|date=21 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Harpal Singh Sokhi]]<br />
| Celebrity Chef<br />
| Bhavna Purohit<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" |Eliminated 3rd<br />{{small|on 27 August 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jhalak-dikhlaa-jaa-season-9-harpal-singh-sokhi-evicted-3000066/|title=Jhalak Dikhlaa Jaa season 9: Chef Harpal Singh Sokhi eliminated|work=timesofindia|date=28 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Helly Shah]]<br />
| ''[[Swaragini – Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'' actress<br />
| Jai Kunar Nair<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 4th<br />{{small|on 3 September 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Rumani |date=3 July 2016 |title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa' 9: Here is the list of confirmed celebrity contestants of this year! |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-list-of-contestants-337744 |work=Indian TV News |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Sidhant Gupta]]<br />
| Actor and model<br />
| Pranalini Atul /Sneha Singh<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 5th<br />{{small|on 3 September 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9: Actor Sidhant Gupta injures himself during a shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/arjun-bijlani-sidhant-gupta-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-colors-lifetv-331405-2016-07-26 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Arjun Bijlani]]<br />
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'' actor<br />
| Bhavna Khanduja<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 6th<br />{{small|on 1 October 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/this-is-why-tv-actor-arjun-bijlani-is-participating-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-387916|title=This is why TV actor Arjun Bijlani is participating in "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa"|date=27 July 2016|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Surveen Chawla]]<br />
| Bollywood and Punjabi actress<br />
| Sanam Johar<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 7th<br />{{small|on 1 October 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-arjun-bijlani-surveen-chawla-both-eliminated-nora-fatehi-enters-top-5-finalists-1528973/|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9: Arjun Bijlani & Surveen Chawla both eliminated! Nora Fatehi enters Top 5 finalists!|access-date=2 October 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Gracy Goswami]]<br />
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' actress<br />
| Sachin Sharma<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 9th<br />{{small|on 5 November 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-wild-card-contestants-spandan-udann-fame-join-ruhaanika-not-part-690439|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9' wild card contestants: Spandan of 'Udann' fame to join; Ruhaanika not a part of reality show?|date=19 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Nora Fatehi]]<br />
| Bollywood actress and ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' star<br />
| Cornel Rodrigues<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 10th<br />{{small|on 12 November 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-naagin-actor-arjun-bijlani-bigg-boss-contestants-karishma-tanna-nora-671374|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9:' 'Naagin' actor Arjun Bijlani, 'Bigg Boss' contestants Karishma Tanna, Nora Fatehi to participate?|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=19 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Spandan Chaturvedi]]<br />
| ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'' actress<br />
| Hardik Bora<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 11th<br />{{small|on 19 November 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realitypost.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-two-contestants-eliminated/|title=Spandan eliminated on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9!|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019113710/http://www.realitypost.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-two-contestants-eliminated/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Shakti Arora]]<br />
| ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]'' actor<br />
| Suchitra Sawant<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 12th<br />{{small|on 26 November 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-shakti-arora-aka-ranveer-meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-participate-dance-671091|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9:' Shakti Arora aka Ranveer of 'Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi' to participate in dance show?|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=17 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Karishma Tanna]]<br />
| Actress and ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' runner-up<br />
| Rajit Dev<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 13th<br />{{small|on 10 December 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karishma-arjun-and-nora-in-jhalak/articleshow/51456596.cms|title=Karishma Tanna Arjun and Nora in Jhalak|date=13 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Swasti Nitya<br />
| Dancer<br />
| Preetjot Dayal<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 14th<br />{{small|on 19 December 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/these-contestants-will-soon-enter-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-as-wild-card-contestants-lifetv-341939-2016-09-19|title=These contestants will soon enter Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa as wild card entries|access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Nandish Sandhu]]<br />
| ''[[Uttaran]]'' actor<br />
| Shampa Gopikrishna<br />
| bgcolor="FF91AF" | Not Selected<br />{{small|on 24 December 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/this-is-why-tv-actor-arjun-bijlani-is-participating-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-387916|title=Nandish Sandhu and Rimi Sen confirmed to enter "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9" along with Bravo as wild cards|date=20 December 2016|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Rimi Sen]]<br />
| Bollywood actress<br />
| Dhiraj Bhakshi<br />
| bgcolor="FF91AF" | Not Selected<br />{{small|on 24 December 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/this-is-why-tv-actor-arjun-bijlani-is-participating-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-387916|title=Bigg Boss 9 fame Rimi Sen confirmed to enter "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9" as wild card|date=19 December 2016|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Dwayne Bravo]]<br />
| Cricketer<br />
| Bhavna Purohit<br />
| style="background: lightgreen" |Withdrew<br />{{small|on 14 January 2017}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dwayne-dj-bravo-debuts-on-jhalakdikhhla-jaahot-hai/articleshow/56154374.cms|title=Dwayne 'DJ' Bravo debuts on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa…Hot Hai|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 December 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Siddharth Nigam]]<br />
| Actor<br />
| Vaishnavi Patil<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 15th<br />{{small|on 14 January 2016}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-siddharth-nigam-chakravartin-ashoka-samrat-fame-enter-wild-card-687907|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9': Siddharth Nigam of 'Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat' fame to enter as wild card contestant|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Shantanu Maheshwari]]<br />
| Actor & dancer<br />
| [[Alisha Singh]]<br />
| style="background:#c96;" |Third place <br />{{small|on 21 January 2017}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shantanu-Maheshwari-and-Salman-Yusuff-in-Jhalak-Dikhlaa-Jaa-9/articleshow/52725360.cms|title=Shantanu Maheshwari and Salman Yusuff in Jhalak Dikhlaa Jaa 9?|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 June 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]<br />
| Dancer<br />
| Aishwarya Radhakrishnan<br />
| style="background:silver;" |1st Runners-up <br />{{small|on 21 January 2017}}<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-9-choreographer-salman-yusuff-khan-participate-show-682410|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9:' Choreographer Salman Yusuff Khan to participate on show?|website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Teriya Magar]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | Dancer<br />
| rowspan="2" | Aryan Patra<br />
| style="background:#f4c7b8" | Eliminated 8th<br />{{small|on 22 October 2016}}<br />
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|title=Teriya Magar wins Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 9, defeats Salman Yusuff Khan, Shantanu Maheshwari.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/teriya-magar-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-9-nepali-watch-videos-4484841/|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=16 February 2017|ref=9}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="Gold" |Winners<br />{{small|on 21 January 2017}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Score chart ==<br />
<br />
The highest score each week is indicated in '''{{fontcolor|#004600|bold green}}''' with a dagger ({{dagger}}), while the lowest score each week is indicated in {{fontcolor|#800000|''italic red''}} with a double-dagger ({{double-dagger}}).<br />
<br />
'''Colour key:'''{{columns-list|{{legend|gold|Winners}}<br />
{{legend|silver|Runners-up}}<br />
{{legend|tan|Third place}}<br />
{{legend|#d1c571|Fourth place}}<br />
{{legend|lightblue|Bottom two/three/four}}<br />
{{legend|#f4c7b8|Eliminated}}<br />
{{legend|lightgreen|Withdrew from competition}}|colwidth=20em}}<br />
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;"><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"<br />
|+''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'' (season 9) - Weekly Scores<br />
! rowspan="2" |Couple<br />
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Pl.|Place}}<br />
! colspan="28" |Week<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
!2<br />
!1+2<br />
!3<br />
!4<br />
!5<br />
!6<br />
!7<br />
!8<br />
!9<br />
!6+7+8+9<br />
!10<br />
!11<br />
!12<br />
!11+12<br />
!13<br />
!14<br />
!15<br />
!16<br />
!17<br />
!16+17<br />
!18<br />
!19<br />
!20<br />
!21<br />
!22<br />
!19+20+21+22<br />
!23<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Teriya & Aryan<br />
|1st<br />
| colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgrey" |<br />
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| colspan="6" bgcolor="darkgrey" |<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|60}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|25<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|26}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|20<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|50}}'''{{dagger}}{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|121<br />
| bgcolor="gold" |''{{fontcolor|#800000|38}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple finished in first place.}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |{{nowrap|Salman & Aishwarya }}<br />
|2nd<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|25}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|55}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|29}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|120}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|28}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|60}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|25<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|29<br />
|59<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|27}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|29<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|18}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|45{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|119<br />
| bgcolor="silver" |'''{{fontcolor|#004600|40}}'''{{dagger}}{{efn|This couple finished in second place.}}<br />
|-<br />
!Shantanu & Alisha<br />
|3rd<br />
|23<br />
|28<br />
|51<br />
|26<br />
|26<br />
|26<br />
|28<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|29<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|117<br />
|27<br />
|27<br />
|26<br />
|53<br />
|28<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|27<br />
|28<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|58<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |28{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|17}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|49{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|121<br />
| bgcolor="tan" |''{{fontcolor|#800000|38}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple finished in third place.}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |{{nowrap|Siddharth & Vaishnavi}}<br />
|4th<br />
| colspan="11" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|27<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|25<br />
|51{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|25<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|25{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|54<br />
|27<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|20<br />
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|43}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}} <br />
|116<br />
| rowspan="15" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
!Dwayne & Bhavna P<br />
|5th<br />
| colspan="23" bgcolor="darkgrey" |<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|25{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|16{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|Bgcolor=lightgreen|{{efn|This couple withdrew from the competition.|name=Withdrew}}<br />
| rowspan="14" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
!Swasti & Preetjot<br />
|6th<br />
| colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgrey" |<br />
|23<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|20}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|26<br />
|46<br />
|26<br />
|29<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|29<br />
|26<br />
|55{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |''{{fontcolor|#800000|22}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| colspan="4" rowspan="13" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Karishma & Rajit<br />
|7th<br />
|22<br />
|26<br />
|48<br />
|27<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|24{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|28<br />
|28<br />
|27<br />
|26<br />
|29<br />
|110<br />
|26<br />
|25<br />
|27<br />
|51<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|27<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|26{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|28<br />
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|55{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| rowspan="12" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Shakti & Suchitra <br />
|8th<br />
|24<br />
|27<br />
|51<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |23{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|27<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|25{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|25<br />
|29<br />
|27<br />
|108{{efn||name=Bottom2}}<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |22{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|20}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|26<br />
|46<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |22{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|26{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| colspan="3" rowspan="11" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Spandan & Hardik<br />
|9th<br />
| colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgrey" |<br />
|23<br />
|22<br />
|24<br />
|46<br />
|27<br />
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|25}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| rowspan="10" bgcolor=Darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Nora & Cornel<br />
|10th<br />
|23<br />
|25<br />
|48<br />
|28<br />
|26<br />
|27<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|27}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|29<br />
|24<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|110{{efn||name=Bottom2}}<br />
|25<br />
|24<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|23<br />
|47{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| rowspan="9" bgcolor=Darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
!Gracy & Sachin<br />
|11th<br />
| colspan="11" bgcolor="darkgrey" |<br />
|bgcolor=lightblue|22{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
|23<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|25}}{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}''<br />
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
!Arjun & Bhavna K<br />
|13th<br />
|21<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|42}}{{double-dagger}}{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}''<br />
|27<br />
|27<br />
|27<br />
|28<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|24}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|22}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|25}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|99}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| colspan="4" rowspan="7" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Surveen & Sanam<br />
|12th<br />
|24<br />
|27<br />
|51<br />
|28<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|29}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|'''{{fontcolor|#004600|30}}'''{{dagger}}<br />
|28<br />
|25<br />
|27<br />
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |27<br />
|107{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Helly & Jai<br />
|14th<br />
|21<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |22<br />
|43{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |24{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |24{{efn|This couple was in the bottom two/three/four, but was not eliminated.|name=Bottom2}}<br />
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |''{{fontcolor|#800000|23}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| colspan="5" rowspan="5" bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|-<br />
! Sidhant & Pranalini <br />
|15th<br />
|23<br />
|26<br />
|49<br />
|26<br />
|27<br />
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |24{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" |Harpal & Bhavini P<br />
|16th<br />
|22<br />
|24<br />
|46<br />
|25<br />
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| rowspan="3" bgcolor=Darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
!{{nowrap|Priyanka & Poonam}}<br />
|17th<br />
|24<br />
|22<br />
|46<br />
| bgcolor="#f4c7b8" |''{{fontcolor|#800000|21}}{{double-dagger}}''{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=Darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
!Gaurav & Diwakar <br />
|18th<br />
|''{{fontcolor|#800000|20}}{{double-dagger}}''<br />
|23<br />
|bgcolor=#f4c7b8|43{{efn|This couple was eliminated.|name=Elim}}<br />
| bgcolor="Darkgrey" |<br />
|}<br />
</blockquote><br />
;Notes <br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
:<span style="color:red;">''Red numbers''</span> indicates the lowest score.<br />
:<span style="color:green;">'''Green numbers'''</span> indicates the highest score.<br />
:{{Color box|gold|border=silver}} indicates the winning couple.<br />
:{{Color box|lightgray|border=silver}} indicates the runner-up couple.<br />
:{{Color box|tan|border=silver}} indicates the third-place couple.<br />
:{{Color box|NavajoWhite|border=silver}} indicates the fourth-place couple.<br />
:{{Color box|orange|border=silver}} indicates the couple eliminated that week.<br />
:{{Color box|lightblue|border=silver}} indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom three.<br />
:{{Color box|lightgreen|border=silver}} indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two.<br />
<br />
== Dance chart ==<br />
The couples performed the following each week:<br />
<br />
: {{Color box|#ccff99|border=silver}} Highest scoring dance<br />
: {{Color box|#ffc5c5|border=silver}} Lowest scoring dance<br />
: {{Color box|lightblue|border=silver}} Non-scoring dance<br />
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;"><br />
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:20px"<br />
|+''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'' (season 9) - Dance chart<br />
! rowspan="2" |Couple<br />
! colspan="22" |Weeks<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
!2<br />
!3<br />
!4<br />
!5<br />
!6<br />
!7<br />
!8<br />
!9<br />
!10<br />
!11<br />
!12<br />
!13<br />
!14<br />
!15<br />
!16<br />
!17<br />
!18<br />
!19<br />
!20<br />
!21<br />
!22<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|Teriya &<br />Aryan}}<br />
| colspan="8" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| colspan="4" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Krumping{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Contemporary Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Aerial<br />
| Robotics & Classical<br />
| Lyrical<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Salman & Aishwarya<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Salsa<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Kizomba<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Tango & Krumping<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Swing<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Waltz<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Acro gymnastics<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Tandav<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Aerial Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Flamenco & Bellydance<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Salsa<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Shantanu & Alisha<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Hip-hop<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Tango & Krumping<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Street style hip-hop<br />
| Contemporary<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Broadway jazz<br />
| Freestyle Hip-hop<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle Robotics<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle Hip-hop<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Purulia Chhau<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Hip-hop<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Hip-hop<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | {{nowrap|Siddharth &<br />Vaishnavi}}<br />
| colspan="8" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Freestyle{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Contemporary<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Contemporary<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Dwayne & Bhavna<br />
| colspan="18" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Bollywood{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Swasti & Preetjot<br />
| colspan="8" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Bollywood{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| Odissi<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood<br />
| colspan="4" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Karishma & Rajit<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Hip-hop<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bharatnatyam<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Semi-classical<br />
| Waltz<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| Cabaret<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Mujra & Salsa<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Tandav<br />
| colspan="5" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Shakti & Suchitra<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Tango<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle Broadway<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Contortion & Bollywood<br />
| Lavni<br />
| Garba<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Samba<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Tollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| colspan="7" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Spandan & Hardik<br />
| colspan="8" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Bollywood{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Bollywood{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| colspan="7" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Gracy & Sachin<br />
| colspan="8" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Bollywood{{efn|No scores were received for this dance.|name=NoScore}}<br />
| Paso Doble<br />
| Semi-classical<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood<br />
| colspan="2" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
| bgcolor="lightblue" |Bollywood{{efn||name=NoScore}}<br />
| colspan="7" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Nora & Cornel<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle Reggae<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Freestyle Belly Dance<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Contemporary<br />
| Aerial<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Tango<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bachata<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| colspan="9" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Arjun & Bhawna<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Paso Doble<br />
| Tollywood<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Freestyle<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Robotics<br />
| colspan="13" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Surveen & Sanam<br />
| Freestyle & Bhangra<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Kathak<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#cf9;"| Freestyle<br />
| Contemporary<br />
| Cabaret<br />
| Hip-hop<br />
| Afro<br />
| colspan="13" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Helly &<br />Jai<br />
| Bollywood Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Bollywood & Salsa<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood<br />
| colspan="17" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Sidhant & Pranalini<br />
| Freestyle<br />
| Krumping<br />
| Samba<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| Bollywood<br />
| colspan="17" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Harpal & Bhavini<br />
| Freestyle & Bhangra<br />
| Rock & Roll<br />
| Cha Cha<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood & Salsa<br />
| colspan="18" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Priyanka & Poonam<br />
| Bharatnatyam & Popping<br />
| Jazz & Bollywood<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Bollywood & Hip-hop<br />
| colspan="19" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Gaurav & Diwakar<br />
| Salsa<br />
| style="background:#ffc5c5;"| Cabaret<br />
| colspan="20" bgcolor=darkgrey|<br />
|}<br />
</blockquote><br />
;Note<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Guest appearances ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:100%;"<br />
! Week(s)<br />
! Episode(s)<br />
! Guest(s)<br />
! Note(s)<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| Week 2 || Episode 2 <br />
| [[Mouni Roy]] || To support [[Arjun Bijlani]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | Week 3 || rowspan="2" | Episode 3 <br />
| [[Mona Singh]] || To support [[Gaurav Gera]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Anil Kapoor]] || To promote ''[[24 (Indian TV series season 2)|24 (Season 2)]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 4 || Episode 4 <br />
| [[Tiger Shroff]] || To promote ''[[A Flying Jatt]]'' || <ref>{{cite web | title = Tiger Shroff and Jacqueline Fernandez to set Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa's stage on fire | work = The Times of India | date = 3 August 2016 | access-date = 4 September 2016 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tiger-Shroff-and-Jacqueline-Fernandez-to-set-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaas-stage-on-fire/articleshow/53519498.cms?from=mdr }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | Week 5 || rowspan="2" | Episode 5 <br />
| [[Sonakshi Sinha]] || To promote ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gaurav Gera]] || To support [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 6 || Episode 6 <br />
| [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] || In place of [[Karan Johar]] as judge ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 7 || Episode 7 <br />
| [[Katrina Kaif]] & [[Sidharth Malhotra]] || To promote ''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 8 || Episode 8 <br />
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]] & [[Taapsee Pannu]] || To promote [[Pink (2016 film)|''Pink'']] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 9 || Episode 9 <br />
| [[Riteish Deshmukh]] || To promote [[Banjo (2016 film)|''Banjo'']] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 12 || Episode 10 <br />
| [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] || To Promote ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 13 || Episode 12 <br />
| [[Sonu Sood]] & [[Prabhu Deva]] || To Promote ''[[Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 14 || Episode 13 <br />
| [[Ranbir Kapoor]] || To Promote ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 15 || Episode 14 <br />
| [[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Saxena]] || To support ''[[Shakti Arora]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 17 || Episode 16 <br />
| [[Yuvraj Singh]] || To promote his NGO for cancer patients ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 18 || Episode 17 <br />
| [[Alia Bhatt]] || To promote ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 19 || Episode 18 <br />
|[[Vidya Balan]] || To promote ''[[Kahaani 2]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 20 || Episode 21 <br />
| [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] || Special appearance ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | Week 21 || rowspan="5" | Episode 24 <br />
|[[Kunwar Amar]] || To dance with [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] in Teen ka Tadka special ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Faisal Khan (actor born 1998)|Faisal Khan]] || To dance with [[Teriya Magar]] in Teen ka Tadka special ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Puja Banerjee]] || To dance with [[Dwayne Bravo]] in Teen ka Tadka special ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sana Saeed]] ||To dance with [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] in Teen ka Tadka special ||<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sumedh Mudgalkar]] || To dance with [[Siddharth Nigam]] in Teen ka Tadka special ||<br />
|-<br />
| Week 22 || Episode 26 <br />
|[[Hrithik Roshan]] || To promote ''[[Kaabil]]''||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-9/ ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9''] at [[Colors TV]]<br />
<br />
{{Colors Programmes}}<br />
{{Dancing with the Stars}}<br />
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saryu_Express&diff=533333Saryu Express2025-11-11T17:39:31Z<p>Vikv10: Made Basic Data W/ Refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian express commuter train}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Saryu Express<br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = Express<br />
| locale = <br />
| first = <br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = Prayagraj Sangam (PYGS) <br />
| stops = 13<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Mankapur Junction}} (MUR)<br />
| distance = {{convert|203|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 6h 50m<br />
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}<br />
| class = General Unreserved<br />
| seating = No<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = <br />
| observation = [[ICF coach]]<br />
| entertainment = No<br />
| baggage = No<br />
| other facilities= Below the seats<br />
| stock = 2<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 14233/14234 <br />
| speed = {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Saryu Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[North Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Sangam]] and {{stnlnk|Mankapur Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14233/14234 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=121340 Railway Revenue Earnings up by 17.63 per cent during April 2015]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/19-trains-delayed-8-cancelled-due-to-fog/articleshow/56071125.cms 19 trains delayed, 8 cancelled due to fog]</ref><br />
<br />
== Service==<br />
<br />
The 14233/Saryu Express has an average speed of 30&nbsp;km/h and covers 203&nbsp;km in 6h 50m. The 14234/Saryu Express has an average speed of 34&nbsp;km/h and covers 203&nbsp;km in 5h 55m.<br />
<br />
== Route and halts ==<br />
<br />
The important halts of the train are<br />
<br />
* {{stnlnk|Prayag Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Pratapgarh Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Sultanpur Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}<br />
<br />
==Coach composition==<br />
<br />
The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 17 coaches:<br />
<br />
* 8 General Un-Reserved<br />
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake<br />
<br />
==Schedule==<br />
<br />
Running Days : '''Daily'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time (IST) !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time (IST)!! Arrival day<br />
|-<br />
| 14233 || PYG|| Prayag Ghat || 6:10 PM || Daily || Mankapur || 1:05 AM || Next day<br />
|-<br />
| 14234 || MUR || Mankapur || 2:45 AM|| Daily || Prayag Ghat || 8:50 AM || Same day<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Traction==<br />
<br />
Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Lucknow|Lucknow Loco Shed]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Gonda|Gonda Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Prayag Ghat to Mankapur and vice versa.<br />
<br />
==Rake sharing==<br />
<br />
Trainshares its rake with 54110/54109 [[Mughalsarai–Faizabad Passenger]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Allahabad Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Mankapur Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Mughalsarai–Faizabad Passenger]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/449 14233/Saryu Express]<br />
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/41 14234/Saryu Express]<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Northern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saryu Express}}<br />
[[Category:Trains from Prayagraj]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Prasad_Sen&diff=467370Atul Prasad Sen2025-10-20T06:13:37Z<p>Vikv10: fixed information based on references and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bengali composer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Atul Prasad Sen<br />
| image = Atul prasad.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 200px<br />
| caption = Atul Prasad Sen<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1871|10|20|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1934|8|26|1871|10|20|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of British India|Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]<br />
| nationality = British Indian<br />
| occupation = Advocate, poet, educationist, lawyer<br />
| period = [[Bengal Renaissance]]<br />
| years_active = 1900–1934<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Atul Prasad Sen''' ({{langx|bn|অতুলপ্রসাদ সেন}}; 20 October 1871 – 26 August 1934) was a Bengali composer, lyricist, singer, writer, lawyer, philanthropist and educationist.<ref name="som" /><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Atul Prasad Sen was born as the eldest child of Ram Prasad Sen and Hemanta Shashi, in a [[Vaidya (caste)|Vaidya]]<ref>{{Cite news|year=|title=Songs of Atulprasad Sen|url=https://www.observerbd.com/2015/01/28/69108.php|access-date=2021-06-19|work=The Daily Observer|publication-date=2015-01-28|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202906/https://www.observerbd.com/2015/01/28/69108.php|url-status=live}}</ref> family from the village Magor in South Bikrampur, [[Shariatpur|Faridpur District]], presently located in Bangladesh.<ref name="bpedia" /><ref name="basu">{{cite book|first=Kalyan Kumar|last=Basu|script-title=bn:আমারে এ আঁধারে (Amare e aandhare)|publisher= Abhyudoy Prakash Mandir, 6 Bankim Chatujje Street, Kolkata 12|year= 1969|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
Atul was born in his maternal uncle's house in Dhaka, following the custom at that time.<ref name="bpedia" /> His maternal grandfather Kali Narayan Gupta initiated Atul Prasad into music and devotional songs. Atul Prasad's mother later married Brahmo Samaj reformer [[Durga Mohan Das]]<ref name="bpedia" /> in June 1890.<ref name= basu /><br />
<br />
Initially Atul Prasad could not accept this marriage.<ref name="sarala1">{{cite book|first1=Sukhendu|last1=Roy|first2=Malavika |last2=Karlekar|first3=Bharati|last3=Roy|title=The Many Worlds of Sarala Devi - A Diary; The Tagores and Sartorial Style - A Photo Essay |publisher= Women Unlimited|year= 2009|isbn= 978-8-188-96550-2}}</ref> In time, his relationship became very congenial with Durga Mohan and Hemanta Shashi. Sarala Devi recounted in her diary জীবনের ঝরাপাতা (''fallen leaves of life'') that Durga Mohan, after the death of his wife Brahmoamoyee, in spite of his busy outward life, took great care of his children. It was his elder daughter Abala, whose eager and consistent effort towards the wellbeing of her aging father convinced Durga Mohan to marry Hemanta Shashi. Durga Mohan extended every possible care to his step children too, and treated them as his own children.<ref name="sarala2">{{cite book|first=Sarala|last=Devi Choudhurani|editor-first=Sikata|editor-last=Banerjee|title=The Scattered Leaves of My Life: An Indian Nationalist Remembers |publisher= Routledge|year= 2017|isbn= 978-1-138-29571-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
After passing the [[University and college admissions|Entrance]] examination in 1890, Atul Prasad was admitted to [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in [[Kolkata]], and in November the same year took a voyage to England to study law.<ref name="basu" />{{efn|[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]] went to London in 1988 and passed the London Mariculation in 1890. He was called to the Bar in 1891.<ref name="gandhi">{{cite book |year=1965 |editor-first=J.M. |editor-last= Upadhyay |title= Mahatma Gandhi as a Student|publisher= The Director Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Atul Prasad took the voyage to London during November 1890<ref name="basu" /> It is not known whether Gandhiji and Atul Prasad ever met while staying at London.}}<br />
<br />
In London he befriended [[Sri Aurobindo|Sri Aurobindo Ghosh]], [[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Sarojini Naidu]] and [[Dwijendralal Ray]].<ref name="basu" /><br />
<br />
==Profession - Phase One, Calcutta==<br />
After becoming a Barrister, he returned to Bengal in 1894 and joined with [[Satyendra Prasanno Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha of Raipur|Satyendra Prasanno Sinha]], (Lord Sinha), as a Bar-at-Law. Successively he opened up law practice in Kolkata in a rented apartment in 82, Circular Road.<ref name="basu" /> When his step-father [[Durga Mohan Das|Durgamohan]] died on 19 December 1897,<ref name="basu" /> he opened practice in [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] court.<ref name="hd">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|editor-first= Kunal |display-editors=etal |editor-last=Chakrabarty|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5}}</ref><br />
<br />
The High Court at Calcutta, which used to be known as the ''High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal'', was established and formally opened on 1 July 1862. Atul Prasad was called to the Bar in Calcutta High Court in 1895.<ref name="calcutta">{{cite book|title=The Calcutta Review 1934|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95766|publisher= University of Calcutta|year= 1934}}</ref> He was a member of the Bar Library Club of Calcutta High Court.<br />
<br />
It was mentioned in ''The High Court of Calcutta - 125th Anniversary Souvenir 1862-1987'':{{quote|The ecstatic resonance of Atul Prasad Sen's (1896) lyrics is heard in every Bengali home. Again, the poet of 'The Song of the Ocean' (Sagara-Sangeet) in his Vaishnavite melody surrendered himself completely to the Almighty.<ref name="HC125">{{cite book |year=1987 |editor1-first=Hon'ble Justice Anandamoy |editor1-last=Bhattacharya |editor2-first= Hon'ble Justice Shyamal Kumar |editor2-last=Sen|editor3-first=Hon'ble Justice A.K. |editor3-last=Nayak|title=The High Court of Calcutta - 125 Anniversary Souvenir 1862 - 1987|publisher=The High Court of Calcutta}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
''The High Court at Calcutta - 150 Years: An Overview'' remembered Atul Prasad in this fashion:<ref name="court">{{cite book|title=The High Court at Calcutta - 150 Years: An Overview|editor-first=Chittatosh |display-editors=etal |editor-last=Chief Justice Mookerjee|publisher=The Indian Law Institute|year=2012}}</ref> {{quote|Atul Prasad Sen (1896), a member of the Club, was a poet, lyricist, composer and a lawyer all moulded in one, whose songs and poems inspired many a young heart in pre-independence days and are cherished even today. }}<br />
<br />
==Marriage==<br />
<br />
Atul Prasad married his cousin sister Hem Kusum, daughter of [[Krishna Govinda Gupta]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] and Prasanna Tara Gupta. The marriage was disapproved by their family members. The couple wedded at Gretna Old Parish Church, Gretna Green, Scotland, under the Scottish Law in the year 1900.<ref name="som">{{cite book|first=Shovan|last=Som|title=Atul Prasad Sen'er Shreshtha Kabita|publisher=Bharbi|year=2002|page=142}}</ref> However, Atul Prasad had a troubled married life. The emotional sufferings he experienced in his life found their ways into his lyrics; and this has made many of his songs full of pathos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%9B-1.18116|script-title=bn:কেচ্ছা - Anandabazar|first=Susnat|last=Chowdhury|language=bn|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815180206/http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%9B-1.18116|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
His twin sons, born in 1901, were Dilip Kumar and Nilip Kumar. Nilip died after six month of his birth.<ref name= basu /><br />
<br />
==Profession - Phase Two, Lucknow==<br />
After his marriage Atul Prasad started practicing law at Old Baily, London and continued for a very short duration. Then with the help of Bipin Bihari Basu and upon advised by his friend Mumtaj Hussain, an advocate in Lucknow, he came back to India in 1902. He chose the province of Oudh as his field of activity and moved to [[Lucknow]].<ref name="basu" /><br />
<br />
==Activities in Lucknow==<br />
;Literary activities<br />
In 1922 the first conference of Bengali literary personages outside Bengal (''Prabasi Banga-Sahitya Sammelan'', presently known as ''Nikhil Bharat Banga Sahitya Sammelan'') was organised at [[Varanasi|Benaras]] with patronage from distinguished 'Bengalis living outside Bengal' (''Prabasis'') like Atul Prasad Sen, Radha Kamal Mukherjee, Kedar Nath Bandyopadhyay and Mahendra Chandra Roy, which was presided over by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. Atul Prasad initiated and edited ''Uttara'', the Bengali magazine of the organisation, to keep alive the Bengali culture among the Bengali Diaspora.<ref name="lucknow" /> Later, he presided over its Kanpur and Gorakhpur conventions. He was also editor of ''Allahabad Law Journal'' and ''Awadh Weekly Notes''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biographyhindi.com/atulprasad-sen-biography-in-hindi/|title=Atulprasad Sen Biography in Hindi - बंगाली कवि अतुल प्रसाद सेन की जीवनी|date=5 May 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813184954/http://biographyhindi.com/atulprasad-sen-biography-in-hindi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Bengali Club of Lucknow<br />
Since 1903 Atul Prasad served the Bengali Club of Lucknow, which was founded by Atul Krishna Singh, as the President. In 1929, he initiated the idea of merging of the Bengali Club and the Young Men's Association of Lucknow, and thus emerged a new organisation to be known as Bengali Club and Young Men's Association.<ref name="lucknow">{{cite book|first=Nadeem|last=Hasnain|title=The Other Lucknow - An Ethnographic Portrait of a City of Undying Memories and Nostalgia|publisher=Vani Prakashan|year=2016|isbn=978-93-5229-420-6|page=249}}</ref> A photograph of Atul Prasad is uploaded in the website of the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengaliclublucknow.com/Past%20Officials.html|title=List of Presidents and General Secretaries|website=Bengaliclublucknow.com|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820161530/http://www.bengaliclublucknow.com/Past%20Officials.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Political activities<br />
Atul Prasad played an active role in national politics between 1905 and 1921.<ref name="ency">{{cite book|editor-first=Mohan|editor-last=Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Academy, New Delhi|year=1992|isbn= 978-8-126-01194-0}}</ref> He was a close associate of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. In 1905, when Gokhale was elected president of the Indian National Congress and was at the height of his political power, he founded the Servants of India Society to specifically further one of the causes dearest to his heart: the expansion of Indian education. Atul Prasad was sympathetic to nationalistic movement and extended his support and generosity to Congress Party and Servants of India Society founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He joined Indian National Congress and represented Oudh in several annual conventions. He acted as Vice Chairman of Lucknow Municipal Corporation. In 1917 he joined in the Liberal Party.<ref name="som" /><br />
<br />
;Other social activities<br />
He actively took part in conversion of Lucknow Canning College founded by Raja Dakshina Ranjan Mukhopadhyay to Lucknow University and acted as a member of the first Executive Committee. He extended aid to many educational institutions.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book |last=Sayeed |first=Khan Md |year=2012 |chapter=Sen, Atulprasad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sen,_Atulprasad |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830111321/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sen,_Atulprasad |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Atul Prasad Sen Memorial Girls' College, Lucknow, established in 1902 under the name ''Mahalaki Pathshala'', humbly bears the name of its principal patron.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsencollegeonline.org/pdf/Prospectus.pdf|title=Prospectus, A P Sen College, Lucknow|website=apsencollegeonline.org|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811225123/http://www.apsencollegeonline.org/pdf/Prospectus.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> From ''Mahakali Pathshala'', the name was changed to ''Harimati Balika Vidyalaya''. In 1933 it received temporary recognition for High School and intermediate from U.P Board. It was at this time it acquired the name Jubilee-girls School. In 1944, the school received permanent recognition for High school. It advanced to an Inter college in 1947, and to a Degree College in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsencollege.org/index.php|title=A P Sen College, Lucknow|website=apsencollegeonline.org|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828143343/http://www.apsencollege.org/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Residence at Lucknow<br />
Atul Prasad built his residence in Kesharbag area at Lucknow, which was located next to the labour court complex.<ref name=ananda4 >{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/some-unknown-stories-about-bengali-composer-lyricist-and-singer-atul-prasad-sen-1.761233|script-title=bn:অক্লান্তকণ্ঠ এক সংগীত-সন্ন্যাসী তিনি|date=14 February 2018|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika|language=bn|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815232842/https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/some-unknown-stories-about-bengali-composer-lyricist-and-singer-atul-prasad-sen-1.761233|url-status=live}}</ref> The cost of the building was around thirty three thousand Indian Rupee. The building was demolished and does not exist now. It is so unfortunate that such a nice specimen of colonial architecture, the famous residence of Atul Prasad Sen which witnessed visit of so many distinguished personalities of pre-Independent India, is no more. A photograph of the house is available in the website of Sri Ramakrishna Math &<br />
Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsencollegeonline.org/pdf/Prospectus.pdf|title=Prospectus, A P Sen College, Lucknow|website=apsencollegeonline.org|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811225123/http://www.apsencollegeonline.org/pdf/Prospectus.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The A P Sen Road, running in front of the residence, was named after him during his lifetime. This road still runs in Charbag area of Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramakrishnalucknow.org/images/content_images/apsen.jpg|title=Ramakrishna Math & Mission, Lucknow|website=Ramakrishnalucknow.org|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820160136/http://www.ramakrishnalucknow.org/images/content_images/apsen.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Contribution in music==<br />
===Classical songs===<br />
<br />
Atul Prasad used fast-paced Hindustani tunes like ''Kheyal'', ''Thumri'' and ''Dadra'' skilfully, and was able to add an element of spontaneity on occasions when the tune has transcended the lyrics.<ref name="garland">{{cite book|first=Alison|last=Arnold|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2000|isbn=0-8240-4946-2|page=851}}</ref><br />
<br />
Atul Prasad is credited with introducing the Thumri style in Bengali music.<ref name="bpedia"/> He also pioneered introduction of [[Ghazal]]s in Bengali.<ref name="garland" /><br />
<br />
Atul Prasad's acquaintances with maestros in Urdu and Persian Ghazal inspired him to experiment this particular style to be brought into Bengali music. He created around six or seven Ghazals in Bengali and pioneered a stream of Bengali music which was later enriched profusely by contribution of [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]].<ref name="garland" /><br />
<br />
Atul Prasad's introduction of the raga to the Bangla songs had a significant impact on Bengali music, and influenced the songs of [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] and other raga-based modern songs. The songs created by him are known as অতুলপ্রসাদের গান (Atul Prasad's song).<ref name="garland" /><br />
<br />
===Atul Prasad's Song (অতুলপ্রসাদের গান)===<br />
<br />
Atul Prasad wrote 212 poems and except a few most of the poems were used as song.<ref name="som"/> Unfortunately none of the songs were dated. Only three among these 212 poems were titled (অর্ঘ্য, সাগরবক্ষে জ্যোৎস্নাসুন্দরী, প্রত্যাবর্তন).<br />
<br />
Atul Prasad himself, in his book গীতিগুঞ্জ (''Geetigunja''), arranged his songs into five broad categories: দেবতা (Devotional), প্রকৃতি (Nature), স্বদেশ (Patriotic), মানব (Humanity) and বিবিধ (others). He did not explicitly categorize any of his songs into the category of love. However, many of his songs, having multi-layered association of deep emotional sentiments, bloom into expression of love and lug deep shadow of sadness, which was his constant companion.<ref name="som"/><br />
<br />
;Love Songs<br />
Atul Prasad created unique love songs, driven by passion of his own life and estranged relationship with his wife. The deep emotional turmoil in his mind had been reflected in his love songs.<ref name="som"/><br />
{{quote|বঁধুয়া - নিদ নাহি আঁখিপাতে। আমিও একাকী, তুমিও একাকী আজি এ বাদল রাতে।}}<br />
{{quote|বঁধু এমন বাদলে তুমি কোথা? আজি পড়িছে মনে মম কত কথা।}}<br />
{{quote|একা মোর গানের তরী ভাসিয়ে ছিলাম নয়ন জলে..}}<br />
<br />
;Devotional songs;<br />
<br />
Atul Prasad was a follower of Brahmo faith, which was initiated in Calcutta in 1828 by [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] and [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] as reformation of the prevailing Brahmanism of the time. Atul Prasad created many songs devoted to [[Brahmo]] faith. Also, some of his compositions are dedicated to faith of Vaishnavism (worshiper of Lord Vishnu or Sri Krishna - হরি), Shaivism (worshiper of Lord Shiva - শিব) and Shaktism, where the metaphysical reality is considered feminine (Mother Kali or Mother Universal - শক্তি).<ref name="som"/><br />
<br />
He employed variety of folk tunes in his compositions apart from using Classical Ragas. কীর্তন (''Kirtan''), বাউল (''Baul''), ভাটিয়ালি (''Vatially'') and রামপ্রসাদী (''Ramprasadi'') tunes were prominent among them.<ref name="som"/><br />
{{quote|পরানে তোমারে ডাকিনি হে হরি (কীর্তন)}}<br />
{{quote|যদি দুঃখের লাগিয়া গড়েছ আমায়, সুখ আমি নাহি চাই (কীর্তন)}}<br />
<br />
;Patriotic songs<br />
Atul Prasad helped to awaken nationalism in colonial India by creating various patriotic songs. During his first voyage to England in 1890, Atul Prasad passed through Italy and, being inspired by the tune of the Gondola rowers' song in Venice,<ref name="sugata">{{cite book|first=Sugata|last=Bose|title=The Nation as Mother - and other versions of Nationhood|publisher=Penguin Random House|year=2017|isbn=978-067-0090-112}}</ref> he composed his patriotic song, উঠ গো ভারত-লক্ষ্মী..:<ref name="som"/><br />
<br />
{|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
<div style="2em;font-size:1.1em"><br />
<poem><br />
উঠ গো ভারত-লক্ষ্মী, উঠ আদি-জগত-জন-পূজ্যা, <br />
দুঃখ দৈন্য সব নাশি করো দূরিত ভারত-লজ্জা।<br />
ছাড়ো গো ছাড়ো শোকশয্যা, কর সজ্জা <br />
পুনঃ কনক-কমল-ধন-ধান্যে!<br />
</poem><br />
</div><br />
||<br />
:''Goddess of grace of India,''<br />
: ''O rise you world-respected!''<br />
: ''End all woes and sorrows, and ''<br />
: ''Remove her shame dejected!''<ref name="sudipto">Translated by Sudipto Chakraborty (August 2017, Ranchi, India)</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
The movement against the partition of Bengal during 1905-11 inspired creation of patriotic songs which helped in propagation of ''Swadeshi'' movement ideologies. Rabindranath Tagore, Atulprasad Sen, Dwijendralal Roy, Rajanikanta Sen, Mukunda Das, Kamini Kumar Bhattacharya, Aswini Kumar Datta, Manmohan Chakravarty, Satish Chandra Banerjee and many others composed various patriotic songs in support of the movement.<ref name="garland" /><ref name="srilata">{{cite book|first=Srilata|last=Chatterjee|title=Congress Politics in Bengal 1919 - 1939|publisher=Anthem South Asian Studies|year=2002|isbn=978-184-3310-631}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Ideology of Unity in Diversity and Indian Pluralism was conceived and urged by Atul Prasad in this song.<ref name="gupta">{{cite book|first=Partha Sarathi|last=Gupta|title=Power, Politics and the People - studies in British Imperialism and Indian Nationalism|publisher=Permanent Black, New Delhi|year=2001|isbn=81-7824-019-X|page=434}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The following song, venerating the Bengali language, played an equally significant inspirational role in the struggle for independence of India in 1947 as well as in the struggle for liberation of Bangladesh during 1971. {{quote|মোদের গরব, মোদের আশা, আ- মরি বাংলা ভাষা; (মাগো) তোমার কোলে, তোমার বোলে, কতই শান্তি ভালোবাসা।(''Our pride Our hope, O thy our Bengali language'') }}<br />
<br />
Sahana Devi,{{efn|Atul Prasad was her father's sister's son. Her mother Tarala Devi was the elder sister of ''Deshbandhu'' [[Chittaranjan Das]]}} Autl Prasad's cousin, edited and published 70 songs, along with her staff notations, in কাকলি (Kakali) in two volumes.{{efn|Atul Prasad himself wrote the preface of the book<ref name="kakali1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/handle/10689/15539|title=Kakali|website=dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192057/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/handle/10689/15539|archive-date=30 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kakali2">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Title%20Page.pdf?sequence=2|title=Kakaki_title_page|website=dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830194115/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Title%20Page.pdf?sequence=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kakali3">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Chapter%201_1-36p.pdf?sequence=3|title=Kakaki page 1-36|website=dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830234315/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Chapter%201_1-36p.pdf?sequence=3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kakali4">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Chapter%202_37-86p.pdf?sequence=4|title=Kakaki page 37-86|website=dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192501/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Chapter%202_37-86p.pdf?sequence=4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kakali5">{{cite web|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Content%20Page.pdf?sequence=5|title=Kakaki Content|website=dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193054/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10689/15539/Content%20Page.pdf?sequence=5|url-status=live}}</ref>}} in 1922 Sahana Devi and Harendranath Chattopadhyay recorded Atul Prasad's song in Gramophone Company's record.<br />
<br />
In 1932 three recording companies having Indian ownership were born in Calcutta, one of which was Hindusthan Music Products Ltd, founded by Chandi Charan Saha.<ref name="strategic">{{cite book|first=John A, Robinson R B and Mittal Amita|last=Pearce II|title=Strategic Management, formulation, implementation and control|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi|year=2012|isbn=978-1-25-900164-2|page=654}}</ref> Chandi Charan approached Rabindranath Tagore for contributing his voice in the first record under the banner of Hinduasthan Records. In July 1932, Rabindranath Tagore sang, তবু মনে রেখো in the house no. 6/1, Akrur Datta Lane near Subodh Mallick Square. The second record consisted of two songs sung by Atul Prasad Sen, being the only instance the poet recorded his voice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090503/jsp/calcutta/story_10901140.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203140752/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090503/jsp/calcutta/story_10901140.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Lonely shepherd|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> Atul Prasad sang:<br />
<br />
{{quote|"মিছে তুই ভাবিস মন! তুই গান গেয়ে যা, গান গেয়ে যা আজীবন!"<ref>Viewable on YouTube: {{YouTube|PSB1vaJ_M4A|"মিছে তুই ভাবিস মন!"}}; (accessed 30 August 2017)</ref><ref>Side 1 of the EP 1124-0005 by Hindusthan Records, 1932</ref> and }}<br />
<br />
{{quote|"জানি জানি তোমারে গো রঙ্গরাণী, শূন্য করি লইবে মম চিত্তখানি"<ref>Viewable on YouTube: {{YouTube|yk-tBY__0dE|"জানি জানি তোমারে"}}; (accessed 30 August 2017)</ref><ref>Side 2 of the EP 1124-0005 by Hindusthan Records, 1932</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The third one with two songs was sung by [[Renuka Dasgupta]] (née Sengupta), one of which was পাগলা মনটারে তুই বাঁধ, a song written by Atulprasad.<br />
<br />
{{quote|যদি তোর হৃদযমুনা (''Jadi tor hridjamuna'') ~ Harendranath Chattopadhyay (1937) [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|সে ডাকে আমারে (''Se dake amar''e) ~ Pahari Sanyal (1970). Film ''Aranyer Din Ratri'' ''directed by'' [[Satyajit Ray]].}}<br />
<br />
''Since the day of creation to the present day, the songs of Atul Prasad remain very popular and close to the heart of Bengal. His songs are being used in Bengali films even today. Many eminent singers have sung and recorded his songs, and the trend is continuing.''<br />
<br />
===Atul Prasad's songs in Bengali films===<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|+ Atul Prasad filmography<br />
|-<br />
! width="2%" | Year<br />
! width="10%" | Movie<br />
! width="16%" | Song<br />
! width="10%" | Artist<br />
! width="10%" | Director<br />
|-<br />
| 1955<br />
| ''Raikamal''<br />
| ''Jodi Tor Hridjamuna''<br />
| Pankaj Kumar Mallick<br />
| Subodh Mitra<br />
|-<br />
| 1959<br />
| ''Khaniker Atithi''<br />
| ''Ke Tumi Bosi Nodi Kule Ekela''<br />
| Hemanta Mukhopadhyay<br />
| Tapan Sinha<br />
|-<br />
| 1966<br />
| ''Subhas Chandra''<br />
| ''Uthago Bharat Lakshmi''<br />
| <br />
| Pijush Basu<br />
|-<br />
| 1967<br />
| ''Chhuti''<br />
| ''Aamar jiban nadir opaare''<br />
| Pratima Bandopadhyay<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 1968<br />
| ''Apanjan''<br />
| ''Uthago Bharat Lakshmi''<br />
| Shyamal Mitra<br />
| Tapan Sinha<br />
|-<br />
| 1969<br />
| ''Parineeta''<br />
| ''Sangsare Jodi Nahi Pai Sara''<br />
| Pratima Bandyopadhyay<br />
| Ajoy Kar<br />
|-<br />
| 1970<br />
| ''aranyer Din Raatri''<br />
| ''Se Daake Aamare''<br />
| Pahari Sanyal<br />
| Satyajit Ray<br />
|-<br />
| 1971<br />
| ''Atattor Din Pore''<br />
| ''Badhua Nid Nahi Akhi Paate''<br />
| Manna De<br />
| Ajit Lahiri<br />
|-<br />
| 1971<br />
| ''Ekhane Pinjar''<br />
| ''Eka Mor Ganer Tori''<br />
| Pratima Bandyopadhyay<br />
| Yatrik (Tarun Majundar, Dilip Mukherjee & Sachin Mukherjee)<br />
|-<br />
| 1972<br />
| ''Memsaheb''<br />
| ''Badhu Emon Badole Tumi Kotha''<br />
| Asima Bhattacharya<br />
| Pinaki Mukherjee<br />
|-<br />
| 1974<br />
| ''Jodu Bangsha''<br />
| <br />
| Pratima Bandyopadhyay<br />
| Parthapratim Chowdhury<br />
|-<br />
| 1975<br />
| ''Nagar Darpane''<br />
| ''Amar Porano Kotha Jay''<br />
| Sandhya Mukhopadhyay<br />
| Yatrik (Tarun Majundar, Dilip Mukherjee & Sachin Mukherjee)<br />
|-<br />
| 1981<br />
| ''Khelar Putul''<br />
| ''Ogo Krondoshi Pathocharini''<br />
| Arundhati Holme Chowdhury & Hemanta Mukhopadhyay<br />
| Tarun Majumdar<br />
|-<br />
| 1983<br />
| ''Chena Achena''<br />
| ''Amay Rakhte Jodi Apon Ghore''<br />
| Hemanta Mukhopadhyay<br />
| Pinaki Chowdhury<br />
|-<br />
| 1985<br />
| ''Ajante''<br />
| ''Keno Ele Mor Ghore''<br />
| Arundhati Home Chowdhury & Hemanta Mukhopadhyay<br />
| Arabinda Mukhopadhyay<br />
|-<br />
| 1986<br />
| ''Pathbhola''<br />
| ''Hao Dharamete Dhir''<br />
| Arundhati Home Chowdhury<br />
| Arabinda Mukhopadhyay<br />
|-<br />
| 1987<br />
| ''Tuni Bou''<br />
| ''Ogo Sathi Mamo Sathi''<br />
| Haimanti Shukla<br />
| Hiren Nag<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
| ''Projapati''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Biplab Chattopadhyay<br />
|-<br />
| 1998<br />
| ''Surya Kanya''<br />
| ''Bodhu, Nid Nahi Akhipaate''<br />
| Sreeradha Bandyopadhyay & Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta<br />
| Biresh Chattopadhyay<br />
|-<br />
| 1998<br />
| ''Daho''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| Ratul Gangopadhya<br />
|-<br />
| 2001<br />
| ''Dekha''<br />
| ''Pagla Montare Tui Bandh''<br />
| Gita Ghatak<br />
| Goutam Ghosh<br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''Takhan Teish''<br />
| ''Tumi Gao Tumi Gao Go''<br />
| Jayati Chakraborty<br />
| Atanu Ghosh<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''Dutta vs Dutta''<br />
| ''Uthago Bharat Lakshmi''<br />
| [[Anjan Dutt]] & Somlata Acharyya<br />
| Anjan Dutta<br />
|-<br />
| 2012<br />
| ''Tenida''<br />
| ''Uthago Bharat Lakshmi''<br />
| Subhamita Banerjee & Manomay Bhattacharya<br />
| Chinmoy Roy<br />
|-<br />
| 2013<br />
| ''Bicycle kick''<br />
| ''Ami Badhinu Tomar Teere''<br />
| Koushiki Deshikan<br />
| Debashish Sen Sharma & Sumit Das<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''Jodi Love Dile Na Prane''<br />
| ''Ke Abar Bajay Banshi''<br />
| Soumya Paul<br />
| Abhijit Guha & [[Sudeshna Roy]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Friends, relatives and acquaintances==<br />
;Rabindranath Tagore<br />
A deep friendship grew between Rabindranth and Atulprasad. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] initiated ''Khamkheyali Sabha'' along with [[Gaganendranath Tagore]] at Jorasako, and its meeting on 5 February 1897 was attended by Atul Prasad Sen and [[Chittaranjan Das]], among other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in/Rabisarani/event/VZlSXRFWwJlYHZEWOdVMXJ1aKVVVB1TP|title=Rabisarani|website=Rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816071650/http://rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in/Rabisarani/event/VZlSXRFWwJlYHZEWOdVMXJ1aKVVVB1TP|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 1897 Atul Prasad hosted the meeting of the ''Khamkheyali Sabha'' in his house at Wellesley Mansion, Kolkata.<br />
<br />
[[File:Tagore_House_at_Ramgarh_1914.jpg|thumb|right|Rabindranath Tagore purchased this house at the hilltop of Ramgarh in 1914]]Rabindranath Tagore's first visit to Lucknow was on invitation from Atul Prasad in 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sesquicentinnial.blogspot.in/2011/12/rabindranath-at-lucknau-with-atul.html|title=Rabindranath at Lucknau with Atul Prasad|website=Sesquicentinnial.blogspot.in|access-date=25 August 2017|date=13 December 2011|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211426/http://sesquicentinnial.blogspot.in/2011/12/rabindranath-at-lucknau-with-atul.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tagore was accompanied by Andrews ([[Charles Freer Andrews]], popularly known as ''Deenabondhu Andrews'') and Atul Prasad joined with them at Tagore's cottage at Ramgarh, which the Poet bought on 10 May 1914. In June 1914 Tagore came to Lucknow from Ramgarh, and enjoyed the hospitality of Atul Prasad, and returned to Calcutta on 14 June 1914.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in/Rabisarani/event/VZlSXRVVONlYHpkdT1WNXJ1aKVVVB1TP|title=Rabisarani|website=Rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828024510/http://rabindratirtha-wbhidcoltd.co.in/Rabisarani/event/VZlSXRVVONlYHpkdT1WNXJ1aKVVVB1TP|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Atul Prasad mentioned this event in his memoirs and recapitulated:<br />
{{quote|He invited me to stay with him at Ramgarh for some days. I came hurriedly from Lucknau to Ramgarh. One day there was heavy rain which continued late in the night. We had an assembly of rainy season on that day. From afternoon till at ten o'clock at night, the poet (Rabindranath) recited poems written by him one after another and sung many songs of rainy season. I couldn't forget that day. At about eight in the night our dinner was made ready. The daughter and daughter-in-law of the poet was waiting at the door, but neither the poet nor any of us could take notice of them. In that sitting Rabindranath requested me, "''Atul, will you please sing a Hindi song of your locality?''". I sang, "''Maharaja keoriya kholo, rasaki bund pare''". It was a timely song, and everybody liked it. The poet accompanied me in the song. Even the song touched Andrews who was ignorant of the song. He accompanied me loudly with his strange pronunciation and wrong tuned voice.}}<br />
<br />
Tagore's journey to Japan and other countries of the far east was due on 3 May 1916. Many relatives, friends, well-wishers, organisations and followers arranged for farewell ceremonies. Atul Prasad arranged one such farewell gathering in his house in Calcutta on 27 April 1916.<ref name=sesq>{{cite web|url=http://sesquicentinnial.blogspot.in/2012/02/rabindranath-in-japan-contd-1-1916.html?m=0|title=Rabindranath in Japan (contd-1) - 1916|website=Sesquicentinnial.blogspot.in|access-date=25 August 2017|date=13 February 2012|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823023449/http://sesquicentinnial.blogspot.in/2012/02/rabindranath-in-japan-contd-1-1916.html?m=0|url-status=live}}</ref> Kalidas Nag wrote:{{quote|Gathering was held in the house of Atul Babu situated at Wellesly mansion - the poet, Gagan Babu, Abani Babu, Dinu Babu and others were present. The gathering was fine - with fountain of songs. On 28th farewell was arranged in Mayo Hospital organized by Dr. Dwijendranath Moitra. Dinu Babu and the poet sung traditional songs and patriotic songs. It was wonderful. }}<br />
<br />
Tagore's second visit to Lucknow was during 5 to 10 March 1923,<ref name="academy">{{cite book|title=Rabindranath Tagore - A Centenary Volume 1861-1961|publisher=Sahitya Academy, New Delhi|year=1961}}</ref> when he addressed the Convocation of Lucknow University. Tagore was basically travelling across India on a lecture tour to raise money for Visva-Varati. Atul Prasad arranged a musical ''durbar'' in his honour and invited famous Indian classical singers of Lucknow at his residence. Tagore, while proceeding further to Bombay en route to Ahmedabad by train, composed a song, appreciating the event, তোমার শেষের গানের রেশ নিয়ে কানে চলে এসেছি ওগো কেউ কি তা জানে.<ref name="Som">{{cite book|first=Reba|last=Som|title=Rabindranath Tagore - the singer and his song|publisher=Penguin India|year=2009|isbn=978-06-700-8248-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Sukumar Ray<br />
[[File:Atul Prasad Sen a group photo.jpg|thumb|Atul Prasad Sen in a group photo of Monday Club founded by [[Sukumar Roy]]<br/>First row sitting from left: Subinoy Ray, [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], '''Atul Prasad Sen''', Shishir Kumar Datta, [[Sukumar Ray]] <br/> Middle row from left: Jatindranath Mukhopadhyay, Amal Home, [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay]], Jibanmoy Roy <br/> Standing from left: Hiran Sanyal, Ajitkumar Chakrabarty, [[Kalidas Nag]], Pravat Chandra Gangoadhyay, Dr. Dwijendranath Maitra, Satish Chandra Chattopadhyay, Shrish Chandra Sen, Girija Shankar Roy Choudhury]]<br />
[[Sukumar Ray]] was a great friend of Atul Prasad.<ref name="lanky">{{cite web|url=http://poetsukumar.blogspot.in/|title=Sukumar Ray|website=poetsukumar.blogspot.in|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref> During his college life he initiated the Nonsense Club whose magazine was named as '৩২II ভাজা' (সাড়ে বত্রিশ ভাজা). He visited England during 1911-13 England on the Guruprasanna Ghosh Scholarship to study photography and printing technology, and at that time he became very close to Atul Prasad Sen and many others. After returning from England Sukumar formed Manday Club, a literary gathering of contemporary Bengali writers, which had such noted personalities as Satyendranath Dutta, Suniti Kumar Chaterjee, Atul Prasad Sen, Kalidas Nag, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Dr. Dwijendranath Maitra and Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyay as members. Sukumar married Suprabha Das, granddaughter of Kali Narayan Gupta on 13 December 1919, and a family relation thus was developed between them.<br />
<br />
;Dilip Kumar Roy<br />
[[Dilipkumar Roy|Dilip Kumar Roy]] (22 January 1897 – 6 January 1980) was a Bengali Indian musician, musicologist, novelist, poet, essayist, and was an ardent follower of [[Sri Aurobindo]]. He was the son of [[Dwijendralal Ray]]. in 1922 while young Dilip Kumar was on a tour studying Indian classical music from various great masters, he came to Lucknow, and here in the house of Atul Prasad Sen he met Ronald Nixon, a professor at Lucknow University, who introduced Dilip to ideologies of Sri Aurobindo.<ref name="dilip">{{cite book|editor-first1=Sujata|editor-last1=Nahar|editor-first2=Michel|editor-last2=Danino|editor-first3=Shankar|editor-last3=Bandyopadhyay|title=Sri Aurobindo to Dilip: (Letters) – In 4 volumes – Volume 1 1929-1933|publisher=Hari Krishna Mandir Trust, Pune & Mira Aditi| year=2003|isbn=81-85137-91-9|page=24}}</ref> Dilip Kumar became a close collaborator of Atul Prasad, and immensely contributed, along with pursuing in versatile field of activities, in popularising Atul Prasad's songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harikrishnamandirindiraniloy.com/dadaji_music.htm|title=Sri Dilip Kumar Roy - A landmark in the evolution of Bengali music|first=Hari Krishna Mandir|last=Trust|website=Harikrishnamandirindiraniloy.com|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914213243/http://www.harikrishnamandirindiraniloy.com/dadaji_music.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (''Note on date of event: 1922'')<br />
<br />
;Pahari Sanyal<br />
[[Pahari Sanyal]], whose real name was ''Nagendranath'', came to Lucknow to join Marris College as a student of ''Hindustani'' Classical Music. Young Nagendranath was immediately drawn very close to Atul Prasad because of his unbound passion to classical music and became a regular visitor to his house. He witnessed and took active part in many of Atul Prasad's notable creations. Later, he was known, apart from being an outstanding luminary in the world of Bengali cinema, as one of the best exponents of Atul Prasad's song. He recorded several songs of Atul Prasad later.<br />
(''Note on date of event: 1926-28. Marris College of Music, Lucknow, later known as [[Bhatkhande Music Institute]] University was established by Sri [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]] in 1926. Pahari Sanyal's visit to Atul Prasad's house may be dated around 1926-28.'')<br />
<br />
;Kumar Prasad Mukherjee<br />
Kumar Prasad Mukherjee<ref name="kumar">{{cite book|first=Kumar Prasad|last=Mukherjee|title=The Lost World of Hindusthani Classical Music|publisher=Penguin India|year=2006|page=232|isbn=978-01-4306-199-1}}</ref> quoted from his father Dhurjati Prasad Mukerji's memoir মনে এলো (''Mone Elo''): <br />
{{quote|I heard Abdul Karim when he was at the peak of his powers. It was a few days after the death of Deshbandhu C. R. Das. What an extraordinary gathering that was – Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Atul Prasad Sen and Sharat Chandra Chatterjee, the novelist, all were there in Dilip Kumar Roy’s house … Tagore’s appreciation was “saccha“, true. He would close his eyes and be lost to the world. Atul Prasad got so carried away on occasions that he had to be controlled.''" (''Note on date of event: 1925-26 - after demise of Chittaranjan Das on 16 June 1925.)}}<br />
<br />
;Sachin Dev Burman<br />
Sachin Deb Burman mentioned in his memoirs:<ref name="sd">{{cite web|url=http://www.sdburman.net/reflections|title=S D Burman's memoirs|website=sdburman.net|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903162120/http://www.sdburman.net/reflections/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{quote|Shamlal Babu was a famous and very popular harmonium player and Thumri singer, and from him I learnt Thumri. He introduced me to noted singer Girija Kishore Chakravarty and Durjati Prasad Mukhopadhyay of Lucknow. Later, Dhurjati Babu introduced me to learned Atul Prasad Sen. Atul Prasad was very pleased to hear my songs. During that time I got acquainted with film director Sudhirendra Sanyal and subsequently joined New Theatres. Even when I started working as an independent composer, Atul Prasad wrote songs for me, and used to appreciate my songs with all his heart.}}<br />
<br />
;Satyajit Ray<br />
[[Satyajit Ray]] had a lasting impression of Atul Prasad, his maternal uncle, on him. He remembered Atul Prasad "''indulging in a great display of Urdu manners''".<ref name="andrew">{{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Robinson|title=Satyajit Ray - The Inner Eye|url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0|url-access=registration|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989|isbn=0-520-06946-3}}</ref> In his memoir,<ref name="Ray">{{cite book|first=Bijoya|last=Ray|title=Childhood Days - A Memoir by Satyajit Ray (translated from Bengali)|publisher=Penguin India|year=1998|isbn=978-01-4025-079-4}}</ref> he wrote: {{quote|I have a few memories of a visit to Lucknow, where we stayed first with my mother's cousin, Atul Prasad Sen, and then with his sister, whom I called ''Chhutki Mashi''. There was always music in Atul Mama's house, for he was a lyricist and composer. Often he would get my mother to learn his songs, then write the words down for her in her black notebook. Ravi Shankar's guru, Alauddin Khan, used to stay in Atul Mama's house at that time. I heard him play the piano occasionally. One day, the well-known singer of those times, Sri Krishan Ratanjankar, visited us and sang his famous song, ''Bhavani dayani'', set in ''Bharavi''. Atul Mama wrote a new song, Shuno, shey dakey aamarey (Listen, he's calling out to me), based on ''Bhavani dayani''.}}<br />
<br />
;Mira Choudhury<br />
Siddhartha Ghosh in his book ছবি তোলা: বাঙালির ফোটোগ্রাফি-চর্চা (Taking Pictures: The Practice of Photography by Bengalis) published an interview with Mira Choudhury, a noted photographer of early twentieth century. Meera was born in 1905 and all through her childhood she met her father's (Dwijendralal Maitra, a well-known doctor) famous friends: the composer Atulprasad Sen, Sukumar Ray, and many others who visited the family at their quarters at Mayo Hospital, where her father was employed.<ref name="ghosh">{{cite book|first=Siddhartha|last=Ghosh|title= Bangalir Photography-Chorcha (Taking Pictures: The Practice of Photography by Bengalis)|publisher=Ananda Publishers, Kolkata|year=1988|isbn=81-7066-100-5}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Bimal Mukherjee<br />
Bimal Mukherjee was only 23 years of age when he started touring the world in 1926 in his bi-cycle. He returned in 1937 and published his memoir দু'চাকায় দুনিয়া (''Duchakay Duniya''),<ref name="bimal">{{cite book|first=Bimal|last=Mukherjee|title=Duchakay Duniya - A bi-cycle expedition around the world|publisher= Swarnakkhar Prakashani, Kolkata|year= 1986}}</ref> where he mentioned that in 1928 he met Atul Prasad in England: {{quote|I met the famous poet, musician and barrister Atul Prasad Sen. He asked me whether I can sing. He was sorry to hear that I can not. I frequented his house occasionally with my friend Ranjit Kumar Sen (Tulu), and enjoyed his songs. His great character fascinated me. He was amiable, intelligent and having good taste. He used to sing Thumri with all his emotions... In one such visit I heard Dilip Kumar Roy also singing along with Atul Prasad in his Cromwell Road house.}}<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
<br />
Atul Prasad died at Lucknow on 26 August 1934 at an age of sixty three years. He was buried at the Brahmo Temple of ''Kaoradi'' (কাওরাদি ব্রহ্ম মন্দির), Sripur subdivision of Gazipur District, Dhaka division, established by Sir [[Krishna Govinda Gupta]] in his estate in 1893.<ref name="som" /><br />
<br />
Considering his failing health, on 3 May 1930, much before his demise, Atul Prasad signed off his will, which was revealed after his death.{{Citation needed|date= March 2018}} Apart from monthly stipends for his wife and son, he provided financial assistance to ''Hemanta Seva Sadan'' of ''Ramakrishna Sevashram'', ''Sadharan Bahmo Samaj'' of Kolkata, ''Nabo Bidhan Brahmo Samaj'' of Dhaka, P''anchapalli Gururam'' High School of Faridpur, Lucknow Bengali Club and Young Men's Association, Lucknow Bengali Girls' School, Muslim Orphanage in Mumtaj Park of Lucknow, Several orphanages of Hindu and Arya Samaj and various other charity organisations. All the property he dedicated towards charity included his residence at Charbag, Lucknow; all land property; all furnitures and collection of books, motor car, cash certificates; shares; life insurance and all royalty from his creations and compositions.<ref name="som" /><ref name="kaoraid">{{cite web|url=http://www.kaoraidup.gazipur.gov.bd/site/tourist_spot/d94757e7-2014-11e7-8f57-286ed488c766/-কবি-অতুল-প্রসাদ-সেনের-সমাধি|script-title=bn:কবি অতুল প্রসাদ সেনের সমাধি|language=bn|access-date=25 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem on 4 September 1934 in memory of Atul Prasad.<ref name="som"/> The poem was included in ''Geetigunja'', in its 1957 edition.{{Citation needed|date= February 2022}}<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
*The [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], Mussoorie, (LBSNAA) adopted the song "হও ধরমেতে ধীর হও করমেতে বীর, হও উন্নত শির নাহি ভয়" (''Hao Dharmete Dheer, Hao Karomete Bir, Hao Unnato Shir—Naahi Bhay'') as the academy song of the institute.<ref name="lalbahadur">{{cite web|url=http://www.lbsnaa.gov.in/pages/display/416-academy-song|title=Academy Song|website=lbsnaa.gov.in|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830024751/http://www.lbsnaa.gov.in/pages/display/416-academy-song|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*Dasgupta, Binayendranath. (1971). Atul Prasad, memoirs of Atul Prasad Sen, Bagarth, Kolkata.<br />
*Debi, Sahana. (Paush - 1336). কাকলি - অতুলপ্রসাদ (''Kakoli'') (the notation book of the songs written by Atulprasad Sen), Gurudas Chattopadhyay & Sons, *Calcutta.<br />
*Ghosh, Nupurchhanda, অবিস্মরণীয় অতুলপ্রসাদ (''Abismaraniya Atul Prasad''), Bangiyo Sahitya Parishad, Kolkata.<br />
*Ghosh, Sunilmoy. অতুলপ্রসাদ সমগ্র (''Atul Prasad Samagra''), Sahityam, Kolkata.<br />
*Ghosh, Sunilmoy. অতুলপ্রসাদ সমগ্র (Atulprasad Samagra)<br />
*Hom, Amal. অতুল স্মৃতিকথা (Atul Smritikatha) <br />
*Majumder, Nila. (2016). আমিও একাকী তুমিও একাকী (''Amio Ekaki Tumio Ekaki''), Ananda Bazar Patrika, 23 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/special-write-up-by-nila-majumdar-on-atul-prasad-sen-in-patrika-1.291449|script-title=bn:আমিও একাকী তুমিও একাকী|website=Anandabazar.com|language=bn|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813184045/http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/special-write-up-by-nila-majumdar-on-atul-prasad-sen-in-patrika-1.291449|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Mukhopadhyay, Manasi. (1931). Atul Prasad - A Biography, Signet Bookshop, Calcutta 12.<br />
*Mukhopadhyay, Manasi. (1971). Atul Prasad, Paribeshak, Kolkata.<br />
*Roy, Dilip Kumar. অতুলপ্রসাদ: মানুষ, কবি, ভক্ত (''Atul Prasad - Manush, Kobi, Bhakta''), Kolkata.<br />
*Roy, Dilip Kumar. (1938). সাঙ্গিতিকী (''Sangitiki''), Calcutta University, Kolkata.<br />
*Roy, Dilip Kumar. (''Surela'') Kolkata.<br />
*Sanyal, Pahari, (2012). মানুষ অতুলপ্রসাদ (''Manush Atul Prasad''), Saptarshi Prakashan, Kolkata.<br />
*Sen, Atul Prasad Sen. কয়েকটি গান (''Kayekti Gan''). Sadharon Brahmo Samaj, Calcutta.<br />
*Sen, Atul Prasad. (1931). গীতিগুঞ্জ (''Geetigunja''), published by Jyotirindranath Das, Secretary, ''Sadharon Brahmo Samaj'', 211, Cornwallis Street, Calcutta 6. 1931, Calcutta. (It was a collection of 193 songs created by Atulprasad Sen, and eight songs were included in a later edition after the death of the poet, published in 1957). <br />
*Shome, Shovan, (2002). অতুলপ্রসাদ সেনের শ্রেষ্ঠ কবিতা (''Atul Prasad Sener Shrestho Kabita''), Bharbi, Kolkata.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bengal Renaissance}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Atulprasad}}<br />
[[Category:1871 births]]<br />
[[Category:1934 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Bengal Renaissance]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Brahmos]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian barristers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian classical musicians of Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRIF_High_Mark_Credit_Information_Services&diff=474043CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services2025-10-15T17:39:44Z<p>Vikv10: general refine layout to improve readability additionally and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian credit bureau}}<br />
{{Advert|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services<br />
| logo = Crif-high-mark.png<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| type = Private limited company<br />
| founder = <br />
| key_people = Larry Howell, [[Chairman]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=24548 |title=Fair Isaac, High Mark Launch Global FICO Score For Indian Lenders |publisher=Efytimes.com |date=2010-12-08 |access-date=2010-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108012020/http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=24548 |archive-date=8 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Navin Chandani, [[CEO]] & MD<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/5F3vMg2gJeAxnLOlsXd8TN/Microfinance-lenders-to-stop-multiple-loans.html|title=Microfinance lenders to stop multiple loans - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|date=17 December 2009}}</ref><br />
| industry = Financial Services<br />
| services = [[Credit bureau]], [[risk analysis]], [[software]] and decision analytics<br />
| revenue = <br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| foundation = {{start date |2005}}<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=40542657|title=CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services Private Limited: Private Company Information - BusinessWeek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |access-date=2010-12-19}}</ref><br />
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| caption = <br />
| market cap = <br />
| homepage = {{URL |crifhighmark.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services Pvt. Ltd.''' is an [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]]-approved [[credit bureau]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/consultancy-/-audit/high-mark-credit-information-services-becomes-crif-high-mark-post-share-sale/articleshow/42097709.cms|title=High Mark Credit Information Services becomes CRIF High Mark post share sale|date=2014-09-09|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banknetindia.com/banking/101211.htm|title=High Mark Credit Information Services is 4th credit information company in India - Banknet India|website=www.banknetindia.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> It serves retail, agriculture and rural, MSME, commercial and microfinance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/crif-opens-new-centre-for-predictive-analytics-and-decision-solutions/article8731942.ece|title=CRIF opens new centre for predictive analytics and decision solutions|website=@businessline|date=15 June 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biia.com/crif-high-mark-celebrates-5-years-of-credit-bureau-operations|title=CRIF High Mark India Celebrates 5 years of Credit Bureau Operations {{!}} BIIA.com {{!}} Business Information Industry Association|website=www.biia.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://bfsi.eletsonline.com/crif-supporting-banks-in-digital-journey/|title=CRIF- Supporting Banks in Digital Journey|last=Rashi|website=BFSI|date=27 February 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
The company was incorporated in 2005 and is based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Bloomberg"/> It launched its credit bureau operations in 2010 and has a database of over 120+ crore credit records as of July 2018.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/will-rbis-public-credit-registry-disrupt-indias-successful-credit-bureaus|title=Will RBI's Public Credit Registry Disrupt India's Successful Credit Bureaus?|website=BloombergQuint|date=13 July 2018 |access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> CRIF High Mark covers nearly 38 crore unique borrowers as of October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsbarons.com/banking-and-finance/setting-the-credit-score-with-psychometric-assessment-parijat-garg-crif-highmark/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326114857/https://www.newsbarons.com/banking-and-finance/setting-the-credit-score-with-psychometric-assessment-parijat-garg-crif-highmark/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 March 2019|title=Setting the credit score with Psychometric assessment: Parijat Garg, CRIF Highmark|last=Bhargava|first=Latika|date=2018-10-31|website=Newsbarons|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> It manages the world's largest microfinance credit bureau database.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
CRIF High Mark supports over 4,000 credit institutions, including over 1,000 cooperative banks and insurance companies, providing them with credit information, analytics and scoring, decision and software.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4"/> In addition, it works with telecom service providers, credit rating agencies and [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]]-registered brokers. Consumers can also directly access their credit scores from CRIF High Mark. It records repayment history, defaults and frauds on loans and credit facilities extended to individuals or businesses across the country. These services help lenders to analyse the risk profile of the borrower before extending new credit and keep non-performing loans in check.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-38007420090213|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709075459/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-38007420090213|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2012|title=Battery ventures invests $1 mln in high mark credit information|date=2009-02-13|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-26|language=en}}</ref> Consumers can check their credit reports and credit scores from the company's website.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/HSMi5PkB86aek34QLParjN/You-can-get-4-free-credit-reports-each-year.html|title=You can get 4 free credit reports each year|last=Saleem|first=Shaikh Zoaib|date=2018-05-21|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services Private Limited was known as High Mark Credit Information Services Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crifhighmark.com:8026/about-us/|title=CRIF High Mark {{!}} India's First Full Service Credit Information Company|website=www.crifhighmark.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> High Mark was founded in 2007 by Dr. Anil Pandya.<ref name=":5" /> In 2014, CRIF, an Italy-based firm acquired majority stakes in the company and the name changed to CRIF High Mark.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/BJ7zRebZhPRZkRGiUbUFmN/CRIF-acquires-majority-stake-in-High-Mark.html|title=CRIF acquires majority stake in High Mark|last=Abhyankar|first=Nikita|date=2014-06-04|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
CRIF (The Center for Research in International Finance) holds 70% in CRIF High Mark. CRIF High Mark's other shareholders include [[State Bank of India]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[SIDBI]], Edelweiss, Shriram City Union Finance, and Alpha, a microfinance institution consortium.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/italys-crif-acquires-majority-stake-credit-information-firm-high-mark|title=Italy's CRIF acquires majority stake in credit information firm High Mark|date=2014-06-05|website=VCCircle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/pnb-to-sell-its-stake-in-crif-high-mark/articleshow/68401722.cms|title=PNB to sell its stake in CRIF High Mark|last=Sinha|first=Shilpy|date=2019-03-14|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Established in 1988 in Bologna (Italy), CRIF is a global company specialising in the development and management of credit reporting, business information and decision support systems.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/CRIF-acquires-majority-stake-in-High-Mark/articleshow/36162175.cms|title=CRIF acquires majority stake in High Mark - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 June 2014 |access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> The firm has an international presence operating in over 50 countries across four continents ([[Europe]], [[United States|America]], [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> It has experience delivering credit bureau solutions{{buzzword inline|date=March 2020}} in countries like Italy, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Russia, Jamaica, Morocco, Benin, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Tajikistan and Indonesia.<ref name=":9" /> CRIF has been recognized amongst the top 100 [[Financial technology|FinTech]] by IDC Financial Insights.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.idc.com/prodserv/insights/RESOURCES/ATTACHMENTS/2018_IDC_Fintech_Rankings_and_Real_Results_Winners_FINAL.pdf|title=IDC FinTech Rankings Top 100}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Timeline ===<br />
<br />
* '''2005''': Incorporated as a company<br />
* '''2007''': Company started operations<br />
* '''2009''': Received in-principle approval from RBI to set up as a [[Credit bureau|credit information company]] amongst 13 applicants <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xV99ISCymGQYcfQWueR8mN/RBI-nod-for-4-credit-information-companies.html|title=RBI nod for 4 credit information companies|last=Newswire18|date=2009-04-18|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
* '''2010''': Received license from RBI to operate as a credit information company <ref name=":0" /><br />
* '''2011''': Launched India's first credit bureau services for [[microfinance]] industry (MFIs etc.) in March 2011 <ref name=":8" /><br />
* '''2012''': Won Silver Award at SKOCH Digital Inclusion 2012 for the company’s work towards digital financial inclusion <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crifhighmark.com:8026/news-events/press-review/2012/september/high-mark-selected-silver-awardee-financial-inclusion-category/|title=High Mark has been selected as the SILVER AWARDEE in the Financial Inclusion Category at the 30th SKOCH Digital Inclusion Summit|website=www.crifhighmark.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* '''2014''': CRIF, the earlier strategic investor, acquires a majority stake in the Financial Inclusion category for setting up India's first Microfinance Credit Bureau.<ref name=":2" /><br />
* '''2016''': The sophisticated dedupe engine, OneIdentii, developed by CRIF High Mark, was recognized as the "most promising innovation" at the Technoviti Awards 2016<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bankingfrontiers.com/technoviti/winners-2016/|title=Winners 2016 {{!}} Technoviti 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101246/http://bankingfrontiers.com/technoviti/winners-2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* '''2016''': CRIF launches a new centre for [[predictive analytics]] and decision solutions{{buzzword inline|date=March 2020}} in Pune to support clients in Banking, Financial Services, Insurance and Telecom sectors in India, West and South-East Asia <ref name=":1" /><br />
* '''2016''': Crossed 100 million credit decisions mark for the Microfinance industry <ref name=":2" /> <br />
* '''2019''': Sherlock Lending, an anti-fraud solution from CRIF High Mark, wins leading innovation award at Technoviti 2019<br />
<br />
== CRIF Credit Score ==<br />
CRIF High Mark provides two types of credit scores - one for individual consumer called a Personal Credit Score and another for businesses called a Business Credit Score or Commercial Credit Score. The CRIF [[Credit score]] range is from 300 to 900, where a score close to 300 is considered to be poor while 900 is the best possible score. A score of over 700 is generally considered good.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caclubindia.com/articles/credit-risk-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters-34857.asp|title=Credit Risk: What it is and Why it matters|last=Guest|website=CAclubindia|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has mandated credit bureaus in India to give a full credit report free of charge to each customer every year. A consumer can check its own credit score free once in a year from CRIF High Mark's website.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/uOmqdR7soBOl5TYDhxF1qN/Free-credit-information-reports-are-not-that-free.html|title='Free' credit information reports are not that 'free'|last=Saleem|first=Shaikh Zoaib|date=2017-01-24|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Products and services ==<br />
CRIF High Mark provides credit information to credit institutions such as banks and NBFCs, telecom, and insurance companies, [[Credit rating agency|credit rating agencies]], Sebi-registered brokers and to the consumers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/A8k2V2gkSm3M1cormgs6qN/Crif-High-Marks-Kalpana-Pandey-The-volume-of-people-lookin.html|title=Crif High Mark's Kalpana Pandey: The volume of people looking for credit reports has not spiked much|last=Saleem|first=Shaikh Zoaib|date=2018-03-09|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> The company also provides risk management solutions, analytics, decision support and software solutions to its clients in these sectors. It also offers data quality management services that include data quality profiling, [[data deduplication]], and data quality enhancement, as well as address quality assessment, verification, and improvement.<ref name=":4" /> CRIF High Mark also provides market insight reports to help institutions benchmark themselves against competition and understand the penetration, delinquencies, and growth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/home-credit-india-retains-first-position-in-small-ticket-consumer-durable-loans-118122100961_1.html|title=Home Credit India Retains first Position in Small Ticket Consumer Durable Loans|last=ANI|date=2018-12-21|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
== CRIF High Mark in the news ==<br />
*'''Mar 2019:''' CRIF High Mark, CreditVidya Seal First-of-its-kind Partnership in India to provide lenders with credit scoring even for new-to-credit and 'thin-file' customers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/crif-highmark-ties-up-with-creditvidya/articleshow/68289737.cms?from=mdr|title=Crif Highmark ties up with CreditVidya|last=Nayak|first=Gayatri|date=2019-03-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
* '''Dec 2018''': IDBI appointed CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services to receive early warning signals (EWS) solution on its retail borrowers on a pilot basis. The bank is also monitoring the accounts on a weekly basis through its credit monitoring group <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-idbi-bank-writes-off-rs-30000-cr-loans-2697853|title=IDBI Bank writes off Rs 30,000 cr loans|date=2018-12-19|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
*'''Jul 2018''': Monexo, the first peer-to-peer lending company in India has tied-up with CRIF to access credit scores and other relevant financial data to aid in the loan disbursement decision making process <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/p2p-market-place-monexo-to-start-1-min-loan-approval-process/articleshow/57413312.cms|title=P2P market place Monexo to start 1 min loan approval process|date=2018-07-24|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
*'''June 2018:''' OML Technologies, a [[peer-to-peer lending]] company in India, has collaborated with CRIF High Mark to use its algorithm to ascertain the actuarial risk involved in providing credit to a borrower on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/RBI-Benevolent-on-P2P-Startups-After-Faircent-Now-OML-Technologies-Receives-Its-Certificate-of-Registration/19-06-2018-152405|title=RBI Benevolent on P2P Startups After Faircent Now OML Technologies Receives Its Certificate of Registration|last=Bureau|first=BW Online|website=BW Disrupt|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Credit scoring]]<br />
[[Category:Market research organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Business services companies established in 2005]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2005]]<br />
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangi_River&diff=499865Gangi River2025-10-13T20:08:35Z<p>Vikv10: created a place</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|River in Arrah, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox river<br />
| name = The Gangi<br />
| name_other = {{native name|bho| 𑂏𑂰𑂑𑂹𑂏𑂲 }}<br />
| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --><br />
| image = Gangi River, Arrah.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = [[Chhath]] celebration at Gangi<br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_map_size = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --><br />
| subdivision_type1 = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = State<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = District<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhojpur District, India|Bhojpur District]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = <br />
| subdivision_name4 = <br />
| subdivision_type5 = Cities<br />
| subdivision_name5 = [[Arrah]]<br />
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length_km = <br />
| width_min = <br />
| width_avg = <br />
| width_max = <br />
| depth_min = <br />
| depth_avg = <br />
| depth_max = <br />
| discharge1_location = <br />
| discharge1_min = <br />
| discharge1_avg = <br />
| discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --><br />
| source1 = 5 Km west of Arrah (where Banas ends)<br />
| source1_location = <br />
| source1_coordinates = <br />
| source1_elevation = <br />
| mouth = <br />
| mouth_location = <br />
| mouth_coordinates = <br />
| mouth_elevation = <br />
| progression = <br />
| river_system = <br />
| basin_size = <br />
| tributaries_left = <br />
| tributaries_right = <br />
| custom_label = <br />
| custom_data = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gangi''' is a [[perennial river]] channel and an offshoot of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] which mainly flows near the town of [[Arrah]] in [[Bihar]] in India. It originates in 5 miles west of Arrah, when [[Banas River (Arrah)|Banas]] fall into it, and flows in a northerly direction, running parallel to the main channel of the Ganga. After passing east of Arrah, it joins the Ganga at Keshavpur, near the border of the Bhojpur district.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imam |first=Saiyyad Rahat |title=A study on water quality of river Gangi at Ara town |journal=Asian Journal of Environmental Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Tajuddin Ahmed |title=Social Structure of Migrant Population |publisher=Rajesh Publications |year=1999 |isbn=8185891214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Archaeological Survey of India Reports, Volume 3 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |year=1873}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mithileshwar |title=Jaag Chet Kuchh Karou Upai |publisher=Vani Prakashan |year=2015 |isbn=9350729237}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BIHAR RIVER ATLAS |url=https://cganga.org/river-atlases/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
It is believed it is the ancient stream of the river Ganga.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bihāra kī nadiyām̐, Volume 1|publisher=Bihāra Hindī Grantha Akādamī|year=1977}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Alexander|title=Cunningham Report: Report for the year 1871-72}}</ref> Huien Tsang has written in his account that Ganga was {{cvt|10|km|mi}} from the village of [[Masarh]] which also indicates that earlier the Ganga used to flow faster in the South than present which is the present route of Gangi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bihar District Gazetteer: Shahabad|publisher=Secretariat Press|year=1966|location=Patna|pages=14}}</ref> The high bank of old river bed can still be traced in Bhojpur and Buxar.{{fact|date=December 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Course ==<br />
The Gangi's course is entirely within the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plains]]. It originates 5 miles west of Arrah and in the present state seem to the continuation of the [[Banas River (Arrah)|Banas]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Francis Buchanan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281772 |title=An Account Of The District Of Shahabad In 1812-13 |date=1934}}</ref> The river's channel is [[meandering]] and passes several villages in the plains north to Arrah. After crossing Arrah, it takes a northward turn and it journey ends at Keshavpur, where it flows into the River Ganga.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
During its journey, the Gangi serves as a primary drainage channel for the region, collecting water from several other rivers and man-made watercourses such as the '''Nagri River''', '''Malai Drain''', and the [[Banas River (Arrah)|Banas River]]. Additionally, the [[Ara Canal]] joins it from the east near the village of Ramsagar.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Arrah]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parvarrish&diff=524615Parvarrish2025-10-09T07:47:13Z<p>Vikv10: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2011 Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| alt_name = Parvarrish<br />
| image = Parvarish1.png<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Indian soap opera]] <br />
| creator = <br />
| writer = Satyam Tripathy, Bijesh Jayrajan, Dilip Jha, Archita Biswas Jha and [[S. Manasvi]]<br />
| director = Imtiaz Punjabi, khalid Akhtar<br />
| creative_director = Sonalika Bhonsle<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 2<br />
| num_episodes = 388<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = {{ubl|Deeya Singh|[[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]]}}<br />
| editor = Hemantt Kumarr<br />
| cinematography = Mahesh R. Gupta<br />
| location =<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 23 minutes<br />
| company = [[DJ's a Creative Unit]]<br />
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2011|11|21|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2013|8|14|df=y}}<br />
| related = [[Parvarrish - Season 2]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Parvarrish''''' is an [[Indian soap opera]] that aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. The show premiered on 21 November 2011 and ended on 14 August 2013. <br />
The serial is about two families having different ways of raising their kids.<ref name="plot 1">{{cite web|title=Parvarrish – Kuchh Khatti Kuchh Meethi: about the show|url=http://setindia.com/about_show.php?sid=82|work=Sony Entertainment TV|publisher=MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PVT. LTD|access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The story focuses on the lives, morals, and rituals of the families.<ref name="plot 1" /><ref name="ref 1 names">{{cite web|title=Parvarrish - Kuchh Khatti Kuchh Meethi, Cast and Characters|url=http://setindia.com/character_details.php?sid=82|work=Sony Entertainment TV|publisher=MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PVT. LTD.|access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot summary==<br />
<br />
''Parvarrish'' primarily revolves around two families who are relatives: the Ahluwalias and the Ahujas.<ref name="plot 1" /> It focuses on the troubles they go through in bringing up their children and the lessons they learn from these experiences.<ref name="plot 1" /><br />
<br />
Sweety Ahluwalia is very strict with her children,<ref name="ref 1 names" /> Rocky and Ginny, to the point where they get frustrated with her and secretly rebel.<ref name="ref 1 names" /> Although she constantly scolds them and complains about their studies, she considers them her life. With her supportive husband Lakvir Singh, she tries to provide them with the best she can.<ref name="ref 1 names" /><br />
<br />
On the other hand, Sweety's younger sister, Pinky Ahuja, wants to take care of her children, Raavi, Raashi and Sunny by being friends with them.<ref name="ref 1 names" /> However, her overreacting nature often suffocates her kids and creates problems in the relationship she shares with them.<ref name="ref 1 names" /> She often finds a supportive friend in her caring and loving husband Jeet.<ref name="ref 1 names" /><br />
<br />
==Cast ==<br />
<br />
; '''Ahluwalia Family'''<br />
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Sweety Kaur Khanna Ahluwalia – Rajesh's elder daughter; Pinky and Lovely's sister; Lucky's wife; Rocky and Ginni's mother.(2011-2013)<br />
* [[Vivek Mushran]] as Lakhmeet "Lucky" Singh Ahluwalia – Bebe's son; Sweety's husband; Rocky and Ginni's father. (2011-2013)<br />
* [[Tapasvi Mehta]] as Rakvinder "Rocky" Singh Ahluwalia – Sweety and Lucky's son; Ginni's brother. (2011-2013)<br />
* Aashika Bhatia as Gunwant "Ginni" Kaur Ahluwalia – Sweety and Lucky's daughter; Rocky's sister. (2011-2013)<br />
<br />
;'''Ahuja Family'''<br />
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] as Pinky Kaur Khanna Ahuja – Rajesh's younger daughter; Sweety and Lovely's sister; Jeet's wife; Raavi, Rashi and Sunny's mother. (2011–2013)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-03 |title=Rupali Ganguly to quit Parvarrish? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupali-ganguly-to-quit-parvarrish/articleshow/19861985.cms#:~:text=Parvarrish%20aired%20on%20Sony%20Entertainment%20Television,%20Popular,decided%20to%20go%20on%20a%20maternity%20break. |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
** [[Barkha Sengupta]] as Pinky Kaur Khanna Ahuja (2013)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-18 |title=Barkha Bisht to replace Rupali Ganguly in Parvarrish |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/barkha-bisht-to-replace-rupali-ganguly-in-parvarrish/articleshow/20121384.cms#:~:text=The%20news%20of%20Rupali%20Ganguly,show%20owing%20to%20her%20pregnancy. |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
* [[Vishal Singh (actor, born 1974)|Vishal Singh]] as Jeet Ahuja – Pinky's husband; Raavi, Rashi and Sunny's father. (2011-2013)<br />
* [[Aanchal Munjal]] as Raavi Ahuja – Pinky and Jeet's elder daughter; Rashi and Sunny's sister. (2011-2013)<br />
* [[Sparsh Khanchandani]] as Rashi Ahuja – Pinky and Jeet's younger daughter; Raavi and Sunny's sister. (2011-2013)<br />
* Rakshit Wahi as Sundesh ‘Sunny’ Ahuja – Pinky and Jeet's son; Raavi and Rashi's brother. (2011-2013)<br />
<br />
'''Khanna Family '''<br />
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as Rajesh Singh Khanna – Sweety, Pinky and Lovely's father; Rocky, Raavi, Ginni, Rashi and Sunny's grandfather (2011-2013)<br />
* [[Vivek Madan]] as Lovely Singh Khanna – Rajesh's son; Pinky and Sweety's brother; Dolly's husband (2011-2013)<br />
* Namrata Ramsay as Dolly Kaur Khanna – Lovely's wife (2011-2013)<br />
<br />
'''Others'''<br />
* Unknown as Bebe/Mrs. Ahluwalia – Lucky's mother; Rocky and Ginni's grandmother<br />
* [[Raju Kher]] as Senior Mr. Ahluwalia – Lucky's father; Rocky and Ginni's grandfather<br />
* Samara as Aishwarya Soonawaala – Rocky's Classmate/Friend<br />
* [[Anshul Pandey]] as Siddarth Rastogi aka Siddhu/Sid – Ahuja's Neighbor<br />
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Monty Sood – Lucky's Childhood Friend (Fraud)<br />
* Gaurav Nanda as Amit Kapoor<br />
* [[Abhishek Bajaj]] as Nithin Mehta – Raavi's crush<br />
* [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]] as Yudhishthir "Yudi" Sharma – Mandira's son; Rocky's friend<br />
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Mandira Sharma – Yudi's mother<br />
* Raanveer Chahal as Vicky<br />
* [[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Aarav Sengupta<br />
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Bharat Sharma<br />
* Prashant Ranyal as Siddarth Mathur<br />
* [[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]] as Meera Siddart Mathur<br />
* [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Parminder (Pam) – Ahuja's Neighbor<br />
* Eshaan Sahney as Dev Sawhney <br />
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Advocate Raghav Jaitley (RJ)<br />
* Mahip Marwah<br />
* Payal Bhojwani as Payal – Ginni's Classmate<br />
* Unknown as Koyal – Ginni's Classmate<br />
* Unknown as Deejay Khurana – Raavi's Stalker (Eve Teaser)<br />
* Unknown as Mrs. Khurana – Deejay's Mother<br />
* Unknown as Mr. Khurana – Deejay's Father<br />
* Siddharth Sen as Raj Tyagi – Ginni's Music Teacher<br />
* Anoop Gautam as Football Coach <br />
* Athar Siddiqui as Kapil – Games Teacher<br />
* [[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Miss Mini Mehtab – Theater Artist<br />
'''Guest appearances from [[Saas Bina Sasural]]''' <br />
* [[Ravi Dubey]] as Tejprakash "Tej" Chatuvedi<br />
* [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] as Tanya "Toasty" Sharma Chaturvedi<br />
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Cheddilal Chaturvedi <br />
* Arvind Vaidya as Anandilal Chaturvedi<br />
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as Pashupatinath Chaturvedi<br />
* [[Rohini Banerjee]] as Maalti Chaturvedi <br />
* Rishi Khurana as Vedprakash "Ved" Chaturvedi<br />
* [[Shruti Bapna]] as Nitika Chaturvedi <br />
* [[Shraman Jain]] as Pracheenprakash "Pracheen" Chaturvedi<br />
* [[Meghan Jadhav]] as Gyanprakash "Gyan" Chaturvedi<br />
<br />
== Sequel ==<br />
{{Further|Parvarrish - Season 2}}<br />
In May 2015, it was announced that the show would return with a [[Parvarrish - Season 2|sequel]]. In September 2015, it was announced that actors like [[Sangita Ghosh]], [[Sandeep Baswana]], Vinay Jain and [[Gautami Kapoor]] would star in the sequel. The sequel began from 23 November 2015 and ended on 7 July 2016.<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
*[[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Awards 2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CHILD ARTISTE (FEMALE)|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php|work=The 11th Indian Telly Awards|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303073257/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php|archive-date=3 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
**Best Child Artist (Female) - [[Aanchal Munjal]] <br />
** Best Ensemble Cast<br />
*[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA 2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ITA 2012|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ita-awards-winners-list-ram-kapoor-and-barun-sobti-voted-best-actor/|work=ITA Awards winners' list: Ram Kapoor and Barun Sobti voted Best Actor! |publisher=www.bollywoodlife.com |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref><br />
**Best Actress (Jury) - [[Shweta Tiwari]]<br />
**Best Serial (Jury) <br />
**Best Direction<br />
*Kalakr Awards 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalakar Awards 2013|url=http://www.chinokino.com/2013/01/kalakar-awards-2013-winners.html|work=Kalakar Awards 2013 - winners |publisher=www.chinokino.com|access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref><br />
**Best Actress (Jury) - [[Shweta Tiwari]] & [[Rupali Ganguly]]<br />
*[[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Awards 2013]]<br />
**Best Actress (Jury) - [[Shweta Tiwari]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.setasia.tv/en-ae/show/114/parvarrish-kuchh-khattee-kuchh-meethi.html ''Parvarrish's'' website at SET Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016165053/http://www.setasia.tv/en-ae/show/114/parvarrish-kuchh-khattee-kuchh-meethi.html |date=16 October 2012 }}<br />
<br />
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parvarrish - Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi}}<br />
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adi_Dravida&diff=463471Adi Dravida2025-09-10T16:25:57Z<p>Vikv10: cleanup layout further and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Term for natives of Southern India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
|group = Adi Dravida<br />
|popplace = c. 7.25 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/Tamil_Nadu/6.Figures_Glance_Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Census of india 2011 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> (2011 census)<br />
|languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]]<br />
|related = [[Paraiyar]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Adi Dravida''' (or '''Adi Dravidar''') is a term that has been used since 1914 in [[South India]] to denote [[Paraiyar|Paraiyars]], a [[Jāti|caste]] group.{{sfn|Bergunder|2004|p=69}} At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], they made up about half of [[Tamil Nadu]]'s Scheduled Caste population.<br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[Iyothee Thass]], a leader of the [[Paraiyar]] community, believed that the term "Paraiyar" was a [[pejorative|slur]]. He attempted a reconstruction of Tamil history, arguing that the Paraiyars were the original inhabitants of the land, who had been subjugated by upper-caste invaders. Another Paraiyar leader, [[Rettamalai Srinivasan]], however, advocated using the term "Paraiyar" with pride, and formed the Parayar Mahajana Sabha ("Paraiyar Mahajana Assembly") in 1892.{{sfn|Srikumar|2014|p=357}} Thass, on the other hand, advocated the term "Adi-Dravida" ("Original Dravidians") to describe the community. In 1892, he used the term ''Adidravida Jana Sabhai'' to describe an organisation, which was probably Srinivasan's Parayar Mahajana Sabha. In 1895, he established the "People’s Assembly of Urdravidians" (Adidravida Jana Sabha), which probably split off from Srinivasan's organisation. According to Michael Bergunder, Thass was thus the first person to introduce the concept of "Adi Dravida" into political discussion.{{sfn|Bergunder|2004|p=69}}<br />
<br />
In 1918, the Adi Dravida Mahajan Sabha also requested the Indian government use the term to replace the current but pejorative term "Pariah" (Paraiyar) used for the community.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC&pg=PA169|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12786-8|pages=169–}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another Paraiyar leader, M C Rajah&nbsp;— a [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] councillor&nbsp;— made successful efforts for adoption of the term "Adi-Dravidar" in the government records.{{sfn|Srikumar|2014|p=357}} In 1914, the [[Madras Legislative Council]] passed a resolution that officially censured the usage of the term "Paraiyar" to refer to a specific community, and recommended "Adi Dravidar" as an alternative.{{sfn|Bergunder|2011|p=260}} In the 1920s and 1930s, [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]] ensured the wider dissemination of the term "Adi Dravida".{{sfn|Bergunder|2004|p=69}}<br />
<br />
== Reservation ==<br />
In [[South India]], Adi Dravida are considered as [[Scheduled Castes]], under India's [[Reservation in India|positive system of Reservation]].<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Status<br />
!Notes<br />
![[Reservation in India|Reservation status]]<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|mostly concentrated in bordering districts of Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Andhra Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42907 |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
|[[Scheduled Castes|SC]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) {{!}} Lopol.org|url=https://www.lopol.org/article/list-of-andhra-pradesh-scheduled-castes-sc-and-scheduled-tribes-st|access-date=2022-01-05|website=www.lopol.org|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329012806/https://www.lopol.org/article/list-of-andhra-pradesh-scheduled-castes-sc-and-scheduled-tribes-st|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Lakshadweep]]<br />
|only the native citizens<br />
|[[Scheduled tribes|ST]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversy over ST-Muslim category for Lakshadweep students|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/nov/22/controversy-over-st-muslim-category-for-lakshadweep-students-2386470.html|access-date=2022-01-05|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Karnataka]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Counted along with [[Adi Andhra]], [[Adi Karnataka]] and Ajila.<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Scheduled Caste|SC]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Karnataka Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) {{!}} Lopol.org|url=https://www.lopol.org/article/list-of-karnataka-scheduled-castes-sc-and-scheduled-tribes-st|access-date=2022-01-05|website=www.lopol.org}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Kerala]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Scheduled Castes in Kerala|url=https://keralapsc.gov.in/list-scheduled-castes-kerala-state|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111162720/https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/list-scheduled-castes-kerala-state |archive-date=11 January 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Tamil Nadu Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) {{!}} Lopol.org|url=https://www.lopol.org/article/list-of-tamil-nadu-scheduled-castes-sc-and-scheduled-tribes-st|access-date=2022-01-05|website=www.lopol.org}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
'''Citations'''<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
*{{citation |first=Michael |last=Bergunder |url=http://www.theologie.uni-hd.de/rm/online-artikel/bergunder-2004-contested-past.pdf |title=Contested Past: Anti-brahmanical and Hindu nationalist reconstructions of early Indian history |journal=Historiographia Linguistica |volume=31 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=95–104 |doi=10.1075/hl.31.1.05ber }}<br />
* {{citation |first=Michael |last=Bergunder |title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&pg=PA260 |year=2011 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-21-4 }}<br />
* {{citation |first=S. |last=Srikumar |title=Kolar Gold Field: (Unfolding the Untold) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrWEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA356 |year=2014 |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |isbn=978-1-4828-1507-8 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil society]]<br />
[[Category:Dalit communities]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Telangana]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenith_Kachappilly&diff=506064Jenith Kachappilly2025-07-24T10:04:28Z<p>Vikv10: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer and director (born 1987)}}<br />
{{infobox person<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1987|06|23}}<br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| occupation = {{hlist| Writer | film director }}<br />
| years_active = 2020 - present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jenith Kachappilly''' is an Indian writer and film director who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He is known for his works in [[Mariyam Vannu Vilakkoothi]] and [[Abhilasham]].<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Jenith Kachappilly film credits as director or writer<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 scope="col" | Year<br />
! rowspan=2 scope="col" | Title<br />
! colspan=2 scope="col" | Credited as<br />
! rowspan=2 scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! rowspan=2 scope="col" | {{ref heading}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Director<br />
! scope="col" | Writer<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Mariyam Vannu Vilakkoothi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Debut film ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shriijth |first=Sajin |date=2020-01-08 |title=Jenith Kachappilly: There is a purpose behind every detail in Mariyam Vannu Vilakkoothi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/Jan/29/jenith-kachappilly-there-is-a-purpose-behind-every-detail-in-mariyam-vannu-vilakkoothi-16779.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘ദിവസങ്ങൾ മാത്രമാണ് ഈ സിനിമയുടെ ആയുസ്സ്, അറിയണം സംവിധായകന്റെ കഷ്ടപ്പാട്’ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/02/05/bilahari-about-director-jenith-kachappilly.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=‘ദിവസങ്ങൾ മാത്രമാണ് ഈ സിനിമയുടെ ആയുസ്സ്, അറിയണം സംവിധായകന്റെ കഷ്ടപ്പാട്’ |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=P |first=Sailendrakumar |date=2020-01-31 |title=മറിയം വന്ന് വിളക്കൂതി; രസമുള്ള കഥ പറച്ചിൽ, കുസൃതിയുള്ള ചിരി, ഇത്തിരീ നട്ടപ്പിരാന്ത് — ശൈലന്റെ റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/reviews/jenith-kachapilly-movie-mariyam-vannu-vilakkoothi-review-059088.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=malayalam.filmibeat.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-01 |title=ഇത് പാവങ്ങളുടെ ബോയിങ് ബോയിങ് - ജെനിത് കാച്ചപ്പിള്ളി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/interview-with-writer-and-director-of-mariyam-vannu-vilakkoothi-movie-jenith-kachapilly-1.4477725 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Abhilasham]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-07 |title=First look of Saiju Kurup-Tanvi Ram starrer Abhilasham is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/23/first-look-of-saiju-kurup-tanvi-ram-starrer-abhilasham-is-out |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{IMDb name| nm10143417}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kachappilly, Jenith}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film directors]]<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ari_Maharaja_Sakalendukirana_Laksmidhara_Wijayottunggadewi&diff=478547Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi2025-05-18T15:55:54Z<p>Vikv10: Starting initial entry added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|11th century Queen regent of Bali}}<br />
'''Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi''' was a [[queen regnant]] of [[Bali]], who flourished from 1088 to 1101 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unix.web.id/id4/2382-2279/Daftar-Raja-Bali_62572_unix.html |title=Daftar Raja Bali |publisher=Unix.web.id |date= |accessdate=2017-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patt |first=Judith Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3pJAQAAMAAJ&q=sakalendukirana |title=The Use and Symbolism of Water in Ancient Indonesian Art and Architecture |date=1979 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
She succeeded Sri Walaprabhu Saka in 1088. Her uncommonly long name has been assumed to describe her connection to the previous rulers and her connection to the divine.<br />
<br />
She ordered the ''Nayakanjalan'', and inscription which listed many rules of the Balinese society.<ref>I. Gusti Putu Phalgunadi: Evolution of Hindu Culture in Bali: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time, 1991</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box|<br />
before=[[Śri Maharaja Walaprabhu ]]|<br />
title=[[List of monarchs of Bali|Balinese Monarchs]]|<br />
years=|<br />
after=[[Śri Suradhipa]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
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{{SEAsia-royal-stub}}</div>Vikv10https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Rajasthan_Royals_season&diff=4829432022 Rajasthan Royals season2025-04-18T03:01:05Z<p>Vikv10: Pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket club season<br />
| club = Rajasthan Royals<br />
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]<br />
| coach = [[Kumar Sangakkara]]<br />
| captain = [[Sanju Samson]]<br />
| ground = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]]<br />
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League]]<br />
| comp1 result = Runner Up<br />
| most runs = [[Jos Buttler]] (863)<br />
| most wickets = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (27)<br />
| most catches = [[Riyan Parag]] (17)<br />
| most dismissals = [[Sanju Samson]] (16)<br />
| prevseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2021|2021]]<br />
| nextseason = [[Rajasthan Royals in 2023|2023]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Rajasthan Royals]] (RR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Rajasthan]], India, which has played in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) since the first edition of the tournament in [[2008 Indian Premier League|2008]]. They were one of ten teams to compete in the [[2022 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESPNcricinfo staff |date=5 September 2010 |title=Next three IPL seasons to comprise 74 matches each |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-news-next-three-ipl-seasons-to-comprise-74-matches-each-475828 |access-date=30 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The Royals have previously lifted the IPL title once, in the [[2008 Indian Premier League|inaugural season]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Royals are IPL champions |url=http://ipl.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3091229.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=2 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604031604/http://ipl.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3091229.cms |archive-date=4 June 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The side finished as the runners-up in the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-final-2022-gt-vs-rr-rajasthan-royals-captain-sanju-samson-proud-of-his-team-despite-losing-title-to-gujarat-titans/articleshow/91884353.cms|title=IPL Final 2022, GT vs RR: Rajasthan Royals captain Sanju Samson 'proud' of his team despite losing title to Gujarat Titans|work=The Times of India|date=30 May 2022|access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
{{Main|List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}<br />
The franchise chose to retain three players ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Retained: [[Sanju Samson]], [[Jos Buttler]], [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] <br />
;Released: [[Ben Stokes]], [[Jofra Archer]], [[Mahipal Lomror]], [[Manan Vohra]], [[Mayank Markande]], [[Rahul Tewatia]], [[Riyan Parag]], [[Shreyas Gopal]], [[Robin Uthappa]], [[Jaydev Unadkat]], [[Anuj Rawat]], [[Kartik Tyagi]], [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]], [[Andrew Tye]], [[Shivam Dube]], [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], [[Mustafizur Rahman]], [[Liam Livingstone]], [[Chetan Sakariya]], [[Kuldip Yadav]], [[Akash Singh (cricketer, born 2002)|Akash Singh]], [[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)|K. C. Carriapa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/ipl-2022-list-of-players-released-by-rajasthan-royals/|title=IPL 2022: List of players released by Rajasthan Royals|date=1 December 2021|work=Crictracker|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
;Acquired at the auction: [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Trent Boult]], [[Devdutt Padikkal]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]], [[Prasidh Krishna]], [[Yuzvendra Chahal]], [[Riyan Parag]], [[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)|KC Cariappa]], [[Navdeep Saini]], [[Obed McCoy]], [[Anunay Singh]], [[Kuldeep Sen]], [[Karun Nair]], [[Dhruv Jurel]], [[Tejas Baroka]], [[Kuldip Yadav]], Shubham Garhwal, [[James Neesham]], [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]], [[Rassie van der Dussen]], [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/rajasthan-royals-2022-players-list-check-team-updates-and-full-team-squad-in-mega-auction/articleshow/89549551.cms|title=Rajasthan Royals 2022 Players List: Check team updates and full team squad in mega auction|work=The Times of India|date=13 February 2022|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Squad==<br />
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"<br />
|-<br />
!No.<br />
!Name<br />
!Nationality<br />
!Birth date<br />
!Batting style<br />
!Bowling style<br />
!Year signed<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Captain<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || '''[[Sanju Samson]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-spin]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || Shubham Garhwal || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|05|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm orthodox || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || <br />
|-<br />
| 19 || [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2001|12|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || <br />
|-<br />
| 37 || '''[[Devdutt Padikkal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|07|07|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 47 || '''[[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|5|20|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| 69 || '''[[Karun Nair]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|12|06|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 72 || '''[[Rassie van der Dussen]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1989|2|7|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| 189 || '''[[Shimron Hetmyer]]''' ||{{Cr|West Indies}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|12|26|df=yes}} || Left-handed || [[Leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Riyan Parag]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2001|11|10|df=yes}} || Right-handed || [[Leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 50 || '''[[Jimmy Neesham]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|df=yes|1990|9|17}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| - || [[Corbin Bosch]] || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|09|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas; Replacement for [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-corbin-bosch-joins-rajasthan-royals-as-nathan-coulter-nile-s-replacement-101652546553292.html|work=Hindustan Times|title=IPL 2022: Corbin Bosch joins Rajasthan Royals as Nathan Coulter-Nile's replacement|date=14 May 2022|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || [[Dhruv Jurel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2001|1|21|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 63 || '''[[Jos Buttler]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin bowlers<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || '''[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|7|23|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 28 || [[Tejas Baroka]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|2|1|df=yes}} || Right-handed || [[Leg break]] [[googly]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 94 || [[K. C. Cariappa (cricketer)|K. C. Cariappa]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|4|13|df=yes}} || Right-handed || [[Leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 99 || '''[[Ravichandran Ashwin]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1986|9|17|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace bowlers<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || '''[[Nathan Coulter-Nile]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1987|10|11|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas; Ruled out due to calf injury<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || [[Anunay Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|01|03|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || <br />
|-<br />
| 15 || [[Kuldip Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|10|15|df=yes}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || '''[[Trent Boult]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1989|7|22|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| 22 || [[Kuldeep Sen]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|10|22|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || '''[[Prasidh Krishna]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|02|19|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 68 || '''[[Obed McCoy]]''' || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|1|4|df=yes}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || Overseas<br />
|-<br />
| 96 || '''[[Navdeep Saini]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|11|23|df=yes}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 ||<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"| <small>Source: [https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/players RR Players]</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Administration and support staff==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Position<br />
!Name<br />
|-<br />
| CEO || Jake Lush McCrum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2022-rajasthan-royals-team-strategy-the-focus-is-on-an-indian-core/article38461079.ece|title=Rajasthan Royals CEO: The focus is on an Indian core in IPL 2022|work=SportStar|access-date=30 March 2022|first=Shayan|last=Acharya|date=24 March 2022|publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Team Manager|| Romi Bhinder<br />
|-<br />
| Head coach and Director of cricket || [[Kumar Sangakkara]]<br />
|-<br />
| Development and performance director || [[Zubin Bharucha]]<br />
|-<br />
| Assistant coach || [[Trevor Penney]]<br />
|-<br />
| Batting coach || [[Amol Mazumdar]]<br />
|-<br />
| Spin bowling coach || [[Sairaj Bahutule]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fast bowling coach|| [[Lasith Malinga]]<br />
|-<br />
| High performance fast bowling coach|| [[Steffan Jones]]<br />
|-<br />
| Fielding coach || [[Dishant Yagnik]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| <small>Sources:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/stories/global-t20-leagues/indian-premier-league-2022/ipl-2022-coaches-full-coaching-and-support-staff-csk-mi-rcb-kkr-srh-each-indian-premier-league-team|title=IPL 2022 coaches: Full coaching and support staff of each Indian Premier League team|work=Wisden|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Coach">{{cite web|title=Malinga named Rajasthan Royals' fast-bowling coach for IPL 2022|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-lasith-malinga-named-rajasthan-royals-fast-bowling-coach-paddy-upton-joins-as-team-catalyst-1304931|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 March 2022|date=11 March 2022}}</ref></small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- <br />
! Kit manufacturer<br />
! Shirt sponsor (chest)<br />
! Shirt sponsor (back)<br />
! Chest branding<br />
! Sleeve sponsor (left)<br />
! Sleeve sponsor (right)<br />
|-<br />
|Alcis<br />
|Happilo<br />
|[[Balkrishna Industries|BKT]]<br />
|Dollar<br />
|[[Red Bull]]<br />
|[[Jio]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"|<small> Source: [https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/sponsors RR Sponsors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301151259/https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/sponsors |date=1 March 2022 }}</small><br />
|}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
|{{Cricket uniform<br />
| pattern_la = _rr22<br />
| pattern_b = _rr22<br />
| pattern_ra = _rr22<br />
| pattern_sh =<br />
| pattern_so =<br />
| leftarm = 000080<br />
| body = FF64B4<br />
| rightarm = 000080<br />
| pants = 000080<br />
| title = T20 uniform<br />
}}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
== Teams and standings ==<br />
=== Points table ===<br />
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=RR}}<br />
<br />
== Group fixtures ==<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 29 March 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]<br />
| score1 = 210/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 55 (27)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Umran Malik]] 2/39 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 149/7 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Aiden Markram]] 57[[not out|*]] (41)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/22 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 61 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304051.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]<br />
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match5}}'''Match 5'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 2 April 2022<br />
| time = 15:30<br />
| daynight = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]<br />
| score1 = 193/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 100 (68)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/17 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 170/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 54 (43)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/26 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 23 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304055.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match9}}'''Match 9'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 5 April 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]<br />
| score1 = 169/3 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 70[[not out|*]] (47)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 1/18 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 173/6 (19.1 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 45 (26)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/15 (4 overs) <br />
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 4 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304059.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)<br />
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match13}}'''Match 13'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 10 April 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]<br />
| score1 = 165/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Shimron Hetmyer]] 59* (36)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] 2/30 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 162/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Marcus Stoinis]] 38* (17)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 4/41 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 3 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304066.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match20}}'''Match 20'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 14 April 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]<br />
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| score1 = 192/4 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 87* (52)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 1/12 (1 over)<br />
| score2 = 155/9 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 54 (24)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 3/23 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 37 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304070.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Gujarat Titans)<br />
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match24}}'''Match 24'''<br />
}}<br />
---- <br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 18 April 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]<br />
| score1 = 217/5 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 103 (61)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/21 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 210 (19.4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 85 (51)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 5/40 (4 overs) <br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 7 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304076.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals) took a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] and a [[List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls|five-wicket haul]].<ref name="Yuzi">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-30th-match-1304076/match-report |title=Jos Buttler ton, Yuzvendra Chahal hat-trick give Rajasthan Royals narrow win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref><br />
| round = {{anchor|match30}}'''Match 30'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 22 April 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]<br />
| score1 = 222/2 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 116 (65) <br />
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 1/43 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 207/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 44 (24)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/22 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 15 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304080.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = The match was originally scheduled to take place at the MCA International Stadium in Pune, but it was relocated to the Wankhede Stadium after a number of [[COVID-19]] cases in the Delhi camp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Capitals-Royals clash moved from Pune to Wankhede Stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-dc-vs-rr-delhi-capitals-rajasthan-royals-clash-moved-from-pune-to-wankhede-stadium-1311622|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 April 2022|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals) became the second player to score consecutive hundreds in the IPL, after [[Shikhar Dhawan]]. Buttler also became the second player after [[Virat Kohli]] to score three or more centuries in a single IPL season.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tendulkar leads as cricket fraternity reserve massive praise for Buttler|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-surely-the-best-white-ball-player-in-the-world-former-players-including-tendulkar-vaughan-reserve-massive-praise-for-jos-buttler-101650644514057.html|access-date=23 April 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
| round = {{anchor|match34}}'''Match 34'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 26 April 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]<br />
| score1 = 144/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 56[[not out|*]] (31)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/19 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 115 (19.3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 23 (21)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Sen]] 4/20 (3.3 overs) <br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 29 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304085.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]<br />
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = [[Riyan Parag]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match39}}'''Match 39'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 30 April 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]<br />
| score1 = 158/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 67 (52)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Riley Meredith]] 2/24 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 161/5 (19.2 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 51 (39)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 1/21 (4 overs) <br />
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304090.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)<br />
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Mumbai Indians) <br />
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match44}}'''Match 44'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 2 May 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]<br />
| score1 = 152/5 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 54 (49)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Tim Southee]] 2/46 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 158/3 (19.1 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 48[[not out|*]] (37)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/25 (4 overs) <br />
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304093.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)<br />
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match47}}'''Match 47'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 7 May 2022<br />
| time = 15:30<br />
| daynight = y<br />
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]<br />
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| score1 = 189/5 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 56 (40)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/28 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 190/4 (19.4 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 68 (41)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 4/29 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304098.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = Mumbai Indians were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL 2022: Mumbai Indians, 5-time champions, first team to be knocked out of playoffs race |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/ipl-2022-5-time-champions-mi-1st-team-to-be-knocked-out-of-playoffs-race-1946661-2022-05-07 |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
| round = {{anchor|match52}}'''Match 52'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 11 May 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]<br />
| score1 = 160/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 50 (38)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Chetan Sakariya]] 2/23 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 161/2 (18.1 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 89 (62)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/32 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 8 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304104.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Delhi Capitals)<br />
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match58}}'''Match 58'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 15 May 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]<br />
| score1 = 178/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 41 (29)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/31 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 154/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 59 (39)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 2/18 (4 overs) <br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 24 runs<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304109.html Scorecard] <br />
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Trent Boult]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes =<br />
| round = {{anchor|match63}}'''Match 63'''<br />
}}<br />
----<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 20 May 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]<br />
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| score1 = 150/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 93 (57)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Obed McCoy]] 2/20 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 151/5 (20 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 59 (44)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Prashant Solanki]] 2/20 (2 overs)<br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 5 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304114.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122311/jaiswal-ashwin-secure-second-spot-for-rr|title=Jaiswal, Ashwin secure second spot for RR |work=Cricbuzz|access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><br />
| round = {{anchor|match68}}'''Match 68'''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Playoffs ==<br />
=== Preliminary ===<br />
==== Qualifier 1 ====<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 24 May 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]<br />
| score1 = 188/6 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 89 (56)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 1/14 (2 overs)<br />
| score2 = 191/3 (19.3 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 68[[not out|*]] (38)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/38 (4 overs) <br />
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312197.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (Gujarat Titans)<br />
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = <br />
| round = {{anchor|match71}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==== Qualifier 2 ====<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 27 May 2022<br />
| time = 19:30<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]<br />
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| score1 = 157/8 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 58 (42)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/22 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 161/3 (18.1 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 106[[not out|*]] (60)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/23 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 7 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312199.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)<br />
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = <br />
| round = {{anchor|match73}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Final ===<br />
{{main|2022 Indian Premier League final}}<br />
{{Single-innings cricket match<br />
| date = 29 May 2022<br />
| time = 20:00<br />
| night = y<br />
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]<br />
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]<br />
| score1 = 130/9 (20 overs)<br />
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 39 (35)<br />
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 3/17 (4 overs)<br />
| score2 = 133/3 (18.1 overs)<br />
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 45[[not out|*]] (43)<br />
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/14 (4 overs)<br />
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets<br />
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312200.html Scorecard]<br />
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br />
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Gujarat Titans)<br />
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.<br />
| rain = <br />
| notes = <br />
| round = {{anchor|match74}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Statistics==<br />
<br />
===Most runs===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|- <br />
! No.<br />
! Name<br />
! Match<br />
! Inns<br />
! NO<br />
! Runs<br />
! HS<br />
! Ave.<br />
! BF<br />
! SR<br />
! 100s<br />
! 50s<br />
! 0<br />
! 4s<br />
! 6s<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Jos Buttler]] || 14 || 14 || 12 || 629 || 116 || 48.38 || 428 ||146.96 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 56 || 37<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Sanju Samson]] || 14 || 14 || 1 || 374 || 55 || 28.76 || 254 || 147.24 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 35 || 21<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Devdutt Padikkal]] || 14 || 14 || 1 || 337 || 54 || 24.07 || 264 || 127.65 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 38 || 12<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Shimron Hetmyer]] || 12 || 12 || 7 || 297 || 59* || 59.40 || 182 || 163.18 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 19 || 21<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] || 7 || 7 || 0 || 212 || 68 || 30.28 || 157 || 135.03 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 26 || 6<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
*<small> Last updated: 21 May 2022 </small><br />
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=14452;team=4345;type=tournament|title=RR Most Runs in IPL 2022|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Most wickets===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|- <br />
! No.<br />
! Name<br />
! Match<br />
! Inns<br />
! Overs<br />
! Maidens<br />
! Runs<br />
! Wickets<br />
! BBI<br />
! Ave.<br />
! Econ.<br />
! SR<br />
! 4W<br />
! 5W<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || 14 || 14 || 56.0 || 0 || 430 || 26 || 5/40 || 16.53 || 7.67 || 12.9 || 1 || 1<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || [[Prasidh Krishna]] || 14 || 14 || 55.0 || 3 || 449 || 15 || 3/22 || 29.93 || 8.16 || 22.0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || [[Trent Boult]] || 13 || 13 || 50.0 || 2 || 412 || 13 || 2/18 || 31.69 || 8.24 || 23.0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || 14 || 14 || 56.0 || 0 || 400 || 11 || 3/17 || 36.36 || 7.14 || 30.5 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || [[Kuldeep Sen]] || 7 || 7 || 25.1 || 0 || 237 || 8 || 4/20 || 29.62 || 9.41 || 18.8 || 1 || 0<br />
|}<br />
*<small> Last updated: 21 May 2022 </small><br />
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=14452;team=4345;type=tournament|title=RR Most Wickets in IPL 2022|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Player of the match awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" text-align: center;"<br />
|- <br />
! No.<br />
! Date<br />
! Player<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Result<br />
! Contribution<br />
! Ref.<br />
|- <br />
| 1 || 29 March 2022 ||[[Sanju Samson]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || Won by 61 runs || 55 (27) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samson, Padikkal, Hetmyer sound Royals warning|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-5th-match-1304051/match-report|access-date=30 March 2022|date=29 March 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2 || 2 April 2022 || [[Jos Buttler]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || Won by 23 runs || 100 (68) ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/mumbai-indians-vs-rajasthan-royals-9th-match-1304055/match-report|title=Buttler ton, Chahal-Ashwin spin strangle take Royals over the line|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 3 || 10 April 2022 || [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || Won by 3 runs || 4/41 (4 overs) ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-lucknow-super-giants-20th-match-1304066/match-report|title=Hetmyer, Boult, Chahal ensure Royals win in tactics showdown|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 4 || 18 April 2022 || Yuzvendra Chahal || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || Won by 7 runs || 5/40 (4 overs) || <ref name="Yuzi">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-30th-match-1304076/match-report |title=Jos Buttler ton, Yuzvendra Chahal hat-trick give Rajasthan Royals narrow win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 5 || 22 April 2022 || Jos Buttler || [[Delhi Capitals]] || Won by 15 runs || 116 (65) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/delhi-capitals-vs-rajasthan-royals-34th-match-1304080/match-report|title=Another Buttler century, Prasidh three-for clinch run-fest against Capitals|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 6 || 26 April 2022 || [[Riyan Parag]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Won by 29 runs || 56[[not out|*]] (31) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-rajasthan-royals-39th-match-1304085/match-report|title=Parag, Kuldeep and Ashwin rescue the Royals|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 7 || 7 May 2022 || [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] || Delhi Capitals || Won by 6 wickets || 68 (41) || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/punjab-kings-vs-rajasthan-royals-52nd-match-1304098/match-report|title=Jaiswal 68, Hetmyer finishing job keep Royals in third place|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 8 || 15 May 2022 || [[Trent Boult]] || Lucknow Super Giants || Won by 24 runs || 2/18 (4 overs) ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/lucknow-super-giants-vs-rajasthan-royals-63rd-match-1304109/match-report|title=Padikkal, Boult and Ashwin help Royals leapfrog Super Giants to No. 2|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 9 || 20 May 2022 || [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || Won by 5 wickets || 40* (23) || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-chennai-super-kings-68th-match-1304114/match-report|title=All-round Ashwin carries Royals to top-two finish, Moeen's 93 off 57 in vain|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 10 || 27 May 2022 || Jos Buttler || Royal Challengers Bangalore || Won by 7 wickets and advanced to the Finals || 106[[not out|*]] (60) ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-qualifier-2-1312199/match-report|title=Buttler ton, Prasidh-McCoy show put Royals in IPL final|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 May 2022}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{2022 Indian Premier League}}<br />
{{Rajasthan Royals}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]<br />
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]</div>Vikv10