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Trisha Krishnan filmography

2026-05-06T16:00:37Z

Viktorivmw:

{{Short description|None}}
{{lead too long|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Tisha Krishnan at PS1 pre release event.jpg|thumb|Trisha Krishnan in 2022]]
[[Trisha Krishnan]]{{ipf|Trisha|Krishnan}} is an Indian actress known for her work primarily in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] cinema. She is the only South Indian actress to have sustained a successful career as a leading actress for over two decades in [[Tamil cinema]]. She was first seen in 1999 in a minor supporting role in ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' and later appeared in 2000 in the music video of [[Falguni Pathak|Falguni Pathak's]] song 'Meri Chunar Udd Udd Jaye'.{{sfn|Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha|2010|loc=slide 3}}

The first project she accepted as a lead actress was [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' but a delay in the film's release meant that her first appearance in a lead role was in [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]'s directorial debut ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' in 2002, which was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2015 |title=Trisha's first project was Lesa Lesa |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Trishas-first-project-was-Lesa-Lesa/articleshow/49627070.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180427070441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Trishas-first-project-was-Lesa-Lesa/articleshow/49627070.cms |archive-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha|2010|loc=slides 3–4}} The following year, Trisha portrayed a woman battling a terminal illness in ''[[Manasellam]]'' (2003)''.''<ref name="Manasellam" /> Her next release was [[Hari (director)|Hari]]'s action film, ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003) in which she played a soft-spoken [[Brahmin]] girl and attracted praise for her performance,{{sfn|Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha|2010|loc=slide 4}} and the film became a major commercial and critical success, resulting in Trisha receiving new offers, including those from several high-budget productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2003 |title=Trisha – Girl on top!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13345685&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071036/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13345685&cid=2408 |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 December 2003 |title=Reel of fortune |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900170100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125053421/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900170100.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'', which was to have been her debut as a lead actress, was released next, earned her the [[ITFA Best New Actress Award]].{{sfn|Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha|2010|loc=slide 5}}<ref name="Way2Go">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=G. Manjula |date=25 May 2004 |title=Way to go |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/05/25/stories/2004052500410400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170309070125/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/05/25/stories/2004052500410400.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2015 |title=தெலுங்கில் முன்னேறும் அடுத்த சென்னைப் பெண்... |language=ta |trans-title=The next Chennai girl to succeed in Telugu cinema... |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/25695/cinema/Kollywood/Regina-comes-forward-in-tollywood.htm |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308043838/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/25695/cinema/Kollywood/Regina-comes-forward-in-tollywood.htm |archive-date=8 March 2017}}</ref> She starred in ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' (2003) and the Tamil-Telugu bilingual film ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' (2003) (''Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu'') were commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=2015-05-01 |title=Simbu to Romance Trisha and Taapsee in his Next Tamil Movie |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/simbu-romance-trisha-taapsee-his-next-tamil-movie-631057 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> Trisha's next Telugu release, ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' (2004), was a major commercial and critical success, earning her the first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Actress-Telugu]] and more Telugu film offers.<ref name="Way2Go" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=10 July 2005 |title="Autograph" bags 3 Filmfare awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170317060654/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Trisha starred in ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) as a [[damsel in distress]], and the film became a major critical and commercial success.<ref name="GhilliHindu" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2015 |title=Trisha Krishnan ditches glamour to play cop |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/trisha-krishnan-ditches-glamour-to-play-cop |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318070942/http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/trisha-krishnan-ditches-glamour-to-play-cop |archive-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> She starred in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004).<ref name="AayithaEzhuthuSify" /> She starred in ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005), which became a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-04 |title=Chennai weekend box-office (Feb 04-06) - Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=13665931&cid=13525926 |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104034932/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=13665931&cid=13525926 |archive-date=2014-01-04}}</ref> Trisha played a village girl in the romantic comedy ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005), a commercial and critical success that earned her a second [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] and a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2006 |title='NN' sweeps the Filmfare awards! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nn-sweeps-the-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkfviniggchsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170328064435/http://www.sify.com/movies/nn-sweeps-the-filmfare-awards-news-telugu-kkfviniggchsi.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='I'm on top of the world': Trisha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=14329925&cid=2410 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170317055004/http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=14329925&cid=2410 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television and Theatre Development Corporation. |url=https://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2005.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=apsftvtdc.in}}</ref> ''[[Athadu]]'' (2005), ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' (2005), ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' (2006), were major commercial successes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-06 |title=Chennai Box-Office (Aug 12-15) - Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=13918651 |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143920/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/boxoffice/fullstory.php?id=13918651 |archive-date=2012-06-06}}</ref> She reprised the role in the Tamil remake ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006) which was also successful.<ref name="FromLondonWithLove" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=C. V. |date=1 June 2014 |title=Rise from the remakes |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/410827/rise-remakes.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318065229/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/410827/rise-remakes.html |archive-date=18 March 2017}}</ref> She played the titular role in ''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-04 |title=Five best roles of Trisha Krishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-krishnan-from-varsham-to-aadavari-matalaku-arthale-verule-5-best-roles-of-the-pretty-actress/photostory/75529664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511070850/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-trisha-krishnan-from-varsham-to-aadavari-matalaku-arthale-verule-5-best-roles-of-the-pretty-actress/photostory/75529664.cms |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=2025-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' (2007) was a critical and commercial success, earning Trisha her third [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2008 |title=The award goes to.. |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-award-goes-to-/articleshow/3211594.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718033625/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-09/news-interviews/27950090_1_mantra-happy-days-allu-arjun |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=20 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=13 July 2008 |title=Happy night for Telugu movie |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/07/13&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00600 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170424044808/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/07/13&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00600 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the same year ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007) was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2007 |title=Chennai Box Office |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14510545&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170501084423/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14510545&cid=13525926 |archive-date=1 May 2017 |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-07-22 |title=56th Filmfare Awards 2008 - South |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South/articleshow/4804867.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/56th-Filmfare-Awards-2008-South/articleshow/4804867.cms |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> ''and [[King (2008 film)|King]]'' (2008) became blockbusters, while ''[[Bheemaa|Bheema]]'' (2008) was commercially unsuccessful,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bheema collection Vikram Trisha Lingusamy |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-08-04/25-01-08-bheema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jan-08-04/25-01-08-bheema.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-16 |title=Bheema Review {{!}} Bheema Tamil Movie Review by PVS |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3025/tamil/bheema/1471/review.htm |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008) and ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' (2008) emerged as hits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=Vijay's 'Kavalkaran' rolling fast on floors- The New Indian Express |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/apr/23/vijays-kavalkaran-rolling-fast-on-floors-149668.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101165514/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/apr/23/vijays-kavalkaran-rolling-fast-on-floors-149668.html |archive-date=2022-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Bujjigadu - Made In Chennai review: Bujjigadu - Made In Chennai (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/bujjigadu-made-in-chennai/telugu/bujjigadu-made-in-chennai-movie-reviews-2259-2.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201025512/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/bujjigadu-made-in-chennai/telugu/bujjigadu-made-in-chennai-movie-reviews-2259-2.html |archive-date=2021-12-01}}</ref> In ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' (2008), Trisha's performance was widely praised,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=2020-05-15 |title='Abhiyum Naanum': Revisiting Trisha-Prakash Raj's rare film on dad-daughter dynamic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/abhiyum-naanum-revisiting-trisha-prakash-rajs-rare-film-dad-daughter-dynamic-watchwithtnm-124629 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/abhiyum-naanum-revisiting-trisha-prakash-rajs-rare-film-dad-daughter-dynamic-watchwithtnm-124629 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>'' and earned her [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] and a Filmfare nomination for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-01 |title=The Hindu : Front Page : Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |access-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |archive-date=2009-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-31 |title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |access-date=2025-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731062736/http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |archive-date=2009-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=56th Filmfare Awards South |series=Filmfare Awards South |network=[[Gemini TV]] |date=31 July 2009}}</ref> Her 2009 films ''[[Sarvam]]'' and ''[[Sankham]]'' did not do well and became average grossers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2009 |title=Magadheera still rules BO |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pmqruQgeddjde |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170316081435/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pmqruQgeddjde |archive-date=16 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivakumar |first=Nandini |date=7 August 2009 |title=After big flops, K'wood bets on low-budget films |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4865758.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708013743/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-07/news/28443771_1_mysskin-pyramid-saimira-film |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=17 March 2017 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The following year, ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) was a major success and a career breakthrough for Trisha, earning her a Filmfare nomination for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2011 |title=58th South Filmfare Awards – Winners |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839/slide/24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826070752/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839/slide/24 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2012 |title=Call me 'Jessie': Trisha Krishnan |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIBG/2012/02/28&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02801 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180417161724/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIBG/2012/02/28&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02801 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |access-date=17 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She made her debut in [[Hindi cinema]] with the film ''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (2010) Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from critics and box office India declared it an average performer at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-16 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |access-date=2025-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116002252/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |archive-date=2013-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=Khatta Meetha |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317052411/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie-story.php?movieid=86 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=Khatta Meetha reviews were disheartening: Trisha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/khatta-meetha-reviews-were-disheartening-trisha-news-bollywood-kkfqe8agcib.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317051652/http://www.sify.com/movies/khatta-meetha-reviews-were-disheartening-trisha-news-bollywood-kkfqe8agcib.html |archive-date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, it earned her nomination for a [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=5 August 2014 |title=Too much PR in Bollywood, says Kollywood actress Trisha |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/much-pr-bollywood-says-kollywood-actress-trisha-1650845.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170318175120/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/much-pr-bollywood-says-kollywood-actress-trisha-1650845.html |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=18 March 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Her sole Telugu release that year was ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''.<ref name="NamoVenkatesa" /> Both her 2011 releases –''[[Teen Maar]]'' and ''[[Mankatha]]'' were successful.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=21 April 2011 |title=B'wood on Backburner! |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2011/04/21&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02300 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601154354/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2011%2F04%2F21&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02300 |archive-date=1 June 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trisha, the leading lady in blockbuster films |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Trisha-the-leading-lady-in-blockbuster-films-imagegallery-4-Kollywood-mfekdBjffch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170328061355/http://www.sify.com/movies/Trisha-the-leading-lady-in-blockbuster-films-imagegallery-4-Kollywood-mfekdBjffch.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She had two releases in 2012, ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' and ''[[Dammu]]'' were successful.<ref name="Bodyguard" /><ref name="Dammu" /> Her two Tamil films in 2013 the mystery thriller ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'',<ref name="Samar" /> and ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' (2013)'','' which earned her a Filmfare nomination for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2014 |title=Nominations for the Best Actress (Tamil) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/photos/nominations-for-the-best-actress-tamil-6658-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320051935/http://www.filmfare.com/photos/nominations-for-the-best-actress-tamil-6658.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Her sole release in 2014 was ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]'', which marked her debut in [[Kannada]] cinema was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2014 |title=Actress Trisha's Kannada debut is a big hit |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/entertainment-sandalwood/article/actress-trisha%E2%80%99s-kannada-debut-big-hit |url-status=live |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170424045851/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/entertainment-sandalwood/article/actress-trisha%E2%80%99s-kannada-debut-big-hit |archive-date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

Trisha's 2015 films included the crime thriller ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'',<ref name="YennaiArindhaal" /> the comedy ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'',<ref name="Appatakkar" /> the Tamil-Telugu bilingual thriller ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]'' / ''Cheekati Rajyam'',<ref name="CheekatiRajyam" /> and the sports drama ''[[Bhooloham]]''.<ref name="Bhooloham" /> In 2016, she appeared in the comedy horror films ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' and the Tamil-Telugu bilingual ''[[Nayaki]]'' (spelt ''Nayagi'' in Tamil),<ref name="Aranmanai2" /><ref name="NayakiFirstpost" /> followed by the political thriller ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' (2016)'','' which earned her a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress– Tamil.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2017 |title=Suriya and Trisha win for their negative roles |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-and-trisha-win-for-their-negative-roles/articleshow/59198578.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170713055510/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-and-trisha-win-for-their-negative-roles/articleshow/59198578.cms |archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2016-10-28 |title=Kodi' movie review: Strong characterization and powerful cast makes it a winner |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/281016/kodi-movie-review-strong-characterization-and-powerful-cast-makes-it-a-winner.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415183437/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/281016/kodi-movie-review-strong-characterization-and-powerful-cast-makes-it-a-winner.html |archive-date=2025-04-15 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=deccanchronicle |language=en}}</ref> Trisha won a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Tamil)]] for ''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2019 |title=66th Yamaha Fascino Filmfare Awards South 2019: Trisha wins the Best Actor In A Leading Role (Female) Award |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/66th-yamaha-fascino-filmfare-south-awards-2019-dhanush-vijay-sethupathi-win-best-actor-in-a-leading-role-male-award/articleshow/72920703.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191222100319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/66th-yamaha-fascino-filmfare-south-awards-2019-trisha-wins-the-best-actor-in-a-leading-role-female-award/articleshow/72920699.cms |archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> and in the same year made her debut in [[Malayalam cinema]] in ''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]'' (2018).<ref name=":0" /> She played a dual role in the horror film [[Mohini (2018 film)|''Mohini'']] (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2016-06-06 |title=Trisha starts shooting for 'Mohini' in London |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/trisha-starts-shooting-mohini-london-44422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/trisha-starts-shooting-mohini-london-44422 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, she co-starred with Rajinikanth in [[Petta (film)|''Petta'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Trisha joins cast of Karthik Subbaraj, Rajinikanth's upcoming film; actress confirms news on Twitter |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/trisha-joins-cast-of-karthik-subbaraj-rajinikanths-upcoming-film-actress-confirms-news-on-twitter-5002091.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/trisha-joins-cast-of-karthik-subbaraj-rajinikanths-upcoming-film-actress-confirms-news-on-twitter-5002091.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2020, she reprised her role as Jessi from ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) in the short film ''[[Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn]]'' (2020), presenting a fresh narrative.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-23 |title=Deconstructing Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn: Gautham calling Gautham |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/review-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-trisha-gautham-menon-6421484/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/review-karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-simbu-trisha-gautham-menon-6421484/ |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]'' (2021) was released directly on Disney+ Hotstar due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suryawanshi |first=Sudhir |date=2021-04-15 |title='Paramadham Vilayattu' review: Hilariously strange events happen in this rudderless dud |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Apr/15/paramadham-vilayattu-reviewhilariously-strange-events-happen-in-this-rudderless-dud-2290036.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Apr/15/paramadham-vilayattu-reviewhilariously-strange-events-happen-in-this-rudderless-dud-2290036.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She portrayed Princess [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai]], in ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022), earning critical acclaim and a Filmfare Award nomination for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=Nominations of 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 Tamil {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/nominations |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109204617/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/nominations |archive-date=2024-11-09}}</ref> Her next in the action thriller ''[[Raangi]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raangi Movie Review : Raangi is unexpectedly great and it's a perfect action thriller for the weekend. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raangi/movie-review/96614370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raangi/movie-review/96614370.cms |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> In 2023, she reprised her role in ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' receiving another Filmfare nomination for Best Actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=Nominations of 69th Filmfare Awards South 2024 Tamil {{!}} Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |access-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227173844/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |archive-date=2024-12-27}}</ref> That year, she also starred in the film [[The Road (2023 film)|''The Road'']] (2023), and the highly anticipated film [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']] (2023), which become one of the highest-grossing South Indian films of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-21 |title='Leo' final box office collection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/leo-final-box-office-collection-vijays-film-ends-the-theatrical-run-on-a-high-note/articleshow/106129607.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/leo-final-box-office-collection-vijays-film-ends-the-theatrical-run-on-a-high-note/articleshow/106129607.cms |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> In 2024, ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) was re-released for its 20th anniversary and became one of the highest-grossing re-released Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title=Ghilli Rerelease Box Office Collection |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ghilli-rerelease-box-office-collection-085027997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/ghilli-rerelease-box-office-collection-085027997.html |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Yahoo Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref> In August, she starred as a police officer in the web series ''[[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-07-29 |title=Director Surya Vangala on Telugu web series 'Brinda': Trisha brought in fine nuances, made it look effortless |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-surya-vangala-on-brinda-trisha-brought-in-fine-nuances-made-it-look-effortless/article68448585.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-surya-vangala-on-brinda-trisha-brought-in-fine-nuances-made-it-look-effortless/article68448585.ece |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-08-02 |title='Brinda' web series review: Trisha, Ravindra Vijay sparkle in this brooding, taut crime drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brinda-web-series-review-trisha-ravindra-vijay-sparkle-in-this-brooding-taut-crime-drama/article68472106.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://tracktollywood.com/brinda-web-series-review-trisha-and-ravindra-vijay-shine-in-this-tale-of-superstitions-and-justice/ |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref> She made a special appearance in the film ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024), captivating audiences with her performance in the dance number "Matta".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=Watch: Vijay And Trisha Recreate The Iconic Ghilli Step In Matta Song From GOAT |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/the-makers-of-goat-release-matta-promo-song-featuring-trisha-and-vijay-article-113153749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/the-makers-of-goat-release-matta-promo-song-featuring-trisha-and-vijay-article-113153749 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, she starred in her second Malayalam film ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2023-07-08 |title=Trisha to star in Tovino Thomas's upcoming film Identity |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/trisha-star-tovino-thomas-s-upcoming-film-identity-179489 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> and Tamil films ''[[Vidaamuyarchi]],''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=2025-02-07 |title='Vidaamuyarchi' Movie Review: A film about the power of faith, not of fists |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Feb/06/vidaamuyarchi-movie-review-a-film-about-the-power-of-faith-not-of-fists |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Good Bad Ugly]],''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=Trisha Krishnan Joins Ajith Kumar In Action-Comedy Good Bad Ugly; Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/trisha-krishnan-joins-ajith-kumar-in-action-comedy-good-bad-ugly-release-date-confirmed-article-118487936 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> and [[Thug Life (2025 film)|''Thug Life'']]''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=Thug Life movie review |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-mani-ratnam-thug-life-failure-what-went-wrong-2737898-2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Her next release ''[[Vishwambhara]]'', is scheduled for a 2026 release.

== Films ==
{{pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|List of films done by Trisha Krishnan}}

|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|1999
!scope="row" |''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]''
|Gayathri's friend
|rowspan="7"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Uncredited role
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2015 |title=Trisha began her film career with an uncredited role in Jodi |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Trisha-began-her-film-career-with-an-uncredited-role-in-Jodi/articleshow/45849097.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170501091036/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Trisha-began-her-film-career-with-an-uncredited-role-in-Jodi/articleshow/45849097.cms |archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2002
!scope="row" |''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''
|Sandhya
|Debut in a lead role
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 December 2002 |title=Mounam Pesiyadhae |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307074616/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430200.htm |archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2003
!scope="row" |''[[Manasellam]]''
|Malar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Manasellam">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=4 April 2003 |title=Manasellam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/04/stories/2003040400950200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307074846/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/04/stories/2003040400950200.htm |archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Saamy]]''
|Bhuvana
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="SaamySify">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2003 |title=Saamy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saamy-review-tamil-pclu1yajjhbii.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065848/http://www.sify.com/movies/saamy-review-tamil-pclu1yajjhbii.html |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Lesa Lesa]]''
|Balamani
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 May 2003 |title=Lesa Lesa |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320201.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307075741/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320201.htm |archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]''
|Meera
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2003 |title=Alai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/alai-review-tamil-pclvrJjdfgbid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308031114/http://www.sify.com/movies/alai-review-tamil-pclvrJjdfgbid.html |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]''
| rowspan="2" |Preethi
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film (Debut in Telugu)
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 December 2003 |title=Enakku 20 Unakku 18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307080247/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu''
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Mithun |title=Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu Review |url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nee-manasu-naaku-telusu/telugu/nee-manasu-naaku-telusu-movie-reviews-1006-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170320124834/http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nee-manasu-naaku-telusu/telugu/nee-manasu-naaku-telusu-movie-reviews-1006-2.html |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=20 March 2017 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
!scope="row" |''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|Sailaja
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2004 |title=Varsham |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/varsham-review-telugu-pclvzoigbhbgb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308031249/http://www.sify.com/movies/varsham-review-telugu-pclvzoigbhbgb.html |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> <ref name="Varsham">{{Cite web |title=Varsham |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/varsham/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170307080122/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/varsham/ |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Ghilli]]''
|Dhanalakshmi
|rowspan="3"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="GhilliHindu">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 April 2004 |title=Ghilli |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/23/stories/2004042301450300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005171109/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/23/stories/2004042301450300.htm |archive-date=5 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]''
|Meera
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="AayithaEzhuthuSify">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2004 |title=Aayitha Ezhuthu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aayitha-ezhuthu-review-tamil-pclv3nffafibh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065210/http://www.sify.com/movies/aayitha-ezhuthu-review-tamil-pclv3nffafibh.html |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2005
!scope="row" |''[[Thirupaachi]]''
|''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>]]''Su''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>]]''bh''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>]]''a''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirupaachi |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thirupaachi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170309072118/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thirupaachi/ |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
|Siri
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2005 |title=Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana-review-telugu-pclvGzjdijdgd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222215035/http://www.sify.com/movies/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana-review-telugu-pclvGzjdijdgd.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]''
|Bhuvana
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ji |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ji-imagegallery-events-jdwmD2hajaasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222212020/http://www.sify.com/movies/ji-imagegallery-events-jdwmD2hajaasi.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Athadu]]''
|Poori
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Athadu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/athadu-review-telugu-13916055.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224025014/http://www.sify.com/movies/athadu-review-telugu-13916055.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Allari Bullodu]]''
|Trisha
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2005 |title=Allari Bullodu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/allari-bullodu-review-telugu-pclvMvdgbcifa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170307052302/http://www.sify.com/movies/allari-bullodu-review-telugu-pclvMvdgbcifa.html |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]''
|Mahalakshmi
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2005 |title=Aaru |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aaru-review-tamil-pclvOpgdacjhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304090139/http://www.sify.com/movies/aaru-review-tamil-pclvOpgdacjhc.html |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2006
!scope="row" |''[[Aathi]]''
|Anjali Krishnankutty
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2006 |title=Aathi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aathi-review-tamil-14121150.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107220109/http://www.sify.com/movies/aathi-review-tamil-14121150.html |archive-date=7 November 2013 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Pournami (film)|Pournami]]''
|Pournami
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2006 |title="I owe it all to M.S.Raju garu": Trisha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=14187850&cid=2410 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304090957/http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=14187850&cid=2410 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Bangaram (film)|Bangaram]]''
|Dhanalakshmi
|Special appearance
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2006 |title=Bangaram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bangaram-review-telugu-pclvUkfddhjee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304090959/http://www.sify.com/movies/bangaram-review-telugu-pclvUkfddhjee.html |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]''
|Kavitha
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="FromLondonWithLove">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 July 2006 |title=From London with love – Unakkum Enakkum |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-london-with-love-unakkum-enakkum/article3218938.ece |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304091539/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/from-london-with-love-unakkum-enakkum/article3218938.ece |archive-date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''
|Chitra
|rowspan="3"|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2013 |title=Stalin strikes gold |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Stalin-strikes-gold/articleshow/25331962.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307083227/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Stalin-strikes-gold/articleshow/25331962.cms |archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Sainikudu]]''
|Varalakshmi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2006 |title=Sainikudu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sainikudu-review-telugu-pclwhIaibfbgj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307082420/http://www.sify.com/movies/sainikudu-review-telugu-pclwhIaibfbgj.html |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
!scope="row" |''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]''
|Keerthi (Kusumamba)
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2007 |title=Review: AMAV is a good entertainer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/30amav.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307082817/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/30amav.htm |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]''
|Divya
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kireedam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14495306&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815171055/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14495306&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=15 August 2007 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2008
!scope="row" |''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]''
|Sandhya
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Krishna (the power of Indrakeeladri) |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-krishna.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611170228/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-krishna.html |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Bheemaa]]''
|Shalini (Shalu)
|rowspan="3"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=South review: Bheema |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/15ssbheema.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064626/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/15ssbheema.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Velli Thirai]]''
|Herself
|[[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=1 March 2011 |title=Cameo Craze |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Its-cameo-craze-for-Kollywood-actors/articleshow/7595016.cms? |url-status=dead |access-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170601103813/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2011/03/01&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar02500 |archive-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Kuruvi]]''
|Radhadevi (Devi)
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2008 |title=Vijay fans will love Kuruvi |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/03kuruvi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071401/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/03kuruvi.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Bujjigadu]]''
|Meghana (Chitti)
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2008 |title=Review: Bujjigadu offers nothing new |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssb/20080523.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193837/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssb/20080523.htm |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''
|Abhi
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2008 |title=Abhiyum Naanum is poignant |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/22review-abhiyum-naanum.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064445/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/22review-abhiyum-naanum.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[King (2008 film)|King]]''
|Sravani
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2008 |title=Average flick all the way film Review |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Average-flick-all-the-way-film-Review/article15368232.ece |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309062553/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Average-flick-all-the-way-film-Review/article15368232.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
!scope="row" |''[[Sarvam]]''
|Dr. Sandhya
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2009 |title=Sarvvam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sarvvam-review-tamil-pclxd5dhbeifa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205637/http://www.sify.com/movies/sarvvam-review-tamil-pclxd5dhbeifa.html |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Sankham]]''
|Mahalakshmi Naidu
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Watch Shankam for Gopichand |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-shankam/20090911.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193611/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-shankam/20090911.htm |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010
!scope="row" |''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''
|Pooja
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="NamoVenkatesa">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2010 |title=Review: Namo Venkatesa is fun |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-namo-venkatesa/20100114.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034342/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-namo-venkatesa/20100114.htm |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
|Jessie Thekekuthu
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2010 |title=Trisha celebrates VTV with her online fans |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-celebrates-vtv-with-her-online-fans-news-tamil-kkfqILibebisi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304201025/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-celebrates-vtv-with-her-online-fans-news-tamil-kkfqILibebisi.html |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]''
|Herself
|Telugu
|Cameo
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2010 |title=Review: Ye Maya Chesave is a beautiful love story |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-ye-maya-chesave/20100226.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128065723/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-telugu-movie-review-ye-maya-chesave/20100226.htm |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]''
|Gehna Ganphule
|[[Hindi]]
|Debut in Hindi
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2010 |title=With debut in Bollywood, Trisha eyes for global recognition |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/85622/with-debut-bollywood-trisha-eyes.html |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309062446/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/85622/with-debut-bollywood-trisha-eyes.html |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
|Ambujakashi (Nisha)
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2010 |title=Review- Manmadhan Ambu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-manmadhan-ambu-review-tamil-pclxNgibggcgj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107162442/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-manmadhan-ambu-review-tamil-pclxNgibggcgj.html |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
!scope="row" |''[[Teen Maar]]''
|Meera Shastri
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2011 |title=Review: Teenmaar is Pawan Kalyan's show |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309062136/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-teenmaar/20110414.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Mankatha]]''
|Sanjana Arumugam
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2011 |title=Review: Mankatha works only because of Ajith |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mankatha/20110831.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309061745/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mankatha/20110831.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
!scope="row" |''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]''
|Keerthi
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Bodyguard">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2012 |title=Review: Bodyguard is strictly a one-time watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bodyguard-is-strictly-a-one-time-watch/20120114.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304194234/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bodyguard-is-strictly-a-one-time-watch/20120114.htm |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Dammu]]''
|Sathya
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Dammu">{{Cite news |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=28 April 2012 |title=Dammu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIH/2012/04/28&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00400 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170601141241/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIH/2012/04/28&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00400 |archive-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
!scope="row" |''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]''
|Maya
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Samar">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=17 January 2013 |title=Samar |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/01/17&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00400 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170601121111/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/01/17&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar00400 |archive-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
|Priya
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2013 |title=Review: Endrendrum Punnagai is worth a watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-endrendrum-punnagai-is-worth-a-watch-south/20131223.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193840/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-endrendrum-punnagai-is-worth-a-watch-south/20131223.htm |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|2014
!scope="row" |''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]''
|Prashanti
|[[Kannada]]
|Debut in Kannada
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Power |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/power-review-kannada-pcmbwjcfhhafa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423031054/http://www.sify.com/movies/power-review-kannada-pcmbwjcfhhafa.html |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=7 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015
!scope="row" |''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''
|Hemanika
|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="YennaiArindhaal">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=5 February 2015 |title='Yennai Arindhaal': A thin line stops it from being terrific |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yennai-arindhaal-film-reviewa-thin-line-stops-it-from-being-terrific/article6861187.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309044134/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/yennai-arindhaal-film-reviewa-thin-line-stops-it-from-being-terrific/article6861187.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Lion (2015 film)|Lion]]''
|Guggilla Mahalakshmi / Manjula
|Telugu
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Lion">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=17 May 2015 |title=Lion: For the fans |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lion-for-the-fans/article7214160.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309043744/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lion-for-the-fans/article7214160.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
|Divya
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Appatakkar">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2015 |title=Review: Sakalakala Vallavan Appatakkar is a bore fest |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-sakalakala-vallavan-appatakkar-is-a-bore-fest-south/20150803.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309044020/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-sakalakala-vallavan-appatakkar-is-a-bore-fest-south/20150803.htm |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Mallika
| rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' review: This Kamal Haasan-Trisha starrer is more Hollywood than Kollywood |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-thoongavanam-review-this-kamal-haasan-trisha-starrer-is-more-hollywood-than-kollywood-2144047 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305021427/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-thoongavanam-review-this-kamal-haasan-trisha-starrer-is-more-hollywood-than-kollywood-2144047 |archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=why is Thoongavanam special for Trisha? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Why-is-Thoongavanam-special-for-Trisha/article59842378.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Why-is-Thoongavanam-special-for-Trisha/article59842378.ece |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2021-11-16 |website=The Hindu |date=17 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''Cheekati Rajyam''
|Telugu
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="CheekatiRajyam">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=20 November 2015 |title=Cheekati Rajyam: The night is sinister |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cheekati-rajyam-the-night-is-sinister/article7899886.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309043146/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cheekati-rajyam-the-night-is-sinister/article7899886.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Bhooloham]]''
|Sindhu
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Bhooloham">{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=25 December 2015 |title=Bhooloham: A boxing drama that lacks punch |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/bhooloham-review-a-boxing-drama-that-lacks-punch/article8029196.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309043630/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/bhooloham-review-a-boxing-drama-that-lacks-punch/article8029196.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
!scope="row" |''[[Aranmanai 2]]''
|Anitha
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Aranmanai2">{{Cite news |date=29 January 2016 |title=Aranmanai 2 review: Trisha and Hansika glam up an otherwise predictable film |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aranmanai-2-review-despite-a-predictable-plot-watch-it-for-siddharth-and-trisha-s-powerful-performances-2171618 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305014417/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aranmanai-2-review-despite-a-predictable-plot-watch-it-for-siddharth-and-trisha-s-powerful-performances-2171618 |archive-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Nayaki]]''
| rowspan="2" |Gayathri
|Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Also singer for the song "Bayam"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="NayakiFirstpost">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2016 |title=Nayagi review roundup: Trisha's horror-comedy film fails to scare or bring laughter |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nayagi-review-trishas-horror-comedy-film-fails-to-scare-or-bring-laughter-3008438.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304194137/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nayagi-review-trishas-horror-comedy-film-fails-to-scare-or-bring-laughter-3008438.html |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2016 |title=Trisha sings for the first time in Nayagi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/trisha-sings-for-the-first-time-in-nayagi/articleshow/51285922.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421002357/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Trisha-sings-for-the-first-time-in-Nayagi/articleshow/51285922.cms |archive-date=21 April 2016 |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''Nayagi''
|rowspan="2"|Tamil
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|Rudhra
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
!scope="row" |''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''
|Crystal Ann Chakraparambu
|[[Malayalam]]
|Debut in Malayalam
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=3 February 2018 |title=Hey Jude Review: An emotional journey, albeit a slow one |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/feb/03/hey-jude-review--an-emotional-journey-albeit-a-slow-one-4331.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203161404/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2018/feb/03/hey-jude-review--an-emotional-journey-albeit-a-slow-one-4331.html |archive-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Mohini (2018 film)|Mohini]]''
|Mohini and Vaishnavi{{Efn|Trisha played two characters.}}
|rowspan="10"|Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Mohini">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=27 July 2018 |title=Mohini movie review and ratings: Live audience response |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohini-movie-review-ratings-live-audience-response-776152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180727045249/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohini-movie-review-ratings-live-audience-response-776152 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=27 July 2018 |website=[[International Business Times]] |location=India}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[['96 (film)|<nowiki/>'96]]''
|Janaki "Jaanu" Devi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=4 October 2018 |title=96 movie review and ratings by the audience: Live updates |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/96-movie-review-ratings-by-audience-live-updates-782169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181004034346/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/96-movie-review-ratings-by-audience-live-updates-782169 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018 |website=[[International Business Times]] |location=India}}</ref>
|-
|2019
!scope="row" |''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]''
|Saro
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Petta review: More celebration, less film |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/petta-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-5532050/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110131700/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/petta-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-5532050/ |archive-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2021
!scope="row" |''[[Paramapadham Vilayattu]]''
|Dr. Gayathri
|Direct OTT release (Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]])
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Janani |date=14 April 2021 |title=Paramapadham Vilayattu Movie Review: Trisha's political thriller makes you go numb |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/paramapadham-vilayattu-movie-review-trisha-s-political-thriller-makes-you-go-numb-1790796-2021-04-14 |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210414140217/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/paramapadham-vilayattu-movie-review-trisha-s-political-thriller-makes-you-go-numb-1790796-2021-04-14 |archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
!scope="row" |''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|[[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai Ilaiya Piratti]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan 1 poster: Trisha is Princess Kundavai, the face of courage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-1-poster-trisha-princess-kundavai-8014661/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707094924/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ponniyin-selvan-1-poster-trisha-princess-kundavai-8014661/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Raangi]]''
|Thaiyal Nayagi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=22 December 2022 |title='Trisha was my first and only choice for 'Raangi' says filmmaker Saravanan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/dec/22/trisha-was-my-first-and-only-choice-for-raangi-says-filmmaker-saravanan-2530400.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230035102/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2022/dec/22/trisha-was-my-first-and-only-choice-for-raangi-says-filmmaker-saravanan-2530400.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
!scope="row" |''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|[[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai Ilaiya Piratti]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Karthi announces Ponniyin Selvan wrap up with a funny tweet to Trisha and Jayam Ravi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-announces-ponniyin-selvan-wrap-up-with-a-funny-tweet-to-trisha-and-jayam-ravi-1853950-2021-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918112351/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthi-announces-ponniyin-selvan-wrap-up-with-a-funny-tweet-to-trisha-and-jayam-ravi-1853950-2021-09-17 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]''
|Meera
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2023 |title=Trailer of Trisha's The Road is an instant hit |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/trailer-of-trishas-the-road-is-an-instant-hit-737694 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928123921/https://www.dtnext.in/xhr/admin/get-h-comments |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
|Sathya Parthiban
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Trisha Talks About Working With Vijay, 'Our on-screen chemistry...' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/trisha-talks-about-working-with-vijay-our-on-screen-chemistry-article-104541402 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019060058/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/trisha-talks-about-working-with-vijay-our-on-screen-chemistry-article-104541402 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|-
|2024
!scope="row" |''[[The Greatest of All Time]]''
|Dancer
|Special appearance in the song "Matta"
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Greatest of All Time: Matta Video song feat. Vijay, Trisha out now! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/33827/the-greatest-of-all-time-vijay-trisha-matta-video-song |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/33827/the-greatest-of-all-time-vijay-trisha-matta-video-song |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=moviecrow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
!scope="row" | ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]''
|Alisha Abdul Salam
|Malayalam
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-celebrate-christmas-on-the-sets-of-identity/articleshow/106324939.cms |title=Tovino Thomas and Trisha celebrate Christmas on the sets of 'Identity' |date=27 December 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229225054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-and-trisha-celebrate-christmas-on-the-sets-of-identity/articleshow/106324939.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
|Kayal Arjun
|rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Trisha Starts Shooting For Ajith's VidaaMuyarchi In Azerbaijan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/trisha-starts-shooting-for-ajiths-vidaamuyarchi-in-azerbaijan-says-get-a-job-you-dont-need-vacation-from-article-104151062 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004101640/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/trisha-starts-shooting-for-ajiths-vidaamuyarchi-in-azerbaijan-says-get-a-job-you-dont-need-vacation-from-article-104151062 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
| Ramya
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-24 |title=Trisha confirms being part of Ajith's Good Bad Ugly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-confirms-being-part-of-ajiths-good-bad-ugly/articleshow/113622077.cms |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |[[Thug Life (2025 film)|''Thug Life'']]
| Indhrani
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Kamal Haasan-Mani Ratnam's 'Thug Life' shooting begins: Tale of power, rebellion |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-mani-ratnam-trisha-thug-life-shooting-begins-tale-of-power-rebellion-2492890-2024-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124112854/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-mani-ratnam-trisha-thug-life-shooting-begins-tale-of-power-rebellion-2492890-2024-01-24 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan ="4" | 2026
| scope= "row" {{pending film|[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]}}
|Preethi
| Post-production
| style=text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2024|title=Actor Suriya's film with RJ Balaji begins with puja ceremony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/suriya-film-with-rj-balaji-film-suriya-45-begins-with-puja-ceremony-2640901-2024-11-27 |access-date=27 November 2024|website = India Today }}</ref>
|-
|{{pending film|[[Vishwambhara]]}}
| TBA
|Telugu
|Post-production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=Trisha joins the cast of Chiranjeevi-Vassishta's 'Vishwambhara' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trisha-joins-the-cast-of-chiranjeevi-vassishtas-vishwambhara/article67813225.ece |access-date=10 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206033643/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trisha-joins-the-cast-of-chiranjeevi-vassishtas-vishwambhara/article67813225.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Ram (film)|Ram]]}}
| TBA
|Malayalam
|Completed
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trisha-starts-filming-for-mohanlals-ram/articleshow/73354238.cms }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Short Film ==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|List of films done by Trisha Krishnan}}

|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|2020
!scope="row" |''[[Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn]]''
|Jessie Thekekuthu
|Tamil
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=22 May 2020 |title=Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn out: Trisha and Simbu bring back Vinnaithandi Varuvaya memories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-out-trisha-and-simbu-bring-back-vinnaithandi-varuvaya-memories-1680287-2020-05-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607125210/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-out-trisha-and-simbu-bring-back-vinnaithandi-varuvaya-memories-1680287-2020-05-21 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=21 May 2020 |title='Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn': A letter to unrequited love, and then some |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521050953/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece |archive-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Web series ==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" id="filmography"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|List of television show done by Trisha Krishnan}}
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role
!scope="col" |Language
!scope="col" |Platform
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|2024
!scope="row" | ''[[Brinda (TV series)|Brinda]]''
|[[Sub-inspector|SI]] K.Brinda
|Telugu
|[[SonyLIV]]
|style=text-align:center;|OTT Debut
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-16 |title=Trisha announces her first web series titled Brinda, show to premiere on SonyLIV |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/trisha-announces-her-first-web-series-titled-brinda-show-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-1865522-2021-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420123456/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/trisha-announces-her-first-web-series-titled-brinda-show-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-1865522-2021-10-16 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Music videos ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{Screen reader-only|List of music videos done by Trisha Krishnan}}
|-
!scope="col" |Year
!scope="col" |Title
!scope="col" |Role(s)
!scope="col" |Performer(s)
!scope="col" |Album
!Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|2000
|"Meri Chunar Udd Udd Jaye"
|Featured as a mystical figure emerging from a painting
|{{sort name|Falguni|Pathak}}
|''Meri Chunar Udd Udd Jaye''
|[[Hindi]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Ria |date=2 August 2015 |title=Bollywood stars who appeared in music videos before films |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-stars-who-appeared-in-music-videos-before-films/16419152 |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170314152955/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-stars-who-appeared-in-music-videos-before-films/16419152 |archive-date=14 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|"PsiloVibin"
|Special Appearance
|[[Paal Dabba]]
|PsiloVibin
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Trisha Krishnan]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-journey-from-miss-madras-to-khatta-meetha-imagegallery-bollywood-khtt0zcidfjsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315002159/http://www.sify.com/movies/trisha-s-journey-from-miss-madras-to-khatta-meetha-imagegallery-bollywood-khtt0zcidfjsi.html |archive-date=15 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |ref={{harvid|Trisha's journey: From Miss Madras to Khatta Meetha|2010}}}} [https://archive.org/details/TrishasJourneyFromMissMadrasToKhattaMeetha Alt URL]

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1375534}}

{{featured list}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Actress filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Rakhine language

2026-04-29T16:24:11Z

Viktorivmw: New

{{short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Rakhine
| altname = Arakanese
| nativename = ရက္ခိုင်ဘာသာ
| pronunciation = {{IPA|my|ɹəkʰàɪɴbàθà|IPA}}
| ethnicity = [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]], [[Marma people|Marma]], [[Kamein]]
| states = [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pain |first=Frederic |date=9 August 2017 |title=Towards a Panchronic Perspective on a Diachronic Issue: The Rhyme <-uiw> in Old Burmese |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |language=en |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=424–464 |doi=10.1080/07268602.2017.1350129 |s2cid=55078797 |issn=0726-8602 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01009543/file/Toward_a_panchronic_perspetive.pdf |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505132210/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01009543/file/Toward_a_panchronic_perspetive.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>, [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ranglong |first1=Antiarbum |title=Traditions as Identity: Revisiting the Mogs’ village administration in Tripura, India |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/7-9-57-631.pdf |website=Journal of Political Science |publisher=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref>
| region = * [[Rakhine State]] and other parts of Myanmar
* [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], [[Patuakhali District|Patuakhali]], [[Cox Bazar District|Cox Bazar]] (Bangladesh)
* [[Tripura]] (India)
| speakers = 1 million
| date = 2011–2013
| ref = e18
| speakers2 = 1 million [[second language]] speakers in Myanmar (2013)
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
| fam4 = [[Burmish languages|Burmish]]
| fam5 = [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| dia1 = [[Ramree dialect|Ramree]]
| dia2 = Marma
| script = [[Burmese script]]|
| map = Arakanese.Map.png
| mapcaption = Map of where the Rakhine language is spoken|
| lc1 = rki
| ld1 = Rakhine ("Arakanese")
| lc2 = rmz
| ld2 = Marma
| glotto = arak1255
| glottorefname = Arakanese–Marma
}}

'''Rakhine''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|k|aɪ|n}}; {{langx|rki|ရခိုင်ဘာသာ}}, [[MLC Transcription System|MLCTS]]: {{lang|my-Latn|ra.hkuing batha}} {{IPA|my|ɹəkʰàɪɴ bàθà}}), also known as '''Arakanese''', is a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language spoken in western [[Myanmar]], primarily in the [[Rakhine State]], parts of south-eastern [[Bangladesh]] and parts of southern [[Tripura]] in India. Closely related to [[Burmese language|Burmese]], the language is spoken by the [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]] and [[Marma people|Marma]] peoples; it is estimated to have around one million native speakers and it is spoken as a [[second language]] by a further million.

Though Arakanese has some similarity with standard Burmese, Burmese speakers find it difficult to communicate with Arakanese speakers. Thus, it is often considered to be a dialect or [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] of Burmese. As there are no universally accepted [[Language or dialect|criteria for distinguishing]] a language from a dialect, scholars and other interested parties often disagree about the linguistic, historical and social status of Arakanese. There are three dialects of Arakanese: [[Sittwe]]–[[Marma people|Marma]] (about two thirds of speakers), [[Ramree dialect|Ramree]], and [[Thandwe]].{{sfn|Okell|1995|p=3}}
[[File:Arakanese.gif|thumb|Arakanese or the Rakhine language alphabets]]

==Vocabulary==
While Arakanese and Standard Burmese share the majority of lexicon, Arakanese has numerous vocabulary differences. Some are native words with no cognates in Standard Burmese, like 'sarong' ({{lang|my|လုံခြည်}} in Standard Burmese, {{lang|my|ဒယော}} in Arakanese). Others are loan words from [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], and [[Hindi]], not found in Standard Burmese. An example is 'hospital', which is called {{lang|my|ဆေးရုံ}} in Standard Burmese, but is called {{lang|my|သိပ်လှိုင်}} (pronounced {{IPA|[θeɪʔ l̥àɪɴ]/[ʃeɪʔ l̥àɪɴ]}}) in Arakanese, from English ''sick lines''. Other words simply have different meanings (e.g., 'afternoon', {{lang|my|ညစ}} in Arakanese and {{lang|my|ညနေ}} in Standard Burmese). Moreover, some archaic words in Standard Burmese are preferred in Arakanese. An example is the first person pronoun, which is {{lang|my|အကျွန်}} in Arakanese (not {{lang|my|ကျွန်တော်}}, as in Standard Burmese). A more unique difference is the 'Hra' sound which is not found in Burmese: only in Arakanese. e.g. ဟြာ(Hra/Seek) and Hraa(ဟြား/exceptional/excellent/very good/smart).

===Comparison===
A gloss of vocabulary differences between Standard Burmese and Arakanese is below:<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/programmes/2011/04/110401_alinkar_paleban_18.shtml?bw=nb&mp=wm&bbcws=1&news=1 |title=ရခိုင်စကားနဲ့ ဗမာစကား |date=1 April 2011 |work=BBC Burmese |access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | English
! scope="col" | Standard Burmese
! scope="col" | Arakanese
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| thirsty || {{lang|my|ရေဆာ}} || {{lang|my|ရီမွတ်}} ||
|-
| go || {{lang|my|သွား}} || {{lang|my|လား}} || Arakanese for 'go' was historically used in Standard Burmese.
|-
| kick a ball || {{lang|my|ဘောလုံးကန်}} || {{lang|my|ဘောလုံးကျောက်}} ||
|-
| stomach ache || {{lang|my|ဗိုက်နာ}} || {{lang|my|ဝမ်းနာ}} || Arakanese prefers {{lang|my|ဝမ်း}} to Standard Burmese {{lang|my|ဗိုက်}} for 'stomach'.
|-
| guava || {{lang|my|မာလကာသီး}} || {{lang|my|ဂိုယံသီး}} || Standard Burmese for 'guava' is derived from the word [[Malacca]], whereas Arakanese for 'guava' is from [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lang|es|guayaba}}, from {{langx|tnq|guayaba}}.
|-
| papaya || {{lang|my|သင်္ဘောသီး}} || {{lang|my|ပဒကာသီး}} || Standard Burmese for 'papaya' literally means 'boat'.
|-
| soap || {{lang|my|ဆပ်ပြာ}} || {{lang|my|သူပုန်}} || From Portuguese "sabão". In Standard Burmese, '{{lang|my|သူပုန်}}' means 'rebel' or 'insurgent'.
|-
| superficial || {{lang|my|အပေါ်ယံ}} || {{lang|my|အထက်ပေါ်ရီ}}<ref name="cakkinda">{{cite book |author=အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ |title=ရခိုင်ဘာသာစကားလမ်းညွှန် |location=Burma |date=1994 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/135135257/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%8A%E1%82%8A%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9 |via=[[Scribd]] |language=my}}</ref> ||
|-
| blanket || {{lang|my|စောင်}} || {{lang|my|ပုဆိုး}}<ref name="cakkinda" /> || {{lang|my|ပုဆိုး}} in Standard Burmese refers to the men's [[longyi]] (sarong).
|-
| dark || {{lang|my|မှောင်}} || {{lang|my|မိုက်}} || The compound word {{lang|my|မှောင်မိုက်}} ('pitch dark') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese.
|-
| pick a flower || {{lang|my|ပန်းခူး}} || {{lang|my|ပန်းဆွတ်}}<ref name="cakkinda" /> || The compound word {{lang|my|ဆွတ်ခူး}} ('pick') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese.
|-
| wash [clothes] || {{lang|my|လျှော်}} || {{lang|my|ဖွပ်}}<ref name="cakkinda" /> || The compound word {{lang|my|လျှော်ဖွပ်}} ('wash') is used in both Standard Burmese and Arakanese.
|-

|}

==Phonology==
The phonological system described here is the inventory of sounds, represented using the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA).

=== Consonants ===
The consonants of Arakanese are:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+Consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-al.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!central
!sibilant
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
![[Voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|m̥}}
|{{IPA link|n̥}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ̊}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ̊}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]]
!voiced
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
![[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Fricative]]
!voiced
|
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|
|{{IPA link|θ}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|h}}
|-
!aspirated
|
|
|{{IPA link|sʰ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!voiced
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!voiceless
|
|{{IPA link|l̥}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
!voiced
|
|{{IPA link|ɹ}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
!voiceless
|
|{{IPA link|ɹ̥}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʍ}}
|
|}
Arakanese largely shares the same set of consonant phonemes as standard Burmese, though Arakanese more prominently uses {{IPA|/ɹ/}}, which has largely merged to {{IPA|/j/}} in standard Burmese (with some exceptions). Because Arakanese has preserved the {{IPA|/ɹ/}} sound, the {{IPA|/-ɹ-/}} medial (which is preserved in writing in Standard Burmese with the diacritic {{lang|my|ြ}}) is still distinguished in the following Arakanese consonant clusters: {{IPA|/ɡɹ- kɹ- kʰɹ- ŋɹ- pɹ- pʰɹ- bɹ- mɹ- m̥ɹ- hɹ-/}}. For example, the word "blue," spelt {{lang|my|ပြာ}}, is pronounced {{IPA|/pjà/}} in standard Burmese, but pronounced {{IPA|/pɹà/}} in Arakanese. Moreover, there is less voicing in Arakanese than in Standard Burmese, occurring only when the consonant is unaspirated.{{sfn|Okell|1995|p=4, 14}} Unlike in Burmese, voicing never shifts from {{IPA|[θ]}} to {{IPA|[ð]}}.{{sfn|Okell|1995|p=14}}

=== Vowels ===
The vowels of Arakanese are:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" align="center" |
! colspan="3" align="center" |[[Monophthong]]s
! colspan="2" align="center" |[[Diphthong]]s
|-
! align="center" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! align="center" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! align="center" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
! align="center" |[[Front vowel|Front]] offglide
! align="center" |[[Back vowel|Back]] offglide
|-
! align="center" |[[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|i}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" |{{IPA link|u}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
! align="center" |[[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|e}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA link|ə}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|o}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|ei}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|ou}}
|-
! align="center" |[[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|ɛ}}
| align="center" |{{IPA link|ɔ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
|-
! align="center" |[[Open vowel|Open]]
| align="center" |
| align="center" |{{IPA link|a}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" |{{IPA|ai}}
| align="center" |{{IPA|au}}
|}
While Arakanese shares the same set of vowels as Burmese, Arakanese rhymes also diverge from Standard Burmese for a number of open syllables and closed syllables. For instance, Arakanese has also merged various vowel sounds, such as {{lang|my|ဧ}} ({{IPA|[e]}}) to ဣ ({{IPA|[i]}}). Hence, a word like 'blood', which is spelt {{lang|my|သွေး}}, pronounced ({{IPA|[θwé]}}) in standard Burmese, is pronounced {{IPA|[θwí]}} in Arakanese. Similarly, Arakanese has a number of closed syllable rhymes that do not exist in Standard Burmese, including {{IPA|/-ɛɴ -ɔɴ -ɛʔ -ɔʔ/}}.

The Arakanese dialect also has a higher frequency of open vowels weakening to {{IPA|/ə/}} than Standard Burmese. An example is the word for 'salary', ({{lang|my|လခ}}), which is {{IPA|[la̰ɡa̰]}} in standard Burmese, but {{IPA|[ləkha̰]}} in Arakanese.

== Differences from standard Burmese ==
The following is a summary of [[consonant]]al, [[vowel]] and [[rhyme]] differences from Standard Burmese found in the Arakanese [[dialect]]:{{sfn|Okell|1995}}{{sfn|Houghton|1897|pp=453–61}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Written Burmese !! Standard Burmese !! Arakanese !! Notes
|-
| {{lang|my|-စ်}} || {{IPA|/-ɪʔ/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/-aɪʔ/}} || e.g. {{lang|my|စစ်}} 'genuine' and {{lang|my|စိုက်}} 'plant' are both pronounced {{IPA|[saɪʔ]}} in Arakanese
|-
| {{lang|my|ိုက်}} || {{IPA|/-aɪʔ/}} ||
|-
| {{lang|my|-က်}} || -ɛʔ ||-ɔʔ ||
|-
| {{lang|my|-ဉ်}} || {{IPA|/-ɪɴ/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/-aɪɴ/}} || e.g. {{lang|my|ဥယျာဉ်}} 'garden', from Standard Burmese {{IPA|[ṵ jɪ̀ɴ]}} → {{IPA|[wəjàɪɴ]}}. Irregular rhyme, with various pronunciations. In some words, it is {{IPA|/-ɛɴ/}} (e.g. {{lang|my|ဝိညာဉ်}} 'soul', from Standard Burmese {{IPA|[wèɪɴ ɲɪ̀ɴ]}} → {{IPA|[wḭ ɲɛ̀ɴ]}}). In a few words, it is {{IPA|/-i -e/}} (e.g. {{lang|my|ညှဉ်း}} 'to oppress', from Standard Burmese {{IPA|[ɲ̥ɪ́ɴ]}} → {{IPA|[ɲ̥í, ɲ̥é]}}).
|-
| {{lang|my|ိုင်}} || {{IPA|/-aɪɴ/}} ||
|-
| {{lang|my|-င်}} || {{IPA|/-ɪɴ/}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/-ɔɴ/}} ||
|-
| {{lang|my|-န် ွန်}} || {{IPA|/-aɴ -ʊɴ/}} || {{lang|my|ွန်}} is {{IPA|/-wɔɴ/}}
|-
| {{lang|my|-ည်}} || {{IPA|/-i, -e, -ɛ/}} || {{IPA|/-e/}} || A few exceptions are pronounced {{IPA|/-aɪɴ/}}, like {{lang|my|ကြည်}} 'clear', pronounced {{IPA|[kɹàɪɴ]}}
|-
| {{lang|my|-ေ}} || {{IPA|/-e/}} || {{IPA|/-i/}} || e.g. {{lang|my|ချီ}} 'carry' and {{lang|my|ချေ}} 'cancel' are pronounced {{IPA|[tɕʰì]}} and {{IPA|[tɕʰè]}} respectively in Standard Burmese, but merged to {{IPA|[tɕʰì]}} in Arakanese
|-
| {{lang|my|-တ် ွတ်}} || {{IPA|/-aʔ -ʊʔ/}} || {{IPA|/-aʔ/}} ||
|-
| {{lang|my|ိန်}} || {{IPA|/-eɪɴ/}} || {{IPA|/-ɪɴ/}} ||
|-
| {{lang|my|-ုန်}} || {{IPA|/-oʊɴ/}} || {{IPA|/-ʊɴ/}} ||
|-
| Nasal initial + {{lang|my|-ီ}} Nasal initial + {{lang|my|-ေ}} || {{IPA|/-i/}} || {{IPA|/-eɪɴ/}} || e.g. {{lang|my|နီ}} 'red' is {{IPA|[nì]}} in Standard Burmese, but {{IPA|[nèɪɴ]}} in Arakanese In some words, the rhyme is unchanged from the standard rhyme (e.g. {{lang|my|မြေ}} 'land', usually pronounced {{IPA|[mɹì]}}, not {{IPA|[mɹèɪɴ]}}, or {{lang|my|အမိ}} 'mother', usually pronounced {{IPA|[əmḭ]}}, not {{IPA|[əmḛɪɴ]}}) There are few exceptions where the nasal rhyme is {{IPA|/-eɪɴ-/}} even without a nasal initial (e.g. {{lang|my|သီ}} 'thread', from Standard Burmese {{IPA|[θì]}} → {{IPA|[θèɪɴ]}}).
|-
| Nasal initial + {{lang|my|-ု -ူ -ူး}} || {{IPA|/-u/}} || {{IPA|/-oʊɴ/}} || e.g. {{lang|my|နု}} 'tender' is {{IPA|[nṵ]}} in Standard Burmese, but {{IPA|[no̰ʊɴ]}} in Arakanese
|-
| {{lang|my|ွား}} || {{IPA|/-wá/}} || {{IPA|/-ɔ́/}} || e.g. {{lang|my|ဝါး}} 'bamboo' is {{IPA|[wá]}} in Standard Burmese, but {{IPA|[wɔ́]}} in Arakanese
|-
| {{lang|my|ြွ}} || {{IPA|/-w-/}} || {{IPA|/-ɹw-/}} || Occurs in some words (e.g. {{lang|my|မြွေ}} 'snake' is {{IPA|[mwè]}} in Standard Burmese, but {{IPA|[mɹwèɪɴ]}} in Arakanese)
|-
| {{lang|my|ရှ-}} || {{IPA|/ʃ-/}} || {{IPA|/hɹ-/}} ||
|-
| {{lang|my|ချ-}} || {{IPA|/tɕʰ-/}} || {{IPA|/ʃ-/}} || Occasionally occurs (e.g. {{lang|my|ချင်}} 'to want' is {{IPA|[tɕʰɪ̀ɴ]}} in Standard Burmese, but {{IPA|[ʃɔ̀ɴ]}}~{{IPA|[tɕʰɔ̀ɴ]}} in Arakanese)
|-
| {{lang|my|တ-}} → {{lang|my|ရ-}} || {{IPA|/t- d-/}} || {{IPA|/ɹ-/}} || e.g. The present tense particle {{lang|my|တယ်}} ({{IPA|[dɛ̀]}}) corresponds with {{lang|my|ရယ်}} ({{IPA|[ɹɛ̀]}}) in Arakanese 
e.g. The plural particle {{lang|my|တို့}} ({{IPA|[do̰]}}) corresponds with {{lang|my|ရို့}} ({{IPA|[ɹo̰]}}) in Arakanese
|-
| {{lang|my|ရှ- ယှ- ယျှ-}} || {{IPA|/ʃ-/}} || {{IPA|/h-/}} || Found in some words only
|-
| {{lang|my|-ယ် ဲ}} || -ɛ || -e ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Written''' || {{lang|my|အမေက}} || {{lang|my|သင်္ကြန်ပွဲတွင်}} || {{lang|my|ဝတ်ရန်}} || {{lang|my|ထဘီ}} || {{lang|my|ရှစ်ထည်}} || {{lang|my|ပေးလိုက်ပါ}} || {{lang|my|ဆိုသည်။}}
|-
| '''Standard Burmese''' || ʔəmè ɡa̰ || ðədʒàɴ pwɛ́ dwɪ̀ɴ || wʊʔ jàɴ || tʰəmèɪɴ || ʃɪʔ tʰɛ̀ || pé laɪʔ pà || sʰò dɛ̀
|-
| '''Arakanese''' || ʔəmì ɡa̰ || θɔ́ɴkràɴ pwé hmà || waʔ pʰo̰ || dəjɔ̀ || ʃaɪʔ tʰè || pí laʔ pà || sʰò ɹì
|-
| '''Arakanese (written)''' || {{lang|my|အမိက}} || {{lang|my|သင်္ကြန်ပွဲမှာ}} || {{lang|my|ဝတ်ဖို့}} || {{lang|my|ဒယော}} || {{lang|my|ရှစ်ထည်}} || {{lang|my|ပီးလတ်ပါ}} || {{lang|my|ဆိုရယ်။}}
|-
| '''Gloss'''
|-
| '''English'''|| colspan="8" | Mother says "Give me eight pasos for wearing during the Thingyan festival."
|}

==Writing system==
Arakanese is written using the [[Burmese script]], which descends from [[Brahmi script|Southern Brahmi]]. Rakhine speakers are taught Rakhine pronunciations using written Burmese, while most Marma speakers are only literate in Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Heidi A |year=2014 |title=Consonant correspondences of Burmese, Rakhine and Marma with initial implications for historical relationships |url=https://commons.und.edu/theses/1640/ |website=The University of North Dakota}}</ref>

The first extant Arakanese inscriptions, the Launggrak Taung Maw inscription and the Mahathi Crocodile Rock inscription (1356), date to the 1300s, and the epigraphic record of Arakanese inscriptions is unevenly distributed between the 1400s to 1800s.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Minn Htin |first=Kyaw |title=The Epigraphic Archive of Arakan/Rakhine State (Myanmar): A Survey |year=2018 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02324926 |work=Writing for Eternity: A Survey of Epigraphy in Southeast Asia |volume=30 |pages=73–85 |editor-last=Perret |editor-first=Daniel |series=Etudes thématiques |publisher=Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient |access-date=2022-08-07 |last2=Leider |first2=Jacques}}</ref> In the early 1400s, Arakanese inscriptions began to transition from the square letters associated with stone inscriptions (''kyauksa''), to rounder letters that is now standard for the Burmese script.<ref name=":0" /> This coincided with developments in Arakanese literature, which was stimulated by the rise of [[Mrauk U]] during the 1400s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singer |first=Noel F. |url= |title=Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0405-1 |language=en}}</ref>

What is now Rakhine State is home to Sanskrit inscriptions that date from the first millennium to the 1000s.<ref name=":0" /> These inscriptions were written in [[Northern Brahmic|Northern Brahmic scripts]] (namely [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] or [[Gaudi script|Gaudi]]), which are ancestral to the [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali script]].<ref name=":0" /> However, these inscriptions are not ancestral to Arakanese epigraphy, which uses the [[Mon–Burmese script]].<ref name=":0" /> While some Arakanese have coined the term "Rakkhawunna" ({{IAST|Rakkhavaṇṇa}}) to describe a script that predates the usage of written Burmese, there is no contemporary lithic evidence to support the existence of such a script.<ref name=":1" />

== Dialect variations ==
Contemporary Rakhine exhibits considerable regional variation. Dialects differ across areas such as Sittwe (southern), Kula-taung, Myit Wa, Chaungtha (upper river), and among historical Rakhine populations in present-day Bangladesh and India. Even within Rakhine State, towns such as Kyaukphyu, Ramree, Mrauk-U, Thandwe, Ann, and Pauktaw show geographical dialectal variation. Coastal areas closer to central Burma, including Thandwe and Taungup, tend to exhibit softer tones and pronunciations influenced by proximity to Burmese-speaking regions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="cakkinda" />

Rakhine is often described in literature as a "purer" or "more ancient" form of Burmese. This claim is based on certain phonological features retained in Rakhine but lost in Standard Burmese, such as distinctions between Written Burmese r and y, and between aŋ and añ. Rakhine also merges rhymes such as at and an with wat and wan, and exhibits less extensive voicing.{{sfn|Okell|1995}}<ref name=":0" />

Conversely, Standard Burmese preserves distinctions—such as between ac, añ and uik, uir, or wa and o—that have been lost in Rakhine. It also tends to preserve vowel clarity and shows less phonetic weakening.{{sfn|Okell|1995}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite journal |last1=Houghton |first1=Bernard |year=1897 |title=The Arakanese Dialect of the Burman Language |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |pages=453–461 |jstor=25207880}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Okell |first1=John |year=1995 |title=Three Burmese Dialects |journal=Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics |volume=13 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/okell1995three.pdf}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=rki}}

{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}
{{Burmese language}}
{{Languages of Myanmar}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Burmish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]

Okhla Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T07:40:14Z

Viktorivmw: Stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Okhla
| mla = [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
| electors = 3,35,539 (2020)
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 54
}}
The '''Okhla Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern [[India]].
The Okhla assembly constituency is a part of [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Okhla Assembly includes [[Shaheen Bagh]], Zakir Nagar, Okhla Vihar, [[Madanpur Khadar Village|Madanpur Khadar village]], [[Khizrabad Village|Khizrabad village]], Jasola village, Aali village and Taimoor Nagar.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Parvez Hashmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-

| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Parvez Hashmi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2009 ^
| rowspan="2" | [[Asif Muhammad Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}
* ^ : By-election held due to election of [[Parvez Hashmi]] as [[Rajya Sabha]] MP

==Election results==
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Okhla]]<ref name="Okhla Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Okhla Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/okhla |access-date=20 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320163835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/okhla |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Okhla">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Okhla |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0554.htm |access-date=20 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320164026/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0554.htm |archive-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| votes = 88943
| percentage = 42.45
| change = −23.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Manish Chaudhary
| votes = 65,304
| percentage = 31.17
| change = +1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = Shifa Ur Rehman Khan
| votes = 39,558
| percentage = 18.88
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ariba Khan
| votes = 12,739
| percentage = 6.08
| change = +3.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Satish Kumar
| votes = 756
| percentage = 0.36
| change = −0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 604
| percentage = 0.29
| change = −0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 23,645
| percentage = 11.28
| change = −25.10
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 209,522
| percentage = 62.44
| change = +3.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = −23.58
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Okhla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| votes = 1,30,367
| percentage = 66.03
| change = +3.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Braham Singh
| votes = 58,540
| percentage = 29.65
| change = +5.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Parvez Hashmi]]
| votes = 5,123
| percentage = 2.59
| change = -9.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dharam Singh
| votes = 830
| percentage = 0.42
| change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 637
| percentage = 0.32
| change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 71,827
| percentage = 36.38
| change = -2.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 197,652
| percentage = 58.97
| change = -1.97
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: 335,539 }} |ref= }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +3.47
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Okhla]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| votes = 104,271
| percentage = 62.56
| change = +45.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Braham Singh
| votes = 39,739
| percentage = 23.84
| change = +6.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Asif Muhammad Khan]]
| votes = 20,135
| percentage = 12.08
| change = -24.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ashraf Kamal
| votes = 696
| percentage = 0.41
| change = -14.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 519
| percentage = 0.31
| change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 64,352
| percentage = 38.72
| change = +19.43
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 166,702
| percentage = 60.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +33.38
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Okhla]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=54 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Asif Muhammad Khan
| votes = 50,004
| percentage = 36.34
| change = +14.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Irfanullah Khan
| votes = 23,459
| percentage = 17.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dhir Singh Bidhuri
| votes = 23,358
| percentage = 16.98
| change = +13.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Braham Singh
| votes = 20,392
| percentage = 14.82
| change = -7.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Shoab Danish
| votes = 9,735
| percentage = 7.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| votes = 3,747
| percentage = 2.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Amiruddin
| votes = 2,395
| percentage = 1.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 454
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 26,545
| percentage = 19.29
| change = +13.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 137,632
| percentage = 58.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| swing = +14.28
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2009 By-election ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2009"/>
{{Election box begin | title=Delhi Assembly [[By-election]], 2009: Okhla<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/2009-10/Bye-election-2009.xls Assembly Bye Elections 2009 Results, Election Commission of India] (''sic.'', re [[by-election]])</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Asif Muhammad Khan
| votes = 23,394
| percentage = 28.98
| change = +0.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Braham Singh Bidhuri
| votes = 18,387
| percentage = 22.78
| change = +1.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Farhad Suri
| votes = 17,804
| percentage = 22.06
| change = -6.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Rambir Singh Bidhuri
| votes = 17,718
| percentage = 21.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mohd Irfan Ahmad
| votes = 2,519
| percentage = 3.12
| change = -10.56
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,007
| percentage = 6.20
| change = +5.67
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 80,719
| percentage = 35.63
| change = -13.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +0.98
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2009"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Okhla<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Parvez Hashmi
| votes = 29,303
| percentage = 28.53
| change = -26.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Asif Muhammad Khan
| votes = 28,762
| percentage = 28.00
| change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Braham Singh Bidhuri
| votes = 22,064
| percentage = 21.48
| change = +20.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Surender Kumar Bidhuri
| votes = 14,049
| percentage = 13.68
| change = -14.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Wasim Ahmed Ghazi
| votes = 4,499
| percentage = 4.38
| change = +7.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = [[Amanatullah Khan]]
| votes = 699
| percentage = 0.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 541
| percentage = 0.53
| change = -26.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 102,726
| percentage = 49.0
| change = -4.91
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -26.30
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Okhla<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Parvez Hashmi
| votes = 29,876
| percentage = 54.83
| change = -3.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Rajpal Singh
| votes = 15,227
| percentage = 27.94
| change = +2.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Wasim Ahmad Ghazi
| votes = 6,723
| percentage = 12.34
| change = +2.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Loktantrik Party
| candidate = Kabir Khan
| votes = 704
| percentage = 1.29
| change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Amiruddin
| votes = 682
| percentage = 1.25
| change = -1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (Secular)
| candidate = Asghar Khan
| votes = 638
| percentage = 1.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,349
| percentage = 26.89
| change = +5.16
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 54,491
| percentage = 44.09
| change = +7.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -3.00
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Okhla<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Parvez Hashmi
| votes = 32,274
| percentage = 57.83
| change = +29.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Krishan Kumar Mehta
| votes = 14,163
| percentage = 25.78
| change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Asif Mohhamad Khan
| votes = 5,693
| percentage = 10.04
| change = +2.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Asghar Khan
| votes = 1,438
| percentage = 2.54
| change = +1.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Loktantrik Party
| candidate = Amiruddin
| votes = 633
| percentage = 1.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Ashraf Khan
| votes = 534
| percentage = 0.94
| change = -29.97
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,161
| percentage = 32.05
| change = +29.01
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 56,676
| percentage = 37.00
| change = -22.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Janata Dal
| swing = +29.96
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Okhla<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Parvez Hashmi
| votes = 13,282
| percentage = 30.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Hasan Ahmed (politician)|Hasan Ahmed]]
| votes = 11,975
| percentage = 27.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Siraj Pracha
| votes = 10,245
| percentage = 23.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Ramesh Chand Tongar
| votes = 3,112
| percentage = 7.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Amiruddin
| votes = 1,083
| percentage = 2.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Devender Kumar
| votes = 799
| percentage = 1.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prem Chand Pahuja (Lankesh)
| votes = 782
| percentage = 1.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,307
| percentage = 3.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 42,963
| percentage = 52.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Janata Dal
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.561|77.287|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Kavita Patidar

2026-04-19T22:42:31Z

Viktorivmw: started basic entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kavita Patidar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1974|8|17}}
| birth_place = Indore
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Kavita Patidar''' is an Indian politician, who is a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the Parliament of India, from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. She is the Indore district panchayat chairperson in the [[Madhya Pradesh]] unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rajya-sabha-polls-2022-full-list-of-mps-elected-unopposed-to-upper-house-article-91986789 | title=Rajya Sabha Polls 2022: Full list of candidates elected unopposed to Upper House | publisher=Times Now | date=3 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajya-sabha-polls-bjp-sumitra-valmiki-kavita-patidar-file-nominations-madhya-pradesh-shivraj-singh-chouhan-1956669-2022-05-31 | title=BJP's Rajya Sabha candidates from Madhya Pradesh file nominations | publisher=India Today | date=31 May 2022 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patidar, Kavita}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Savarkundla Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:45Z

Viktorivmw: Added A Post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Savarkundla
| mla = [[Kaswala Mahesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:254336}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 97
}}

'''Savarkundla''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Amreli district|Amreli]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Savarkundla Taluka
# Lilia Taluka – Entire taluka except villages – Kankot Nana, Rajkot Nana

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Vallabhbhai Vaghasiya
|{{Full party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party }}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Pratap Dudhat
|{{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress }}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Mahesh Kaswala]]
|{{Full party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party }}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Savarkundla Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahesh Kaswala]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=63757|percentage=46.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pratap Dudhat|party=Indian National Congress|votes=60265|percentage=43.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bharat Nakrani|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=7895|percentage=5.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2520|percentage=1.82|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=2.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Savarkundla<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pratap B Dudhat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 66366
|percentage = 49.35%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kamlesh kanani
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 57835
|percentage = 43.01%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8531
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vallabhbhai Vaghasiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 37246
|percentage = 28.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pratap Dudhat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 34862
|percentage = 26.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2384
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 130687
|percentage = 67.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.34|71.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Qila Raipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:51:50Z

Viktorivmw: Stub...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Punjab Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Qila Raipur
|state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|district = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
|constituency_no = 56
|established = 1972
|electors = {{formatnum:129528}} (2007)<ref name=election2007/>
|reservation = None
|abolished = 2012
|type = SLA
}}
'''Qila Raipur''' was a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency till 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qila Raipur assembly constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/qilaraipur-punjab-assembly-constituency}}</ref> It was also won by then Punjab Chief Minister in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Arjan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
| Tarsem Jodhan
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| [[Parkash Singh Badal]]<ref name=election1997/>
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Jagdish Singh Gurcha]]<ref name=election2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3453-punjab-2002/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Jasbir Singh Khangura]]<ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3454-punjab-2007/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===1997===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 1997]]: Qila Raipur<ref name=election1997>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3452-punjab-1997/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1997 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|votes = 38532
|percentage = 44.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tarsem Jodhan
|votes = 27500
|percentage = 31.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|votes = 15377
|percentage = 17.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagdev Singh Jassowal
|votes = 4716
|percentage = 5.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 86125
|percentage = 71.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1992===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 1997]]: Qila Raipur<ref name=election1997>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3452-punjab-1997/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1997 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Tarsem Jodhan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coords|30.76|75.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Dinesh Majumdar

2026-04-04T20:27:29Z

Viktorivmw: starting new article w/ infobox!

{{short description|Indian politician (1937-1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 1971–1982
| constituency = [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
| predecessor = Bikash Chandra Guha
| successor = [[Sankar Gupta]]
| office1 = Chief Government Whip, [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term1 = 1977–1980
| predecessor1 = [[Gyan Singh Sohanpal]]
| successor1 = Ashoke Kumar Bose
| office2 = President of [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|Democratic Youth Federation of India]]
| term2 = 1968–1979
| predecessor2 = Position established
| successor2 = Amitabha Basu
| birth_date = 1 June 1937
| birth_place = [[Dhaka District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1980|10|25|1937|6|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal, India]]
| spouse = Jyotshna Majumdar
| image = Dinesh Majumdar.jpg
}}
'''Dinesh Majumdar''' was a Marxist visionary and youth communist leader. A legendary student leader of the 1950s to the 1970s and a pioneer of the youth movement from the mid-1960s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=584kAQAAIAAJ&q=Dinesh+Majumdar+Democratic+Youth+Federation |title=The Annual Register of Indian Political Parties |date=1981 |publisher=Michiko & Panjathan |language=en}}</ref>
He was a three-term member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] between 1971 and 1980.

== Early life ==
Dinesh Majumdar was born on 1 June 1937 in Galimpur village of Nawabganj police station of Sadar sub-division of Dhaka district. After the partition of India, his family moved to first to [[Howrah]], then to Rupasreepalli, near [[Ranaghat]], [[West Bengal]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

He graduated from [[Rishi Bankim Chandra College]] in [[Naihati]] and [[Bangabasi College]] in [[Calcutta]], both under the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">{{cite web | url=http://www.wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_WhosWho.aspx | title=- West Bengal Legislative Assembly }}</ref>

==Political career==
He gradually became a student leader of the [[All India Students' Federation]] and later [[Students' Federation of India|Bengal Provincial Students' Federation]] in the 1950s and 1960s.

He sided with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] after it split from the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1964.

In 1968, when the Democratic Youth Federation was established in West Bengal as the youth association of CPI(M), he was elected as its founding president. He continued in that position till 1979. [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] was elected along with him as the secretary of DYF.

He was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 1971. He was re-elected in 1972, despite rampant rigging and violence on election day by Congress hoodlums.

Majumdar is remembered for his work towards eradicating unemployment. He also led a rally to declare 28 March as anti-employment day in [[West Bengal]].<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/12874433.cms | title=Left sees red in youth library renaming move | newspaper=The Times of India | date=26 April 2012 }}</ref>

He was one of the few CPI(M) candidates elected in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He was again elected in 1977.<ref name="West Bengal Legislative Assembly"/>

After the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government was formed in West Bengal after the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Majumdar was appointed as the Chief Government Whip.

He continued to serve as an MLA and Chief Government Whip till his death in 1980.

==Personal life==
He married Jyotsna Roy. The couple had one daughter. He died on 25 October 1980.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRO2AAAAIAAJ&q=Dinesh+Majumdar |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=1980 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The building housing the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] West Bengal State headquarters and the [[Students' Federation of India]] is named after him as Dinesh Majumdar Bhawan.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government had also named a library in central Kolkata as Dinesh Majumdar State Youth Library on 16 February 1983.<ref name=timesofindia/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Dinesh}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Vijay Kedia

2026-03-26T22:58:00Z

Viktorivmw: Added New Info

{{short description|Indian stock market investor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date= April 2022}}
{{like resume|date=November 2020}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Kedia
| image = VijayKedia.jpg
| children = 2
| birth_place = [[Calcutta, India]]
| education = [[B.Com]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Petroleum and Energy Studies]]
| occupation = [[Investor]] and [[stock trader]]
}}

''' Vijay Kishanlal Kedia'''<ref name=twitter>{{cite web|title=Official Twitter Page|url=https://twitter.com/VijayKedia1|access-date= 2017-09-06}}</ref> is an Indian investor born in Kolkata.

== Career ==
He realized his passion for the [[stock market]] when he was 14 and started trading at 19, without success. After few years he left his hometown [[Kolkata]] and came to [[Mumbai]] to try his luck.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-the-man-who-can-t-stop-praising-rakesh-jhunjhunwala-1155914|title=The Man Who Cant Stop Praising Rakesh Jhunjhunwala|website=dnaindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/no-academic-degree-can-guarantee-success-in-stock-mkts-vijay-kedia-112101100166_1.html|title=No Academic Degree Can Guarantee Success In Stock Mkts|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=11 October 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-20|last1=Gupta |first1=Jitendra Kumar }}</ref> In 2004 and 2005 he identified and [[invested]] in three such shares ([[Atul Auto|Atul auto]], Aegis logistics, Cera sanitaryware) which appreciated more than 100 times in next 10 to 12 years. In early 2012, he correctly predicted that [[India]] was at the beginning of a structural [[Bull (stock market speculator)|bull]] run.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-13/news/31055232_1_trf-bull-market-expectations | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016232806/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-13/news/31055232_1_trf-bull-market-expectations | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 October 2015 | title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News }}</ref> In 2016, Kedia was featured at #13 in [[Business World]] list of Successful Investors In India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Investors-A-Cut-Above-The-Rest/09-12-2016-109447/|title=Investors A Cut Above The Rest|website=businessworld.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref> In 2017, "MoneyLife Advisory" launched an "Ask Vijay Kedia" microsite, and Kedia's portfolio stocks rose up to 170%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/moneylife-advisory-launches-ask-vijay-kedia-microsite-for-questions-on-stocks/50551.html|title=Moneylife launches ask Vijay Kedia microsite for questions on stocks|website=moneylife.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/looking-for-value-buys-vijay-kedias-portfolio-stocks-rose-up-to-170-in-2017-2358727.html|title=Looking for value buys Vijay Kedias portfolio stocks rose up to 170 in 2017|website=moneycontrol.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref> In 2018, he was invited to speak at [[London Business School]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bcom-grad-vijay-kedia-studies-for-over-a-month-before-a-speech-at-a-b-school/articleshow/64443159.cms|title=Bcom grad Vijay Kedia studies for over a month before a speech at a b school|website=Economic Times|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> In November of the same year, he was invited to speak at [[TEDx]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/vijay-kedias-ted-talk-how-investing-miracles-happen/articleshow/66875998.cms|title=Vijay Kedias ted talk how investing miracles happen|website=Economic Times|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-30|last1=Oberoi |first1=Rahul }}</ref> He also participated in a [[TED (conference)|Tedx]] event held in [[Jai Hind College]], Mumbai alongside other speakers like filmmaker [[Ramon Chibb]], Indian mental health practitioner [[Riri Trivedi]] and Indian [[Olympic medalist|Olympian]] [[Suma Shirur]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Jai Hind College To Host TEDx Event On February 7, Featuring Industry Leaders And Experts |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/education/mumbai-jai-hind-college-to-host-tedx-event-on-february-7-featuring-industry-leaders-and-experts |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Investment strategy ==

Kedia strictly adheres to SMILE as a principle in investing; which translates into Small in size, Medium in experience, Large in aspiration and Extra-large in market potential.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/58784177.cms|title=Kolkata Man with a SMILE best at spotting multibaggers on D-street|website=Economic Times|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-22|last1=Oberoi |first1=Rahul }}</ref> On his investment strategy, Kedia said: "One should scout for companies which have good management... Find a very good management, a very honest management and see the product in which the management is going to grow, going to outperform its peers and the economy... invest in those companies for the next 10–15 years, and you cannot go wrong."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/firms-with-honest-management-best-bet-on-d-street-vijay-kedia/articleshow/63314375.cms|title=Firms with honest management best bet on D-Street: Vijay Kedia|website=Economic Times|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref> Bet big and ride through tough times is his advice. While luck plays a big part in stock market investments, knowledge, courage and patience are the cornerstones according to him.<ref name="kedia-smile">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/markets/2018/03/22/this-dalal-street-veterans-secret-to-investing-is-smile |title=Dalal Street Veteran Vijay Kedia’s Secret To Investing Is SMILE |website=Bloomberg Quint |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922183021/https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/2018/03/22/this-dalal-street-veterans-secret-to-investing-is-smile#bypass-sw |archive-date=2021-09-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He has been 100 percent invested for the past 30 years of his investing career.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/when-fund-managers-become-god-its-time-for-a-market-crash-kedia/articleshow/63592028.cms|title=When fund managers become God, it's time for a market crash: Kedia|website=Economic Times|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-03|last1=Mudgill |first1=Amit }}</ref> Currently, he is holding almost 15 stocks with a net worth of over Rs. 1,467.6 Cr<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Vijay Kishanlal Kedia shareholdings and portfolio |url=https://trendlyne.com/portfolio/superstar-shareholders/53805/latest/vijay-kishanlal-kedia-portfolio/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Trendlyne.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kedia, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Investment in India]]
[[Category:Indian stock traders]]
[[Category:Indian financial analysts]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian investors]]

Sengundram

2026-03-25T18:04:15Z

Viktorivmw: improved article

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Chennai, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=November 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sengundram
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Red Hills
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = "North Door Of Chennai"
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Red Hills (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.186500|N|80.199900|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|link=|alt=|Tamil Nadu]][[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 33
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600052
| area_code = 044
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = City
| blank2_info_sec1 = Chennai
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Assembly]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Madhavaram
| official_name =
}}

'''Sengundram''', known in [[English language|English]] as '''Red Hills''', is a suburb in the northwestern part of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] in [[Thiruvallur District]].

==History==
The first railway proposals for India were made in [[Madras]] in 1832. The country's first transport train, ''Red Hill Railway'' (built by [[Arthur Cotton]] to transport granite for road-building), ran from Red Hills to the [[Chintadripet]] bridge in Madras in 1836–1837.<ref name="irfca.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/india-first-railways.html|title=[IRFCA] India's First Railways|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref> A town named Sholavaram has an unused airstrip build by British for [[World War II]]. It was originally operated by the Royal Air Force as an airbase during World War II. After the war, it was abandoned until the airstrip was turned into a venue for drag racing. Most notably, the Malayalam actor [[Jayan]] was killed in a helicopter accident here during the shooting of his film [[Kolilakkam]] on 16 November 1980.

After the Madras Motor Sports Club was formed in mid-1950s, Sholavaram was selected to conduct its racing events. According to some estimates, entries across all the various categories of motorcycles and cars together numbered over 800. The state government would ply buses ferrying fans, who travelled from all over India, to and from the track. There was even a thriving black market for forged tickets. Participants included Vijay Mallya's Formula One Ensign or Chandhok's Formula 2 Chevron B42. Since then racing events took place every year and continued till late 1980s until the Madras Motor Sports Club built a new track at Irungattukottai, Sriperumbudur, Chennai.

The Indian Army later recovered the lands, which had been illegally occupied by local residents. The military used the area and the remaining airstrip as a surveillance base. There were also plans to use the airport as a secondary landing location for commercial aircraft.

In 2020 the airstrip was taken over by the Government of India, with plans to construct a new airport under the UDAN scheme.

==Diversity==
Iyyappan temple in Red Hills is an important Hindu temple in the neighbourhood. The [[Church of South India]] church opposite the Iyyappan temple is one of the larger churches in the surrounding area, and the Aysha mosque is also near the temple. Vishalayam special needs school is the only special school at Red Hills. There are also two government schools, one for boys and one for girls, besides a government boys higher secondary school at Vadagarai.

==Red Hills Lake==
[[Puzhal aeri]], or Puzhal lake, also known as the Red Hills Lake, is located in [[Ponneri taluk]] of [[Tiruvallur district]], Tamil Nadu. It is one of the two rain-fed reservoirs from where water is drawn for supply to Chennai City, the other one being the [[Chembarambakkam Lake]] and [[Porur Lake]]. The full capacity of the lake is 3,300 million ft3 (93 million m3).

==Transport facility==
A Red Hills bus stand has buses to various parts of Chennai. It is easy to get connected to CMBT, Broadway, Poonamalle, Avadi, Tiruninravur, Tambaram and Vandaloor Zoo through bus from Red Hills. Many mofussil buses also pass through Red Hills.

In Phase II of metro Rail, three lines covering a distance of 63 kilometres have been proposed in the second phase of the network. Line 4 is envisioned to be a 22-kilometre route with 8 stations from Moolakadai to Thirumangalam Junction. Stations are planned at: Moolakadai, Vinayagapuram/Teachers Colony, Surapet, Red Hills, Vadakarrai, Ambattur OT, Maduravoyil Junction, MMM Hospital and Thirumangalam Junction

==See also==
* [[History of Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

Pakistan

2026-03-24T19:44:00Z

Viktorivmw: expand details

{{Short description|Country in South Asia}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| common_name = Pakistan
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان}}|italics=off}}|{{transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|''Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān''}}{{sfn|Minahan|2009}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg
| image_coat = [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|class=skin-invert-image|85px]]
| symbol_type = [[State emblem of Pakistan|State emblem]]
| national_motto = {{Plain list|
* {{Transliteration|ur|[[Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam]]}} ([[Urdu]])
* {{Native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ایمان، اتحاد، نظم}}|paren=off}}
* "Faith, Unity, Discipline"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2015|page=97}}}}
}}
| national_anthem = {{Plain list|
* {{Transliteration|ur|ALA-LC|[[Qaumi Taranah|Qaumī Tarānah]]}} ([[Urdu]])
* {{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قَومی ترانہ}}}}
* {{center|"The National Anthem" [[File:National anthem of Pakistan, instrumental.oga]]}}
}}
| image_map = PAK orthographic.svg
| map_width = 250px
| map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Territory controlled by Pakistan}}{{Legend|#61E760|Territory claimed but not controlled ([[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]], [[Annexation of Junagadh|Junagadh]], and [[Sir Creek#Indo-Pakistani border dispute|Sir Creek]])}}
| capital = [[Islamabad]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|33|41|30|N|73|3|0|E|type:city_region:PK-IS}}
| largest_city = [[Karachi]] {{Coord|24|51|36|N|67|0|36|E|type:city(20,000,000)_region:PK-SD}}
| official_languages = {{hlist |[[Urdu]]|[[Pakistani English|English]]{{efn|Article 251 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]]{{sfn|Ayres|2009}}}}}}
| languages_type = Native languages
| languages = [[Languages of Pakistan|Over 77 languages]]{{sfn|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2022}}
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
| 96.3% [[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]){{efn| The [[Constitution of Pakistan | Constitution]] designates Islam as the state religion.}}
| 2.2% [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]] 
| 1.4% [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]
| 0.1% [[Religion in Pakistan|other]]
}}
| religion_year = 2023
| demonym = Pakistani
| government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] parliamentary [[Islamic republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Pakistan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Asif Ali Zardari]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Shehbaz Sharif]]

| legislature = [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Pakistan Movement|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = [[Lahore Resolution|Declaration]]
| established_date1 = 23 March 1940
| established_event2 = [[Dominion of Pakistan|Recognized dominion]]
| established_date2 = 14 August 1947
| established_event3 = [[Monarchy of Pakistan#Abolition|Republic]]
| established_date3 = 23 March 1956
| established_event4 = [[Gwadar Purchase|Last territory's acquisition]]
| established_date4 = 8 December 1958
| established_event5 = [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Eastern territory withdrawn]]
| established_date5 = 16 December 1971
| established_event6 = [[Constitution of Pakistan|Current constitution]]
| established_date6 = 14 August 1973
| established_event7 =
| established_date7 =
| established_event8 =
| established_date8 =
| area_km2 = 881,913
| area_footnote = {{efn|"Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; [[Azad Kashmir]] ({{convert|13297|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] ({{convert|72520|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}).{{sfn|James|2022}} Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of {{convert|796,095|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."}}{{sfn|Bhandari|2022}}
| area_rank = 33rd
| area_sq_mi = 307,374
| percent_water = 2.86
| population_density_km2 = 273.8
| population_density_sq_mi = 633
| population_density_rank = 56th
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 241,499,431{{efn|name=fn3|"This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, which, according to 2017 Pakistani census, had a population of 4,045,367 and 1,492,924 respectively."}}
| population_census_year = [[2023 Pakistani census|2023]]
| population_census_rank = 5th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.67 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 27th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,950
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 148th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $410.5 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 42nd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,710
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 160th
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini = 29.6 
| Gini_ref =
| HDI = 0.544 
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank = 168th
| currency = [[Pakistani rupee]] (₨)
| currency_code = PKR
| time_zone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| utc_offset = +5
| date_format = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in Pakistan]].}}
}}
| drives_on = left{{sfn|Haleem|2013}}
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Pakistan|+92]]
| cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.pk]] |[[پاکستان.]]}}
| official_website = {{URL|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Urdu|compact=yes}}

'''Pakistan''',{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پَاکِسْتَان}}}}, {{IPA|ur|ˈpɑːkɪstɑːn|audio=Pakistan pronunciation.ogg}}; Pronounced variably in English as {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Pakistan.ogg|ˈ|p|æ|k|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg|ˈ|p|ɑː|k|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}}, and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɑː|k|ᵻ|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n}}.}} officially the '''Islamic Republic of Pakistan''',{{efn|[[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اِسْلامی
جُمْہُورِیَہ پَاکِسْتَان}}|label=none}}, {{Transliteration|ur|Islāmi Jumhūriyāh Pākistān}}}} is a country in [[South Asia]]. It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|fifth-most populous country]], with a population of over 241.5 million,{{efn|name=fn3}} having the [[Islam by country#Countries|second-largest Muslim population]] as of 2023. [[Islamabad]] is the nation's capital, while [[Karachi]] is [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|its largest city]] and [[financial centre]]. Pakistan is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|33rd-largest country by area]]. Bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] on the south, the [[Gulf of Oman]] on the southwest, and the [[Sir Creek]] on the southeast, it shares land borders with [[India]] to the east; [[Afghanistan]] to the west; [[Iran]] to the southwest; and [[China]] to the northeast. It shares a maritime border with [[Oman]] in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from [[Tajikistan]] in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow [[Wakhan Corridor]].

Pakistan is the site of [[History of Pakistan|several ancient cultures]], including the 8,500-year-old [[Neolithic]] site of [[Mehrgarh]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] of the [[Bronze Age]],{{R|Wright-2009}} and the ancient [[Gandhara civilisation]].{{sfn|Badian|1987}} The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]], the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]], the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]];{{sfn|Wynbrandt|2009}} the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] in its southern regions, the [[Hindu Shahis]], the [[Ghaznavids]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Samma dynasty|Samma]], the [[Shah Miris]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]],{{sfn|Spuler|1969}} and finally, the [[British Raj]] from 1858 to 1947.

Spurred by the [[Pakistan Movement]], which sought a homeland for the Muslims of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], and election victories in 1946 by the [[All-India Muslim League]], Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the [[partition of British India]], which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life.{{R|Copland-2001|Metcalf-2006}} Initially [[Dominion of Pakistan|a dominion]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], Pakistan [[Constitution of Pakistan (1956–1958)|adopted a republican constitution]] in 1956 and became an [[Islamic republic]] with two geographically separate provinces, [[East Pakistan]] and [[West Pakistan]]. East Pakistan seceded as the new country of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971 after a [[Bangladesh Liberation War|nine-month-long civil war]]. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments that alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively [[Secularism in Pakistan|secular]] and Islamist.{{sfn|Talbot|2016}}

Pakistan is considered a [[middle power]] nation, with the world's [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|seventh-largest standing armed forces]]. It is a declared [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapons state]], and is ranked amongst the emerging and growth-leading economies,{{sfn|Zia|Burton|2023}} with a large and rapidly growing middle class.{{sfn|Rais|2017}}{{sfn|Cornwall|Edwards|2014}} Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterized by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an [[Ethnic groups in Pakistan|ethnically]] and [[Languages of Pakistan|linguistically]] diverse country, with similarly diverse [[Geography of Pakistan|geography]] and [[Wildlife of Pakistan|wildlife]]. The country continues to face [[Poverty in Pakistan|poverty]], [[Literate Pakistan Foundation|illiteracy]], [[Corruption in Pakistan|corruption]], and [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism]].{{sfn|Joseph|2016}}{{sfn|Baqir|2018}}{{sfn|SATP|2024}} Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]], and the [[Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition|Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition]], and is designated as a [[major non-NATO ally]] by the United States.

== Etymology ==
The name ''Pakistan'' was coined by [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], a [[Pakistan Movement]] activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet ''[[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never]]'', using it as an [[acronym]].{{sfn|Aziz|1987}}{{sfn|Saqib|Malik|2018}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2023}} Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, [[Punjab Province (British India)|'''P'''anjab]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|'''A'''fghania]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|'''K'''ashmir]], [[Sind Division|'''S'''indh]], and [[Baluchistan Agency|Baluchis'''tan''']]." He added, "Pakistan is both a [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean."{{sfn|Tummala|1996}} Etymologists note that {{wikt-lang|fa|پاک}} {{transliteration|fa|pāk}}, is 'pure' in Persian and [[Pashto]] and the Persian suffix {{wikt-lang|fa|ـستان}} {{transliteration|fa|[[-stan]]}} means 'land' or 'place of'.{{sfn|Saqib|Malik|2018}}

Rahmat Ali's concept of Pakistan only related to the northwestern area of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He also proposed the name "Banglastan" for the Muslim areas of [[Bengal]] and "Osmanistan" for [[Hyderabad State]], as well as a political federation between the three.{{sfn|Anand|1991}}

== History ==
{{main|History of Pakistan}}
{{See also|Timeline of Pakistani history}}

=== Prehistory and antiquity ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width1 = 140
| image1 = Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg
| caption1 = ''[[Priest-king (sculpture)|Priest-King]]'' from [[Mohenjo-daro]] ({{circa|2500 BCE}}){{sfn|Parker|2017}}
| width2 = 165
| image2 = Cremation Urn with Lid LACMA AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg
| caption2 = Cremation urn, [[Gandhara grave culture]], Swat Valley, {{circa|1200 BCE}}{{sfn|Burrison|2017}}
}}
Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in [[South Asia]] originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan.{{sfn|Allchin|Petraglia|2007}} The earliest known stone tools in the region, dating to the [[Lower Palaeolithic]] (~2 million years ago), were discovered in the [[Soan Valley]] of [[northern Pakistan]].{{sfn|Rendell|Dennell|1985}} The [[Indus River|Indus region]], which covers most of the present-day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the [[Neolithic]] (7000–4300 [[BCE]]) site of [[Mehrgarh]],{{R|Coningham-Young-2015|Fisher-2018|Dyson-2018}} and the 5,000-year history of urban life in South Asia to the various sites of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], including [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]].{{R|Allchin-1982}}{{sfn|Dales|Kenoyer|Alcock|1986}}

Following the decline of the Indus Valley civilisation, semi-nomadic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-European Aryans]] migrated into the [[Indian subcontinent]] around 2000 BCE, perhaps by way of the [[Khyber Pass]]. They fused with the indigenous Harappan culture of the Indus Valley, and elements of the pre-Aryan spiritual traditions were assimilated into the developing Vedic tradition.{{sfn|Consiglio|2015}} This cultural milieu shaped the [[Gandhara civilization]], which flourished at the crossroads of India, Central Asia, and the Middle East, connecting [[Silk Road|trade routes]] and absorbing cultural influences from diverse civilisations.{{sfn|Behrendt|2007}} By the early Vedic period, parts of the Indus region in present-day Pakistan were populated by numerous tribes that were beginning to coalesce into chieftain-led clans and early kingdoms.{{sfn|Flood|2022}} During this period, the [[Vedas]], the oldest [[scriptures]] of [[Hinduism]], were composed.{{sfn|Oberlies|2023}}{{efn|name="Rigveda"}}

=== Classical period ===
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|''[[Standing Buddha]]'' from [[Gandhara]] (1st–2nd century CE){{sfn|Stonard|2017}}|upright=0.8]]
The western regions of Pakistan [[Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley|became part]] of [[Achaemenid Empire]] around 517 BCE.{{sfn|Dandamaev|2023}} In 326 BCE, [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King [[Porus]], at [[Battle of Hydaspes|Jhelum]].{{sfn|Sadasivan|2011}} Among the major powers that ruled the region were the [[Mauryas]] (322–185 BCE), during which [[Ashoka the Great]] extended the empire.{{sfn|Khan|2022|page=114}}{{sfn|Cooke|2017}} The [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] founded by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius of Bactria]] (180–165 BCE) included [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab]] and reached its greatest extent under [[Menander I|Menander]] (165–150 BCE), prospering the [[Greco-Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist]] culture in the region.{{sfn|Pollitt|1986}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007}}{{sfn|Kubica|2023}} [[Taxila]] had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in the 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Westmoreland|2019}} The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.{{refn|name="Needham-1994"}}{{refn|name="Kulke-Rothermund-2016"}}{{sfn|Mookerji|1989}} At its zenith, the [[Rai dynasty]] (489–632 CE) ruled [[Sindh]] and the surrounding territories.{{sfn|Banerjee|2022}}

=== Medieval period ===
The Arab conqueror [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]] conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711 CE.{{sfn|Mufti|2013}} The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid.{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2023}} The early medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region.{{sfn|Cavendish|2006|page=318}} Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region of Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]].{{R|Stubbs-Thomson-2016}}{{sfn|Malik|2006|page=47}} During this period, [[Sufi]] [[Dawah|missionaries]] played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional population to Islam.{{sfn|Lapidus|2014}} Upon the defeat of the [[Turk Shahis|Turk]] and [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasties which governed the [[Kabul Valley]], [[Gandhara]], and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|several successive Muslim empires]] ruled over the region, including the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] (975–1187 CE), the [[Ghorid]] Kingdom, and the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526 CE).{{sfn|Samad|2011}} The [[Lodi dynasty]], the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).{{sfn|Faroqhi|2019}}

[[File:View_of_Makli_by_Usman_Ghani_(cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Makli Necropolis]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] rose to prominence as a major funerary site during the [[Samma dynasty]].{{sfn|Junejo|2020}}]]
The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of [[Indo-Persian culture]] in the region.{{sfn|Canfield|2002}} In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were [[Multan]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]] and [[Thatta]],{{sfn|Chandra|2005}} which were chosen as the site of impressive [[Mughal architecture|Mughal buildings]].{{sfn|Malik|2006|page=79}} In the early 16th century, the region remained under the [[Mughal Empire]].{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006}} In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers like the [[Maratha Empire]] and later the [[Sikh Empire]], as well as invasions by [[Nader Shah]] from Iran in 1739 and the [[Durrani Empire]] of Afghanistan in 1759.{{sfn|Haleem|2013}}{{sfn|MacDonald|2017}} The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan.{{sfn|Simpson|2007}}

=== Colonial rule ===
{{main|British India|British Raj|Aligarh Movement|Two-nation theory}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width1 = 146
| image1 = Sir Syed1.jpg
| caption1 = Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] (1817–1898), whose [[Two-nation theory|vision]] formed the basis of Pakistan.{{R|Wolpert-1984|Sengupta-2023}}{{sfn|Holt|Curta|2016}}
| alt1 = Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision (Two-nation theory) formed the basis of Pakistan
| width2 = 170
| image2 = Jinnah1945b.jpg
| caption2 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the [[Pakistan Movement]].{{sfn|Wolpert|1984}}
| alt2 = Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement
}}
None of modern Pakistan was under British rule until 1839 when [[Karachi]], a small fishing village governed by [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] of [[Sindh]] with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was [[History of Karachi#Company rule|taken]],{{sfn|Rustomji|1952}}{{sfn|Walbridge|2012}} and used as an enclave with a port and [[Karachi Cantonment|military base]] for the [[First Afghan War]] that ensued.{{sfn|Gayer|2014}} The remainder of [[Sindh]] was acquired in 1843,{{sfn|Sharma|D'Angelo|Giri|2020}} and subsequently, through a series of wars and treaties, the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], and later, after the post-[[Sepoy Mutiny]] (1857–1858), direct rule by [[Queen Victoria]] of the [[British Empire]], acquired most of the region.{{sfn|Pirbhai|2009}} Key conflicts included those against the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] [[Talpur dynasty]], resolved by the [[Battle of Miani]] (1843) in Sindh,{{sfn|Harjani|2018}} the [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh Wars]] (1845–1849),{{sfn|Cook|1975}} and the [[Anglo–Afghan War]]s (1839–1919).{{sfn|Khan|2022|page=119}} By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the [[British Indian Empire]], and remained so until independence in 1947.{{sfn|Cavendish|2006|page=365}}

Under British rule, modern Pakistan was primarily divided into the [[Sind Division]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], and the [[Baluchistan Agency]]. The region also included various [[princely state]]s, with the largest being [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]].{{sfn|Law|1999}}{{sfn|Hussain|2015}}

An important uprising against the British in the region was the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], known at the time as the [[Sepoy Mutiny]].{{sfn|Nyrop|1975|page=371}} Divergence in the [[Hindu–Islamic relations|relationship]] between [[Hinduism]] and Islam resulted in significant tension in [[British Raj|British India]], leading to religious violence. The [[Hindi–Urdu controversy|language controversy]] further exacerbated tensions between Hindus and Muslims.{{sfn|Holt|Curta|2016}}{{sfn|Hali|Akhtar|1993}} A [[Aligarh Movement|Muslim intellectual movement]], led by Sir [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] to counter the [[Bengali Renaissance|Hindu renaissance]], advocated for the [[two-nation theory]] and led to the establishment of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in 1906.{{R|Wolpert-1984|Sengupta-2023}}{{sfn|Holt|Curta|2016}}

In March 1929, in response to the [[Nehru Report]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, issued his [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|fourteen points]], which included proposals to safeguard the interests of the Muslim minority in a united India. These proposals were rejected.{{R|Hardy-1972|Wuthnow-2013|Singh-Shani-2021}} In his 29 December 1930 address, [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]] advocated the amalgamation of Muslim-majority states in [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|North-West]] India, including [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]], and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]].{{R|Singh-Shani-2021}}{{refn|name="Iqbal"}} The perception that Congress-led British [[1937 Indian provincial elections|provincial governments]] neglected the Muslim League from 1937 to 1939 motivated Jinnah and other Muslim League leaders to embrace the two-nation theory.{{sfn|Pandeya|2003}}{{sfn|Basu|Miroshnik|2017}} This led to the adoption of the [[Lahore Resolution]] of 1940, presented by [[Sher-e-Bangla]] [[A.K. Fazlul Haque]], also known as the Pakistan Resolution.{{sfn|M. H. Khan|2016}}

By 1942, Britain faced considerable strain during [[World War II]], with India directly threatened by Japanese forces. Britain had pledged voluntary independence for India in exchange for support during the war. However, this pledge included a clause stating that no part of British India would be compelled to join the resulting dominion, which could be interpreted as support for an independent Muslim nation. Congress under the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] launched the [[Quit India Movement]], demanding an immediate end to British rule. In contrast, the Muslim League chose to support the [[United Kingdom in World War II|UK's war efforts]], thereby nurturing the possibility of establishing a Muslim nation.{{R|Tucker-2020}}{{sfn|Chandra|2008}}

=== Independence ===
{{main|Pakistan Movement}}
{{further|Indian independence movement|Partition of India}}
[[File:Partition of India 1947 en.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[partition of India]]: green regions were all part of Pakistan by 1948, and orange ones part of India. The darker-shaded regions represent the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] provinces partitioned by the [[Radcliffe Line]]. The grey areas represent some of the key [[princely state]]s that were eventually integrated into India or Pakistan.]]
The [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]] saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance.{{R|Mohiuddin-2007-1}} Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian Muslims,{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2023}} compelled the British to consider their stance, despite their [[Opposition to the partition of India|reluctance to partition India]]. In a final attempt to prevent partition, they proposed the [[Cabinet Mission Plan]].{{R|Mohiuddin-2007-2}}

As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule by June 1948.{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|page=309}}{{sfn|Markovits|2012}} Following rigorous discussions involving [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] of the [[All-India Muslim League]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947. In Mountbatten's oval office, the prime ministers of around a dozen major princely states gathered to receive their copies of the plan before its worldwide broadcast. At 7:00 P.M., [[All India Radio]] transmitted the public announcement, starting with the viceroy's address, followed by individual speeches from Nehru, and Jinnah. The founder of Pakistan [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] concluded his address with the slogan ''Pakistan Zindabad'' (Long Live Pakistan).{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|pages=328–329}}

As the United Kingdom agreed to the [[Partition of India|partitioning of India]],{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|pages=328–329}} the modern state of Pakistan was established on [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|14 August 1947]] {{small|(27th of [[Ramadan]] in 1366 of the [[Islamic calendar]], [[Night of Power|a holy time regarded as auspicious and noted for its religious importance]])}}.{{sfn|Hakeem|2014}}{{sfn|NDTV|2025}} This new nation amalgamated the [[Islam in India|Muslim-majority]] eastern and [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|northwestern regions]] of [[British India]], comprising the provinces of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[East Bengal]], the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], and Sindh.{{sfn|Cohen|2004|page=6}}

In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions.{{refn|name="Riots-1"}} Around 50,000 Muslim women were [[Violence against women during the partition of India|abducted and raped]] by Hindu and Sikh men, while 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.{{refn|name="Riots-2"}} Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.{{R|Hasan-Raza-2009}} It was the largest mass migration in human history.{{sfn|Riggs|2024}} A subsequent dispute over the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] eventually sparked the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]].{{sfn|Bhaumik|1996}}

=== Post-independence ===
{{Main|History of Pakistan (1947–present)|Dominion of Pakistan}}
[[File:Liaquat Ali Khan 1945.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Liaquat Ali Khan]] was elected the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.{{sfn|Kazmi|2003}}{{sfn|Tucker|2017}}]]
After [[Creation of Pakistan|independence]] in 1947, Jinnah, the [[Party chair|President]] of the Muslim League, became Pakistan's first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] and the first [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|President-Speaker]] of the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]], but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.{{sfn|Tucker|2017}}{{sfn|Akbar|2018}} Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], the [[Secretary General|secretary-general]] of the [[All-India Muslim League|party]], the nation's [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|first Prime Minister]].{{sfn|Kazmi|2003}}{{sfn|Tucker|2017}} From 1947 to 1956, [[Monarchy of Pakistan|Pakistan was a monarchy]] within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.{{R|Kumarasingham-2013}}

The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders including [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]].{{R|McGrath-1996}} Mountbatten expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.{{R|Ahmed-1997}} Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan.{{R|Wolpert-2009}} When Mountbatten was asked by [[Larry Collins (writer)|Collins]] and [[Dominique Lapierre|Lapierre]] if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.{{R|Lapierre-Collins-2015}}
[[File:Pakistan.ogv|thumb|The American [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] film on Pakistan, made in 1950, examines the history and geography of Pakistan.]]
{{quote box
|quote = "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State."
|source = —[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.{{sfn|Wilson|2009}}
|align = right
|width = 25em
|border = 1px
|bgcolor = #c6dbf7
|halign = left
}}
Maulana [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], a respected Deobandi ''alim'' (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and [[Abul A'la Maududi|Maulana Mawdudi]] of [[Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-i-Islami]] played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi insisted that the Constituent Assembly declare the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the ''shariah'' in Pakistan.{{R|Hussain-2008-1}}

The efforts of Jamaat-i-Islami and the ''[[ulama]]'' led to the passage of the [[Objectives Resolution]] in March 1949. This resolution, described by Liaquat Ali Khan as the second most significant step in Pakistan's history, affirmed that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". It was later included as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.{{R|Hussain-2008-2}}

[[Democracy in Pakistan|Democracy]] faced setbacks due to the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|martial law]] imposed by President [[Iskander Mirza]], who was succeeded by General [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]. After adopting a [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|presidential system]] in 1962, Pakistan witnessed significant growth until the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India in 1965, resulting in an economic downturn and widespread public discontent in 1967.{{sfn|Wynbrandt|2009|p=190–197}}{{sfn|Chowdhury|Mahmud|2008}} In 1969, President [[Yahya Khan]] consolidated control, but faced a devastating [[1970 Bhola cyclone|cyclone]] in East Pakistan resulting in 500,000 deaths.{{sfn|Kathpalia|1986}}

In 1970, Pakistan conducted its [[1970 Pakistani general election|first democratic elections]] since independence, intending to transition from [[Legal Framework Order, 1970|military rule]] to democracy. However, after the East Pakistani [[Awami League]] emerged victorious over the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military refused to transfer power.{{sfn|Koumar|2023}} This led to [[Operation Searchlight]], a military crackdown, and eventually sparked the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|war of liberation]] by Bengali [[Mukti Bahini]] forces in East Pakistan,{{sfn|Lewis|2011}} described in West Pakistan as a civil war rather than a liberation struggle.{{sfn|Bose|2005}}

[[File:Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg|thumb|upright|Signing of the [[Tashkent Declaration]] to end [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|hostilities]] with India in 1965 in [[Tashkent]], [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)|USSR]], by President [[Field Marshal Ayub Khan|Ayub]] alongside [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] (centre) and [[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]] (left){{sfn|Khan|2008}}]]

Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,{{sfn|Sunkara|Walter|Rojas|2024}} a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.{{sfn|Hiro|2015}} Some academics such as [[Rudolph Rummel]] and [[Rounaq Jahan]] say both sides committed genocide;{{sfn|Rummel|1998}} others such as [[John Richard Sisson|Richard Sisson]] and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.{{sfn|Beachler|2011}} In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, [[preemptive strikes]] on India by Pakistan's [[Pakistan Air Force|air force]], [[Pakistan Navy|navy]], and [[Pakistan Marines|marines]] sparked [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|a conventional war]] in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining [[Independence of Bangladesh|independence]] as [[Bangladesh]].{{sfn|Totten|2000}}

Yahya Khan was replaced by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] as president; the country worked towards promulgating [[Constitution of Pakistan|its constitution]] and putting the country on the road to democracy.{{sfn|Paxton|2016}}{{sfn|Oldenburg|2010}} In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear deterrence]] capability with [[Mutually assured destruction|the goal of preventing]] any [[Foreign interventionism|foreign invasion]]; the country's [[KANUPP|first]] [[nuclear power plant]] was inaugurated in that same year.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2007}}{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2011}} India's [[Operation Smiling Buddha|first nuclear test]] in 1974 gave Pakistan additional justification to accelerate its [[Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons|nuclear program]].{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2011}}

Democracy ended with a [[Operation Fair Play|military coup]] in 1977 against the [[Socialism in Pakistan|leftist]] PPP, which saw [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] become the president in 1978.{{sfn|Krasno|LaPides|2015}} From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's [[Corporate sector of Pakistan|corporatisation]] and [[Islamization of Economy|economic Islamisation]] initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.{{sfn|Khanna|2002}} While building up the country's [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear program]], increasing [[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Islamisation]], and the rise of a homegrown [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservative]] philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US [[Operation Cyclone|resources to factions]] of the [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]'s [[Soviet–Afghan War|intervention]] in [[communist Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Hajari|2015}}{{sfn|Coll|2004}}{{sfn|Westad|2005}} Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]] became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential [[Deobandi]] ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.{{sfn|Haroon|2008}}

[[Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|President Zia died]] in a plane crash in 1988, and [[Benazir Bhutto]], daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's [[Women in Muslim societies|first female]] Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML (N)), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office.{{sfn|Tucker|2015}} This period is marked by prolonged [[Periods of stagflation in Pakistan|stagflation]], political instability, [[Corruption in Pakistan|corruption]], misgovernment, [[Geostrategy|geopolitical]] rivalry with India, and the clash of [[Socialism in Pakistan|left wing]]-[[Conservatism in Pakistan|right wing]] ideologies.{{sfn|Chapman|2018}}{{sfn|Husain|2010}} As PML (N) secured a [[supermajority]] in [[1997 Pakistani general election|elections]] in 1997,{{sfn|Yap|Abeyratne|2023|page=68}} [[Nawaz Sharif]] authorised [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|nuclear testings]], as a [[tit-for-tat|retaliation]] to the [[Pokhran-II|second nuclear tests]] conducted by India in May 1998.{{sfn|Khan|2012}}

[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee meets the President of Pakistan Mr. Pervez Musharraf on the sidline of 12th SAARC Summit in Islmabad on January 5, 2003.jpg|left|thumb|President [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] meets with Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] in [[Islamabad]] at the sidelines of 12th [[SAARC]] summit in 2004.{{sfn|Ahmad|2023}}]]
Military tension between the two countries in the [[Kargil district]] led to the [[Kargil War]] of 1999,{{sfn|Mazari|2003}}{{sfn|Chakma|2014}} and turmoil in [[civil-military relations]] allowed General [[Pervez Musharraf]] to take over through a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|bloodless coup d'état]].{{sfn|Yarbakhsh|2019}} Musharraf governed Pakistan as [[head of government|chief executive]] from 1999 to 2002 and as president from 2001 to 2008{{sfn|Khoja-Moolji|2021}}—a period of [[Enlightened moderation|enlightenment]],{{sfn|Fair|2014}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2021}} social [[Liberal islam|liberalism]],{{sfn|Abid|2023}} extensive [[Economic reforms in Pakistan|economic reforms]],{{sfn|Mohiuddin|2007|page=219}} and [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2021}} By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|involvement in the war on terrorism]] has cost up to $118 billion, over [[List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001|eighty one thousand casualties]],{{sfn|Martini|Ford|Jackson|2020}} and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.{{sfn|Mansbach|Pirro|Taylor|2017}}

The [[National Assembly (Pakistan)|National Assembly]] historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007.{{sfn|United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|2008}} After the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]] in 2007, the PPP secured the [[Majority|most votes]] in the [[2008 Pakistani general election|elections]] of 2008, appointing party member [[Yusuf Raza Gilani]] as Prime Minister.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2015|page=261}} Threatened with [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|impeachment]], President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by [[Asif Ali Zardari]].{{sfn|Kapoor|2009}} Clashes with the [[Judiciary of Pakistan|judicature]] prompted Gilani's disqualification from the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and as the Prime Minister in June 2012.{{sfn|Waseem|2022}} The [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]] held in 2013 saw the PML (N) achieve victory,{{sfn|Dede|Sadioglu|2016}} following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister for the third time.{{sfn|Ruhland|2019}} In 2018, [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] won the [[2018 Pakistan general election|general election]] and [[Imran Khan]] became the 22nd Prime Minister.{{sfn|Burnett|2020}} In April 2022, [[Shehbaz Sharif]] was elected as prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2023}} During [[2024 Pakistani general election|2024 general election]], PTI-backed independents became the largest bloc,{{sfn|Afzal|2024}} but Shehbaz Sharif was elected prime minister for a second term, as a result of a coalition between PML (N) and PPPP.{{sfn|Tariq|Stenson|2024}}
{{Clear}}

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Pakistan|Environment of Pakistan|Climate of Pakistan|List of extreme weather records in Pakistan|l4=Extreme weather records in Pakistan|List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan|List of beaches in Pakistan}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Köppen climate classification]] of Pakistan]]
Pakistan's diverse [[Geography of Pakistan|geography]] and [[Climate of Pakistan|climate]] host a wide array of [[Wildlife of Pakistan|wildlife]].{{sfn|Cheng et al.|2022}} Covering {{convert|881913|km2|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Agarwal|Ahmad|2021}} Pakistan ranks as the [[List of countries by area|33rd-largest nation by total area]],{{sfn|Mordi|Adisa|2022}} but this varies based on Kashmir's disputed status. Pakistan boasts a {{convert|1046|km|abbr=on}} coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman,{{sfn|Haque|2002}}{{sfn|Britannica (Gulf of Oman)|2024}} and shares land borders totaling {{convert|6774|km|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|2430|km|abbr=on}} [[Durand Line|with Afghanistan]], {{convert|523|km|abbr=on}} [[China–Pakistan border|with China]], {{convert|2912|km|abbr=on}} [[India–Pakistan border|with India]], and {{convert|909|km|abbr=on}} [[Iran–Pakistan border|with Iran]].{{sfn|Dawn|2009}} It has a [[Oman–Pakistan maritime boundary|maritime border with Oman]]{{sfn|Karaman|2012}} and is separated from Tajikistan via the narrow strip of the [[Wakhan Corridor]].{{sfn|Banerjee|2019}} Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia,{{sfn|Mohiuddin|2007|page=3, 317, 323–324}} Pakistan's location is geopolitically significant.{{sfn|Kreft|2007}} Geologically, Pakistan lies at the interaction of the [[Indian Plate|Indian]] and [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian tectonic plates]] within the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone, a region of high seismic activity. The collision between these two plates occurs in [[northwest Pakistan]], particularly in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. Sindh and Punjab are located on the north-western corner of the Indian Plate, while Balochistan and much of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lie along its north-western margin. [[Northern Pakistan|Northern areas of Pakistan]], including Azad Kashmir, lie along the northern edge of the Indian Plate and are [[List of earthquakes in Pakistan|prone to powerful earthquakes]].{{refn|name="Geology"}}

[[File:Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan{{sfn|Descloitres|2002}}]]
Pakistan's landscapes vary from coastal plains to glaciated mountains, offering deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.{{sfn|Cavendish|2006|page=297}} Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=82}} The northern highlands feature the [[Karakoram]], [[Hindu Kush]], and [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] mountain ranges, hosting some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen [[eight-thousanders]] (mountain peaks over {{convert|8000|m|ft|-1||disp=or}}), notably [[K2]] ({{convert|8611|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[Nanga Parbat]] ({{convert|8126|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}).{{sfn|Jiwani|2021}}{{sfn|Bright|2017}} The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the [[Thar Desert]] in the east.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=83}}{{sfn|Ahmad|2009}}{{sfn|Hasan|Raza|2009|page=10}} The {{convert|1609|km|abbr=on}} Indus River and its tributaries traverse the nation from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea, sustaining alluvial plains along the Punjab and Sindh regions.{{sfn|Samuel|2016}}

The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all.{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}} Pakistan experiences four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=87}} Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, with patterns of alternate flooding and drought common.{{sfn|Lane|Norton|Ryan|2017}}

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Pakistan|Flora of Pakistan|Fauna of Pakistan}}
The diverse landscape and climate in Pakistan support a wide range of trees and plants.{{sfn|El-Esawi|2019}} From coniferous [[alpine plant|alpine]] and [[subalpine]] trees like [[spruce]], [[pine]], and [[deodar cedar]] in the northern mountains to [[deciduous trees]] like [[shisham]] in the [[Sulaiman Mountains]],{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}} and palms such as [[coconut]] and [[Phoenix dactylifera|date]] in the southern regions.{{sfn|Abul-Soad|2011}}{{sfn|Descals et al.|2023}} The western hills boast [[juniper]], [[tamarisk]], coarse grasses, and scrub plants.{{sfn|Spate|Learmonth|2017}} [[Mangrove]] forests dominate the coastal wetlands in the south.{{sfn|Sandhu|2010}} Coniferous forests span altitudes from {{convert|1,000|to|4000|m|abbr=off}} in most northern and northwestern highlands.{{sfn|UNEP-WCMC|2024}} In Balochistan's xeric regions, date palms and ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]]'' are prevalent.{{sfn|Abul-Soad|2011}}{{sfn|Akhtar|Mirza|2006}} In Punjab and Sindh's Indus plains, tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forests as well as tropical and xeric shrublands thrive.{{sfn|PEPA|2016}} Approximately 4.8% or {{convert|36,845.6|km2|ha}} of Pakistan was forested in 2021.{{sfn|World Bank|2024}}{{efn|The World Bank data lists the total area of Pakistan as 770,880 km², excluding Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and water areas.}}

[[File:Markhor_Horns_(5779055412).jpg|thumb|[[Markhor]] is the national animal of Pakistan.{{sfn|Fatima|2020}}]]

Pakistan's fauna mirrors its diverse climate. The country boasts around 668 bird species,{{sfn|Faridah-Hanum|Hakeem|Öztürk|Efe|2015}} including [[crow]]s, [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s, [[Acridotheres|mynas]], [[hawk]]s, [[falcon]]s, and [[eagle]]s. [[Palas, Kohistan]], is home to the [[western tragopan]], with many migratory birds visiting from Europe, Central Asia, and India.{{sfn|Grimmett|Inskipp|2021}} The southern plains harbor [[mongoose]]s,{{sfn|Hunter|2018}} [[small Indian civet]],{{sfn|San|Belant|Sato|Somers|2021}} hares,{{sfn|Flux|Chapman|1990}} the [[Asiatic jackal]],{{sfn|Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu|2012}} the [[Indian pangolin]],{{sfn|Waseem et al.|2020}} the [[jungle cat]],{{sfn|Sunquist|Sunquist|2014}} and the [[sand cat]].{{sfn|Sunquist|Sunquist|2017}} Indus is home to [[mugger crocodile]]s,{{sfn|Stoneman|2021}} while surrounding areas host [[wild boar]]s,{{sfn|Tisdell|2013}} deer,{{sfn|Srinivasulu|2018}} and [[Indian porcupine|porcupines]].{{sfn|Roze|2012}} Central Pakistan's sandy scrublands shelter Asiatic jackals,{{sfn|Srinivasulu|Srinivasulu|2012}} [[striped hyena]]s,{{sfn|Somerville|2021}} wildcats, and [[leopard]]s. The mountainous north hosts a variety of animals like the [[Marco Polo sheep]],{{sfn|Nyrop|1975|page=74}} [[urial]], [[markhor]] goat, [[ibex]] goat, [[Asian black bear]], and [[Himalayan brown bear]].{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}}

The lack of vegetative cover, severe climate, and grazing impact on deserts have endangered wild animals.{{sfn|CBD Report|2009}} The [[chinkara]] is the only animal found in significant numbers in [[Cholistan]],{{sfn|Mallon|Kingswood|2001}} with a few [[nilgai]] along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan.{{sfn|Woods|Mufti|Hasan|1997}} Rare animals include the [[snow leopard]] and the blind [[Indus river dolphin]],{{sfn|Chandrappa|Gupta|Kulshrestha|2011}} of which there are believed to be about 1,816 remaining, protected at the [[Indus Dolphin Reserve]] in Sindh.{{sfn|WWF|2024}} In total, 174 species of mammals, 177 species of reptiles, 22 species of amphibians, 198 species of freshwater fish, 668 species of birds, over 5,000 species of insects, and over 5,700 species of plants have been recorded in Pakistan.{{sfn|Faridah-Hanum|Hakeem|Öztürk|Efe|2015}} Pakistan faces deforestation, hunting, and pollution, with a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.42/10, ranking 41st globally out of 172 countries.{{sfn|Grantham et al.|2020}}

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Pakistan|Politics of Pakistan|Elections in Pakistan}}
[[File:Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|[[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament House]]]]
Pakistan operates as a democratic [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[federal republic]], with Islam designated as the [[state religion]].{{sfn|Inter-Parliamentary Union|1973}}{{sfn|Munir|1975}} The military's influence in mainstream politics has been significant throughout Pakistan's history.{{sfn|Cohen|2004}} Initially adopting a [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution in 1956]], Pakistan saw it suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, replaced by a [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962|second constitution]] in 1962.{{sfn|Cohen|2004|page=65}} Under the leadership of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], the [[Constitution of Pakistan|1973 constitution]] established a parliamentary system, but it was suspended under [[Zia-ul-Haq]]'s martial law in 1977 and restored, with amendments, in 1985.{{sfn|DeVotta|2015}} The eras of 1958–1971, [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|1977–1988]], and 1999–2008 witnessed [[Military coups in Pakistan|military coups]], leading to [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] and military leaders governing de facto as presidents.{{sfn|Tertrais|Sokolski|2013}} Presently, Pakistan operates a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[parliamentary system]],{{sfn|He|Breen|Allison-Reumann|2023}} with distinct [[Check and balance|checks and balances]] among government branches.{{sfn|Bloor|2023}} The first successful [[2013 Pakistani general election|democratic transition]] occurred in May 2013.{{sfn|B. Chakma|2014}} Pakistani politics revolves around a blend of [[Socialism in Pakistan|socialism]], [[Conservatism in Pakistan|conservatism]], and the [[third way]],{{sfn|Chengappa|2002}} with the three main political parties being the conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]], socialist [[Pakistani People's Party]], and centrist [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]].{{sfn|CRS|2023}} Constitutional amendments in 2010 curtailed presidential powers, enhancing the role of the prime minister.{{sfn|Rafiq|Ahmad|2016}}
* [[Head of State]]: The ceremonial head of the state and civilian [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] is the [[President of Pakistan|President]], elected by an [[Electoral College of Pakistan|Electoral College]].{{sfn|CRS|2023}} The [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] advises the President on key appointments, including military and judicial positions, and the President is constitutionally bound to act on this advice.{{sfn|Aziz|2018}}{{sfn|F. Hussain|2015}} The President also holds powers to pardon and grant clemency.{{sfn|Mahmood|1965}}
* [[Legislative]]: The [[bicameral]] legislature includes a 96-member [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] ([[Upper House|upper house]]) and a 336-member [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] ([[Lower House|lower house]]). [[Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly members]] are elected via [[first-past-the-post]] under [[universal adult suffrage]], representing National Assembly [[Constituencies of Pakistan|constituencies]]. The constitution reserves 70 seats for women and religious minorities, allocated to political parties based on proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, ensuring equal representation across all provinces.{{sfn|Yap|Abeyratne|2023|page=272}}

[[File:A night side view of Prime Minister's Secretariat Building.jpg|thumb|left|[[Prime Minister's Office (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Office]]]]

* Executive: The Prime Minister, typically the leader of the [[majority rule]] party or coalition in the National Assembly (the lower house),{{sfn|Dowding|Dumont|2014}} serves as the country's chief executive and head of government. Responsibilities include forming a [[Cabinet of Pakistan|cabinet]],{{sfn|Zierke|Stockmann|Meyer|2023}} making executive decisions,{{sfn|Aziz|2018}} and appointing senior civil servants, subject to executive confirmation.{{sfn|Establishment Division|2013}}
* [[List of provincial governments of Pakistan|Provincial governments]]: Each of the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]] follows a similar governance system, with a directly elected [[:Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan|Provincial Assembly]] choosing the [[Chief Minister (Pakistan)|Chief Minister]], usually from the largest party or coalition. Chief Ministers lead the provincial cabinet and oversee provincial governance.{{sfn|Mahmood|2007}}{{sfn|IFES|2013}} The [[Chief Secretary (Pakistan)|Chief Secretary]], appointed by the Prime Minister, heads the provincial bureaucracy.{{sfn|Establishment Division|2021}} Provincial assemblies legislate and approve the provincial budget, typically presented by the provincial finance minister annually.{{sfn|IFES|2013}}{{sfn|Ahmad|Asif|2007}} Ceremonial heads of provinces, the Provincial Governors, are appointed by the President based on the binding advice of the Prime Minister.{{sfn|Mahmood|2007}}{{sfn|Senate of Pakistan|2018}}

[[File:Supreme Court of Pakistan, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|[[Supreme Court of Pakistan]]]]

* [[Judiciary of Pakistan|Judicature]]: The judiciary in Pakistan has two classes: the superior and subordinate judiciary. The superior judiciary includes the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]],{{sfn|Wu|Bandyopadhyay|Lee|2021}} [[Federal Shariat Court]], and five [[High courts of Pakistan|high courts]],{{sfn|Jha|2016}} with the Supreme Court at the top. It's responsible for safeguarding the constitution.{{sfn|Wu|Bandyopadhyay|Lee|2021}} Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have their own court systems.{{sfn|Oberst|2018}}{{sfn|Ejaz|2022}}

=== Role of Islam ===
{{See also|Islam in Pakistan}}
Pakistan, the only country established in the name of Islam,{{sfn|Esposito|2003}} had overwhelming support among Muslims, especially in provinces like the [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], where Muslims were a minority.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-1}} This idea, articulated by the Muslim League, the [[ulama|Islamic clergy]], and Jinnah, envisioned an [[Islamic state]].{{R|Dhulipala-2015-2}} Jinnah, closely associated with the ''ulama'', was described upon his death by [[Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] as the greatest Muslim after [[Aurangzeb]], aspiring to unite Muslims worldwide under Islam.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-3}}

The Objectives Resolution of March 1949 marked the initial step towards this goal, affirming God as the sole sovereign.{{R|Hussain-2008-2|Haqqani-2010-1}} Muslim League leader [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-4}} Keith Callard observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world, expecting similar views on religion and nationality from Muslims worldwide.{{R|Haqqani-2010-2}}

[[File:Eid prayers at the Badshahi Mosque.JPG|thumb|327x327px|[[Eid prayers]] at the [[Badshahi Mosque]] in Lahore]]

Pakistan's desire for a united Islamic bloc, called Islamistan, wasn't supported by other Muslim governments,{{R|Haqqani-2010-3}} though figures like the Grand Mufti of Palestine, [[Amin al-Husseini|Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini]], and leaders of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] were drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organization of Islamic Conference]] (OIC) was formed.{{R|Haqqani-2010-4}} In East Pakistan, Bengali Muslims increasingly prioritised Bengali ethno-nationalism over religious nationalism.{{sfn|Nazrul Islam|Saidul Islam|2018}} The Islamist party [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] backed an Islamic state and opposed [[Bengali nationalism]].{{sfn|Lintner|2002}}

After the 1970 general elections, the Parliament crafted the [[Constitution of Pakistan|1973 Constitution]].{{R|Diamantides-Gearey-2011-1}} It declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, with Islam as the state religion, and mandated laws to comply with Islamic teachings laid down in the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]] and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.{{sfn|Iqbal|2009}} Additionally, it established institutions like the Shariat Court and the [[Council of Islamic Ideology]] to interpret and apply Islam.{{R|Diamantides-Gearey-2011-2}}

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced opposition under the banner of ''Nizam-e-Mustafa'' ("Rule of the [[Muhammad|Prophet]]"),{{sfn|Nasr|1996}} advocating an Islamic state. Bhutto conceded to some Islamist demands before being ousted in a coup.{{sfn|Kepel|2006}}

General Zia-ul-Haq, after seizing power, committed to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing ''[[sharia]]'' law.{{sfn|Kepel|2006}} He instituted Shariat judicial courts,{{R|Diamantides-Gearey-2011-3}} and court benches,{{sfn|Haqqani|2010|page=400}}{{sfn|Asia Watch Committee (U.S.)|1992}} to adjudicate using Islamic doctrine.{{R|Wynbrandt-2009}} Zia aligned with Deobandi institutions,{{R|Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-1}} exacerbating sectarian tensions with anti-Shia policies.{{R|Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-2}}

Most Pakistanis, according to a [[Pew Research Center]] (PEW) poll, favor Sharia law as the official law,{{sfn|Ziegfeld|2016}} and 94 percent of them identify more with religion than nationality compared to Muslims in other nations.{{sfn|PRC|2011}}

=== Administrative units ===
{{Main|Administrative units of Pakistan}}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! style="width:200px;"| {{nobr|Administrative unit}}{{sfn|Nee|2013}}
! style="width:100px;"| {{nobr|Capital{{sfn|Wasti|2009}}{{sfn|Schuurmans|2023|page=63}}{{sfn|Fischer-Tahir|Naumann|2013}}}}
! style="width:100px; text-align:right;"| {{nobr|Population{{sfn|PBS|2023}}{{sfn|Hussain|2020}}{{sfn|Davis|2023}}}}
|-
||{{Flag|Balochistan}}|| [[Quetta]] || style="text-align:right;" | 14,894,402
|-
||{{flagcountry|Punjab, Pakistan}} || [[Lahore]] || style="text-align:right;" | 127,688,922
|-
||{{Flag|Sindh}}|| [[Karachi]] || style="text-align:right;" | 55,696,147
|-
||{{Flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} || [[Peshawar]] || style="text-align:right;" | 40,856,097
|-
|| [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] || [[Gilgit]] || style="text-align:right;" | 1,492,924
|-
||{{Flag|Azad Kashmir}} || [[Muzaffarabad]] || style="text-align:right;" | 4,179,428
|-
||[[Islamabad Capital Territory]] ||[[Islamabad]] || style="text-align:right;" | 2,363,863
|}

Pakistan, a [[Federal republic|federal]] [[parliamentary republic]], consists of [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]]: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan, along with three [[Administrative units of Pakistan|territories]]: [[Islamabad Capital Territory]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], and [[Azad Kashmir]].{{sfn|Adibelli et al.|2022}} The Government of Pakistan governs the [[Western Kashmir|western parts]] of the [[Kashmir Region]], organized into separate political entities, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.{{sfn|Jan|2015}} In 2009, the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitutional assignment]] ({{small|the ''Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order''}}) granted Gilgit-Baltistan [[Provinces of Pakistan|semi-provincial status]], providing it with self-government.{{sfn|Lansford|Muller|2012}}

The [[Local government in Pakistan|local government]] system consists of [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]], [[tehsil]]s, and [[Union Councils of Pakistan|union councils]], with an elected body at each tier.{{sfn|Berman|Sabharwal|2017}}

{{Pakistan Administrative Units Image Map}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Pakistan}}

Since independence, Pakistan has aimed to maintain an independent foreign policy.{{sfn|Lodhi|2022}} Pakistan's [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|foreign policy]] and [[Pakistani geostrategy|geostrategy]] focus on the economy, security, [[Nationalism in Pakistan|national identity]], and territorial integrity, as well as building close ties with other Muslim nations.{{sfn|Hamid et al.|2023}} According to [[Hasan Askari Rizvi]], a foreign policy expert, "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."{{sfn|Rizvi|2004}}
[[File:President John F. Kennedy Meets with Mohammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan (02).jpg|thumb|President [[Ayub Khan]] meeting with U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961{{sfn|Picone|2020}}]]
The [[Kashmir conflict]] remains a major issue between Pakistan and India, with three of their [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|four wars]] fought over it.{{sfn|Stewart-Ingersoll|Frazier|2012}} Due partly to strained relations with India, Pakistan has close ties with Turkey and Iran, both focal points in its foreign policy.{{sfn|Anwar|2006}} Saudi Arabia also holds importance in Pakistan's foreign relations.{{sfn|Pande|2011|page=167}}

As a non-signatory of the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|Treaty on Nuclear Non-Proliferation]], Pakistan holds influence in the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]].{{sfn|Chakma|2012}} For years, Pakistan has blocked an [[Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty|international treaty]] to limit [[fissile material]], arguing that its stockpile does not meet its long-term needs.{{sfn|Kmentt|2021}} Pakistan's nuclear program in the 20th century aimed to counter India's nuclear ambitions in the [[South Asia|region]], and [[Pakistan's nuclear testing series|reciprocal nuclear tests]] ensued after India's [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]], solidifying Pakistan as a [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear power]].{{sfn|Izuyama|Ogawa|2003}} Pakistan maintains a policy of [[N-deterrence|Full spectrum deterrence]], considering its nuclear program vital for [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|deterring]] foreign aggression.{{sfn|Noor|2023}}

[[File:SCO meeting (2022-09-16).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] at the 2022 [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] summit{{sfn|Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta|2022}}]]

Located strategically in the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication [[Optical fiber|fiber optic corridors]], Pakistan also enjoys proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.{{sfn|Shah|1997}} Pakistan actively participates in the United Nations with a [[Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations|Permanent Representative]] representing its positions in international politics.{{sfn|Wasi|2005}} It has advocated for the concept of "[[enlightened moderation]]" in the Muslim world.{{sfn|Zahra|Bouckaert|Jadoon|Jabeen|2022}} Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]],{{sfn|Turner|2016}}{{sfn|Kemal|2004}} and the [[G20 developing nations]].{{sfn|Hoekman|Kostecki|2009}}

Pakistan is designated as an "Iron Brother" by China, emphasizing the significance of their close and supportive [[China–Pakistan relations|relationship]].{{sfn|Qingyan|2021}} In the 1950s, Pakistan opposed the [[Soviet Union]] for geopolitical reasons. During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s, it was a close ally of the United States.{{sfn|Rizvi|2004}} Relations with Russia have improved since the end of the [[Cold War]],{{sfn|Clary|2022}} but Pakistan's relationship with the United States has been "on-and-off".{{sfn|Rizvi|2004}} Initially a close ally during the Cold War,{{sfn|Karat|2007}} Pakistan's relations with the US soured in the 1990s due to [[Pressler amendment|sanctions]] over its secretive nuclear program.{{sfn|Mazzetti|2013}} Since [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], Pakistan has been a US ally on [[counterterrorism]], but their relationship has been strained due to diverging interests and mistrust during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|20-year war]] and terrorism issues. Although Pakistan was granted [[major non-NATO ally]] status by the U.S. in 2004,{{sfn|Zaidi|Ahmad|2021}} it faced accusations of supporting the [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] in Afghanistan.{{sfn|Yousafzai|2021}}

Pakistan does not have formal [[Pakistan-Israel relations|diplomatic relations]] with [[Israel]]; nonetheless, an exchange occurred between the two countries in 2005, with Turkey acting as an intermediary.{{sfn|Zelnick|2013}}

==== Relations with China ====
{{Main|China–Pakistan relations}}
[[File:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|Pakistani Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] with Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan.{{sfn|van Tonder|2018}} Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.{{sfn|Schuurmans|2023|page=73}}]]

Pakistan was among the first nations to establish formal diplomatic ties with China,{{sfn|Cohen|2011}} forging a strong relationship since China's [[Sino-Indian War|1962 conflict]] with India, culminating in a special bond.{{sfn|Schwinghammer|2018}} During the 1970s, Pakistan acted as an intermediary in U.S.-China rapprochement,{{sfn|Afridi|Bajoria|2010}} facilitating US President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[1972 Nixon visit to China|historic visit]] to China.{{sfn|Roos|2024}}{{sfn|Lord|Mastro|Naftali|Brinkley|2022}} Despite changes in Pakistani governance and regional/global dynamics, China's influence in Pakistan remains paramount.{{sfn|Afridi|Bajoria|2010}} In reciprocation, China stands as Pakistan's largest trading partner, with substantial investment in Pakistani infrastructure, notably the [[Gwadar port]].{{sfn|Raju|2021}} In 2015 alone, they inked 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) for cooperative efforts.{{sfn|Rimmer|2020}} Both nations signed a [[China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement|Free Trade Agreement]] in 2006,{{sfn|Zreik|2024}} with China making its largest investment in Pakistan's history through [[CPEC]].{{sfn|Dorsey|2018}} Pakistan acts as China's liaison to the Muslim world,{{sfn|Shih|2022}} and both nations support each other on sensitive issues like Kashmir, Taiwan, Xinjiang, and more.{{sfn|Pant|2011}}

==== Relations with the Muslim world ====
[[File:OIC Leaders in Shalimar Gardens, Lahore.jpg|thumb|Pakistani Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] with leaders from [[Algeria]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] in [[Lahore]], February 1974. That year, Pakistan hosted 36 Muslim countries at the [[Islamic Summit of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation#List of summits|Second Islamic Summit]] of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].]]
After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries.{{R|Pasha-2005-1}} The [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar|Ali]] brothers sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, partly due to its significant manpower and military strength.{{R|Pasha-2005-2}} [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman|Khaliquzzaman]], a prominent [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader, declared Pakistan's ambition to unite all Muslim countries into [[Islamistan]], a pan-Islamic entity.{{R|Dhulipala-2015-5}}

These developments, alongside Pakistan's creation, didn't receive approval from the United States, with British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]] expressing a hope for India and Pakistan to reunite.{{R|Haqqani-2013-1}} However, due to a nationalist awakening in the Arab world at that time, there was little interest in Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.{{R|Haqqani-2013-2}} Some Arab countries perceived the 'Islamistan' project as Pakistan's bid to dominate other Muslim states.{{R|Roberts-2003}}

Pakistan's founder, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], consistently advocated for the [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian cause]], shaping Pakistan's foreign policy to support Palestinian rights within the broader framework of Muslim solidarity.{{sfn|Jafri|Sultana|Ijaz|2021}} During the [[Six-Day War|1967 Arab-Israel war]], Pakistan supported the Arab states and played a key role in securing Iran's backing for the Arab cause both within the U.N. and beyond.{{sfn|Arora|Grover|1995}}

Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained by sectarian tensions,{{R|Hunter-2010}} with both Iran and Saudi Arabia using Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war.{{R|Pande-2011-2}} Since the early days of the [[Iran–Iraq war]], President [[Zia-ul-Haq]] played an important mediatory role, with Pakistan actively engaging in efforts to end the conflict.{{sfn|Talbot|2020}}{{sfn|Rose|Husain|1985}} Pakistan provided support to Saudi Arabia during the [[Gulf War]].{{sfn|Halladay|Matei|Bruneau|2021}} Pakistan chose to remain neutral during [[Operation Decisive Storm]], refraining from sending military support to Saudi Arabia in its offensive against [[Yemen]]. Instead, Pakistan aimed to play a proactive diplomatic role in resolving the crisis,{{sfn|Panda|2019}} which led to tensions between the two countries.{{sfn|Halladay|Matei|Bruneau|2021}} In 2016, Pakistan mediated between Saudi Arabia and Iran following the execution of Shia cleric [[Nimr al-Nimr]], with visits to both countries by then Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] and the Chief of Army Staff, [[Raheel Sharif]].{{sfn|Basharat|2023}}

Pakistan provided refuge to millions of displaced Afghans after the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion]] and supported the [[Afghan mujahideen]] in their efforts to expel Soviet forces from Afghanistan.{{sfn|Riedel|2010}} After the Soviets withdrew, [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)|infighting erupted among Mujahideen factions]] over control of Afghanistan. Pakistan facilitated [[Peshawar Accord|peace talks]] to help end the conflict.{{sfn|Visoka|Richmond|2022}} After four years of unresolved conflict between rival Mujahideen groups, Pakistan helped establish the Taliban as a stabilizing force.{{sfn|Maizland|2023}} Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban in Afghanistan challenged Shia-led Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.{{R|Pande-2011-2}}

Pakistan vigorously advocated for self-determination among Muslims globally. Its efforts in supporting independence movements in countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and [[Eritrea]] fostered strong ties.{{R|Pande-2011-1}} Due to its support for [[Azerbaijan]] in the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], Pakistan has not established [[Armenia–Pakistan relations|diplomatic relations]] with [[Armenia]].{{sfn|Berg|Kursani|2021}}{{sfn|Babayev|Schoch|Spanger|2019}}

Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced strained relations, particularly under the [[Awami League]] governments led by [[Sheikh Hasina]], driven by her pro-India stance and historical grievances.{{sfn|Ahmed|Zahoor|2019}}

Pakistan, a prominent member of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), prioritizes maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with Arab and other Muslim-majority nations in its foreign policy.{{sfn|Pande|2011}}

In September 2025, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia signed a [[Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement]] under which any aggression against one country is considered an aggression against both, formalising a defensive commitment that also extends Pakistan's nuclear umbrella to Saudi Arabia.{{sfn|Kahwaji|2025}}

=== Kashmir conflict ===
{{Main|Kashmir conflict}}
[[File:Kashmir map.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.{{sfn|CIA|1988}}]]
[[Kashmir]], a Himalayan region at the northern tip of the [[Indian subcontinent]], was governed as the autonomous [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] during the [[British Raj]] before the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947. This sparked a [[Kashmir conflict|major territorial dispute]] between India and Pakistan, resulting in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|several conflicts]] over the region. India controls about 45.1% of Kashmir, including [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], while Pakistan controls roughly 38.2%, comprising [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit−Baltistan]]. Additionally, about 20% of the region, known as [[Aksai Chin]] and the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract|Shaksgam Valley]], is under Chinese control.{{sfn|Kudaisya|Yong|2004}} India claims the entire Kashmir region based on the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] signed by the princely state's ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh,{{sfn|Zahoor|Rumi|2020}} while Pakistan argues for its Muslim-majority population,{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2023}} and geographical proximity to Pakistan.{{sfn|Raghavan|2012}} The United Nations was involved in resolving the conflict, leading to a ceasefire in 1949 and the establishment of the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) as a ''de facto'' border.{{sfn|Stone|2017}} India, fearing Kashmir's secession, did not hold the promised plebiscite, as it believed Kashmiris would vote to join Pakistan.{{R|Endrst-1965}}

Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri people]] to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations, while India has stated that Kashmir is an "[[Akhand Bharat|integral part]]" of India, referring to the [[Simla Agreement|1972 Simla Agreement]] and to the fact that [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir|regional elections]] take place regularly.{{sfn|Khurshid|2016}} Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Oldenburg|2019}}
{{Clear}}

=== Military ===
{{Main|Pakistan Armed Forces}}
[[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|[[Pakistan Air Force]]'s [[JF-17 Thunder]] flying in front of the {{convert|26660|ft|m|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high|order=flip}} [[Nanga Parbat]]]]

Pakistan is considered a [[middle power]] nation,{{refn|name="Middle power nation"}}{{efn|name="RSCT"}} with the world's [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|seventh-largest standing armed forces]] in terms of personnel size, comprising approximately 660,000 active-duty troops and 291,000 paramilitary personnel as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024}} [[Military history of Pakistan|Established in 1947]], the [[armed forces of Pakistan]] wielded significant influence over [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]].{{sfn|Bartholomees|2008}} The main branches include the [[Pakistan Army|Army]], [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]], and [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]], supported by numerous [[Civil Armed Forces|paramilitaries]].{{sfn|DeRouen|Heo|2005}}

The [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (CJCSC) is the highest-ranking military officer, advising the civilian government. However, they lack direct command over the branches and serve as intermediaries, ensuring communication between the military and civilian leadership. Overseeing the [[Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]], they coordinate inter-service cooperation and joint military missions.{{sfn|Blood|1996|page=287}}

[[Nuclear command and control|Command and control]] over Pakistan's [[Pakistan's nuclear testing series|strategic arsenal]] development and employment is vested in the [[National Command Authority (Pakistan)|National Command Authority]], overseeing work on [[Nuclear Doctrine of Pakistan|nuclear doctrine]] to maintain [[Full spectrum deterrence]].{{sfn|Khan|2012}}

The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations with [[Pakistan Armed Forces]], regularly exporting military equipment and [[technology transfer]].{{refn|name="Military relations"}} Pakistan was the 5th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2019 and 2023.{{sfn|Wezeman et al.|2024}}

==== Military history ====
{{Main|Military history of Pakistan}}
Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|four]] [[conventional warfare|conventional wars]] with India.{{sfn|Gates|Roy|2016}} The [[Indo-Pak war of 1947|first conflict]] took place in Kashmir and ended in a United Nations-mediated ceasefire, with Pakistan gaining control of one-third of the region.{{sfn|Oetzel|Ting-Toomey|2006}} Territorial disputes led to [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|another war in 1965]]. In 1971, India and Pakistan fought [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|another war]] over [[East Pakistan]], with Indian forces aiding its independence, leading to the creation of [[Bangladesh]].{{sfn|Center for Preventive Action|2024}} Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries to the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|brink of war]].{{sfn|Busch|2014}}

Pakistan's primary intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was established within a year of Pakistan's independence in 1947.{{sfn|Sprague|2020}} During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Pakistan's intelligence community, mostly the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], [[Operation Cyclone|coordinated]] [[United States involvement in regime change|US resources]] to support [[Afghan mujahideen]] and [[Afghan Arabs|foreign fighters]] against Soviet presence.{{sfn|Rupert|1989}} The [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] engaged with [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet]] and [[Afghan Air Force]]s during the [[Russian war in afghanistan|conflict]].{{sfn|Withington|2005}} Pakistan has been an active [[United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan|participant in UN peacekeeping missions]],{{sfn|de Coning|Aoi|Karlsrud|2017}} playing a major role in operations like the rescue mission in [[Mogadishu]], Somalia, in 1993.{{sfn|Stewart|2002}} According to a 2023 UN report, the Pakistani military was the fifth largest troop contributor to UN peacekeeping missions.{{sfn|UN|2023}}

Pakistan has [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|deployed its military]] in some Arab countries, providing defense, training, and advisory roles.{{sfn|Cordesman|1987}}{{sfn|Chengappa|2004}} The [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]]'s fighter pilots participated in missions against Israel during the [[Six-Day War]] and the [[Yom Kippur War]].{{sfn|Faruqui|2019}} Pakistani [[Special Service Group|special forces]] assisted [[Saudi forces]] in [[Mecca]] during the [[Grand Mosque Seizure]].{{refn|name="Miller-2015"}} Pakistan also sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition for the defense of Saudi Arabia during the [[Gulf War]].{{sfn|Rizvi|1993}}

Despite the UN arms embargo on [[Bosnia]], the ISI under General [[Javed Nasir]] airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen, shifting the tide in favor of Bosnian Muslims. ISI, under Nasir's leadership, supported Chinese Muslims in [[Xinjiang]], rebel groups in the [[Philippines]], and religious groups in Central Asia.{{R|Wiebes-2003|Abbas-2015}}

Since 2001, the Pakistan military has been engaged in [[War in North-West Pakistan|counterinsurgency and internal security operations]] in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province, primarily targeting [[Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan]] and associated militant groups. Major military operations conducted during this period include [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], [[Operation al-Mizan]], [[Operation Zalzala]], [[Operation Sherdil]], [[Operation Rah-e-Haq]], [[Operation Rah-e-Rast]], and [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat]].{{sfn|ZA Khan|2012}}

=== Law enforcement ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Pakistan}}
{{See also|Pakistani Intelligence Community}}
[[Law enforcement in Pakistan]] consists of federal and provincial police agencies. Each of the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces]] ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]) has its own police force, while the [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)]] has the Islamabad Police.{{sfn|Jaishankar|2019}} Provincial police forces are led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP), who is appointed from the federally recruited and trained [[Police Service of Pakistan]] (PSP) through a consultative process between the federal and provincial governments. All positions above the Assistant Superintendent level are filled from the PSP, ensuring national standards across provincial forces.{{sfn|Kureshi|Waseem|2024}}

'''Specialized Units:'''

* [[National Highways & Motorway Police]] (NHMP): Enforces traffic laws and ensures safety on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network.{{sfn|Imam|Fatima|2021}}
* Specialized Rapid Response Units: Specialized counter-terrorism units, such as the [[Elite Police|Punjab Elite Police Force]], have been trained by army commandos and exist in every province to respond to hostage situations and neutralize armed groups.{{sfn|Perito|Parvez|2024}}

The [[Civil Armed Forces]] (CAF) assist local law enforcement agencies and participate in border security and internal security operations, particularly in conflict-affected regions.{{sfn|Wolf|2019}}

In 2021, the [[National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)|National Intelligence Coordination Committee]] was established to improve coordination among Pakistan's intelligence agencies. The inaugural meeting was attended by the heads of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|IB]], and [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]].{{sfn|Saeed|2021}}

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Pakistan|LGBT rights in Pakistan}}
Pakistan scored 27 out of 100 on the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] in 2024, ranking 135th out of 180 countries in the assessment of perceived public-sector corruption.{{sfn|CPI|2025}} In 2025, Pakistan ranked 158 out of 180 countries in the [[Press Freedom Index]] by [[Reporters Without Borders]], highlighting restrictions on [[freedom of the press]].{{sfn|Marès|2025}} According to the journalist [[Raza Rumi]], in 2023, TV channels in Pakistan faced suspensions and legal threats for airing content critical of the government or military, while online platforms also experienced temporary takedowns.{{sfn|Kumar|2023}} According to a 2025 report, some newspapers have faced financial pressure—such as withdrawal of government advertisements—for publishing content critical of government policies. Both military and civilian governments have historically used such tactics.{{sfn|Gabol|Ali|2025}}

In Pakistan, all sexual activity outside of marriage is illegal.{{sfn|Gerber|2021}} The punishment for sex outside marriage (''[[zina]]'') ranges from up to five years' imprisonment for minors to 100 lashes for unmarried adults and [[stoning to death]] for married adults, depending on marital status, age, sanity, and whether strict evidentiary requirements for a ''[[hadd]]'' punishment—such as four adult male Muslim witnesses or a confession—are met; however, no one has been stoned to death under the law to date.{{sfn|Baderin|2017}} Male [[homosexuality]] is illegal in Pakistan and is punishable by up to ten years in prison, [[corporal punishment]] such as [[whipping]], and, under [[Islamic law]] since 1990, potentially even stoning.{{sfn|Tin|2008}}

[[Honour killings]], locally referred to as ''[[karo-kari]]'' in parts of Pakistan, involve the killing of women and, less frequently, men by family or community members over alleged extramarital relationships or perceived violations of honour. Human rights organisations report that hundreds of women are killed each year, with many cases unreported.{{sfn|Singh et al.|2024}} Pakistan also has a high number of reported [[acid attacks]], with about 200 incidents annually as of 2023, most victims being women. According to [[Masarrat Misbah]], founder of the [[Depilex Smileagain Foundation]], women have been targeted for rejecting marriage proposals, giving birth to daughters instead of sons, or insufficient dowry. The 2011 Acid and Burn Crime Bill criminalised acid attacks, making them punishable by lengthy imprisonment and fines.{{sfn|Mubashar|Mir|2023}}

In parts of Pakistan, girls are given in marriage to settle disputes or crimes between families in a customary practice called ''[[Vani (custom)|Vani]]''. Girls married through this practice are often treated as compensation for a dispute, which places them in a vulnerable social position within the family they marry into. In 2021, the [[Federal Shariat Court]] declared the practice un-Islamic and unconstitutional, reaffirming earlier Supreme Court jurisprudence.{{sfn|Aftab|2022}}

[[UN Women]] reported in 2024 that around one in six girls in Pakistan are married during childhood, with the country home to nearly 19 million child brides.{{sfn|UN Women|2024}} In 2025, Pakistan enacted a law setting the minimum legal age for marriage at 18 and introducing penalties for arranging underage marriages; the law is limited to the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] and does not apply nationwide.{{sfn|Walk Free|2025}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Pakistan|Economic history of Pakistan}}
{{Further|Real estate in Pakistan|Information technology in Pakistan|Banking in Pakistan}}
{{See also|Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund}}
{| class="floatright" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; float: right; margin-left: 1em; width:325px"
|- style="background:#f5f5f5"
! colspan="3" | Economic indicators
|-
| [[gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing Power Parity|PPP]]) || $1.67 trillion (2025) || style="text-align:right;"|{{sfn|IMF (PPP)|2025}}
|-
| [[gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing Power Parity|PPP]]) per capita || $6,950 (2025) || style="text-align:right;"| {{sfn|IMF (PPP per capita)|2025}}
|-
| [[gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal) || $410.5 billion (2025) || style="text-align:right;"|{{sfn|IMF (nom)|2025}}
|-
| [[gross domestic product|GDP]] (nominal) per capita || $1,710 (2025) || style="text-align:right;"|{{sfn|IMF (nom per capita)|2025}}
|-
| Real GDP growth || 2.7% (2025) || style="text-align:right;"|{{sfn|IMF (datasets)|2025}}
|-
| [[Consumer price index|CPI]] inflation || 4.5% (2025) || style="text-align:right;" |{{sfn|IMF (datasets)|2025}}
|-
| [[Unemployment in Pakistan|Unemployment]] || 8% (2025)|| style="text-align:right;" |{{sfn|IMF (datasets)|2025}}
|-
| [[Labor force participation rate]] || 53% (2024) ||{{sfn|World Bank (LFPR)|2025}}
|-
| [[Gini coefficient|Gini]] || 29.6 (2018) ||{{sfn|IMF|2023}}
|-
| [[Human Development Index|HDI]] || 0.544 (2023) ||{{sfn|UNDP|2025}}
|-
| [[National debt of Pakistan|Total external debt]] || $131 billion (2023) || style="text-align:right;" |{{sfn|World Bank (TED)|2024}}
|-
| [[National wealth]] || $678 billion (2022) || style="text-align:right;" |{{sfn|Shorrocks|Davies|Lluberas|Waldenström|2023}}
|}
Pakistan's economy [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|ranks 27th]] globally by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) and [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|42nd by nominal GDP]].{{sfn|IMF (PPP)|2025}}{{sfn|IMF (nom)|2025}} Historically, Pakistan was part of the wealthiest [[Indian subcontinent|region]] in the first millennium CE, but lost ground to regions like China and Western Europe by the 18th century.{{sfn|Maddison|2006}} Pakistan is a [[developing country]],{{sfn|Pasillas|Brundin|Markowska|2017}} and part of the [[Next Eleven]], poised to become one of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, alongside the [[BRIC (economics term)|BRIC]] countries.{{sfn|Comim|Anand|Fennell|2021}} The semi-industrialised economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, and industrial growth in Pakistan benefits significantly from agricultural expansion.{{sfn|Henneberry|Khan|Piewthongngam|2000}} In 2023, Pakistan was the 66th-largest export economy,{{sfn|OEC|2023}} with a trade deficit of US$21.3 billion.{{sfn|World Bank (WITS)|2025}}

[[File:KHIURBANSKYLINE.jpg|thumb|Rising skyline of [[Karachi]], with several under construction skyscrapers|upright=1.3]]

{{as of|2025}}, Pakistan's [[nominal GDP]] stood at US$410.5 billion,{{sfn|IMF (nom)|2025}} with GDP by [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] at US$1.67 trillion.{{sfn|IMF (PPP)|2025}} The nominal per capita GDP was US$1,710,{{sfn|IMF (nom per capita)|2025}} and the [[GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP)/capita]] amounted to US$6,950 ([[international dollar]]s).{{sfn|IMF (PPP per capita)|2025}} Around 44.7% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$4.20 a day, 16.5% live in extreme poverty on less than US$3 a day,{{sfn|Iqbal|2025}} 8% of the total labour force is unemployed, and [[Consumer price index|CPI]] inflation in 2025 was 4.5%.{{sfn|IMF (datasets)|2025}} Pakistan ranks near the bottom globally on the [[Global Gender Gap Index]]'s economic participation and opportunity sub-index for women, reflecting very low female labour force participation and limited representation of women in senior economic roles.{{sfn|WEF|2025}} Pakistan's middle class is estimated to be around 40–50 million people, representing 15–20 per cent of the population.{{sfn|Ahmad|2024}} Among [[South Asia]]n countries, Pakistan's GDP growth rate of 2.5% in 2024 was the second lowest after Afghanistan.{{sfn|ADB|2025}}

Pakistan has strong potential to produce diverse food commodities due to its vast natural resource base across varied ecological and climatic zones.{{sfn|Sharif|Javed|Abbas|Hassan|2008}} It has the world's 7th-largest [[Labour in Pakistan|labour force]],{{sfn|Conte|2025}} and its [[Pakistani diaspora|diaspora]] of around 10 million,{{sfn|Abbas|2026}} sent US$38.3 billion in remittances in fiscal year 2024–25, as reported by the [[Special Investment Facilitation Council]].{{sfn|SIFC|2025}} Pakistan's share of global exports averaged 0.14% between 1990 and 2023 and was 0.12% in 2023.{{sfn|The Global Economy|2023}}

=== Agriculture and mining sector ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Pakistan|Fuel extraction in Pakistan|Mining in Pakistan}}
[[File:Pakistan Chrome Mines20120126 16100237 0003.jpg|thumb|left|[[Surface mining]] in [[Sindh]]. Pakistan has been termed the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal' by ''[[Forbes]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=US needs to look at Pakistan in a broader way, not just through security prism: Forbes report |website=[[Pakistan Today]] |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/ |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100811/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/04/city/islamabad/us-needs-to-look-at-pakistan-in-a-broader-way-not-just-through-security-prism-forbes-report/}}</ref>]]

The Pakistani economy has shifted from [[Agriculture in Pakistan|agriculture]] to services, with agriculture contributing only 20.9% of the GDP as of 2015.<ref name="DSEC">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2014–15 |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_15/Highlights.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Finance |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517015406/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_15/Highlights.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite this, Pakistan's wheat production in 2005 surpassed Africa's and nearly matched South America's, highlighting its agricultural significance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sbp.org.pk/departments/stats/PakEconomy_HandBook/Chap-1.2.pdf |title=Sectoral Share in Gross Domestic Product |year=2010 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Statistics |page=10|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> The sector employs 43.5% of the labor force and is a major source of foreign exchange.<ref name="DSEC" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/agriculture-statistics |title=Agriculture Statistics {{!}} Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|website=www.pbs.gov.pk|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Manufactured exports, heavily reliant on agricultural raw materials like cotton and hides, face inflationary pressures due to supply shortages and market disruptions. Pakistan ranks fifth in cotton production, self-sufficient in sugarcane, and the fourth-largest milk producer globally. Though land and water resources haven't increased proportionately, productivity gains, especially from the [[Green Revolution]] in the late 1960s and 1970s, significantly boosted wheat and rice yields. Private tube wells and High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) further augmented crop yields.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/speeches/New/AgricultureSector_Issues_n_Prospects.docx |title=AGRICULTURE SECTOR: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/03_Manufacturing.pdf |title=Manufacturing in Pakistan |publisher=Government of Pakistan |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419064503/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/03_Manufacturing.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Industry ===
{{Main|Industry of Pakistan}}
{{See also|Textile industry in Pakistan}}
[[File:Tv Assembly Line 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Television assembly factory in [[Lahore]]. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 20% of the GDP, and is dominated by [[small and medium-sized enterprises]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/industry |title=Industry |publisher= Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|website=www.pbs.gov.pk|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>]]

Industry, constituting 19.74% of GDP and 24% of total employment, is the second-largest sector. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM) dominates, representing 12.2% of GDP, with cement production thriving due to demand from Afghanistan and the domestic real estate sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apcma.com/data_export.html |title=All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association Export Data |website=apcma.com |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203231542/http://www.apcma.com/data_export.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement, with an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhutta |first=Zafar |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/552042/cant-get-enough-soaring-profits-not-enough-for-cement-industry/ |title=Can't get enough: Soaring profits not enough for cement industry |work=The Express Tribune |date=21 May 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> The [[Textile industry in Pakistan|textile industry]], a key player in Pakistan's manufacturing, contributes 9.5% to GDP and employs around 15 million people. As of 2022, Pakistan ranks seventh globally in cotton production,<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries by commodity |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity |website=fao.org |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref> with substantial spinning capacity, making it a major exporter of textile products in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Trade Statistics 2023 |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statistics2023_e.htm |publisher=[[World Trade Organization]] |access-date=8 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> China has been a significant buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion worth of textiles in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baig |first=Khurram |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/522293/anatomy-of-an-indispensable-sector-why-the-pakistan-textile-industry-cannot-die/ |title=Why the Pakistan textile industry cannot die |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=18 March 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Services ===
As of 2014–15, the services sector contributes 58.8% to GDP,<ref name="DSEC" /> serving as the main driver of economic growth in Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/483436/the-unparalleled-growth-of-the-services-sector/ |title=The unparalleled growth of the services sector |work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> with a consumption-oriented society. The sector's growth rate surpasses that of agriculture and industry, accounting for 54% of GDP and over one-third of total employment. It has strong linkages with other sectors, providing essential inputs to agriculture and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/WorkingPaper-79.pdf |title=Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Pakistan's IT sector is one of the fastest-growing, ranked 110th for ICT development by the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan most affordable country in world for telecom, ICT services: WEF |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1219605/pakistan-affordable-country-world-telecom-ict-services-wef/|access-date=5 March 2017 |work=[[Express Tribune]] |date=4 November 2016}}</ref> With around 82 million internet users as of May 2020, Pakistan [[List of countries by number of Internet users|ranks]] among top ten globally,<ref name="PTD">{{cite web |url=https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators|title=Telecom Indicators |website=PTA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803183309/https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators |archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> and its ICT industry is projected to exceed $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/738036/upward-move-pakistans-ict-sector-to-cross-10b-mark-says-psha/ |title=Upward move: Pakistan's ICT sector to cross $10b mark, says P@SHA |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> With 12,000 employees, Pakistan is among the top five freelancing nations,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Runde |first1=Daniel |title=Pakistan: The Next Colombia Success Story? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrunde/2015/08/03/pakistan-the-next-colombia-success-story/#2720446a3b60 |access-date=4 March 2016 |website=Forbes}}</ref> and its export performance in telecom, computer, and information services has notably improved.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatti |first=Muhammad Umer Saleem |date=22 June 2015 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1189624 |title=Services sector: domestic and outward growth |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{main|Tourism in Pakistan}}

[[File:Shangrila, Lower Kachura Lake.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shangrila Lake]] and adjoining resort in [[Skardu]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]]]

With its diverse cultures, landscapes, and attractions, Pakistan drew around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Junaidi |first=Ikram |title=Tourist traffic witnesses sharp increase in five years |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1508132 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=30 September 2019}}</ref> However, this was a decline from the peak of tourism in the 1970s driven by the popular [[Hippie trail]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Gregory |website=www.richardgregory.org.uk |url=http://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |access-date=17 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728045152/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm |archive-date=28 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pakistan boasts attractions from [[Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves|mangroves]] in the south to Himalayan [[List of hill stations of Pakistan|hill stations]] in the northeast, including ancient Buddhist ruins of [[Takht-i-Bahi]] and [[Taxila]], the 5,000-year-old [[Indus Valley civilization]] sites such as [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/76d57272-6764-11de-925f-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/76d57272-6764-11de-925f-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=The road between China and Pakistan |website=[[Financial Times]] |date=4 July 2009|access-date=27 September 2010}}</ref> and numerous [[List of mountains in Pakistan|mountain peaks]] over {{convert|7,000|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=5 Pakistani peaks that are among world's highest |url=http://nation.com.pk/entertainment/11-Dec-2015/5-pakistani-peaks-that-are-among-world-s-highest|access-date=9 January 2017 |magazine=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |date=11 December 2015 |quote=Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m.}}</ref> The northern part of Pakistan boasts numerous old fortresses, showcasing ancient architecture. It encompasses the [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] and [[Chitral valley]]s, where the small pre-Islamic [[Kalash people|Kalasha]] community resides, claiming descent from Alexander the Great.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html|title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due|last=Bezhan|first=Frud|date=19 April 2017|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=About half of the Kalash practice a form of ancient Hinduism infused with old pagan and animist beliefs.}}</ref> Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital, showcases numerous examples of [[Mughal architecture]], including the [[Badshahi Masjid]], the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]], the [[Tomb of Jahangir]], and the [[Lahore Fort]]. Following the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], ''[[The Guardian]]'' highlighted "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan" to boost tourism, featuring destinations like [[Taxila]], [[Lahore]], the [[Karakoram Highway]], [[Karimabad (Hunza)|Karimabad]], and [[Lake Saiful Muluk]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Out of the rubble |first=Antonia |last=Windsor |date=17 October 2006|access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> Festivals and government initiatives aim to promote Pakistan's cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/fairs_festivals.html |title=Tourism Events in Pakistan in 2010 |publisher=tourism.gov.pk |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209103944/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/fairs_festivals.html |archive-date=9 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, the [[World Economic Forum]] ranked Pakistan 125th out of 141 countries in its Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
{{See also|Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan}}
Pakistan was lauded as the top nation for infrastructure development in South Asia during the 2016 annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://embassyofpakistanusa.org/press-releases-10-09-2016/|title=Pakistan has been recognized as Best Country for Infrastructure Development in South Asia by the Emerging Markets, the newspaper of the IMF/World Bank Annual Meeting – Embassy of Pakistan, Washington D.C}}</ref>

=== Power and energy ===
{{Main|Nuclear power in Pakistan|Energy in Pakistan|Electricity sector in Pakistan}}
[[File:Tarbela Dam during the 2010 floods.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tarbela Dam]], the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.]]

As of May 2021, Pakistan operates six licensed commercial [[nuclear power plants]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's largest Chinese-built nuclear plant to start operating|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/pakistans-largest-chinese-built-nuclear-plant-start-operating-2021-05-21/|access-date=18 June 2021 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=21 May 2021}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) oversees these plants, while the [[Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority]] ensures their safe operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |title=Nuclear Power Generation Programme |last=(PAEC) |first=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |author-link=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=PAEC |website=Government of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209020648/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec-np.htm |archive-date=9 February 2005|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> These plants contribute approximately 5.8% to Pakistan's electricity supply, while fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) provide 64.2%, [[hydroelectric power]] provides 29.9%, and [[Coal power plant|coal]] contributes 0.1%.<ref name="Express Tribune, 2014">{{cite news |last1=Kazmi |first1=Zahir |title=Pakistan's energy security |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/655573/pakistans-energy-security/|access-date=23 February 2015 |quote=Special report on Energy security efforts in Pakistan |work=Express Tribune |date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Syed Yousaf |first=Raza |title=Current Picture of Electrical Energy In Pakistan |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:T4QW3douApsJ:www.iaea.org/INPRO/4th_Dialogue_Forum/DAY_3_01_August-ready/2._-_DG-C3-4-31-07-2012.pdf+pakistan+nuclear+power+program+2050&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjUcYBzrkzBdSSwbflDwBpLkLAkFaFROisP_jK3E3S97aqHY9tMS-It6gaYDd-q4lZP8BEuD6e4C5E91EnlkiSKIw-JbWuYsNwjNNC1f1Nxyw9D0Ib_V424k5ghsCazU80qDKfF&sig=AHIEtbRAsJSVdJ36dVxzvdggw_Xz16RLGg |website=Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission |publisher=Directorate-General for Nuclear Power Generation|access-date=28 November 2012 |date=31 July 2012}} - {{cite news |last=Zulfikar |first=Saman |title=Pak-China energy cooperation |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |access-date=23 April 2012 |newspaper=Pakistan Observer |date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927072914/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=109910 |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> The [[Karachi Nuclear Power Plant|KANUPP-I]], Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant, was supplied by Canada in 1971. Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the 1980s, leading to the establishment of CHASNUPP-I. In 2005, both countries proposed a joint energy security plan, aiming for a generation capacity exceeding 160,000 [[Megawatt|MWe]] by 2030. Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Vision 2050 targets a capacity of 40,000 MWe,<ref>{{cite news |title=PAEC plans 40,000MW by 2050 using environment-friendly nuclear power |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14698-paec-plans-40000mw-by-2050-using-environment-friendly-nuclear-power|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=[[The News International]] |date=17 September 2015}}</ref> with 8,900 MWe expected by 2030.<ref>{{cite news |last=Syed |first=Baqir Sajjad |title=8,900MW nuclear power generation planned |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1077816|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 January 2014}} - {{cite journal |last=Ijaz |first=Muhammad, Director of Scientific Information and Public Relation (SIPR) |title=PAEC assigned 8,800 MWe nuclear power target by 2030:PAEC contributing to socio-economic uplift of the country |journal=PakAtom Newsletter |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–8 |date=December 2010 |url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/p-nd10.pdf}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In June 2008, the nuclear complex at [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma]] in Punjab Province expanded with the installation of [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma-III]] and [[Chashma Nuclear Power Plant|Chashma–IV]] reactors, each with 325–340 MWe, costing [[Pakistani rupee|₨]]129 billion, with ₨80 billion from international sources, mainly China. Another agreement for China's assistance was signed in October 2008, seen as a response to the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|US–India agreement]]. The project's cost was then US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan of US$1.07 billion. In 2013, Pakistan established a second [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|nuclear complex]] in Karachi with plans for additional reactors, similar to Chashma.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhutta |first1=Zafar |title=Govt to kick off work on 1,100MW nuclear power plant |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/559885/govt-to-kick-off-work-on-1100mw-nuclear-power-plant/|access-date=19 January 2015 |agency=Express Tribune |date=7 June 2013}}</ref> [[Electricity in Pakistan|Electrical energy in Pakistan]] is generated by [[Electricity distribution companies of Pakistan|various corporations]] and distributed evenly among the [[Four Provinces (Pakistan)|four provinces]] by the [[National Electric Power Regulatory Authority]] (NEPRA). However, Karachi-based [[K-Electric]] and [[Water and Power Development Authority]] (WAPDA) generate much of the electricity used in Pakistan and collect revenue nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Sector Situation in Pakistan |url=http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf|access-date=26 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124180708/http://www.rural-electrification.com/cms/upload/pdf/Pakistan-GTZ-power-sector-overview.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |website=Alternate Energy Development Board and GTZ |year=2005 |page=1}}</ref> In 2023, Pakistan's installed [[electricity generation]] capacity was ~45,885 MWt.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Industry Report 2023 |url=https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports/State%20of%20Industry%20Report%202023.pdf |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=nepra.org.pk |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418211926/https://nepra.org.pk/publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports/State%20of%20Industry%20Report%202023.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of [[renewable energy]] for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 10,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1218970/exclusive-club-nations-pakistan-producing-1000mw-clean-energy/ |title=Pakistan producing more than 1,000MW of clean energy |date=3 November 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{main|Transport in Pakistan}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width1 = 168
| image1 = M2-Motorway.jpg
| caption1 = The motorway passes through the [[Salt Range]] mountains.
| width2 = 200
| image2 = PK Karachi asv2020-02 img54 Cantonment Railway Station.jpg
| caption2 = [[Karachi Cantonment railway station]]
}}

Pakistan boasts 2567 km of motorways and approximately 263,942 km of highways, which handle 92% of passengers and 96% of freight traffic. Despite constituting only 4.6% of the total road length, these north–south links manage 85% of the nation's traffic. They connect southern seaports such as [[Port of Karachi|Karachi port]] and [[Port Qasim]] in Sindh, along with [[Gwadar port|Gwadar Port]] and [[Port of Pasni]] in Balochistan, to populous provinces like Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa domestically, and neighboring countries like Afghanistan, [[Central Asia]], and China through the [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]].<ref name="nation"/><ref name="pc">{{cite web |author=Ahmed Jamal Pirzada |title=Draft: Role of Connectivity in Growth Strategy of Pakistan |url=http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421064636/http://www.pc.gov.pk/feg/PDFs/role%20of%20connectivity%20in%20growth%20strategy%20of%20pakistan.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2012 |year=2011 |publisher=Planning Commission, Pakistan |pages=4, 7, 9|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Highway Development Sector Investment Program |url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |publisher=Asian Development Bank |year=2005 |pages=11, 12|access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007150953/http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/37559-PAK-RRP.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/81261/40075-pak-seia-0.pdf|title=Proposed Multitranche Financing Facility Pakistan: National Trade Corridor Highway Investment Program|publisher=[[Asian Development Bank|ADB]]|date=April 2007|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> According to the [[World Economic Forum|WEF]]'s Global Competitiveness Report, Pakistan's port infrastructure quality ratings rose from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of port infrastructure, WEF |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.WEF.PORT.XQ|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> The railway's share of inland traffic is reduced to below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight.<ref name="DSEC" /> This shift led to a decrease in total rail track from {{convert|8,775|km|abbr=off}} in 1990–91 to {{convert|7,791|km|abbr=off}} in 2011.<ref name="pc" /><ref name="nation">{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Pakistan.html |website=Encyclopedia Nation|access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref>

[[File:KKH.png|thumb|[[Karakoram Highway]], connecting Pakistan to China, is one of the highest paved roads in the world.]]

The transport landscape of Pakistan features various [[rapid transit|modern transit]] systems. The [[Orange Line (Lahore Metro)|Orange Line Metro Train]] in Lahore, inaugurated in 2020,<ref>{{cite web|date=23 May 2014|title=Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan's first metro train|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train|access-date=12 April 2022|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202022759/http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and includes both elevated and underground sections, accommodating over 250,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/25-Oct-2020/punjab-cm-inaugurates-lahore-s-much-delayed-orange-line-metro-train|title=Punjab CM inaugurates Lahore's much-delayed Orange Line Metro Train|date=25 October 2020|work=Daily Pakistan|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref> Lahore also boasts the [[Lahore Metrobus]], the first of its kind in Pakistan, operational since February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|title=Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport|website=pakvisit.com|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609002127/http://www.pakvisit.com/pakistan/metrobus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus]], stretching 48.1 km, commenced its first phase in June 2015, with subsequent extensions, and employs e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System.<ref name="Orange line trial run">{{Cite news|url=https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/|title=Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service|date=16 April 2022|work=INCPAK|access-date=18 April 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="PM Shehbaz Sharif inaugurates metrobus service">{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad|title=PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his 'speedy work' will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan|date=18 April 2022|work=GEO News|access-date=18 April 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Multan Metrobus]], inaugurated in January 2017, serves [[Multan]] with its rapid transit services.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/national/06-Jun-2014/work-on-multan-metro-bus-to-begin-on-august-14 |title= Work on Multan Metro Bus to Begin on August 14|newspaper= The Nation|access-date= 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1310439/this-is-naya-pakistan-pm-inaugurates-rs29bn-metro-bus-project-in-multan|title= Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus|newspaper= Dawn News|date= 24 January 2017|access-date= 24 January 2018}}</ref> [[Peshawar Metrobus|Peshawar's Bus Rapid Transit]], inaugurated in August 2020, marks the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. Karachi's [[Green Line - Karachi Metrobus|Green Line Metrobus]], operational since December 2021, is part of a larger metrobus project financed by the Government of Pakistan and initiated in February 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Imran inaugurates Karachi's much-awaited Green Line bus service |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1663004/pm-imran-inaugurates-karachis-much-awaited-green-line-bus-service |work=Dawn |date=10 December 2021|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1055243/ground-breaking-ceremony-green-line-brt-finally-gets-go-ahead/|title=Ground-breaking ceremony: Green Line BRT finally gets go-ahead – The Express Tribune|date=26 February 2016|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1241849|title=Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz|last=Dawn.com|date=26 February 2016|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Faisalabad]] awaits its proposed rapid transit project, the [[Faisalabad Metrobus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/542890/special-shuttle-train-service-to-be-launched-for-workers-of-cpec-sez/|title=Special shuttle train service to be launched for workers of CPEC SEZ|date=20 January 2020|website=Daily Times|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517115358/https://dailytimes.com.pk/542890/special-shuttle-train-service-to-be-launched-for-workers-of-cpec-sez/|url-status=dead}} - {{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/17091/cm-to-take-metro-bus-to-faisalabad/|title=CM to take metro bus to Faisalabad – Daily Times|date=15 April 2017|work=Daily Times|access-date=9 June 2018}}</ref> [[Karachi Circular Railway]], partially revived in November 2020, offers public transit services in the Karachi metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2020/chairman-railways-visits-kcr-track |title=Chairman Railways visits KCR track |author= |date=10 August 2020 |work=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]] |access-date=12 January 2021}} - {{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2260409/supreme-court-gives-four-more-months-to-overhaul-railways |title=Supreme Court gives four more months to overhaul railways |author= |date=20 August 2020 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1591237/karachi-circular-railway-begins-partial-operations-today |title=Karachi Circular Railway begins partial operations |author= |date=19 November 2020 |work=[[Dawn News]] |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> Additionally, plans are underway to resurrect Karachi's [[Mohamedali Tramways Company|tramway service]], which ceased operations in 1975, in collaboration with Austrian experts.<ref>{{cite news|title=OLMT project to face further delay|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1941286/1-olmt-project-face-delay/|access-date=2 April 2019|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|author=Adnan, Imran|date=1 April 2019|quote=As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.}} - {{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|access-date=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016|quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://propakistani.pk/2019/01/02/karachi-is-planning-to-restart-tram-services/amp/|title=Karachi is Planning to Restart Tram Services|website=propakistani.pk|date=2 January 2019}}</ref>

As of 2013, Pakistan boasts approximately 151 airports and airfields, encompassing both military and [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority|civilian]] installations.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Pakistan|section=Airports|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> Despite [[Jinnah International Airport]] serving as the primary international gateway, significant international traffic also flows through [[Allama Iqbal International Airport|Lahore]], [[Islamabad International Airport|Islamabad]], [[Peshawar International Airport|Peshawar]], [[Quetta International Airport|Quetta]], [[Faisalabad International Airport|Faisalabad]], [[Sialkot International Airport|Sialkot]], and [[Multan International Airport|Multan]] airports. The civil aviation industry, deregulated in 1993, operates with a blend of [[Nationalisation in Pakistan|public]] and [[Privatisation in Pakistan|private]] entities while [[State owned enterprises|state-owned]] [[Pakistan International Airlines]] (PIA) dominates, carrying 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight.

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Pakistan|List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| align = right
| image1 = Abdus Salam 1987.jpg
| caption1 = [[Abdus Salam]] won the 1979 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his contribution to [[electroweak interaction]]. He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science.
| caption2 = [[Atta ur Rahman (scientist)|Atta-ur-Rahman]] won the [[UNESCO Science Prize]] for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it.
| image2 = Atta-Ur-Rahman (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]] was a Pakistani organic chemist who pioneered research on pharmacology use of various domestic plants. He was a member of the [[Royal Society]].
| image3 = 
| width4 = 120
| caption4 = [[Mahbub ul Haq]] was a Pakistani game theorist whose work led to the [[Human Development Index]]. He had a profound effect on the field of [[international development]].
| image4 =
}}

Developments in [[Science and technology in Pakistan|science and technology]] have played a significant role in Pakistan's infrastructure, linking the nation to the global community.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ministry of Science and Technology |title=National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2012 |url=http://most.comsatshosting.com/%5CPolicies%5CNational%20Science,%20Technology%20and%20Innovation%20Policy%202012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Science and Technology|access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> Each year, the [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]] and the government invite scientists worldwide to the [[International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Address by Prime Minister |website=Press Information Department (Government of Pakistan) |format=DOC |url=http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112161844/http://www.pid.gov.pk/pm%20address%20on%2027-6-2011.doc |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2005, Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Hameed A. Khan |editor2=M. M. Qurashi |editor3=Tajammul Hussain |editor4=Irfan Hayee |date=April 2006 |title=Physics in Developing Countries – Past, Present & Future |series=COMSATS' Series of Publications on Science and Technology |volume=8 |publisher=Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South |url=http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |page=9 |access-date=1 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524011938/http://www.comsats.org/Publications/Books_SnT_Series/08.%20Physics%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20-%20Past,%20Present%20and%20Future%20(April%202006).pdf |archive-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistani theoretical physicist [[Abdus Salam]] won a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on the [[electroweak interaction]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=1979 Nobel Prize in Physics |journal=Science |volume=206 |issue=4424 |pages=1290–1292 |bibcode=1979Sci...206.1290C |last1=Coleman |first1=Sidney |year=1979 |doi=10.1126/science.206.4424.1290 |pmid=17799637}}</ref> Pakistani scientists have made notable contributions in mathematics, biology, economics, [[computer science]], and [[genetics]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mian |editor-first1=Zia |editor-last2=Kothari |editor-first2=Smitu |title=Out of the nuclear shadow |date=2001 |publisher=Zed |location=London |isbn=978-1-84277-059-7}}</ref>

In [[chemistry]], [[Salimuzzaman Siddiqui]] identified the medicinal properties of the [[neem]] tree's components.{{sfn|Muniapan|Shaikh|2007}}<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |title=The scientist who painted: Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui |magazine=Technology Times |publisher=Mediaventures |location=Islamabad |date=14 March 2011 |volume=II |issue=11 |page=3 |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710192902/http://technologytimes.pk/documents/mag/PDF_Old/Vol02-Issue11.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ayub K. Ommaya]] developed the [[Ommaya reservoir]] for treating brain conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leonidas C. Goudas |display-authors=etal |year=1999 |title=Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutathione Levels after Intracerebroventricular Morphine for Cancer Pain |journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia |volume=89 |issue=5 |page=1209 |publisher=International Anesthesia Research Society |doi=10.1213/00000539-199911000-00023 |url=http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/89/5/1209|access-date=1 January 2012|doi-access=free }}</ref> Scientific research is integral to [[Pakistani universities]], national laboratories, [[science park]]s, and the [[Industry of Pakistan|industry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osama |first1=Athar |last2=Najam |first2=Adil |last3=Kassim-Lakha |first3=Shamsh |last4=Zulfiqar Gilani |first4=Syed |last5=King |first5=Christopher |title=Pakistan's reform experiment |journal=Nature |date=3 September 2009 |volume=461 |issue=7260 |pages=38–39 |doi=10.1038/461038a |pmid=19727184 |s2cid=205048760 |bibcode=2009Natur.461...38O}}</ref> [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] spearheaded Pakistan's [[Enriched uranium|HEU]]-based [[Zippe-type centrifuge|gas-centrifuge]] [[uranium enrichment]] program for its [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|atomic bomb project]].<ref>{{cite web |last=(IISS) |first=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Bhutto was father of Pakistan's Atom Bomb Program |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2006 |url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314025504/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-in-the-press/press-coverage-2007/may-2007/bhutto-was-father-of-pakistani-bomb/?locale=en |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> He established the [[Kahuta Research Laboratories]] (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001. Besides atomic bomb project, he made significant contributions in [[Morphology (biology)|molecular morphology]], physical [[martensite]], and their applications in [[Condensed matter physics|condensed]] and [[material physics]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/world/asia/16chron-khan.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=24 July 2015 |title=Chronology: A.Q. Khan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 2006}}</ref>

In 2023, Pakistan ranked 26th globally in published scientific papers.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date= |title=SJR - International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2023 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=}}</ref> The influential [[Pakistan Academy of Sciences]] guides the government on science policies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |title=Introduction to the Academy |publisher=Introduction of the Academy |access-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219233435/http://www.paspk.org/Introduction-to-the-Academy-19 |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> Pakistan was ranked 99th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/pakistan |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

The 1960s marked the rise of Pakistan's space program, led by [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|SUPARCO]], yielding advancements in [[rocket]]ry, [[Electronics Engineering|electronics]], and [[aeronomy]]. Notably, Pakistan launched its [[Rehbar-I|first rocket]] into space, pioneering South Asia's space exploration.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of SUPARCO |url=http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |publisher=SUPARCO |access-date=24 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417192331/http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp |archive-date=17 April 2008}}</ref> In 1990, it successfully launched its [[Badr-1|first satellite]], becoming the first Muslim nation and second in South Asia to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chtAqyOp9OEC&pg=PA46|title=Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality? |last=Lele |first=Ajey |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-322-0733-7|page=46|quote=Headquartered in SUPARCO headquarters, Karachi, it has been responsible directly and indirectly for the fabrication, processing and launch of the Muslim Ummah's first experimental satellite, Badr-1. It was a historical event not only for the people of Pakistan but also for the entire Muslim Ummah as it was the first satellite built by any Islamic country based on indigenous resources and manpower.}} - {{cite web |title=The Launching of Badr-I |website=Aero Space Guide |url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |access-date=24 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202005559/http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{quote box
| quote = Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the [[BRIC (economics term)|BRIC]] countries put together.
| source = —[[Thomson Reuters]]'s Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1183999/notch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report/ |title=Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report |website=Tribune|access-date=September 19, 2016|date=2016-09-19 }}</ref>
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Following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war with India]], Pakistan hastily developed [[nuclear weapon|atomic weapons]] to deter foreign intervention and entered the [[atomic age]].<ref name="United Book Press.">{{cite book |title=Pakistan : between mosque and military |date=2005 |last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain |publisher=United Book Press. |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-87003-214-1 |edition=1. print. |chapter=§Chapter 3 |quote=The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}</ref> Tensions with India led to Pakistan's [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|1998 underground]] [[Chagai-I|nuclear tests]], making it the [[Nuclear club|seventh country]] to possess such weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html |title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=22 February 2007 |archive-date=20 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220102255/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Pakistan is the sole Muslim nation active in Antarctica research, maintaining its [[Pakistan Antarctic Programme|Jinnah Antarctic Research Station]] since 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sayar |first=M.A. |date=April–June 1995 |title=Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness? |url=http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness |journal=The Fountain Magazine |access-date=9 February 2016 |quote=Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station. |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215200726/http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness}} - {{Cite journal |year=1991 |title=Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjsAAAAMAAJ|journal=Economic Review |volume=22|quote=To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica.}} - {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=15 |quote=Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there.}} - {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ |title=Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica |last1=Farah |first1=Abul |last2=Rizvi |first2=S.H. Niaz |publisher=National Institute of Oceanography |year=1995|page=17 |quote=We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990–1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research.}} - {{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=News Bulletin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0eAQAAIAAJ |journal=National Institute of Oceanography (Pakistan) |volume=7 |page=1 |quote=This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica.}}</ref> The government invests heavily in [[Information technology in Pakistan|information technology]] projects, focusing on e-government and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/432124/govt-to-spend-rs4-6b-on-it-projects/ |title=Govt to spend Rs4.6b on IT projects |work=Express Tribune |date=6 September 2012|access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Pakistan}}
{{further|Overseas Pakistani}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
|image1=Population Density by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
|caption1=Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
|image2=Population by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
|caption2=Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
}}

{{Excerpt|Demographics of Pakistan|files=0}}

=== Urbanisation ===
{{Main|Urbanisation in Pakistan}}

Since [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] due to the [[partition of India]], [[Urbanisation in Pakistan|urbanisation]] has surged for various reasons. In the south, [[Karachi]] stands as the most populous commercial hub along the [[Indus River]].<ref name="The Urban Frontier—Karachi">{{cite news |title=The Urban Frontier—Karachi |newspaper = NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748 |publisher=National Public Radio |date=2 June 2008|access-date=2 July 2008}}</ref> In the east, west, and north, a dense population arc spans cities like [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Islamabad]], [[Sargodha]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Sialkot]], [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]], [[Jhelum]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], [[Mardan]], and [[Peshawar]]. By 1990–2008, city dwellers constituted 36% of Pakistan's population, making it South Asia's most urbanized nation, with over 50% living in towns of 5,000+ inhabitants.<ref name="Jason Burke">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/17/pakistan |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Pakistan looks to life without the general |author=Jason Burke |date=17 August 2008|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> [[Immigration to Pakistan|Immigration]], both domestic and international, significantly fuels urban growth. Migration from India, especially to Karachi, the largest metropolis, and from nearby countries, accelerates urbanization, posing new political and socio-economic challenges. Economic shifts like the green revolution and political developments also play crucial roles.<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last=Clark |first=David |title=The Elgar Companion to Development Studies |year=2006 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84376-475-5 |page=668}}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| name = Largest cities of Pakistan
| country = Pakistan
| stat_ref = According to the 2023 Census<ref>{{cite web |title=7th Population and Housing Census – 2023 {{!}} Key Findings Report |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Key_Findings_Report.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]] – [[Ministry of Planning Development and Special Initiatives]] |location=Islamabad |page=59}}</ref>
| div_name = Province
| div_link =

| city_1 = Karachi | div_1 = Sindh | pop_1 = 18,868,021
| city_2 = Lahore | div_2 = Punjab | pop_2 = 13,004,135
| city_3 = Faisalabad | div_3 = Punjab | pop_3 = 3,691,999
| city_4 = Rawalpindi | div_4 = Punjab | pop_4 = 3,357,612
| city_5 = Gujranwala | div_5 = Punjab | pop_5 = 2,668,047

| city_6 = Multan | div_6 = Punjab | pop_6 = 2,215,381

| city_7 = Hyderabad, Sindh{{!}}Hyderabad | div_7 = Sindh | pop_7 = 1,921,275

| city_8 = Peshawar | div_8 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | pop_8 = 1,905,975

| city_9 = Quetta | div_9 = Balochistan | pop_9 = 1,565,546

| city_10 = Islamabad | div_10 = Islamabad Capital Territory{{!}}Capital Territory | pop_10 = 1,108,872

| city_11 = Sargodha | div_11 = Punjab | pop_11 = 975,886

| city_12 = Sialkot | div_12 = Punjab | pop_12 = 911,817

| city_13 = Bahawalpur | div_13 = Punjab | pop_13 = 903,795

| city_14 = Jhang | div_14 = Punjab | pop_14 = 606,533

| city_15 = Sheikhupura | div_15 = Punjab | pop_15 = 591,424

| city_16 = Gujrat, Pakistan{{!}}Gujrat | div_16 = Punjab | pop_16 = 574,240

| city_17 = Sukkur | div_17 = Sindh | pop_17 = 563,851

| city_18 = Larkana | div_18 = Sindh | pop_18 = 551,716

| city_19 = Sahiwal | div_19 = Punjab | pop_19 = 538,344

| city_20 = Okara, Pakistan{{!}}Okara | div_20 = Punjab | pop_20 = 533,693
}}

=== Ethnicity and languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Pakistan|Ethnic groups of Pakistan}}
{{See also|Pakistanis}}
Pakistan is a diverse society with estimates suggesting it has between 75 and 85 languages.<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=Pakistan – Languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/languages |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902143126/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/pk/languages |archive-date=2 September 2017 |work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=20th |editor-last1=Simons |editor-first1=Gary F. |editor-last2=Fennig |editor-first2=Charles D.}}</ref><ref name="GlottologPK">{{cite web |title=Languages of Pakistan |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512205543/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=Glottolog 4.5 – Languages |publisher=Glottolog}}</ref> Urdu and English serve as the official languages, with Urdu being the country's [[lingua franca]] and a unifying force among over 75% of Pakistanis.<ref>{{cite book |author=Braj B. Kachru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA138 |title=Language in South Asia |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S.N. Sridhar |date=27 March 2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46550-2 |pages=36, 138}}- {{cite web |date=31 December 2015 |title=Urdu In Contempt |url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/31-Dec-2015/urdu-in-contempt |access-date=12 January 2016 |website=The Nation}}</ref><ref name="2017 Census">{{cite news |title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447 |access-date=26 April 2020 |work=Dawn}}</ref> According to the [[2023 Pakistani census|2023 national census]], the largest [[ethnolinguistic group]]s include the [[Punjabis]] (36.98%), [[Pashtuns]] (18.15%), [[Sindhis]] (14.31%), [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] (12%), [[Urdu speaking people]] (9.25%), [[Baloch people|Balochs]] (3.38%), [[Hindkowans]]/[[Hazarewal]]s (2.32%), and [[Brahuis]] (1.16%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Shahbaz |date=19 July 2024 |title=Pakistan 27th in global population growth |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2480881/pakistan-27th-in-global-population-growth |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |quote=One of the questions in the population census was about the mother-tongue. The number of Urdu speaking people have increased to 9.3% by 2023. But Punjabi-origin people have reduced to 37%. There is also a reduction in the Sindh language speaking people from 14.6% to 14.3%. the Pashto speaking people reduced from 18.3% to 18.2% but Balochi-language people increased from 3% to 3.4%. The number of Saraiki-language people was reduced from 12.2% to 12%.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS–2023
|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220005033/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> The remaining population consists of various ethnic minorities such as [[Kashmiris]], [[Pahari people (Kashmir)|Paharis]], [[Chitralis]], various peoples of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Indus Kohistani people|Kohistanis]], [[Torwali people|Torwalis]], [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meos]], [[Hazaras]], [[Kalash people|Kalash]] and [[Siddi]]s.<ref name="EB-Online">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Brahui |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahui}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |date=13 March 2002 |title=Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1869876.stm |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> The Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million, is the sixth largest in the world.<ref name="ribune-2016">{{cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=India has largest diaspora population in world: UN |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/india-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un/183731.html |access-date=3 March 2016 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
{{Main|Immigration to Pakistan}}
[[File:Refugees from Afghanistan in Pakistan, near Islamabad.jpg|thumb|left|Afghan children near [[Islamabad]] fetching water from water pump. (Pakistan once held the second largest refugee population globally after [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rafi |first=Yumna |date=17 June 2015 |title=Pakistan hosts second largest refugee population globally |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1188585 |access-date=29 October 2016 |newspaper=[[Dawn Newspaper|Dawn]]}}</ref>)]]

Even post-1947 partition, the Muslims from India kept migrating to Pakistan, especially Karachi and Sindh province.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |date=1 January 1998 |title=From torrent to trickle: Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan, 1947–97 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=339–352 |jstor=20837002}}</ref> Wars in neighboring Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s pushed millions of [[Afghan refugees]] into Pakistan, mainly in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|tribal areas]], with some in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan hosts one of the world's largest refugee populations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ten countries host half of world's refugees: report |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ten-countries-host-world-refugees-report-161004042014076.html|access-date=30 April 2017 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=4 October 2016}}</ref> Additionally, around 2 million [[Bengalis in Pakistan|Bengalis]] and half a million undocumented individuals, purportedly from [[Myanmar]], reside in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan/ |title=Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan |date=16 January 2012 |newspaper=Express Tribune|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Pakistan ordered the [[Deportation of undocumented Afghans from Pakistan|mass expulsion of undocumented Afghans]] in October 2023, citing national security risks.<ref>{{cite news |title='What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/whats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees |work=Al Jazeera |date=22 November 2023}}</ref>

Migration of Bengalis and [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Karachi hosts a significant number of Bengali settlements, and large Rohingya migration made it one of their largest populations outside Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299 |title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=23 February 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Karachi's [[Burmese people|Burmese]] community resides in various slums across the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-rohingyas-of-karachi/ |title=The Rohingyas of Karachi |last=Khan |first=Naimat |date=12 June 2015}}</ref>

According to [[BBC World Service|BBC]], thousands of [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] Muslims live in Gilgit-Baltistan, some left Xinjiang, China and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals, claiming to escape political oppression.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How the Uighurs keep their culture alive in Pakistan |last=Jaffrey |first=Shumaila |date=12 August 2015 |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33775646 |quote=Insa is one of a few thousand Uighur Muslims who live in Gilgit. The community is a mix of generations. Some left Xinjiang and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals. All say they were forced to leave as they were the victims of cultural and religious oppression in China.|access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> Since 1989, thousands of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] Muslim refugees fled to Pakistan, alleging rape and forced displacement by Indian soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Istvan |first=Zoltan |date=13 March 2003 |work=National Geographic |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305173913/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2010 |title=Refugee Crisis Worsening In Western Kashmir |quote=The refugees claim that Indian soldiers forced them out of their homes ... For Kashmiri Muslims, Pakistan appeared safer than Indian-held Kashmir ... "She was also raped by the soldiers," Ahmad said. "Many of the other female refugees were also raped."|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>

=== Diaspora ===
{{Main|Overseas Pakistani}}
[[File:Nergis Mavalvala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nergis Mavalvala]] is a [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani American]] Professor of Physics at [[MIT]] who is known for her role in the first observation of gravitational waves.]]

According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora globally.<ref name="ribune-2016" /> Approximately 7 million Pakistanis reside abroad, mainly in the Middle East, Europe, and North America.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 February 2009 |title=Pride and the Pakistani Diaspora |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015142319/http://archives.dawn.com/archives/142435 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013 |publisher=Archives.dawn.com}}</ref> Pakistan ranks 10th globally for remittances sent home.<ref name="overseaspakistanis1">{{cite web |url=http://www.overseaspakistanis.net/category/op-news/page/2/ |title=OP News Discussions Archives |publisher=Overseaspakistanis.net |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070343/https://www.overseaspakistanis.net/category/op-news/page/2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Migration and Remittances: Top Countries |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1199807908806/Top10.pdf |access-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Siteresources.worldbank.org}}</ref> Saudi Arabia is the largest source of remittances, contributing $5.9 billion {{as of|2016|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2016 |title=Saudi Arabia remains largest source of remittances for Pakistan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1142758/saudi-arabia-remains-largest-source-remittances/ |access-date=24 December 2016 |newspaper=The Express Tribune}}</ref> The term ''[[Overseas Pakistani]]'' is officially recognized by the Government of Pakistan, with the [[Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis|Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development]] addressing their needs, welfare, and issues. Overseas Pakistanis constitute the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan, with remittances increasing by over 100% from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.<ref name="remit">{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Shahid |title=$20 billion remittances received in FY16 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1271081|access-date=20 February 2017 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="worldbank1" />

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Pakistan}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pakistan (2023 census)<ref name="2023 Census">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf|title=Religious Demographics of Pakistan 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212115052/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religions
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]]|green|96.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]]|orange|2.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]|blue|1.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Religion in Pakistan#Demographics of religion in Pakistan|others]]|purple|0.1}}
}}

[[Islam in Pakistan|Islam]] is the state religion,{{sfn|Munir|1975}} with freedom of religion guaranteed by the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]].<ref name="CoP">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Pakistan|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/|website=Story of Pakistan|date=June 2003|publisher=Nazaria-e-Pakistan, Part IV|access-date=6 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002225754/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/|archive-date=2 October 2013}} - {{cite web|title=Religions in Pakistan {{!}} PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|access-date=14 July 2021|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123090234/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020|url-status=dead}} - {{cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Christians|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5ba0ae0e7.html|access-date=14 July 2021|website=Refworld}} - {{cite web|date=26 May 2018|title=Headcount finalised sans third-party audit|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit?amp=1|access-date=14 July 2021|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html |title=The Constitution of Pakistan, Part II: Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights|publisher=Pakistani.org|access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> The majority are Muslims (96.35%), followed by [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindus]] (2.17%) and [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christians]] (1.37%). Minorities include [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Sikhs]], [[Buddhism in Pakistan|Buddhists]], [[Jainism in Pakistan|Jains]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] ([[Parsis|Parsi]]), and the unique [[Kalash people]] who practice [[animism]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Forgotten Pagans Get Their Due |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/28439107.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=19 April 2017}}</ref> In 2012, 2% of the population identified as atheist in a [[Gallup Pakistan|Gallup]] survey.<ref>{{cite news |last=Husain |first=Irfan |title=Faith in decline |url=http://dawn.com/2012/08/27/faith-in-decline/|access-date=16 December 2012 |newspaper=Dawn, Irfan |date=27 August 2012 |quote=Interestingly, and somewhat intriguingly, 2 per cent of the Pakistanis surveyed see themselves as atheists, up from 1pc in 2005. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204113125/http://dawn.com/2012/08/27/faith-in-decline/ |archive-date=4 December 2012}}</ref>

==== Islam ====
{{Main|Islam in Pakistan}}
[[File:Faisal Masjid.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Faisal Mosque]], built in 1986 by Turkish architect [[Vedat Dalokay]] on behalf of [[House of Saud|King]] [[Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz]] of Saudi Arabia]]

Islam dominates in Pakistan, with about 96.35% of the population being Muslim.<ref>Muhammad Qasim Zaman, ''Islam in Pakistan: A History'' (Princeton UP, 2018) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53232 online review]
</ref> Pakistan ranks second globally in Muslim population,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|title=Islam in India and Pakistan{{Snd}} A Religious History |last=Singh |first=Dr. Y P |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-85505-63-8 |quote=Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.}} - see: [[Islam by country]]</ref> and is home to 10.5% of the world's Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=December 2012|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref> Karachi is the largest Muslim city in the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics|first=Nichola|last= Khan|year= 2016| isbn= 978-0-19-086978-6|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote= ... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... }}</ref>

The majority follow [[Sunni Islam]], with a significant presence of [[Sufism in Pakistan|Sufism]], while Shia Muslims constitute a minority.<ref name="LoC2">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |date=February 2005 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.4 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni follows [[Sufism]] and 5 percent Shia.|website=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan|access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk |title=Religions: Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other |year=2010 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |department=Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5% |access-date=28 August 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }} - {{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=7 October 2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201319/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2010 |editor-first=Tracy |editor-last=Miller |access-date=9 June 2010 }} - {{cite book |url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |date=October 2009 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Tracy |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2010 }} - {{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> Shias represent between 5–25%.<ref name="LoC2"/><ref name="ciafactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Pakistan|access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=9 August 2012 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not. }} - {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk |title=Field Listing : Religions |year=2010 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Shia population in Pakistan was estimated at 42 million in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ammar Ali|last=Qureshi|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823|title=Non-fiction: Pakistan's Shia dynamics |date=10 November 2019|website=Dawn}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as [[non-denominational Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|access-date=12 April 2022|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Ahmadis]] are a minority, officially considered non-Muslims.<ref>The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 4 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See:
* over 2 million: {{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html |title=Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008) |date=4 December 2008 |author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|access-date=28 June 2012}}
* 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: ''International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan.'' Ausgabe 408/2, January 2005, S. 61 ([http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/pk408a-2.pdf PDF])
* 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: ''Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.'' 2005, S. 130
* {{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0 |title=Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan |date=19 September 2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of State|US State Department]]|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> Ahmadis face persecution, banned from calling themselves Muslims since 1974.<ref>New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism: Online and Offline, p. 38, Rüdiger Lohlker{{Snd}} 2012</ref>

==== Hinduism ====
{{Main|Hinduism in Pakistan}}
[[File:Hindu Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|
<div style="text-align: center">Hindu proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]]

[[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]] is the second-largest religion, followed by 2.17% of the population according to the census in 2023.<ref name="2023 Census" /> Pakistan had the fifth-largest Hindu population globally in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/ |title=10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050 |date=2 April 2015 |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143905/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2023, Hindus numbered 5,217,216.<ref name="2023 Census" />{{efn|This number includes population of the Hindu (Jati) and the scheduled castes.}} They reside across Pakistan but are concentrated in [[Sindh]], where they make up 8.81% of the population.<ref name="2023 Census" /> [[Umerkot district]] of the province is the only Hindu majority area. [[Tharparkar district]] hosts the largest Hindu population. Four districts – Umerkot, Tharparkar, [[Mirpurkhas District|Mirpurkhas]], and [[Sanghar District|Sanghar]] – have over half of Pakistan's Hindus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population By Sex, Religion and Rural/Urban, Census - 2023 {{!}} Sindh |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Bureau Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726222045/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_9.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

At Pakistan's inception, the 'hostage theory' suggested fair treatment of Hindus to safeguard Muslims in India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA72 |title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories |last=Zamindar |first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-231-13847-5 |page=72 |quote=The logic of the ''hostage theory'' tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan.}}</ref>{{R|Dhulipala-2015-6}} However, some Pakistani Hindus felt marginalized, leading to emigration to India.<ref name="bbc200703022">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm |title=Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan |last=Sohail |first=Riaz |date=2 March 2007 |work=BBC News |quote=But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India.|access-date=22 February 2011}}</ref> They faced violence post the [[Babri Masjid demolition]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DD113BF93BA35751C1A964958260&sec=&spon= |title=Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples |date=7 December 1992 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today, and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India.|access-date=15 April 2011}}</ref>

==== Christianity and other religions ====
{{Main|Christianity in Pakistan}}
[[File:Christian Proportion by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|
<div style="text-align: center">Christian proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</div>]]

Christians are the next largest religious minority after Hindus, constituting 1.37% of the population.<ref name="2023 Census"/> They are concentrated in [[Lahore District]] (5%) and [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] (over 4%). Karachi hosts a historic [[Roman Catholicism in Pakistan|Roman Catholic]] community established by [[Goa]]n and [[Tamil people|Tamil]] migrants during British colonial rule.<ref name="Districtwise">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|title=District wise census|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804025540/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following Christianity, the [[Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan|Bahá'í Faith]] had 30,000 followers in 2008, followed by Sikhism, Buddhism, and [[Zoroastrianism]], each with around 20,000 adherents in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan—International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |access-date=28 August 2010 |quote=The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent.|year=2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> alongside a small [[Jainism in Pakistan|Jain community]].

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Pakistan}}
{{See also|Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)|Rankings of universities in Pakistan}}
[[File:NUST MainOffice.png|thumb|[[NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science|NUST]] in Islamabad is a top ranked Engineering University.]]

Pakistan's [[constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] mandates [[Free education|free]] primary and secondary education,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 1: "Fundamental Rights" of Part II: "Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy" |url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html |website=pakistani.org}} - {{cite web |date=21 April 2006 |title=Right to Education in Pakistan |url=http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313083147/http://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/wcc-commissions/international-affairs/human-rights-and-impunity/the-right-to-education-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=25 July 2010 |publisher=World Council of Churches}}</ref> with public universities established in each province, including [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]], [[Sindh University]], [[University of Peshawar|Peshawar University]], [[University of Karachi|Karachi University]], and [[University of Balochistan|Balochistan University]]. The country's educational landscape encompasses both [[Public university|public]] and [[Private university|private]] universities, fostering collaboration to enhance research and [[Higher education in Pakistan|higher education]] opportunities, albeit with concerns regarding teaching quality in newer institutions.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2015 |title=Number of universities rises while education standard falls |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006074617/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/10-Sep-2015/number-of-universities-rises-while-education-standard-falls |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=DailyTimes}}</ref> [[vocational education|Technical and vocational institutions]] in Pakistan number approximately 3,193,<ref name="edu2">{{cite report |title=Economic Survey 2009–10 |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Pakistan |page=147 & Table 11.1 (p. 160) |access-date=2 January 2012 |chapter=Education |chapter-url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113072252/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> complemented by ''[[Madrassas in Pakistan|madrassahs]]'' providing free Islamic education to students,<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani madrassahs |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214194645/http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/madrassah.html#_ftn8 |archive-date=14 February 2005 |access-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace}}</ref> with government efforts to [[Education reform|regulate and monitor]] their quality amidst concerns over extremists recruitment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Synovitz |first=Ron |date=24 February 2004 |title=Pakistan: Despite Reform Plan, Few Changes Seen At Most Radical Madrassahs |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1051650.html |access-date=21 February 2009 |publisher=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty}} - {{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Mohammad |title=Policy Brief: Another Approach to Madrassa Reforms in Pakistan |url=http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518112052/http://jinnah-institute.org/policy-brief-another-approach-to-madrassa-reforms-in-pakistan-3/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=21 February 2015 |publisher=Jinnah Institute of Peace}}</ref> [[Education in Pakistan|Education]] is divided into six main levels, including nursery, primary, [[Middle school|middle]], [[High school (upper secondary)|matriculation]], [[Community college|intermediate]], and university programs.<ref name="edu2" /> Additionally, [[Schools in Pakistan|private schools]] offer a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set by the [[Cambridge International Examinations]],<ref>{{cite web |title=GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201090835/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-exams-gce.htm |archive-date=1 February 2008 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=[[British Council]]}}</ref> with 439 international schools reported in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISC News |url=http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000123/http://www.iscresearch.com/information/isc-news.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=International School Consultancy Group}}</ref>

[[File:Malala Yousafzai and Kaliash Satyarthi at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony.jpg|thumb|[[Malala Yousafzai]] was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2014, alongside [[Kailash Satyarthi]] of India, for her advocacy of educational initiatives, particularly girls' education worldwide.|left]]

Initiatives since 2007 made [[English medium education]] mandatory nationwide. Following a 2012 attack on activist [[Malala Yousafzai]] by the [[Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan|Taliban]], she became the youngest Nobel laureate for her education advocacy.<ref>{{cite web |last=McNicoll |first=Kristen |title=English medium education improvement in Pakistan supported |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/press/english-medium-education-improvement-pakistan-supported |access-date=21 February 2015 |publisher=British Council Pakistan Bureau}} - {{cite web |title=Ministry of Education-Government of Pakistan |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105215406/http://www.moe.gov.pk/mediacell.htm |archive-date=5 January 2007 |access-date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Moe.gov.pk}}</ref> Reforms in 2013 mandated Chinese language courses in Sindh, reflecting China's growing influence. As of 2018, Pakistan's literacy rate stands at 62.3%, with significant regional and gender disparities.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2018–19 Chapter 10: Education |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf |access-date=7 July 2019 |work=Dawn |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707005708/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_19/10-Education.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government initiatives, including computer literacy since 1995, aim to eradicate illiteracy, targeting 100% enrollment among primary school-age children and an ~86% literacy rate by 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Plan of Action 2001–2015 |url=http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517232352/http://www.moe.gov.pk/npaEFA.zip |archive-date=17 May 2006 |access-date=13 February 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan |format=ZIP}}</ref> Pakistan allocates 2.3% of its GDP to education,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–20 (Education) |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_20/10_Education.pdf |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621162712/https://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_20/10_Education.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> among the lowest in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Pakistan's education spending lowest in South Asia |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1254909/pakistans-education-spending-lowest-in-south-asia |publisher=Dawn}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Pakistan|British heritage of Pakistan|Public holidays in Pakistan}}
[[File:Ceiling of Frere Hall.jpg|thumb|Artwork by [[Sadequain]] on the ceiling of [[Frere Hall]]. Having painted around 15,000 paintings, Sadequain is considered one of the finest painters and calligraphers Pakistan has ever produced.]]

[[Culture of Pakistan|Civil society]] in Pakistan is hierarchical, emphasizing [[Etiquette in Pakistan|local cultural etiquette]] and traditional Islamic values. The primary family unit is the [[extended family]], but there's a rising trend towards [[nuclear families]] due to socio-economic factors.<ref name="nuclear">{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |title=Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette |publisher=Kwint Essential|access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323000308/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html |archive-date=23 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Anwar Alam |title=Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar |journal=Sarhad J. Agric. |year=2008 |volume=24 |url=http://www.aup.edu.pk/sj_pdf/FACTORS%20AND%20CONSEQUENCES%20OF%20NUCLEARIZATION.pdf |access-date=21 April 2012 |issue=3 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211512/http://www.aup.edu.pk/sj_pdf/FACTORS%20AND%20CONSEQUENCES%20OF%20NUCLEARIZATION.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both men and women typically wear ''[[Shalwar Kameez]]''; men also favor trousers, jeans, and shirts.<ref name="taxila">{{cite book |author1=Sarina Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC |title=Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway |author2=Lindsay Brow |author3=Paul Clammer |author4=Rodney Cocks |author5=John Mock |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74104-542-0 |pages=60, 128, 376}}</ref> The middle class has grown to about 35 million, with another 17 million in the upper and upper-middle classes, leading to a shift in power from rural landowners to urban elites.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise of Mehran man |url=http://archives.dawn.com/archives/19124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125011513/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/columnists/irfan-husain-the-rise-of-mehran-man-740 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan News |author=Irfan Husain |date=17 April 2010|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> Festivals like ''[[Eid ul-Fitr]]'', ''[[Eid ul-Azha]]'', [[Ramadan]], [[Christmas]], [[Easter]], [[Holi]], and [[Diwali]] are primarily religious.<ref name="nuclear" /> Pakistan ranked 56th on the 2006 [[A.T. Kearney]]/FP [[Globalization Index]] due to increasing globalization.<ref>{{cite web |title=A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006 |url=https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_2607/objava_31363/fajlovi/global06index.pdf |publisher=A.T. Kearney |date=Nov–Dec 2006 |page=77 |access-date=15 April 2025 |via=University of Montenegro |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223060932/https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_2607/objava_31363/fajlovi/global06index.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Pakistani architecture|Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan}}
[[File: Lahore Fort.jpg|thumb|The [[Lahore Fort]], a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]|left]]

Four periods define Pakistani architecture: [[History of Pakistan#Early history|pre-Islamic]], [[History of Pakistan#Muslim period|Islamic]], [[History of Pakistan#Colonial era|colonial]], and [[History of Pakistan#Independence|post-colonial]]. The onset of the [[Indus civilization]] around the mid-3rd millennium BCE heralded an urban culture, evidenced by surviving large structures.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vidja Dehejia |title=South Asian Art and Culture |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sasa/hd_sasa.htm |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=February 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> Notable pre-Islamic settlements include [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Harappa]], and [[Kot Diji]].<ref name="mountains">{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110014044/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html |archive-date=10 November 2006 |title=PTDC page on mountaineering |publisher=Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> The fusion of Buddhism and [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Greek]] influences birthed a distinctive [[Greco-Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist]] style from the 1st century CE, exemplified by the renowned [[Gandara art|Gandhara style]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maity|first=Sachindra Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8Iz5C5auqEC&pg=PA46|title=Cultural Heritage of Ancient India|date=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02809-8}}</ref> Notable [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist architectural]] remnants include the [[Takht-i-Bahi]] monastery in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai |publisher=International Council on Monuments and Sites |pages=1–2 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/140.pdf |date=29 December 1979|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref>

The advent of Islam in present-day Pakistan marked the cessation of Buddhist architecture, ushering in [[Islamic architecture]]. The notable [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] structure, the [[Rukn-e-Alam|tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam]] in Multan, remains significant. During the Mughal era, Persian-Islamic design merged with Hindustani art, seen in Lahore's architectural gems like the [[Badshahi Mosque]] and the [[Lahore Fort]] with the iconic [[Alamgiri Gate]]. Lahore also boasts the vibrant [[Wazir Khan Mosque]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Valentine|first=Simon Ross|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC&pg=PA63|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice|date=2008|publisher=Hurst & Company|isbn=978-1-85065-916-7}}</ref> and the lush [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]]. In the British colonial period, Indo-European buildings emerged, blending European and Indian-Islamic styles. Post-colonial identity shines through modern landmarks like the [[Faisal Mosque]], [[Minar-e-Pakistan]], and [[Mazar-e-Quaid]]. [[Architecture of the United Kingdom|British architectural]] influence persists in structures across Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kamil Khan Mumtaz |title=Architecture in Pakistan |year=1985 |publisher=Concept Media Pte Ltd |isbn=978-9971-84-141-6 |pages=32, 51, 160}}</ref>

=== Clothing, arts, and fashion ===
{{Main|Pakistani clothing|Shalwar kameez|Sherwani|Jinnah cap|Peshawari chappal|Pakol|Sindhi topi}}
[[File:Traditional clothing from Sindh.jpg|thumb|A depiction of traditional clothing of women from [[Sindh]]]]
The ''[[Shalwar kameez]]'' is Pakistan's [[national dress]], worn in all provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style. Pakistanis wear a variety of fabrics like silk, [[chiffon (fabric)|chiffon]], and cotton. In addition to the national dress, men often wear domestically tailored suits and [[necktie]]s, especially in offices, schools, and social gatherings.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Koerner|author2=Ian Russell|title=Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7548-8|page=382}}</ref>

Pakistan's [[Pakistani clothing|fashion industry]] has thrived, blending traditional and modern styles to create a unique cultural identity. Regional and traditional dress remain significant symbols of native tradition, evolving into both modern and purer forms. Organizations like the Pakistan Fashion Design Council in [[Lahore]] and the Fashion Pakistan Council in [[Karachi]] host events like [[PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week|PFDC Fashion Week]] and [[Fashion Pakistan Week]]. Pakistan's inaugural fashion week took place in November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michele Langevine Leiby |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-fashion-weeks-thrive-beyond-the-style-capitals-of-the-world/2012/04/24/gIQAt3qcgT_story.html |title=In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=25 April 2012|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Literature and philosophy ===
{{Main|Literature of Pakistan|Urdu poetry|Pakistani philosophy}}
[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Muhammad Iqbal|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], Pakistan's national poet who conceived the [[Conception of Pakistan|idea]] of Pakistan]]

Pakistan boasts literature in various languages including [[Urdu literature|Urdu]], [[Sindhi literature|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi literature|Punjabi]], [[Pashto literature and poetry|Pashto]], [[Balochi Academy|Baluchi]], [[Persian literature|Persian]], [[Pakistani English literature|English]], and more.<ref>{{cite book |author=Alamgir Hashmi |editor=Radhika Mohanram |others=Gita Rajan |title=English postcoloniality: literatures from around the world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_uwA78YZDoC&pg=PA107|year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28854-8 |pages=107–112}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Academy of Letters]] actively promotes literature and poetry both domestically and internationally.<ref>Official website in English [http://pal.gov.pk/home/ Pakistan Academy of Letters] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306135947/http://pal.gov.pk/home/ |date=6 March 2013}}</ref> [[National Library of Pakistan|National Library]] contributes to literary dissemination. Historically, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of [[lyric poetry|lyric]], [[Sufi poetry|religious]], and [[Pakistani folklore|folkloric]] works, later diversifying under colonial influence into prose fiction, now widely embraced.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gilani Kamran |title=Pakistani Literature{{Snd}} Evolution & trends |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Pakistani-Literature3-the-Novel.htm |publisher=The South Asian Magazine |date=January 2002|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="granta">{{cite web |author=Huma Imtiaz |title=Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/53272/granta-the-global-reach-of-pakistani-literature/ |website=The Express Tribune |date=26 September 2010|access-date=24 December 2011}}</ref>

The [[List of national poets|national poet]] of Pakistan, [[Muhammad Iqbal]], wrote influential poetry in Urdu and Persian, advocating for Islamic civilizational revival.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Iqbal, Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=15 December 2004 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iqbal-muhammad |access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref> Notable figures in contemporary Urdu literature include [[Josh Malihabadi]], [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], and [[Saadat Hasan Manto]].<ref name="granta" /> Popular Sufi poets like [[Shah Abdul Latif]] and [[Bulleh Shah]] are revered.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Muhammad Zahid Rifat |title=Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117074308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |newspaper=The Nation|date=3 October 2011|access-date=25 December 2011}}</ref> [[Mirza Kalich Beg]] is hailed as the father of modern Sindhi prose.<ref>{{cite book |title=L.H. Ajwani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dL5owdAV5TcC&pg=PA50 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|author=Chetan Karnani |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-260-1664-8 |page=50}}</ref> Pakistani philosophy has been shaped by influences from British and American philosophy, with notable figures like [[M. M. Sharif]] contributing to its development.<ref>{{cite web |display-authors=etal |author=Richard V. DeSemet |title=Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961 |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |website=Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress |access-date=25 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105450/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm |archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> Post-1971, Marxist thought gained prominence in Pakistani philosophy through figures like [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ahmad |editor-first1=Naeem |title=Philosophy in Pakistan |date=1998 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-56518-108-3}}</ref>

=== Media and entertainment ===
{{Main|Mass media in Pakistan|Cinema of Pakistan|Music of Pakistan|History of Pakistani pop music|Theatre of Pakistan|Pakistani dramas}}

The private [[List of newspapers in Pakistan|print media]], state-owned [[Pakistan Television Corporation]] (PTV), and [[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]] (PBC) dominated media until the 21st century. Pakistan now boasts a vast network of domestic, privately owned [[24-hour news cycle|24-hour electronic]] [[List of television channels in Pakistan|news media]] and [[Cable television|cable]] [[Television in Pakistan|television channels]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title=Media in Pakistan |publisher=International Media Support |pages=14–16, 21 |access-date=10 August 2020 |date=July 2009}}</ref> The [[Reporters Without Borders]] has indicated pressure faced by Pakistani reporters, particularly when reporting against the military or government.<ref name="RSF">{{cite web |title=Pakistan {{!}} RSF |url=https://rsf.org/en/country/pakistan |website=rsf.org |date=21 March 2025 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |language=en |access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref> The BBC describes Pakistani media as "among the most outspoken in South Asia".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12965785 |title=Pakistan profile{{Snd}} Media |work=BBC News |access-date=23 April 2016|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Pakistani media has been instrumental in exposing corruption.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-media-pakistan-radicalisation-2009.pdf |title={{Not a typo|Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict: Media in Pakistan}}|publisher=International Media Support|date=July 2009|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>

The [[Lollywood]], Punjabi, and [[Pashto cinema|Pashto]] film industry is centered in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Although Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 to 2008, they remained influential in Pakistani popular culture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Randhava |first=Naseem |title=Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan |url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/bollywood-films-may-banned-pakistan-094000464.html |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=31 October 2011}} - {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4639216.stm |title=Pakistan to show Bollywood film |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2006 |access-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> However, in 2019, the screening of Bollywood movies faced an indefinite ban.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeb |first=Parkha |date=22 February 2023 |title=Pakistan is (finally) getting over its Bollywood mania |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1191547 |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref> Despite challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry, Urdu [[Pakistani dramas|televised dramas]] and theatrical performances remain popular, frequently broadcast by many entertainment media outlets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |title=The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India |date=21 January 2015 |publisher=Brown Girl |last1=Shaikh |first1=Naila |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428110047/http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, renowned for their quality since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=Daily Times|date=25 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television |archive-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> Pakistani music encompasses diverse forms, from provincial folk music and traditional styles like [[Qawwali]] and [[Ghazal]] Gayaki to modern fusions of traditional and western music.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 1997 |title=The stilled voice |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm |access-date=30 June 2011 |author1=Amit Baruah |author2=R. Padmanabhan |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003536/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm}}</ref> Pakistan boasts numerous renowned folk singers, and the arrival of Afghan refugees in western provinces has sparked interest in Pashto music, despite occasional intolerance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Owais Tohid |date=7 June 2005 |title=Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0607/p07s01-wosc.html |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Pakistani cuisine}}
[[File:2 Chapati warm and ready to be eaten.jpg|[[Roti]], served with various side dishes, is considered a staple food in Pakistan|thumb]]

Pakistani cuisine, rooted in the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors, blends influences from [[British cuisine|British]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Central Asian cuisine|Central Asian]], and [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]] culinary traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=William |title=Pakistan|year=2002 |publisher=Lucent Books|isbn=978-1-59018-218-5|page=79|quote=Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries.}}</ref> Unlike Middle Eastern fare, Pakistani dishes are heavily spiced with garlic, ginger, turmeric, [[Chili powder|chili]], and [[garam masala]]. [[Roti]], a wheat-based flatbread, accompanies most meals, alongside [[curry]], meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common, served plain, spiced, or in sweet dishes.{{sfn|Mohiuddin|2007|page=3, 317, 323–324}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Kathleen W. Deady |title=Countries of the world :Pakistan |year=2001 |publisher=Capstone Press |isbn=978-0-7368-0815-6 |pages=13–15}}</ref> [[Lassi]], a traditional drink from the [[Punjab region]], and [[Pakistani tea culture|black tea with milk and sugar]] are popular beverages enjoyed nationwide.<ref name="taxila"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Tarla Dalal |title=Punjabi Khana |year=2007 |publisher=Sanjay & Co |isbn=978-81-89491-54-3 |page=8}}</ref> [[Sohan halwa]], a beloved sweet dish from southern Punjab, is savored across Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1074194/sohan-halwa-a-gift-of-saints-city |title=Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Dawn.com|access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Pakistan}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width1 = 170
| image1 = Pakvaus.jpg
| caption1 = A cricket match between Pakistan and Australia at [[Lord's]].
| width2 = 170
| image2 = Hockey Nederland tegen Pakistan 3-1, Amsterdam, de Wereldcup die Pakistan onlan…, Bestanddeelnr 925-0964.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan national hockey team]] with the [[1971 Men's Hockey World Cup|1971 Hockey World Cup trophy]]
}}

[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in Pakistan, followed by [[Association football|football]]. [[Field hockey]] is the national sport. Other sports like [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[polo]], and [[Traditional games of Pakistan|traditional games]] are also enjoyed.

In cricket, Pakistan boasts victories in all major [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] tournaments, including the [[ICC Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC World Twenty20]], and [[ICC Champions Trophy]]. The [[Pakistan Super League]] ranks among the top [[List of T20 cricket competitions|T20 leagues]] globally.<ref>{{cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Deepu |date=19 June 2017 |title=CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95302/ct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2019 |title=PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/431453-n-a |website=The News International}}</ref>

In football, Pakistan established the [[Pakistan Football Federation]] soon after its creation, and it is known for producing [[FIFA World Cup]] balls.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Ali |date=23 December 2010 |title=A history of football in Pakistan — Part I |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/593095/a-history-of-football-in-pakistan-part-i |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2018 |title=Footballs made in Pakistan to be used in FIFA World Cup 2018 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1620487/7-footballs-made-pakistan-used-fifa-world-cup-2018 |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

In field hockey, Pakistan boasts four [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|Hockey World Cup]] wins, eight [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] gold medals, and three [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic]] gold medals. Squash player [[Jahangir Khan]] holds the record for the longest winning streak in professional sport history, winning 555 consecutive matches.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bill Mallon |title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |author2=Jeroen Heijmans |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8108-7249-3 |edition=4th revised |page=291}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahangir Khan recognised as greatest squash player of all time |url=https://unsquashable.com/en-us/blogs/world-tour-highlights/jahangir-khan-recognised-as-greatest-squash-player-of-all-time |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=UNSQUASHABLE |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918040556/https://unsquashable.com/en-us/blogs/world-tour-highlights/jahangir-khan-recognised-as-greatest-squash-player-of-all-time |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pakistan has hosted various international events, including Cricket and Hockey World Cups and Asian Games.<ref name="ICC-2021">{{cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Pakistan|Asia}}
* [[Outline of Pakistan]]
* [[Government of Pakistan]]
* [[Administrative units of Pakistan]]
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist |refs=

{{efn|name="RSCT"|In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey.}}

{{efn|name="Rigveda"|The precise time span of the period is uncertain. [[Philology|Philological]] and [[historical linguistics|linguistic]] evidence indicates that the [[Rigveda]], the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. Oberlies gives an estimate of 1200–1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book ten. Estimates for a ''terminus post quem'' of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Other 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100.}}

}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Abbas-2015">{{harvtxt|Abbas|2015}} "Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia."</ref>

<ref name="Ahmed-1997">{{harvtxt|Ahmed|1997}} "Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea."</ref>

<ref name="Allchin-1982">{{harvtxt|Allchin|Allchin|1982}} "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system."</ref>

<ref name="Coningham-Young-2015">{{harvtxt|Coningham|Young|2015}} "Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different from other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."</ref>

<ref name="Copland-2001">{{harvtxt|Copland|2001}} "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)"</ref>

<ref name="Dhulipala-2015-1">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=496}} "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."</ref>

<ref name="Dhulipala-2015-2">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=497}} "As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state."</ref>

<ref name="Dhulipala-2015-3">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=489}} "But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb."……"Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies."</ref>

<ref name="Dhulipala-2015-4">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=491}} "Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved."</ref>

<ref name="Dhulipala-2015-5">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=18}} "As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'."</ref>

<ref name="Dhulipala-2015-6">{{harvtxt|Dhulipala|2015|page=19}} "Within the subcontinent, ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the 'majority provinces' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India. In this regard, it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that 'hostage' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority."</ref>

<ref name="Diamantides-Gearey-2011-1">{{harvtxt|Diamantides|Gearey|2011|page=196}} "The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ..."</ref>

<ref name="Diamantides-Gearey-2011-2">{{harvtxt|Diamantides|Gearey|2011|page=198}} "The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court."</ref>

<ref name="Diamantides-Gearey-2011-3">{{harvtxt|Diamantides|Gearey|2011|page=198}} "The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ..."</ref>

<ref name="Dyson-2018">{{harvtxt|Dyson|2018}} "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."</ref>

<ref name="Endrst-1965">{{harvtxt|Endrst|1965}} "Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'"</ref>

<ref name="Fisher-2018">{{harvtxt|Fisher|2018}} "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu [Bos indicus] and unhumped [Bos taurus]). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well."</ref>

{{refn|name="Geology"|Geology: multiple sources:
* {{harvtxt|Khan|Clyde|2013}}
* {{harvtxt|DeVivo|Laor|Panza|Kossobokov|2021}}
* {{harvtxt|Alisibramulisi et al.|2022}}
* {{harvtxt|Britannica (Azad Kashmir)|2024}}
}}

<ref name="Haqqani-2010-1">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=16}} "The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly."</ref>

<ref name="Haqqani-2010-2">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=18}} "One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality."</ref>

<ref name="Haqqani-2010-3">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=18}} "Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory."</ref>

<ref name="Haqqani-2010-4">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2010|page=19}} "Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country."</ref>

<ref name="Haqqani-2013-1">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2013|pages=20–21}} "Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations."</ref>

<ref name="Haqqani-2013-2">{{harvtxt|Haqqani|2013|page=22}} "During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction."</ref>

<ref name="Hardy-1972">{{harvtxt|Hardy|1972}} "Much has been made' of the failure of Congress and the Muslim parties to agree over the Nehru Report and of the rejection of Jinnah's 'Fourteen Points' as a significant milestone along the way to the partition of India. A great opportunity was lost, it is thought, for the abandonment of separate electorates by voluntary Muslim agreement."</ref>

<ref name="Hasan-Raza-2009">{{harvtxt|Hasan|Raza|2009|page=12}} "When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan."</ref>

<ref name="Hunter-2010">{{harvtxt|Hunter|2010}} "Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations."</ref>

<ref name="Hussain-2008-1">{{harvtxt|Hussain|2008}} "Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan."</ref>

<ref name="Hussain-2008-2">{{harvtxt|Hussain|2008}} "The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973."</ref>

{{refn|name="Iqbal"|Iqbal (two-nation theory): multiple sources:
* {{harvtxt|N. Khan|2012}}
* {{harvtxt|Basu|Miroshnik|2023}} "Mohammed Iqbal was credited with coming up with the two-nation theory in his speech at Allahabad in 1930 to the Muslim League in a very formal way by saying: "I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Moslem State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Moslems, at least of NorthWest India" (Zaidi, 1993; Ahmed, 1970)."
* {{harvtxt|Hussain|2018}} "After repeated demands for stronger constitutional safeguards to protect the rights of minorities, Iqbal eventually opted for a separate Islamic Republic instead. As opposed to putting the free and rational individual at the centre of his democratic theory, Iqbal's republic primarily required Muslims endowed with a specific character and smelted together by a peculiar vision of individuality. Like a number of his contemporaries, Iqbal warmed up to the two nation-theory. Unlike the mainstream view, however, which read an eternal struggle of Hindus and Muslims back into Indian history, Iqbal's concept of the Muslim nation was something to be striven towards, not something to be replanted from the past. Iqbal believed that the best way to actualize this national sentiment in the present, was through individual political action."
}}

<ref name="Kulke-Rothermund-2016">{{harvtxt|Kulke|Rothermund|2016}} "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."</ref>

<ref name="Kumarasingham-2013">{{harvtxt|Kumarasingham|2013}} "Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively."</ref>

<ref name="Lapierre-Collins-2015">{{harvtxt|Lapierre|Collins|2015}} "Not only was I not aware, but nobody was aware. Nobody had a clue. I'm glad I didn't because I just don't know what I would have done if I'd known that.
You see, Jinnah was so much of a one-man band. If somebody had told me he's going to be dead in x months would I then
-I am asking myself this question now-would I have said, Let's hold India together and not divide it? Would I have put back the clock, and held the position? Most probably. I have a feeling Jinnah may not have known himself he had tuberculosis. He was a very severe, cold and repressed person. Nothing would have surprised me about him. He was an extraordinary creature."</ref>

<ref name="McGrath-1996">{{harvtxt|McGrath|1996}} "Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them."</ref>

<ref name="Metcalf-2006">{{harvtxt|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006}} "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people."</ref>

{{refn|name="Middle power nation"|Middle power: multiple sources:
* {{harvtxt|Buzan|2004}}
* {{harvtxt|Solomon|1997}}
* {{harvtxt|Rajagopalan|2011}}
* {{harvtxt|Buzan|Waever|2003}}
* {{harvtxt|Paul|2012|p=11}} "The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways."
* {{harvtxt|Vandamme|2014|p=14}} "Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers."
}}

{{refn|name="Military relations"|Military relations: multiple sources:
* {{harvtxt|Yadav|2024}}
* {{harvtxt|Lalwani|2023}}
* {{harvtxt|Kronstadt|2023}}
* {{harvtxt|Bruno|Bajoria|2008}}
}}

<ref name="Miller-2015">{{harvtxt|Miller|2015}} "Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam's holiest sanctuary, and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound."</ref>

<ref name="Mohiuddin-2007-1">{{harvtxt|Mohiuddin|2007|page=70}} "In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan."</ref>

<ref name="Mohiuddin-2007-2">{{harvtxt|Mohiuddin|2007|page=71}} "Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center."</ref>

<ref name="Needham-1994">{{harvtxt|Needham|1994}} "When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400."</ref>

<ref name="Pande-2011-1">{{harvtxt|Pande|2011|page=178}} "The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: "Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars." Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan."</ref>

<ref name="Pande-2011-2">{{harvtxt|Pande|2011|page=159}} "Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare."</ref>

<ref name="Pasha-2005-1">{{harvtxt|Pasha|2005|page=225}} "Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey."</ref>

<ref name="Pasha-2005-2">{{harvtxt|Pasha|2005|page=226}} "Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world."</ref>

{{refn|name="Riots-1"|Casualties/Genocide: multiple sources:
* {{harvtxt|Sikand|2004}}
* {{harvtxt|Butalia|2000}}
* {{harvtxt|Isaacs|1975}} "2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan"
* {{harvtxt|Basrur|2008}} "An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ..."
* {{harvtxt|D'Costa|2011}} "Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997)."
* {{harvtxt|Brass|2003}} "In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder."
}}

{{refn|name="Riots-2"|Rape figures: multiple sources:
* {{harvtxt|Visweswaran|2011}}
* {{harvtxt|Daiya|2011}} "The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India."
* {{harvtxt|Abraham|2002}} "In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them."
* {{harvtxt|Singh|Iyer|Gairola|2016}} "The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered."
}}

<ref name="Roberts-2003">{{harvtxt|Roberts|2003}} "The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states."</ref>

<ref name="Sengupta-2023">{{harvtxt|Sengupta|2023}} "Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (which later became Aligarh Muslim University), had declared in a speech in Meerut what would become famous as the "two nation theory.""......"Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations — the Mahomedans and the Hindus — could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not."</ref>

<ref name="Singh-Shani-2021">{{harvtxt|Singh|Shani|2021}} "Jinnah's famous 'fourteen points' as a condition for support for India's unity, with strong provinces within a weak Indian federation, marked the parting of ways between the Congress and the Muslim national leadership (Jalal 1994, 10–11). At the 1930 session of the All-Indian Muslim Conference, Sir Mohammed Iqbal proposed a Muslim homeland that would serve 'as a symbolic cultural expression of the common striving of Muslim fulfilment – a political manifestation of a common mission' (Gilmartin 1988, 167). The idea of self-determination for India's Muslims was constructed mainly in fear of the majoritarian 'secular' (Hindu) nationalism of the Congress."</ref>

<ref name="Stubbs-Thomson-2016">{{harvtxt|Stubbs|Thomson|2016}} "Perhaps best known as home to Asia's earliest cities, the Harappan sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan's rich history includes contributions from prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Hellenistic, Jain and Zoroastrian civilizations, as well as those connected to its Islamic heritage."</ref>

<ref name="Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-1">{{harvtxt|Syed|Pio|Kamran|Zaidi|2016|page=379}} "... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ)."</ref>

<ref name="Syed-Pio-Kamran-Zaidi-2016-2">{{harvtxt|Syed|Pio|Kamran|Zaidi|2016|page=346}} "The grave impact of that legacy was compounded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization."</ref>

<ref name="Tucker-2020">{{harvtxt|Tucker|2020}} "Gandhi's decision played directly into the hands of Jinnah. Jinnah's Muslim League strongly supported the Allied war effort and thereby greatly advanced the possibility of the creation of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent after the war."</ref>

<ref name="Wiebes-2003">{{harvtxt|Wiebes|2003}} "Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the Serbs."</ref>

<ref name="Wolpert-1984">{{harvtxt|Wolpert|1984|page=17}} "Barrister Jinnah of Bombay remained as remote from such feelings, as out of tune with such reasoning, as he had been in London in 1893, when Sir Sayyid first spoke of Hindus and Muslims as "different nationalities.""</ref>

<ref name="Wolpert-2009">{{harvtxt|Wolpert|2009}} "Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself."</ref>

<ref name="Wright-2009">{{harvtxt|Wright|2009}} "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."</ref>

<ref name="Wuthnow-2013">{{harvtxt|Wuthnow|2013}} "To satisfy Muslims' determination to have guaranteed rights in the future political system of India and to maintain territorial unity of the Indian state, by 1929 Jinnah produced the formula known as the Fourteen Points of Mr. Jinnah.
The Fourteen Points included separate electorates for Muslims in the provinces of India, parity of electoral representation in the Punjab and Bengal, and electoral considerations for Muslims in those provinces in which they were a minority, although they would retain clear majority in the Northwest Frontier Province, Baluchistan, and Sind."</ref>

<ref name="Wynbrandt-2009">{{harvtxt|Wynbrandt|2009|pp=216–217}} "Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society."</ref>
</references>

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Bibliography ==
{{See also|Bibliography of Pakistan}}

=== Overview ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ayres|first1=Alyssa|author-link1=Alyssa Ayres|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA38|title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan|date=23 July 2009|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=38|isbn=978-0-521-51931-1}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Badian|first1=Ernst|author-link1=Ernst Badian|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/639350|title=Alexander at Peucelaotis|journal=[[The Classical Quarterly]]|volume=37|pages=117–128|number=1|year=1987|jstor=639350|doi=10.1017/S0009838800031712|s2cid=246878679}}
* {{cite book|last1=Baqir|first1=Fayyaz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwtpDwAAQBAJ|title=Poverty Alleviation and Poverty of Aid: Pakistan|date=6 August 2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=|isbn=978-0-429-87153-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhandari|first=Medani P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_iGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Getting the Climate Science Facts Right: The Role of the IPCC|date=September 2022|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=River Publishers|isbn=978-1-000-79720-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Copland|first=Ian|title=India, 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ|series=Seminar Studies in History|year=2001|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-38173-5}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Cornwall|editor-first1=Andrea|editor-last2=Edwards|editor-first2=Jenny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOViDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176|title=Feminisms, Empowerment and Development: Changing Womens Lives|date=13 March 2014|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-78032-586-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last1=Eberhard|editor-first1=David M.|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|year=2022|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=25|place=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|chapter=Pakistan|chapter-url=https://ethnologue.com/country/PK|access-date=2 January 2023|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065841/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Haleem|first=Safia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcA-AQAAQBAJ|title=Pakistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture|chapter=1, 7|date=May 2013|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Kuperard|isbn=978-1-85733-678-8}}
* {{cite book|last=James|first=Orpha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2WkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|title=Faith Restored: "A Pakistani Women's Journey from Land of Islam to a Nation Under God' a Christian Perspective|date=22 December 2022|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=978-1-6642-8702-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Mathew Joseph C.|title=Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2016|page=337|isbn=978-1-351-99725-6|oclc=958566633|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337|ref={{harvid|Joseph|2016}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA221|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=221|isbn=978-1-139-45887-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7rOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|page=141|isbn=978-0-313-34497-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rais|first1=Rasul Bakhsh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|title=Imagining Pakistan: Modernism, State, and the Politics of Islamic Revival|date=30 August 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Lexington Books|page=191|isbn=978-1-4985-5396-4}}
* {{cite web |author=SATP |date=2024 |title=Pakistan: Assessment-2024 |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/pakistan |website=South Asian Terrorism Portal |access-date=25 April 2024 }}
* {{cite book|last=Spuler|first=Bertold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2DGzwEACAAJ|title=The Muslim World: a Historical Survey|year=1969|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-02104-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2016|pages=227–240|isbn=978-0-300-21659-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Wright|first=Rita P.|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ&pg=PA1|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=26 October 2009|pages=1–2|isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Wynbrandt|first=James|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb|url-access=registration|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Zia|first1=Nadeem|last2=Burton|first2=Bruce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzTEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA2002|title=Corporate Governance Challenges in Pakistan: Perceptions and Potential Routes Forward|date=24 October 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-077306-4}}
{{refend}}

=== Etymology ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anand|first1=Sugam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRgcAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178|title=Modern Indian Historiography: From Pillai to Azad|year=1991|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=MG Publishers|page=178|isbn=978-81-85532-09-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Khursheed Kamal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jB5uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88|title=Rahmat Ali: A Biography|year=1987|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Vanguard|page=88|isbn=978-3-515-05051-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lahiri|first1=Ashok|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NS6iEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74|title=India in Search of Glory: Political Calculus and Economy|date=23 January 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5492-837-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Saqib|first1=Muhammad Amjad|last2=Malik|first2=Aneeqa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEBvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100|title=Integral Finance – Akhuwat: A Case Study of the Solidarity Economy|date=21 September 2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-72767-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tummala|first1=Krishna K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSQZj1_FrosC&pg=PA42|title=Public Administration in India|year=1996|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Allied Publishers (P) Limited|page=42|isbn=978-81-7023-590-3}}
{{refend}}

=== History ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Abid|first1=Maryam|year=2023|title=Jamaat-e-Islami's influence on the Muslim Identity of Pakistanis through legislative amendments and their social consequences|type=Master of Arts thesis|institution=[[University of Kansas]]|location=[[Lawrence, Kansas]]|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7f33623c-4beb-4cfc-aa42-1d183fa9f2d5/content|access-date=16 September 2025}}
* {{cite book|last1=Abraham|first1=Taisha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131|title=Women and the Politics of Violence|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-81-241-0847-5|page=131}}
* {{cite web|last1=Afzal|first1=Madiha|url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pakistans-surprising-and-marred-2024-election-and-what-comes-next/|title=Pakistan's surprising and marred 2024 election, and what comes next|date=29 February 2024|website=[[Brookings Institution]]|access-date=21 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Samir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyHcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|title=Track Two Diplomacy Between India and Pakistan: Peace Negotiations and Initiatives|date=23 November 2023|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-99914-3|access-date=19 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Akbar S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-14966-2|page=136|access-date=13 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Akbar|first1=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaohEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=India: The Siege Within|date=8 February 2018|publisher=[[Roli Books]]|isbn=978-81-936009-7-9|access-date=26 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Allchin |first1=Bridget |last2=Allchin |first2=Raymond |author-link1=Bridget Allchin|author-link2=Raymond Allchin|title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA131|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1982 |page=131|isbn=978-0-521-28550-6}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Allchin|editor-first1=Bridget|editor-last2=Petraglia|editor-first2=Michael D.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA5|title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics|date=22 May 2007|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Springer Netherlands|page=5|isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Kanchan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Em17EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|title=The Crash Of A Civilization|date=20 May 2022|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5521-240-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Basrur|first1=Rajesh M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqAGKpOe9xMC&pg=PA36|title=South Asia's Cold War: Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective|publisher=Routledge|year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-16531-5|page=36|access-date=9 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Basu|first1=Dipak|last2=Miroshnik|first2=Victoria| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhUwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|title=India as an Organization: Volume One: A Strategic Risk Analysis of Ideals, Heritage and Vision · Volume 1|date=16 August 2017|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|page=158|isbn=978-3-319-53371-1|access-date=7 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Basu|first1=Dipak|last2=Miroshnik|first2=Victoria W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1mjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|title=How Pakistan Was Formed: The Economic Rationale for Partition|date=9 January 2023|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|page=125|isbn=978-1-6669-1745-1|access-date=7 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Beachler|first1=Donald W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gStdAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT31|title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims|date=14 August 2011|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=16|isbn=978-0-230-33763-3|access-date=16 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Behrendt|first1=Kurt A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ3eCZVlT48C|title=The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2007|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=[[New York City]]|pages=4–5, 91|isbn=978-1-58839-224-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bhaumik|first1=Subir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iftjFki3fhYC&pg=PA6|title=Insurgent Crossfire: North-East India|publisher=Lancer Publishers|access-date=12 May 2024|year=1996|isbn=978-1-897829-12-7|page=6}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bose|first1=Sarmila|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417267|title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=40|issue=41|pages=4463–4471|year=2005|jstor=4417267|issn=2349-8846}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Brass|first1=Paul R.|author-link=Paul Brass|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|year=2003|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|pages=81–82|journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]]|volume=5|number=1|doi=10.1080/14623520305657|access-date=16 August 2014|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Burnett|editor-first1=M. Troy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=METPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566|title=Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements Around the World [2 Volumes]|date=4 August 2020|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|page=566|isbn=978-1-4408-5000-4|access-date=21 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Burrison|first1=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtgyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|title=Global Clay: Themes in World Ceramic Traditions|date=16 June 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|page=110|isbn=978-0-253-03189-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Busch|first1=Nathan E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZsfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title=No End in Sight: The Continuing Menace of Nuclear Proliferation|date=17 October 2014|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|page=184|isbn=978-0-8131-5662-0|access-date=19 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Butalia|first1=Urvashi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html|title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of British India|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8223-2494-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Canfield|first=Robert L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PA4|title=Turko-Persia in historical perspective|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=4–21|year=2002|access-date=30 April 2024|isbn=978-0-521-52291-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cavendish|first1=Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C|title=World and Its Peoples: Volume 1|date=September 2006|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish Corporation]]|isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2}}
* {{cite book|author1=Central Intelligence Agency|author-link1=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekGUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT4468|title=The CIA World Factbook 2023-2024|date=20 June 2023|publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5107-7593-0|access-date=21 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chakma|first1=Bhumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oW7fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT142|title=South Asia's Nuclear Security|date=17 December 2014|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-317-58688-3|access-date=19 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Anjana Motihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|title=India Condensed|date=15 July 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|page=71|isbn=978-981-261-975-4|access-date=7 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA365|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part II|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|page=365}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Graham P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvhKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|title=The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|date=6 February 2018|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-73468-4|access-date=19 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Anis|last2=Mahmud|first2=Wahiduddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBl8XLiRo3IC&pg=PA72|title=Handbook on the South Asian economies|access-date=27 December 2011|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84376-988-0|pages=72–75}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6|edition=1st pbk.|access-date=8 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coll|first1=Steve|author-link1=Steve Coll|title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001|url=https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/720|url-access=registration|edition=23 February 2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/720 720]|publisher=[[Penguin Press HC]]|isbn=978-1-59420-007-6|year=2004}}
* {{cite book|last1=Coningham |first1=Robin |last2=Young |first2=Ruth |author1-link=Robin Coningham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138|title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=31 August 2015|page=138|isbn=978-0-521-84697-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Consiglio|first1=Cyprian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0_DCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|title=Spirit, Soul, Body: Toward an Integral Christian Spirituality|date=7 January 2015|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Liturgical Press|page=27|isbn=978-0-8146-3582-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Hugh C. B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0RuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Sikh Wars: The British Army in the Punjab, 1845-1849|year=1975|publisher=L. Cooper|isbn=978-0-85052-164-1|access-date=4 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cooke|first1=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHhmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|title=Human Rights|date=15 July 2017|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC|page=14|isbn=978-1-5026-2824-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Daiya|first1=Kavita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA75|title=Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59213-744-2|page=75}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dales|first1=George|last2=Kenoyer|first2=Jonathan Mark|last3=Alcock|first3=Leslie|title=Excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan: The Pottery, with an Account of the Pottery from the 1950 Excavations of Sir Mortimer Wheeler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iew_THp8foC&pg=PA4|page=4|year=1986|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-0-934718-52-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dandamaev|first1=M. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INr7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|title=A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire|date=20 October 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Brill|page=147|isbn=978-90-04-66763-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=D'Costa|first1=Bina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA53|title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=978-0-415-56566-0|page=53|access-date=9 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Dede|editor-first1=Kadir|editor-last2=Sadioglu|editor-first2=Ugur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVSiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=Comparative Studies and Regionally-Focused Cases Examining Local Governments|date=20 June 2016|publisher=IGI Global|page=270|isbn=978-1-5225-0321-7|access-date=21 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=29|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fair|first1=C. Christine|author-link1=C. Christine Fair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjaTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|title=Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=78|isbn=978-0-19-989270-9|access-date=19 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Faroqhi|first1=Suraiya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPalDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|title=The Ottoman and Mughal Empires Social History in the Early Modern World|date=8 August 2019|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78831-872-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|year=2018|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=33|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbLddoNkxi4C&pg=PA115|title=Nuclear Black Markets: Pakistan, A.Q. Khan and the Rise of Proliferation Networks : a Net Assessment|year=2007|publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|pages=115–116|isbn=978-0-86079-201-7|access-date=17 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Flood|editor-first1=Gavin|editor-link1=Gavin Flood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWl6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421|title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|date=23 May 2022|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|page=421|isbn=978-1-119-14486-1|access-date=14 September 2025}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gayer|first1=Laurent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=42|isbn=978-0-19-935444-3|access-date=3 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|author=Gwillim Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA276|title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 Through 1998|year=1999|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|page=276|isbn=978-1-4766-0447-3|access-date=5 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hajari|first1=Nisid|author-link1=Nisid Hajari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrDqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT351|title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition|date=9 June 2015|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-547-66924-3|access-date=18 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hakeem|first1=Abdul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BPFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1900|title=Paradise on Fire: Syed Ali Geelani and the Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Kube Publishing Limited|isbn=978-0-9536768-6-6|access-date=10 September 2025}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hali|first1=Khvajah Altaf Husain|last2=Akhtar|first2=Saleem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1DAAAACAAJ|title=Ḥayāt-i jāved|date=1993|publisher=Sang-i Mīl Publications|location=Lāhore|isbn=978-969-35-0186-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hardy|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Hardy (historian)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA213|title=The Muslims of British India|date=7 December 1972|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=213|isbn=978-0-521-08488-8|access-date=6 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Harjani|first1=Dayal N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244|title=Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1|date=19 July 2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64249-289-7|access-date=4 May 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Haroon|first1=Sana|year=2008|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755911|title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]|volume=18|issue=1|pages=66–67|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|jstor=27755911|doi=10.1017/S1356186307007778|s2cid=154959326}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hasan|first1=Arif|last2=Raza|first2=Mansoor|author-link1=Arif Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7imPH4KVJUC&pg=PA10|title=Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan|year=2009|publisher=Human Settlements Programme, [[International Institute for Environment and Development]]|pages=10–12|isbn=978-1-84369-734-3|access-date=13 November 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hiro|first1=Dilip|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216|publisher=Nation Books|year=2015|page=216|isbn=978-1-56858-503-1}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Holt|editor-first1=Andrew|editor-last2=Curta|editor-first2=Florin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1339|title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 Volumes]|date=28 November 2016|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=979-8-216-09187-5|access-date=6 May 2024}}
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* {{cite news|last1=Tariq|first1=Shrouq|last2=Stenson|first2=Joe|title=Shehbaz Sharif Voted In As Pakistan's Prime Minister For Second Time|newspaper=[[Barron's]]|date=3 March 2024|url=https://www.barrons.com/amp/news/shehbaz-sharif-voted-in-as-pakistan-s-prime-minister-for-second-time-642c3302|access-date=22 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Totten|editor-first1=Samuel|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mfwnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|title=Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches, and Resources|date=September 2000|publisher=[[Information Age Publishing]]|pages=147–148|isbn=978-1-60752-968-2}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first1=Spencer C.|editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1087|title=U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror [3 Volumes]|date=14 December 2015|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=979-8-216-15822-6|access-date=18 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|authorlink=Spencer C. Tucker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QPHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT241|title=Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East: A Country-by-Country Guide|date=17 April 2017|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|page=241|isbn=979-8-216-11844-2|access-date=13 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|authorlink=Spencer C. Tucker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZX3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1567|title=The Cold War [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|year=2020|isbn=979-8-216-06249-3|page=1567|access-date=7 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|author1=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|author-link1=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeLWpvGZYXYC&pg=PA54|title=U.S. Policy Options in Post-election Pakistan: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session, February 28, 2008 · Volume 4|year=2008|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]|page=54|isbn=978-0-16-082307-7|access-date=20 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Visweswaran|editor-first1=Kamala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&pg=PA125|title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|date=6 May 2011|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|page=125|isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Walbridge|first1=Linda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asH5ND-3V8sC&pg=PA177|title=The Christians of Pakistan: The Passion of Bishop John Joseph|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=177|isbn=978-1-136-13186-8|access-date=3 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Waseem|first1=Mohammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGxvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT253|title=Political Conflict in Pakistan|date=April 2022|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-765426-2|access-date=21 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Westad|first1=Odd Arne|author-link1=Odd Arne Westad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhFZHRpQdu4C&pg=PT343|title=The global Cold War: third world interventions and the making of our times|access-date=22 January 2012|year=2005|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85364-4|pages=348–358}}
* {{cite book|last1=Westmoreland|first1=Perry L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdbHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|title=Life's Wonders|date=9 December 2019|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=Dorrance Publishing Company, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-64426-834-6}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Wilson|editor-first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA93|title=Pakistan: The Struggle Within|year=2009|publisher=[[Longman]]|page=93|isbn=978-81-317-2504-7|access-date=14 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OFtAAAAMAAJ|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|year=1984|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-503412-7|access-date=2 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC&pg=PA163|title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-974504-3|page=163}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Wuthnow|editor-first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOVJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427|title=The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion: 2-volume Set|date=4 December 2013|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=427|isbn=978-1-136-28493-9|access-date=6 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Yap|editor-first1=Po Jen|editor-last2=Abeyratne|editor-first2=Rehan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YI-rEAAAQBAJ|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Parliaments|date=24 March 2023|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-85060-4|access-date=7 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yarbakhsh|first1=Elisabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnWqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=The Middle East and South Asia 2019-2020|date=9 October 2019|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|page=270|isbn=978-1-4758-5217-2|access-date=19 May 2024}}
{{refend}}

=== Geography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation|last1=Abul-Soad|first1=Adel Ahmed|title=Date Palm in Pakistan, Current Status and Prospective|year=2011|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea333.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807040411/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea333.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2015|publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]]|access-date=27 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Agarwal|editor-first1=Aakash|editor-last2=Ahmad|editor-first2=Alaaeldin Azmi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2doMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT196|title=Early Onset Scoliosis: Guidelines for Management in Resource-Limited Settings|date=27 January 2021|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-000-29866-6|access-date=22 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Aijazuddin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA24|title=Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach|pages=24|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1|access-date=13 November 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rubina|last2=Mirza|first2=Sarwat Naz|url=https://www.jle.com/download/sec-270100-5053-arid_steppes_of_balochistan_pakistan_-g.pdf|title=Arid steppes of Balochistan (Pakistan)|journal=Science et changements planétaires / Sécheresse|volume=17|number=1|pages=203–209|issn=1777-5922|date=January–June 2006|publisher=John Libbey|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030041811/https://www.jle.com/download/sec-270100-5053-arid_steppes_of_balochistan_pakistan_-g.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Alisibramulisi|editor-first1=Anizahyati|editor-last2=Che Ibrahim|editor-first2=Che Khairil Izam|editor-last3=Mansor|editor-first3=Hazrina|editor-last4=Billah|editor-first4=Muntasir|editor-last5=Belayutham|editor-first5=Sheila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrVoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|title=Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials: SCESCM 2020|page=207|date=6 April 2022|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|location=[[Singapore]]|isbn=978-981-16-7924-7|access-date=24 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Alisibramulisi et al.|2022}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Gautam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c6PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT92|title=China's Great Leap Forward-II: The China Pakistan Economic Corridorand Strategic Reshaping of Indian Neighbourhood|date=2 April 2019|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-940988-43-6|access-date=23 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blood|first1=Peter R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMTO7mn7hIC|title=Pakistan: A Country Study|date=December 1996|publisher=DIANE Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3|access-date=26 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bright|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA681|title=1001 Natural Wonders You Must See Before You Die|date=24 October 2017|publisher=[[Book Sales]]|page=681|isbn=978-0-7858-3583-7|access-date=26 May 2024}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azad-Kashmir|title=Azad Kashmir|date=13 May 2024|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=25 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Britannica (Azad Kashmir)|2024}}}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Oman|title=Gulf of Oman|date=13 April 2024|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=23 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Britannica (Gulf of Oman)|2024}}}}
*{{citation|title=Pakistan: Fourth National Report|year=2009|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/pk/pk-nr-04-en.pdf|work=[[Government of Pakistan]] ([[Ministry of Environment (Pakistan)|Ministry of Environment]])|publisher=[[Convention on Biological Diversity]]|access-date=2 July 2024|ref={{harvid|CBD Report|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chandrappa|first1=Ramesha W.|last2=Gupta|first2=Sushil|last3=Kulshrestha|first3=Umesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1_fg3qnr2sC&pg=PA347|title=Coping with Climate Change: Principles and Asian Context|date=17 June 2011|publisher=[[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]|page=347|isbn=978-3-642-19674-4|access-date=26 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Cheng|editor-first1=Gong|editor-last2=Wang|editor-first2=Sibao|editor-last3=Zhou|editor-first3=Xiao-Nong|editor-last4=Guo|editor-first4=Xiao-kui|editor-last5=Feng|editor-first5=Xinyu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a-jEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=Needs and potential application of one health approach in the control of vector-borne and zoonotic infectious disease|date=23 December 2022|publisher=[[Frontiers Media]]|page=81|isbn=978-2-8325-0956-2|access-date=22 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Cheng et al.|2022}}}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/884966|title=Geography: The borders of Pakistan|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=17 October 2009|access-date=19 February 2026|ref={{harvid|Dawn|2009}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Descals|first1=Adrià|last2=Wich|first2=Serge|last3=Szantoi|first3=Zoltan|last4=Struebig|first4=Matthew J.|last5=Dennis|first5=Rona|last6=Hatton|first6=Zoe|last7=Ariffin|first7=Thina|last8=Unus|first8=Nabillah|last9=Gaveau|first9=David L. A.|last10=Meijaard|first10=Erik|author-link10=Erik Meijaard|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/3991/2023/essd-15-3991-2023.pdf|title=High-resolution global map of closed-canopy coconut palm|journal=Earth System Science Data|volume=15|number=9|pages=3991–4010|issn=1866-3516|date=8 September 2023|doi=10.5194/essd-15-3991-2023|doi-access=free|bibcode=2023ESSD...15.3991D|access-date=27 May 2024|ref={{harvid|Descals et al.|2023}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=Descloitres|first1=Jacques|url=https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/62558/indus-river-pakistan|title=Indus River, Pakistan|date=26 October 2002|publisher=[[NASA]] Visible Earth|work=MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC|access-date=25 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=DeVivo|editor-first1=Benedetto|editor-last2=Laor|editor-first2=Efraim|editor-last3=Panza|editor-first3=Giuliano|editor-last4=Kossobokov|editor-first4=Vladimir G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecwnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA546|title=Earthquakes and Sustainable Infrastructure: Neodeterministic (NDSHA) Approach Guarantees Prevention Rather Than Cure|pages=546–547|date=21 May 2021|publisher=[[Elsevier Science]]|isbn=978-0-12-823541-6|access-date=25 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=DeVotta|editor-first1=Neil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6XbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|title=An Introduction to South Asian Politics|date=23 October 2015|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=37|isbn=978-1-317-36973-8|access-date=19 February 2026}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=El-Esawi|editor-first1=Mohamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|title=Legume Crops: Characterization and Breeding for Improved Food Security|date=11 December 2019|publisher=IntechOpen|page=24|isbn=978-1-83968-086-1|access-date=27 May 2024}}
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* {{cite journal|last1=Fatima|first1=Naz|date=30 June 2020|title=Some Interesting facts about National Animal of Pakistan|url=https://markhorjournal.com/index.php/mjz/article/view/13|journal=MARKHOR (The Journal of Zoology)|volume=1|issue=1|page=02|doi=10.54393/mjz.v1i1.13|s2cid=246708061|issn=2790-4385|doi-access=free}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Grimmett|first1=Richard|last2=Inskipp|first2=Tim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIALEAAAQBAJ|title=Birds of Pakistan|date=7 January 2021|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4729-9031-0|access-date=29 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Haque|first1=Jameel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKbwqo_xAP8C&pg=PA6|title=Pakistan|year=2002|publisher=[[Gareth Stevens]]|page=6|isbn=978-0-8368-2352-3|access-date=22 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=Luke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gz9xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Carnivores of the World: Second Edition|year=2018|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|page=56|isbn=978-0-691-18295-7|access-date=30 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jiwani|first1=Azam H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xns-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=Humanizing Medicine: Making Health Tangible: Memoirs of Engagement with a Global Development Network|date=19 August 2021|publisher=[[FriesenPress]]|page=54|isbn=978-1-0391-0908-7|access-date=26 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Karaman|first1=Igor V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVEeXzCJEGYC&pg=PA346|title=Dispute Resolution in the Law of the Sea|year=2012|publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]]|page=346|isbn=978-90-04-21202-2|access-date=23 May 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Intizar H.|last2=Clyde|first2=William C.|title=Lower Paleogene Tectonostratigraphy of Balochistan: Evidence for Time-Transgressive Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Uplift|journal=[[Geosciences (journal)|Geosciences]]|volume=3|number=3|pages=466–501|issn=2076-3263|date=29 July 2013|doi=10.3390/geosciences3030466|publisher=[[MDPI]]|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013Geosc...3..466K }}
* {{citation|last1=Kreft|first1=Heinrich|title=The Geopolitical Importance of Pakistan|year=2007|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/47558/Pakistan.pdf|publisher=[[ETH Zurich]]|access-date=24 May 2024}}
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*{{citation|title=National Environment Report|year=2016|url=https://environment.gov.pk/SiteImage/Publication/SOE2016.pdf|page=18|publisher=[[Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency]] ([[Ministry of Climate Change (Pakistan)|Ministry of Climate Change]])|work=Geomatic Center for Climate Change & Sustainable Development|access-date=28 May 2024|ref={{harvid|PEPA|2016}}|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528010110/https://environment.gov.pk/SiteImage/Publication/SOE2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Roze|first1=Uldis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtOhh7ILpT0C&pg=PA132|title=Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide|date=28 September 2012|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|page=132|isbn=978-1-4214-0735-7|access-date=12 June 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Samuel|editor-first1=Paul S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6GmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|title=Meteorology and Energy Security: Simulations, Projections, and Management|date=24 February 2016|publisher=Apple Academic Press|page=129|isbn=978-1-77188-387-0|access-date=26 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sandhu|first1=Parvinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ki8m5RoE3moC&pg=SL20-PA348|title=Environmental Science and Technology|year=2010|publisher=Research Publishing Services|isbn=978-981-08-5716-5|access-date=28 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=San|editor-first1=Emmanuel Do Linh|editor-last2=Belant|editor-first2=Jerrold L.|editor-last3=Sato|editor-first3=Jun J.|editor-last4=Somers|editor-first4=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW96EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|title=Small Carnivores: Evolution, Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation|page=263|date=25 October 2021|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|isbn=978-1-118-94328-1|access-date=30 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Somerville|first1=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcYWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151|title=Humans and Hyenas: Monster Or Misunderstood|date=18 March 2021|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-36056-1|access-date=23 June 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Spate|first1=O. H. K.|last2=Learmonth|first2=A. T. A.|author-link1=Oskar Spate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-fDgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT466|title=India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography|date=7 April 2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-96898-0|access-date=28 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Srinivasulu|first1=Chelmala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djduDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|title=South Asian Mammals: An Updated Checklist and Their Scientific Names|date=3 September 2018|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-0-429-88089-6|access-date=12 June 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Srinivasulu|editor-first1=Chelmala|editor-last2=Srinivasulu|editor-first2=Bhargavi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEsIul417ewC&pg=PA305|title=South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status|date=19 May 2012|publisher=[[Springer New York]]|page=305|isbn=978-1-4614-3449-8|access-date=31 May 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stoneman|first1=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks|date=8 June 2021|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|page=26|isbn=978-0-691-21747-5|access-date=11 June 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sunquist|first1=Fiona|last2=Sunquist|first2=Mel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH6aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|title=The Wild Cat Book: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Cats|date=2 October 2014|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|page=239|isbn=978-0-226-78026-9|access-date=5 June 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sunquist|first1=Mel|last2=Sunquist|first2=Fiona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|title=Wild Cats of the World|date=15 May 2017|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|page=72|isbn=978-0-226-51823-7|access-date=11 June 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tisdell|first1=C. A.|author-link1=Clem Tisdell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxXLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Wild Pigs: Environmental Pest Or Economic Resource?|date=22 October 2013|publisher=[[Elsevier Science]]|page=20|isbn=978-1-4831-8225-4|access-date=12 June 2024}}
* {{cite web|author=UNEP-WCMC|author-link=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/east-afghan-montane-conifer-forests/|title=East Afghan Montane Conifer Forests|year=2024|website=[[One Earth]]|access-date=28 May 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Waseem|first1=Muhammad|last2=Khan|first2=Barkatullah|last3=Mahmood|first3=Tariq|last4=Hussain|first4=Hafiz Sajid|last5=Aziz|first5=Rizwana|last6=Akrim|first6=Faraz|last7=Ahmad|first7=Tariq|last8=Nazir|first8=Rabia|last9=Ali|first9=Mirza Wajid|last10=Awan|first10=Muhammad Naeem|title=Occupancy, habitat suitability and habitat preference of endangered indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Potohar Plateau and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|volume=23|issn=2351-9894|date=September 2020|article-number=e01135 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01135|publisher=[[Elsevier B.V.]]|ref={{harvid|Waseem et al.|2020}}|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020GEcoC..2301135W }}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Woods|editor-first1=Charles Arthur|editor-last2=Mufti|editor-first2=Shahzad Ahmad|editor-last3=Hasan|editor-first3=Syed Azhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ebaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA533|title=Biodiversity of Pakistan|year=1997|publisher=[[Pakistan Museum of Natural History]]|page=533|isbn=978-0-9660913-0-4|access-date=2 July 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.FRST.ZS?locations=PK|title=Forest area (% of land area) - Pakistan|year=2024|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|website=[[World Bank]]|access-date=29 May 2024|ref={{harvid|World Bank|2024}}}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/indus-river-dolphin|title=Indus River Dolphin|year=2024|website=WWF|access-date=3 July 2024|ref={{harvid|WWF|2024}}}}
{{refend}}

=== Government and politics ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|author-link1=Hassan Abbas (scholar)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-46328-3|page=148}}
* {{cite book|last1=Adibelli|first1=Barış|last2=Gülbaş|first2=Elif|last3=Keskin|first3=Ghulam Faroq|last4=Ünlü|first4=Hayati|last5=Türkmen|first5=Hediye Gamze|last6=Şahin|first6=H. Hilal|last7=Ansari|first7=Mohammed Javed|last8=Islam|first8=Nazmul|last9=Aslan|first9=Ömer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhq4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|title=South Asia Country Analyses: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=15 December 2022|publisher=South Asia Strategic Research Center|pages=131–132|isbn=978-605-72072-1-0|access-date=21 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Adibelli et al.|2022}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=Afridi|first1=Jamal|last2=Bajoria|first2=Jayshree|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-pakistan-relations|title=China-Pakistan Relations|date=6 July 2010|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=14 August 2024}}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Aftab|first1=Zara|title=Pakistan's Terror: Identification and Awareness Regarding the Harmful Cultural Practice of Swara|date=June 2022|url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2022/aftab_zara.pdf|department=Department of Legal Studies|degree=[[Master of Arts|Master of Arts in Human Rights]]|publisher=[[Central European University]]|location=[[Vienna]]|access-date=8 January 2026}}
* {{citation|last1=Ahmad|first1=Dawood|last2=Asif|first2=Aizaz|title=A Guide to Understanding the Budget in Pakistan|date=June 2007|url=https://www.pips.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/004.A-Guide_to_Understanding_the_Budget_in_Pakistan_English.pdf|page=12|website=[[Parliament of Pakistan]]|access-date=10 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ahmed|first1=Zahid Shahab|last2=Zahoor|first2=Musharaf|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14662043.2019.1575032|title=Bangladesh-Pakistan relations: hostage to a traumatic past|journal=[[Commonwealth & Comparative Politics]]|volume=57|number=1|pages=31–51|issn=0306-3631|date=17 February 2019|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/14662043.2019.1575032|access-date=17 November 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0W51yRD0GwC|title=Friends Near Home: Pakistan's Strategic Security Options|page=|date=27 November 2006|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] UK|location=[[Islamabad]]|isbn=978-1-4670-1541-7|access-date=30 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Arora|editor-first1=Ranjana|editor-last2=Grover|editor-first2=Verinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofRtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189|title=Political System in Pakistan: The Islamic state of Pakistan: role of religion in politics|year=1995|publisher=Deep & Deep|pages=189|isbn=978-81-7100-737-0|access-date=24 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|author1=Asia Watch Committee (U.S.)|author-link1=Asia Watch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&pg=PA17|title=Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan|year=1992|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|page=17|isbn=978-1-56432-063-6|access-date=20 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Sadaf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-lBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|title=The Constitution of Pakistan: A Contextual Analysis|pages=94–95|date=11 January 2018|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5099-1912-3|access-date=6 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Babayev|editor-first1=Azer|editor-last2=Schoch|editor-first2=Bruno|editor-last3=Spanger|editor-first3=Hans-Joachim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwiZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA286|title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Deadlock: Insights from Successful Conflict Settlements|date=2 May 2019|publisher=[[Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden]]|page=286|isbn=978-3-658-25199-4|access-date=11 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Baderin|editor-first1=Mashood A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2tBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|title=Islamic Law in Practice: Volume III|date=2 March 2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-92593-8|access-date=23 May 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Bartholomees|editor-first1=J. Boone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FnE4QxrWogC&pg=PA247|title=U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues: National security policy and strategy|year=2008|publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]]|page=247|isbn=978-1-58487-357-0|access-date=1 October 2024}}
* {{citation|last1=Basharat|first1=Iqra|author-link1=|title=Diplomatic Evolution: Pakistan's Transition from Neutrality to Mediation in the Saudi-Iran Rivalry [2015-2023] Section: BSIR-A|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376595410|date=17 December 2023|work=[[International Islamic University]]|access-date=23 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Berg|first1=Eiki|last2=Kursani|first2=Shpend|author-link1=Eiki Berg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJZOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT101|title=De Facto States and Land-for-Peace Agreements: Territory and Recognition at Odds?|date=21 December 2021|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-51859-7|access-date=9 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Berman|editor-first1=Evan M.|editor-last2=Sabharwal|editor-first2=Meghna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA424|title=Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan|date=25 September 2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=424|isbn=978-1-351-55266-0|access-date=23 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Bhattacharyya|editor-first1=Rituparna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EunAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT105|title=Genocides and Xenophobia in South Asia and Beyond: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Known, Lesser-known and Unknown Crime of Crimes|date=7 July 2023|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-90434-5|access-date=31 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bloor|first1=Kevin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74OzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT291|title=Global Politics|date=9 March 2023|publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] UK|isbn=979-8-8230-8099-6|access-date=4 July 2024}}
* {{cite web|last1=Bruno|first1=Greg|last2=Bajoria|first2=Jayshree|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-pakistan-military-cooperation|title=U.S-Pakistan Military Cooperation|date=26 June 2008|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=4 November 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Buzan|first1=Barry|year=2004|title=The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|isbn=978-0-7456-3374-9|pages=71, 99}}
* {{cite book|last1=Buzan|first1=Barry|last2=Waever|first2=Ole|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3LfkrrNM4QC&pg=PA55|title=Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-89111-0|page=55}}
* {{cite web|author=Center for Preventive Action|url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan|title=Conflict Between India and Pakistan|date=9 April 2024|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=19 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Center for Preventive Action|2024}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chakma|first1=Bhumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTbOO0gVgR0C|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons|date=12 October 2012|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-134-13254-6|access-date=31 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Chakma|editor-first1=Bhumitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmmoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270|title=South Asia in Transition: Democracy, Political Economy and Security|date=25 June 2014|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=270|isbn=978-1-137-35664-2|access-date=4 July 2024|ref={{harvid|B. Chakma|2014}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_jan02chb01.html|title=Pakistan: Impact of Islamic Socialism|journal=[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|Strategic Analysis]]|volume=26|pages=27–47|number=1|issn=0970-0161|date=January–March 2002|doi=10.1080/09700160208450024|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|access-date=5 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoMlBd4dYsC&pg=PR2|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, Army and Foreign Policy|pages=42|year=2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-548-7}}
*{{cite book|author1=United States Central Intelligence Agency|author-link1=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxISEYzcpZcC|title=India--Pakistan Border Kashmir Area (map)|year=1988|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=27 August 2024|ref={{harvid|CIA|1988}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Clary|first1=Christopher|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/62/5-6/838/194531/Russia-Pakistan-Relations-and-the-Constraints-of|title=Russia–Pakistan Relations and the Constraints of Geoeconomics|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=62|number=5–6|pages=838–865|issn=0004-4687|date=31 October 2022|doi=10.1525/as.2022.1801312|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|access-date=7 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen P.|author-link1=Stephen P. Cohen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-tob7aEr7AC&pg=PA123|title=The Future of Pakistan|page=123|date=October 2011|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0-8157-2181-9|access-date=12 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cordesman|first1=Anthony H.|author-link1=Anthony Cordesman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139|title=Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia|pages=139–140|year=1987|publisher=[[Croom Helm]]|isbn=978-81-8069-568-1}}
*{{cite web|title=Corruption Perceptions Index – Pakistan|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/pakistan|website=[[Transparency International]]|date=August 2025|access-date=13 December 2025|ref={{harvid|CPI|2025}}}}
*{{citation|title=Pakistan's Domestic Political Setting|date=2 November 2023|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10359/31|work=[[Congressional Research Service]]|access-date=6 July 2024|ref={{harvid|CRS|2023}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Alexander E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqy-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=The Geopolitics of Melting Mountains: An International Political Ecology of the Himalaya|page=83|date=12 May 2023|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|location=[[Singapore]]|isbn=978-981-9916-81-8|access-date=27 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=de Coning|editor-first1=Cedric|editor-last2=Aoi|editor-first2=Chiyuki|editor-last3=Karlsrud|editor-first3=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|title=UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era: Adapting to Stabilisation, Protection and New Threats|date=20 February 2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=157–158|isbn=978-1-315-39693-4|access-date=29 December 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=DeRouen|editor-first1=Karl R.|editor-last2=Heo|editor-first2=Uk|editor-link2=Uk Heo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6jOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA579|title=Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies|year=2005|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|pages=579|isbn=978-1-85109-786-9|access-date=1 October 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dhulipala|first1=Venkat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2015|isbn=978-1-316-25838-5|access-date=15 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Diamantides|editor-first1=Marinos|editor-last2=Gearey|editor-first2=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196|title=Islam, Law and Identity|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=196–198|date=8 August 2011|isbn=978-1-136-67565-2|access-date=20 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dorsey|first1=James M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csRlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|title=China and the Middle East: Venturing Into the Maelstrom|page=180|date=19 July 2018|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|isbn=978-3-319-64355-7|access-date=19 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Dowding|editor-first1=Keith|editor-last2=Dumont|editor-first2=Patrick|editor-link1=Keith Dowding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UStHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|title=The Selection of Ministers Around the World|date=13 August 2014|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|pages=120|isbn=978-1-317-63445-4|access-date=7 July 2024}}
* {{cite web|last1=Ejaz|first1=Noor|url=https://rsilpak.org/2022/the-gilgit-baltistan-constitutional-crisis/|title=The Gilgit Baltistan Constitutional Crisis|year=2022|website=Research Society of International Law|access-date=13 July 2024}}
*{{cite web|url=https://malta.mid.ru/en/embassy/press-centre/news/press_release_on_the_2022_annual_summit_of_the_shangai_cooperation_organisation/|title=Press Release on the 2022 annual summit of the Shangai Cooperation Organisation|date=19 September 2022|work=Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta|access-date=2 August 2024|ref={{harvid|Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta|2022}}}}
* {{cite news|last1=Endrst|first1=Jeff|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19650908&id=9wwvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7266,2323319&hl=en|title=Kashmir Old Headache For U.N.|date=8 September 1965|work=[[The Pittsburgh Press]]|access-date=31 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Esposito|editor-first1=John L.|author-link1=John Esposito|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA242|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|date=15 May 2003|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=242|isbn=978-0-19-975726-8|access-date=15 July 2024}}
*{{citation|title=A Manual on Appointment, Promotion and Transfer|year=2013|url=https://establishment.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/Appoint%2013-02-2019.pdf|work=[[Establishment Division]]|access-date=9 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Establishment Division|2013}}|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826155949/https://establishment.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/Appoint%2013-02-2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{citation|title=Civil Service of Pakistan (Composition and Cadre) Rules, 1954|year=2021|url=https://establishment.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/CIVIL%20SERVICE%20OF%20PAKISTAN%20(COMPOSITION%20AND%20CADRE)%20RULES%2C%201954(updated).pdf|work=[[Establishment Division]]|access-date=9 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Establishment Division|2021}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Faruqui|first1=Ahmad|author-link1=Ahmad Faruqui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCCeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|title=Rethinking the National Security of Pakistan: The Price of Strategic Myopia|pages=|date=14 June 2019|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-76157-4|access-date=27 March 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Fischer-Tahir|editor-first1=Andrea|editor-last2=Naumann|editor-first2=Matthias|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQZHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|title=Peripheralization: The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice|date=12 January 2013|publisher=[[Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden]]|pages=79|isbn=978-3-531-19018-1|access-date=26 July 2024}}
* {{cite news|last1=Gabol|first1=Imran|last2=Ali|first2=Imtiaz|title=Pakistan human rights commission alarmed at government withholding ads from some publications|url=https://asianews.network/pakistan-human-rights-commission-alarmed-at-government-withholding-ads-from-some-publications/|work=[[Asia News Network]]|date=6 March 2025|access-date=22 May 2025}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ganguly|first1=A. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXLOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|title=Kashmir: An Affair of Continued Existence|date=16 May 2019|publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-88161-42-8|access-date=31 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Scott|last2=Roy|first2=Kaushik|author-link1=Scott Gates (academic)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sSXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|date=17 February 2016|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=89|isbn=978-1-317-00541-4|access-date=8 November 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Gerber|editor-first1=Paula|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oRnOEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT228|title=Worldwide Perspectives on Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals [3 Volumes]|date=26 January 2021|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=979-8-216-16895-9|access-date=21 May 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Halladay|editor-first1=Carolyn|editor-last2=Matei|editor-first2=Florina Cristiana|editor-last3=Bruneau|editor-first3=Thomas C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InYIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|title=The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations|date=November 2021|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=53|isbn=978-1-000-47155-7|access-date=24 August 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hamid|first1=Mairaj ul|last2=Aquil|first2=Saira|last3=Mubarakzeb|last4=Khan|first4=Salman|last5=Zaman|first5=Faisal|last6=Hamza|url=https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/download/16489/10483|title=Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Abridgement Of Internal And External Determinants|journal=Journal of Positive School Psychology|volume=7|number=4|pages=1089–1098|issn=2717-7564|year=2023|access-date=29 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Hamid et al.|2023}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|author-link1=Husain Haqqani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-87003-285-1|access-date=18 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|author-link1=Husain Haqqani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNAiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding|pages=20–22|date=5 November 2013|publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|isbn=978-1-61039-317-1|access-date=20 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=He|first1=Baogang|last2=Breen|first2=Michael G.|last3=Allison-Reumann|first3=Laura|author-link2=Michael Breen (author)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxO8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5|title=Comparative Federalism in Asia: Democracy, Ethnicity and Religion|date=23 June 2023|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-90105-4|access-date=4 July 2024}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Schuurmans|first1=Laura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pki9EAAAQBAJ|title=Azaadi, Freedom and Change in Kashmir|year=2023|publisher=Arena Books|isbn=978-1-914390-10-4|access-date=12 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Schwinghammer|first1=Torsten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpRXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT327|title=Warfare Since the Second World War|date=24 April 2018|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-28970-2|access-date=13 August 2024}}
*{{citation|title=The Constitution of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan|date=31 May 2018|url=https://senate.gov.pk/uploads/documents/Constitution%20of%20Pakistan%20(25th%20amendment%20incoporated).pdf|page=57|website=[[Senate of Pakistan]]|access-date=10 July 2024|ref={{harvid|Senate of Pakistan|2018}}|archive-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710035948/https://senate.gov.pk/uploads/documents/Constitution%20of%20Pakistan%20(25th%20amendment%20incoporated).pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Mehtab Ali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTUyzAEACAAJ|title=The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–94|date=31 December 1997|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]]|isbn=978-1-86064-169-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Shih|first1=Chih-yu|author-link1=Chih-yu Shih|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VElbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|title=Post-Chineseness: Cultural Politics and International Relations|date=April 2022|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-1-4384-8772-4|access-date=19 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Singh|editor-first1=Harshita|editor-last2=Lee|editor-first2=Jae-Seung|editor-last3=Roh|editor-first3=Myunghoon|editor-last4=Dhamija|editor-first4=Somesh|editor-last5=Yadav|editor-first5=Tarun Pratap|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9w2EQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Global Law, Human Rights, and Intersections with Honor Killing|page=85|date=2 December 2024|publisher=[[IGI Global]]|isbn=979-8-3693-9598-1|access-date=2 January 2026|ref={{harvid|Singh et al.|2024}}}}
* {{cite web|last1=Solomon|first1=Hussein|date=May 1997|title=South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020624231948/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html|archive-date=24 June 2002|access-date=27 December 2011}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sprague|first1=Stanley B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzUGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|title=Pakistan Since Independence: A History, 1947 to Today|pages=29|date=12 November 2020|publisher=[[McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4766-8151-1|access-date=19 May 2025}}
* {{cite web|last1=Stewart|first1=Richard W.|title=The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994|url=https://www.history.army.mil/brochures/somalia/somalia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152654/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Somalia/Somalia.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2007|publisher=[[U.S. Army Center of Military History]]|page=19|date=2002|id=CMH Pub 70-81-1|access-date=29 December 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stewart-Ingersoll|first1=Robert|last2=Frazier|first2=Derrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW6OoFvV42AC&pg=PA217|title=Regional Powers and Security Orders: A Theoretical Framework|date=23 May 2012|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|page=217|isbn=978-1-136-64497-9|access-date=30 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Lester B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXLOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT140|title=War and the Market Economy|date=February 2017|publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-86834-41-6|access-date=31 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Syed|editor-first1=Jawad|editor-last2=Pio|editor-first2=Edwina|editor-last3=Kamran|editor-first3=Tahir|editor-last4=Zaidi|editor-first4=Abbas|editor-link2=Edwina Pio|editor-link3=Tahir Kamran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-349-94966-3|access-date=21 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwIPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT205|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan|date=28 December 2020|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-32670-3|access-date=24 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Tertrais|editor-first1=Bruno|editor-last2=Sokolski|editor-first2=Henry D.|editor-link2=Henry D. Sokolski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMtky-3hX6EC&pg=PA145|title=Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach?|year=2013|publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]] and [[United States Army War College|U. S. Army War College Press]]|pages=145–188|isbn=978-1-58487-574-1|access-date=4 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Tin|editor-first1=Louis-Georges|editor-link1=Louis-Georges Tin|translator-last1=Redburn|translator-first1=Marek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aK02DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT371|title=The Dictionary of Homophobia: A Global History of Gay & Lesbian Experience|date=November 2008|publisher=[[Arsenal Pulp Press]]|isbn=978-1-55152-314-9|access-date=12 June 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Turner|editor-first1=B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HE7ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1236|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2000|date=28 December 2016|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]]|page=1236|isbn=978-0-230-27128-9|access-date=4 August 2024}}
*{{citation|title=Uniformed Personnel Contributing Countries by Ranking|date=4 April 2023|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/02_country_ranking_59_february_2023.pdf|website=[[United Nations Peacekeeping]]|access-date=11 February 2025|ref={{harvid|UN|2023}}}}
* {{cite web|author=UN Women|author-link=UN Women|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2024/11/breaking-tradition-to-end-child-marriage-in-pakistans-remote-village|title=Breaking tradition to end child marriage in Pakistan's remote village|date=13 November 2024|publisher=[[UN Women]]|access-date=7 January 2026}}
* {{cite web|last1=Vandamme|first1=Dorothee|date=August 2014|title="Pakistan and Saudi Arabia: Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy"|url=https://dial.uclouvain.be/downloader/downloader.php?pid=boreal%3A180961&datastream=PDF_01&disclaimer=f0803a73d3d99903e058788b0845d39f9edf476c234aeb6ad3791b5875fa57bd|publisher=[[Université catholique de Louvain]]|access-date=16 November 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=van Tonder|first1=Gerry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrTNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|title=Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962|date=30 July 2018|publisher=[[Pen & Sword Books]]|isbn=978-1-5267-2838-8|access-date=12 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Visoka|editor-first1=Gëzim|editor-last2=Richmond|editor-first2=Oliver P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goF2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies|date=21 June 2022|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|pages=305|isbn=978-3-030-77954-2|access-date=27 August 2024}}
* {{cite web|author=Walk Free|author-link=Walk Free|url=https://www.walkfree.org/news/2025/pakistan-takes-step-to-end-child-marriage-as-calls-grow-for-national-reform/|title=Pakistan takes step to end child marriage as calls grow for national reform|date=13 June 2025|publisher=[[Walk Free]]|access-date=7 January 2026}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wasi|first1=Nausheen|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41394104|title=Pakistan and the United Nations|journal=[[Pakistan Horizon]]|volume=58|number=3|pages=89–100|jstor=41394104|issn=0030-980X|date=July 2005|publisher=[[Pakistan Institute of International Affairs]]|location=[[Karachi]]|access-date=3 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wasti|first1=Tahir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8qwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248|title=The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice|date=28 February 2009|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|page=248|isbn=978-90-474-2572-4|access-date=25 July 2024}}
* {{citation|last1=Wezeman|first1=Pieter D.|last2=Djokic|first2=Katarina|last3=George|first3=Mathew|last4=Hussain|first4=Zain|last5=Wezeman|first5=Siemon T.|title=Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023|date=March 2024|url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-03/fs_2403_at_2023.pdf|work=[[SIPRI]]|access-date=8 November 2024|ref={{harvid|Wezeman et al.|2024}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wiebes|first1=Cees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TINpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA195|title=Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|year=2003|isbn=978-3-8258-6347-0|page=195}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Withington|first1=Thomas|url=https://raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/aspr/apr-vol8-iss1-7-pdf/|title=The Experiences of the Soviet Air Force in Afghanistan 1979-1989|journal=Air and Space Power Review|volume=8|number=1|pages=115–128|issn=2634-0976|date=Autumn 2005|publisher=[[Royal Air Force]]|access-date=4 December 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wolf|first1=Siegfried O.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUeeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|title=The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative: Concept, Context and Assessment|pages=214|date=20 June 2019|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|isbn=978-3-030-16198-9|access-date=15 May 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Wu|editor-first1=Chin-en|editor-last2=Bandyopadhyay|editor-first2=Kaustuv Kanti|editor-last3=Lee|editor-first3=Sook Jong|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kI8cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|title=Populism in Asian Democracies: Features, Structures, and Impacts|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|page=82|isbn=978-90-04-44446-1|access-date=10 July 2024}}
* {{cite web|last1=Yadav|first1=Abhishek|url=https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/Turkiye-Pakistan-Defence-Cooperation-AYadav-090224|title=Turkiye–Pakistan Defence Cooperation: Evolving Dynamics|date=9 February 2024|work=[[Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|access-date=23 October 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Yousafzai|first1=Zafar Iqbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z1KEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|title=The Troubled Triangle: US-Pakistan Relations Under the Taliban's Shadow|page=|date=7 December 2021|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-51596-1|access-date=9 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Zahoor|editor-first1=Bilal|editor-last2=Rumi|editor-first2=Raza|editor-link2=Raza Rumi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxD8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA221|title=Rethinking Pakistan: A 21st Century Perspective|date=23 September 2020|publisher=Anthem Press|pages=221|isbn=978-1-78527-493-0|access-date=30 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Zahra|editor-first1=Abiha|editor-last2=Bouckaert|editor-first2=Geert|editor-last3=Jadoon|editor-first3=Muhammad Zafar Iqbal|editor-last4=Jabeen|editor-first4=Nasira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4J0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Public Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Hierarchies, Markets and Networks|page=43|date=10 June 2022|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|isbn=978-3-030-96825-0|access-date=3 August 2024}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Zaidi|first1=Syed Muhammad Saad|last2=Ahmad|first2=Azhar|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20578911211007936|title=From friend to foe: Post-9/11 Pakistan–US relations; a realist perspective|journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Politics|volume=7|number=4|pages=727–743|issn=2057-8911|date=12 April 2021|doi=10.1177/20578911211007936|publisher=[[Sage Journals]]|access-date=8 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Zelnick|first1=Robert|author-link1=Robert Zelnick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie9wvGsKyJYC&pg=PA126|title=Israel's Unilateralism: Beyond Gaza|page=126|date=September 2013|publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0-8179-4773-6|access-date=9 August 2024}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ziegfeld|first1=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0vLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT414|title=Why Regional Parties?: Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System|date=19 February 2016|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-316-53900-2|access-date=21 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Zierke|editor-first1=Niklas|editor-last2=Stockmann|editor-first2=Reinhard|editor-last3=Meyer|editor-first3=Wolfgang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOrkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|title=The Institutionalisation of Evaluation in Asia-Pacific|date=21 November 2023|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|page=274|isbn=978-3-031-36918-6|access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Zreik|editor-first1=Mohamad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVj_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|title=Soft Power and Diplomatic Strategies in Asia and the Middle East|year=2024|publisher=IGI Global|page=209|isbn=979-8-3693-2445-5|access-date=18 August 2024}}
{{refend}}

===Economy===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news|last1=Abbas|first1=Waheed|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/pakistanis-uae-continue-using-home-country-sims-without-blocking|title=Pakistanis in UAE can continue using their home country SIMs without blocking|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=26 January 2026|access-date=1 March 2026}}
*{{cite web|title=Economic forecasts for Pakistan|url=https://www.adb.org/where-we-work/pakistan/economy|website=[[Asian Development Bank]]|date=September 2025|access-date=13 December 2025|ref={{harvid|ADB|2025}}}}
* {{cite news|last1=Ahmad|first1=Mansoor|title=From leader to laggard: The decline of Pakistan's middle class|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/1236843|newspaper=[[The News International]]|date=5 October 2024|access-date=12 December 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Comim|editor-first1=Flavio|editor-last2=Anand|editor-first2=P. B.|editor-last3=Fennell|editor-first3=Shailaja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nL4cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1080|title=Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies|year=2021|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=1080|isbn=978-0-19-882753-5|access-date=31 October 2025}}
* {{cite web|last1=Conte|first1=Niccolo|title=Ranked: The World's 20 Largest Labor Forces, by Country|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-the-worlds-20-largest-labor-forces-by-country/|website=Visual Capitalist|date=17 October 2025|access-date=28 February 2026}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Henneberry|first1=Shida Rastegari|last2=Khan|first2=Muhhamad Ehsan|last3=Piewthongngam|first3=Kullapapruk|title=An analysis of industrial–agricultural interactions: A case study in Pakistan|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/175305/files/agec2000v022i001a002.pdf|journal=[[Agricultural Economics]]|volume=22|pages=17–27|year=2000|doi=10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00041-9|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025|issn=0169-5150}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pbMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=Pakistan: Request for a Stand-by Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Pakistan|date=18 July 2023|access-date=30 April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|page=54|isbn=979-8-4002-4851-1|ref={{harvid|IMF|2023}}}}
*{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Datasets|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PAK|website=[[IMF]]|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=October 2025|access-date=21 December 2025|ref={{harvid|IMF (datasets)|2025}}}}
*{{cite web|title=GDP, current prices Billions of U.S. dollars|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/PAK|website=[[IMF]]|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=October 2025|access-date=21 December 2025|ref={{harvid|IMF (nom)|2025}}}}
*{{cite web|title=GDP per capita, current prices U.S. dollars per capita|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/PAK|website=[[IMF]]|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=October 2025|access-date=21 December 2025|ref={{harvid|IMF (nom per capita)|2025}}}}
*{{cite web|title=GDP, current prices Purchasing power parity; billions of international dollars|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/PAK|website=[[IMF]]|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=October 2025|access-date=20 December 2025|ref={{harvid|IMF (PPP)|2025}}}}
*{{cite web|title=GDP per capita, current prices Purchasing power parity; international dollars per capita|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/PAK|website=[[IMF]]|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=October 2025|access-date=21 December 2025|ref={{harvid|IMF (PPP per capita)|2025}}}}
* {{cite report|last1=Iqbal|first1=Nasir|title=The Poverty Illusion: When Numbers Distort Reality|institution=[[Pakistan Institute of Development Economics]]|series=PIDE Knowledge Brief|number=132|date=June 2025|url=https://pide.org.pk/research/the-poverty-illusion-when-numbers-distort-reality/|access-date=11 December 2025}}
* {{cite book|last1=Maddison|first1=Angus|author-link1=Angus Maddison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeoEiNLtrLsC&pg=PA241|title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy: Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics|pages=241, 261|date=18 September 2006|publisher=[[OECD Publishing]]|isbn=978-92-64-02261-4|access-date=22 July 2025}}
*{{cite web|title=Pakistan|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/pak|website=[[The Atlas of Economic Complexity#The Observatory of Economic Complexity (platform)|Observatory of Economic Complexity]]|publisher=Datawheel|year=2023|access-date=24 November 2025|ref={{harvid|OEC|2023}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Pasillas|editor-first1=Marcela Ramírez|editor-last2=Brundin|editor-first2=Ethel|editor-last3=Markowska|editor-first3=Magdalena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3pHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|title=Contextualizing Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies and Developing Countries|date=31 March 2017|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|page=133|isbn=978-1-78536-753-3|access-date=29 July 2025}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sharif|first1=Shahzad|last2=Javed|first2=M. Siddique|last3=Abbas|first3=Azhar|last4=Hassan|first4=Sarfraz|url=https://file.pide.org.pk/pdfpdr/2008/547-563.pdf|title=Impact of WTO's Trade Liberalisation on Selected Food Crops in Pakistan|journal=[[The Pakistan Development Review]]|volume=47|number=4, Part II|pages=547–563|issn=0030-9729|date=Winter 2008|doi=10.30541/v47i4IIpp.547-563|publisher=[[Pakistan Institute of Development Economics]]|location=[[Islamabad]]|jstor=41261240|access-date=27 February 2026}}
* {{cite report|last1=Shorrocks|first1=Anthony|last2=Davies|first2=James B.|last3=Lluberas|first3=Rodrigo|last4=Waldenström|first4=Daniel|author-link1=Anthony Shorrocks|author-link4=Daniel Waldenström|title=Global Wealth Databook 2023|publisher=Credit Suisse Research Institute|year=2023|url=https://bibbase.org/network/publication/shorrocks-davies-lluberas-waldenstrm-globalwealthdatabook2023-2023|page=23|access-date=15 July 2025}}
*{{cite web|title=PM pleased as remittances rise by 26.6pc to hit record $38.3bn in FY25|url=https://sifc.gov.pk/news/641|website=[[Special Investment Facilitation Council]]|publisher=[[Special Investment Facilitation Council]]|date=9 July 2025|access-date=2 March 2026|ref={{harvid|SIFC|2025}}}}
* {{cite web|author=The Global Economy|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Pakistan/share_world_exports|title=Pakistan: Percent of world exports|year=2023|publisher=The Global Economy|access-date=4 March 2026}}
*{{cite web|title=Human Development Insights|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PAK|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|year=2025|access-date=12 May 2025|ref={{harvid|UNDP|2025}}}}
*{{cite report|title=Global Gender Gap Report 2025|date=June 2025|url=https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2025.pdf|series=Insight Report|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|access-date=13 December 2025|isbn=978-2-940631-89-6|ref={{harvid|WEF|2025}}}}
*{{cite web|title=Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) - Pakistan|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.ZS?locations=PK|website=World Bank Data|publisher=[[World Bank]]|year=2025|access-date=15 July 2025|ref={{harvid|World Bank (LFPR)|2025}}}}
*{{cite web|title=International Debt Statistics|url=https://datatopics.worldbank.org/debt/ids/country/PAK|website=World Bank Data|publisher=[[World Bank]]|year=2024|access-date=15 July 2025|ref={{harvid|World Bank (TED)|2024}}}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/PAK/Year/LTST/Summary|title=Pakistan Trade Summary 2023 Data|publisher=[[World Bank]]|year=2025|access-date=24 November 2025|ref={{harvid|World Bank (WITS)|2025}}}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Allchin |first1=F. Raymond |author-link1=Raymond Allchin |title=The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan |journal=Studies in the History of Art |date=1993 |volume=31 |pages=69–81 |jstor=42620473}}
* {{cite book |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |date=2012 |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-145-0}}
* {{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Pakistan |date=2006 |last=Malik |first=Hafeez |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-597735-6|ref={{harvid|H. Malik|2006}}}}
* {{cite book |title=Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia) |date=2005 |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar |publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-33126-8}}
* {{cite book |title=Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 |date=2011 |last=McCartney |first=Matthew |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-57747-2}}
* {{cite book |title=Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity |date=2010 |last=Raja |first=Masood Ashraf |author-link=Masood Ashraf Raja|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547811-2}}
* {{cite book |title=India, Pakistan and the West |date=2007 |last=Spear |first=Percival |author-link=Percival Spear|publisher=Read Books Publishers|isbn=978-1-4067-1215-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues |date=1 January 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA44 |last1=Stimson |first1=Robert |last2=Haynes |first2=Kingsley E. |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78100-796-9}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Pakistan|d=Q843}}

=== Government ===
* {{Official website|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk}}
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Special Representative mechanism on the India–China boundary question

2026-03-24T00:27:37Z

Viktorivmw: Added New Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:China India CIA map border disputes.jpg|thumb|320x320px|The China–India border, showing two large disputed areas in [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and several smaller disputes (a map by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]])]]
The '''Special Representative mechanism on the India–China boundary question''' ('''SR'''/'''SRM''') was constituted in 2003 to "explore from the political perspective of the overall bilateral relationship the framework of a boundary settlement". [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], in the capacity of [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs of India]], had first suggested the SR mechanism during his visit to China in 1979.{{sfn|Deepak|2020|p=65}} During another visit to China by Vajpayee, this time in the capacity of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], in June 2003, the mechanism was mentioned in an agreement between the two countries. The latest mention of the SR mechanism was in a joint press statement between India and China on 10 September 2020.{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}<ref>{{cite press release |date=2020-09-10 |title=Joint Press Statement - Meeting of External Affairs Minister and the Foreign Minister of China (September 10, 2020) |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32962/Joint_Press_Statement__Meeting_of_External_Affairs_Minister_and_the_Foreign_Minister_of_China_September_10_2020 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=2021-02-25}}</ref>

During the 4th round of talks in 2004, [[Dai Bingguo]] suggested that the SR mechanism follow a 3 step formula for the settlement of the India–China boundary question:{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}

# Establish the political parameters and guiding principles
# Establish the framework for a final package settlement
# Delineate and demarcate the boundary

The first step was completed with the [[Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India–China Boundary Question, 2005|Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India–China Boundary Question]] being signed in 2005.{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}} The second phase of negotiations began with the sixth round of talks.<ref>{{cite press release |date=1 December 2005 |title=Framework to resolve Indo-China Border dispute|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=13771 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=2021-03-04 |via=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

During the 15th round of the SR talks in 2012, the [[Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs|Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination]] was set up.{{sfn|Panda|2017|p=43}}
[[File:The Executive Vice Foreign Minister of China and Special Representative Mr. Dai Bingguo with the National Security Advisor Shri J..N. Dixit in New Delhi on July 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|SRs [[Dai Bingguo]] and [[Jyotindra Nath Dixit|J. N. Dixit]] in 2004, 3rd round of talks]]
[[File:The Special Representative on the Boundary Question of the People’s Republic of China, Mr. Dai Bingguo with the National Security Advisor, Shri M.K. Narayanan, in New Delhi on March 11, 2006.jpg|thumb|SRs [[Dai Bingguo]] and [[M. K. Narayanan]] in 2006, 7th round of talks]]

== Rounds of talks ==
# 23–24 October 2003{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 12–13 January 2004{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 28 July 2004<ref>{{cite web |date=2004-07-28 |title=China, India hold 3rd round meeting on border |url=http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/ssygd/zygx/zysj/2004/t144129.htm |website=in.china-embassy.org |publisher=[[Embassy of China, New Delhi]] |access-date=2021-02-26}}{{dead link|date=December 2024}}</ref>
# 18–19 November 2004{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 10–11 April 2005{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 24–28 September 2005{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 11–14 March 2006{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 24–28 June 2006{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 17–18 January 2007{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 20–22 April 2007{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# September 2007{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# September 2008{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 7–8 August 2009{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 29–30 November 2010{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 16–17 January 2012{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
# 28–29 June 2013<ref>{{cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=16th Special Representatives' Meeting for the India-China Boundary Question |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/events/16th-special-representatives-meeting-for-the-india-china-boundary-question/ |website=gatewayhouse.in |publisher=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
# 10–11 February 2014<ref>{{cite press release |date=2014-02-11 |title=17th Round of Talks between the Special Representatives of India and China on the Boundary Question |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/22861/ |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
# 23 March 2015<ref>{{cite press release |date=2015-03-24 |title=18th Round of Talks between the Special Representatives of India and China on the Boundary Question|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/25002/18th_Round_of_Talks_between_the_Special_Representatives_of_India_and_China_on_the_Boundary_Question |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
# 20–21 April 2016<ref>{{cite web |date=2016-04-18 |title=19th Special Representatives' Meeting on China-India Boundary Question to be Held in Beijing |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xw/wsrc/202405/t20240530_11334617.html |website=mfa.gov.cn |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |access-date=2024-12-26}}</ref>
# 22 December 2017<ref>{{cite press release |date=2017-12-22 |title=20th Meeting of the Special Representatives of India and China (December 22, 2017) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29232/20th+Meeting+of+the+Special+Representatives+of+India+and+China+December+22+2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
# 24 November 2018<ref>{{cite press release |date=2018-11-24 |title=21st Meeting of the Special Representatives of India and China (November 24, 2018) |url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30634/21st_Meeting_of_the_Special_Representatives_of_India_and_China_November_24_2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
# 21 December 2019<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-12-21 |title=22nd Meeting of Special Representatives of China and India Held in New Delhi |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1726791.shtml |website=fmprc.gov.cn |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |access-date=2021-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206202014/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1726791.shtml |archive-date=2020-02-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
# 18 December 2024<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=23rd Meeting of Special Representatives of China and India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40016/Visit_of_Chinas_Foreign_Minister_and_Special_Representative_on_the_IndiaChina_boundary_question |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] |access-date=2021-03-24 }}</ref>
# 19 August 2025<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-08-19 |title=Visit of China's Foreign Minister and Special Representative on the India-China boundary question | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40016/Visit_of_Chinas_Foreign_Minister_and_Special_Representative_on_the_IndiaChina_boundary_question |website=mea.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] |access-date=2021-03-24 }}</ref>

== List of Special Representatives ==

=== China ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Image
!Name
!Period
|-
|1
|[[File:Dai Bingguo 051208-D-9880W-068.jpg|frameless|109x109px]]
|[[Dai Bingguo]]
|from 2003{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
|-
|2
|[[File:Yang Jiechi Japan 2020.jpg|frameless|131x131px]]
|[[Yang Jiechi]]
|from 2013
|-
|3
|[[File:Wang Yi Japan 2019.jpg|frameless|114x114px]]
|[[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]]
|from April 2018<ref>{{cite news |date=22 April 2018 |title=Wang Yi to be China's new special representative for border talks with India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wang-yi-to-be-chinas-new-special-representative-for-border-talks-with-india/articleshow/63871795.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>
|}

=== India ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Image
!Name
!Period
|-
|1
|[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan award to Shri Brajesh Chandra Mishra, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 24, 2011 (cropped).jpg|frameless|133x133px]]
|[[Brajesh Mishra|Brijesh Mishra]]
|from June 2003{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
|-
|2
|[[File:The Executive Vice Foreign Minister of China and Special Representative Mr. Dai Bingguo with the National Security Advisor Shri J..N. Dixit in New Delhi on July 26, 2004 (cropped).jpg|frameless|120x120px]]
|[[Jyotindra Nath Dixit]]
|from June 2004{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
|-
|3
|[[File:M. K. Narayanan (cropped).jpg|frameless|121x121px]]
|[[M. K. Narayanan]]
|from January 2005{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
|-
|4
|[[File:Msc2011 SZ 004 Menon (cropped).jpg|frameless|124x124px]]
|[[Shivshankar Menon]]
|from January 2010{{sfn|Deepak|2020|pp=65–68}}
|-
|5
|[[File:Ajit Doval.png|frameless|132x132px]]
|[[Ajit Doval]]
|from May 2014
|}

== Commentary ==
A former ambassador of India, Sourabh Kumar, questioned the three step approach, saying that it could be approached in a reverse manner.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sourabh |date=13 December 2014 |title=India's China diplomacy: looking back to look ahead |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/columnists/indias-china-diplomacy-looking-back-to-look-ahead.html |newspaper=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>

Sinologist [[B. R. Deepak]] says that within three years, the SR mechanism, along with other CBMs, were redundant and consistently violated.{{sfn|Deepak|2020|p=73}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography

* {{Cite book |last=Deepak |first=B. R. |author-link=B. R. Deepak |year=2020 |title=India and China: Beyond the Binary of Friendship and Enmity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fsOEAAAQBAJ |location=Singapore |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-15-9500-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Jagannath P. |year=2017 |title=India–China Relations: Politics of Resources, Identity and Authority in a Multipolar World Order |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi8lDwAAQBAJ |location=London; New York |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-138-83359-3 |lccn=2016018280}}

{{China–India relations}}
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]

Life! Camera Action...

2026-03-21T13:26:25Z

Viktorivmw: put up first page with sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Life! Camera Action...
| image = RNGFilms.jpg
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Rohit Gupta]]
| producer = Rohit Gupta
| writer = Rohit Gupta Amanda Sodhi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dipti Mehta]]
* [[Shaheed Woods]]
* John Crann
* Swati Kapila
* Suneet Kochar
* Noor Naghmi
}}
| music = Manoj Singh
| cinematography = Ravi Kumar R
| editing = Rohit Gupta
| studio = Dot & Feather Entertainment
| distributor = Viva Entertainment, USA [[Flipkart]] (DVD), India [[Peter Gerard|Distrify]] (online worldwide)
| released = {{Film date|2012|07|20|df=y}} United States
| country = United States
| language = Hindi Punjabi English
| runtime = 90 minutes

}}

'''''Life! Camera Action...''''' is a [[Drama film|family-drama film]] directed, written, edited, produced by [[Rohit Gupta]], in his [[feature film|feature-length]] directorial debut.<ref name="rohit">{{cite news|title=IMDB|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1682931/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... in FYE, Amazon, HMV|url=http://www.celebmirror.com/2012/11/24/life-camera-action-in-fye-amazon-hmv-canada.html|accessdate=24 November 2012|newspaper=Celeb Mirror|date=24 November 2012}}</ref> Starring [[Dipti Mehta]], [[Shaheed Woods]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaheed Woods on Internet Movie Database|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3801249/|website=Imdb.com|accessdate=25 June 2014}}</ref> Noor Naghmi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Noor Naghmi on IMDB|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2214591/|website=Imdb.com|publisher=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=25 June 2014}}</ref> Swati Kapila,<ref name="swati kapila">{{cite news|title=Swati Kapila NRI Actress Making India Proud by editorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/NRI-actress-Swati-Kapila-making-India-proud/articleshow/9649650.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928103133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-18/cinema/29899990_1_film-industry-rohit-life-camera-action|url-status=live|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=18 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 August 2011}}</ref> John Crann,<ref>{{cite web|title=John Crann in Life! Camera Action...|url=https://www.imdb.com/media/rm2421533440/nm3110296|publisher=Internet Movie DB}}</ref> this ninety minutes quasi-autobiographical film follows a girl in pursuit of her dreams of becoming a filmmaker against all odds. The film received several awards and nominations.<ref name="NRI Pulse">{{cite news |title=Movie Making is Magic: Rohit Gupta by Jyothsna Hegde, Atlanta, USA.|url=http://www.nripulse.com/movie-making-is-magic-rohit-gupta/|accessdate=28 May 2013|newspaper=NRI Plus|date=28 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Urban Asian – Rohit Gupta's Life! Camera Action... at the International Film Festival Manhattan, 2011 |url=http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2011/11/rohit-guptas-life-camera-action/|accessdate=15 November 2011|newspaper=Urban Asian|date=15 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Rohit Gupta's films sweep top ten prestigious awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/Rohit-Guptas-films-sweep-top-ten-prestigious-awards/articleshow/12933529.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517184306/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/cinema/31505976_1_films-popular-awards-amanda-sodhi|url-status=live|archive-date=17 May 2012|access-date=30 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New York Film Academy Graduate Rohit Gupta Nominated for Several Awards at World Music and Independent Film Festival |url=http://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/new-york-film-academy-graduate-rohit-gupta-nominated-for-several-awards-at-world-music-and-independent-film-festival/|accessdate=25 April 2011|newspaper=New York Film Academy|date=25 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rohit Gupta's Life! Camera Action... selected to screen at IIDFF in Greece|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/rohit-guptas-life-camera-action-to-screen-at-iidff-in-greece/f9ad7ac7-e960-4425-8fed-7e264844a2d5/index.htm|accessdate=14 September 2012|newspaper=Bollywood Trade.com|date=14 September 2012|archive-date=16 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916111505/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/rohit-guptas-life-camera-action-to-screen-at-iidff-in-greece/F9AD7AC7-E960-4425-8FED-7E264844A2D5/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its theatrical release was limited to [[film festivals]]. The film received [[direct-to-video|direct-to-DVD]] release and subsequently on other [[video on demand]] (VOD) platforms.<ref>{{cite news|title=LIFE! CAMERA ACTION... most-awarded film releases on DVD by Bollywood Trade Editorial.|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/movie-reviews/life-camera-action-most-awarded-film-releases-on-dvd/6BAB5B47-6144-41BE-B17E-A3BDBE46D28D/index.htm|accessdate=21 April 2014|newspaper=Bollywood Trade|date=10 November 2012|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014030623/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/movie-reviews/life-camera-action-most-awarded-film-releases-on-dvd/6BAB5B47-6144-41BE-B17E-A3BDBE46D28D/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=LIFE! CAMERA ACTION... Independent feature film releases on the world's largest social media platform |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/74448312-life-camera-action-independent-feature-film-releases-world-s-largest-social-media-p|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311082440/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/74448312-life-camera-action-independent-feature-film-releases-world-s-largest-social-media-p|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 March 2013|accessdate=21 April 2014|newspaper=WBRI|date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

''Life! Camera Action...'' is of note for its extremely low filming budget ($4000), production value, philosophical inference, and its message widely praised.<ref>{{cite news|title=Follow your own path|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/small-business/case-studies/Movie-business-is-one-ofthe-most-beautiful-businesses-this-universe-has-gifted-to-mankind-Rohit-Gupta/wells_fargo_show/36382923.cms|accessdate=27 December 2015|publisher=TOI|date=11 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action...in DIFF|url=http://www.bindaaskhabar.com/details_life!_camera_action_in_diff_307.html|accessdate=14 June 2014|publisher=Bindaas Khabar|date=26 December 2011}}</ref> It made its way to the [[Limca Book of Records]], India's equivalent of the [[Guinness World Records]] for being the first full-length motion picture "shot by just a two-member crew".<ref name="Urban Asian">{{cite news|title=Filmmaker Rohit Gupta honored by the Limca Book of Records by Roopa Modha – Urban Asian|url=http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2014/01/filmmaker-rohit-gupta-honored-by-the-limca-book-of-records/|accessdate=2 January 2014|newspaper=Urban Asian|date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|title=Filmmaker Rohit Gupta honored by the Limca Book of Records – TOI NRI Achievers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/nri-achievers/Filmmaker-Rohit-Gupta-honored-by-the-Limca-Book-of-Records/articleshow/28793511.cms|accessdate=17 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 January 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Dipti Mehta]] as Reina
* [[Shaheed Woods]] as Mike
* John Crann as Professor Ed
* Swati Kapila as Simi
* Suneet Kochar as Actress<ref>{{cite news|title=Suneet Kochar on Life! Camera Action...|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64418912-interview-actress-suneet-kochar-award-winning-film-life-camera-action-and-more|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419094849/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64418912-interview-actress-suneet-kochar-award-winning-film-life-camera-action-and-more|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2013|accessdate=30 June 2012|newspaper=WBRI USA|date=30 June 2012}}</ref>
* Chelsi Stahr as producer Teri<ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Chelsi Stahr|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0821529/|publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref>
* Subodh Batra as Reina's father
* Noor Naghmi<ref>{{cite news|title=Noor Naghmi wins Best Supporting Actor|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/cinema/29926541_1_feature-film-first-international-award-chalo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930201509/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/cinema/29926541_1_feature-film-first-international-award-chalo|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 August 2011}}</ref>
* Prabha Batra as Reina's mother
* Nina Mehta as Actress<ref name="nina mehta">{{cite news|title=Actress Nina Mehta talks about Life! Camera Action...|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64403112-interview-actress-nina-mehta-rohit-guptas-award-winning-feature-film-life-camera-ac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621040906/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64403112-interview-actress-nina-mehta-rohit-guptas-award-winning-feature-film-life-camera-ac|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 June 2012|accessdate=18 June 2012|newspaper=WBRI, USA|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>
* Bhavesh Patel as Patel DVD store owner

==Production==
===Development===
''Life! Camera Action...'' started as Rohit Gupta's ten-minute short film assignment at the [[New York Film Academy]]. Shortly after he dropped out of the academy to make it into a full-length feature film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los Angeles-based Amanda Sodhi wins Best Screenplay award|url=http://www.nritoday.net/profiles/988-la-based-amanda-sodhi-wins-best-screenplay-award|accessdate=18 July 2014|publisher=NRI Today|date=May 2012|archive-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725075936/http://www.nritoday.net/profiles/988-la-based-amanda-sodhi-wins-best-screenplay-award|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amanda Sodhi, the co-writer of the film, in response to an advertisement had originally submitted a fifteen-page short film script titled "The Last Shot" loosely based on her own life.><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian born Amanda Sodhi wins Best Screenplay award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/Indian-born-Amanda-Sodhi-wins-Best-Screenplay-award/articleshow/13132086.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921151210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/cinema/31700718_1_short-film-first-film-amanda-sodhi|url-status=live|archive-date=21 September 2013|access-date=14 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film was shot in guerilla style on [[Panasonic AG-DVX100]] in ten days and roughly edited on Gupta's [[Mac Book Pro]].<ref name="BT">{{cite news|title=Rohit Gupta's Life! Camera Action... to screen at IIF, Florida by BT editorial|newspaper=BT|date=8 February 2011}}</ref> It was filmed on an initial budget of around $4000 with money raised from his savings that was cleaned up with [[post-production]] work costing several thousand dollars before its marketing and release. In an interview [[Dipti Mehta]] has said that in an informal meeting before the audition, Gupta thought she was not right for the part, although she was invited at the audition where he failed to recognize her at the first sight. Mehta did get the part and it became her debut film as a lead.<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio.com">{{cite news|title=Interview: Up Close with DIPTI MEHTA – "Best Actress" Award Winner for "LIFE! CAMERA ACTION..."|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/54354212-interview-close-dipti-mehta-best-actress-award-winner-life-camera-action|newspaper=WBRI, USA|date=5 May 2012|access-date=5 May 2014|archive-date=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506004604/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/54354212-interview-close-dipti-mehta-best-actress-award-winner-life-camera-action|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Filming locations===
Various locations in New York City, [[New York Film Academy]], [[Jersey City]] and [[Newport, Jersey City|Newport]] Waterfront.

===Music===
The background score and songs were composed by Manoj Singh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manoj Singh|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3981009/|publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref> The music was produced in Mumbai, India. The following songs are featured in the film and used as a part of the background score.

=== Soundtrack ===
The score for ''Life! Camera Action...'' features two original songs.

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =

| title1 = Hain Yeh Kaisa Safar (What kind of Journey is this)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tracks|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1682931/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd|publisher=IMDB}}</ref>
| note1 = Theme Song
| writer1 = Amanda Sodhi
| extra1 = MS
| length1 = 3:03

| title2 = Chalte Jaana Hain (Have to keep Walking)<ref>{{cite web|title=Singer KK, Writer Rohit Gupta, Music Manoj Singh|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1682931/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd|publisher=IMDB}}</ref>
| note2 =
| writer2 = Rohit Gupta
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length2 = 4:51

}}

==Release==
[[File:Dipti Mehta.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Actress Dipti Mehta at the ''World Premiere'' in New York]]
''Life! Camera Action...'' opened in numerous [[film festivals|international film festivals]] beginning with its world premiere at the [[Indo-American Arts Council#New York Indian Film Festival (NYIFF)|New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|title=World premiere of 'Life! Camera Action...'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/hollywood/world-premiere-of-life-camera-action_73380.html|accessdate=14 June 2014|issue=Entertainment|publisher=Zee News|date=10 October 2010}}</ref> Thereafter the film went on to receive numerous accolades around the world before it received a limited DVD distribution deal on 29 October 2012 by New Jersey–based ViVa Entertainment for the Asian Indian market spanning the North American continent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Viva Entertainment to distribute Life! Camera Action...|url=http://www.celebmirror.com/2012/10/24/oh-my-god-distributor-acquires-north-american-distribution-rights-to-multiaward-winning-film-life-camera-action.html|accessdate=24 October 2012|newspaper=Celebmirror|date=24 October 2012}}</ref> It was initially released via Facebook on 20 July 2012 by Boston-based idistribute Inc., a new media distribution company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... releases via facebook|url=http://www.indiapost.com/life-camera-action-on-facebook/|accessdate=27 July 2012 |newspaper=Indian Post|date=27 July 2012}}</ref> On 29 November 2012, the film received another retail DVD distribution platform via Florida-based Dynasty Records through [[Trans World Entertainment Corporation]]'s national mall-based stores under the brand name [[F.y.e.|FYE]] (For Your Entertainment), Suncoast and Wherehouse.com.<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... DVD release|url=http://www.indiantvtoday.com/life-camera-action-dvd-on-flipkart/2013/02/11/|accessdate=18 July 2014|publisher=India TV today|date=11 February 2013|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727092824/http://www.indiantvtoday.com/life-camera-action-dvd-on-flipkart/2013/02/11/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Flipkart]], India's largest e-commerce consumer company released the film on 17 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Life! Camera Action... available on Flipkart|url=http://www.flipkart.com/life-camera-action/p/itmdhmkte5j9fynh|publisher=Flipkart|accessdate=29 March 2014}}</ref> On [[International Women's Day]], 8 March 2013 the film was released worldwide through Distrify, a UK-based VOD movie distribution company for online streaming and movie download in any global currency.<ref>{{cite news|title=A film every filmmaker must watch|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34665313-rohit-guptas-life-camera-action-film-every-filmmaker-must-watch-released-world-wide|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412034017/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/34665313-rohit-guptas-life-camera-action-film-every-filmmaker-must-watch-released-world-wide|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 April 2013|accessdate=8 March 2013|newspaper=WBRI|date=8 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Online Film Distribution Company|url=http://distrify.com/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122102045/http://distrify.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 January 2013|publisher=Distrify}}</ref> The film was released to other VOD service such as the [[Amazon Video]], BoxTV.<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... in F.Y.E, Amazon, HMV Canada.|url=http://www.indiantvtoday.com/life-camera-action-in-f-y-e-amazon-hmv-canada/2012/11/25/|accessdate=24 June 2014|publisher=India TV Today|date=25 November 2012|archive-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727083936/http://www.indiantvtoday.com/life-camera-action-in-f-y-e-amazon-hmv-canada/2012/11/25/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[File:LCA IFFPIE 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|left|Wins ''Best Feature Film'' at the Official World Peace Film Festival in Jakarta, Indonesia]]

{{quote box|align=right|width=20% |quote=it's not just good filmmaking, it's real intelligent filmmaking.|source= —''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=Rohit Gupta's film sweep top 10 prestigious awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/Rohit-Guptas-films-sweep-top-ten-prestigious-awards/articleshow/12933529.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517184306/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-30/cinema/31505976_1_films-popular-awards-amanda-sodhi|url-status=live|archive-date=17 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 April 2012}}</ref>}}

''Life! Camera Action...'' received critical acclaim. It was invited at various international film festivals including the [[New York Indian Film Festival]]; [http://willifest.com/2011/films/ Williamsburg International Film Festival (WILLiFest) in New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029194007/http://www.willifest.com/2011/films |date=29 October 2016 }};<ref>{{cite web|title=Williamsburg International Film Festival 2011 Screening Schedule, New York|url=http://willifest.com/2011/films|publisher=WiLLiFest|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614033716/http://www.willifest.com/2011/films|url-status=dead}}</ref> [http://www.msfilm.org/ Mississippi International Film Festival], USA;<ref>{{cite web|title=Officially Selected Film Screening Schedule Mississippi International Film Festival, USA |url=http://www.mississippifilmfest.com/mainsite/Uploads/2011/03/FINAL_FINAL_SCHEDULE_2011.pdf|publisher=Mississippi International Film Festival}}</ref> [http://www.cviff.org/#/ Cabo Verde International Film Festival (CVIFF), Africa];<ref>{{cite web|title=Guia Oficial do Festival Cabo Verde International Film Festival (CVIFF) in Western Africa|url=http://issuu.com/vivaimagens/docs/guia_do_cviff?mode=window&backgroundColor=%23222222|publisher=Cabo Verde Int Film Festival}}</ref> [http://www.iffab.org/screenings.html/ International Film Festival Antigua & Barbuda];<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Screenings and nominations Antigua & Barbuda International Film Festival|url=http://iffab.org/screenings.html#barbuda|publisher=Antigua Barbuda}}</ref> [http://www.atamerica.or.id/events/696/International-Film-Festivals-for-Peace-Inspiration-and-Equality/ Official World Peace Film Festival, Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927072330/http://www.atamerica.or.id/events/696/International-Film-Festivals-for-Peace-Inspiration-and-Equality/ |date=27 September 2016 }};<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action.. wins Best Feature Film in Indonesia International Film Festival Peace, Inspiration & Equality aka Official World Peace Film Festival in Indonesia|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-12/cinema/33788726_1_damien-dematra-feature-film-rohit-gupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929170525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-12/cinema/33788726_1_damien-dematra-feature-film-rohit-gupta|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 September 2012}}</ref> [[Golden Door Film Festival]] in USA;<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners 2011 Golden Door Film Festival in USA |url=http://goldendoorfilmfestival.org/archives/4372 |publisher=Golden Door Film Festival of Jersey City |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408054859/http://goldendoorfilmfestival.org/archives/4372 |archivedate= 8 April 2013 }}</ref> [http://www.iidff.gr/index.php/en/festival-en/ Ionian International Film Festival in Greece];<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Screening Schedule Ionian International Digital Film Festival in Greece|url=http://www.iidff.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76%3Alifecameraaction&catid=39%3Ascreeningfeatures2012&Itemid=73&lang=en|publisher=Ionian International Digital Film Festival}}</ref> [[India International Film Festival (IIFF) of Tampa Bay|Indian International Film Festival of Tampa Bay]]; Carmarthen Bay International Film Festival in United Kingdom;<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners and nominees 2012 Carmarthen Bay International Film Festival in United Kingdom|url=http://www.carmarthenbayfilmfestival.co.uk/page7.html|publisher=Carmarthen Bay|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630033621/http://www.carmarthenbayfilmfestival.co.uk/page7.html|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [http://www.tcifilmfest.com/index.html/ Treasure Coast International Film Festival, USA];<ref>{{cite web|title=Screening Schedule Treasure Coast International Film Festival, USA|url=http://www.tcifilmfest.com/Films---Screenings.html|publisher=TCIFF|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416091950/http://www.tcifilmfest.com/Films---Screenings.html|archive-date=16 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Social Uprising Resistance and Grass Root Encouragement International Film Festival, in the United States;<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... Tag line The Social Uprising Resistance and Grass Root Encouragement International Film Festival in the United States|url=http://www.celebmirror.com/2012/01/24/life-camera-action-new-tag-line-for-oscars-2012.html|accessdate=24 January 2012|newspaper=Celebmirror|date=24 January 2012}}</ref>[[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Film Bazaar in [[Goa]]; [[Beloit International Film Festival]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Life! Camera Action...Showtimes 2012 Beloit International Film Festival|date=18 January 2012|url=http://beloitfilmfest.org/life-camera-action/|publisher=Beloit Int Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BIFF to screen Life! Camera Action twice|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac216.php|accessdate=25 June 2014|publisher=Indian Television news|date=18 February 2012}}</ref> [https://filums.lums.edu.pk// Filums (LUMS International Film Festival)], [[Pakistan]];<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... to showcase in Pakistan Filums (LUMS International Film Festival)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/Life-Camera-Action--to-showcase-in-Lahore/articleshow/11820619.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-09/cinema/31041624_1_film-festivals-annual-film-project-film-credits|url-status=live|archive-date=21 September 2013|access-date=9 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2012}}</ref> [[Boston's Museum of Fine Arts]] (MFA) South Asian Film Series, USA;<ref>{{cite web|title=Life! Camera Action... to open South Asian Film Series Boston's Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) South Asian Film Series, USA|url=http://www.mfa.org/programs/film/life-camera-action|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston}}</ref> Heart of England International Film Festival; [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] (Cinema of the World section), Bangladesh;<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Lineup Dhaka International Film Festival (Cinema of the World section)|url=http://www.dhakafilmfest.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=73|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426064955/http://www.dhakafilmfest.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66&Itemid=73|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 April 2012|publisher=Dhaka Int. Film Festival}}</ref> [https://legacymediainstituteinterna2013.sched.org/list/descriptions/type/feature+film/ Legacy Media Institute International Film Festival, Virginia];<ref>{{cite news|title=Rohit Gupta's "Life! Camera Action..." to screen at the Legacy Media Institute in Virginia by Roopa Modha|url=http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2013/11/life-camera-action-to-screen-at-the-legacy-media-institute-in-virginia/|newspaper=Urban Asian|date=8 November 2013}}</ref> [http://www.delhiinternationalfilmfestival.com/catalouge/#ffs-tabbed-21/ Delhi International Film Festival, India];<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... to screen at DIFF2012|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-to-be-screened-at-diff-2012/index.htm|newspaper=BT|archive-date=31 December 2012|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231035309/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-to-be-screened-at-diff-2012/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> International Youth Film Festival in the UK; [[Silent River Film Festival]], USA;<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... Movie screening and meet the Director Silent River Film Festival, USA|url=http://events.pe.com/irvine_ca/events/show/209074246-exclusive-offer-life-camera-action-movie-screening-and-meet-the-director|newspaper=The Press Enterprise}}</ref> and others.

==Awards and nominations==
The film received various accolades including some of the highest honors at its festival run, with the nominations categories mainly ranging from recognition of the film itself (Best Film) to its direction, Film editing, music, screenwriting to the cast's acting performance, mainly Dipti Mehta (Best Actress), Swati Kapila (Best Supporting Actress),<ref>{{cite news|title=Award Nominated American Actress Swati Kapila|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64419012-interview-award-nominated-american-actress-swati-kapila-award-winning-feature-film-|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412055956/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64419012-interview-award-nominated-american-actress-swati-kapila-award-winning-feature-film-|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 April 2013|accessdate=30 June 2012|newspaper=WBRI, USA|date=30 June 2012}}</ref> Noor Naghmi (Best Supporting Actor)<ref>{{cite web|title=Noor Naghmi wins Best Supporting Actor at the World Music and Independent Film Festival, Washington, D.C.}}</ref> and Shaheed Woods (Best Actor).

[[File:Noor Naghmi-Award.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|right|Actor Noor Naghmi wins ''Best Supporting Actor'' in Washington D.C.]]
[[File:Shaheed Woods.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Actor Shaheed Woods and Actress Dipti Mehta at the ''New Jersey Premiere'']]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="background:#94bfd3;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| '''Awards and nominations for ''Life! Camera Action...'''''
|-
|- style="text-align:centr;"
! Festival/Award
! Location
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Outcome
|-
|rowspan="4"|[http://accoladecompetition.org/success-stories/rohit-gupta-the-just-do-it-filmmaker/ Accolade Film Awards]<ref>{{cite web|title=Accolade Winners 2010|url=http://www.accoladecompetition.org/Jud.aspx?art=_90|publisher=Accolade Film Awards|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130224084021/http://www.accoladecompetition.org/Jud.aspx?art=_90|archive-date=24 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|rowspan="4"|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Award of Excellence – Best Feature Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|Award of Merit for Direction
|Rohit Gupta
|{{won}}
|-
|Award of Merit for Cinematography
|Ravi Kumar R.
|{{won}}
|-
|Award of Merit for Dramatic Impact
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Action On Film International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Official Award nominees|url=http://www.aoffest.com/pdf/AOF-2011-Film-Video-Award-Winners.pdf|publisher=Action on Film|access-date=22 January 2013|archive-date=9 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409151332/https://www.aoffest.com/pdf/AOF-2011-Film-Video-Award-Winners.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Best Composition
|Manoj Singh
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Art Direction
|Ravi Kumar R.
|{{nom}}
|-

||California Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners 2011 |url=http://www.calfilmawards.com/Awards/2011_winners/2011_grand_winners.aspx |publisher=California Film Awards |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206234335/http://www.calfilmawards.com/Awards/2011_winners/2011_grand_winners.aspx |archivedate= 6 February 2012 }}</ref>
||{{Flagu|USA}}
|Orson Welles Award for Best Narrative Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
||[[Canada International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada International Film Festival Winners & Nominees 2012 |url=http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/Festival/PastWinners/2012/tabid/472/Default.aspx |publisher=Canada Int. Film Festival |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221051618/http://www.canadafilmfestival.com/Festival/PastWinners/2012/tabid/472/Default.aspx |archivedate=21 December 2012 }}</ref>
||{{Flagu|Canada}}
|Royal Reel Award for Best Feature Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|[http://www.carmarthenbayfilmfestival.co.uk/ Carmarthen Bay Film Festival]<ref>{{cite web|title=Carmarthen Bay Film Festival in the United Kingdom Nominees and Winners 2012|url=http://www.carmarthenbayfilmfestival.co.uk/page7.html|accessdate=|publisher=CBFF, United Kingdom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630033621/http://www.carmarthenbayfilmfestival.co.uk/page7.html|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
||UK
|Best Feature Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Golden Door Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Door International Film Festival of Jersey City Winners & Nominees 2011 |url=http://goldendoorfilmfestival.org/archives/4372 |accessdate=10 October 2011 |publisher=GDIFFoJC |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408054859/http://goldendoorfilmfestival.org/archives/4372 |archivedate= 8 April 2013 }}</ref>
|rowspan="4"|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Best Feature Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|Rohit Gupta
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Male Lead
|[[Shaheed Woods]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Female Lead
|[[Dipti Mehta]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|[http://www.bizindia.net/rohit-guptas-life-camera-action-wins-9-awards-at-28th-goldie-film-awards/ 28th Goldie Film Awards]<ref name="Goldie">{{cite web|title=Life! Camera Action wins Top Nine Most Popular and Director's Special Grand Goldie Awards....Goldie Film Awards 2012|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001362/|accessdate=26 April 2012|publisher=Internet Movie Database}}</ref>
|rowspan="8"|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Best feature film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Rohit Gupta
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Dipti Mehta]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Shaheed Woods
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Ravi Kumar R.
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Song ''Chalte Jaana Hain''
|[[KK (singer)|KK (Singer)]], Manoj Singh
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|Rohit Gupta, Amanda Sodhi
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Rohit Gupta
|{{won}}
|-
|Indie Fest<ref>{{cite web|title=New York Film Festival in Alum makes first feature at the Indie Festival |url=http://nyfa.tumblr.com/post/2062374791/alum-makes-first-feature |accessdate=10 June 2011 |publisher=NYFA |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216140144/http://nyfa.tumblr.com/post/2062374791/alum-makes-first-feature |archivedate=16 December 2013 }}</ref>
|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Award of Merit – Feature film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
||[http://www.atamerica.or.id/events/696/survey-atamerica/ International World Peace Film Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927074733/http://www.atamerica.or.id/events/696/survey-atamerica/ |date=27 September 2016 }}<ref>{{cite web|title=Life! Camera Action... Victorious at the IFFPIE 2012|url=http://www.starblockbuster.com/life-camera-action-victorious-at-iffpie/|publisher=Star Blockbuster|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref>
|{{Flagu|Indonesia}}
|Best Newcomer film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[http://filmfestinternational.com/london/ International Filmmaker Festival of World Cinema]<ref>{{cite web|title=International Film Festival of World Cinema Life! Camera Action... wins 2 awards|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-wins-the-river-pursuit-and-river-amulet-award-at-the-silent-river-film-festival(srff-2011/index.htm|publisher=BT|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210825/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-wins-the-river-pursuit-and-river-amulet-award-at-the-silent-river-film-festival(srff-2011/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|{{Flagu|UK}}
|Best Film of the Festival
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|Rohit Gupta
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|Swati Kapila
|{{nom}}
|-
||[http://thelamovieawards.com/2011_(I)_Winners.html/ Los Angeles Movie Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002725/http://thelamovieawards.com/2011_%28I%29_Winners.html |date=2 February 2017 }}<ref name="glamsham">{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... Wins Award at the Los Angeles Movie Award, USA|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/jun/01-life-camera-action-wins-best-feature-film-us-award-051102.asp|accessdate=1 June 2011|newspaper=Glamsham|date=1 June 2011}}</ref>
|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Award of Excellence for Best Experimental Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
||[[Nevada International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Life! Camera Action... wins at the Nevada International Film Festival Winners 2011|url=http://www.nevadafilmfestival.com/past_winners/2011_platinum_awards.aspx|publisher=Nevada Film Festival|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103010225/http://www.nevadafilmfestival.com/past_winners/2011_platinum_awards.aspx|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Platinum Reel Award for Best Narrative Feature Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
||{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905211652/http://www.oregonfilmawards.com/2011-oregon-film-awards Oregon Film Awards]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Life! Camera Action... wins top award at the Oregon Film Awards, Award Winners 2011|url=http://www.oregonfilmfestival.com/docs/11ORFAPressRelease.pdf|publisher=Oregon Film Awards}}</ref>
|{{Flagu|USA}}
|Grand Jury Choice Award for Best Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[http://www.prestigefilmaward.com/2012awards.htm/ Prestige Film Awards]<ref>{{cite news|title=Prestige Film Awards Life! Camera Action... Wins another top three awards|url=http://exclusivenews.co.in/life-camera-action-wins-another-top-three-awards/|accessdate=4 August 2012|newspaper=Exclusive News|date=4 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806091542/http://exclusivenews.co.in/life-camera-action-wins-another-top-three-awards/|archivedate=6 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|{{Flagu|USA}}

|Award for Best Film for its Originality & Creativity| Gold Award – Originality & Creativity
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-

|Gold Award for Leading Actress|Gold Award – Leading Actress
|[[Dipti Mehta]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Silver Award – Dramatic Impact
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Silent River Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Life! Camera Action... Wins at the Silent River Film Festival in Irvine California|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-wins-the-river-pursuit-and-river-amulet-award-at-the-silent-river-film-festival(srff-2011/index.htm|accessdate=17 September 2011|newspaper=Bollywood Trade|date=17 September 2011|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210825/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-wins-the-river-pursuit-and-river-amulet-award-at-the-silent-river-film-festival(srff-2011/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|{{Flagu|USA}}
|River Pursuit Award for Best Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Dipti Mehta]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|River Amulet Award for Best Director
|Rohit Gupta
|{{won}}
|-
||[https://sites.google.com/site/sunsetfilmfestivallosangeles/home/puttamatathail-house-family/ Sunset International Film Festival]<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Awards|url=https://sites.google.com/site/sunsetfilmfestivallosangeles/home/puttamatathail-house-family|publisher=Sunset Int. Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dipti Mehta wins Award for Life! Camera Action...at the Sunset Int. Film Festival in California|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/4793-dipti-mehta-wins-award-for-life-camera-action.htm|accessdate=1 June 2012|newspaper=India West|date=1 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
|{{Flagu|USA}}

|Award for Best Female Actor|Best Female Actor
|[[Dipti Mehta]]
|{{won}}
|-
||[http://www.twiff.org/2012-winners/ The World Independent Film Festival (TWIFF)]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Editorial|first1=BT|title=LIFE! CAMERA ACTION... wins Best Inspirational Family Drama Award in San Francisco, USA|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-wins-best-inspirational-family-drama-award-in-san-francisco-usa/2D2C28A8-2B39-4474-980C-EBC7E41638F5/index.htm|accessdate=20 June 2015|publisher=BT|date=18 September 2012|archive-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629232643/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/life-camera-action-wins-best-inspirational-family-drama-award-in-san-francisco-usa/2D2C28A8-2B39-4474-980C-EBC7E41638F5/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|{{Flagu|USA}}

|Best Inspirational Family Drama

|''Life! Camera Action...''

|{{won}}
|-
||[http://www.tifva.com/past-seasons/ Toronto Independent Film & Video Awards]<ref>{{cite web|title=Toronto Independent Film & Video Awards 2011 Nominations|url=http://www.tifva.com/Winner2011.php#|publisher=Toronto Independent Film & Video Awards}}</ref>
|{{Flagu|Canada}}
|Best Experimental Film
|''Life! Camera Action...''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="7"|[[World Music & Independent Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|title=World Music & Independent Film Festival Washington D.C. Awards and nominees. Life! Camera Action...Wins 2 Awards|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/Life-Camera-Actionwins-2-awards-at-the-WMIFF-2011/articleshow/9734450.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/cinema/29926744_1_film-festival-south-africa-international-film-festival-thailand-noor-naghmi|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>

|rowspan="7"|{{Flagu|USA}}

|Best Drama

|''Life! Camera Action...''

|{{nom}}

|-

|Best Director

|Rohit Gupta

|{{nom}}

|-

|Best Actress

|[[Dipti Mehta]]

|{{nom}}

|-

|Best Original Music

|Manoj Singh

|{{won}}

|-

|Best Screenplay

|Rohit Gupta, Amanda Sodhi

|{{nom}}

|-

|Best Actor in Supporting Role

|Noor Naghmi

|{{won}}

|-
|Best Actress in Supporting Role
|Swati Kapila
|{{nom}}

|-
||[http://www.yosemitefilmfestival.com/past-winners/2011-winners/ Yosemite International Film Awards]<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Winners Yosemite International Film Awards|url=http://www.yosemitefilmfestival.com/Default.aspx?TabId=451&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|publisher=Yosemite International Film Awards|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725000434/http://www.yosemitefilmfestival.com/Default.aspx?TabId=451&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|archive-date=25 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|{{Flagu|USA}}

|Grand Jury Choice Award for Best Film

|''Life! Camera Action...''

|{{won}}
|-
|}

== Selected Official selections and screenings ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Festival/Event !! Location !! Country
|-
| [[New York Indian Film Festival]] || [[New York, New York]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| Williamsburg International Film Festival || [[Brooklyn, New York]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| Toronto International Film Awards|| [[Toronto]] || {{Flagu|Canada}}

|-
| [[Golden Door Film Festival|Golden Door International Film Festival]] || [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| [[India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay]] || [[Florida]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| Carmarthen Bay International Film Festival || [[Wales]] || {{Flagu|UK}}
|-
| Ioninan International Film Festival || [[Lefkas]] || {{Flagu|Greece}}

|-
| Treasure Coast International Film Festival || [[Florida]] || {{Flagu|USA}}

|-
| World Peace International Film Festival || [[Jakarta]] || {{Flagu|Indonesia}}
|-
| Social Uprising Resistance and Grass Root Encouragement IFF || [[Austin, Texas]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC Film Bazaar]] || [[Goa]] || {{Flagu|India}}
|-
| [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Boston's Museum of Fine Arts (MFA)]] || [[Boston]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| Heart of England International Film Festival || [[Coventry]] || {{Flagu|UK}}
|-
| [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] || [[Dhaka]] || {{Flagu|Bangladesh}}
|-
| Legacy Media Institute International Film Festival|| [[Virginia]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| [http://www.delhiinternationalfilmfestival.com/filmfestival/ Delhi International Film Festival]|| [[Delhi]] || {{Flagu|India}}
|-
| International Youth Film Festival|| [[London]] || {{Flagu|UK}}
|-
| [[Silent River Film Festival]]|| [[California]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| [[Action on Film International Film Festival]]|| [[California]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| International Film Festival Antigua & Barbuda || [[Antigua & Barbuda]] || {{Flagu|West Indies}}
|-
| [[Nevada International Film Festival]]|| [[Las Vegas]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| Love Unlimited Film Festival and Art Exhibition|| [[Texas]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| Filums (LUMS International Film Festival) || [[Lahore]] || {{Flagu|Pakistan}}
|-
| Love Unlimited Film Festival and Art Exhibition|| [[California]] || {{Flagu|USA}}

|-
| Sunset International Film Festival|| [[Los Angeles]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| The World Independent Film Festival|| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] || {{Flagu|USA}}

|-
| Cabo Verde International Film Festival || [[Sal Island]] || {{Flagu|Cape Verde}}
|-
| [[World Music & Independent Film Festival]]|| [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| International Filmmaker Festival of World Cinema|| [[London]] || {{Flagu|UK}}
|-
| Barossa International Film Festival|| [[Tanunda, South Australia|Tanunda]] || {{Flagu|Australia}}
|-
| Bayou City Inspirational Film Festival|| [[Texas]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| International Film Festival for Peace, Inspiration and Equality|| [[Jakarta]] || {{Flagu|Indonesia}}
|-
| Yosemite International Film Festival|| [[Yosemite]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|-
| Indie Fest|| [[San Diego]] || {{Flagu|USA}}
|}

==Limca Book of records==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; font-size: 0.98em;"
!Record
!Honoring body
|-
|Film ''Life! Camera Action...'' was shot by just a two-member crew consisting of director/producer Rohit Gupta & Ravi Kumar R.<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmmaker Rohit Gupta honored by the Limca Book of Records|url=https://www.nyfa.edu/film-school-blog/nyfa-grad-rohit-gupta-honored-by-limca-book-of-records/|publisher=Times of India|date=14 January 2014}}</ref>
|[[Limca Book of Records]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[The Pursuit of Happyness]]
*[[Chak De! India|Go for it! India]]
*[[Bend It Like Beckham]]
*[[August Rush]]
*[[3 Idiots]]
*[[October Sky]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.RNGfilms.com Official Website]
*{{IMDb title|1682931}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|Life_Camera_Action|Life! Camera Action...}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2010s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:American musical drama films]]
[[Category:American avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2012 independent films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:2012 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about women in the Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rohit Gupta]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Asian-American drama films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:2012 English-language films]]
[[Category:2012 American films]]
[[Category:English-language independent films]]
[[Category:English-language musical drama films]]
[[Category:2012 musical films]]

Phyllocnistis exaeta

2026-03-15T22:26:37Z

Viktorivmw: Stub...

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis exaeta
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1926)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLEXAE Phyllocnistis exaeta Meyrick, 1926] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis exaeta''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> It was named by E. Meyrick in 1926.<ref>Meyrick, E. 1926b. Exotic Microlepidoptera. - Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 3(9):257–288.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188710}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1926]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Bhagyada balegara

2026-03-15T11:48:42Z

Viktorivmw: Added new article w/ sources

{{about||the film|Bhagyada Balegara (film)|}}
"'''Bhagyada balegara hogi ba'''" ([[Kannada]]: ಭಾಗ್ಯಾದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ, meaning ''Dear bangle seller, please go to my home town'') is a popular [[Art and culture of Karnataka|Kannada folk song]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raagtune.com/song/7tyt3ihl/Bhagyada_Balegara.html |title=Bhagyada Balegara - Various Mp3 Download |website=raagtune.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074144/http://raagtune.com/song/7tyt3ihl/Bhagyada_Balegara.html |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> The song is about a conversation between a newly married lady and a bangle seller. The lady asks the bangle seller to visit her parents' house, but the seller says that he does not know how to get there. The lady gives directions to her parents' hometown in a poetic way.

"Bhagyada balegara" is very popular in [[Karnataka]] and throughout [[South India]]. The song is a regular feature of folk music programmes in the state.

Many singers have covered this song, including [[K. S. Chitra]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[B. R. Chaya]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SPB]], [[Manjula Gururaj]], [[Kasturi Shankar]], [[Rathnamala Prakash]], [[Nanditha]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]], and Amma Ramachandra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sevanthi Sevanthi mp3 songs |url=http://mp3mad.com/8725/Sevanthi-Sevanthi-mp3-songs.html |website=mp3mad.com |access-date=2015-09-08 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061314/http://mp3mad.com/8725/Sevanthi-Sevanthi-mp3-songs.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagyada Balegara mp3 songs |url=http://mp3mad.com/17472/Bhagyada-Balegara-mp3-songs.html |website=mp3mad.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
{{move to Wikisource}}

== Lyrics ==
===Text of the composition===

'''ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಗಳು:'''
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ

'''ಬಳೆಗಾರ :'''
ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ ನಾನೇನು ಬಲ್ಲೆನು
ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ ನಾನೇನು ಬಲ್ಲೆನು
ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಎನಗೆ ಗುರಿಯಿಲ್ಲ ಎಲೆಬಾಲೆ
ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಎನಗೆ ಗುರಿಯಿಲ್ಲ ಎಲೆಬಾಲೆ
ತೋರಿಸು ಬಾರೆ ತವರೂರ

'''ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಗಳು :'''
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ

ಬಾಳೆ ಬಲಕ್ಕೆ ಬೀಡು ಸೀಬೆ ಎಡಕ್ಕೆ ಬೀಡು
ಬಾಳೆ ಬಲಕ್ಕೆ ಬೀಡು ಸೀಬೆ ಎಡಕ್ಕೆ ಬೀಡು
ನಟ್ಟ ನಡುವೇಲ್ಲಿ ನೀ ಹೋಗು ಬಳೆಗಾರ
ನಟ್ಟ ನಡುವೇಲ್ಲಿ ನೀ ಹೋಗು ಬಳೆಗಾರ
ಅಲ್ಲಿಹುದೆನ್ನಾ ತವರೂರು

'''ಬಳೆಗಾರ :'''
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ

'''ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಗಳು:'''
ಹಂಚಿನಾ ಮನೆ ಕಾಣೋ ಕಂಚಿನಾ ಕದ ಕಾಣೋ
ಹಂಚಿನಾ ಮನೆ ಕಾಣೋ ಕಂಚಿನಾ ಕದ ಕಾಣೋ
ಇಂಚಾಡೋವೆರಡು ಗಿಳಿ ಕಾಣೋ ಬಳೆಗಾರ
ಅಲ್ಲಿಹುದೆನ್ನಾ ತವರೂರು

'''ಬಳೆಗಾರ:'''
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ

'''ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಗಳು:'''
ಆಲೆ ಆಡುತ್ತಾವೇ ಗಾಣ ತಿರುಗುತ್ತಾವೇ
ಆಲೆ ಆಡುತ್ತಾವೇ ಗಾಣ ತಿರುಗುತ್ತಾವೇ
ನವಿಲು ಸಾರಂಗ ನಲಿದಾವೇ ಬಳೆಗಾರ
ಅಲ್ಲಿಹುದೆನ್ನಾ ತವರೂರು

'''ಬಳೆಗಾರ:'''
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ

'''ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಗಳು:'''
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಹಟ್ಟೀಲಿ ಮುತ್ತಿನ ಚಪ್ರ ಹಾಸಿ
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಹಟ್ಟೀಲಿ ಮುತ್ತಿನ ಚಪ್ರ ಹಾಸಿ
ನಟ್ಟ ನಡುವೇಲ್ಲಿ ಪಗಡೆಯ ಆಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ
ನಟ್ಟ ನಡುವೇಲ್ಲಿ ಪಗಡೆಯ ಆಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ
ಅವಳೆ ಕಣೋ ನನ್ನ ಹಡೆದವ್ವ

'''ಬಳೆಗಾರ:'''
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ
ಮುತ್ತೈದೆ ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ ತೋರು ಬಾ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರಾ

'''ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಗಳು:'''
ಅಚ್ಚ ಕೆಂಪಿನ ಬಳೆ,ಹಸಿರು ಗೀರಿನ ಬಳೆ
ಅಚ್ಚ ಕೆಂಪಿನ ಬಳೆ,ಹಸಿರು ಗೀರಿನ ಬಳೆ
ನನ್ನ ಹಡೆದವ್ವಗೆ ಬಲು ಆಸೆ ಬಳೆಗಾರ
ನನ್ನ ಹಡೆದವ್ವಗೆ ಬಲು ಆಸೆ ಬಳೆಗಾರ
ಕೊಂಡು ಹೋಗೊ ನನ್ನ ತವರೀಗೆ
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ
ಭಾಗ್ಯದ ಬಳೆಗಾರ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಾ ನನ್ ತವರೀಗೇ

'''ಬಳೆಗಾರ:'''
ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೂರ ನಾನೀಗ ಬಲ್ಲೆನು
ಗೊತ್ತಾಯ್ತು ಎನಗೆ, ಗುರಿಯಾಯ್ತು ಎಲೆ ಹೆಣ್ಣೆ
ಹೋಗಿ ಬರ್ತೀನಿ ನಿನ್ನ ತವರೀಗೆ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kannadasongskannadalyrics.blogspot.in/2012/12/kannada-folk-song-bhagayada-balegara.html|title = Kannadalyrics: Kannada folk song : Bhagayada Balegara Kannada lyrics|date = 3 December 2012}}</ref>

===English transliteration===

'''LADY :'''
Bhaagyada baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE
Bhaagyada baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE

'''BANGLE SELLER'''
ninna thavarUrA naanEnu ballenu
ninna thavarUrA naanEnu ballenu
goththilla enage guriyilla elebaale
goththilla enage guriyilla elebaale
thOrisu bAre thavarUra

'''LADY:'''
Bhaagyada baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE
Bhaagyada baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE

'''LADY:'''
bALe balakke bIdu sIbe edakke bIdu
bALe balakke bIdu sIbe edakke bIdu
natta naduvElli nI hOgu baLegAra
natta naduvElli nI hOgu baLegAra
allihudhennA thavarUru

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA nin thavarUrA
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA nin thavarUrA

'''LADY:'''
hanchina mane kANO kanchina kadha kANO
hanchina mane kANO kanchina kadha kANO
inchaadOveradu giLi kANO baLegaara
allihudhennA thavarUru

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA ninna thavarUrA
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA ninna thavarUrA

'''LADY:'''
Ale AduththAvE gANa thiruguththAvE
Ale AduththAvE gANa thiruguththAvE
navilu saaranga nalidhAvE baLegaara
allihudhennA thavarUru

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA ninna thavarUrA
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA ninna thavarUrA

'''LADY:'''
muththaidhe hattIli muththina chapra haasi
muththaidhe hattIli muththina chapra haasi
natta naduvElli pagadeya AduththaaLe
natta naduvElli pagadeya AduththaaLe
avaLe kaNO nanna hadedhavva

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA ninna thavarUrA
muththaidhe ele heNNe thOru bA ninna thavarUrA

'''LADY:'''
achcha kempina baLe,hasiru gIrina baLe
achcha kempina baLe,hasiru gIrina baLe
nanna hadedhavvage balu Ase baLegaara
nanna hadedhavvage balu Ase baLegaara
kondu hOgo nanna thavarIge

'''LADY:'''
Bhaagyadha baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE
Bhaagyadha baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE
Bhaagyadha baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE
Bhaagyadha baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
ninna thavarUra nAnEga bllenu
gotthAithu enage guriyAythu ele bAle
hOgi barthini ninna thavrige

'''LADY:'''
Bhaagyadha baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE
Bhaagyadha baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
mutthaide ele heNNe hOguve nin thavarige

'''LADY:'''
Bhaagyadha baLegaara hOgi bA nan thavarIgE

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
mutthaide ele heNNe hOguve nin thavarige

===English translation===
'''LADY:'''
Dear Bangle seller,
please go to my hometown

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
how am I supposed to know which is your hometown?
I Don't know the directions. Show me how to get there

'''LADY:'''
[[You'll See|you'll see]] banana plantation at the right,
Guava plantation at the left,
Please take the road which lies in between these two,
it takes you to my home

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
Hey newly married lady,
Please show me your home

'''LADY:'''
The home built with red tiles and
the door is made from Bronze,
there'll be two parrots singing, that's my home

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
Hey newly married lady,
Please show me your home

'''LADY:'''
[[Jaggery]] will be making, oil wheel will be rotating
Peacocks, spotted deer will be dancing
that's my hometown

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
Hey newly married lady,
Please show me your home

'''LADY:'''
The tent decorated with pearls- my mother still plays game of dice inside it
(Signifies that the celebration of marriage is not
yet over and
the temporary construction erected for marriage related functions is still fresh).

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
Hey newly married lady,
Please show me your home

'''LADY:'''
My mother loves dark red bangles and
green bangle with cros..
please take them there when you go there

Dear fortune bangle seller
please go to my hometown

'''BANGLE SELLER:'''
Now I know about your home,
I got the directions,
I will certainly visit it.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian folk songs]]

Ernest Borges

2026-03-11T18:04:51Z

Viktorivmw: starting new info needs work!

{{Short description|Indian oncologist and surgeon (1909–1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ernest Borges
| image = Ernest Joachim Joseph Borges.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Ernest Borges
| birth_name = Ernest Joachim Joseph Borges
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1909}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1969|03|03|1909|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Tata Memorial Hospital]], Mumbai, India
| education = [[MBBS]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons|Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons]] (FRCS)
| alma_mater = [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]], [[University of Bombay]]
| occupation = Oncologist, Cancer Surgeon
| years_active=
| known_for = Pioneering [[cancer treatment]] in India
| notable_works=
| title =
| spouse = {{marriage|Gracie Soares|1946}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Anita Borges|Anita]]| [[Renee Borges|Renee]]
}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1966) [[Order of St. Gregory the Great]]
}}

'''Ernest Joachim Joseph Borges''' [[FRCS]] (1909 - 3 March 1969) was an Indian oncologist and cancer surgeon known for his contributions to the field of [[oncology]] in India. He pioneered [[cancer treatment]] in India during a period when [[radiation therapy]] and [[chemotherapy]] were in their early stages of development, while surgery remained the predominant option for cancer patients.<ref name=midday/> He served as the Director and Superintendent of [[Tata Memorial Hospital]] from 1967 to 1969.<ref name=gov>{{cite web |last1=Cabral e Sa |first1=Mario |title=Eminent Goans |url=https://nri.goa.gov.in/eminent-goans/ |website=nri.goa.gov.in}}</ref> In 1966, he was honored with the [[Padma Shri]], the third highest civilian award, by the Government of India.<ref name=heraldgoa/>

== Early life and education ==
Ernest Joachim Joseph Borges was born in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) in 1909 to Cajetan Francis Borges and Inez de Nazaré.<ref name=midday>{{cite news |last1=Borges |first1=Jane |title=Daughter of Mumbai's renowned cancer surgeon Ernest Borges documents his legacy |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/the-wit-and-times-of-dr-ernest-borges-23268898 |publisher=[[Mid Day]] |date=February 5, 2023}}</ref> The family was from [[Ucassaim]], [[Goa]].<ref name="ErnestCancerMonteiroToI">{{Cite news |date=2017-04-27 |last=Monteiro |first=Lisa |title=An 'ernest' fight against cancer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/an-ernest-fight-against-cancer/articleshow/58405064.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Borges received his early education at [[St. Teresa's High School, Charni Road|St. Teresa's High School]] in [[Girgaon]] and later attended [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort|St. Xavier's High School]] and College in [[Dhobitalao]]. He pursued his medical degree (MBBS) from [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]] and furthered his studies by obtaining an MS degree with distinction from the [[University of Bombay]]. He went on to pursue a [[Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons]] (FRCS) in [[England]]. He was trained at [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|Memorial Hospital]] in [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name=midday />

== Career ==
Borges joined Tata Memorial Hospital in Bombay, where he served as a chief surgeon for nearly three decades. His expertise in esophageal cancer surgery, particularly noteworthy during a time when few dared to undertake such procedures, earned him acclaim both nationally and internationally. He was instrumental in establishing Tata Memorial Hospital as a premier institution for cancer treatment in India.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

He was closely associated with the [[Catholic Church]]. He served as president for three terms at the St. Luke's Medical Guild, an organization of Catholic medical professionals established by the then [[Archbishop of Bombay]].<ref name=midday/> He was the editor of the medical journal, the Catholic Medical Bulletin, which was published by the Archdiocese of Bombay.<ref name=heraldgoa>{{cite news |title=A quest to find the legend of Dr Ernest Borges |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-quest-to-find-the-legend-of-Dr-Ernest-Borges/200641 |publisher=[[O Heraldo]] |date=February 6, 2023}}</ref> He served as the President of the Indian Federation of Catholic Medical Guilds since 1964.<ref>{{cite book |author1=J. Clement Vaz |author1-link=J. Clement Vaz |title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170226192 |page=220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&dq=Dr.+Ernest+Borges&pg=PA220}}</ref> He was also elected as the vice president of the International Federation of Catholic Medical Associations in 1966.<ref name=gov/>

== Personal life ==
Borges married Gracie Soares on 27 April 1946. The couple had six children, however, one of their daughters survived for only one day.<ref name=midday/> He is the father of oncopathologist [[Anita Borges]] and evolutionary biologist [[Renee Borges]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-07 |title=A quest to find the legend of Dr Ernest Borges |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/a-quest-to-find-the-legend-of-dr-ernest-borges/200641 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> In 1964, he and his wife had a private audience with [[Pope Paul VI]] when the Pope visited India for the [[Eucharistic congress]].<ref name=midday/>

==Death==
Borges died of cancer<ref name="ErnestCancerMonteiroToI" /> on 3 March 1969 at the Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai.<ref name=goanobserver>{{cite news |title=Legendary Doctors!ERNEST BORGES, A CANCER SURGEON TO REMEMBER! |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2023/01/27/legendary-doctorsernest-borges-a-cancer-surgeon-to-remember%EF%BB%BF/ |publisher=Goan Observer |date=January 27, 2023}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 1966, he was honored with the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[President of India]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], in recognition of his contributions to the field of medicine.<ref name=heraldgoa/>

He received the [[Knight|Knighthood]] of the [[Order of St. Gregory the Great]] from the [[Pope]] and was also honored with the [[Papal gentleman|Order of the Privy Chamberlain, Cape, and Sword]] for his dedicated service to suffering humanity. He was the recipient of the Charles Morehead Prize in [[Clinical Medicine]].<ref name="ErnestCancerMonteiroToI" />

The Goa Branch of the [[Indian Cancer Society]] released cancer seals/stamps featuring his photo on September 7, 1971, commemorating Ernest's birth anniversary.<ref name=midday/>

== Legacy ==
Borges was also a philanthropist, and he established ''Ernest's Ark: The Dr. Ernest Borges Memorial Home'' in Mumbai, which provides care and support to cancer patients and their families.<ref name=goanobserver/>

Borges' life and work are the subject of a biography book titled, ''In Ernest Quest: EJ Borges, Legendary and Revered Cancer Surgeon'', written by his daughter [[Renee Borges]]. The book was released in January 2023 and covers all aspects of Borges' life and lifestyle, including his personal and professional relationships, his research, and his contributions to the field of oncology. The book also includes eulogies and tributes from colleagues and patients who knew and worked with Borges.<ref name=goanobserver/><ref name=midday/><ref>{{cite news |title=Capturing the essence of Dr. Ernest Borges |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/01/14/magazines/zest/capturing-the-essence-of-dr-ernest-borges/ |publisher=[[The Navhind Times]] |date=January 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="In Ernest Quest", a book released on the life of Oncologist Dr Ernest Borges |url=https://goanews.com/in-ernest-quest-a-book-released-on-the-life-of-oncologist-dr-ernest-borges/ |publisher=Goanews.com |date=January 21, 2023}}</ref>

Roads named after him include Dr. Ernest Borges Road in front of [[Tata Memorial Hospital]] in [[Parel]], Mumbai,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Jerry |title=Tapping into the many tales of Dr Ernest Borges Road |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/discovering-dr-ernest-borges-a-look-at-the-life-of-a-legendary-cancer-surgeon-and-mentor-drernestborges-cancersurgeon-mentor-indianinstituteofscience-behavioralecologist-inernestquest-tatamemorialhospital-legacy-kalanagar-memorialhome-101681587763954.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=April 17, 2023}}</ref> as well as roads in [[Dona Paula]] and [[Ucassaim]], [[Goa]].<ref name="ErnestCancerMonteiroToI" />

Tata Memorial Hospital paid tribute to Ernest Borges' centenary and his contributions to cancer surgery by releasing a handbook on 6 September 2009. The handbook documents his journey as a surgeon and mentor at the hospital.<ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |last1=Madugula |first1=Monika |title=Dr Ernest Borges Road Tribute to man who spent his life fighting cancer |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dr-ernest-borges-road-tribute-to-man-who-spent-his-life-fighting-cancer-4785531/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=August 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dr-ernest-borges-road-tribute-to-man-who-spent-his-life-fighting-cancer-4785531/ |archive-date=August 6, 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1960–1969)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borges, Ernest}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:20th-century medical doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Knights of St. Gregory the Great]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Commerce

2026-03-10T01:21:38Z

Viktorivmw: quick update

{{Short description|Exchange of goods and services}}
{{About|the business concept}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}

'''Commerce''' is the organized [[Complex system|system]] of activities, functions, procedures and institutions that directly or indirectly contribute to the smooth, unhindered large-scale exchange of [[goods and services|goods, services]], and other things of [[Value (economics)|value]]—predominantly through [[Financial transaction|transactional processes]]—at a specified time, place, quantity, [[Quality (business)|quality]] and [[price]] through various [[Distribution channel|channels]] among the original [[Economic production|producer]]s and the final [[consumer]]s within local, regional, national or international economies.<ref>{{Cite OED|Commerce|id=37073}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Principles and Practice of Commerce |author=James Stephenson |year=1942 |publisher=Sir Issac Pitman & Sons, Ltd |page=95 |place=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commerce Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/commerce |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US |quote=commerce: activities that relate to the buying and selling of goods and services}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMERCE |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/commerce |website=Collins Dictionary |quote=Commerce is the activities and procedures involved in buying and selling things.}}</ref><ref name=OXDICT>{{Citation |title=A Dictionary of Business and Management |editor=Jonathan Law |page=26 |year=2016 |edition=6th |publisher=Oxofrd University Press}}</ref> The diversity in the distribution of [[natural resource]]s, differences of human [[need]]s and [[want]]s, and [[division of labour]] along with [[comparative advantage]] are the principal factors that give rise to commercial exchanges.<ref>{{citation |title=Principles and Practice of Commerce |author=James Stephenson |year=1942 |publisher=Sir Issac Pitman & Sons, Ltd |page=14 |place=London}}</ref>


Commerce consists of [[trade]] and aids to trade<ref name=OXDICT/> (i.e. auxiliary commercial services) taking place along the entire [[supply chain]]. Trade is the exchange of goods (including [[raw material]]s, [[intermediate good|intermediate]] and [[finished good]]s) and services between [[Consumer|buyers]] and [[Sales|sellers]] in return for an [[Offer and acceptance|agreed-upon price]] at traditional (or [[Online marketplace|online]]) [[marketplace]]s. It is categorized into [[Domestic market|domestic trade]], including [[retail]] and [[wholesale]] as well as local, regional, inter-regional and [[International trade|international/foreign trade]] (encompassing [[import]], [[export]] and [[Re-exportation|entrepôt/re-export]] trades). The exchange of [[currencies]] (in [[foreign exchange market]]s), [[commodities]] (in [[commodity market]]s/exchanges) and [[securities]] and [[derivative (finance)|derivatives]] (in [[stock exchange]]s and [[financial market]]s) in specialized [[Exchange (organized market)|exchange]] markets, typically operating under the domain of [[finance]] and [[investment]], also falls under the umbrella of trade. On the other hand, auxiliary commercial activities (aids to trade) which can facilitate trade include commercial [[intermediary|intermediaries]], [[banking]], credit financing and related services, [[transportation]], [[packaging]], [[warehousing]], [[communication]], [[advertising]] and [[insurance]]. Their purpose is to remove hindrances related to direct personal contact, [[payment]]s, [[savings]], [[funding]], separation of place and time, product protection and preservation, [[knowledge]] and [[risk]].

The broader framework of commerce incorporates additional elements and factors such as [[commercial law|laws and regulations]] (including [[intellectual property rights]] and [[antitrust law]]s), [[Commercial policy|policies]], [[tariff]]s and [[trade barrier]]s, [[consumer]]s and [[Consumer behaviour|consumer trend]]s, [[Production (economics)|producer]]s and production strategies, supply chains and their [[supply chain management|management]], [[financial transaction]]s for ordinary and extraordinary business activities, [[market (economics)|market]] dynamics (including [[supply and demand]]), [[technological innovation]], [[Competition (economics)|competition]] and [[entrepreneurship]], [[trade agreement]]s, [[multinational corporation]]s and [[small and medium-sized enterprises]] (SMEs), and [[Macroeconomics|macroeconomic factors]] (like [[economic stability]]).


Commerce drives [[economic growth]], [[Economic development|development]] and [[prosperity]], promotes regional and international [[Economic interdependence|interdependence]], fosters [[Cultural diplomacy|cultural exchange]], [[Job creation|creates jobs]], improves people's [[standard of living]] by giving them access to a wider variety of goods and services, and encourages [[innovation]] and competition for better [[Product (business)|product]]s. On the other hand, commerce can worsen [[economic inequality]] by [[Distribution of wealth|concentrating wealth]] (and [[Economic power|power]]) into the hands of [[Oligopoly|a small number of individuals]], and by prioritizing short-term [[profit (economics)|profit]] over long-term sustainability and [[business ethics|ethical]], [[Corporate social responsibility|social]], and environmental considerations, leading to [[environmental degradation]], [[labor exploitation]] and disregard for [[consumer safety]]. Unregulated, it can lead to [[Overconsumption (economics)|excessive consumption]] (generating [[Global waste trade|undesirable waste]]) and [[overexploitation|unsustainable exploitation]] of nature (causing [[resource depletion]]). Harnessing commerce's [[Externality#Positive|benefits]] for the society while mitigating its [[Externality#Negative|drawbacks]] remains vital for [[Commercial policy|policymaker]]s, [[business]]es and other [[Stakeholder analysis|stakeholder]]s, who are increasingly adopting [[Sustainable business|sustainable practices]], [[Ethical consumerism|ethical sourcing]], and [[circular economy]] models,

Commerce traces its origins to ancient localized [[barter]] systems, leading to the establishment of periodic marketplaces, and culminating in the development of [[currency|currencies]] for [[efficiency|efficient]] trade. In medieval times, [[trade route]]s (like the [[Silk Road]]) with pivotal commercial hubs (like [[Venice]]) connected regions and continents, enabling long-distance trade and [[Cultural diplomacy|cultural exchange]]. From the 15th to the early 20th century, [[European colonialism|European colonial powers]] dominated global commerce on an unprecedented scale, giving rise to maritime trade empires with their powerful colonial trade companies (e.g., [[Dutch East India Company]] and [[British East India Company]]) and ushering in an unprecedented global exchange (see [[Columbian exchange]]). In the 19th century, [[History of banking#The modern bank|modern bank]]ing and related international markets along with the [[Industrial Revolution]] fundamentally reshaped commerce. In the [[decolonization|post-colonial]] 20th century, [[free market]] principles gained ground, [[multinational corporation]]s and [[consumer economy|consumer economies]] thrived in U.S.-led [[Western bloc|capitalist countries]] and [[free trade agreement]]s (like [[GATT]] and [[WTO]]) emerged, whereas [[Eastern bloc|communist]] economies encountered [[trade restriction]]s, limiting [[consumer choice]]. Furthermore, in the mid-20th century, the adoption of [[Intermodal container|standardized shipping containers]] facilitated seamless and efficient [[intermodal freight transport]], leading to a surge in international trade. By the century's end, [[Developing country|developing countries]] saw their share in world trade rise from a quarter to a third.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries |author=IMF Staff |date=November 2001 |website=International Monetary Fund |url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm}}</ref> 21st century commerce is increasingly [[information technology|technology-driven]] (see [[e-commerce]], [[Marketing and artificial intelligence|role of artificial intelligence]] and [[Marketing automation|automation]]), [[economic globalization|globalized]], intricately [[Commercial law|regulated]], [[ethics|ethically]] responsible and [[sustainability]]-focused (e.g., [[Climate resilience|climate-resilient]] trade practices), with [[multilateralism|multilateral]] [[economic integration]]s (like the [[European Union]]) or coalitions (like [[BRICS]]),<ref>{{Citation |journal=The Pacific Review |volume=34 |year=2021 |issue=1 |title=China, the BRICS, and the limitations of reshaping global economic governance |author=Bas Hooijmaaijers |pages=29–55|doi=10.1080/09512748.2019.1649298 }}</ref> [[gig economy]] and platform-based [[uberisation]] of services, [[Geopolitics|geopolitical shift]]s and [[trade war]]s leading to its reconfiguration.


==Etymology==
The English-language word ''commerce'' has been derived from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|commercium}}, from {{lang|la|com}} ('together') and {{lang|la|merx}} ('merchandise').<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle= Commerce |volume= 6 |pages= 766–770 }}</ref>

==Relation to business and trade==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2024}}
Despite many similarities (to the extent that they are sometimes used as synonyms in layman's terms and in other contexts), commerce, [[business]] and [[trade]] are distinct concepts.

===Commerce and business===
Commerce deals with buying, selling, and distribution of goods and services from producers to customers as well as related matters such as marketing, finance, laws, transportation, and insurance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMERCE |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/commerce |website=Cambridge Dictionary |quote=commerce : the activities involved in buying and selling things}}</ref><ref name=OXDICT /><ref>{{Citation |title=Cambridge O Level Commerce Coursebook |author= Mary Trigwell-Jones |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |page=19}}</ref>

In a general sense, business is the activity of earning money and making one's living through engaging in commerce.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|title=Oxford Living Dictionaries|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501064740/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/business|archive-date=May 1, 2019|quote=business [:] 2 The practice of making one's living by engaging in commerce.}}</ref> The difference between business and commerce is that business can also refer to a [[commercial entity]], such as a company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=business |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/business |website=Cambridge Dictionary |quote=business : a particular company that buys and sells goods and services}}</ref> So, in a more specific sense, a business is an organization or activity for making a profit by providing goods and services which meet the needs of its customers or consumers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://openstax.org/books/introduction-business/pages/1-1-the-nature-of-business |department=Understanding Economic Systems and Business |title=Introduction to Business |page=12 |year=2018 |publisher=Openstax - Rice University}}</ref>

Viewed in this way, commerce is a broader concept and an overall, all-encompassing aspect of business. Commerce provides the underlying large-scale transactional environment comprising all kinds of exchanges within which individual business organizations operate for generating profits.

===Commerce and trade===
Commerce is also distinguishable from [[trade]]. Trade is the transaction (buying and selling) of goods and services that makes a profit for the seller and satisfies the want or need of the buyer. When trade is carried out within a country, it is called home or [[domestic trade]], which can be [[Wholesaling|wholesale]] or [[retail]]. A wholesaler buys from the producer in bulk and sells to the retailer who then sells again to the final consumer in smaller quantities. Trade between a country and the rest of the world is called foreign or [[international trade]], which consists of [[import]] trade and [[export]] trade, both being wholesale in general.

Commerce comprises not only trade, as defined above, but also auxiliary services, or aids to trade,<ref name=OXDICT/> and various procedures designed to facilitate trade. Auxiliary services such as [[transportation]], [[communication]], [[warehousing]], [[insurance]], [[banking]] services including access to credit and important financial systems, ancillary activities such as funding technological research, and [[packaging]] and making use of services offered by commercial agents such as law firms and property brokerages. In other words, commerce describes the wide, dynamic range of political, economic, technological, logistical, legal, regulatory, social, and cultural aspects of trade in abstract terms, rather than as an assemblage of particular enterprises and actors.

Described in this manner, trade is a part of commerce and commerce is an aspect of business.

==History==
[[File:Caduceus.svg|thumb|upright=0.45|The [[caduceus]] – used today as the symbol of commerce,<ref>{{cite book|last=Biedermann|first=Hans|translator-last=Hulbert|translator-first=James|title=Dictionary of Symbolism - Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them|page=54}}</ref> and traditionally associated with the Roman god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]], patron of commerce, trickery and thieves]]

Historian [[Peter Watson (business writer)|Peter Watson]] and Ramesh Manickam date the [[History of international trade|history of long-distance commerce]] from circa 150,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book | author = Watson, Peter | title = Ideas : A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2005| isbn = 0-06-621064-X |contribution=Introduction}}</ref> In historic times, the introduction of [[currency]] as a standardized [[money]] facilitated the exchange of goods and services.<ref>{{cite book | author= Davies, Glyn | title = Ideas: A history of money from ancient times to the present day | publisher = University of Wales Press | year = 2002| isbn = 0-7083-1717-0}}</ref>

Commerce was a costly endeavor in the antiquities because of the risky nature of transportation, which restricted it to local markets. Commerce then expanded along with the improvement of transportation systems over time. In the Middle Ages, long-distance and large-scale commerce was still limited within continents. [[Banking system]]s developed in medieval Europe, facilitating financial transactions across national boundaries.<ref name="Howell2010">{{cite book |author=[[Martha C. Howell]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKhZTqkqfkEC |title=Commerce Before Capitalism in Europe, 1300-1600 |date=12 April 2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76046-1}}</ref> [[Marketplace|Market]]s became a feature of town life, and were regulated by town authorities.<ref name="Braudel1982">
{{cite book
|author= Fernand Braudel
|title= Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The wheels of commerce
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WPDbSXQsvGIC
|year= 1982|publisher= University of California Press
|isbn= 978-0-520-08115-4|page= 30
|quote= Taken over by towns, the markets grew apace with them.
}}
</ref> With the advent of the [[Age of Discovery]] and oceangoing ships, commerce took an international, trans-continental stature.

Currently the reliability of international trans-oceanic shipping and mailing systems and the facility of the Internet has made commerce possible between cities, regions and countries situated anywhere in the world. In the 21st century, Internet-based [[electronic commerce]] (where financial information is transferred over Internet), and its subcategories such as wireless [[mobile commerce]] and [[social network]]-based [[social commerce]] have been and continue to get adopted widely.

==Regulation==
{{Main|Commercial law}}
Legislative bodies and ministries or ministerial departments of commerce regulate, promote and manage domestic and foreign commercial activities within a country. International commerce can be regulated by bilateral treaties between countries. After the second world war and the rise of free trade among nations, multilateral arrangements such as the [[GATT]] and later the [[World Trade Organization]] became the principal systems regulating global commerce. The [[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC) is another important organization which sets rules and resolves disputes in international commerce.

Where national [[government bodies]] undertake commercial activity with or inside other states, this commercial activity may fall outside the protection of the international rules which govern legal relationships between independent states: see, for example, the "commercial activity exception" applicable under the United States' [[Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act]] of 1976.

==See also==
{{cols|colwidth=13em}}
* [[Commercialization]]
* [[Commercialism]]
* [[Capitalism]]
* [[Cargo]]
* [[Commerce clause]]
* [[Commercial management]]
* [[Commercial law]]
* [[Commercial revolution]]
* [[Eco commerce]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[Fair]]
* [[Financial planning (business)]]
* [[Laissez-faire]]
* [[Market (economics)]]
* [[Marketplace]]
* [[Mass production]]
* [[Merchandising]]
* [[Value (economics)]]
* [[Bachelor of Business Administration]]
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
* [[Master of Commerce]]
* [[Doctor of Commerce]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Commerce |volume= VI |last= Somers |first= Robert |author-link= Robert Somers| pages=196-207 |short=1 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trade]]

Suraj (film)

2026-03-06T15:26:26Z

Viktorivmw: Added A Details

{{short description|Film directed by T. Prakash Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suraj
| image = Suraj poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[T. Prakash Rao]]
| writer = Screenplay: [[Javar Seetharaman]] Dialogue: [[Abrar Alvi]]
| producer = T.Govindarajan And S. Krishnamurthy
| starring = [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
| cinematography = [[V. K. Murthy]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| studio = Venus Pictures
| distributor = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1966|03|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}5 crore
}}

'''''Suraj''''' ({{translation|Sun}}) is a 1966 Hindi-language [[swashbuckler film|swashbuckler]] [[Ruritanian romance]] film produced by S. Krishnamurthy and T. Govindarajan and directed by [[T. Prakash Rao]].

The film stars [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]], with [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], [[David Abraham Cheulkar]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]], [[Mukri]], [[Malika Askari|Mallika]] and Niranjan Sharma in the supporting roles. The film's music was composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan]], with the lyrics penned by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].

==Plot==
Vikram Singh is the Maharaja of Pratap Nagar and is very impressed with his Senapati Sangram Singh for years of loyal service. He decides to make him a Maharaja and agrees to marry his daughter, Anuradha, to his son, Pratap. Sometime later Sangram Singh's necklace given by Vikram Singh was stolen. He accused his servant, Ram Singh. He abducts Sangram Singh's son and exchanges him with his own son. Years later, Vikram sends his now grown-up Anuradha to visit the coronation of Rajkumar Pratap Singh and approve of him as her husband, and she sets off without any escort with just her maid-servant, Kalavati, for company. Shortly thereafter, Vikram is informed that Kalavati has been abducted by a bandit named Suraj Singh, he accordingly rushes over to Sangram's and this is where he discovers to his shock that Kalavati is posing as Anuradha, and it is his daughter who has been abducted by Suraj. When Suraj is arrested and lodged in a dungeon, preparations are set forth for the coronation of Pratap and his subsequent marriage with Anuradha.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article2745459.ece |title=Movies Suraj |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 December 2011 |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Rajendra Kumar]] as ''Suraj Singh''
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as '' The Princess Anuradha''
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as ''Prince Pratap Singh''
* [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as ''Kalavati''
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as ''Bhola''
* Bharathi as ''Geeta''
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as the Maharani
* [[Neetu Singh]] as ''Young Geeta''
* [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] as ''Ram Singh''
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as ''Maharaja Vikram Singh''
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as ''Kotwal Bhakti Charan'' / ''Bhagat Ram''
* [[Mukri]] as ''Anokhe''
* [[Malika Askari|Malika]] as ''Madhuri''
* Niranjan Sharma as ''Maharaja Sangram Singh''
* [[Moolchand]] as the chief of the Musicians
* Keshavlal as Pratap Singh's Man

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Suraj
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1966
| recorded = Minoo Katrak
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|The Gramophone Company of India]]
| producer = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| prev_title = [[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Raat Aur Din]]
| next_year =
}}

The film's music was composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan]] in one of their last successful albums.<ref name="shanker">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/12shank.htm |title=Masters of melody |publisher=[[Rediff]] |date=12 September 2001 |author=Dr Rajiv Vijayakar |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> The lyrics were penned by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/moviedetail.asp?mid=h002729 |title=Suraj (1966) |website=[[Raaga.com]] |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> The album also featured the singer [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar|Sharda]] with the chartbuster song "Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali", which became the song that she was most remembered for.

The soundtrack was listed by Planet Bollywood as number 86 on their list of 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=060306044135 |title=100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever |publisher=Planetbollywood.com |author=Randy Lall |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> The song "[[Baharon Phool Barsao (song)|Baharon Phool Barsao]]" topped the [[Binaca Geetmala#Lists of top songs per year|Binaca Geetmala annual list of 1966]] charts. Similarly, the song "Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali" was listed at No. 21.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Picturized on !! Length (m:ss) !! Lyrics !! [[Raga]]
|-
| 1|| "Dekho Mera Dil Machal Gaya" || [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar|Sharda]] || [[Vyjayanthimala]] || 3.30 || [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] ||
|-
| 2|| "Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali" || Sharda || Vyjayanthimala and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] || 3.47 || Shailendra ||
|-
| 3|| "Kaise Samjhaoon Badi Nasamajh Ho" || [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]] || Vyjayanthimala and [[Rajendra Kumar]] || 6.32 || [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] ||[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|-
| 4|| "Itna Hai Tumse Pyar Mujhe" || Mohammed Rafi, [[Suman Kalyanpur]] || Vyjayanthimala and Rajendra Kumar || 4.47 || Hasrat Jaipuri ||
|-
| 5|| "Chehre Pe Girin Zulfen" || Mohammed Rafi || Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayanthimala || 5.21 || Hasrat Jaipuri ||
|-
| 6|| "Baharon Phool Barsao" || Mohammed Rafi || Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayanthimala || 4.28 || Hasrat Jaipuri ||[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
| 7|| "O Ek Baar Aata Hai Din Aisa" || Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle || Rajendra Kumar and Vvjayanthimala || 5.02 || Hasrat Jaipuri ||
|}

==Box office==
At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around {{INR}}50,000,000 with a net of {{INR}}25,000,000, thus becoming the second highest grossing film of 1966. [[Box Office India]] gave it the verdict of "super-hit.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng== |title=Box Office 1966 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=10 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014102652/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng== |archive-date=14 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film was also one of the last box office hits of [[Rajendra Kumar]], who was regarded as Bollywood's [[silver jubilee]] actor. Vyjayanthimala and Rajendra Kumar had previously worked in many successful films such as ''[[Aas Ka Panchhi]]'' (1961), ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'' (1964) and ''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1964).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/09dinesh.htm|title=Bollywood's Jubilee Kumar|date=9 July 2002|publisher=[[Rediff]]|author=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Ceremony
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Work
! Outcome
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The Winners - 1966 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366585.cms |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |access-date=10 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708000553/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/366585.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|[[14th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Shankar Jaikishan]]
|
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|"Baharon Phool Barsao"
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|"Baharon Phool Barsao"
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0061046|Suraj}}

[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Films about revolutions]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Rishikesh

2026-03-06T06:14:36Z

Viktorivmw: content fix

{{redirect|Hrishikesh|the Indian actor|Hrishikesh (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English |date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Rishikesh
| nicknames = '''Yoganagari and Yognagari'''
| settlement_type = Municipal corporation and tehsil
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1b = Ghats on the Ganges near Parmarth Niketan, Muni Ki Reti, Rishikesh.jpg{{!}}Muni Ki Reti
| photo2a = Evening praying time at Parmarth Niketan ghat, by the Ganges, Rishikesh.jpg{{!}}Parmarth Niketan
| photo2b =
| photo1a = Trayambakeshwar Temple VK.jpg{{!}}Triambakeshwar Temple
| photo3c = Ramjhula - bridge over the Ganga.jpg{{!}}Ram Jhula
| photo3a = Aarti at Triveni Ghat Rishikesh.jpg{{!}}Evening aarti at Triveni Ghat
| size = 300 |border=0 |spacing=1 |color=none
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = From top: Triambakeshwar Temple, [[Muni Ki Reti]], [[Parmarth Niketan]], Janki Setu, Evening [[aarti]] at [[Triveni Ghat]], the [[Ram Jhula]]
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30|06|30|N|78|17|50|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Rishikesh
| established_title1 =
| established_date1 =
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Hrishikesha]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]] (earlier Municipality, 1952)
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Shambhu Paswan
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Premchand Aggarwal]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 340
| population_total = 102,138 (urban agglomeration) 70,499 (City as per Census 2011)
| population_blank1_title = Male
| population_blank1 = 54,446
| population_blank2_title = Female
| population_blank2 = 47,672
| population_as_of = [[Census of India, 2011|2011]]
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Uttarakhand by population|7th]]
| population_density_km2 = 8,851
| population_density_rank =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 249201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-135
| registration_plate = UK-14
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] (2011)
| blank_info_sec2 = 86.86%
| blank1_name_sec2 = • Male
| blank1_info_sec2 = 92.21%
| blank2_name_sec2 = • Female
| blank2_info_sec2 = 80.78%
| blank3_name_sec2 = • Rank
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[List of cities in Uttarakhand by population|2nd]]
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Sex ratio in India|Sex ratio]] (2011)
| blank4_info_sec2 = 875 [[female|♀]] / 1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank5_name_sec2 = • Rank
| blank5_info_sec2 =
| footnotes =
| leader_title4 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kauravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHNDAAAAYAAJ |website=books.google.co.in |access-date=24 December 2025 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Languages of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.studyfry.com/languages-dialects-spoken-uttarakhand-bhasha|website=studyfry.com|access-date=27 December 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Khariboli|url=https://www.ofuttarakhand.com/what-is-language-of-uttarakhand/|access-date=28 December 2025|language=en}}</ref>|[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]}}
| leader_name4 = Shailendra Singh Negi
| website =
}}

'''Rishikesh''' or '''Hrishikesh''' is a municipal corporation and tehsil of [[Dehradun]] district of the Indian state [[Uttarakhand]]. It is situated on the right bank of the [[Ganges]] river and is a [[pilgrimage]] town for [[Hindu]]s, with ancient sages and saints meditating there in search of higher knowledge.<ref name="dk">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ6oWxMFj3MC&pg=PA187 |chapter=Rishikesh |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: India |editor-first=Aruna |editor-last=Ghose |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] |year=2011 |page=184 |issn=1542-1554 |isbn=978-0-75667-026-9 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324113652/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ6oWxMFj3MC&pg=PA187, |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="et2014">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Ranjeni A |date=3 April 2014 |title=Rishikesh: Haven for yoga and wellness enthusiasts |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/rishikesh-haven-for-yoga-and-wellness-enthusiasts/articleshow/33129900.cms |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426074901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/rishikesh-haven-for-yoga-and-wellness-enthusiasts/articleshow/33129900.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> There are numerous temples and [[ashrams]] built along the banks of the river.<ref name="Alter2001" />

The city has hosted the International Yoga Festival annually<ref>[https://internationalyogafestival.org/ International Yoga Festival]</ref> on the first week of March since 1999, giving it the nickname of Yoga Capital of the World.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gusain |first=Raju |date=8 March 2018 |title=Rishikesh: Controversy-hit Parmarth Yoga fest ends |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/controversy-hit-parmarth-yoga-fest-ends-1502598047.html |access-date=14 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414153444/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/controversy-hit-parmarth-yoga-fest-ends-1502598047.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2019 |title=Yoga enthusiasts from across the globe flock to Rishikesh to be a part of this festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/yoga-enthusiasts-from-across-the-globe-flock-to-rishikesh-to-be-a-part-of-this-festival/articleshow/68441822.cms |access-date=14 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507064107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/yoga-enthusiasts-from-across-the-globe-flock-to-rishikesh-to-be-a-part-of-this-festival/articleshow/68441822.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rishikesh is a vegetarian-only and alcohol-free city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramadurai |first=Charukesi |date=4 January 2018 |title=My Kind of Place: Rishikesh, India |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/travel/my-kind-of-place-rishikesh-india-1.692704 |access-date=14 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414153445/https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/travel/my-kind-of-place-rishikesh-india-1.692704 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rishikesh is the starting point for travelling to the four [[Chota Char Dham|Char Dham]] pilgrimage places: [[Badrinath]], [[Kedarnath]], [[Gangotri]], and [[Yamunotri]]. It is also a starting point for Himalayan tourist destinations such as [[Harsil]], [[Chopta]], [[Auli, India|Auli]], as well as summer and winter trekking destinations like [[Dodital]], [[Dayara Bugyal]], [[Kedarkantha]] and [[Har Ki Dun]].

In September 2015, Indian Minister of Tourism [[Mahesh Sharma]] announced that Rishikesh and [[Haridwar]] would be the first "twin national heritage cities".<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Seema |date=19 August 2015 |title=Centre to declare Haridwar, Rishikesh national heritage cities |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-to-declare-Haridwar-Rishikesh-national-heritage-cities/articleshow/48535927.cms |access-date=14 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404115306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-to-declare-Haridwar-Rishikesh-national-heritage-cities/articleshow/48535927.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2021, Rishikesh has a total population of 322,825 within the [[tehsil]] including the city and its 93 surrounding villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishikesh Population (2021/2022), Tehsil Village List in Dehradun, Uttarakhand |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Uttarakhand/Dehradun/Rishikesh |access-date=21 October 2021 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021072822/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Uttarakhand/Dehradun/Rishikesh |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The city is governed by [[Rishikesh Municipal Corporation]] and tehsil.

==Etymology==
[[IAST]]: "{{IAST |Hṛṣīkeśa}}" ({{Langx |sa|हृषीकेश}}) is a name derived from [[Vishnu]], composed of ''hṛṣīka'' meaning 'senses' and ''īśa'' meaning 'lord' for a combined meaning as 'Lord of the Senses'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/316.html |title=हृषीकेश / hṛṣīkeśa |date=19 May 2014 |website=[[Monier-Williams]] Sanskrit-English Dictionary |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414111951/https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/316.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="city" /> The name commemorates an apparition of Vishnu to Raibhya Rishi,<ref>[[Glossary of terms in Hinduism#R]]</ref> as a result of his [[tapasya]] (austerities), as [[Hrishikesha]].<ref name="dun">{{cite web |url=http://dehradun.nic.in/rishikhesh.htm |title=Places of Tourist Interest in Rishikesh |website=[[Dehradun District]] |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711204911/http://dehradun.nic.in/rishikhesh.htm |archive-date=11 July 2006 }}</ref> In the [[Skanda Purana]], this area is known as Kubjāmraka ({{lang |sa |कुब्जाम्रक}}), as Vishnu appeared under a mango tree.<ref name="city">{{cite web |url=http://www.rishikeshcity.com/rishikeshhistory.htm |title=Hrishikesh: Its Historical Significance |date=2007 |website=Rishikesh City |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513001609/http://www.rishikeshcity.com/rishikeshhistory.htm |archive-date=13 May 2008 }}</ref>

==History==
Rishikesh was part of the legendary "Kedarkhand" mentioned in the Skanda Purana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/schooleducation/DIET/diet_dehradun/district_profile.htm |title=District Dehradun - A General Introduction |website=Dehradun District Institute of Education and Training |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519221815/http://gov.ua.nic.in/schooleducation/DIET/diet_dehradun/district_profile.htm |archive-date=19 May 2007 }}</ref> Legends state that [[Rama]] did penance here for killing [[Ravana]], the [[asura]] king of [[Lanka]]. [[Lakshmana]], Rama's younger brother, crossed the [[Ganges]] using two jute ropes at the point where the present [[Lakshman Jhula]] ({{lang |sa |लक्ष्मण झूला}}) suspension bridge stands today. The 248-foot long iron-rope [[Simple suspension bridge|suspension bridge]] built in 1889 was washed away by flooding in 1924. In 1927, it was replaced by another, stronger bridge built by the United Provinces Public Works Department, connecting the Tapovan, [[New Tehri|Tehri]], and Jonk, [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] districts. Lakshman Jhula collapsed again in 2020. And a much stronger, second in the whole of India, a glass bridge, is being built across the river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshman Jhula Suspension Bridge Rishikesh - Visit Laxman Jhula Pul Rishikesh |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/lakshman-jhula.php |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=www.euttaranchal.com |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429112241/https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/lakshman-jhula.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

A noted suspension bridge named [[Ram Jhula, Rishikesh|Ram Jhula]] was built in 1986 at the nearby Sivananda Nagar.

The [[Skanda Purana]] also mentions the site as "Indrakund" where Indra underwent a holy bath to remove a curse.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The [[Ganges River|Ganges]], one of the most sacred rivers to [[Hindus]], flows through Rishikesh in its course from the [[Shivalik Hills]] of the [[Himalayas]] to the plains of northern India with temples built along the banks<ref name="Alter2001">{{cite book |last=Alter |first=Stephen |title=Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Harcourt |isbn=978-0-15-100585-7 |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324113652/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shatrughna|Shatrughna Mandir]], Bharat Mandir, and Lakshman Mandir are the ancient temples established by [[Adi Shankaracharya]]. Shatrughna Temple is near the Ram Jhula suspension bridge, while Lakshman Mandir is situated near the Lakshman Jhula suspension bridge.

The historical records mention that some [[pilgrim]]s used to stay at Rishikesh, either seeking the site itself or using it as a resting place before moving onwards to the Himalayas.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/152037/0/2015+Fieldwork+Report+-+Rishikesh.pdf/c9cd9eb8-28c3-4317-af07-4d86546ed502 |title=Investigating risk and resilience in Rishikesh |website=Norwegian University of Science and Technology |date=2015 |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806215913/https://www.ntnu.edu/documents/152037/0/2015+Fieldwork+Report+-+Rishikesh.pdf/c9cd9eb8-28c3-4317-af07-4d86546ed502 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''The Gazetteer of Dehradun'', written by [[Indian Civil Service]] officer HG Walton, describes the site as "beautifully situated on the right bank of the Ganges, on a high cliff overlooking the river. The place is developing very rapidly, especially since the construction of the new bridge over the Song River, the realignment of the pilgrim road from Raiwala to Rishikesh."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Walton |first=H.G. |title=The Gazetteer of Dehra Dun. (Reprint) |publisher=Natraj Publishers |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-85019-50-5 |page=261 |orig-date=1910 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Temples on the banks of river Ganges.jpg|thumb|left|A view of temples on the banks of river Ganges near Laxman Jhula]]

Rishikesh is at {{Coord |30.103368 |N |78.294754 |E |}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|340|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttarakhand topographic map, elevation, relief |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/l3r6/Uttarakhand/ |access-date=20 March 2021 |website=topographic-map.com |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414034332/https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/maps/l3r6/Uttarakhand/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The town is located in the [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]] region of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand.

After flowing 249 km (155.343 mi)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ganga, a scientific study |date=1991 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |editor=Krishna Murti, C. R. |display-editors=etal |isbn=81-7211-021-9 |location=New Delhi |oclc=30703175 }}</ref> through narrow Himalayan valleys, the Ganges emerges at Rishikesh before [[debouch]]ing onto the [[Gangetic Plain]] at the pilgrimage town of [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River |title=Ganges River |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507172054/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the [[pollution of the Ganges]], the water in Rishikesh is relatively unaffected, as the major polluting points are down river in the neighbouring state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Invigorating-Rishikesh/2014/12/11/article2565005.ece |title=Invigorating Rishikesh |first=Pranav |last=Patel |date=11 December 2014 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816001405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Invigorating-Rishikesh/2014/12/11/article2565005.ece }}</ref>

According to the [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]], its climate is [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] (Cwa). The average maximum temperature is 40 °C (104 °F).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,rish-kesh,India |title=Climate and average monthly weather in Rishīkesh (Uttarakhand), India |website=World Weather & Climate Information |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806220434/https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,rish-kesh,India |url-status=live }}</ref> The average minimum temperature is 7 °C. The wettest month is July with the highest rainfall of 444 mm. The driest month is November with rainfall of 10 mm. Months of May, June, July, and August have the highest UV index of 12, and January and December have the lowest UV index of 4.

{{Weather Box
| location = Rishikesh
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| temperature colour = pastel
| Jan high C = 17
| Feb high C = 22
| Mar high C = 29
| Apr high C = 35
| May high C = 39
| Jun high C = 38
| Jul high C = 33
| Aug high C = 32
| Sep high C = 32
| Oct high C = 30
| Nov high C = 25
| Dec high C = 20
| Jan low C = 5
| Feb low C = 8
| Mar low C = 14
| Apr low C = 18
| May low C = 23
| Jun low C = 25
| Jul low C = 25
| Aug low C = 24
| Sep low C = 23
| Oct low C = 15
| Nov low C = 9
| Dec low C = 6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 51
| Feb precipitation mm = 33
| Mar precipitation mm = 34
| Apr precipitation mm = 9
| May precipitation mm = 20
| Jun precipitation mm = 94
| Jul precipitation mm = 482
| Aug precipitation mm = 495
| Sep precipitation mm = 219
| Oct precipitation mm = 76
| Nov precipitation mm = 9
| Dec precipitation mm = 17
| Jan rain days = 3
| Feb rain days = 2
| Mar rain days = 3
| Apr rain days = 1
| May rain days = 2
| Jun rain days = 7
| Jul rain days = 15
| Aug rain days = 16
| Sep rain days = 8
| Oct rain days = 2
| Nov rain days = 0
| Dec rain days = 1
| Jand sun = 6
| Febd sun = 7
| Mard sun = 8
| Aprd sun = 9
| Mayd sun = 9
| Jund sun = 7
| Juld sun = 6
| Augd sun = 6
| Sepd sun = 7
| Octd sun = 8
| Novd sun = 8
| Decd sun = 7
| source 1 = ''Weather2Travel''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/rishikesh.php |title=Rishikesh Climate and Weather Averages, India |website=Weather2Travel |access-date=14 January 2014 |archive-date=17 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117175806/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/india/rishikesh.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}Rishikesh has been ranked as the city with a population under 300,000 with the 31st cleanest air in India under the National Clean Air Programme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

== Civic administration ==
The Rishikesh Municipal Corporation has administered the city's 40 wards since the 2018 incorporation of the urban local body.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://udd.uk.gov.in/files/Nigam_Kotdwar,rishikesh__Chamiyala.pdf |title=Nagar Nigam of Kotdwar and Rishikesh |date=6 April 2017 |website=Urban Development Directorate, Government of Uttarakhand |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322111358/http://udd.uk.gov.in/files/Nigam_Kotdwar,rishikesh__Chamiyala.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Each ward had between 2,300 and 3,000 residents during the 2018 assessment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/1513456457540-rishikesh-news |title=Rishikesh Nagar Nigam Mein Honge 40 Wards |date=17 December 2017 |work=Amar Ujala |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807081038/https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/1513456457540-rishikesh-news |url-status=live }}</ref> Rishikesh belongs to the Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Harish-Rawat-gets-Hardwar-ticket/article16647853.ece |title=Harish Rawat gets Hardwar ticket |date=31 March 2010 |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806190524/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Harish-Rawat-gets-Hardwar-ticket/article16647853.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The first an mayor of the corporation is Anita Mamgain and the current mayor is Sambhu Paswan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-wins-rishikesh-rudrapur-mayor-seats-likely-to-clinch-doon/articleshow/66715332.cms |title=BJP wins Rishikesh, Rudrapur mayor seats, likely to clinch Doon {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |date=20 November 2018 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507201125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/bjp-wins-rishikesh-rudrapur-mayor-seats-likely-to-clinch-doon/articleshow/66715332.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The current Municipal Commissioner, commonly known as Nagar Aayukt locally, is Narendra Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/encroachment-over-drain-nine-shopkeepers-challaned-rishikesh-news-drn3325581183 |title=नाले के ऊपर अतिक्रमण, नौ दुकानदारों का काटा चालान |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116103454/https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/encroachment-over-drain-nine-shopkeepers-challaned-rishikesh-news-drn3325581183 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{see also|List of cities in Uttarakhand by population}}
As per provisional data of 2011 census, Rishikesh had a population of 102,138, out of which males were 54,466 (53%) and females were 47,672 (47%). The literacy rate was 86.86% compared to the national average of 74.04%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |date=2011 |website=[[Census of India]] |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107014949/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Rishikesh|Rishikesh]] Tehsil (Rural+Urban) Mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Indian Census]].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
! Rank
! Mother Tongue
! Speakers
! Percentage of total population
|-
| 1
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| 134,203
| 51.56%
|-
| 2
| [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| 90,008
| 34.58%
|-
| 3
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| 10,021
| 3.85%
|-
| 4
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| 7,296
| 2.80%
|-
| 5
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| 6,819
| 2.62%
|-
| 6
| [[Bangali language|Bengali]]
| 3,554
| 1.37%
|-
| 7
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| 2,028
| 0.78%
|-
| 8
| [[Kumauni language|Kumaoni]]
| 1,722
| 0.66%
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Others'''
! '''4,582'''
! '''1.76%'''
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Total'''
! '''260,233'''
! '''100%'''
|}

{{Pie chart
| caption = Mother tongue in Rishikesh Tehsil (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
| other = Others
| other-color = #BDBDBD
| value1 = 51.56
| label1 = Hindi
| color1 = #FFA500
| value2 = 34.58
| label2 = Garhwali
| color2 = #E74C3C
| value3 = 3.85
| label3 = Punjabi
| color3 = #28B463
| value4 = 2.80
| label4 = Bhojpuri
| color4 = #AF7AC5
| value5 = 2.62
| label5 = Nepali
| color5 = #F4D03F
| value6 = 1.37
| label6 = Bengali
| color6 = #3498DB
| value7 = 0.78
| label7 = Urdu
| color7 = #8E44AD
| value8 = 0.66
| label8 = Kumauni
| color8 = #48C9B0
| other-value = 1.76
}}

== Culture ==

=== Cuisine ===
The cuisine of Rishikesh is all-vegetarian. Since 1956, the sale of meat, fish, and eggs has been banned in Rishikesh. In 2004, the Supreme Court upheld the ban on eggs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-12 |title=India Supreme Court Upholds Ban on Meat and Fish in Rishikesh – Hindu Press International |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/hpi/2004/03/12/2004-03-12-india-supreme-court-upholds-ban-on-meat-and-fish-in-rishikesh/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Hinduism Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Traditional food in Rishkesh is [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] cuisine with common dishes including daal, gahat, and phaanu. Lentils, legumes, millet, barley, buckwheat, and vegetables are the primary ingredients. Only select spices are used. Mustard oil is the common cooking oil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Muskan |date=2023-09-23 |title=Gastronomic Delights of Garhwal: Exploring the Rich History and Flavors of Garhwali Cuisine |url=https://www.ragaontheganges.com/gastronomic-delights-of-garhwal.php |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Raga On The Ganges}}</ref> Restaurant [[thali]] and street vendors selling samosas and chaat are common.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudaliar |first=Vamika |date=2024-11-10 |title=7 Must try street foods in Rishikesh |url=https://www.thehosteller.com/blogs/must-try-street-foods-in-rishikesh/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=The Hosteller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=The 16 best spots for thali in Rishikesh |url=https://wanderlog.com/list/geoCategory/1544358/best-spots-for-thali-in-rishikesh |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Wanderlog |language=en}}</ref>

==Environment and ecology==
[[File:Rishikesh 3.jpg|thumb|A view of river Ganga near village Singtali, Byasi, Uttarakhand]]

=== Biodiversity and Protected Areas ===
Rishikesh is situated at the foot of the Shivalik Range and serves as a significant ecological buffer zone. Large parts of the city's periphery border Rajaji National Park, a designated tiger reserve and a major habitat for the Asian elephant<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rani |first=Megha |last2=Panda |first2=Debashish |last3=Allen |first3=Maximilian L. |last4=Pandey |first4=Puneet |last5=Singh |first5=Randeep |last6=Kumar Singh |first6=Sujeet |date=2024-06-01 |title=Assessment and prediction of human-elephant conflict hotspots in the human-dominated area of Rajaji-Corbett landscape, Uttarakhand, India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138124000505 |journal=Journal for Nature Conservation |volume=79 |article-number=126601 |doi=10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126601 |issn=1617-1381|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. The surrounding mixed deciduous forests are rich in medicinal plants and provide a habitat for diverse avian species, making the region a prominent center for eco-tourism and birdwatching<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tripathi |first=Ravindra Nath |last2=Ramachandran |first2=Aishwarya |last3=Tripathi |first3=Vikas |last4=Badola |first4=Ruchi |last5=Hussain |first5=S. A. |date=2024 |title=Optimizing Riparian Habitat Conservation: A Spatial Approach Using Aerial and Space Technologies |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10664440/ |journal=IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing |volume=17 |pages=16932–16943 |doi=10.1109/JSTARS.2024.3454453 |issn=2151-1535|doi-access=free }}</ref>. [[Sanjay Jheel, Rishikesh|Sanjay Jheel,]] a freshwater lake in the Ganga Nagar area, is a natural freshwater lake and the primary hydrological source of the '''Rambha River''' (also known as the ''Kala Pani''). Situated within the Barkot Forest Range of the Eastern Doon Forest Division. The jheel creates a critical groundwater recharge zone and a riparian habitat for diverse avian species.

=== Ecological Projects ===
Rishikesh has seen many sanitation infrastructure projects under the '''Namami Gange Mission'''. To mitigate the direct discharge of municipal sewage into the Ganges, the city operates several facilities, including a '''26 MLD (Million Litres per Day)''' Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) at '''Lakkad Ghat''' and a 7.5 MLD plant at Muni ki Reti<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwZlWsCpC7o |title=Modern STPs power Namami Gange Mission in Rishikesh |date=2025-06-25 |last=ANI News |access-date=2026-02-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref>. These facilities utilize '''Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)''' and '''Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)''' technologies to achieve higher purity standards than conventional methods. However, the efficacy of these systems remains inconsistent due to the high proportion of mixed waste and legacy waste in the urban area, which often overwhelms the treatment capacity during peak tourist seasons.

Complementing these physical interventions is the '''"Uttarakhand Anti Littering and Anti Spitting Act 2016,"''' which provides a legal framework for the Municipal Corporation to impose fines ranging from ₹200 to ₹5,000. Despite these measures, enforcement has faced challenges with public cooperation and the management of "garbage-vulnerable points" across the city<ref>https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/3454</ref>.

=== Water pollution ===
The Ganges River, which emerges from the Himalayas at Rishikesh, faces significant pollution issues. Despite being relatively unaffected by pollution at its source, the river shows high levels of contamination in the urban stretches of Rishikesh and Haridwar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-03-01 |title=Ganga highly polluted in Rishikesh, Haridwar, says Doon University study |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Mar/01/ganga-highly-polluted-in-rishikesh-haridwar-saysdoon-university-study-2270381.html |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A study by Doon University found "very high presence of pollutants" in these areas, including anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and other pharmaceutical compounds.<ref name=":2" />

=== Air quality ===
Rishikesh also faces significant air quality challenges despite its spiritual and natural significance. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) regularly monitors the city's ambient air quality through the National Air Quality Management Programme (NAMP). The primary pollutant of concern is Particulate Matter (PM10), which consistently exceeded prescribed national standards from 2012 to 2017, while [[sulfur dioxide]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]] levels remained within limits. Major sources of air pollution for Rishikesh include road dust, vehicular emissions, domestic fuel burning, open waste burning, and construction activities. Rishikesh has implemented several mitigation measures. As of 2018, the city had 3,098 diesel-driven commercial vehicles over 15 years old, with plans to ban such vehicles and increase the number of pollution emission checking centers from 10 to 30. Other efforts include increased surveillance of vehicle pollution levels, implementation of the "Uttarakhand Anti Littering and Anti Spitting Act 2016", and fines for burning municipal waste. Despite these initiatives, Rishikesh continues to struggle with bringing PM10 levels within prescribed limits, indicating the need for more stringent air pollution control strategies.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Rishikesh City Air Action Plan (Revised) |url=https://ueppcb.uk.gov.in/files/Revised_Rishikesh_Plan.pdf |access-date=October 20, 2024 |publisher=Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board}}</ref>

=== Waste management ===
The rapid growth in tourism has strained Rishikesh's waste management systems. Inadequate waste disposal and lack of proper recycling facilities have led to the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste in and around the city. There is a big landfill/trenching ground that is situated in the middle of the city in Govindnagar. This landfill site has been a source of environmental concern for various reasons. As per an estimate from 2021, the city generates approximately 1,800 metric tonnes of waste monthly, including 700 tonnes of wet waste, 500 tonnes of dry waste, and 600 tonnes of mixed waste. The high proportion of mixed waste has been causing difficulties in ensuring proper waste segregation at the source. The landfill's central location poses environmental and health risks, potentially contributing to soil and groundwater pollution, as well as attracting disease-carrying pests. Studies in nearby areas have revealed elevated levels of heavy metals in groundwater, making it unsuitable for drinking. The accumulation of legacy waste is a significant issue, prompting the installation of a legacy waste treatment plant at the Govindnagar trenching ground in recent years. While efforts are being made to improve waste management, the landfill's central location remains a major environmental and public health concern for Rishikesh, a city renowned for its spiritual and touristic appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-02 |title=Improper disposal, non-segregation behind waste menace in Uttarakhand's Rishikesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/non-segregation-improper-disposal-of-biomedical-garbage-littering-behind-waste-menace-in-rishikesh/articleshow/87472887.cms |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Tourism==
In the 2021–2022 fiscal year, Rishikesh had the highest revenue per hotel room among Indian tourist leisure destinations with an average of ₹10,042 per night.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Saurabh Sinha |date=18 August 2022 |title=Rishikesh pips Udaipur in priciest hotel rooms: Data {{!}} Dehradun News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/rishikesh-pips-udaipur-in-priciest-hotel-rooms-data/articleshow/93625846.cms |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818124743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/rishikesh-pips-udaipur-in-priciest-hotel-rooms-data/articleshow/93625846.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Only four tourist places in India attract more foreign tourists than Rishikesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Places in India that are a huge hit with international tourists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/places-in-india-that-are-a-huge-hit-with-international-tourists/photostory/99454333.cms |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413134819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/places-in-india-that-are-a-huge-hit-with-international-tourists/photostory/99454333.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The town is one of the favorites of Israeli tourists, who often come here after completing their mandatory IDF service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lifting-away-the-weight-of-3-years-why-we-israelis-go-to-india-after-the-army/ |title=Lifting away the weight of 3 years: Why we Israelis go to India after the army |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124045033/https://www.timesofisrael.com/lifting-away-the-weight-of-3-years-why-we-israelis-go-to-india-after-the-army/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>dmtn1.com</ref>

=== Yoga "capital" ===
{{further|Yoga tourism|Postural yoga in India}}
Since ancient times, the location has served as a haven for yogis, saints, and practitioners who come there to learn about this traditional Indian practise, advance their understanding of it, become instructors, or even find enlightenment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2023/09/29/say-om-paradise-best-off-beaten-path-places-practice-yoga-1827949.html |work=Newsweek |title=Say Om in Paradise: The Best Off-the-Beaten-Path Places to Practice Yoga |date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026014050/https://www.newsweek.com/2023/09/29/say-om-paradise-best-off-beaten-path-places-practice-yoga-1827949.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Yoga Teacher Training Rishikesh India .jpg|thumb|Students from around the world undergoing [[yoga teacher training]] by the [[River Ganges]] at Rishikesh, 2015]] Although Rishikesh has always been a popular tourist destination due to its status as the birthplace of yoga, the city gained more fame when [[the Beatles]] [[The Beatles in India|visited in 1968]]. In February 1968, the Beatles [[The Beatles in India|visited]] [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]'s ashram in Rishikesh, attracted by his [[Transcendental Meditation technique|transcendental meditation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/jan/16/river-ride-to-rishikesh-india-new-adventure-capital-beatles |title=A river ride to Rishikesh: India's new adventure capital |last=Johanson |first=Mark |date=16 January 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414153442/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/jan/16/river-ride-to-rishikesh-india-new-adventure-capital-beatles |url-status=live }}</ref> The Beatles composed numerous songs during their time at the ashram, many of which appear on the band's [[The Beatles (album)|self-titled double album]], also known as the "White Album".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jesus People Movement: A Story of Spiritual Revolution Among the Hippies |author=Richard A Bustraan |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]] |isbn=978-1-62032-464-6 |page=28 |date=13 February 2014 }}</ref> Western fans arrived seeking similar experiences, resulting in new yoga and meditation centers that fueled Rishikesh's nickname as the "Yoga Capital of the World".<ref name=dk /> Many of these Westerners have undergone [[Yoga teacher training|training]] to become certified yoga teachers.<ref name=et2014 /><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Philip |title=American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation – How Indian Spirituality Changed the West |publisher=Harmony Books |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-385-52134-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3Mdr3IMgW0C&q=Beatles |pages=7, 152 |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324113714/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3Mdr3IMgW0C&q=Beatles |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maddox2014">{{cite journal |last=Maddox |first=Callie Batts |title=Studying at the source: Ashtanga yoga tourism and the search for authenticity in Mysore, India |journal=Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change |volume=13 |issue=4 |year=2014 |pages=330–343 |issn=1476-6825 |doi=10.1080/14766825.2014.972410 |s2cid=143449133 }}</ref><ref>Digital Media Time News dmtn1.com</ref>



=== Activities ===
[[File:Ganga Arti At Triveni Ghat In Rishikesh.jpg|alt=Ganga Arti At Triveni Ghat In Rishikesh|thumb|292x292px|Ganga Aarti At Triveni Ghat]]

The [[Aarti|Ganga Aarti]] (also known as Maha Aarthi) is performed at dusk at the [[Triveni Ghat]]. This popular Hindu religious ritual involves playing music and providing religious offerings to the fire.<ref name="siddhiyoga.com">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2018 |title=Rishikesh: The Full Experience Beyond Yoga |url=https://www.siddhiyoga.com/india/rishikesh-full-experience-beyond-yoga |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705215523/https://www.siddhiyoga.com/india/rishikesh-full-experience-beyond-yoga |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Rafting in rishikesh.jpg|thumb|Rafting in Rishikesh]]

The [[Ram Jhula, Rishikesh|Ram Jhula]] and [[Lakshman Jhula]] suspension bridges are accompanied by temples with additional ashrams near Swargashram along the eastern riverbank. The city's Sivananda Nagar houses the Sivananda Ashram and [[Divine Life Society]], founded by [[Swami Sivananda]].

[[Neelkanth Mahadev Temple]] is located in the forest, {{cvt|28|km}} from Rishikesh, while Vashishtha Guha, a cave used by the sage [[Vashishtha]], is {{cvt|21|km}} north of the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/maha-shivratri-special-visit-these-temples-to-get-acquainted-with-the-lesser-known-legends-of-lord-shiva/as62899537.cms |title=Maha Shivratri special: visit these temples to get acquainted with the lesser-known legends of Lord Shiva |first=Samonway |last=Duttagupta |newspaper=[[The Times of India|Times Travel]] |date=4 March 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304180814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/maha-shivratri-special-visit-these-temples-to-get-acquainted-with-the-lesser-known-legends-of-lord-shiva/as62899537.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/travel/170618/finding-bliss-at-vashishta-guha.html |title=Finding bliss at Vashishta Guha |first=Sudha |last=Pillai |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414153440/https://www.asianage.com/life/travel/170618/finding-bliss-at-vashishta-guha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>



'''Neergarh Waterfall'''
The jade-blue Neergarh Waterfall, also known as Neer Gaddu or Neer Waterfall, are located about 5–7 km from Lakshman Jhula on the Rishikesh–Badrinath Highway. Divided into two main points—Neergarh Waterfall I and II—these beautiful natural cascades enchant visitors as they tumble gracefully down rugged rocky cliffs.

During the summer season, tourists flock here to enjoy a refreshing dip in the cool, crystal-clear stream flowing through the area. The surroundings are serene and picturesque, making it a perfect escape into nature. Two small bridges have been built across the waterfalls, and a few local shops nearby offer refreshments and resting spots for visitors. A short and easy trek through scenic trails brings you closer to these pristine falls, making the journey just as delightful as the destination itself.

Rishikesh offers many rafting options along the [[Ganges]] from Grades I-IV.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Manoj |date=1 July 2017 |title=Rafting in Rishikesh 2022 - Rishikesh Rafting Guide, Rapids, Rafting Faqs Travel Tips |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/rafting-in-rishikesh.php |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=www.euttaranchal.com |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922003336/https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/rafting-in-rishikesh.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Rishikesh has India's highest bungee jumping at {{Convert|83|m|ft|abbr=on}} over a rocky cliff.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bungee Jumping in Rishikesh, India: Prices, Places, Cord, Locations – Jumpin Heights |url=http://jumpinheights.com/rishikesh |access-date=24 July 2022 |website=jumpinheights.com |archive-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917063950/http://jumpinheights.com/rishikesh |url-status=live }}</ref>

The longest [[Zip line|zipline]] in Asia is located in Rishikesh with a length of 1 km and speeds of 140 km per hour.<ref name=":1" />

=== Impact of camps and adventure activities on River Ganga ===
According to environmental activists, "These camps are not only in violation of Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, but also the Environment (Protection) Act 1986, as well as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, as it is leading to pollution of Ganga by discharging effluent, throwing of solid waste directly and adversely affecting the ecological integrity of the river system."<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2015 |title=NGT denies permission to rafting camps in Rishikesh |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ngt-denies-permission-to-rafting-camps-in-rishikesh/articleshow/48295874.cms |access-date=30 July 2023 |issn=0013-0389 }}</ref>

Environmental activists allege that these camps, which are established as temporary sites, do not have adequate sewage and sanitation facilities, disturb the habitat of wild animals, and "affect the peace, tranquility, and serenity of the forest area. [...] At the campsites, the camp owners permit employees and the visitors to have food and alcohol. They leave empty bottles, cans, unconsumed food and waste including bones and filth in and around the campsite."[[File:Adventures camping in rishikesh.jpg|alt=Camping in Rishikesh|thumb|Camping in Rishikesh]]
In a 2008 study on the beach camps between Kaudiyala and Rishikesh, experts from the Govind Ballabh Pant Himalayan Environment and Development Institute—R. K. Maikhuri, Nihal Farukhi and Tarun Budhal—found that wildlife conservation standards and norms, particularly for waste management, were routinely disregarded.

A bench headed by the National Green Tribunal chairperson Justice [[Swatanter Kumar]] on 1 April 2015 heard a plea filed by the non-governmental organisation Social Action for Forest and Environment (SAFE). The [[National Green Tribunal]] has sought explanations from the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] on the "unregulated" operation of rafting camps on the banks of Ganga between Shivpuri and Rishikesh in Uttarakhand. The state government has assured the tribunal that it would not grant permission to any new camp till the next hearing in May.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rafting-in-rishikesh-green-tribunal-asks-centre-to-respond-115040101299_1.html |title=Rafting in Rishikesh: Green Tribunal asks Centre to respond |agency=Press Trust of India |date=1 April 2015 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819234034/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rafting-in-rishikesh-green-tribunal-asks-centre-to-respond-115040101299_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttarakhand/dehradun/rafting-in-rishikesh-explanation-of-the-center/articleshow/46774706.cms |title=Rafting in Rishikesh: Explanation of the center |date=2 April 2015 |newspaper=Navbharat Times |language=hi |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817131442/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttarakhand/dehradun/rafting-in-rishikesh-explanation-of-the-center/articleshow/46774706.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samaylive.com/regional-news-in-hindi/uttarakhand-news-in-hindi/309797/green-tribunal-raps-modi-government-over-unregulated-operation-rafting-in-rishikesh.html |title=ऋषिकेश में राफ्टिंग: राष्ट्रीय हरित प्राधिकरण ने केंद्र से माँगा जवाब मांगा |trans-title=Rafting in Rishikesh: Green Tribunal seeks answers from Center |date=2 April 2015 |website=Samaylive.com |language=hi |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807024407/http://www.samaylive.com/regional-news-in-hindi/uttarakhand-news-in-hindi/309797/green-tribunal-raps-modi-government-over-unregulated-operation-rafting-in-rishikesh.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-03/news/60787393_1_camps-waste-management-environment-ministry |title=NGT pulls up Centre, Uttarakhand over unregulated rafting camps on Ganga banks |first=Urmi |last=Goswami |date=3 April 2015 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914203447/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-04-03/news/60787393_1_camps-waste-management-environment-ministry }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/green-tribunal-notice-over-rafting-camps-in-uttarakhand-115040600378_1.html |title=Green tribunal notice over rafting camps in Uttarakhand |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=6 April 2015 |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819222335/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/green-tribunal-notice-over-rafting-camps-in-uttarakhand-115040600378_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Despite-Ukhand-assurance-to-NGT-licences-being-issued-for-camping-rafting/articleshow/46789434.cms |title=Despite U'khand assurance to NGT, licences being issued for camping, rafting |last=Sharma |first=Seema |date=3 April 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Despite-Ukhand-assurance-to-NGT-licences-being-issued-for-camping-rafting/articleshow/46789434.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A bench headed by Justice U. D. Salve has rejected permission to rafting camps operating in Rishikesh and slammed the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] and the Government of Uttarakhand for not filing their replies in the case and directed them to file their response.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/National-Green-Tribunal-denies-permission-to-Rishikesh-rafting-camps/articleshow/48297249.cms |title=National Green Tribunal denies permission to Rishikesh rafting camps |date=31 July 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/National-Green-Tribunal-denies-permission-to-Rishikesh-rafting-camps/articleshow/48297249.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/is-this-the-end-of-river-rafting-in-rishikesh-ngts-latest-verdict-surely-makes-it-seem-so-243718.html |title=Is This The End of River Rafting in Rishikesh? NGT's Latest Verdict Surely Makes It Seem So |date=2 August 2015 |website=India Times |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805010657/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/is-this-the-end-of-river-rafting-in-rishikesh-ngts-latest-verdict-surely-makes-it-seem-so-243718.html |archive-date=5 August 2015 }}</ref>

== Healthcare ==
{{see also|All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh}}

[[AIIMS Rishikesh]] is one of the six healthcare institutes being established by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]] under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) with the aim of correcting regional imbalances in quality tertiary level healthcare in the country and attaining self-sufficiency in graduate and postgraduate medical education and training.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiimsrishikesh.edu.in/details.php?pgID=_about |title=Welcome to AIIMS Rishikesh |website=All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630003530/http://www.aiimsrishikesh.edu.in/details.php?pgID=_about |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/videos/uttarakhand/aiims-rishikesh-to-get-100-bed-hospital-within-three-months-112341.html |title=AIIMS Rishikesh to get 100-bed hospital within three months |website=[[News18]] |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713011544/http://www.news18.com/videos/uttarakhand/aiims-rishikesh-to-get-100-bed-hospital-within-three-months-112341.html |archive-date=13 July 2014 }}</ref>

The first [[Ministry of Ayush|AYUSH]] (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) Centre was opened in Rishikesh on 4 June 2015 by [[Shripad Yasso Naik]], the Minister for Yoga and Traditional Medicine, to sponsor new research in these alternative medicine systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-india-first-ayush-center-open-in-rishikesh-aims-12442187.html?src=HUK |title=एम्स ऋषिकेश में देश का पहला आयुष सेंटर खुला |trans-title=India First Ayush Center Open in Rishikesh |date=4 June 2015 |website=Jagran.com |language=hi |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003145209/http://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-india-first-ayush-center-open-in-rishikesh-aims-12442187.html?src=HUK |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Rail ===
The [[Rishikesh railway station|Rishikesh]] and the [[Yog Nagari Rishikesh railway station|Yog Nagari Rishikesh]] railway stations offer service to this city, partially through [[Indian Railways]]. A [[Rishikesh–Karnaprayag Railway|new railway line]], connecting Rishikesh with [[Karnaprayag]], is under construction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Sheo S. |date=18 October 2016 |title=Work on Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway line to begin in December |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Work-on-Rishikesh-Karnaprayag-railway-line-to-begin-in-December/articleshow/54918138.cms |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526110721/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Work-on-Rishikesh-Karnaprayag-railway-line-to-begin-in-December/articleshow/54918138.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Road ===
Rishikesh is connected with the state capital, Dehradun, which is 45 km from the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Kautilya |date=9 January 2015 |title=Speed up rail extension in state: Cong MP |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Speed-up-rail-extension-in-state-Cong-MP/articleshow/45826601.cms |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217141032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Speed-up-rail-extension-in-state-Cong-MP/articleshow/45826601.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Private and shared taxi services travel between Rishikesh and most major north Indian cities like Delhi, Chandigarh, and Shimla.

=== Air ===
The nearest airports are [[Dehradun Airport]] (15 km) and [[Delhi International Airport|New Delhi International Airport]] (240 km).

== Incidents ==

The tourism sector has brought tourists illegally importing cannabis and alcohol. Incidents like partial nakedness and drug paraphernalia littered along beaches is producing criticism that Rishikesh is losing its spirituality.<ref>{{cite web |title=PICS: ये है ऋषिकेश के गोवा बीच का नज़ारा, विदेशियों की बेशर्मी से आहत हो रही आस्था |trans-title=PICS: This is the view of Rishikesh's Goa beach, the belief that the foreigners are shocked by the shamelessness of the foreigners |url=http://www.samaylive.com/gallery/photo-gallery/pics-it-s-goa-beach-of-rishikesh-foreign-tourists-nude-and-topless-take-sunbathing/620911/66613.html |access-date=12 June 2015 |website=Samaylive |archive-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416082951/http://www.samaylive.com/gallery/photo-gallery/pics-it-s-goa-beach-of-rishikesh-foreign-tourists-nude-and-topless-take-sunbathing/620911/66613.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2015 |title=Where Rishikesh Meets Goa |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/Where-Rishikesh-Meets-Goa/2015/03/22/article2721758.ece |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626073008/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/Where-Rishikesh-Meets-Goa/2015/03/22/article2721758.ece }}</ref><ref name="TOI-47437432">{{cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=Sheo S. |date=27 May 2015 |title=Rafting in Ganga promotes obscene activities, VHP says, wants it banned |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rafting-in-Ganga-promotes-obscene-activities-VHP-says-wants-it-banned/articleshow/47437432.cms |access-date=12 June 2015 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108094546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rafting-in-Ganga-promotes-obscene-activities-VHP-says-wants-it-banned/articleshow/47437432.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:13 Manzil Temple Rishikesh 2021.jpg|Tera Manzil Temple
File:NeelKanth Mahadev Temple.JPG|NeelKanth Mahadev Temple
File:Ghats by the River Ganga, Rishikesh.jpg|Ghats by the River Ganges
File:Ramjhula - bridge over the Ganga.jpg|[[Ram Jhula, Rishikesh|Ram Jhula]] Bridge across the Ganges at [[Muni Ki Reti]], built in the 1980s
File:Hanuman, Rishikesh.jpg|A [[Hanuman]] temple in Rishikesh
File:RishikeshVeiws.jpg|Rishikesh Views
File:Rishikesh-Lakshman Jhula by Kaustubh Nayyar.jpg|Lakshman Jhula
File:View of Rishikesh.jpg|View of Rishikesh
File:Now memory Shiva statue near Paramarth Niketan.jpg|Shiva statue near [[Parmarth Niketan]] which was washed away by the [[2013 North India flood|2013 flood]] on River Ganga
File:Scenic View of Rishikesh with Ganga River and Hills in Background.jpg|View of Rishikesh with [[Ganges|Ganga River]] and [[Hill]]s in Background
</gallery>

==See also==

{{Portal |Hinduism}}
* [[Parmarth Niketan]]
* [[Lakshman Jhula]]
* [[Ram Jhula, Rishikesh|Ram Jhula]]
* [[Muni Ki Reti]]
* [[Dhanraj Giri]]
* [[Beatles Ashram]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikivoyage |Rishikesh}}[https://rishikeshnews.com Rishikesh News] - Latest news and updates about rishikesh in hindi.{{Commons category|Rishikesh}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism}}

{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Dehradun}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rishikesh| ]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Vegetarian towns in India]]
[[Category:Vegetarian communities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pauri Garhwal district]]

Birkul Raj

2026-03-05T20:59:58Z

Viktorivmw: starting initial post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian dynasty of Kings from Bengal}}
The '''Birkul Raj family''' also known as '''Birkul Royal Family''', was a feudal dynasty, identifying with the [[Mahishya]] caste, established under the [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja]] kings of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj state]], as their feudatories, in the year 1500 that ruled over south-eastern, [[Mughal era]] [[Midnapore district]].<ref name=":3" /> However, by the time of the [[British India|British occupation]], they were reduced to ruling over certain regions around present-day [[Digha]] and northern fringes of [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Ratnalekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJouAAAAMAAJ&q=birkul+raj |title=Change in Bengal Agrarian Society, C1760-1850 |date=1979 |publisher=Manohar |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== History ==
Before the arrival of the British, vast areas of present-day [[Midnapore|Medinipur]] and [[Odisha]] were under the rule of the [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]] rulers ([[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja Kings]]). Around in 1500 AD, for some reason the farmers of the Medinipur region rose in rebellion which created disorder in the [[Gajapati Empire]]. Therefore, [[Prataparudra Deva]] ordered his vassals, the [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja rulers]] of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]], to subdue the rebellion. They in turn, delegated their work to one, [[Bhuiyan]] Sagar Ray, a [[Mahishya]] by caste and a resident of [[Bamra State|Bamra kingdom]], to carry out the task.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=RAY |first=NIHARRANJAN |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12532 |title=HISTORY AND SOCIETY |date=1978 |publisher=K.P.BAGCHI,CALCUTTA |pages=366}}</ref> At that time, on the orders of the Bhanj king, '''Sagar Ray''' skillfully suppressed the peasant uprising in the Birkul ([[Digha]]) area. As a reward, the Bhanj king established him as the [[Raja]] of the Birkul dandapat, encompassing the village [[forts]] of Birkul, Kakrachoura and Mirgoda.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Office |first1=West Bengal (India) Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxykIfp9Gz0C&q=birkul+raj |title=District Handbooks: Hooghly |last2=Mitra |first2=Asok |date=1952 |publisher=s.n. Guha Ray |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Barui |first=Balai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQw7AAAAMAAJ&q=birkul+raj |title=The Salt Industry of Bengal, 1757-1800: A Study in the Interaction of British Monopoly Control and Indigenous Enterprise |date=1985 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi |isbn=978-0-8364-1478-3 |pages=100, 171 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Raja]] Sagar Ray, fought wars with the neighbouring kingdoms of the [[Bahubalindra Royal Family|Moyna Raj]] and the [[Kajlagarh|Kajlagarh Raj]] to consolidate his control over the area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuLZAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism |date=1996 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=978-81-7102-049-2 |language=en}}</ref> Sagar Ray, established himself as the dominant landlord of the area and donated lands to [[Brahmin]]s and began to perform elaborate [[Yajna]]s and pujas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ&dq=sudarshana+bhowmik+Medinipur+history&pg=PT285 |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931 |date=2022-08-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64143-1 |language=en}}</ref> He established temples in Sagareswar village to ''Bridheshwar [[Shiva]]'' and ''Buddhadev Mahadev'', his family deities. Sagar Ray was succeeded by his son Raja Jadunath Ray, followed by his grandson [[Raja]] Puroshattam Ray.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Midnapore.in-Royal Families of Midnapore |url=https://www.midnapore.in/royal_families_birkul.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.midnapore.in}}</ref>

Sagar Ray's great-grandson [[Raja]] Narahari Ray, further divided his Kingdom, by making his eldest son the Raja of Birkul, his second son as a [[Chowdhury]] to the [[Nawabs of Bengal]], and his third and youngest son as the [[Zamindar]] of Kakrachoura.<ref name=":0" /> Among them, the Kingdom of Birkul, became one of the most profitable salt producing areas in the entire district of [[Midnapore district|Medinipore]].<ref name=":4" /> Raj Ballabh Bhuiyan Ray, the then ruler, also had some scuffles with the authority of the newly implemented [[Company rule in India|Company rule]].<ref name=":4" />

== Later outcome ==
In 1760s, Raja Sarveshwar Ray, held the whole [[Zamindar]]i for quite some time. The other half was purchased by the Raja of Malighati. In 1781, Udayananda Chowdhury of the other branch of the family, was imprisoned by the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] at [[Murshidabad]] for defaulting on taxes. On the account of Raja Sarveshwar not having any sons, he was succeeded by his cousin, a descendant of [[Raja]] Sagar Ray on the maternal side, [[Raja]] Lal Bihari Singha Gajendra Mohapatra, the [[Turkagarh Royal Family|Raja of Turkagarh]].<ref name=":1" /> Later, the [[British Raj]] recognised Lal bihari's grandson Jashodanandan Mohapatra as the ruler of Birkul.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Jānā |first=Yudhishṭhira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQzgqWvrhMAC&q=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4+%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8 |title=Br̥hattara Tāmraliptera itihāsa |date=1965 |publisher=Kalikātā Pustakālaẏa |language=bn}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sagareshwar Briddheshwar Shiva Temple.jpg|Briddheshwar Shiva Temple of [[Raja]] Sagar Ray
File:Kuldevota of Birkul Raj.jpg|Buddhadeva Mahadav, the [[Kuldevta]] of Birkul Raj
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Mayurbhanj State]]
* [[Gajapati Empire]]
* [[Prataparudra Deva]]
* [[Mahishya]]
* [[Bahubalindra Royal Family]]
* [[Tamluk Royal Family]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Dynasties of Odisha]]
[[Category:Asian royal families]]
[[Category:Kshatriya]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Bengal]]

Kanakambari (film)

2026-03-04T07:27:06Z

Viktorivmw: started a post needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanakambari
| image = Kanakambari (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| writer = Dinesh Baboo
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = S. Shailendra Babu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Anu Prabhakar]]
*[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
*[[Kumar Govind]]
*Jyothi Krishna
*Aryan Prasad
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Dinesh Baboo
| editing = B. S. Kemparaj
| music = Praveen D. Rao
| studio = Shailendra Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|6|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kanakambari ''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[horror thriller film]] directed by [[Dinesh Baboo]] starring [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]], [[Kumar Govind]], Jyothi Krishna and Aryan Prasad.

== Plot ==
Nitya and her friends go on a picnic. Out of boredom, Nitya and her friends decide to play the [[Ouija]]. Nitya suggests to call someone random - Nirmala Devi. They quit that game abruptly and join their other friends near the campfire. Some boys whom they met that day, intoxicate Nitya without her knowledge. When one of them try to misuse this opportunity, a ghost kills him. Nobody knows the cause of the death.

After returning to [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], Nitya asks her lover Ramesh to take her to her warden's relatives house - Kanakambari in [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]. On their way, a man tries to misbehave with Nitya. There we find that Nitya is possessed by some spirit and that makes the man to vomit blood and die. Upon reaching the Kanakambari, Nitya faints and after recovering tells that she has to return to Bengaluru immediately.

In the Kanakambari we find Shanti who failed to give a male heir to Raghava's family. Due to this Raghava's mother and uncle decide to get Raghava remarried in hope of a male heir. After the marriage Shanti will be sent to her parents' house which she does not want. Later strange things begin in their house. Shanti is also possessed by Nirmala Devi's spirit. The family try to seek the help of priests.

In Bengaluru, Ramesh finds strange things happening around Nitya and decides to consult a priest. When he takes Nitya to the priest, both of them discover that Nitya has been possessed by Nirmala Devi. Nirmala Devi reveals that Nitya is her own daughter. Nirmala Devi also reveals that she was the wife of Raghava. His family always wanted a male heir to preserve their family prestige and Raghava would not talk against his elders. After giving birth to Nitya, Nirmala Devi was told that the child was stillborn. But she hears the child cry from across the room while it was being taken away to be killed. Nirmala Devi tries to stop it but accidentally dies.

After listening to the story, Ramesh, Nitya and the priest realize that Nirmala Devi has gone. The priest tells that Nirmala Devi has gone to kill the family in the Kanakambari. Nirmala Devi kills Raghava's mother and uncle. When she was about to kill Raghava, Nitya stops her. She tells that she found her family after a long time and does not want to lose her father now. Upon hearing these words, Nirmala Devi spares Raghava's life and warns him to take good care of their daughter. She tells Shanti to be Nitya's mother henceforth. A light goes outside the room suggesting the departure of Nirmala Devi's soul.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Shanti
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Nirmala Devi
* [[Kumar Govind]] as Raghava
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as a priest
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as Sub Inspector
* [[Enagi Nataraj]]
* Jyothi Krishna as Nitya
* Aryan Prasad as Ramesh
* [[Om Prakash Rao]] as Constable Krishna
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Krishna's wife
* [[Mandya Ramesh]] as Vasu
* [[Bank Janardhan]] as Chikka
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Raghava's uncle
}}

== Production ==
It was the second digital film shot in [[High-definition video|high-definition]] in Kannada, and the first to be released. The first being [[Dinesh Baboo]]'s ''[[Magic Ajji]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_kanakambari.asp|title='Kanakambari' - Get ready to see first Kannada movie shot digitally|website=Viggy|access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Is Director Dinesh Baboo not aware that knowing the gender of a child is a crime? however he has experimented with high definition camera and the night scenes using camera tricks looks natural".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13514581&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Kanakambari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225145529/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13514581&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=25 December 2004|website=[[Sify]]|last=Moviebuzz|access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "Don't expect chilling horror nor nail biting suspense unlike in Hollywood horror movies. There are no scenes that increase your blood pressure. Still you wont feel bored. Thanks to Dinesh Baboo's brisk narration".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_kanakambari.asp|title='Kanakambari' film review - movie by Dinesh Baboo; produced by Shailendra Babu|website=Viggy|access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The story moves slowly in the first part and fails to create the suspense effectively. In the second half, we are told about Nirmala, her family and how her spirit wants to take revenge. The climax, with a sentimental touch, is unexpected.
There are some special effects but they do not add value to the movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july042004/mr5.asp|date=4 July 2004|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|title=Kanakambari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101223724/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july042004/mr5.asp|archive-date=1 November 2004|access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> The film became a disaster at box-office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13522211|website=Sify|access-date=29 August 2025|title=Box-office reports|date=15 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409174345/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13522211|archive-date=9 April 2005}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|kanakambari}}

{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2000s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]

Uppu Kappurambu

2026-03-03T09:08:19Z

Viktorivmw: Added Post

{{short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Ani I. V. Sasi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uppu Kappurambu
| image = Uppu Kappurambu.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = [[Ani I. V. Sasi]]
| writer = Vasanth Maringanti
| producer = Radhika Lavu
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Keerthy Suresh]]
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]]
}}
| cinematography = Divakar Mani
| editing = Sreejith Sarang
| music = [[Sweekar Agasthi]]
| studio = Ellanar Films
| distributor = [[Amazon MGM Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Uppu Kappurambu''''' ({{Translation|Salt and Camphor}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film produced by Ellanar Films and released by [[Amazon Prime Video]]. It was directed by [[Ani I. V. Sasi]] from a screenplay written by Vasanth Maringanti. The film stars [[Keerthy Suresh]] and [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]].

''Uppu Kappurambu'' was released on 4 July 2025, on Amazon Prime Video, to positive reviews from critics, who praised the narrative and its tone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-16 |title=Keerthy Suresh's 'Uppu Kappurambu' OTT debut date out: When and where to stream Telugu comedy drama |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/keerthy-sureshs-uppu-kappurambu-ott-debut-date-out-when-and-where-to-stream-telugu-comedy-drama/articleshow/121879409.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=16 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616095208/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/keerthy-sureshs-uppu-kappurambu-ott-debut-date-out-when-and-where-to-stream-telugu-comedy-drama/articleshow/121879409.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|November 2025|date=November 2025}}
A fictional village confronts a bizarre dilemma when their cemetery runs out of burial space, leading to uproarious situations as the townspeople unite to find creative solutions.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Keerthy Suresh]] as Apoorva
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Chinna
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Bheemayya
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Madhubabu
* [[Talluri Rameswari]] as Kondamma
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Subbaraju
* Raviteja Nannimala as Tingarodu
* Vishnu Oi as Mic Man
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Malli Babai
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Shanmukham
* Prabhavathi Varma as Padmamma
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as narrator (voice only)
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in 28 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ani-iv-sasi-on-uppu-kappurambu-keerthy-sureshs-innocent-sarpanch-role-will-surprise-many/ee20b1b3d0588|title=Ani. I.V. Sasi on Uppu Kappurambu: Keerthy Suresh's innocent sarpanch role will surprise many|first=Avad |last=Mohammad|date=2 July 2025|access-date=17 July 2025|work=OTTplay}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack and background score is composed by [[Sweekar Agasthi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=Prime Video Launches Songs Of Uppu Kappurambu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/prime-video-launches-songs-of-uppu-kappurambu-1887863 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628062957/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/prime-video-launches-songs-of-uppu-kappurambu-1887863 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| title1 = Uppu Kappurambu
| length1 = 2:04
| lyrics1 = Raghuram Dronavajjala
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title2 = Nomilala
| length2 = 2:09
| lyrics2 = Kittu Vissapragada
| extra2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| title3 = Yaadunaavo
| length3 = 2:10
| lyrics3 = S Attavur Rahim
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
}}

== Release ==
''Uppu Kappurambu'' was first announced by [[Amazon Prime Video]] in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live blog: Here are the 69 new releases coming to Prime Video |url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/prime-video-india-2024-biggest-announcement |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=IN About Amazon |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419215146/https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/prime-video-india-2024-biggest-announcement |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Prime Video announces 2024 India slate: From Varun Dhawan-Samantha's Citadel Hunny Bunny to Ananya Panday's Call Me Bae, here's the full list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amazon-prime-video-india-slate-2024-citadel-mirzapur-family-man-paatal-lok-aryan-khan-stardom-9222164/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was distributed by [[Amazon MGM Studios]] and released on Amazon Prime Video on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-19 |title=Keerthy Suresh's satirical Telugu film 'Uppu Kappurambu' to Premiere on Prime Video on July 4 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/keerthy-sureshs-satirical-telugu-film-uppu-kappurambu-to-premiere-on-prime-video-on-july-4 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keerthy Suresh And Suhas Starrer Uppu Kappurambu To Premiere Globally On THIS Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/keerthy-suresh-and-suhas-starrer-uppu-kappurambu-to-premiere-globally-on-this-date-ws-kl-9388815.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Uppu Kappurambu'' received positive reviews from critics, who praised the narrative and its tone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-04 |title=Keerthy Suresh: Uppu Kappurambu was a much-needed breather |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/09/keerthy-suresh-uppu-kappurambu-was-a-much-needed-breather |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 and praised the performances of lead cast, and the direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-04 |title=Uppu Kappurambu Movie Review: A rollicking, light-footed satire with oodles of cinematic energy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jul/04/uppu-kappurambu-movie-review-a-rollicking-light-footed-satire-with-oodles-of-cinematic-energy |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705044056/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jul/04/uppu-kappurambu-movie-review-a-rollicking-light-footed-satire-with-oodles-of-cinematic-energy |url-status=live}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of [[The Hollywood Reporter|''The Hollywood Reporter India'']] praised the screenplay and characterization by Vasanth Maringanti, and the performances of the lead cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Uppu Kappurambu' Movie Review: Keerthy Suresh and Suhas Come Alive In This Charming Comedy |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/uppu-kappurambu-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-and-suhas-come-alive-in-this-charming-comedy |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704063902/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/uppu-kappurambu-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-and-suhas-come-alive-in-this-charming-comedy |url-status=live}}</ref> Calling Suhas's performance as "standout", ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 and had an opinion that the narration and pacing is sluggish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uppu Kappurambu Movie Review: A rural satire steeped in wit, eccentricity & measured storytelling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uppu-kappurambu/ottmoviereview/122268537.cms |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710220545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uppu-kappurambu/ottmoviereview/122268537.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Scroll.in]] was positive towards the performances of the entire cast and the story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Review: 'Uppu Kappurambu' finds the comedy in death and burial |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1084169/review-uppu-kappurambu-finds-the-comedy-in-death-and-burial |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "''Uppu Kapurambu'' has an intriguing premise and flashes of brilliance, but its inconsistent execution stops it from becoming a truly memorable satire".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-07-04 |title='Uppu Kapurambu' movie review: Keerthy Suresh and Suhas anchor a partly-entertaining dramedy on life and death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/uppu-kapurambu-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-and-suhas-star-in-the-telugu-film-that-streams-on-amazon-prime-video/article69767235.ece |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705162712/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/uppu-kapurambu-movie-review-keerthy-suresh-and-suhas-star-in-the-telugu-film-that-streams-on-amazon-prime-video/article69767235.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "''Uppu Kappurambu'' is an unconventional film that walks the fine line between satire and sentiment. While its quirkiness might not be for everyone, its emotional payoff and character arcs make it a rewarding experience".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-07-07 |title='Uppu Kappurambu' review: A quirky rural tale with heart and humour |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/uppu-kappurambu-review-a-quirky-rural-tale-with-heart-and-humour-985773 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708024800/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/uppu-kappurambu-review-a-quirky-rural-tale-with-heart-and-humour-985773 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31850758}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1992]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon MGM Studios films]]

Friendship (2021 film)

2026-03-03T02:35:22Z

Viktorivmw: starting some details needs work!

{{Short description|2021 film directed by John Paul Raj and Sham Surya}}
{{No plot|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Friendship 2021 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = John Paul Raj Sham Surya
| producer = JPR Stalin
| starring = {{plainlist|[[Harbhajan Singh]] [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Losliya Mariyanesan]]}}
| cinematography = C. Santha Kumar
| editing = Deepak S Dwaraknath
| music = D. M. Udhayakumar
| studio = Seantoaa Films Cinemass Studio
| released = {{Film date|2021|09|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Friendship''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by John Paul Raj and Sham Surya. A remake of the 2018 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Queen (2018 film)|Queen]]'', it stars [[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Losliya Mariyanesan]] with [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] in extended cameo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2020 |title=Harbhajan Singh's debut Tamil film 'Friendship' first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harbhajan-singhs-debut-tamil-film-friendship-first-look-out/article31758765.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825084632/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/harbhajan-singhs-debut-tamil-film-friendship-first-look-out/article31758765.ece |archive-date=25 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film marks the acting debuts of Harbhajan Singh and Losliya Mariyanesan, after the latter's stint at ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series)|Bigg Boss Tamil]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=Cricketer Harbhajan Singh to Make Acting Debut with Tamil Film Friendship, See Poster |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/cricketer-harbhajan-singh-to-make-acting-debut-with-tamil-film-friendship-see-poster-2484121.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204133934/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/cricketer-harbhajan-singh-to-make-acting-debut-with-tamil-film-friendship-see-poster-2484121.html |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2020 |title=Harbhajan Singh to make his debut as a lead actor in Tamil movie Friendship |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/harbhajan-singh-to-make-his-debut-as-a-lead-actor-6250298/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208142742/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/harbhajan-singh-to-make-his-debut-as-a-lead-actor-6250298/ |archive-date=8 February 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The music was composed by D. M. Udhayakumar with cinematography by C. Santha Kumar and editing by Deepak S. Dwarakanth. The film was released on 17 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2020 |title=Harbhajan Singh shares poster of his Tamil debut Friendship film set to release in August |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/harbhajan-singh-shares-poster-of-his-tamil-debut-friendship-film-set-to-release-in-august-8457191.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725110804/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/harbhajan-singh-shares-poster-of-his-tamil-debut-friendship-film-set-to-release-in-august-8457191.html |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Harbhajan Singh]] as Bhagat Singh alias Bhajji
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as [[Advocate]] Sylender (Extended Cameo)
* [[Losliya Mariyanesan]] as Anitha
* [[Sathish]] as Jeeva
* Kuttikara Rajesh Saudi as Doctor
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Advocate Chanakyan
* [[J. Satish Kumar]] as Politician<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=JSK Corporation to produce three new films |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/dt-next/20200614/282050509307583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409064235/https://www.pressreader.com/india/dt-next/20200614/282050509307583 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=[[DT Next]] |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>
* [[Venkat Subha]] as Politician
* Monika Thomas Puthuran as Madhu
* Robin Prabhu as Prabu
* [[KPY Bala]] as Vettukili
* [[Pala. Karuppiah]] as Judge
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Professor
}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2020 |title=Harbhajan Singh on the sets of Friendship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/harbhajan-singh-on-the-sets-of-friendship/articleshow/74745825.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722213523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/harbhajan-singh-on-the-sets-of-friendship/articleshow/74745825.cms |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Harbhajan Singh was chosen to play the main lead role after becoming popular in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] since playing for [[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He often interacted with Tamil spectators while playing for CSK and apparently was offered the role to portray a college student from [[Punjab]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2020 |title=Harbhajan Singh on South Debut: 'Let Khans do Bollywood Films, I am Happy Doing Tamil, Punjabi Movies' |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/harbhajan-singh-to-make-his-south-debut-with-friendship-says-let-khans-do-bollywood-films-i-am-happy-doing-tamil-punjabi-movies-4007622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204235434/https://www.india.com/entertainment/harbhajan-singh-to-make-his-south-debut-with-friendship-says-let-khans-do-bollywood-films-i-am-happy-doing-tamil-punjabi-movies-4007622/ |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Sri Lankan news anchor Losliya Mariyanesan who rose to prominence after taking part in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 3|Bigg Boss Tamil 3]]'' was signed on as the female lead role opposite Singh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2020 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 fame Losliya Mariyanesan to make her film debut with cricketer Harbhajan Singh; see post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-fame-losliya-mariyanesan-to-make-her-film-debut-with-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-see-post/articleshow/73908823.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-fame-losliya-mariyanesan-to-make-her-film-debut-with-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-see-post/articleshow/73908823.cms |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In February 2020, Arjun signed on to play a role in the film, while Sathish was chosen to play the supporting role of the friend of Singh's character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 March 2020 |title=Action King Arjun joins Harbhajan Singh's 'Friendship' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/action-king-arjun-joins-harbhajan-singhs-friendship/articleshow/74187581.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828104232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/action-king-arjun-joins-harbhajan-singhs-friendship/articleshow/74187581.cms |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=19 February 2020 |title=Arjun joins Harbhajan Singh in friendship |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190220/arjun-joins-harbhajan-singh-in-friendship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731131804/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190220/arjun-joins-harbhajan-singh-in-friendship.html |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by D. M. Udhayakumar. The first single, "Superstar Anthem" was released 3 July 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2020 |title=Superstar Anthem sung by Simbu for Harbhajan Singh's Friendship out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/videos/2020/jul/04/superstar-anthem-sung-by-simbu-for-harbhajan-singhs-film-friendship-out-19207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709210331/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/videos/2020/jul/04/superstar-anthem-sung-by-simbu-for-harbhajan-singhs-film-friendship-out-19207.html |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> coinciding with Harbhajan Singh's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=7 July 2020 |title=Simbu croons for Friendship |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070720/simbu-croons-for-friendship.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801040115/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070720/simbu-croons-for-friendship.html |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> It was revealed that the single was meant to be a tribute to actor [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2020 |title=Watch: 'Superstar Anthem' song from Harbhajan's 'Friendship' is a tribute to Rajnikanth |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-superstar-anthem-song-harbhajan-s-friendship-tribute-rajnikanth-128036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222736/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-superstar-anthem-song-harbhajan-s-friendship-tribute-rajnikanth-128036 |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Superstar Anthem
| lyrics1 = Gowtham R
| extra1 = [[Silambarasan]]
| title2 = Friendship Folk
| lyrics2 = Raja Gurusamy
| extra2 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], Losliya
| title3 = Friendship Gaana
| lyrics3 = Gana Achu
| extra3 = Gaana Achu
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "''Friendship'' offers nothing new as it only follows the tried and tested format" and was a "one-time watch".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2021 |title=Friendship: A watchable entertainer |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friendship-review-a-watchable-entertainer-review-tamil-vjroaCabbhigf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917220541/https://www.sify.com/movies/friendship-review-a-watchable-entertainer-review-tamil-vjroaCabbhigf.html |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Friendship'' is a dreary watch that has little focus on any of its material. The only clever aspect about the sequences, directed by John Paul Raj and Sham Surya, is that they mostly place Harbhajan among a group of friends and do not get him to talk often", commenting on Singh's poor lip synching.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=17 September 2021 |title='Friendship' movie review: Harbhajan Singh turns Tamil film hero in a dreary watch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/friendship-movie-review/article36516323.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031195439/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/friendship-movie-review/article36516323.ece |archive-date=31 October 2022 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "For much of its running time, ''Friendship'' feels like a checklist of movies set in a college".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=17 September 2021 |title=Friendship Movie Review : A generic campus movie and a middling courtroom drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/friendship/movie-review/86290107.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918000537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/friendship/movie-review/86290107.cms |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' wrote, "The technical aspects aren't bad, but with a weak screenplay, there is only little which cinematography and background score can enhance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=6 October 2021 |title=Friendship movie review: Weak screenplay and ineffective characters make the film a tiring watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/friendship-movie-review-weak-screenplay-and-ineffective-characters-make-the-film-a-tiring-watch/605d0f599f940 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016235231/https://www.ottplay.com/review/friendship-movie-review-weak-screenplay-and-ineffective-characters-make-the-film-a-tiring-watch/605d0f599f940 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aishwarya Vidhya Raghunath

2026-03-02T05:10:19Z

Viktorivmw: Enhanced content and organization

{{Multiple issues|{{Tone|date=July 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Aishwarya Vidhya Raghunath
| image = AishVidRag3 CarnaticMusic.png
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| notable_instruments =
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Vocalist
| years_active = 2005–present
| website = {{URL|http://www.aishwaryavidhyaraghunath.org}}
}}
'''Aishwarya Vidhya Raghunath''' (also known as '''AVR''') is an Indian Carnatic vocalist from [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. She is an A‑grade artiste with [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About | website=Official site|url=https://www.aishwaryavidhyaraghunath.com/about-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A grade artiste|website=BookMyShow|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/aishwarya-vidhya-raghunath/2012255}}</ref>

== Early life and training ==
Raghunath began her training in Carnatic music at the age of three.<ref>{{cite web|title=About |website=Official site}}</ref> She received foundational instruction from Smt Seethalakshmi Venkatesan and later advanced her studies under Padma Bhushan Shri [[P. S. Narayanaswamy]], Sangeetha Kala Sagaram Smt Vegavahini Vijayaraghavan, and Vidwan Shri [[R. K. Shriramkumar]], deeply rooted in the Semmangudi and Veena Dhanammal banis.<ref>{{cite web|title=About |website=Official site}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How a Biotech Engineer probed Music in her DNA|website=KnowYourStar|url=https://www.knowyourstar.com/aishwarya-vidhya-raghunath-interview/}}</ref>

She gave her first solo public performance at age thirteen.<ref>{{cite web|title=About |website=Official site}}</ref>

== Career ==
Raghunath has performed at major venues including the [[Madras Music Academy]], Shanmukhananda Hall (Mumbai), Bangalore Gayana Samaj, Rabindra Mandap (Bhubaneswar), [[IISc Bengaluru]], [[IIT Madras]], and [[University of Miami]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About |website=Official site}}</ref>

In 2018, she undertook a two‑month concert tour across the United States and Canada under the aegis of the [[Carnatic Music Association of North America]] (CMANA).<ref>{{cite web|title=About |website=Official site}}</ref>

Her performances have been critically acclaimed, with ''The Hindu'' praising her handling of Mahābhāp and manodharma in ragas like Begada and Poorvikalyani.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thiyyadi |first1=Sreevalsan |title=Aishwarya Vidhya Raghunath presented a buoyant Begada raga|website=The Hindu|date=12 January 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/aishwarya-vidhya-raghunath-presented-a-buoyant-begada-raga/article66369731.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Krishnan |first1=Lalithaa |title=Built on patanthara|website=The Hindu|date=2 February 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/Built-on-patanthara/article17137287.ece}}</ref>

Raghunath's performances have been featured in national media such as ''The Hindu'', where critics highlighted her "classicism and spontaneity", and in interviews and profiles in ''The Hindu'' and ''KnowYourStar''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramothsava... concert|website=Star of Mysore|date=7 April 2023 |url=https://starofmysore.com/ramothsava-sangeethotsava-day-7-aishwarya-vidhya-raghunath-presents-vocal-concert/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aishwarya Vidhya Raghunath presented a buoyant Begada raga|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
She has received multiple awards, including:

* “Outstanding Lady Vocalist Award” from the Music Academy, Chennai (three consecutive years)<ref>{{cite web|title=Latest News|website=Official site|url=https://www.aishwaryavidhyaraghunath.com/home}}</ref>
* Kalki Krishnamurthy Award
* M. S. Subbulakshmi Award (Narada Gana Sabha)<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|website=KnowYourStar}}</ref>
* Yuva Purandara Award
* D. K. Pattammal Award
* Raga Laya Prabha Award<ref>{{cite web|title=Latest News|website=Official site}}</ref>
* Government of India Scholarship for Young Artistes (Ministry of Culture, 2008–2010)<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|website=KnowYourStar}}</ref>

Additional honors include prizes from Narada Gana Sabha, Ramana Kendra, RMKV, Bangalore Gayana Samaj, Kerala Music Sabhas, and recognition by the Indo‑Canadian Shastri Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography|website=KnowYourStar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928120354/http://www.aishwaryaraghunath.com/Galleria.html ''Other news reviews and articles'']

== External links ==
* [http://www.aishwaryavidhyaraghunath.com Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@AishwaryaVidhyaRaghunath YouTube channel]

== See also ==
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[List of Carnatic singers]]

[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian radio personalities]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

P. Pullayya

2026-02-25T01:11:33Z

Viktorivmw: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{distinguish|C. Pullayya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| image_size =
| name = P. Pullayya
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 May 1911
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1985
| death_place =
| occupation = Film Director Film Producer
| party =
| years_active =
| spouse = [[Santha Kumari]]
}}
'''P. Pullayya''' (also spelled '''P. Pullaiya'''; 1911–1985) was an Indian film director and producer known for his work in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films. He was the recipient of [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for his contributions to [[Telugu cinema]]. He also directed several Tamil films and a [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]].

==Personal life==

Pullayya married veteran actress [[Santha Kumari]] in 1937. Together they have two daughters named, Padmavathi and Radha

==Film career==

Pullayya produced and directed many successful films under the banner Padmasree Pictures named after their daughter.

''[[Jayabheri]]'' was a 1959 Telugu musical hit film directed by him and starring [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]] in lead roles.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_jayabheri_1959.php Retrospect: Jayabheri completes 50 years] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230175300/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_jayabheri_1959.php |date=2010-12-30 }}</ref> The film is based on the 1947 production by [[V. Shantaram]], titled ''Lokshahir Ram Joshi'' in Marathi and ''Matwala Shayar Ram Joshi'' in Hindi. The songs in the movie are both classical Carnatic and Folklore with music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].

''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' was a 1960 magnum opus Telugu film produced and directed by him and starring [[N. T. Rama Rao]].<ref>[http://www.cinegoer.com/svm.htm P Pulliah's Evergreen Magnum Opus Venkateswara Mahathyam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422100936/http://www.cinegoer.com/svm.htm |date=2009-04-22 }}</ref> The story is based on the story of Lord [[Venkateswara]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Language
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director !! Producer
|-
| 1935 || ''[[Harischandra (1935 film)|Harischandra]]'' || {{partial|Assistant}} || || rowspan="5"|Telugu ||
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Sarangadhara (1937 film)|Sarangadhara]]'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1939 || ''Balaji'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1941 || ''[[Dharmapatni]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Premabandhan'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| [[Subhadra (film)|''Subhadra'']] || {{yes}} || || Kannada ||
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (1943 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]]'' || {{yes}} || || rowspan="3"|Telugu ||
|-
| 1945 || ''[[Maya Machhindra]]'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Bhaktha Jana]]'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1950 || ''[[Macha Rekai]]'' || {{yes}} || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Tirugubatu'' || {{yes}} || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Veetukari'' || {{yes}} || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Dharma Devatha]]'' || {{yes}} || || Tamil Telugu ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Manam Pola Mangalyam]]'' || {{yes}} || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Rechukka]]'' || {{yes}} || || rowspan="3"|Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1955 || [[Kanyasulkam (film)|''Kanyasulkam'']] || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Ardhangi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1956 || ''[[Pennin Perumai]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Uma Sundari]]'' || {{yes}} || || Telugu ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Vanangamudi]]'' || {{yes}} || || rowspan="3"|Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1958 || ''[[Illarame Nallaram]]'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Athisaya Thirudan]]'' || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1959 || ''[[Jayabheri]]'' || {{yes}} || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kalaivaanan]]'' || {{yes}} || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Banda Ramudu]]'' || {{yes}} || || rowspan="4"|Telugu
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Siri Sampadalu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 1964 || [[Murali Krishna (film)|''Murali Krishna'']] || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1965 || ''[[Aasai Mugam]]'' || {{yes}} || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Thaaye Unakkaga]]'' || {{yes}} || || Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Prana Mithrulu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="4"|Telugu ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Alludu Menalludu'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Koduku Kodalu]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Andharu Bagundali'' || {{yes}} || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andharu Bagundali (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QRA |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[3rd National Film Awards|1955]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - ''[[Ardhangi]]''<ref name="3rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf|title=3rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=1 September 2011|format=PDF}}</ref>
*[[7th National Film Awards|1959]]: Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu - ''[[Jayabheri]]''<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=4 September 2011|format=PDF}}</ref>
*[[10th National Film Awards|1962]]: Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film in Telugu - ''Siri Sampadalu''<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] - 1981

==See also==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0700386}}

{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pullaiah, P.}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Ashok Saraf

2026-02-23T08:33:03Z

Viktorivmw: expand article further and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (b.1947)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashok Saraf
| image = Ashok_Saraf.jpg
| signature = File:Ashok Saraf Sign.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Saraf in 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|6|4}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Province]], [[British India]] (present day, [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Nivedita Saraf]]|1990}}
| children = 1
| awards = 4 [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| website =
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2025) [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] (2023) [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022) [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award|V. Shantaram Award]] (2006)
| other names = ''Mahanayak'', ''Ashok Samrat'', ''Mama''
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| yearsactive = 1969–present
| works = [[Ashok Saraf filmography|Full list]]
}}
'''Ashok Saraf''' (born 4 June 1947) is an Indian actor and comedian, known for his work in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi films]] along with [[theatre]] in both languages. Saraf has received several awards including eleven [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] and four [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]. He is referred to as the ''Mahanayak'' ({{lit|Greatest Actor}}), ''Ashok Samrat'' or ''Mama'' of the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=Patrya Maruti Ganpati's one-of-a-kind tribute to Ashok Saraf |work=[[Pune Mirror]] |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/Patrya-Maruti-Ganpatis-one-of-a-kind-tribute-to-Ashok-Saraf/cid8479352.htm |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017225227/https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/Patrya-Maruti-Ganpatis-one-of-a-kind-tribute-to-Ashok-Saraf/cid8479352.htm |archive-date=17 October 2023 |quote=Ashok Saraf was honoured for his lifetime achievement and thought it would be a nice idea for the procession display and his contribution to the film industry is remarkable, and the "'''Mahanayak'''" deserves to be shown love and gratitude in every way possible}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2022 |title=Kon Honar Crorepati : मराठी सिनेसृष्टीचे महानायक अशोक सराफ येणार 'कोण होणार करोडपती'च्या मंचावर |language=mr |work=[[ABP Majha]] |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kon-honar-crorepati-ashok-saraf-the-great-hero-of-marathi-cinema-will-come-on-the-stage-of-kon-honar-crorepati-the-special-episode-will-take-place-on-june-25th-1072352 |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=मराठी मनोरंजनसृष्टी ज्यांना '''अशोक मामा''' म्हणून ओळखते असं अभिनयाचं ज्येष्ठ अभिनेते अशोक सराफ |trans-quote=Veteran actor Ashok Saraf, who is known as '''Ashok Mama''' in the Marathi entertainment industry}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 2016, Saraf received [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award]] for his Contribution to Marathi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf Films and Shows – Apple TV |url=https://tv.apple.com/gb/person/ashok-saraf/umc.cpc.12ezk5n4z55end909jd8blwms |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Apple TV |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2023, he received the [[Maharashtra Bhushan]], the highest civilian honour in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Veteran actor Ashok Saraf to be conferred with Maharashtra Bhushan Award 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/veteran-marathi-actor-hum-paanch-ashok-saraf-to-be-conferred-with-maharashtra-bhushan-award-2023-2495540-2024-01-30 |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> Saraf received [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, from the [[Government of India]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nivedita Saraf expresses her happiness as Ashok Saraf is conferred with Padma Shri: 'It was long overdue' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nivedita-saraf-expresses-her-happiness-as-ashok-saraf-is-conferred-with-padma-shri-it-was-long-overdue-exclusive/articleshow/117562188.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Saraf started getting leading roles in Marathi films. The combination of Ashok Saraf, [[Laxmikant Berde]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] and [[Mahesh Kothare]] created the "comedy films wave" in Marathi cinema from 1985 that lasted for more than a decade. His successful Marathi films as the lead hero include ''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]'' (1982), ''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]'' (1985), ''[[Gammat Jammat]]'' (1987), ''[[Bhutacha Bhau]]'' (1989), ''[[Balache Baap Brahmachari]]'' (1989), ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi|Ashi hi Banawa Banavi]]'' (1988) and ''[[Aayatya Gharat Gharoba]]'' (1991).

In Bollywood he worked in many movies such as ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995), [[Yes Boss (film)|''Yes'' ''Boss'']] (1997), [[Joru Ka Ghulam|''Joru'' ''Ka Ghulam'']] (2000) and ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha|Navra Mazha Navsacha]]'' (2004)''[[Singham]]'' (2011) ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha 2|Navra Mazha Navsacha 2]]'' (2024)and in many Hindi television [[sitcom]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=त्या मुलीने मामा बनवले |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/drama/ashok-saraf/articleshow/48037559.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222235918/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/drama/ashok-saraf/articleshow/48037559.cms |archive-date=22 February 2016 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=12 July 2015 |access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
Saraf was born in [[Bombay]], (present day [[Mumbai]]) on 4 June 1947.<ref name="DivyaMarathi">{{cite news |date=4 June 2018 |title=B'day: पत्नीपेक्षा 18 वर्षांनी मोठे आहेत अशोक सराफ, या कारणामुळे गोव्यात केले होते लग्न |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-birthday-special-ashok-saraf-and-nivedita-saraf-wedding-story-5887201-PHO.html?seq=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428124915/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-birthday-special-ashok-saraf-and-nivedita-saraf-wedding-story-5887201-PHO.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=12 July 2019 |work=[[Divya Marathi]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Ashok Saraf's punctuality |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/happy-birthday-ashok-saraf-times-when-nivedita-revealed-hubby-ashoks-secrets/photostory/76191665.cms?picid=76191764 |access-date=5 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He grew up in the [[South Mumbai]] neighbourhood of Chikhalwadi and went to DGT Vidyalay for his education.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashok Saraf: Interesting facts about the actor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ashok-saraf-interesting-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/66134710.cms |access-date=5 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was named "Ashok" after veteran actor [[Ashok Kumar]].<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
{{see also|Ashok Saraf filmography}}
Saraf has been working in the film and television industry since 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2018 |title=Ashok Saraf: Interesting facts about the actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ashok-saraf-interesting-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/66134710.cms |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has acted in more than 250 Marathi films, out of which more than 100 were commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2018 |title=Ashok Saraf: Interesting facts about the actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/ashok-saraf-interesting-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/66134710.cms?picid=66134763 |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has mostly acted in comedy films. He started his career with the Marathi movie ''Janaki'' in 1969.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=सिंह |first=शशि |date=4 June 2022 |title=Ashok saraf: ठाकुर तो गियो से हवलदार पांडु तक हर किरदार बनाया यादगार, कभी सुने हैं अशोक सराफ के ये किस्से? |language=hi |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/ashok-saraf-birthday-know-unknown-facts-of-akshok-life-and-carrer-in-bollywood |url-status=live |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104142309/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/ashok-saraf-birthday-know-unknown-facts-of-akshok-life-and-carrer-in-bollywood |archive-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> He then acted in the films like ''Donhi Gharacha Pahuna'', ''Jawal Ye Laju Nako'', ''Tumcha Aamcha Jamla'', ''Chimanrao Gundyabhau'', ''Deed Shahane'', ''Haldi Kunku'', ''Duniya Kari Salam'' and more during the 1970s and 1980s. He continued to work in Marathi films with [[Laxmikant Berde]], [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] and [[Mahesh Kothare]]. ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'', ''[[Aayatya Gharat Gharoba]]'', ''[[Balache Baap Brahmachari]]'', ''[[Bhutacha Bhau]]'' and ''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]'' are some of the notable Marathi films in which Saraf acted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2014 |title='दोन्ही घरचा पाहुणा' (१९७२) या पहिल्या चित्रपटापासूनची अशोक सराफची अभिनयाची वाटचाल बहुरुपी |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-actor-ashok-saraf-918137/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173507/http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-actor-ashok-saraf-918137/ |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=[[Loksatta]]}}</ref>

Saraf has also acted in various Marathi plays and Hindi serials. He then developed his own production house "Aniket Telefilms", which is handled by his wife [[Nivedita Joshi Saraf|Nivedita Saraf]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=Ashok Saraf - Maharashtra Mandal Qatar |url=https://mmqatar.com/ashok-saraf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205234447/https://mmqatar.com/ashok-saraf/ |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=[[Maharashtra Mandal]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Marathi film career ===
[[File:Ashok Saraf in 2019.jpg|thumb|Saraf in 2019, In 1980s along with actor [[Laxmikant Berde]] Saraf did many hit [[comedy]] genre films like [[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]], [[Balache Baap Brahmachari]].]]
Saraf had success pairing with [[Laxmikant Berde]], another comedian from Marathi cinema who has also acted in many Hindi films. With Saraf, Berde and [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] acted in many Marathi films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सचिन, महेश दोघांची शैली वेगळी आहे- अशोक सराफ |url=http://marathi.webdunia.com/article/marathi-film-stars/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB-110122000029_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222064612/http://marathi.webdunia.com/article/marathi-film-stars/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB-110122000029_1.htm |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=Marathi Webdunia}}</ref> He tasted major success in ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]'' (1988), in the lead role of [[Dhananjay Mane]] with the two reigning superstars of Marathi cinema, [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] and [[Laxmikant Berde]]. The movie was a runaway hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गुणी आणि दमदार अभिनेता - अशोक सराफ |url=http://www.marathiworld.com/kala-krida-m/ashok-saraf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222004347/http://www.marathiworld.com/kala-krida-m/ashok-saraf |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=Marathi World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2014 |title=अशोक सराफ |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/interview/Ashok-Saraf/articleshow/39645104.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424085835/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/interview/Ashok-Saraf/articleshow/39645104.cms |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]]}}</ref>

=== Hindi film career ===
Saraf played important roles in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]. Some of the roles which are remembered are from the films ''[[Singham]]'', ''[[Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998 film)|Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya]]'', ''[[Gupt]]'', ''[[Koyla]]'', ''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]'', ''[[Joru Ka Ghulam]]'' and ''[[Karan Arjun]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=4 June 2022 |title=बैंक से लेकर बॉलीवुड तक, कुछ ऐसा रहा है अशोक सराफ का सफर |language=hi |work=[[ABP News]] |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/ashok-saraf-celebrate-his-75th-birthday-read-here-his-interesting-journey-in-bollywood-2138963 |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Hindi television serials ===
Saraf has also starred in successful television serials like ''Yeh Choti Badi Baatein'' and ''[[Hum Paanch (sitcom)|Hum Paanch]]'' (as Anand Mathur).<ref name=":3" /> He had a comedy show ''[[Don't Worry Ho Jayega]]'', telecast on [[Sahara TV]] in the 1990s.<ref name=":0" />

=== Marathi play career ===
Saraf has played a number of roles in Marathi plays in his career. Some of the important plays are ''Hamidabaichi Kothi'', ''Anadhikrut'', ''Mano-milan'', ''He Ram Cardiogram'', ''Darling Darling'', ''Sarkha Chatit Dukhtay'', ''Laginghai'', and ''Vacuum Cleaner''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Vacuum Cleaner Marathi Natak Review |url=https://www.rangabhoomi.com/reviews/vacuum-cleaner-marathi-natak-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113024033/https://www.rangabhoomi.com/reviews/vacuum-cleaner-marathi-natak-review/ |archive-date=13 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=Rangbhoomi.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== In the media ==
Saraf has been described in the Indian media as one of the most versatile actor. Saraf is also known by his pet name "Mama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal Shekhar |date=4 June 2022 |title=अशोक सराफ सगळ्यांचे मामा कसे झाले ठाऊक आहे का? वाचा त्यामागची भन्नाट स्टोरी |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/do-you-know-why-ashok-saraf-called-as-mama-in-marathi-industry-141654326688695.html |work=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref>

In 2022, on the 75th birth anniversary of Saraf, a stage show were held in Mumbai by [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sunday होणार स्पेशल! अशोक मामांची बहुरंगी कारकीर्द दिसणार 'या' स्पेशल कार्यक्रमात |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf-special-show-zee-marathi-75th-birthday-golden-jubilee-of-career-marathi-superstar-comedy-roles-nivedita-saraf-mhrn-725569.html |work=News18 लोकमत |language=mr |date=1 July 2022 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zee Marathi's Special Show to Celebrate Ashok Saraf's 50-Year Journey in Acting |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/zee-marathis-special-show-to-celebrate-ashok-sarafs-50-year-journey-in-acting-5478949.html |work=News18 |date=2 July 2022 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> During the 1980s, Saraf and [[Laxmikant Berde]] emerged as "superstars" in Marathi cinema, marking an unmatched phenomenon in the industry. The films of Saraf and Berde accounted for most of the [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|box office gross]] in Marathi cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=16 December 2019 |title=Laxmikant Berde, Marathi superstar who was much beyond the characters he's remembered for |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/laxmikant-berde-marathi-superstar-who-was-much-beyond-the-characters-hes-remembered-for/334347/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Kusumika |date=4 June 2023 |title=Happy Birthday Ashok Saraf: Karan Arjun To Yes Boss, Have A Look At Iconic Roles Of Marathi Superstar In Bollywood |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/happy-birthday-ashok-saraf-karan-arjun-to-yes-boss-have-a-look-at-iconic-roles-of-marathi-superstar-in-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-100744125 |work=Zoom TV |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=मराठी सिनेसृष्टीचा बादशाह आहेत अशोक सराफ, पण बॉलिवूडला त्यांची किंमत कळलीच नाही |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/ashok-saraf-know-as-king-of-marathi-film-industry-bollywood-always-give-him-side-roll/articleshow/102048137.cms |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr |date=23 July 2023 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Ashok Saraf Nivedita Joshi.jpg|thumb| Saraf with wife [[Nivedita Joshi-Saraf]] at premiere of Marathi film ''[[Deool Band]]''.]]
He is married to actress [[Nivedita Joshi-Saraf]] in 1990.<ref name="life">{{cite news |title=From marrying an actor twice her age to playing a lead at 54: A look at 'Agga Bai Sasubai' fame Nivedita Ashok Saraf's life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/from-marrying-an-actor-twice-her-age-to-playing-a-lead-at-54-a-look-at-agga-bai-sasubai-fame-nivedita-ashok-sarafs-life/photostory/72762395.cms |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=16 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> They married at the [[Mangueshi Temple]] in [[Goa]], where Saraf's family is originally from.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/ashok-saraf-birthday-special-ashok-saraf-and-nivedita-saraf-married-goa-mangeshi-temple/|title=Ashok Saraf Birthday Special: अशोक सराफ आणि निवेदिता सराफ यांनी मुंबईत लग्न न करता गोव्यातील या मंदिरात केले होते लग्न|date=4 June 2019|website=Lokmat|language=mr|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123101639/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/ashok-saraf-birthday-special-ashok-saraf-and-nivedita-saraf-married-goa-mangeshi-temple/|archive-date=23 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> They have a son named Aniket Saraf who is a [[chef]].<ref name="DivyaMarathi"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Aggabai Sasubai actor Nivedita Saraf wishes son Aniket on his birthday; writes a heartfelt note |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aggabai-sasubai-actor-nivedita-saraf-wishes-son-aniket-on-his-birthday-writes-a-heartfelt-note/articleshow/75275791.cms |access-date=4 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Saraf survived a major car accident in the year 2012 on the [[Mumbai Pune Expressway]] near [[Talegaon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=अशोक सराफ अपघातातून बचावले |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87/29562 |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=Zee News |date=15 January 2012 |language=mr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513143119/http://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87/29562 |archive-date=13 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Ref.
|-
|1975
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Pandu Havaldar]]''
|
|-
|1977
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|Special Mention
|''[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]''
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1979
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''Bail Veda''
|-
|1981
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="2" |''Gondhalat Gondhal''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]''
|-
|1983
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
|''Goshta Dhamaal Namyachi''
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=अभिनयसम्राट अशोक सराफ |url=http://www.agrowon.com/Agrowon/20111106/5128076081435971455.htm |website=agrowon.com |date=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606124617/http://www.agrowon.com/Agrowon/20111106/5128076081435971455.htm |access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1985
| rowspan="6" |[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Bahurupi]]''
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |work=indiarocking.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=22 April 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|1987
|''Prem Karuya Khullam Khulla''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1988
| rowspan="2" | [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''Maza Pati Karodpati''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1991
|''[[Aayatya Gharat Gharoba]]''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1992
| rowspan="2" |[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''Aapli Mansa''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1993
|''Vazir''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|1996
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Marathi|Best Actor]]
|''Suna Yeti Ghara''
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|1999
|[[Screen Awards]]
|Best Actor – Marathi
| rowspan="2" |''Savai Hawaldar''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=8th Annual Screen Awards |url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award96.html |work=Screen India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020117185520/http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award96.html |access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=17 January 2002 }}</ref>
|-
|2000
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Comedian]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2004
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|Best Actor in a Comic Role
|''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2006
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award|V. Shantaram Award]]
|Various
|
|-
|2008
|[[Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|''Mai Ka Bitua''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2010
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Comedian|Favourite Comedian]]
|''[[Ek Daav Dhobi Pachhad]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtracha Favourite Kon? 2009 |url=http://epaper.esakal.com/eSakal/20101101/5710645887082359505.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901232952/http://epaper.esakal.com/eSakal/20101101/5710645887082359505.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2013 |work=[[Sakal]] |language=mr |date=1 November 2010 |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
| rowspan="7" |Overall Contribution
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Valecha |first1=Rohan |last2=Risbood |first2=Vaibhavi V |last3=Sonavane |first3=Gaurav |date=28 October 2017 |title=Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017: Complete winners' list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017-complete-winners-list/articleshow/61280249.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Sanskruti Kaladarpan
|Kala Gaurav Award
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf conferred with Kala Gaurav Award |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/ashok-saraf-conferred-with-kala-gaurav-at-skd-awards.php |work=marathimovieworld.com |date=27 April 2016 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Pune International Film Festival|Pune International Film Festival Distinguished Awards]]
|Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Saraf to receive PIFF award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/ashok-saraf-to-receive-piff-award-101638195447594.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 November 2021 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|[[ABP Majha|ABP Majha Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Special Mention
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=अशोक सराफ, राणी बंग, रितेश देशमुख यांच्यासह नऊ जणांचा माझा सन्मान पुरस्काराने गौरव |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/majha-sanman-2022-riteish-deshmukh-ashok-saraf-amruta-subhash-honoured-1089953 |work=ABP |language=mr |date=14 August 2022 |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|
|-
|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
|Acting
|<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Announcement of Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna) |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/annoucement/1709191095_Final%20Press%20Release%20for%20Sangeet%20Natak%20Akademki%20Fellowship,%20Sangeet%20Natak%20Akademi%20Awards%20and%20Ustad%20Bismilla%20Khan%20Yuva%20Puraskar%20for%20the%20years%202022%20and%202023.pdf |website=Sangeet Natak Akademi |location=New Delhi |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023: 'अशोक सराफ म्हणजे...', झी चित्रगौरव पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात मराठी कलाकार Emotional, मामांच्याही डोळ्यात पाणी {{!}} Zee Chitra Gaurav 2023 comedy king veteran actor ashok saraf received jeevan gaurav puraskar |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/zee-chitra-gaurav-2023-comedy-king-veteran-actor-ashok-saraf-received-jeevan-gaurav-puraskar/700026/amp#ip=1 |work=Zee News |language=mr |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Maharashtra Bhushan]]
| rowspan="2" |Overall Contribution
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Mrityunjay |date=30 January 2024 |title=Ashok Saraf to be conferred with Maharashtra Bhushan |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/ashok-saraf-to-be-conferred-with-maharashtra-bhushan-2871289 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|MaTa Sanman
|Special Award
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=बेंद्रे |first=अनिश |date=12 March 2025 |title=पाणी, इंद्रायणीचा 'मटा सन्मान'वर ठसा; वैदेही, समीर, शर्वरी सर्वोत्कृष्ट, विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/mata-sanmaan/news/mata-sanman-2025-winners-list-aadinath-kothare-vaidehi-parshurami-sharvari-jog-sameer-paranjape-won-best-actor-awards/articleshow/118915210.cms |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and honours ==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025) - India's fourth-highest civilian honour, from the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2025 |title=Marathi actor Ashok Saraf honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/marathi-actor-ashok-saraf-honoured-with-padma-shri-23553543 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Padma Awards 2025: Ashok Saraf, Mamata Shankar, Arijit Singh, Ajith Kumar honoured by President Droupadi Murmu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf-mamata-shankar-arijit-singh-shekhar-kapur-among-recipients-honoured-by-president-droupadi-murmu/cid/2103082}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=अशोक सराफ यांचा राष्ट्रपती द्रौपदी मुर्मूंच्या हस्ते पद्मश्री पुरस्काराने गौरव, म्हणाले- "माझ्या जीवनातील विशेष क्षण..." |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/padma-awards-2025-marathi-actor-ashok-saraf-awarded-with-padmashri-by-president-draupadi-murmu-a-a971/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Maharashtra Bhushan]] (2023) - Highest civilian honour in the Indian state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashok Saraf Receives Maharashtra Bhushan Award - Highest Civilian Honour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ashok-saraf-receives-maharashtra-bhushan-award-highest-civilian-honour/articleshow/107932487.cms |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022) - It is the highest Indian recognition given to people in the field of performing arts.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashok Saraf, Rajeev Verma, Bombay Jayashri to receive Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/ashok-saraf-rajeev-verma-bombay-jayashri-to-receive-sangeet-natak-akademi-award-2914742 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=deccanherald}}</ref>
* [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award|V. Shantaram Award]] (2006) - It is an award given by the Government of Maharashtra to long-serving film personalities in Marathi cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |title=State to fete Rajnikant, Ashok Saraf |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-state-to-fete-rajnikant-ashok-saraf-1025646 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=dna india}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|ashok_saraf|Ashok Saraf}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraf, Ashok}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]

Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-19T02:43:36Z

Viktorivmw:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bansgaon {{Small|UP-67}}
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|latest_election_year=2024
|mp = [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Bansgaon.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency
|assembly_cons=[[Chauri-Chaura Assembly constituency|Chauri-Chaura]] [[Bansgaon Assembly constituency|Bansgaon]] [[Chillupar Assembly constituency|Chillupar]] [[Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rudrapur]] [[Barhaj Assembly constituency|Barhaj]]
|reservation=SC
|established=1957
}}
'''[[Bansgaon]] Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency comprises five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/067_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-67-Bansgaon|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
!Member
! colspan=2|Party
! colspan=2|2024 Lead
|-
|326
|[[Chauri-Chaura Assembly constituency|Chauri-Chaura]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gorakhpur]]
|Sarvan Nishad
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|BJP}}
|-
|327
|[[Bansgaon Assembly constituency|Bansgaon]] (SC)
|[[Vimlesh Paswan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|328
|[[Chillupar Assembly constituency|Chillupar]]
|[[Rajesh Tripathi]]
|-
|336
|[[Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rudrapur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|[[Jai Prakash Nishad (Rudrapur)|Jai Prakash Nishad]]
|{{party name with color|BJP}}
|-
|342
|[[Barhaj Assembly constituency|Barhaj]]
|Deepak Mishra
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bansgaon (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Bansgaon Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/bansgaon.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahadeo Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Mohlu Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Ram Surat Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Visharad Phirangi Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Mahabir Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Raj Narain Passi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Subhawati Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Raj Narain Passi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Mahabir Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan="4" | [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bansgaon">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bansgaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2467.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609160739/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2467.htm |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bansgaon]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate=[[Kamlesh Paswan]]|votes=4,28,693 |percentage=45.38 |change={{decrease}}11.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link ||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sadal Prasad]]|votes=4,25,543 |percentage=45.04 |change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramsamujh |votes=64,750|percentage=6.85 |change={{decrease}}33.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=9,021|percentage=0.95|change={{decrease}}0.50}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,150|percentage=0.34|change={{decrease}}15.54}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,44,763|percentage=51.89|change={{decrease}}3.49}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bansgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kamlesh Paswan]]|votes=5,46,673|percentage=56.41|change=+8.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=[[Sadal Prasad]]|votes=3,93,205|percentage=40.57|change=+14.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Pragatisheel Samajwadi Party (Lohiya)|candidate=Surendra Prasad Bharti|votes=8,717|percentage=0.9|change=-0.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lalchand Prasad|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,448|percentage=0.67|change=+0.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=14,093|percentage=1.45|change=-0.09}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,53,468|percentage=15.88|change=-5.71}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,69,783|percentage=55.38|change=+5.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =-5.71
}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bansgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
|votes = 4,17,959
|percentage = 47.61
|change = {{increase}}13.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sadal Prasad]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,28,443
|percentage = 26.02
|change = {{decrease}}0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Gorakh Prasad Paswan
|votes = 1,33,675
|percentage = 15.23
|change = {{decrease}}2.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjai Kumar
|votes = 50,675
|percentage = 5.77
|change = {{decrease}}6.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalchand Prasad Jatav
|party = Ambedkar Samaj Party
|votes = 9,769
|percentage = 1.11
|change = {{increase}}1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 13,495
|percentage = 1.54
|change = {{increase}}1.54
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,89,516
|percentage = 21.59
|change = {{increase}}13.46
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,77,911
|percentage = 49.88
|change = {{increase}}10.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}13.26
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bansgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
|votes = 2,23,011
|percentage = 34.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shree Nath Ji
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,70,224
|percentage = 26.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sharada Devi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,13,170
|percentage = 17.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Mahabir Prasad]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 76,432
|percentage = 11.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rama Shanker
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 17,792
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,787
|percentage = 8.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,49,953
|percentage = 39.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gorakhpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/bansgaon/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Bansgaon lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Gorakhpur division topics}}

{{Coord|26.55|83.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorakhpur district]]

V. K. Hymavathy

2026-02-12T03:19:03Z

Viktorivmw: Added New Post

{{short description|Indian Mohiniyattam dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. K. Hymavathy
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| alias = Kalamandalam Hymavathy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur district]], Kerala
| spouse = Chandrasekharan
| children = 1
| parents = Krishna Warrier Parvati warrier
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Dancer, Dance teacher
| known for = [[Indian Classical Dance]]/ [[Mohiniyattam]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Gurupooja Award [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
}}
'''V. K. Hymavathy''' popularly known as '''Kalamandalam Hymavathy''' is a [[Mohiniyattam]] dancer and dance teacher from [[Kerala]], India. She received several awards including [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Gurupooja Award and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].

==Biography==
V. K. Hymavathy was born on 12 October 1955, to Krishna Warrier of Peringode, Thrissur and Parvathy Warrier of Machad.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=ഗുരുവിന് ആദരം; 1500 നർത്തകിമാർ വേദിയിൽ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/women/news-women-24-04-2018/720984 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> Her father was a physician. Her family moved to Cheruthuruthi when she was one year old. At the age of five, she started learning dance under Chandrika, and [[Kathakali]] under Sankaranarayanan Asan.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> She performed dance in [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] at the age of 12, with her sister Rugmini. Later, she joined Kalamandalam to study dance, under [[Kalamandalam Satyabhama]], Leelamani and Chandrika and completed her diploma course at the age of 16.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

After marriage, at the age of 19 she moved to [[Calcutta]] but returned soon to Kerala when she got a job as Mohiniyattam teacher in Kalamandalam.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> While working at Kalamandalam, Hymavathy studied [[Kuchipudi]] under [[Kalamandalam Kshemavathy]].<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> After 33 years of service, she retired from Kalamandalam as Head of the Department of Mohiniyattam, and later joined Kalady Sanskrit University as a Visiting Professor.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

===Personallife===
She and her husband Chandrasekharan have one son.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> They lives in their house ''Srikrishnasadanam'' in [[Cheruthuruthy]], Thrissur district.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Notable performances==
Under the guidance of Hymavathy, ''Daivadasakam'', written by [[Narayana Guru]] was visualized in the form of Mohiniyattam by 1500 dancers.<ref>{{cite news |title=1500 Mohiniyattam dancers visualize 'Daivadasakam' prayer song |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/good-news/1500-mohiniyattam-dancers-visualize-daivadasakam-prayer-song-sree-narayana-guru-kalamandalam-hymavathi-guinness-record-limca-record-1.2759109 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Works on her==
''Mohanam'' and ''Cholkettu'' are two documentaries made about Hymavathy and her dance career.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Awards and honours==
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Gurupooja Award 2007<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurupooja Awards |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/gurupooja/454 | publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala | accessdate=6 May 2023}}</ref>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] 2016<ref>{{cite news |title=സംഗീതനാടക അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍ നല്കി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/article-1.1997464 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204103620/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/print-edition/kerala/article-1.1997464 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Kaladarpanam Award<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*Lasyamohini Award from Kerala Kalamandalam<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hymavathy, V. K}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Sümi Baptist Church, Zünheboto

2026-02-01T19:39:48Z

Viktorivmw: Added A Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Sümi Baptist Church, Zünheboto
| image = File:Centre Point Zunheboto (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Zünheboto Church
| caption = Sümi Baptist Church, Zünheboto
| location = [[Zünheboto]]
| district = [[Zünheboto District]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Baptist]]
| associations = [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]]
| attendance = 10,000
| founder =
| founded date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1942}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.sbcz.org}}
| capacity = 8,500
| coordinates = {{coord|26|01|04.4|N|94|31|45.2|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Sümi Baptist Church, Zünheboto''' is a [[Baptist]] church located in [[Zünheboto]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. It is affiliated with the [[Nagaland Baptist Church Council]]. The church is considered to be one of the largest church buildings in Asia.<ref name="IBT">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asias-largest-church-built-nagaland-new-church-building-set-dedication-723949 |title=Asia's largest church built in Nagaland; new church building set for dedication |newspaper=[[International Business Times]] |date=22 April 2017 |accessdate=30 April 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520054543/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/asias-largest-church-built-nagaland-new-church-building-set-dedication-723949 |archivedate=20 May 2017 }}</ref> The church can accommodate over 8,500 people.<ref>{{cite web|title=It is a huge building which has a sitting capacity of more than 8,500 people.|url=https://ournagaland.co/everything-know-about-zunheboto-district/|website=Our Nagaland|date=25 August 2020|language=en|access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825093310/https://ournagaland.co/everything-know-about-zunheboto-district/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Aerial View Zunheboto.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Aerial view of the church during construction]]

The church is founded in 1942.<ref>K. V. Nurumi, [http://nagalandpost.com/SundayPost/ArticleShow.aspx?sid=UzEwMDAwMDg0Ng%3D%3D Asia's largest baptist church and Asia's second largest church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208124515/http://nagalandpost.com/SundayPost/ArticleShow.aspx?sid=UzEwMDAwMDg0Ng%3D%3D |date=8 February 2018 }}, nagalandpost.com, India, 1 May 2017</ref>

The new church building construction began on 5 May 2007 and more than 2000 workers were issued [[Inner Line Permit|inner line permits]] for the work. It took 10 years to build at a reported cost of ₹36 crores. The church was dedicated by Rev. Dr. Solomon Rongpi, General Secretary of the [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]] on 22 April 2017.<ref name="DNA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-asia-s-largest-church-in-nagaland-2412297 |title=Asia's largest church in Nagaland |work= [[Daily News and Analysis]] |accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="AT">{{cite web |url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/india/asia-largest-church-opens-in-nagaland |title=In pics: Asia's largest church opens to public in Nagaland |publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] |accessdate=30 April 2017 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429054352/http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/india/asia-largest-church-opens-in-nagaland |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NN">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/india-news/asias-biggest-sumi-baptist-church-in-nagaland-inaugurated-ten-facts-you-should-know-about-it-article-169110.html |title=Asia's biggest Sumi Baptist Church in Nagaland: 10 facts you should know about it |publisher= [[News Nation]] |accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="ME">{{cite web |url=http://morungexpress.com/many-reasons-give-thanks-lord/ |title=We have so many reasons to give thanks to the Lord |publisher=[[The Morung Express]] |accessdate=30 April 2017 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427101120/http://morungexpress.com/many-reasons-give-thanks-lord/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2017 the church had an attendance of 10,000 people.<ref name="Leadership Network">Warren Bird, [http://leadnet.org/world/ World megachurches] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141102044447/http://leadnet.org/world/ |date=2 November 2014 }}, Leadership Network, USA, retrieved 11 February 2018</ref>

== Dimensions ==
The church measures 23,73,476 Sq.ft in plinth area and has a blue dome and white turrets. The church is 203 feet in length, 153 feet in breadth and 166 feet in height. The church can seat 8500 people and also has 27 rooms for different purposes. The bell of the church was imported from Poland and costs Rupees 15 lakh. The 500kg bell is made of 93% brass and 7% tin and has a 1.5km radial sound outreach.<ref name="IBT" /><ref name="DNA" /><ref name="AT" />

==See also==
*[[List of the largest evangelical churches]]
*[[List of the largest evangelical church auditoriums]]
*[[Worship service (evangelicalism)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Evangelical megachurches in India]]
[[Category:Baptist churches in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Zünheboto]]
[[Category:Churches in Nagaland]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 2017]]
[[Category:21st-century churches in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Baptist churches]]

Maya S

2026-01-29T06:30:34Z

Viktorivmw: put up first data initial version

{{Short description|Indian author and academic}}
{{multiple issues|{{cleanup rewrite|date=September 2024}}
{{independent sources|date=September 2024}}{{Sources exist|date=September 2024}}}}
'''Maya S''' ( '''Maya Subrahmanian or S. Maya''', born 1974) is an Indian author and academic hailing from [[Kerala]]. She writes [[novel]]s, [[poems]] and articles of social and academic relevance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Book Store |url=https://keralabookstore.com/books-by/Dr-Maya-S/7056/ |website=keralabookstore}}</ref>
[[File:Maya S.jpg|thumb|Maya Subrahmanian]]

== Activities ==
She was active with the women's movement in Kerala for a few years from 1996 and later became interested in learning more about [[feminist theory]], [[philosophy]], [[sociology]] etc. and pursued higher studies in [[Humanities]] and Social Sciences. She started research at [[MG University|M G University Kottayam]] on the issues of conceptualizing family in a [[Patriarchy|patriarchal society]] with reference to the critique on [[Manusmriti|Manusmrti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=mgutheses.in |url=https://mgutheses.in/page/?q=T%201865&search=Social+Science&page=2&rad=all#Page |website=mgutheses.in}}</ref>

Her research works during [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] and later have been mainly on [[gender]] issues in society and social institutions including family. She went to [[Germany]] for further research in the areas of culture and gender among diasporas joining [[University of Freiburg|Freiburg University]] with an Erasmus Mundus Fellowship.<ref>{{cite web |title=freidok.uni-freiburg.de |url=https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:10780/datastreams/FILE2/content}}</ref>

Then she returned to India and joined [[Sree Kerala Varma College]] with a teaching position.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Varma College |url=https://old.keralavarma.ac.in/content/maya-s |website=Kerala Varma College Website}}</ref> Currently she is teaching philosophy at [[North-Eastern Hill University]], Shillong in Meghalaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEH University |url=https://nehu.ac.in/faculty/display/407/Dr-S-Maya |website=nehu.ac.in}}</ref>

As a social scientist, her writings are mainly on areas of gender and philosophy. During her PhD research and later teaching tenure as guest faculty at the School of Social Sciences of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|M G University]] at [[Kottayam]], she wrote articles for weeklies and magazines from a feminist perspective. These articles were later compiled into a book named ''Yukthivadavum Sthreepakshavadavum'' in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=mayas.one |url=https://mayas.one/en-home/ |website=mayas.one|date=19 June 2023 }}</ref>

During this period she was also active in women's movements, and participated in various strikes, processions and protests for women's rights including that of [[Dalit]] women workers who were on strike demanding land rights around [[Chengara]] in [[Idukki district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Estate workers blocking road |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/estate-workers-blocking-road/article1314814.ece}}</ref>

She has written analytical articles on such social issues and academic papers on women and gender issues, as well as on the history and relevance of women's socio-political activism.

==Writings==

She has published her research in [[Germany]] about [[Diaspora language|diaspora]], culture and gender as a book in 2017.<ref>{{cite book |title=Changing Perspectives India Diaspora |id={{ASIN|8193070380|country=in}} }}</ref> She also wrote articles on native Indian women's issues in a comparative mode with Indian women living abroad. Her writings appeared in [[Magazine|German magazines]] which opted to discuss on third world issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maya Subrahmanian |url=https://www.iz3w.org/zeitschrift/ausgaben/340_brasilien/frauenprosteste?searchterm=Maya+Subrahmanian |website=www.iz3w.org}}</ref> Her works were cited in German and [[Malayalam]] journals published by Malayali diaspora from Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=caritas.erzbistum-koeln.de/ |url=https://caritas.erzbistum-koeln.de/meine-welt/detail/Fruehjahr2018brManche-sorgen-sich-um-ihre-kulturelle-Identitaet/ |website=caritas.erzbistum-koeln.de/}}</ref>

After returning to [[Kerala]] also she was writing [[Political sociology|socio-political]] articles on [[philosophical]] and [[Feminist analysis|feminist analyses]] of current issues in Malayalam magazines and newspapers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhyamam Daily |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/articles/covid-19-cases-india-opinion/680891?fbclid=IwAR13AfR1jF6KuxdMK9wuHc53VTfRWZGKNMlDHdI20csWdy7ArYfjZbYW3mU |website=www.madhyamam.com/| date=11 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Madhyamam Daily |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/articles/proffesional-education-sector-india-malayalam-article/661464?fbclid=IwAR15knLkUutvCU3iqI71ll2OYVVxcZkjEbEvTJnPhy9fujmwBsYMvPEYwlA |website=www.madhyamam.com| date=17 January 2020 }}</ref> Her articles of critical analysis on current issues appeared on online Malayalam journals too.<ref>{{cite web |title=navamalayali |url=https://navamalayali.com/2018/11/29/sabarimala-maya-s/?fbclid=IwAR2qASVP8z0lmC9CG8NxG341sfvVXiFvX2ekTE_w-P9zm9ug3haF0hzAmTQ |website=navamalayali.com| date=29 November 2018 }}</ref> A second book of Malayalam articles by her titled Dambathyethara Sahajeevitham, got published in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=kairalibooks |url=https://kairalibooks.com/product/dambathyethara-sahajeevitham/ |website=kairalibooks.com}}</ref> In a recent talk based on the book, she explained the need for restructuring the non-democratic patriarchal family worldwide, for solving the issues of inequalities based on gender.<ref>{{cite web |title=KolkataKairaliSamajam/ |url=https://www.facebook.com/KolkataKairaliSamajam/videos/492039585184343/ |website=Facebook.com}}</ref>

She writes poems at times in periodicals and little magazines including online magazines. The collection of her poems are published as two books, named Ihaparajnaanam ( 2010) and Sheshakriya in (2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheshakriya |url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0DH4MP5QN/ |website=www.amazon.in}}</ref> She has been writing fiction in Malayalam along with her academic writings, holding a view that fiction would communicate more with the people for a favourable social change. Her debut novel named Madhyavenalavadhikku was serialised in Samakalika Malayalam Varika in 2009. This novel was published as a printed book in 2011and later as an [[audiobook]] version in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=madhyavenalavadhikku |url=https://dcbookstore.com/authors/maya-s |website=dcbookstore.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=madhyavenalavadhikku |url=https://www.storytel.com/in/books/madhyavenalavadhikku-8810199 |website=www.storytel.com}}</ref> The novel dealt with the issues of inter-religious marriage in India and depicted the life of a [[Feminism|feminist woman]] who divorced in a year, due to differences of opinion with the partner on politics and practice of gender inside the institution of family. Later in a talk for book review program she pointed out that it was related to her own life experiences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manaveeyam Theruvidam |url=https://www.facebook.com/ManaveeyamTheruvidam/videos/285505349335644/ |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> After a gap of twelve years she published three [[Novel|novels]] Seelavathikal, Deutschland and Veettumanushyar in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=veettumanushyar |url=https://kairalibooks.com/product/seelavathikal/ |website=kairalibooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=deutschland-maya-s |url=https://greenbooksindia.com/deutschland-maya-s?search=Maya |website=greenbooksindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maya S}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]

Bhargavastra (counter drone system)

2026-01-25T05:13:13Z

Viktorivmw: Added the data v1

{{Short description|Counter unmanned air systems}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = Bhargavastra
| image = File:Bhargavastra micro misile system.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhargavastra during user trials
| type = [[Anti-UAV Defence System]] [[Counter unmanned air system]]s
| service = 
| designer = Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited
| design_date = 2025
| manufacturer = *'''System:''' Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited
*'''Rocket/Munition:''' Economic Explosives Limited
| production_date =
| number = 
| origin = [[India]]
| used_by =
| wars = 
| engine = [[Solid-propellant rocket]]
| propellant = [[Solid fuel]]
| weight = {{cvt|2.5|kg}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sadham |first1=Vinay |title=Unveiling Bhargavastra: India's next generation Hard-Kill anti drone system |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2024/03/unveiling-bhargavastra-indias-next-generation-hard-kill-anti-drone-system/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=thenewsmill.com |date=19 March 2024}}</ref>
| wingspan =
| length =
| diameter =
| speed =
| vehicle_range = *'''Detection:''' 6-10 km (>5 km for 0.01m² object)
*'''Interception:''' 2.5 km<ref name="defstrat.com">{{cite web |title=India Developing Vehicle Mounted Counter Swarming Drone System for Army |url=https://www.defstrat.com/news/india-developing-vehicle-mounted-counter-swarming-drone-system-for-army/ |website=Defstrat |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=16 January 2025 |title=Bhargavastra Micro-Missile: A game-changer in counter-drone technology |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/bhargavastra-micro-missile-game-changer-in-counter-drone-technology-2983bddd |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| filling =
| filling_weight =
| guidance = [[Imaging infrared|IIR]]/[[Charge-coupled device|CCD]]<ref name="defstrat.com">{{cite web |title=India Developing Vehicle Mounted Counter Swarming Drone System for Army |url=https://www.defstrat.com/news/india-developing-vehicle-mounted-counter-swarming-drone-system-for-army/ |website=Defstrat |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>
| accuracy =
| steering =
| detonation = [[Hit-to-kill]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhargavastra: Watch India test low-cost drone killer that destroys swarms in seconds |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/bhargavastra-watch-india-test-low-cost-drone-killer-that-destroys-swarms-in-seconds/articleshow/121158690.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
| launch_platform = Road mobile (7.5-ton class all-terrain vehicle), Naval Platforms
| unit_cost =
}}

'''Bhargavastra''' is a multi-layer micro-missile [[Anti-UAV Defence System|Anti-Drone]]/[[Counter unmanned air system|Counter-Unmanned Aerial System]] (C-UAS) designed and developed by the Indian private sector company Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahoo |first=Akshaya Kumar |date=2025-05-14 |title=India's Homegrown 'Bhargavastra' Counter Swarm Drone System Test Fired Successfully |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/indias-homegrown-bhargavastra-counter-swarm-drone-system-test-fired-successfully-1878808 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Low-cost system to destroy drone swarms, Bhargavastra, test-fired successfully |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/low-cost-system-to-destroy-drone-swarms-bhargavastra-test-fired-successfully/ |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Bhargavastra counter-drone system is based on small lightweight guided and unguided micro-missiles and micro-rockets which are specially developed to tackle threats from [[loitering munition]]s and [[Weaponized drone|weaponized]] [[Autonomous drone|autonomous]] [[swarm drone]]s which cannot be [[Radio jamming|jammed]] or [[Gps spoofing|spoofed]]. This is the first guided micro-missile counter-drone system of its sort in the world. The technology is intended to stop drone strikes at a lower cost than [[surface-to-air missile]]s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-01-15 |title=Solar Group Tests India's First Indigenous Micro-Missile Drone System 'Bhargavastra' |url=https://bharatshakti.in/solar-group-tests-indias-first-indigenous-micro-missile-drone-system-bhargavastra/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-05-14 |title=India's homegrown 'Bhargavastra' counter swarm drone system test fired successfully |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-homegrown-bhargavastra-counter-swarm-drone-system-test-fired-successfully/article69575021.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

With an engagement range of up to 2.5 kilometers, the first layer uses unguided micro-rockets that can destroy drone swarms within a 20-meter radius. The guided micro-missiles with high precision makes up the second layer for evasive or high-value aerial targets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=India tests indigenous counter drone system with 'hard kill' mode: All about 'Bhargavastra' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-tests-indigenous-counter-drone-system-with-hard-kill-mode-all-about-bhargavastra-13024978.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Devika |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Prateek |date=2025-05-14 |title=Video: India tests homegrown counter drone system Bhargavastra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-successfully-test-fires-bhargavastra-homegrown-hard-kill-counter-swarm-drone-system-2724617-2025-05-14 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Bhargavastra counter-drone system was developed by the Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited, a subsidiary of the Solar Group in response to the increasing dangers that the [[Indian Army]] faces from [[weaponized drone]]s and [[loitering munition]]s. The project began after analyzing the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], which involved the use of loitering munition and [[swarm drone]]s, and the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]] between [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Reed Jr. |first1=Craig A. |last2=Rife |first2=James P. |date=2022-01-01 |title=New Wrinkles to Drone Warfare |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2022/january/new-wrinkles-drone-warfare#:~:text=The%202020%20war%20between%20Armenia,combat%20drones,%20with%20lethal%20effect. |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scarborough |first=Darryl |date=2024-12-17 |title=The Drone Wars: A New Era of Conflict |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/12/17/the-drone-wars-a-new-era-of-conflict/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Sunny |last2=McReynolds |first2=Joe |date=28 March 2025 |title=Autonomous Battlefield: PLA Lessons from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine |url=https://jamestown.org/program/autonomous-battlefield-pla-lessons-from-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=The Jamestown Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bhargavastra counter-drone system was developed without the [[Indian Armed Forces]] issuing a formal [[request for proposal]]s. Solar Group developed the counter-drone technology on its own initiative, and after research and testing are over, it will be made available to the military. The company intends to export the system overseas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Arya |first=Shishir |date=2025-01-16 |title=Nagpur-based Solar Group develops world's first guided micro-missile counter-drone system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-based-solar-group-develops-worlds-first-guided-micro-missile-counter-drone-system/articleshow/117276446.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

According to Solar Defence and Aerospace, every part—from strike mechanisms to detecting sensors—is developed in India. Multiple sensor systems, such as radar, electro-optical, and radio frequency receivers, can be integrated thanks to the [[open architecture]], allowing for layered air defense cover that is customized to meet the needs of individual missions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Govind |date=14 May 2025 |title=WATCH: India successfully tests low-cost 'Bhargavastra' to neutralise drone swarms |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/watch-india-successfully-tests-low-cost-bhargavastra-to-neutralise-drone-swarms-11747219989057.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=livemint.com}}</ref> A coordinated, multi-layered approach to combating airborne threats is provided by the Bhargavastra counter-drone system.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Govind |date=14 May 2025 |title=What is Bhargavastra? India's homegrown tech that hunts drones with precision |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/what-is-bhargavastra-india-s-homegrown-tech-that-hunts-drones-with-precision-11747237524868.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=livemint.com}}</ref>

== Development ==
The Bhargavastra system employs a multi-layer counter-drone defense with inexpensive micro-rockets and micro-missiles for hard kill. The system has the ability to integrate with the current military network, such as the [[Akashteer]] and the [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]], for [[network-centric warfare]]. The counter-drone system was designed to help the Indian Army fend off widespread [[swarm drone]] attacks. When Bhargavastra detects a small incoming hostile drone more than 6 kilometers away, the full authority [[Fire-control system|fire control system]] deploy micro-rockets or micro-missiles that can be directed in the direction of the threat. Low [[radar cross section]] targets can also be detected due to the embedded [[Electro-optical sensor|Electro-Optical]]/[[Infrared sensor|Infrared]] sensor. Economic Explosives Limited is responsible for the development of the micro-rocket/micro-missile munition. Bhargavastra can be quickly deployed by mounting it on a mobile platform. The system is made to function in all types of terrain, even those at high elevations of up to 5,000 meters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Bhargavastra Micro Missiles successfully test-fired |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/bhargavastra-micro-missiles-solar-group-successfully-test-ready-to-fire-19540369.htm |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The system radar at the command center which is equipped with [[C4I]] (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence) can identify medium-sized to large [[UAVs]] at a distance of 10 km and extremely small drones at a distance of 6 km. A single launcher is capable of carrying 64 units of small lightweight guided and unguided micro-missiles and micro-rockets in 8 x 8 cassettes, allowing for multiple launches in 10 seconds with 360-degree coverage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=16 January 2025 |title=Bhargavastra Micro-Missile: A game-changer in counter-drone technology |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/bhargavastra-micro-missile-game-changer-in-counter-drone-technology-2983bddd |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=India Developing Vehicle Mounted Counter Swarming Drone System for Army |url=https://www.defstrat.com/news/india-developing-vehicle-mounted-counter-swarming-drone-system-for-army/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=Defstrat}}</ref>

Bhargavastra can fire 64 micro-rockets/micro-missiles in salvo mode.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-01-15 |title=Bhargavastra micro missiles ready to fire |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bhargavastra-micro-missiles-ready-to-fire/articleshow/117245312.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Because of its modular design, the Bhargavastra can be enhanced with a soft-kill layer that incorporates [[Gps spoofing|spoofing]] and [[Radio jamming|jamming]] to create a complete and integrated system. Radar, [[Electro-optical sensor|EO]]/[[Infrared sensor|IR]]/[[RF]] sensors, and the launcher are all modular components that can be set up to the user's specifications, and function as a single unit to provide layered and tiered air defense protection, allowing targets to be engaged at greater distance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=India's homegrown 'Bhargavastra' counter swarm drone system test fired successfully |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indias-homegrown-bhargavastra-counter-swarm-drone-system-test-fired-successfully20250514144515/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref> An all-terrain vehicle in the 7.5-ton class can incorporate the multi-layered system in addition to a sensor mast and the soft-kill option.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=17 January 2025 |title=Solar Group Tests India's First Counter-Drone Swarm System |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2025/01/17/solar-group-indias-drone/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=thedefensepost.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The primary radar is to identify airborne targets at a great distance. Target acquisition by visual tracking is facilitated by the electro-optical tracking system. The EO/IR sensor identifies targets in a variety of illumination settings by combining optical and infrared capabilities. Decision-making and situational awareness are improved by [[artificial intelligence]]. Due to situational awareness, Bhargavastra can determine whether to destroy a single hostile drone or a drone swarm simultaneously with rapid fire engagement. It takes less than 16 seconds from target recognition to interception. With homing capability, the micro-missiles can [[Lock-on after launch|lock-on-after-launch]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Video: India successfully tests homegrown 'Bhargavastra' counter-swarm drone system |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-successfully-tests-homegrown-bhargavastra-counter-swarm-drone-system-101747216378816.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Solar Industries' Bhargavastra: A Revolutionary Defence Technology to Combat UAVs and Drone Swarms |url=https://defence.in/threads/solar-industries-bhargavastra-a-revolutionary-defence-technology-to-combat-uavs-and-drone-swarms.4632/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Trials ==
'''12 January 2025:''' The system successfully completed its maiden firing trial against a stationary target in the air at a distance of 2.5 km and at an altitude of 400 meters under controlled conditions in Seaward Firing Ranges in [[Gopalpur, Odisha]].<ref name=":2" />

'''13 January 2025:''' A perfect hit was achieved in a second controlled fire exercise against a moving electronic target at Gopalpur Seaward Firing Range.<ref name=":2" />

'''13 May 2025:''' In front of senior officers from [[Corps of Army Air Defence|Corps of Army Air Defense]], the system underwent three firing test at the Seaward Firing Ranges in Gopalpur. Each of the two trials involved firing a single rocket. Two rockets were fired in salvo mode in two seconds as part of third trial.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Rahul |date=14 May 2025 |title='Bhargavastra', India's Counter-Drone System, Successfully Test-Fired Amid Rising Tensions With Pakistan; Here's How It Can Be A Game Changer? (VIDEO) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/india-successfully-tests-bhargavastra-counter-drone-system-amid-rising-security-tensions-video |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> To counter large-scale drone strikes, all four rockets met the necessary launch parameters and operated as planned. The first line of defense is unguided micro-rockets that can destroy a swarm of drones within a 20-meter radius. The second line of defense is guided micro-missiles, with improve accuracy to guarantee accurate and effective target neutralization.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arya |first=Shishir |date=2025-05-15 |title=Indigenous 'Bhargavastra' test-fired successfully |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indigenous-bhargavastra-test-fired-successfully/articleshow/121171294.cms |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Bhargavastra: Watch India test low-cost drone killer that destroys swarms in seconds |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/bhargavastra-watch-india-test-low-cost-drone-killer-that-destroys-swarms-in-seconds/articleshow/121158690.cms |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Video: Homegrown 'Bhargavastra' System To Destroy Drone Swarm Test-Fired Successfully |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-homegrown-bhargavastra-counter-swarm-drone-system-test-fired-successfully-8411315 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> To improve the system's capacity to manage a wider array of threats, an extra electronic soft kill option is being added.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Iron Dome]]
* [[Drone Dome]]
* [[Integrated Drone Detection & Interdiction System]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Air defense]]
[[Category:Anti-drone weapons]]
[[Category:Electronic warfare equipment]]
[[Category:Weapons countermeasures]]

Vedic chant

2026-01-22T12:42:30Z

Viktorivmw: minor changes

{{Short description|Oral tradition of the Vedas}}
{{Hinduism}}
The oral tradition of the [[Vedas]] ({{IAST|[[Śruti]]}}) consists of several '''pathas''', "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic [[mantra]]s. Such traditions of '''Vedic chant''' are often considered the oldest unbroken [[oral tradition]] in existence, the fixation of the Vedic texts ([[samhita]]s) as preserved dating to roughly the time of [[Homer]] (early [[Iron Age]] or 800 BC).<ref name = "Scharfe">Scharfe, Ch. 13: "Memorising the Veda", p. 240 ff.</ref>

[[UNESCO]] proclaimed the tradition of Vedic chant a [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] on November 7, 2008.{{Ref label|A|a|none}}

==Tones==
Vedic chantings use 4 tones – {{IAST|udātta}} {{lang|sa|उदात्त}} (middle tone), {{IAST|anudātta}} {{lang|sa|अनुदात्त}} (lower tone), {{IAST|svarita}} {{lang|sa|स्वरित}} (higher tone) and {{IAST|dīrgha svarita}} {{lang|sa|दीर्घस्वरित}} (high tone extended). These are usually marked with intuitive {{IAST|svara}} marks – an underline for {{IAST|anudātta}} ({{Script|Deva|अ॒}}), a small vertical line above the letter for {{IAST|svarita}} ({{Script|Deva|अ॑}}) and two vertical lines for {{IAST|dīrgha svarita}} ({{Script|Deva|आ᳚}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saraswati |first1=Swamini Svatmabodhananda |title=Rules of chanting – Sanskrit grammar series 2 |date=1 July 2014 |location=Bangalore |url=http://arshadrishti.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Rules-of-Chanting-in-Samskritam.pdf |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref>

==Pathas==
{{Hindu scriptures}}
The various pathas or recitation styles are designed to allow the complete and perfect memorization of the text and its pronunciation, including the [[Vedic accent|Vedic pitch accent]]. Eleven such ways of reciting the Vedas were designed – Samhita, Pada, Krama, Jata, Maalaa, Sikha, Rekha, Dhwaja, Danda, Rathaa, Ghana, of which Ghana is usually considered the most difficult.<ref name="page112">Krishnananda, p. 112.</ref>

The students are first taught to memorize the Vedas using simpler methods like continuous recitation (samhitapatha), word by word recitation (pada patha) in which compounds (sandhi) are dissolved and krama patha (words are arranged in the pattern of ab bc cd ...); before teaching them the eight complex recitation styles.<ref>Scharfe, p. 248.</ref>

A ''pathin'' is a scholar who has mastered the pathas. Thus, a ''ghanapaathin'' has learnt the chanting of the scripture up to the advanced stage of ''ghana''. The Ghanapatha or the "Bell" mode of chanting is so called because the words are repeated back and forth in a bell shape. The sonority natural to Vedic chanting is enhanced in Ghana. In Jatapatha, the words are braided together, so to speak, and recited back and forth.<ref name="page68">Ramaswami, p. 68.</ref>

The samhita, pada and krama pathas can be described as the natural recitation styles or prakrutipathas. The remaining eight modes of chanting are classified as complex recitation styles or Vikrutipathas as they involve reversing of the word order. The backward chanting of words does not alter the meanings in the Vedic (Sanskrit) language.<ref name="page68"/>

==Oral transmission==

Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity.<ref name = "Scharfe"/><ref>Staal, p. 26.</ref> Many forms of recitation or ''pathas'' were designed to aid accuracy in recitation and the transmission of the ''[[Veda]]s'' and other knowledge texts from one generation to the next. All hymns in each Veda were recited in this way; for example, all 1,028 hymns with 10,600 verses of the Rigveda was preserved in this way. Each text was recited in a number of ways, to ensure that the different methods of recitation acted as a cross check on the other. Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat summarizes this as follows:<ref name=filliozat-p139/>
* ''Samhita-patha'': continuous recitation of Sanskrit words bound by the phonetic rules of euphonic combination;
* ''Pada-patha'': a recitation marked by a conscious pause after every word, and after any special grammatical codes embedded inside the text; this method suppresses euphonic combination and restores each word in its original intended form;
* ''Krama-patha'': a step-by-step recitation where euphonically-combined words are paired successively and sequentially and then recited; for example, a hymn "word1 word2 word3 word4 ...", would be recited as "word1word2 word2word3 word3word4 ..."; this method to verify accuracy is credited to Vedic sages Gargya and Sakalya in the Hindu tradition and mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian [[Pāṇini]] (dated to pre-Buddhism period);
* ''Krama-patha'' modified: the same step-by-step recitation as above, but without euphonic-combinations (or free form of each word); this method to verify accuracy is credited to Vedic sages Babhravya and Galava in the Hindu tradition, and is also mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Panini;
* ''{{IAST|Jata-pāṭha}}'', ''{{IAST|dhvaja-pāṭha}}'' and ''{{IAST|ghana-pāṭha}}'' are methods of recitation of a text and its oral transmission that developed after 5th century BCE, that is after the start of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]; these methods use more complicated rules of combination and were less used.

These extraordinary retention techniques guaranteed the most perfect canon not just in terms of unaltered word order but also in terms of sound.<ref>Wilke, Annette and Moebus, Oliver. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism (Religion and Society). De Gruyter (February 1, 2007). P. 495. {{ISBN|3-11-018159-2}}.</ref> That these methods have been effective, is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the ''[[Rigveda|{{IAST|Ṛgveda}}]]'' ({{circa|1500}} BCE).<ref name=filliozat-p139>{{cite book|author=Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat|editor=Karine Chemla|title=History of Science, History of Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9w13rSxWcsC|year=2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-2321-7|pages=138–140}}</ref>

Example of a text with nine words in different pāṭhas is set out below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Example !! Remarks
|-
| jaṭā जटा
జట
ಜಟ
ജഠാ
| 1 2 2 1 1 2 ~

2 3 3 2 2 3 ~

3 4 4 3 3 4 ~

4 5 5 4 4 5 ~

5 6 6 5 5 6 ~

6 7 7 6 6 7 ~

7 8 8 7 7 8 ~

8 9 9 8 8 9 ~

9 _ _ 9 9 _ ~
|| I+1 I+2 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2
|-
| mālā माला మాల ಮಾಲಾ മാലാ|| 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~

2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~

3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~

4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~

5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~

6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~

7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~

8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~

9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~
|| I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2
|-
| śikhā शिखा
శిఖ ಶಿಖಾ ശിഖാ
| 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 3 ~

2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 4 ~

3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 5 ~

4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 6 ~

5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 7 ~

6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 8 ~

7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 9 ~

8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 _ ~

9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ _ ~
|| I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 I+3
|-
| rekhā रेखा
రేఖ ರೇಖಾ രേഖാ
| 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~

2 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~

3 4 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~

4 5 6 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~

5 6 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~

6 7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~

7 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~

8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~

9 ~ 9 ~ 9 _ ~
|| I...I+I ~ I+I...I ~ I I+1
|-
| dhvaja ध्वज ధ్వజ ಧ್ವಜ ധ്വജ|| 1 2 ~ 8 9 ~

2 3 ~ 7 8 ~

3 4 ~ 6 7 ~

4 5 ~ 5 6 ~

5 6 ~ 4 5 ~

6 7 ~ 3 4 ~

7 8 ~ 2 3 ~

8 9 ~ 1 2 ~

9 _ ~ _ 1 ~
|| I I+1 ~ N-I-1 N-I
|-
| daṇḍa दण्ड దండ ದಂಡ ദണ്ഡ|| 1 2 ~ 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 1 ~ 1 2 ~

2 3 ~ 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 3 2 ~ 2 3 ~

3 4 ~ 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 3 ~ 3 4 ~

4 5 ~ 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 5 4 ~ 4 5 ~

5 6 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 5 ~ 5 6 ~

6 7 ~ 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 6 ~ 6 7 ~

7 8 ~ 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 8 7 ~ 7 8 ~

8 9 ~ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ 9 8 ~ 8 9 ~

9 _ ~ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ ~ _ _ _ 9 ~ 9 _ ~
|| I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+3 ~ I+3 I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2 ~ I+2 I+3 ~ I+3 I+4 ~ I+4 I+3 I+2 I+1 ~ I+1 I+2
|-
| ratha रथ
రధ
ರಥ
രഥ
| 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 1 ~ 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~

2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 2 1 ~ 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~

3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 3 2 1 ~ 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~

4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~

5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~

6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~

7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~

8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~

9 _ ~ _ _ ~ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ~ 9 8 7 6 5 ~ 1 2 ~ 5 6 ~ 2 3 ~ 6 7 ~ 3 4 ~ 7 8 ~ 4 5 ~ 8 9 ~ 5 6 ~ 9 _ ~ 6 7 ~ _ _ ~ 7 8 ~ _ _ ~ 8 9 ~ _ _ ~ 9 _ ~ _ _ ~
|| I I+1 / I+4 I+5 / I+1 ...1 / I+5...(-I items ) : One Index
FOR J 1...I
J J+1 / J+4 J+5 : One Index
LOOP
|-
| Ghana घन ఘన ಘನ ഘന|| 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 ~

2 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 ~

3 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 3 3 4 5 ~

4 5 5 4 4 5 6 6 5 4 4 5 6 ~

5 6 6 5 5 6 7 7 6 5 5 6 7 ~

6 7 7 6 6 7 8 8 7 6 6 7 8 ~

7 8 8 7 7 8 9 9 8 7 7 8 9 ~

8 9 9 8 8 9 _ _ 9 8 8 9 _ ~

9 _ _ 9 9 _ _ _ _ 9 9 _ _ ~
|| I+1 I+2 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 I+3 I+3 I+2 I+1 I+1 I+2 I+3
|}

==Divine sound==
The insistence on preserving pronunciation and accent as accurately as possible is related to the belief that the potency of the mantras lies in their sound when pronounced. The [[shakha]]s thus have the purpose of preserving knowledge of uttering divine sound originally cognized by the [[rishi]]s.

Portions of the [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] literature elucidate the use of sound as a [[spirituality|spiritual]] tool. They assert that the entire cosmic creation began with sound: "By His utterance came the universe." ([[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] 1.2.4). The [[Vedanta]]-sutras add that ultimate [[liberty|liberation]] comes from sound as well (anavrittih shabdat).

[[Katyayana]] likens speech to the supreme [[Brahman]]. He uses the [[Rigvedic]] verse – "Four are its horns, three its feet, two its heads, and seven its hands, roars loudly the threefold-bound bull, the great god enters mortals" (Rig-Veda, iv. 58, 3), to assert this claim. Katyayana explains that in the verse, the "four horns" are the four kinds of words i.e. nouns, verbs, prepositions, and particles; its "three feet" mean the three tenses, past, present and future; the "two heads" imply the eternal and temporary words, distinguished as the "manifested" and the "manifester"; its "seven hands" are the seven case affixes; "threefold bound" is enclosed in the three organs the chest, the throat, and the head; the metaphor "bull" (vrishabha) is used to imply that it gives fruit when used with knowledge; "loudly roars" signifies uttering sound, speech or language; and in "the great god enters mortals" entails that the "great god" speech, enters the mortals.<ref>Cowell and Gough, p. 209.</ref> Thus, primal sound is often referred to as ''Shabda Brahman'' or "word as [[Absolute (philosophy)|The Absolute]]". [[Maitri Upanishad]] states: {{quote|He who is well versed in the Word-Brahman, attains to the Supreme Brahman. (VI.22)<ref>Cowell and Gough, p. 220.</ref>}}

[[Mantras]], or sacred sounds, are used to pierce through sensual, [[mind|mental]] and [[intellectual]] levels of existence (all lower strata of consciousness) for the purpose of [[Ritual purification|purification]] and spiritual enlightenment. "By sound vibration one becomes liberated" (Vedanta-sutra 4.22).

==See also==
*[[Brahma Samhita]]
*[[Historical Vedic religion#Interpretations of Vedic Mantras in Hinduism|Interpretations of Vedic Mantras]]
*[[Shrauta]]
*[[Svādhyāya]]

==Notes==
{{Refbegin}}
'''a.''' {{Note label|A|a|none}} Wayne Howard noted in the preface of his book, ''Veda Recitation in Varanasi'', "The four Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva) are not 'books' in the usual sense, though within the past hundred years each veda has appeared in several printed editions. They comprise rather tonally accented verses and hypnotic, abstruse melodies whose proper realizations demand oral instead of visual transmission. They are robbed of their essence when transferred to paper, for without the human element the innumerable nuances and fine intonations – inseparable and necessary components of all four compilations – are lost completely. The ultimate authority in Vedic matters is never the printed page but rather the few members – who are today keeping the centuries-old traditions alive."<ref>Howard, p. ix.</ref>
{{Refend}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Citation |last1=Cowell |first1=E. B. |last2=Gough |first2=A. E. |title=The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy: Trubner's Oriental Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkrCRbOq-HUC |year=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-24517-3 }}
* {{Citation
| last1=Filliozat
| first1=Pierre-Sylvain
| year=2004
| chapter=Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature
| chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-2321-9_7
| pages=360–375
| editor1-last=Chemla
| editor1-first=Karine | editor1-link = Karine Chemla
| title=History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science)
| publisher=Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 254 pages, pp. 137–157
| doi=10.1007/1-4020-2321-9_7
| isbn=978-1-4020-2320-0
}}
* Howard, Wayne. Veda Recitation in Varanasi. Motilal Banarsidass. {{ISBN|978-81-208-0071-7}}.
* Krishnananda (Swami.), S. Bhagyalakshmi. Facets of Spirituality: Dialogues and Discourses of Swami Krishnananda. Motilal Banarsidass, 1st edition (June 1, 1986). {{ISBN|978-81-208-0093-9}}
* Ramaswami, Srivatsa. Yoga for the Three Stages of Life: Developing Your Practice As an Art Form, a Physical Therapy, and a Guiding Philosophy. Inner Traditions; 1ST edition (January 1, 2001). {{ISBN|978-0-89281-820-4}}.
* Scharfe, Hartmut. Education in Ancient India", 2002, BRILL; {{ISBN|90-04-12556-6}}, {{ISBN|978-90-04-12556-8}}
* {{Citation
| last1=Staal
| first1=Frits
| author-link=Frits Staal
| year=1986
| title=The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science
| publisher=Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, NS 49, 8. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 40 pages
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.svbf.org/journal/vol1no2/chanting.pdf Vedic Chanting – A perfectly formulated Oral Tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713000047/http://www.svbf.org/journal/vol1no2/chanting.pdf |date=2019-07-13 }}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3480049.stm BBC Story on UN]
*[http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part5/chap10.htm Methods of Chanting]
*[http://puja.net/Podcasts/PodcastMenu.htm Weekly podcast on Vedic Chanting and Vedic 'Mythology'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127000537/http://puja.net/Podcasts/PodcastMenu.htm |date=2007-01-27 }}
*[http://www.astrojyoti.com/yajurvedamp3.htm Veda Reciting styles]
*[http://media.radiosai.org/www/# Radio Sai - streaming Vedic Chants]
*[http://vedicchant.apphb.com/ Vedic Chanting Generation Tool] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127163430/http://vedicchant.apphb.com/ |date=2022-01-27 }}

{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|state=collapsed}}
{{UNESCO Oral and Intangible music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vedic Chant}}
[[Category:Vedas]]
[[Category:Chants]]
[[Category:Oral tradition]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Kirtan]]
[[Category:Hindu mantras]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Music of India]]
[[Category:Indian poetics]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of India]]

Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

2026-01-11T04:29:35Z

Viktorivmw:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|abbreviation = SJP(R)
|logo =
|colorcode = {{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|president = Sanjay Singh Khutail
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1990|11|05}}
|founder = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
|dissolution =2020
|merger =
|split = [[Janata Dal]]
|headquarters = Narendra Niketan, Indraprastha Estate, [[New Delhi]]
|eci = State Party
|alliance =
* [[Third Front (India)|Third Front]] (1990-1991)
* Janata Parivar (2015—2017)
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|ideology =[[Socialism]] [[Secularism]]
|position =
|publication =
|youth = [[All India Socialist Youth Council]]
|students =
|women =
|labour =
|peasants =
|website =
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Tree.png|150px]]
|flag =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|membership =
|international =
|colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Green]]
|state_seats_name =
|state_seats =
|state_seats2_name =
|state_seats2 =
}}
'''Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)''' ('''SJP(R)''') was an Indian political party founded by [[Chandra Shekhar]], who served as [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of the country]] from 1990 to 1991. He led the party until his death on 8 July 2007. At the time of his death, he was the party's sole [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of the Lok Sabha]].

The party was formed on 5 November 1990 when Shekhar and [[Devi Lal]] broke away from the governing [[Janata Dal]]. The party was able to gather 60 MPs and form a government, supported by the [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] with Shekhar as prime minister. The SJP(R) government lasted for seven months, from 10 November 1990 to 21 June 1991.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=8 July 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar critical |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/chandra-shekhar-critical/article1868892.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> Shekhar's government collapsed when the INC(I) withdrew support.

[[S. R. Bommai]] was the president of [[Karnataka]] state unit till the state party got merged with [[Janata Dal]] in 1993 before [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994 Karnataka Assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite magazine|author=SARITHA RAI |date=July 31, 1993 |title=Ramakrishna Hegde and H.D. Deve Gowda patch up in Karnataka|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930731-ramakrishna-hegde-h-d-deve-gowda-patch-up-in-karnataka-811370-1993-07-31|access-date=17 August 2021|magazine=India Today}}</ref>

As of 2012 [[Kamal Morarka]], a former cabinet minister in the union government headed by Chandra Shekhar, was the head of the party. The party headquarters were located in Narendra Niketan, ITO Indraprastha Estate, [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref>IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM present highcourt judge WEDNESDAY, THE 20TH DAY OF AUGUST 2014/29TH SRAVANA, 1936(HINDI CALENDER )Crl. MC. No 3575 of 2014(k.k.gopalakrishnan)CRL. R.P.NO. 19/2014 OF SESSIONS COURT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM (K.K GOPALAKRISHNAN)CMP. NO 2677/2014 OF ADDL. CHIEF JUDICIAL MAGISTRATE COURT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20140402133131/http://www.sjprashtriya.com/ Official website]

{{Janata Parivar parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:Janata Dal]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]

Machhoya

2026-01-06T15:23:47Z

Viktorivmw: put up new page added tags

{{Short description|Clan of Ahir caste}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{One source|date=June 2011}}

The '''Machhoya''' (also spelled '''Maschoiya''') are a [[Gotra]] of the [[Ahir|Ahirs]] found in the [[Rajkot]], [[Kutch]], [[Junagadh]], [[Dwarka]], [[Amreli]], [[Bhavnagar]], [[Morbi]], and [[Jamnagar]] districts of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |last2=Gujarat |first2=Shreyas Folk Museum of |date=1980 |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=80–81 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
When the Ahirs came from Mathura to [[Dwarka]]{{When|date=September 2025}} with Lord [[Krishna]], they spread all over [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]] region.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The Maschoiya are a community of [[Ahir]]s who are said to have settled along the banks of the Machhu-katia river, and the word Maschhoiya literally means those from Macchu-katia.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} According to the traditions, Maschoiya were originally [[Samma dynasty|Samma Ahirs]], and a female ancestor left [[Sindh]] for [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], where she married an [[Ahir]] king. Their descendants thus became Maschoiya Ahir. The Maschoiya Ahir are found mainly in [[Rajkot District]], [[Kutch District]], [[Morbi maulik
]], [[Junagadh District]], [[Amreli]] and [[Bhavnagar]]. They are a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] speaking community.

== Present circumstances ==
The Maschoiya are divided into a number of exogamous clans called ''Ataks'' like

Baraliya,
Jalu (Jaru),maulik khimaniya–
Lokhil,
Khimaniya,
Mand(Marand),
Miyatra (Myatra),
Makawana,
Dangar,
Sonara,
Chaiya (Chhaiya),
Bakotra (Bakutra),
Virda,
Kangad,
Zer,
Lavadiya,
Meta,
Herbha,
Hethvadiya,
Chavda,
Jatiya,
Lula,
Balasara,
Gujariya,
Kothivar
Goyal (Gohel)
Chudasama,
Avadiya,
Segaliya,
Khatariya,
Jiladiya,
Kuvadiya,
Garchar,
Kihor
and many more, all of which are of equal status. They belong to [[Kshatriya]] varna.<ref name="Gujarat, R. B. Lal">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=Chudasama+Ahir+Rajput&pg=PA46 | title=Gujarat, Part 1 Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India | publisher=Popular Prakashan |author1=maulik khimaniya|author2=Rajendra Behari Lal |author3=Anthropological Survey of India | year=2003 | pages=46 | isbn=9788179911044}}</ref> Unlike other [[Ahir]] communities in [[Gujarat]], the Maschoiya practice [[Consanguinity|consanguineous]] marriages. Most of them work in the salt industry, transport, construction, farming, and extra fields.<ref name="Gujarat Lal">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=Chudasama+Ahir+Rajput&pg=PA46 | title=Gujarat, Part 1 Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India | publisher=Popular Prakashan |author1=Kumar Suresh Singh |author2=Rajendra Behari Lal |author3=Anthropological Survey of India | year=2003 | pages=48 | isbn=9788179911044}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ahir Boricha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahir clans |state=collapsed}};

[[Category:Ahir]]

Gandhi Peace Foundation

2025-12-28T05:09:11Z

Viktorivmw: further reworked structure per standard format additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Gandhi Peace Foundation
| pronounce =
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| formation = {{Start date and age|1958}}
| founder = {{Unbulleted_list|[[R. R. Diwakar]]|[[Rajendra Prasad]]|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]}}
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The '''Gandhi Peace Foundation''' is an Indian organisation that studies and develops [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s thought.<ref>{{cite book | title = Gandhi: Il risveglio degli umiliati | first = Jacques | last = Attali | publisher = Fazi Editore | year = 2013 | chapter = L'India, senza Gandhi | isbn = 978-88-7625-292-1 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AUgNAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Gandhi+Peace+Foundation%22&pg=PT462 | language = it | accessdate = 2018-09-24}}</ref>

== History ==
The foundation was established on 31 July 1958<ref name=intdir>{{cite book | language = en | pages = [https://archive.org/details/internationalfou0000unse/page/169 169] | title = The International Foundation Directory 2002 | publisher = Europa Publications | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-85743-127-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/internationalfou0000unse | url-access = registration | quote = Gandhi Peace Foundation . | accessdate = 2018-09-24}}</ref> to preserve and spread Gandhi's thought. It began with donation of 10 million [[rupee]]s from [[Gandhi Smarak Nidhi]].<ref>{{cite book | title = India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: an Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic | language = en | author = Arnold P. Kaminsky, Roger D. Long Ph.D. | publisher = ABC-CLIO | pages = 281 | chapter = Gandhi Peace Foundation | year = 2011 | volume = 1 | isbn = 978-0-313-37463-0 | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&q=%22Gandhi+Peace+Foundation%22&pg=PA281 | accessdate = 2018-09-24}}</ref> Its first board was composed of notables including [[R. R. Diwakar]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].'''''<ref>{{cite news | title = Custodian of Gandhian thoughts | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 27 September 2004 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Custodian-of-Gandhian-thoughts/articleshow/863968.cms | accessdate = 2018-09-24}}</ref>'''''

===Presidents===
[[File:Radha Bhatt, Gwalior, India.jpg|thumb|Ms. Radha Bhatt in 2012|196x196px]]Now Kumar Prashant is the president

* [[R. R. Diwakar]] (founder) 1958 – 1989,
* [[Ravindra Varma]] 1989 – 2006,
* Ms. Radha Bhatt from 2006<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The Tribune | title = Radha Bhatt chose social service over married life | date = 24 August 2015 | url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/radha-bhatt-chose-social-service-over-married-life/123525.html | accessdate = 2018-09-24 | archive-date = 24 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180924224751/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/radha-bhatt-chose-social-service-over-married-life/123525.html | url-status = dead }}.</ref>

==''Gandhi Marg''==
''Gandhi Marg'' is a magazine launched in 1957<ref>{{Cite book | title = A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography on Mahatma Gandhi: Books and pamphlets about Mahatma Gandhi | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 1995| pages = 160 | isbn = 978-0-313-08900-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_935ZKVzjW0C&q=%22Gandhi+Marg%22++%221957%22+%22peace+foundation%22&pg=PA160 | accessdate = 2018-10-11}}</ref> by S. K. George. He was later replaced by [[G. Ramachandran (social reformer)|G. Ramachadran]]. Until 1965, the journal was published by [[Gandhi Smarak Nidhi]] and from its 10th annual year, it was sponsored by the Gandhi Peace Foundation. From 1973 to 1979, the magazine was not published, thereafter resuming on a monthly basis. After 1989, ''Gandhi Marg'' returned to a [[quarterly]] schedule. Since 2005 John S. Moolakkattu is the editor.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|history}}
* [[Satyagraha]]
* [[Ahimsa]]
* [[Gandhism]]

== Note ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* History of the foundation on [http://gandhipeace.foundation/books/GPF%201964-2017.pdf gandhipeace.foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025331/http://gandhipeace.foundation/books/GPF%201964-2017.pdf |date=25 September 2018 }}

{{Gandhi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gandhism]]
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1958]]

Ashangbam Minaketan Singh

2025-12-07T02:03:48Z

Viktorivmw: fixes

{{short description|Indian writer (1906–1995)}}
{{Unbalanced|date=March 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Ashangbam Minaketan Singh
|mother = Medhabati Devi
|father = Ashangbam Jivan Singh
|image = Ashangbam Minaketan Singh.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1906|5|2}}

|birth_place = Wangkhei Ashangbam Leikai, [[Imphal, Manipur]], India
|death_date = {{death year and age|1995|1906}}
|death_place = Uripok Cheirap Panchay Maning, Imphal, Manipur
|known_for = Manipuri Literature
|education = Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, PhD
|alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
|awards = *[[Padma Shri Award]]
*[[Sahitya Academy Award]]
*Soviet Lund Nehru Award
|footnotes =
}}

[[Padma Shri]] '''Ashangbam Minaketan Singh''' is regarded as one of the founders of modern [[Manipuri literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=242–243 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Anjum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiiEAAAQBAJ |title=Literature from the Peripheries: Refrigerated Culture and Pluralism |last2=Kochar |first2=Shubhanku |date=2023-01-15 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-6669-2754-2 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> He was born as the only child to Ashangbam Jivan Singh and Medhabati Devi on 2 May 1906.
His grandfather Ashang Kut, also known as Ashangbam Phura Hongba, served as an Officer in The Maharaja of Manipur's army. In March 1891 he played a part in the assassination of British officials and was thereby sentenced for [[Transportation (punishment)|transportation]] on charge of murder. He was sentenced twenty five years of [[life imprisonment]] at Kalapani Jail, which is located in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], India.

==Early life==
Minaketan was born at Wangkhei Ashangbam Leikai now known as Wangkhei Angom Leikai in Ashangbam family but was brought up in the family of royal descendants of Maharaja Nara Singh by Sanajaobi Devi, the granddaughter of [[Raja Nara Singh|Maharaja Nara Singh]] at Moirangkhom Sougaijam Leirak. He graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1930 and by that time he had mastered English, Bengali, Hindi, Sanskrit and the Old Meitei languages. He belonged to the generation which had grown up and saw the difficult times of Manipur in the socio-economic condition under the [[Monarchy|monarchic system]] of government shaped by the colonial rule of [[British Empire]].

==Works==
Minaketan engaged with every field of literature: poetry, prose, essays, translations, [[mythology]], biography, autobiography, and criticism. His published works numbered more than 25 books on these different branches of literature. Some of his works are Basanta Sheireng (Poetry), 1928; Asheibagi Nityaipod (Poetry), 1976; Asheibagi Sheirol, 1977; Tonu Laijinglembi (Play); Bharatki Lonsingi Marakta (Essay); Meitei Upanyas (Criticism). Ashangbam Minaketan Singh is a name to reckon with among the pioneer poets of Meitei literature. He had associated himself with many State advisory committees. In short, Minaketan himself was an institution, a school of variety of thoughts. One inimitable quality which keeps Minaketan apart from other poets, which makes him occupy a special place in the annals of Manipur literature, is his invention of new words purely from Old Meitei languages spoken in the old days. In Minaketan's poetry, people come across obscure and recondite words or references which are too difficult to understand at the first reading. The vast learning and the vast knowledge he had acquired is expressed in such a twisted manner that it becomes difficult to follow what the poet really intends to say. About Minaketan's style and choice of words, poet Shree Biren has this observation{{clarify |date=June 2016 |reason= Without quotation marks, it is difficult to tell where this quote ends and the article resumes.}} – It is a fact that any reader will find himself a kind of push which violently thrown out at the very threshold. To know the true Minaketan a reader must face this kind of repulsion and must try to open the door and if one had succeeded to open the door of his treasure house then he will surely enjoy the beauty in the writings and words of Minaketan. Minaketan had the power of impressing the imagination by lines of spleen-dour and magnificence suggesting some half-expressed thoughts, some dimly shadowed emotions. In the twilight years of his life he had seen the mother in every woman even in his own daughter. In his poem 'Sanarik Pareng' he penned 'My loving daughter/ you are my mother/ My mother in you darling'. The sense of vastness and immensity is suggested in several lines of his poem 'Bidai Ashirbad'.
The mystery of life is exquisitely and yet mystically suggested:

''Premna Lingba Jagatnido Puba-nido Premna''/
''Pubanido Premna Tengbal Hingba-nido Premna''

''(Love makes the universe love binds the universe/ love gives soul to the world) The body and the soul are united for him with love to the whole of universe.''

In his last poem 'Yachang Sheirol Khameen Tengtha' there is an expression of a communion with god with his love of motherland.

==Awards==
During his lifetime he was honoured and decorated with many titles and awards [[Sahitya Ratna]] from Manipuri Sahitya Parishat(1971), [[Sahitya Academy Award]] in Asheibagi Nityaipod (Poetry) (1977), Soviet Land Nehru Award (1977), [[Kavi Samrat]] from Thangal Marup, Hailakandi, Cachar (1980), [[The Most Eminent Citizen of Manipur (1985)]], [[Padma Shri]] (1985), Shubharna Jayanti Sanman Award(1986), Jamini Sunder Guha Gold Medal (1988), Thoibi Award (1988), Lalit Memorial Gold Medal (1990) and many more prestigious awards.

==Death and legacy==
Ashangbam Minaketan Singh lived a fruitful long 89 years even having to see and play with his youngest grandson, encompassing the whole of the 20th century. He died of a cardiac arrest in 1995 leaving behind his family and above all his legacy in Manipuri literature. He was the representative of the Meitei Literature in the whole of 20th century. On his death it was reported that "The Colossus of [[Manipur]] has Fallen."

=== Centennial ===
Ashangbam Minaketan State Level Celebration Committee, Imphal observed the 100th birth anniversary of the poet throughout the year 2006, beginning from 2 May 2006, the birthday of the poet. The celebration committee comprising people of literary figure of Manipur included representatives from Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Naharol Sahitya Premee Samiti, Cultural Forum Manipur, Writers' Forum, and Manipuri Literary Society.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ashangbam Minaketan}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Meitei poets]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Manipur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Meitei]]

2005 December Chennai stampede

2025-12-02T05:44:50Z

Viktorivmw: Adding pg

{{Short description|Human stampede in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = 2005 December Chennai stampede
| image =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = {{Start date|2005|12|18|df=y}}
| time =
| place = MGR Nagar [[Chennai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|2|4|N|80|11|49|E|type:event_region:IN-04|display=inline,title}}
| also known as =
| cause =
| participants =
| outcome =
| reported injuries = 37
| reported death(s) = 42
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
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}}

The '''2005 December Chennai stampede''' incident happened on 18 December 2005 in a school at MGR Nagar in [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], where the relief supplies were distributed by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] for the people affected by severe flooding. There were 42 deaths in the accident, which left another 37 injured. The Supreme Court observed that the Tamil Nadu government, led at the time by the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] party, along with government offices, bore responsibility for administrative lapses that contributed to the stampede. Then the state government appointed a one-man commission under retired justice A. Raman to look into the enquiry. The state government also announced a compensation of {{INR}}100,000 for all the victims and {{INR}}15,000 for the injured.

During 2005, there were heavy rains in Tamil Nadu and its coastal areas were flooded. Many people were rendered homeless by flooding during November and December. Relief measures were announced by the government that necessitated collecting tokens from authorities in different centers across the city.

==Background==
During 2005, there were heavy rains in Chennai and the surrounding areas [[2005 Chennai floods|that resulted in severe flooding]]. Most coastal areas of the state were flooded.<ref name=Raman/> Many people were rendered homeless by the floods during the months of November and December. Relief measures were announced by the government that necessitated collecting tokens from authorities in different centers across the city. The government centers were distributing {{INR}} 2,000, 10 kg of rice, [[dhoti]]s and [[sari]]s to the people affected by the floods.<ref name=Anna>{{cite news|title=Compunding the Tragedy, King's Gambit, Object of Desire|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10957727.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611035622/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10957727.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=India Today|last1=S.|first1=Senthil Kumar|last2=Shukla|first2=Saurabh|location=Chennai, India|date=2 January 2006|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> The relief measures were to be originally distributed from the ration shop in the area, but the street being narrow, the venue was changed to Arignar Anna Government School. On Saturday 17 December 2005, the day before the accident, 3,452 families were issued tokens, and the authorities were planning to distribute for 4,500 families on Sunday. The announcement was made with the help of public addressing system.<ref name=Stalin/>

==The accident==
On 18 December 2005, Sunday, around 4,500 people were gathered around the Arignar Anna Government High school in MGR Nagar where the tokens to the relief measures were about to be distributed for people under the jurisdiction of three ration shops.<ref name=Hindu/> The people assembled from 3 a.m., while the relief was planned to be distributed at 9 a.m. There was a sudden downpour at 3:45 a.m., and there were rumours that the relief measures would be given only on first come first basis to 1,000 families. At around 4 a.m, people broke through the cordons set up by police to enter the building. There was a concrete slope at the entrance and people at the front end of the queue slipped and others stumbled over them. The gates were closed with difficulty, but by then the stampede caused 42 deaths and 37 injuries.<ref name=Raman/><ref name=Hindu/> Eyewitness claimed that the sudden downpour resulted in chaos in the area. The police were few in number to control the large crowd.<ref name=Anna/> They also claimed that the police controlling the crowd early during the day would have averted the situation.<ref name=Stalin/><ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=42 killed in Chennai stampede|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/19/stories/2005121912500100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221050623/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/19/stories/2005121912500100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2005|date=19 December 2005|accessdate=30 November 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The stampede is counted among the twenty deadliest stampedes during the period of 1968–2005.<ref>[[#Coppola|Coppola 2005]], p. 105</ref> The [[President of India]], [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], condoled the death of the people who lost their lives in the tragedy. On account of the poor lighting and rain, the rescue personnel found it difficult to reach the spot. The crowd did not disperse without understanding the seriousness of the situation and only left after an announcement was made that the distribution would be made at their doors. Umbrellas, footwear and ration cards were strewn all over the place.<ref name=Hindu/> Sixteen of the injured were admitted to the government hospital and eleven, including six women, were admitted to the [[Royapettah]] Government Hospital.<ref>{{cite news|title=45 killed in Chennai flood relief camp stampede|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-18/india/27861655_1_stampede-heavy-rains-flood-relief-camp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140205023759/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-18/india/27861655_1_stampede-heavy-rains-flood-relief-camp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2014|date=18 December 2005|accessdate=30 November 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Chennai}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[J. Jayalalithaa]] visited the injured in the hospital. During her interaction with the media after her hospital visit, she said that this might have been the handiwork of some of the miscreants trying to tarnish the image of the government. She stated that "There was no need for people to come in so early during the day when it had been announced that relief distribution would begin from 9 am. We had made elaborate arrangement by restricting the number of relief-seekers to 500 at each of the nine counters and deployed heavy security. It was announced that everyone would get relief,".<ref name=Stalin/> The Tamil Nadu police said that it was raining heavily during the distribution of relief supplies. The state government also announced a compensation of {{INR}}one lakh for all the victims and {{INR}} 15,000 for the injured.<ref name=Raman>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu appoints Commission to look into Chennai stampede deaths|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979471971.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030904/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979471971.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Chennai, India|date=20 December 2005|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> The leader of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party [[Muthuvel Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]], accused the government of buying votes by distributing freebies for the forthcoming elections. He also added that it was the poor administration of the government that resulted in the tragedy.<ref name=Anna/> His son, [[M. K. Stalin]], an MLA from the DMK party, accused the government of not setting up a committee to monitor the relief measures.<ref name=Stalin>{{cite news|title=Dash for relief kills 42 in TN|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979473681.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611035632/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979473681.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Chennai, India|date=19 December 2005|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> As a mark of respect to those who died in the accident, the shops in the area closed at 2 p.m. on the day.<ref>{{cite news|title=For residents of MGR Nagar, a Black Sunday|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/19/stories/2005121913050400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111081949/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/19/stories/2005121913050400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2008|date=19 December 2006|accessdate=30 November 2013|last1=K.T.|first=Sangameswaran|last2=Doraisamy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first2=Vani}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The police arrested Dhanasekaran, the areas' councillor who belonged to the opposing DMK party, on 20 December 2005 on charges of spreading rumours.<ref>{{cite news|title=One arrested in Chennai stampede case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/One-arrested-in-Chennai-stampede-case/articleshow/1338625.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207005137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-20/india/27846441_1_stampede-councillor-flood-relief-centre|url-status=live|archive-date=7 February 2014|date=20 December 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> He was charged under IPC sections 120-B for criminal conspiracy, 147 for punishment for rioting, 304 for punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder, 109 for abetment, 323 for voluntarily causing hurt and 325 voluntarily causing grievous hurt.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK Councillor held in stampede case seeks bail|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=343601|location=Chennai|date=22 December 2005|accessdate=30 November 2013|publisher=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210425/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=343601|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hindu3">{{cite news|title=DMK councillor held in stampede case|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122111630100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223050307/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122111630100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2005|date=21 December 2005|accessdate=30 November 2013|last1=K.T.|first1=Sangameswaran|last2=P.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first2=Oppilli}}</ref> It was alleged that he and his supporters roamed around the previous evening announcing that Sunday would be the last day and token distribution would begin by 5 a.m.<ref name="hindu3"/> He argued in a lower court that he was politically targeted and the tragedy was because of an administrative failure. He quoted the transfer of Chennai collector and police officials involved in the case to support his argument. He was granted bail by the court on 26 December.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK councillor granted bail in stampede case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/DMK-councillor-granted-bail-in-stampede-case/articleshow/1346908.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207005230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-26/india/27861852_1_dmk-councillor-stampede-case-bail-application|url-status=live|archive-date=7 February 2014|date=26 December 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> He was charged in Goodas Act before the court could grant bail. He was granted bail by the [[Madras High Court]] on 5 January.<ref name=HC>{{cite news|title=Court slams Tamil Nadu government for stampede deaths|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-982231901.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030908/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-982231901.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Chennai, India|date=27 January 2006|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> The government filed a special leave petition against the order in the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 27 January 2006, but the court rejected the plea and accused the government of negligence. The court stated that "The incident occurred because of the negligence of your officers. This is not the first time that such an incident has happened in Tamil Nadu. Repeatedly, it is happening in Tamil Nadu for such petty things,". The court also noted that "The incident was because of the officers not making preparations for providing flood relief".<ref name=SC>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court pulls up Tamil Nadu Government for Chennai stampede|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-982215041.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030902/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-982215041.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Chennai, India|date=27 January 2006|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> M. Karunanidhi, in a statement, claimed that it was a moral victory for the party against the hate campaign run by Jayalalitha and her [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (ADMK) government. He said "The Supreme Court, which was approached by the same government, has blamed the Jayalalithaa regime for the stampede. The Supreme Court judges after hearing the two sides has said that DMK Councillor Dhanasekharan was not the reason behind the stampede, but only the Tamil Nadu Government,".<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court judgment on stampede case our first victory, says DMK Chief|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-982266091.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611030912/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-982266091.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Chennai, India|date=29 January 2006|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> The state government appointed a one-man commission under retired justice A Raman to enquire the incident.<ref name=Raman/> The terms of the commission were notified on 20 December 2013 by the government that instructed the commission to probe the alleged rumours, circumstances leading to the stampede, find any shortcomings of issue of tokens and ways to avoid such incidents in future.<ref>{{cite news|title=Probe terms notified|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/20/stories/2005122015980600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018092716/http://hindu.com/2005/12/20/stories/2005122015980600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2007|date=20 December 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> Dhanasekaran sought a stay on the proceedings of the commission quoting "Witnesses are being examined at an amazing speed, and about 35 witnesses were examined on a single day. The main aim for constituting the Commission is to divert attention on the inefficient handling of flood relief by the State Government, and to obtain a report that absolves the Government of all liability. The Commission is proceeding at such a speed that it would release a report before the coming Assembly polls on May 8".<ref>{{cite news|title=Stay Justice Raman panel proceedings: councillor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/stay-justice-raman-panel-proceedings-councillor/article3145883.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[2005 November Chennai Stampede]]
* [[2005 Chennai floods]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=Introduction to International Disaster Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6oxEraqWWwC&q=chennai+stampede&pg=PA105|last=Coppola|first=Damon P.|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2006|isbn=9780080465739|ref=Coppola}}
{{refend}}

{{Human stampedes}}
{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:2000s in Chennai]]
[[Category:Disasters in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2005 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in India]]
[[Category:Human stampedes in 2005]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Make-up

2025-11-03T05:50:44Z

Viktorivmw: put up the page first draft...

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Make-up
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best make-up in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1984
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR Convert|100000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 39
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Vishwanath Govekar
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = Hammid Sheikh Manali Bhosale
| website =
}}

The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Make-up''' is an award, begun in 1984, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].

==Winners ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''1984'''
|Vishwanath Govekar
|''Hech Maze Maher''
|<ref name="gadima">{{Cite web |last=Madgulkar |first=Sumitr |title=Marathi Songs {{!}} G D Madgulkar {{!}} Gadima {{!}} ग. दि. माडगूळकर {{!}} गदिमा {{!}} मराठी गाणी {{!}} Gani {{!}} Geete {{!}} GeetRamayan |url=https://www.gadima.com/ |website=www.gadima.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''1985'''
|Ramesh Nohate
|''Ardhangi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Marathi">{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''1986'''
|Nityanand
|''Khara Varasdar''
|
|-
|'''1987'''
|Vishwanath Govekar
|''Prem Karuya Khulllam Khulla''
|<ref name="marathi">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=मिरासदार, द. मा. |url=https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/30150/ |website=मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
| '''1988'''
|Mohan Pathare
|''Maza Pati Karodpati''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''1989'''
|Shyam Dalvi
|''Suryoday''
|-
|'''1990'''
|Mohan Pathare
|''[[Eka Peksha Ek]]''
|-
| '''1991'''
|Vilas Kudalkar
|''[[Chaukat Raja]]''
|-
| '''1992'''
|Ashok Shirsat
|''Aapli Mansa''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="indiarocking">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| '''1993'''
|[[Pandhari Juker]]
|''Paisa Paisa Paisa''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1994'''
|Manohar Dalvi
| rowspan="2" |''Bhasma''
|
|-
|Ajit Vengurlekar
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Jaya Ganga, Mirch Masala, Party, Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''1995'''
|Mahadev Dalvi
|''Jamla Ho Jamla''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1996'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" |Not Awarded
|
|-
| '''1997'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha" />
|-
| '''1998'''
|Vikram Gaikwad
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|-
| '''1999'''
|Vikram Gaikwad
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|-
|'''2000'''
|Anil Pemgirikar
|''[[Dhyaas Parva]]''
|-
|'''2001'''
|Nilesh Mistry
|''[[Devki]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2002'''
|Sadanand Suryavanshi
|''Ovaalni''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Bulletin: May 3rd |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2003'''
|Raju Nok
| rowspan="2" |''[[Anahat (film)|Anahat]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for an oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|Shailesh Pawar
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2004'''
|Sandip Jadhav
| rowspan="2" |''Khandobachya Navana''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subodh Bhave (सुबोध भावे) - Marathi Actor, Director and Producer |url=https://subodhbhave.com/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=subodhbhave.com}}</ref>
|-
|Vilas Pavaskar
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''2005'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" |Not Awarded
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="Gatha"/>
|-
| '''2006'''
|Sunil Sawant
|''Shambhu Maza Navsacha''
|-
| '''2007'''
|[[Pandhari Juker]]
|''[[Kadachit]]''
|-
|'''2008'''
|Kiran Sawant
|''Marmabandh''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='जोगवा'साठी उपेंद्र लिमयेला राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/5492381.cms |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2009'''
|Henry Martin
|''[[Mi Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy!]]''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha"/>
|-
|'''2010'''
|Anil Pemgirikar
|''[[Agadbam]]''
|-
| '''2011'''
|Vikram Gaikwad
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2012'''
|Vikram Gaikwad
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaksparsh]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaksparsh Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|Henry Martin
|-
|'''2013'''
|B. T. Sharma
|''[[Taani]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 51st Maharashtra State Film Awards |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/slide/imgid/40284194.cms}}</ref>
|-
|'''2014'''
|Raju Ambulkar
|''[[Khwada]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2015 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| '''2015'''
|Vikram Gaikwad
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards 2016: Full Nominations List - Marathi Cineyug |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120402/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-date=3 June 2016 |website=marathicineyug.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| '''2016'''
|Vidyadhar Bhatte
|''[[Ekk Albela]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=State Award winning film Bandookya release date out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/state-award-winning-film-bandookya-release-date-out/articleshow/59367741.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| '''2017'''
|Shrikant Desai
|''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=55th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Distribution Celebrated - Latest Photos {{!}} दिमाखात पार पडला ५५ वा महाराष्ट्र मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा - Watch Galleryimages Photos at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''2018'''
|Santosh Gayake
|''[[Nude (2018 film)|Nude]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=22 June 2019 |title=56th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Winners |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/awards/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners.php |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''2019'''
|Sanika Gadgil
|''[[Fatteshikast]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2024 |title=Pimple Saudagar resident receives best debut director award in 57th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Ceremony - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pimple-saudagar-resident-receives-best-debut-director-award-in-57th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-ceremony/ |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''2020'''
|Saurabh Kapde
|''[[Me Vasantrao]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''2021'''
|Pooja Vishwakarma
|''Halgat''
|-
|'''2022'''
|Ujjwala Singh
|''Tath Kana''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=६० व्या व ६१ व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पारितोषिकांचे, तसेच चित्रपती व्ही.शांताराम व स्व.राज कपूर पुरस्कारांचे वितरण |url=https://mahasamvad.in/174491/ |website=Mahasamvad}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2023'''
|Hammid Sheikh
| rowspan="2" |''Hazar Vela Sholay Pahilela Manus''
|-
|Manali Bhosle
|}
==Multiple wins==
Individuals with two or more Best make-up Awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Recipients
|-
| 5
| {{cslist|Vikram Gaikwad}}
|-
|2
|{{Cslist|[[Pandhari Juker]]|Vishwanath Govekar|Henry Martin|Mohan Pathare|Anil Pemgirikar}}
|-
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Make-up]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1984]]

TutorVista

2025-10-25T10:51:42Z

Viktorivmw: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Byju's#TutorVista]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:Distance education institutions based in India]]
[[Category:Educational technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Online tutoring]]
[[Category:Indian educational websites]]
[[Category:Indian educational programmes]]
[[Category:Virtual learning environments]]
[[Category:E-learning in India]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2005]]

Pratap Singh Tanwar

2025-10-19T15:44:45Z

Viktorivmw: Biography...

{{Short description|16th-century son of the ruler of Gwalior}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Pratap Singh Tanwar''' was a son of [[Ramshah Tomar|Ramshah Tanwar]], the [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomara Rajput]] ruler of [[Gwalior]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajiva Nain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90TRAAAAMAAJ&q=pratap+singh+tanwar |title=Raja Man Singh of Amber |date=1966 |publisher=World Press |isbn=978-0-8426-1473-3 |language=en}}</ref> He fought in the [[Battle of Haldighati]] (1576) along with his father (Ramshah) and brothers: [[Shalivahan Singh Tomar]] and Bhavani Singh as allies of [[Maharana Pratap]] against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army of [[Akbar]].

His special role in the Battle of Haldighati was that he was controlling [[Ramprasad (elephant)|Ramprasad]], the mighty battle elephant of the [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] army.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Ratnawat |editor-first=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yls6AAAAMAAJ&q=ramprasad+elephant |title=Kachhawan Ri Vanshavali |year=1981 |publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Tomaras of Gwalior]]
* [[Shalivahan Singh Tomar]]
* [[Battle of Haldighati]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{morecat|date=October 2025}}

[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

National Highway 44 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-13T22:51:08Z

Viktorivmw: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 8 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Department of Sundarban Affairs (West Bengal)

2025-10-10T19:15:25Z

Viktorivmw: starting initial pg v1!

{{Short description|Ministerial office jurisdicted by the Government of West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Sundarban Affairs
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption = Seal of West Bengal
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date|df=yes|1992}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Mayukh Bhawan (Top Floor), Salt Lake, Kolkata-700091
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Bankim Chandra Hazra]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge, Sundarban Affairs & Development
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Kanwaljit Singh Cheema, IAS
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = Prasun Parimal Ghosh
| chief2_position = Chief Engineer
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| agency_type =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.sundarbanaffairswb.in/|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

'''Department of Sundarban Affairs'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Website for Sundarban Affairs |url=https://www.sundarbanaffairswb.in/ |website=sundarbanaffairswb.in |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> is a ministerial office jurisdicted by the [[Government of West Bengal]]. It is mainly used for promoting social, economic and cultural advancement of people residing in the Sundarban areas of the districts of [[North 24 Parganas district|North]] & [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]].

==Activities==
In terms of Rules of Business framed under Article 166(3) of the [[Constitution of India]], this department performs the following functions of the Government:<ref>{{cite web |title=Department details - Egiye Bangla |url=https://wb.gov.in/departments-sundarban-affairs.aspx |website=wb.gov.in |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref>
* Promotion of socio - economic and Cultural Advancement of people residing in the Sundarban areas of the District of North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas
*Financing, regulation and inspection of bodies established for the purpose to be made.
*All matters in connection with or in relation to the Constitution of India and functioning of the Sundarban Development Board.
*Co-ordination of development schemes and projects such as:
i) Livelihoods:--> Agriculture, Pisciculture, Forestry; 
ii) Water supply and sanitation; 
iii) Disaster risk management and erosion control; 
iv) Energy; 
v) Transportation; 
vi) Education; 
vii) Awareness creation etc in the Sundarban areas of the District of North and South 24 Parganas.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sundarbans]]

{{WestBengal-stub}}

Aiho

2025-10-02T01:32:02Z

Viktorivmw: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aiho
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = River_Tangan_at_Aiho.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Tangon River]] at Aiho
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.96|N|88.24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.73
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,898
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=www.wb.gov.in|accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=15 January 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732121
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03511
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maldaha]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aiho''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Habibpur (community development block)|Habibpur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=320| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|25|8|0|N|88|8|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Malda district (including Chanchal subdivision and Old Malda, Habibpur, Bamangola and Gazole CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|23|34|N|87|59|44|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chanchal | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chanchal]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|57|46|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Aiho| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=Aiho (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|56|40|N|88|14|52|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Baksinagar| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Baksinagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|12|58|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bandhail| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bandhail]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|0|2|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Chhatinamor| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chhatinamor]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|2|46|N|88|9|50|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Jhangra| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jhangra, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|0|10|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kachu Pukur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Kachu Pukur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|58|59|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kendua| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Kendua, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|12|36|N|88|10|35|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Rangabhita| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Rangabhita]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|58|55|N|88|8|25|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sahapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sahapur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|1|15|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Malda| numbered11=M| mark-title11=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color11= #800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|4|5|N|88|8|31|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Old Malda| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|57|55|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bulbulchandi| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bulbulchandi]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|1|36|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Habibpur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Habibpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|10|50|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hatimari| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Hatimari]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|12|33|N|88|23|37|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Maheshpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Maheshpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|7|31|N|88|22|3|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pakuahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Pakuahat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|54|45|N|88|17|23|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Singhabad| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Singhabad]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|25|7|2|N|87|59|17|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Araidanga| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Araidanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|19|6|N|87|50|35|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Daulatnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Daulatnagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|25|24|30|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Harishchandrapur| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Harishchandrapur]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|25|26|15|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Khanta| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Khanta]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|25|12|N|88|4|12|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Kharba| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Kharba]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|25|20|36|N|88|0|54|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Malatipur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Malatipur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|25|19|0|N|87|55|22|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Mashaldaha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Mashaldaha]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|25|27|30|N|87|52|37|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Pipla Kasimpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pipla Kasimpur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|8|47|N|88|1|2|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Pukhuria| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Pukhuria]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|55|38|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ratua| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Ratua]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|16|33|N|88|0|18|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Samsi| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Samsi, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|13|48|N|88|11|21|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Gazole| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Gazole Town]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|25|9|24|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Pandua | mark-title31= [[Pandua, Malda]] (H)| numbered31=H |shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|25|2|52|N|88|25|13|E}} | label-pos32=top|label32= Jagjivanpur | mark-title32= [[Jagjivanpur]] (H)| numbered32=H |shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|17|30|N|88|4|20|E}}|label33=Mahananda|labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=100| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|46|30|E}}|label34= Ganges River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34=90| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|4|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label35= Tangon River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=-60| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|18|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|label36= Punarbhaba |labela36= River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=-75| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|25|6|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|21|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-100| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|24|54|0|N|87|46|0|E}}|arc-textC= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=-130| arc-gapC=5.5| arc-radiusC=0.25}}

===Location===
Aiho is located at {{coord|24.96|N|88.24|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=24.95817&lon=88.243477&zoom=14&q1=Aiho%252C%2520Malda%252C%2520West%2520Bengal
|title = Yahoo maps location of Aiho
|publisher = Yahoo maps
|accessdate = 21 December 2008
}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The area shown in the adjacent map covers two physiographic regions – the ''[[Barind Tract|Barind]]'' in the east and the ''tal'' in the west. The eastern part is comparatively high (up to 40 metres above mean sea level at places) and uneven. The soils of the eastern region are “hard salty clays of a reddish hue and the ground is baked hard as iron.” It lies to the east of the [[Mahananda River]]. The area lying to the west of the Mahananda River, the ''tal'', is a flat low land and “is strewn with innumerable marshes, [[Beel|bils]] and [[oxbow lake]]s.” The ''tal'' area is prone to flooding by local rivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The total area is overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> There are two important historical/ archaeological sites in the area – [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] and [[Jagjivanpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 98: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Aiho had a total population of 5,898, of which 2,982 (51%) were males and 2,916 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 605. The total number of literate persons in Aiho was 4,181 (78.99% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 313215, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 12 August 2021}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Aiho had a population of 5,407. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Aiho has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 54% of the males and 46% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Maldah'', 2011, Aiho covered an area of 0.73 km2. It had 4 km roads with both open and closed drains. The protected water-supply involved overhead tank, tap water from treated sources, hand pump. It had 390 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/ health centre, 1 veterinary hospital, 8 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 4 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools. The nearest general degree college at [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] 16 km away. Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities it had 1 working women’s hostel, 1 cinema theatre, 1 public library, 1 reading room. It produced rice, [[beedi]]. It had branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 775-786; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 775; Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 779-780; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 781-782; Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities: Pages 783-785; Statement VI: Industry & Banking, Page 786 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 8 August 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Aiho High School is a Bengali-medium co-educational institution established in 1900. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a playground, a library with 3,950 books, and 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/maldah/19061410602/aiho-high-school.html | title = Aiho High School | publisher = Schools.org | accessdate = 11 August 2021}}</ref>

Aiho Girls High School is a Bengali-medium girls only institution established in 1932. It is a [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] in nature. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a library with 450 books, and 10 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/maldah/19061410603/aiho-girls-high-school.html | title = Aiho Girls High School | publisher = Schools.org | accessdate = 11 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malda district]]

Georgetown, Prayagraj

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name= George Town
| image=
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods of Prayagraj|Neighbourhood of Prayagraj]]
| caption=
| area =
| architect=
| architecture=
| added =
| governing_body = [[Prayagraj Municipal Corporation]]
| refnum=
}}

'''George Town'''<ref name=toi>{{cite web | title = The man who unveiled Tagore's genius before the world | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/The-man-who-unveiled-Tagores-genius-before-the-world/articleshow/27990774.cms | accessdate = 2014-09-19 | work =The Times of India }}</ref> is an upper-class neighbourhood locality in [[Prayagraj]], [[India]]. Built in 1901, it is a [[residential area]] in the central part of the city mainly occupied by the white collar workers.<ref name=TGEIAAp57>{{cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3|author=Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blai|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year= 2009|isbn=978-8125013839 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&q=holy+trinity+church+allahabad&pg=PA57 }}</ref> It also houses a large number of hospitals and clinics. Georgetown is famous for is affluent surroundings and apartments. It is bordered by [[List of streets and roads in Allahabad#Kamla Nehru Road|Kamla Nehru Road]] in the west, [[List of streets and roads in Prayagraj#Thornhill Road|Thornhill Road]], [[ List of streets and roads in Prayagraj#MG Marg|MG Marg]] in the south and [[Tagoretown]] in the west. [[List of streets and roads in Allahabad#Park Road|Park Road]], [[List of streets and roads in Allahabad#Lowther Road|Lowther Road]] and [[List of streets and roads in Prayagraj#Hamilton Road|Hamilton Road]] runs through the neighborhood.

Notable landmarks located in and near the neighborhood are [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park]] and [[Darbhanga, Prayagraj]].

{{coord|25|27|N|81|51|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Prayagraj]]

{{Allahabad-geo-stub}}

National Highway 88 (India, old numbering)

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Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station

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{{Short description|Indian building}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|50|00|N|87|27|00|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = Chinpai and Bhurkuna gram panchayats, [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned = 1999
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary =
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 5 x 210 [[megawatt|MW]]
| ps_units_manu_model =
| psps_hydraulic_head =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1,050 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station''' of [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited]] is a [[power station]] with an installed capacity of '''1050 MW''' (5x210 MW) and it is proposed for capacity expansion of another 500 MW.

==Location==
Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station is located at {{coord|23.83|N|87.45|E|source:googlemap_region:IN|format=dms}} in Chinpai and Bhurkuna gram panchayat areas of [[Birbhum district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=paschim1>Sarajit Pramanick, ''Birbhumer Ahankar:Bakreshwar Tapbidyut Kendra'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum special issue, pp. 189&ndash;192, (in Bengali), February 2006, Information and Culture Department, Government of West Bengal</ref> It is located off the [[Panagarh&ndash;Morgram Highway]], on the bank of [[Bakreshwar River]] some distance downstream from the hot springs and temple at [[Bakreshwar]]. [[Chinpai railway station]] on the [[Andal-Sainthia Branch Line]] and [[Bakreswar Thermal Power Plant Township]] are located nearby.

==Capacity==
Five units of 210 MW each were commissioned in 1999, 2001, 2008 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://wbpower.nic.in/wbpdcl.htm| title= West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited| access-date= 10 April 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410034254/http://wbpower.nic.in/wbpdcl.htm| archive-date= 10 April 2009| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=bs>{{cite web | url =http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=335300| title = Bakreshwar, Haldia and Singur | access-date = 10 April 2009 | last=Bhattacharya| first=AK | publisher = Business Standard, 24 September 2008}}</ref> For the first three units [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]] gave a loan of 80.8 million [[Japanese yen|yen]] or around [[Rs.]] 25.25&nbsp;billion.<ref name=paschim1/> The first unit was completed in a record time of 37 months and commissioned on 17 July 1999. The yardstick of [[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]] for construction of power units of 200&ndash;250 MW is 48 months.<ref name=paschim1/>

Bakreshwar power project stage II involves installation of two units of 210&nbsp;mW each at an estimated cost of Rs 20&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=10331 |title=Bakreshwar unit-V may be put off |access-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130201400/http://projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=10331 |archive-date=30 January 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Neel Nirjan==
The reservoir formed by erecting a dam in Bakreshwar River named ''Neel Nirjan'' (meaning blue solitude), for providing water to the thermal power plant, is gaining in popularity as a tourist spot.<ref>Sarkar, Joydeep, ''Paryatan Boichitre Birbhum Jela'', ''Paschim Banga'', p. 200</ref>

==Political imbroglio==
Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station was embroiled in political tussle for many years. It was initially proposed to be set up with central assistance but central funding was not forthcoming, in spite of the best efforts of the West Bengal leadership. Once the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] formed its government in 1977, Bakreshwar was in deeper political trouble. The delays over providing central funds for the project were cited by the Marxist leaders as another instance of the Centre’s "step-motherly" attitude to West Bengal. For several years, the Bakreshwar project was held up because the Soviet Union was requested to provide financial assistance. The Soviet funds never came even after several years of wait and negotiations. It was finally built by the state government.<ref name=bs/>

==See also==

* [[List of power stations in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Energy}}
{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Power Plants of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1999]]

Jadu Prasanna Bhattacharjee

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{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Jadu Prasanna Bhattacharjee''' was an [[Indian politician]] and a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khowai Assembly constituency]] in 1972 election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khowai assembly election results in Tripura |url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Khowai-in-Tripura |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=elections.traceall.in |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304133911/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Khowai-in-Tripura |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharjee, Jadu}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1972–1977]]

2016 Uttarakhand Super League season Group A table

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{{R from merge}}

2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group C

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{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group C
| fromdate = 17 February
| todate = 26 June 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| participants = 4
| matches =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2020–21
| previous_tournament = 2020–21 Ranji Trophy
| next_year =2022–23
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2021–22 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2021–22 Ranji Trophy''' was the 87th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India.<ref name=START1>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-returns-after-gap-year-due-to-covid-19-as-bcci-announces-2021-22-domestic-calendar-1268528 |title=Ranji Trophy returns as BCCI announces full 2021-22 domestic season |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22 |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2021-22 |work=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> It was contested by 38 teams, divided into eight groups, with four teams in Group C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-to-be-held-in-two-phases-between-february-10-and-june-26-1299725 |title=BCCI unveils two-phased plan for Ranji Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> All the Group C league matches took place in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-first-phase-from-feb-10-knockouts-from-may-30-matches-reduced-for-teams-7755175/ |title=65 matches, 9 venues, 2 phases: Ranji Trophy after 22 months |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> The tournament was announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) on 3 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22|title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2021-22|work=Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] won Group C to progress to the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-2021-22-sarfaraz-khan-century-puts-mumbai-in-quarter-finals-tamil-nadu-knocked-out-1303996 |title=Sarfaraz's century puts Mumbai in quarter-finals; Tamil Nadu knocked out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group C}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 2022
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 481 (109.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 156 (121)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 5/93 (27.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 426 (128.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arindam Ghosh (cricketer)|Arindam Ghosh]] 105 (197)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] 4/127 (41 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 223/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (63.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ravikumar Samarth]] 83 (170)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Amit Mishra]] 4/58 (21.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 69/4 (33 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mohammad Saif (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohammad Saif]] 27[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 2/16 (8 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280412.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Guru Nanak College Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm = [[Manish Pandey]] (Karnataka)
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vidyadhar Patil]], [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] (Karnataka) and [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] (Railways) all made their first-class debuts.
* [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] (Railways) took his maiden [[five-wicket haul]] in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ranji-trophy-news-karnataka-vs-railways-yuvraj-debut-five-wicket-haul/article38429190.ece/amp/ |title=Ranji Trophy: Debutant Yuvraj picks fifer, Railways stay in the game against Karnataka |work=SportStar |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 2022
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 343 (104.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 108 (187)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 4/56 (18.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 426 (114.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] 103 (78)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sagar Trivedi]] 5/74 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 124 (45.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sagar Trivedi]] 37 (37)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 5/29 (19.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 45/2 (12.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shubham Pundir]] 21[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 2/18 (6.4 overs)

| result = Jammu & Kashmir won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280413.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering|SSN College Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and [[Ulhas Gandhe]]
| motm = [[Parvez Rasool]] (Jammu & Kashmir)
| toss = Jammu and Kashmir won the toss and chose to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jatin Wadhwan]] (Jammu and Kashmir), Kothandapani Aravind, Neyan Shyam Kangayan and Vijai Raja (Pondicherry) all made their first-class debuts.
}}

===Round 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–27 February 2022
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 302 (103.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Karun Nair]] 175 (311)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 4/60 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 93 (29.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Qamran Iqbal]] 35 (45)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 6/35 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 298/3[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (71 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Krishnamurthy Siddharth]] 72 (72)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Abid Mushtaq]] 3/65 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 390 (98.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ian Dev Singh]] 110 (188)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 4/59 (20.5 overs)

| result = Karnataka won by 117 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280431.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm = [[Karun Nair]] (Karnataka)
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–27 February 2022
| team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 342 (107.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 107 (170)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 3/67 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 525/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (151.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arindam Ghosh (cricketer)|Arindam Ghosh]] 100 (193)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 3/144 (49 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 208/3 (62 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Paras Dogra]] 64[[not out|*]] (96)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 2/26 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280432.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Guru Nanak College Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] and Madanagopal Kuppuraj
| motm = [[Paras Dogra]] (Pondicherry)
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Akash Pandey]], Rahul Sharma (Railways) and [[Sidak Singh]] (Pondicherry) all made their first-class debuts.
}}

===Round 3===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 2022
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 259 (87.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Qamran Iqbal]] 83 (98)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Karn Sharma]] 6/76 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 426 (127.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] 103 (133)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Abid Mushtaq]] 5/95 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 203 (62 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Suryansh Raina]] 39 (84)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 5/64 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 39/1 (12.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shivam Chaudhary]] 18[[not out|*]] (20)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 1/7 (6 overs)

| result = Railways won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280450.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Chemplast Cricket Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh (cricketer, born 1998)|Yuvraj Singh]] (Railways)
| toss = Jammu & Kashmir won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was the 5000th Ranji Trophy Match.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways-J&K match becomes 5000th game of Ranji Trophy, landmark moment for tournament |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/railways-j-k-match-becomes-5000th-game-of-ranji-trophy-landmark-moment-for-tournament-2022-03-03-762449 |work=India TV News |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 2022
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 453/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (132.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 178 (309)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ashith Rajiv]] 4/80 (27.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 241 (77.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Damodaran Rohit]] 100[[not out|*]] (133)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] 5/86 (26.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 192([[Follow-on|f/o]]) (61 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Pavan Deshpande]] 54[[not out|*]] (119)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shreyas Gopal]] 5/82 (19 overs)

| result = Karnataka won by an innings and 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280451.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering|SSN College Ground]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = Mohamad Rafi and [[Ulhas Gandhe]]
| motm = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] (Karnataka)
| toss = Pondicherry won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Vidhwath Kaverappa (Karnataka) made his first-class debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2021–22}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2021-22}}
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Butari railway station

2023-09-17T03:07:16Z

Viktorivmw:

{{Short description|Railway station in Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Butari
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Butari, [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.556444|N|75.183274|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|235|m|ft}}
| line = [[Ambala–Attari line]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 2
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1862
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BTR
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Tangra|right=Baba Bakalaraya|type=[[Ambala–Attari line]]}}
}}

'''Butari Railway Station''' a railway station on [[Ambala–Attari line]] under [[Firozpur railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]]. This is situated at Butari in [[Amritsar district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Rahul Kr|title=Butari Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/butari-btr/2572|access-date=2021-05-11|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TTI|title=BTR / Butari Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Butari|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/btr/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Amritsar–Attari line was completed in 1862.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scinde, Punjaub & Delhi Railway - FIBIwiki|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Scinde,_Punjaub_&_Delhi_Railway|access-date=2021-05-11|website=wiki.fibis.org}}</ref> the electrification of the line was completed in different period. Shahbad Markanda-[[Mandi Gobindgarh railway station|Mandi Gobindgarh]] sector was electrified in 1995–96, the Mandi Gobindgarh–[[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana]] sector in 1996–97, the [[Phillaur Junction railway station|Phillaur]]–Phagwara sector in 2002–03, and the [[Phagwara railway station|Phagwara]]–[[Jalandhar City Junction railway station|Jallandhar City]]–[[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar]] in 2003–04.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|access-date=2021-05-11|website=irfca.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]

Kali (Punjabi music)

2023-06-17T14:47:50Z

Viktorivmw: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Kali (chhand)]]